The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE)
mission and the PACE Postlaunch Airborne eXperiment
Kirk Knobelspiesse, Brian Cairns, Ivona Cetinić, Sean Foley, Meng Gao, Antonio Mannino,
Chamara Rajapakshe, Andrew Sayer, Jeremy Werdell, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center;
Montserrat Pinol Sole, ESA
EarthCARE validation meeting, November 16th, 2023
pace.gsfc.nasa.gov

1. The NASA PACE Mission
2. The PACE-PAX validation field campaign
3. Potential PACE – EarthCARE synergy
4. Potential PACE – EarthCARE validation synergy

1. The NASA PACE Mission
2. The PACE-PAX validation field campaign
3. Potential PACE – EarthCARE synergy
4. Potential PACE – EarthCARE validation synergy

NASA Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud,ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission

OCI
340-890 nm in 2.5 nm steps
7 discrete SWIR, 940-2260 nm
1-2 day coverage ±20° tilt, 1km

PACE will extend key systematic ocean color,aerosol, & cloud climate data records, reveal thediversity of organisms fueling marine food webs,
and introduce new methods to observe aerosols
and clouds, the largest source of climate
uncertainty.

Characteristics:
•
•
•
•

HARP2
440, 550, 670, 870 nm
10-60 viewing angles
wide swath polarimeter, 3 km

January 2024 launch!
676.5 km, polar, ascending orbit, 98o
Sun synchronous, 13:00 Equatorial crossing
Data to OB.DAAC (oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov)

After launch, there will be 60 days of on-orbit
commissioning activities.
Official data distribution will follow, withheritage and required products first, followed byadvanced and polarimetric products.

SPEXone380-770 nm in 2-4 nm steps
5 viewing angles
narrow swath polarimeter, 2.5 km

pace.gsfc.nasa.gov@NASAOcean
direction of flightOceanPACE required products: OCI only
Data ProductBaseline Uncertainty
Water-leaving reflectances centered on (±2.5 nm) 350, 360, and 0.0057 or 20%
385 nm (15 nm bandwidth)
Water-leaving reflectances centered on (±2.5 nm) 412, 425, 443, 0.0020 or 5%
460, 475, 490, 510, 532, 555, and 583 (15 nm bandwidth)
Water-leaving reflectances centered on (±2.5 nm) 617, 640, 655, 0.0007 or 10%
665 678, and 710 (15 nm bandwidth, except for 10 nm bandwidthfor 665 and 678 nm)
Ocean Color Data Products to be Derived from Water-leaving Reflectances
Concentration of chlorophyll-a
Diffuse attenuation coefficients 400-600 nm
Phytoplankton absorption 400-600 nm
Non-algal particle plus dissolved organic matter absorption 400-600 nm
Particulate backscattering coefficient 400-600 nm
Fluorescence line height

Atmosphere

Data Product

Range

Total aerosol optical depth at 380 nm
0.0 to 5
Total aerosol optical depth at 440, 500, 550 and 675 nm 0.0 to 5
over land
Total aerosol optical depth at 440, 500, 550 and 675 nm 0.0 to 5
over oceans
Fraction of visible aerosol optical depth from fine mode 0.0 to 1
aerosols over oceans at 550 nm
Cloud layer detection for optical depth > 0.3
NA
Cloud top pressure of opaque (optical depth > 3) clouds
100 to 1000 hPa
Optical thickness of liquid clouds
5 to 100
Optical thickness of ice clouds
5 to 100
Effective radius of liquid clouds
5 to 50 µm
Effective radius of ice clouds
5 to 50 µm
Atmospheric data products to be derived from the above
Water path of liquid clouds
Water path of ice clouds

Baseline
Uncertainty
0.06 or 40%
0.06 or 20%
0.04 or 15%±25%
40%
60 hPa
25%
35%
25%
35%

We must show we can successfully measurethese products after launch
No required Level 2 products from thepolarimeters, Level 1 at commissioning

The FULL list of products wewill produce goes far beyond
this. See:
https://pace.oceansciences.org/
data_table.htm
5PACE validation plan

PACE Validation Plan – July 2020

Validate of required and advanced productsThis will utilize• surface networks• regular data collection from ships• satellite data comparison• a dedicated airborne field campaign

Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission

PACE Science Data Product Validation Plan

seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov
PACE Postlaunch Airborne
eXperiment (PACE-PAX)

Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Maryland

National Aeronautics andSpace Administration

pace.oceansciences.org/documents.htm
6validation that can only be donewith an airborne, multi-sensor
field campaign

VIIRS SNPP AOT(868)vs. AERONET-OC1. The NASA PACE Mission
2. The PACE-PAX validation field campaign
3. Potential PACE – EarthCARE synergy
4. Potential PACE – EarthCARE validation synergy

PACE Postlaunch Airborne EXperiment

An airborne field mission to validate the NASA
PACE mission with coordinated observations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

California, 3-27 September 2024
Remote sensing proxy observations from NASA ER-2
In situ sampling with CIRPAS Twin Otter
60 flight hours for each aircraft
Day trips from Santa Barbara with R/V Shearwater
Coordinated observations under PACE
Coordinated observations over surface sites & ship
Leadership team:
Kirk Knobelspiesse
Brian Cairns
Ivona Cetinić
CIRPAS
Twin Otter

Langley
ResearchCenterpace.oceansciences.org/campaigns.htm

NOAA R/V
Shearwater

NASA
ER-2

PACE Postlaunch Airborne EXperiment
NASA ER-2

NASA ER-2

AERONETCIRPAS Twin Otter

NOAA R/V Shearwater

AERONET
Langley
ResearchCenterNOAA R/V
Shearwater

Example plan froma dry run exercise

9PACE-PAX instrumentation
Instrument

Platform

Role

AirHARPPICARD

ER-2
ER-2

PACE/HARP2 polarimetry proxy
PACE/OCI spectrometer proxy

PRISM
SPEX Airborne
HSRL-2
RSP
Facility instruments
LARGE
LI-Nephelometer
ISARA
Ocean instruments*
HyperNAV*

ER-2
ER-2
ER-2
ER-2
Twin Otter
Twin Otter
Twin Otter
Twin Otter
RV Shearwater
Ocean floats

PACE/OCI spectrometer proxy
PACE/SPEXone polarimetry proxy
Aerosol/cloud/ocean Lidar
Multi-angle polarimeter ref.
Aerosol/cloud in situ instruments
Aerosol/cloud in situ instruments
Aerosol phase functions
In situ data synergy activity
Day cruises, instrumentation TBD
Radiometric calibration ocean floats

AERONET, AERONET-OC*

Surface

Aerosol prop., water leaving radiance

Lead PI Institution
J. Vanderlei Martins UMBC
J. Jacobson / K. Meyer NASA ARC/GSFC
David R. Thompson JPL
B. van Diedenhoven SRON

T. Shingler / J. Hair NASA LaRC
B. Cairns / K. Sinclair NASA GISS
Anthony Bucholtz NPSLuke Ziemba NASA LaRC
Adam Ahern NOAA
Snorre Stamnes NASA LaRC
Mike Ondrusek NOAA
Andrew Barnard OSU
P. Gupta / E. Lind NASA GSFC

*externally supported activities
10Validation objectives

1. Validate new
retrieval properties
2. Assess spatial andtemporal scale impact
on validation

Our plan is based on a
‘Validation Traceability Matrix’ (VTM)

3. Validate in a narrowswath
4. Validate
radiometric andpolarimetricproperties
5. Target specificgeometries, season,and time of day

The VTM flows from top level objectives to themeasurements needed to satisfy them and therequirements under which they are made6. Focus on specificprocesses or
phenomena

11Validation objectives ID

1. Validate new
retrieval properties

2. Assess spatial andtemporal scale impact
on validation
3. Validate in a narrowswath
4. Validate
radiometric andpolarimetricproperties
5. Target specificgeometries, season,and time of day

6. Focus on specificprocesses or
phenomena

Measurement objectives

Importance, Objective
w
total

A
B
C
D
E
F
A

Land surface parameters
Ocean radiometric parameters
Aerosol parameters over the ocean
Aerosol parameters over land
Cloud parameters
Ocean surface parameters
Cloud parameters

2
2
10
10
10
1
8

B

Aerosol parameters

A
B
C
A

Aerosol parameters over the ocean
Aerosol parameters over land
Cloud parameters
Validate large reflectances

8
10
10
5
3

B

Validate large reflectances with high polarization

3

C

Validate large reflectances with low polarization

3

D

Overfly vicarious calibration sites

3

A

Aerosol over ocean retrieval geometry dependence

2

B

Aerosol over land retrieval geometry dependence

2

C

Cloud property retrieval geometry dependence

2

A
B
C
D
E

High aerosol loads over landHigh aerosol loads over ocean
Multiple aerosol layers
Aerosol under thin cirrus
Aerosol above liquid phase cloud

4
4
1
2
4

F

Broken clouds with complex structureG

Dust aerosols over ocean

4
1

H

Aerosol and ocean parameters over turbid waters

2

I

Aerosol and ocean parameters over biologically productive waters

5

J

Aerosol and ocean parameters with and without reflected sunglint

K

Smoke aerosols over ocean

1
1

35

16

Validation Traceability Matrix (VTM)
based on PACE Science andApplications Team (SAT) input

25

12

6

29

“Importance” weighting helps
prioritize observations, decision
support in flight planning
Aggregate assessments can ‘score’
the value of an individual instrument,
flight plan, etc. to the overall mission
12

“Planning for PACE relevant field campaigns” white paper and Validation Traceability Matrix (VTM)
Full Validation Traceability Matrix
Validation objectives

1. Validate new retrieval parameters

Measurement objectives
Importance, w

ID
ALand surface parameters

2

NASA/TM–202 -219027/Vol. 11

Geophysical parameters
Surface reflectance, UVSWIR

BRDF/albedo parameters

B

Ocean radiometricparameters

2

Spectral ocean remotesensing reflectance

Instruments

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A, B, or C

Uniform dry lakebed

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A, B, or C

Uniform dry lakebed

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A, B, or C

Uniform dry lakebed

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A, B, or C

Uniform dry lakebed

Ocean surface refractive
index

PACE Technical Report Series, Volume 11
Editors:
o
ti i
E
r s
i
r
rd

or
i

t t
i rsitti or
ri tio s t r tioor or tio
odd rdi tt r rt

Aerosol spectral optical
depth

Variable

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

ir i ir

Ocean surface roughnessdSpectral ocean remotesensing reflectance

T

A

o l

A

o

A

- A
10

Direct Buoy

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Aircraft: A or B

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter
PACE OCI proxy

PACE HARP2 proxy

Variable

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

Remote Ocean platform

Ocean

Variable

Aircraft in-situ sampling

Direct Aircraft: B or C

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

Variable

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

VariableHigh spectral resolution
Remote Aircraft: A or B
lidar

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

Surface wind buoy

Direct Buoy

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Above water radiometer Direct Ship or platform

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Airborne UV-SWIR
radiometer

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Remote Aircraft: A, B, or C

Proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep
Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

Variable

Ocean

VariableLand, various
reflectances

Variable

Aircraft: A or B

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

VariableHigh spectral resolution
Remote Aircraft: A or B
lidar

Land, various
reflectances

Variable

Uniform dry lakebed

VariableLand, various
reflectances

VariableLand, various
reflectances

VariableLand, various
reflectances.
Variability coarser
than spatial
resolution

Variable

Ground team,handheld
spectrometer, sunphotometers

Ground truth

DirectAirborne UV-SWIR
radiometer

Remote Aircraft: A, B, or C

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A or B

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

High spectral resolution
Remote Aircraft: A or B
lidar
Airborne multi angle
Remote Aircraft: A or B
polarimeter
Airborne SWIR
Remote Aircraft: A or B
radiometer…
…
…

PACE underflight

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

PACE underflight

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth
PACE underflight

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

PACE underflight

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

PACE underflightAt various altitudes, possibly
in coordination with lidar

PACE underflightheading close to solar
principal plane

PACE underflight

PACE underflight

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

PACE underflight

PACE underflight

PACE underflight

PACE underflight

PACE underflight

coordinated withdirectmeasurements…

None present
above cloud

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

PACE underflight

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B…

None present
above cloud

Full cover, variable properties

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A or B…

None present
above cloud

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure
Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure
Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

PACE underflight
coordinated withdirectmeasurements

Coordinated withcloud probes
PACE underflight
Coordinated withcloud probes
PACE underflight
coordinated withdirectmeasurements
PACE underflight…

…

Variable properties

Remote Aircraft: A or B…

None present
above cloud

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

Coordinated withcloud probes

Aircraft: A or B…

None present
above cloud

Full cover, variable properties

Coordinated withcloud probes

Remote Aircraft: A or B…

None present
above cloud

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B…

None present
above cloud

Full cover, variable properties

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A or B…

None present
above cloud

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B…

None present
above cloud

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

Cloud probe

Direct Aircraft: B or C…

…

Variable properties

Q. Validate large
reflectances with low
polarization

R. Overfly vicarious
calibration sites

heading close to solar
principal plane

Aircraft: A or B

Prefer spatiallyhomogeneous

Variable
properties

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Prefer spatiallyhomogeneous

Variable
properties

Absorption, backscatter,
VSF, particle size
distribution

DirectAirborne multi angle
polarimeter
PACE SPEXone proxy
Airborne multi angle
polarimeter
PACE SPEXone proxy

Ship, platform,
buoy

Prefer spatiallyhomogeneous

Variable
properties

Prefer spatiallyhomogeneous

Variable
properties

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable
properties

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable
properties

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable
properties

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable
properties
Variable
properties

Direct Aircraft: B or C

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable
properties

PACE SPEXone proxy

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable
properties

Airborne UV-SWIR
radiometer

Remote Aircraft: A, B, or C

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

PACE SPEXone proxy

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

PACE SPEXone proxy

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties
Variable
properties

Direct Aircraft: B or C

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

PACE SPEXone proxy

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

Ground truth

DirectIce cloud optical depth

heading close to solar
principal plane
Similar observation geometry
as PACEIce particle shape andasymmetry

Similar observation geometry
as PACE
Similar observation geometry
as PACE

None present

PACE underflight

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

8. Focus on specific processes or
phenomena

V. High aerosol loads overland

1

Aerosol spectral optical
depth

Retrievals possible
only for large AOD

PACE underflightAt various altitudes, possibly
in coordination with lidar

PACE underflightheading close to solar
principal plane

2

2

PACE underflight

S. Aerosol over ocean
retrieval geometry
dependence

1

above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane

Sun glint over ocean

PACE underflight

PACE underflight

PACE underflight

Aircraft: A or B

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Cloud probe

Direct Aircraft: B or C

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Ground based sun
Direct Fixed platform
photometer
High spectral resolution
Remote Aircraft: A or B
lidar
Land, various
reflectances

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Proxy

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

Multi-angle sky
radiometer

Remote Fixed platform

High aerosol load None present

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

PACE underflight in
SPEXone swath

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

PACE underflight in
SPEXone swath

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

PACE underflight in
SPEXone swath

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

PACE underflight in
SPEXone swath

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

PACE underflight in
SPEXone swath

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

PACE underflight in
SPEXone swath

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

PACE underflight in
SPEXone swath

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

PACE underflight in
SPEXone swath

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

PACE underflight in
SPEXone swath

heading close to solar
principal plane

PACE underflight in
SPEXone swath

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

PACE underflight in
SPEXone swath

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

PACE underflight in
SPEXone swath

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

PACE underflight in
SPEXone swath

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

PACE overflight

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

PACE overflight

Similar observation geometry
as PACE…

PACE overflight, proxy…
overflight

coordinated withground truth

PACE overflight

coordinated withground truth

PACE overflight

coordinated withground truth

PACE overflight

Aircraft: A, B or C

Wind speed buoy

Direct Buoy

Ocean, wind speeds
less than 8m/s

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A, B or C

Ocean, wind speeds
less than 8m/s

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A, B or C

Ocean, wind speeds
less than 8m/s

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A, B or C

Ocean, wind speeds
less than 8m/s

Proxy

Aircraft: A, B or C

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A, B or C

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A, B or C

Low optical depth None present
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
Marine stratocumulus
Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
cloud deck
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
Marine stratocumulus
Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
cloud deck
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
Marine stratocumulus
Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
cloud deck
aircraft clouds

W. High aerosol loads over
ocean

1

Aerosol spectral optical
depth

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

PACE overflight

Proxy

PACE overflight

PACE overflight

Uniform marine
PACE OCI proxystratocumulus cloud deck

Spectral ocean remotesensing reflectance

Aerosol spectral opticaldepth

Aircraft: A, B or C

Ocean, vicarious
calibration site

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A, B or C

Ocean, vicarious
calibration site

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A, B or C

Ocean, vicarious
calibration site

Above water radiometry
and/or in-waterradiometry

DirectShip, platform or
buoy

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable
properties

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable
properties

Ground based sun
photometer

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable
properties

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable
properties

Remote Ocean platform

Ocean

Variable
properties

Proxy

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable
properties

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable
properties

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable
properties

Proxy

Proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Aircraft: A or B

Aircraft: A or B

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

Ground based sun
photometer

Direct Fixed platform

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

Aerosol optical properties(complex refractive index, Multi-angle sky
radiometersize distribution, shape)
PACE OCI proxy

Remote Fixed platform

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Land, various
reflectances

Variable
properties

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

PACE HARP2 proxy
Liquid cloud optical depth PACE OCI proxy

Liquid droplet size
distribution

Variable
properties

PACE HARP2 proxy

BRDF/albedo parameters PACE OCI proxy

Cloud phase

Ocean

Variable
properties

Variable
properties

PACE SPEXone proxy1

Direct Ocean platform

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable
properties

Ocean, both coastaland deep

PACE HARP2 proxy

U. Cloud property retrieval
geometry dependence

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Aircraft: A or B

PACE OCI proxy

Aerosol spectral optical
depth

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Proxy

PACE SPEXone proxy

1

Proxy

PACE OCI proxy

Aerosol optical properties
Multi-angle sky(complex refractive index,
radiometersize distribution, shape)

T. Aerosol over land
retrieval geometry
dependence

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

Proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Cloud probe

Direct Aircraft: B or C

PACE overflight

PACE overflight

PACE overflight

Ground based sun
Direct Ocean platform
photometer
High spectral resolution
Remote Aircraft: A or B
lidar

Aerosol spectral optical
depth

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

Similar observation geometry
as PACE, and sufficient to see
glint
Similar observation geometry
as PACE, and sufficient to see
glint
Similar observation geometry
as PACE, and sufficient to see
glint

Y. Aerosol under thin cirrus

1

Similar observation geometry
as PACE, and sufficient to see
glint
Similar observation geometry
as PACE, and sufficient to see
glint
Similar observation geometry
as PACE, and sufficient to see
glint

Aerosol spectral opticaldepth

Remote Fixed platform

High aerosol load None present

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Ground based sun
Fixed/ocean
Directphotometer
platform
High spectral resolution
Remote Aircraft: A or B
lidar

Multiple aerosol
layersMultiple aerosol
layersAirborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Multiple aerosol
layers

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Multiple aerosol
layers

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Multiple aerosol
layers

Aircraft: A or B

Multiple aerosol
layers

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft in-situ sampling

Direct Aircraft: B or C

Multi-angle sky
radiometer

Remote Fixed platform

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Multiple aerosol
layers

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Multiple aerosol
layers

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Multiple aerosol
layers

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B

Multiple aerosol
layers

Proxy

Aircraft: A

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

Aerosol optical properties
complex refractive index, Aircraft in-situ sampling
size distribution, shape)

Similar observation geometry
as PACE, and sufficient to see
glint
Similar observation geometry
as PACE, and sufficient to see
glint
Similar observation geometry
as PACE, and sufficient to see
glint

Z. Aerosol above liquid
phase cloud1

Aerosol spectral optical
depth

Multiple aerosol
layersMultiple aerosol
layersVariable
properties
Variable
properties
Variable
properties
Variable
properties
Variable
properties

Direct Aircraft: A

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

Variable
properties
Variable
properties
Variable
properties
Variable
properties

High spectral resolution
Remote Aircraft: A
lidar
Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A

None present
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

coordinated withground truth
coordinated withground truth
coordinated withground truth

coordinated withground truth
coordinated withground truth
coordinated withground truth

Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE
Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE
Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE
Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE
Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE

coordinated withground truth
coordinated withground truth
coordinated withground truth

Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE
Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE
Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE
Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE
Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE

None present
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE
Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE
Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE

Liquid droplet size
distribution

AA. Broken clouds withcomplex structure

coordinated withground truth
coordinated withground truth
coordinated withground truth

coordinated withground truth
coordinated withground truth
coordinated withground truth

Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE
Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE
Range of solar zenith angle
and relative azimuth angles
encountered by PACE

None present
above cloud

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

Range of scattering angles
encountered by PACE

None present
above cloud
None present
above cloud
None present
above cloud

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure
Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure
Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure…

Full cover, variable properties

Range of scattering angles
encountered by PACE
Range of scattering angles
encountered by PACE
Range of scattering angles
encountered by PACE
Range of scattering angles
encountered by PACE

1

Liquid cloud optical depth

Remote Aircraft: A

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

…

Aircraft: A

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

Cloud probe
Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Direct Aircraft: B or C…

Remote Aircraft: A…

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy
Proxy

Aircraft: A

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A
Proxy

…

Aircraft: A

PACE HARP2 proxy

PACE HARP2 proxy

Liquid droplet size
distribution

Direct Aircraft: B or C

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

PACE OCI proxy

Retrievals possible
only for large AOD

None present
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

Liquid cloud optical depth

Retrievals possible
only for large AOD

None present
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

Aerosol optical properties
complex refractive index, Aircraft in-situ sampling
size distribution, shape)…

…

Aircraft: A

Proxy

Aircraft: A

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

Cloud probe
Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Direct Aircraft: B or C…

Remote Aircraft: A…

PACE OCI proxy

Proxy

…

Aircraft: A

PACE HARP2 proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A

PACE SPEXone proxy

Proxy

Aircraft: A…

Similar observation geometry
as PACE
Similar observation geometry
as PACE
Similar observation geometry
as PACEAt various altitudes, possibly
in coordination with lidar

PACE underflightheading close to solar
principal plane

Retrievals possible
only for large AOD

coordinated withground truth
coordinated withground truth

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

PACE underflight
coordinated withground truth

Variable
properties, above
cloud
Variable
properties, above
cloud
Variable
properties, above
cloud
Variable
properties, above
cloud
Variable
properties, above
cloud
Variable
properties, above
cloud
Variable
properties, above
cloud
Variable
properties, above
cloud
Variable
properties, above
cloud
Variable
properties, abovecloud
None present
above cloud
Variable
properties, abovecloud
None present
above cloud
Variable
properties, abovecloud…
None present
above cloud
Variable
properties, abovecloud
None present
above cloud
Variable
properties, abovecloud
None present
above cloud
Variable
properties, abovecloud
None present
above cloud
Variable
properties, abovecloud…
None present
above cloud
Variable
properties, abovecloud
None present
above cloud
Variable
properties, above
cloud

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

Similar observation geometry
as PACE
PACE underflightAt various altitudes, possibly
in coordination with lidar

PACE underflightheading close to solar
principal plane

Retrievals possible
only for large AOD

coordinated withground truth
coordinated withground truth

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

None present

PACE underflight

None present.

PACE underflight

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

heading close to solar
principal plane
Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

PACE underflight
coordinated withground truth

heading close to solar
principal plane
Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

Similar observation geometry
as PACE
PACE underflightAt various altitudes, possibly
in coordination with lidar

PACE underflightheading close to solar
principal plane

Retrievals possible
only for large AOD

None present
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

coordinated withground truth
coordinated withground truth

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

Similar observation geometry
as PACEThin cirrus under aircraft

PACE underflightThin cirrus under aircraft

PACE underflightThin cirrus under aircraftThin cirrus under aircraftThin cirrus under aircraft

Variable
properties

None present
None present. If Aircraft B, needs
ability to determine above aircraftcloudsNone present. If Aircraft B, needs
ability to determine above aircraftcloudsNone present. If Aircraft B, needs
ability to determine above aircraftcloudsNone present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

heading close to solar
principal plane

PACE underflight

PACE underflight

Multi-angle sky
radiometer

PACE OCI proxy

PACE underflight

coordinated withground truth

PACE underflight

High aerosol load

High spectral resolution
Remote Aircraft: A
lidar
Airborne multi angle
Remote Aircraft: Apolarimeter

PACE underflight

coordinated withground truth

None present

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

Proxy

Aerosol optical properties
complex refractive index,
PACE OCI proxysize distribution, shape)

PACE underflight

coordinated withground truth

High aerosol load None present.

Direct Aircraft: B or C

PACE SPEXone proxy1

High aerosol load

Aircraft in-situ sampling

PACE HARP2 proxy

X. Multiple aerosol layers

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

PACE SPEXone proxy

Aerosol optical properties
complex refractive index,
PACE OCI proxysize distribution, shape)

PACE overflight, proxy…
overflight

PACE overflight

None present

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

Aircraft: A, B or C

PACE SPEXone proxy

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure
Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
High aerosol load needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
High aerosol load

coordinated withground truth

Bright, uniform landNone present. If Aircraft B or C,
surface (such as a dry Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
playa)
aircraft clouds
Bright, uniform landNone present. If Aircraft B or C,
surface (such as a dry Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
playa)
aircraft clouds

Full cover, variable properties

None present
above cloud
None present
above cloud

Proxy

PACE underflight in
SPEXone swath

PACE underflight in
SPEXone swath…

Range of scattering angles
encountered by PACE
Range of scattering angles
encountered by PACE
Range of scattering angles
encountered by PACE
Range of scattering angles
encountered by PACE
Range of scattering angles
encountered by PACE
Range of scattering angles
encountered by PACE
Range of scattering angles
encountered by PACE
Range of scattering angles
encountered by PACE

High aerosol load None present.

Remote Aircraft: A or B

PACE HARP2 proxy

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

Range of scattering angles
encountered by PACE

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure
Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure
Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure
Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure
Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structureHigh aerosol load

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Aerosol optical properties
complex refractive index,
PACE OCI proxysize distribution, shape)

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

None present
above cloud
None present
above cloud
None present
above cloud
None present
above cloud
None present
above cloud

Direct Aircraft: B or C

None Present

None present. If Aircraft B, needs
ability to determine above aircraftcloudsNone present. If Aircraft B, needs
ability to determine above aircraftcloudsNone present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

None present
above cloud

Aircraft in-situ sampling

Bright, uniform landNone present. If Aircraft B or C,
surface (such as a dry Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
playa)
aircraft clouds

Aircraft: A, B or C

PACE SPEXone proxy

above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane

Various altitudes, but focus
on cloud top
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
Various altitudes, but focus
on cloud top

Aircraft: A or B

Proxy

PACE OCI proxy

PACE SPEXone proxy

…

Proxy

Uniform marine
PACE OCI proxystratocumulus cloud deck

above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
PACE underflight

Proxy

PACE HARP2 proxy

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

Bright, uniform land
surface (such as a dry Low optical depth None present
playa)

PACE HARP2 proxy

PACE HARP2 proxy

above potential cirrus

above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
Various altitudes, but focus
on cloud top
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
Various altitudes, but focus
on cloud top
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane

PACE OCI proxy

Similar observation geometry
as PACEGround team,handheld
spectrometer, sunphotometers

heading close to solar
principal plane

7. Target specific geometries, season, andtime of day

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter2

heading close to solar
principal plane

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Variable properties

Proxy

PACE underflight

PACE underflight

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

PACE HARP2 proxy

PACE underflight

PACE underflight

Variable properties…

Bright, uniform land
surface (such as a dry
playa)

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

None present
above cloud

Variable
properties

PACE OCI proxy

P. Validate large
reflectances with highpolarization

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure…

2

At various altitudes, possibly
in coordination with lidar

coordinated withground truth…

…

O. Validate large
reflectances

Retrievals possible
only for large AOD

PACE underflight

None present
above cloud

Aircraft: A or B

Prefer spatiallyhomogeneous

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

above potential cirrus

Proxy

6. Validate radiometric and polarimetricproperties
note: this means proxy instruments
overfly reference scenes to validate theirobservations, which are subsequently
compared to PACE for any comparable
scenesabove potential cirrus,
heading close to solar

Direct Aircraft: B or C

Surface reflectance, UVSWIR

Aerosol spectral opticaldepth

heading close to solar
principal plane

PACE underflight

Cloud probe

Variable
properties

Aircraft: A or B

heading close to solar
principal plane

PACE underflight

PACE HARP2 proxy

Variable
properties
Prefer spatiallyhomogeneous

Proxy

Aerosol optical properties(complex refractive index, Aircraft in-situ sampling
size distribution, shape)

Full cover, variable properties

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

Remote Ocean platform

BRDF/albedo parameters

coordinated withground truth

None present
above cloud

None present
above cloud

Variable
properties

PACE OCI proxy

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

PACE underflight…

…

Variable
properties

PACE underflight…

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Variable
properties

Prefer spatiallyhomogeneous

Similar observation geometry
as PACE…

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

5

PACE underflight

coordinated withground truth

Aircraft: A or B

Proxy

K. Aerosol and land opticalparameters

PACE underflight

Proxy

PACE HARP2 proxy

Variable
properties

Prefer spatiallyhomogeneous

Aircraft: A or B

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

Direct Aircraft: B or C

Direct Aircraft: B or C

Prefer spatiallyhomogeneous

Aircraft: A or B

Proxy

Aerosol optical properties(complex refractive index,
Aircraft in-situ sampling
size distribution, shape)

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

Spectral ocean remotesensing reflectance

Aerosol spectral optical
depth

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

Remote Aircraft: A or B

5

Retrievals possible
only for large AOD

PACE underflight

Cloud probe

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Aircraft: A or B

Proxy

PACE SPEXone proxy

Liquid water path

PACE underflight

PACE SPEXone proxy

J. Aerosol and ocean
optical parameters

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

PACE HARP2 proxy

None present
above cloud

Proxy

PACE HARP2 proxy

above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane
above potential cirrus,
heading close to solar
principal plane

None present
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

Land surfaces?

4. Validate in a narrow swath

heading close to solar
principal plane

coordinated withground truth

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

heading close to solar
principal plane
Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

None present

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter…

PACE OCI proxy

Above water radiometer
Ship, platform,
Director in water radiometerbuoy

heading close to solar
principal plane

Ocean optical properties

None present

Full cover, variable properties

Aircraft: A or B

Variable
properties

Variable
properties

PACE underflight

None present
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

heading close to solar
principal plane

Similar observation geometry
as PACEcoordinated withground truth

None present

None present
above cloud

Proxy

Prefer spatiallyhomogeneous

Aerosol optical properties(complex refractive index, Multi-angle sky
size distribution, shape)radiometercoordinated withground truth

None present…

None present
above cloud

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Direct Aircraft: B or C

Aircraft: A or B…

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Proxy

…

Full cover, variable properties

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

PACE underflight

Aircraft: A or B

Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

None present
above cloud

Aircraft: A or B

Aircraft in-situ sampling

Full cover, variable properties

Proxy

None present
above cloud…

Direct Fixed location

PACE underflight

PACE underflight

Remote Aircraft: A or B

…

Proxy

Ground based sun
photometer

PACE underflight

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

Full cover, variable properties

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Remote Aircraft: A or B

PACE HARP2 proxy

None present

None present
above cloud

PACE HARP2 proxy

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

PACE underflight

Full cover, variable properties

None present
above cloudAerosol spectral opticaldepth

heading close to solar
principal plane

coordinated withground truth

None present
above cloud

None present
above cloud
None present
above cloud
None present
above cloud2

None present. If Aircraft B or C,
needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

PACE HARP2 proxy

Cloud probe

Ice cloud optical depth

Variable

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

PACE HARP2 proxy

Liquid droplet size
distribution

Variable

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Proxy…

Liquid cloud optical depth

Variable

Direct Aircraft: B or C

High spectral resolution
Remote Aircraft: A or B
lidar

Ice particle shape andasymmetry

Variable

Remote Ocean platform

Cloud physical thickness

Ice cloud optical depth

4

Ocean, both coastaland deep…

Liquid water path

Variable

Ice particle shape andasymmetryothercoordinated withground truth

PACE underflight

Aircraft: A or B

Observation time, hI. Aerosol optical parameters

PACE underflight

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep…

None present.

Proxy

Aircraft: A or B…

PACE underflight

None present

Proxy

Platform

PACE underflight

Variable

Remote Aircraft: A or B

Proxy

…

Variable

Ocean, both coastaland deepHigh spectral resolution
Remote Aircraft: A or B
lidar

Liquid droplet size
distribution

H. cloud parameters

Variable

Cloud detection, top
heightLiquid cloud optical depth

3. Assess spatial and temporal scale
impact on validation

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Ground based sun
Direct Ocean platform
photometer
High spectral resolution
Remote Aircraft: A or B
lidar

BRDF/albedo parameters

10

Variable

Variable

Surface reflectance, UVSWIR

E. Cloud parameters

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Variable

PACE HARP2 proxy

Aircraft in-situ sampling

Cloud phase202

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Aerosol optical properties(complex refractive index, Multi-angle sky
size distribution, shape)radiometer

Aerosol layer height

Aircraft: A or B

Ocean, both coastaland deep

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

PACE SPEXone proxy

D. Aerosol parameters
over land

Proxy

Surface wind buoy

PACE HARP2 proxyo s i ss
odd rd
i t
t r r
t
r
d
ir s
odd rd stit t or
t di s
or
or
ti i
E
or
t t
i rsit
ti or
r
d
r i
E
i rsit o
ti or
o t
ti or
r
d
r
odd rd
i t
t r r
t
r
d
o
i
st s di tio srd
ir r iodd rd
i t
t r r
t
r
d
to io
i o
odd rd
i t
t r r
t
r
d
dr
r E
i rsit o
ti or
o t
ti or
r
d
r
rd
odd rd
i t
t r r
t
r
d

Proxy

Proxy

PACE OCI proxy

ir
ri
o
s
r

Remote Aircraft: A, B, or C

PACE SPEXone proxy

Aerosol optical properties(complex refractive index, Multi-angle sky
size distribution, shape)radiometer

Aerosol layer height

Variable

Ocean, both coastaland deep

PACE SPEXone proxydNone present. If Aircraft B or C,
Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds
None present. If Aircraft B or C,
Low optical depth needs ability to determine above
aircraft clouds

Airborne UV-SWIR
radiometer

PACE HARP2 proxy10

Ocean, both coastaland deepLow optical depth None present

Ship, platform or
Above water radiometer
Directbuoy
or in water radiometer

PACE HARP2 proxy

C. Aerosol parameters over
the oceanRemote Aircraft: A or B

Uniform dry lakebed

Cloud

AerosolSurface
Uniform dry lakebed

Remote Aircraft: A, B, or C

PACE OCI proxy

Ocean surface roughness

requirements
Ground team,handheld
spectrometer, sunphotometers

DirectAirborne UV-SWIR
radiometer

Airborne multi angle
polarimeter

Mission requirements
Satellite
Other inst.

Instrument
Type

Ground truth

Thin cirrus under aircraft

heading close to solar
principal plane
Similar observation geometry
as PACE
Similar observation geometry
as PACE
Similar observation geometry
as PACE

PACE underflightAt various altitudes, possibly
in coordination with lidar

PACE underflightheading close to solar
principal planeThin cirrus under aircraft
Similar observation geometry
as PACE
Similar observation geometry
as PACEThin cirrus under aircraftThin cirrus under aircraft

Liquid phase cloud under aerosols

PACE underflight

Liquid phase cloud under aerosols

PACE underflightheading close to solar
principal plane
Similar observation geometry
as PACE

Liquid phase cloud under aerosols

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

Liquid phase cloud under aerosols

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

Liquid phase cloud under aerosols

Liquid phase cloud under aerosols

PACE underflightAt various altitudes, possibly
in coordination with lidar

PACE underflightheading close to solar
principal plane

Liquid phase cloud under aerosols
Similar observation geometry
as PACE

Liquid phase cloud under aerosols

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

Liquid phase cloud under aerosols
Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure…

PACE underflight…

PACE underflight…

PACE underflightheading close to solar
principal plane

Liquid phase cloud under aerosols
Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

Similar observation geometry
as PACE
Similar observation geometry
as PACE

Liquid phase cloud under aerosols
Variable properties
Full cover, variable properties,
minimal 3D structure

Full cover, variable properties

Coordinated withcloud probes

Similar observation geometry
as PACE
Similar observation geometry
as PACE

Liquid phase cloud under aerosols

Variable properties, complex 3D
structure

heading close to solar
principal plane
Similar observation geometry
as PACE

Liquid phase cloud under aerosols…

PACE underflight…

PACE underflight…

PACE underflightheading close to solar
principal plane

Variable properties, complex 3D
structure
Variable properties, complex 3D
structure

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

Variable properties, complex 3D
structure
Variable properties
Variable properties, complex 3D
structure

Similar observation geometry
as PACE

Variable properties, complex 3D
structure
Variable properties, complex 3D
structure
Variable properties, complex 3D
structure

heading close to solar
principal plane
Similar observation geometry
as PACE

Coordinated withcloud probes

Similar observation geometry
as PACE
Similar observation geometry
as PACEIce particle shape andasymmetry

Both of these are on the PACE website: https://pace.oceansciences.org/campaigns.htm
13

1. The NASA PACE Mission
2. The PACE-PAX validation field campaign
3. Potential PACE – EarthCARE synergy
4. Potential PACE – EarthCARE validation synergy

PACE

EarthCARE

LaunchJanuary, 2024

May, 2024

Orbit

Polar ascending sun-sync 13:00

Polar descending sun-sync 14:00

Institutions

NASA; UMBC & SRON/Airbus

ESA & JAXA

Instruments

OCI UV-SWIR hyperspectral imager
HARP2 multi-angle polarimeter
SPEXone multi-angle polarimeter

ATLID HSRL UV lidar
CPR Cloud profiling radar
MSI multi-spectral imager
BBR broad-band radiometer

Objectives(paraphrased)

1. Extend key ocean biology, cloud and aerosol climate data records
2. Make new ocean color measurements to better understandingof the carbon cycle
3. Make global aerosol and cloud measurements to reduce climate
and radiative forcing uncertainty
4. Improve knowledge of atmospheric influence on the ocean andvice versa

Advance our understanding of the role that clouds and aerosols
play in reflecting incident solar radiation back out to space andtrapping infrared radiation emitted from Earth’s surface

Validation plans• Extensive collection and archive of ocean and atmosphere data
(https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/)• NASA HQ supported PACE Validation team
• PACE-PAX for validation that can only happen with an airborne
field campaign. Also, involvement with ARCSIX

Described in this meeting!

15

EarthCARE vs PACE: Collocation Analysis(Full analysis in backup slides)
Montserrat Pinol Sole
ESTEC / EOP-PES
24/Oct/2023
ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For ESA Official Use Only

Ref. EOPPES-PTN-068 Issue 1

16Orbit Characteristics
Satellite (LEO)

Repeat Cycle [days]/
Cycle Length [orbits]

Avg. Geodetic
Altitude [km]MLST at ANX [h]Inclination [deg]EarthCARE

22/325

408.3

14:00

97.03

PACE

11/161

690.6

13:00

98.11

• Similar MLST for PACE and EarthCARE → collocations
distributed geographically in regions other than polar
regions• PACE is ~ 280 km higher than EarthCARE → satellites
overtake each other after 1.08 days

17

EarthCARE Ground-Tracks vs PACE SPEXone• 30 days simulated (01-Sep to 01-Oct).
• Collocation opportunities within 60 minutes(purple), 15 minutes (blue) and 5 minutes (red)

Night

Day

Daytime collocations within 5 minutes takeplace once per base period, around - 42˚

18

1. The NASA PACE Mission
2. The PACE-PAX validation field campaign
3. Potential PACE – EarthCARE synergy
4. Potential PACE – EarthCARE validation synergy

Validation campaign comparison
PACE-PAXPERCUSSION

MAESTRO

Location
Dates

Californal and nearby coastal areas
Sept 3-27, 2024

Location
Dates

Germany, Barbados, Cape VerdeJune - October, 2024

Location
Dates

Leadership

Kirk Knobelspiesse, Brian Cairns, Ivona Cetinić

Leadership

Bjorn Stevens (MPI-M) and Silke Groß

Leadership

Documentation

https://pace.oceansciences.org/campaigns.htm

Documentation

https://halo-research.de/sience/future-missions/ectooc/Documentation

https://maestro.aeris-data.fr/

Archive
Platforms

https://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/pacepax
ER-2 (air), Twin Otter (air), R/V Shearwater (ship)

Archive
Platforms

HALO (Aircraft)

Archive
Platforms

ATR-42 (Aircraft)

Instrument
AirHARP
HSRL-2PICARD
PRISM
RSP
SPEX Airborne
Facility inst.
LARGE
LI-Neph.
Ship based obs.
HyperNAV

Platform
ER-2
ER-2
ER-2
ER-2
ER-2
ER-2
Twin Otter
Twin Otter
Twin Otter
Shearwater
FloatsPlatform

Role

Instrument

Platform Role

HALO
HALO

Aerosol/cloud lidar
Nadir VIS/NIR/SWIR cameras

LNG

ATR-42

Aerosol/cloud lidar

Microphysics
NP-II

ATR-42
ATR-42

Aerosol/cloud in situ instruments
Phase functions

Role
Instrument
PACE/HARP2 polarimetry proxy
Aerosol/cloud/ocean lidar
WALES
PACE/OCI spectrometer proxy
specMACS
PACE/OCI spectrometer proxyMulti-angle polarimeter reference
PACE/SPEXone polarimetry proxy
Aerosol/cloud in situ instruments
Aerosol/cloud in situ instruments
Aerosol phase functions
Ocean optics
Water leaving radiance
HAMP Radar

HAMPRadiometer
SMART
VELOX
Dropsondes

Cape Verde
Aug 10 - Sept 10, 2024
Sandrine Bony (LMD) and Julien Delanoë
(LATMOS)

HALO

Cloud radar 35.5 Ghz, nadir

RASTA
BASTA
AWALI

ATR-42
ATR-42
ATR-42

W-band pulsed Doppler cloud radar
Horizontal bistatic radar
Horizontal lidar

HALO
HALO
HALO
HALO

MW Radiometer
UV-SWIR spectral irradiance, radianceIR camera

CLIMAT
ATR-42
Pyrg/Pyranometer ATR-42
CameraATR-42

IR irradiance, sea surface temp.
Broadband up/down radiative flux
VIS camera

20

Validation objectives

1. Validate new retrieval
properties
2. Assess spatial andtemporal scale impact onvalidation
3. Validate in a narrowswath
4. Validate radiometricand polarimetricproperties

5. Target specificgeometries, season, andtime of day

6. Focus on specificprocesses or phenomena

ID

Measurement objectives

Importance, w

A
B
C
D
E
F
A

Land surface parameters
Ocean radiometric parameters
Aerosol parameters over the ocean
Aerosol parameters over land
Cloud parameters
Ocean surface parameters
Cloud parameters

2
2
10
10
10
1
8

B

Aerosol parameters

A
B
C
A

Aerosol parameters over the ocean
Aerosol parameters over land
Cloud parameters
Validate large reflectances

8
10
10
5
3

B

Validate large reflectances with high polarization

3

C

Validate large reflectances with low polarization

3

D

Overfly vicarious calibration sites

3

A

Aerosol over ocean retrieval geometry dependence

2

B

Aerosol over land retrieval geometry dependence

2

C

Cloud property retrieval geometry dependence

2

A
B
C
D
E

High aerosol loads over landHigh aerosol loads over ocean
Multiple aerosol layers
Aerosol under thin cirrus
Aerosol above liquid phase cloud

4
4
1
2
4

F

Broken clouds with complex structureG

Dust aerosols over ocean

4
1

H

Aerosol and ocean parameters over turbid waters

2

I

Aerosol and ocean parameters over biologically productive waters

J

Aerosol and ocean parameters with and without reflected sunglint

K

Smoke aerosols over ocean• EarthCARE validation campaigns
can be useful for PACE
validation• Applies for aerosol products
and especially cloud products• EarthCARE campaigns do nothave the equivalent of PACE
proxy instruments, so validation
would require observations
during satellite overpass

5
1
1

21

Satellite
overpasses
on first
planned dayof PACE-PAX
PACE
overpass at
13:31 PDT
EarthCARE
overpass at
15:47 PDT

22

Same day,
ORCHESTRA
regionPACE
overpass at
12:54 CVT
(East)
14:32 CVT(West)
EarthCARE
overpass at
13:11 CVT
(East)
15:42 CVT(West)
23

Conclusions• PACE-PAX will be in September, 2024 in California. Two aircraft, a ship
and other ground assets will be used to validate PACE’s ocean, aerosoland cloud products.
• PACE and EarthCARE will have once daily coincident daytime
observations in the Southern Hemisphere. These observations can beused for product intercomparison and validation.
• PACE-PAX and ORCHESTRA will have both PACE and EarthCARE
satellite overpasses which will be valuable for validation of products
from both missions. Coordination of activities will be mutually
beneficial.
24Thank you!
Kirk Knobelspiesse, PACE-PAX Mission Scientist, Kirk.Knobelspiesse@nasa.gov
Brian Cairns, PACE-PAX Deputy Mission Scientist, Brian.Cairns@nasa.gov
Ivona Cetinić, PACE-PAX Deputy Mission Scientist, Ivona.cetinic@nasa.gov
Interested in learning more about PACE? See our Community of Practice in the Applications section here: pace.gsfc.nasa.gov

Backup slides

26

At-launch PACE/OCI aerosol algorithms include
heritage Deep Blue and Dark Target
VIIRS
04 Mar 2020

• Deep Blue (DB) and Dark Target (DT)
implemented• Based on VIIRS versions of code
• Output at full (~1 km) resolution• Available with <1 day latency from spring
2024

AOD
low high• Post-launch candidates:• Remer et al. “Unified Aerosol Algorithm”
combining DB, DT, and OMAERUV, codedelivered, in testing• Lyapustin et al. MAIAC, code to be deliveredAE
low high

We have in-house polarimetric retrievals implemented…
Retrievals (AOD 550nm)• Lead: Meng Gao• Joint aerosol and ocean retrieval• Fast neural network radiative transfer
forward model• Reasonable pixel-level uncertainty
estimates for all quantities• Validated with AirHARP and synthetic
global HARP2 data
• Updates for spheroidal dust and land
surfaces in the works

https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1843

Uncertainty

Main products
Complex refractive
index (fine/coarse)
Aerosol effective
radius & variance
Layer height
AOD
SSA
Wind speed
Chlorophyll a
Research
products
Multi-angle cloudmask
Multi-angle waterleaving signal

PACE-PAX org chart

PACE Project Scientist: Jeremy Werdell
PACE Deputy Project Scientists: Brian Cairns, Antonio Mannino

Leadership:
Kirk Knobelspiesse
Brian Cairns
Ivona Cetinić
Project
Management:
Sommer Nicholas
Judy Alfter

Weather andflight planning:
Rei Ueyama

Flight planning: Samuel LeBlanc
Forecasting: Mijeong ParkIT Support: Ju-Mee Ryoo
Satellite support: Louis Nguyen

ER-2:
Kirk Knobelspiesse
Aircraft management:
Samuel Choi
John McGrath
Fran Becker

Science instruments:
AirHARP: J. Vanderlei Martins
HSRL-2: John Hair; Taylor Shingler
PICARD: James Jacobson, Kerry Meyer
PRISM: David Thompson
RSP: Ken Sinclair; Brian Cairns
SPEX Airborne: Otto Hasekamp

PACE Program Scientist: Laura Lorenzoni
PACE Deputy Program Scientist: Hal Maring
PACE Applied Sciences: Woody TurnerTwin Otter:
Brian Cairns

R/V Shearwater:
Ivona Cetinić

Aircraftmanagement:
Anthony Bucholtz

Science Instruments:
Facility: Anthony Bucholtz
LI Nephelometer: Adam Ahern
LARGE: Luke Ziemba

Data archive:
Gao Chen,
Michael Shook

Ship management:
Michael Ondrusek

Science Instruments:
HyperNAV: Andrew Barnard
Others TBD

29

Facility instruments

In-Situ Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm (ISARA)
Instrument
Navigation
Meteorology
Wind
Ultra-Fine 3025A particle counter
Magic200 CPC particle counter
TSI Scattering Nephelometer
Particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP)PMS PCASPDMT Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP)LARGEDMT Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer (CAS)NOAADMT Hotwire Liquid Water Content (LWC)
DMT Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer
TSI-3321 Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS)
TSI-3563 Scattering Nephelometer, Dry
TSI-3563 Scattering Nephelometer, Humidified
Aerodyne CAPS-PMSSA at RH < 40%
Laser Imaging Nephelometer (LiNeph)

Twin Otter

Validation
relevant aerosoland cloudparameters
Snorre Stamnes, Joe Schlosser
30

High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL-2) products

ER-2

John Hair, Taylor Shingler, Brian Collister and others

Atmospheric products
Parameter

Wavelength (nm)Approximate Precision

Aerosol BackscatterAerosol Extinction
Depolarization
Aerosol Optical Depth
Aerosol Type (e.g., marine, dust, smoke)
Cloud Top Height (upper layer)

355/532/1064
355/532355/532/1064
355/532
N/A
532

0.2 Mm-1sr‐1
0.01 km -1
0.01
0.01
Qualitative
15 m

Horizontal
Vertical Resolution
Resolution
2 km
30 m
12 km
300 m
2 km
30 m
12 km
12 km
300 m
100 m
15 m

New! Ocean products
Parameter

Wavelength (nm)Approximate Precision

Particulate Backscatter
Extinction
Remote Sensing Reflectance

355/532355/532355/532

2E-7 m-1sr‐1
1E-5 m-1*1E-6 sr-1

*estimate based on propagation of errors from backscatter and extinction above

Horizontal
Resolution
2 km
2 km
2 km

Vertical Resolution
1m
5m
N/A
31

Meteorological forecasting and flight planning
Team lead by Rei Ueyama, NASA Ames Research Center
Flight planning by Samuel LeBlanc
Additional support from NASA GMAO and for geostationary datasets

https://bocachica.arc.nasa.gov/PACE-PAX/

https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/field_campaigns/

32

Project management Earth Science Project Office (ESPO) at NASA AmesESPO is a group of success-oriented individuals
providing a long history of outstanding field project
management for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate.
We provide support in all facets of field project
management.
ESPO oversees mission planning, including but not limited
to conducting site visits to potential deployment sites,
working with project teams to plan the details of the field
operations, and setting up deployment locations.

ESPO Responsibilities:
Management – Schedule, Planning, Budget, Reviews, Coordination
Travel Requirements – Site Surveys, Deployment Operations, Science Meetings
Logistics – Operations Website, List Serves, Lodging, Transportation, Shipping
Facilities – Setup Lab/Office/Hangar, Rentals, Badging/Access, Ground Sites
Mission Supplies – Office Supplies, Printers, Gases/Cryogens
Communications – Network, Phone
Mission Closeout – Contracts, Accounts
External Support – PAO

Sommer Nicholas and Erin Czech
https://espo.nasa.gov/pace-pax

33

Data Management Gao Chen and Michael Shook at NASA Langley

Support during ongoing campaign• Similar to ACEPOL data repository at www-air.larc.nasa.gov• Team file sharing capability• ICARTT file naming convention or CF compliant netCDF files• Script-based batch upload and download option available via fixed IPs• File scanning to enhance F.A.I.R.ness

Later migration of data to long term DAAC (archive) TBD
Overall paper to Earth System Science Data or similar
Final data are to be archived within six months of the field campaign conclusion (March 31, 2025)
34

EarthCARE and MetOpSG-A vs PACE:
Collocation Analysis
Montserrat Pinol Sole
ESTEC / EOP-PES
24/Oct/2023
ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For ESA Official Use Only

Ref. EOPPES-PTN-068 Issue 1

35Orbit Characteristics
Satellite (LEO)

Repeat Cycle [days]/
Cycle Length [orbits]

Avg. Geodetic
Altitude [km]MLST at ANX [h]Inclination [deg]EarthCARE

22/325

408.3

14:00

97.03

PACE

11/161

690.6

13:00

98.11

Metop-SG-A

29/412

832.2

21:30

98.7

• Similar MLST for PACE and EarthCARE → collocations
distributed geographically in regions other than polar
regions• Large MLST difference between PACE and MetOpSG-A→ collocations distributed geographically in polar regions• PACE is ~ 280 km higher than EarthCARE → satellites
overtake each other after 1.08 days
• Metop-SG-A is ~ 140 km higher than PACE → satellites
overtake each other after 2.3 days
36

Swath Characteristics
Satellite (LEO)

Instrument

Field-of-View [deg]Swath Width [km]EarthCARE

Ground-Track

Nadir

-

Satellite (LEO)

Instrument

Field-of-View [deg]Swath Width [km]PACE

Ground-Track

Nadir

-

OCI

+/-56.0~ 2100HARP2+/-47.0~ 1500

SPEXone+/-4.314~ 100

Satellite (LEO)

Instrument

Field-of-View [deg]Swath Width [km]MetOp-SG-A

3MI

Nadir

-

37

PACE Instrument Swath Visualisation• ESOV• SAMI38

EARTHCARE-PACE: Relative geometry• Satellites overtake each other with a base period of 1.08 days

• The combined cycle of EarthCARE and PACE would be 25x11=275 days
39

EARTHCARE-PACE : Collocation < 5 minutes

40

EarthCARE-PACE: Collocation Opportunities
Ground-Tracks Only
• A time interval of 30 days has been simulated (01-Sep to 01-Oct).

• Collocation opportunities within 60 minutes (purple), 15 minutes (blue) and 5 minutes (red)• The collocations below 5 minutes take place once per base period, around +/-42 deg latitude• A time interval of 30 days has been simulated (01-Sep to 01-Oct).

41

EarthCARE-PACE: Collocation Opportunities
EC Ground-Tracks vs PACE SPEXone• A time interval of 30 days has been simulated (01-Sep to 01-Oct).

• Collocation opportunities within 60 minutes (purple), 15 minutes (blue) and 5 minutes (red)• The collocations below 5 minutes take place once per base period, around +/-42 deg latitude• A time interval of 30 days has been simulated (01-Sep to 01-Oct).

42

EarthCARE-PACE: Collocation Opportunities
EC Ground-Track vs PACE HARP2• A time interval of 30 days has been simulated (01-Sep to 01-Oct).

• Collocation opportunities within 60 minutes (purple), 15 minutes (blue) and 5 minutes (red)• The collocations below 5 minutes take place once per base period, around [20,60] and [-60,-20] deg latitude
bands• A time interval of 30 days has been simulated (01-Sep to 01-Oct).

43

EarthCARE-PACE: Collocation Opportunities
EC Ground-Track vs PACE OCI• A time interval of 30 days has been simulated (01-Sep to 01-Oct).

• Collocation opportunities within 60 minutes (purple), 15 minutes (blue) and 5 minutes (red)• The collocations below 5 minutes take place once per base period, around [10,80] and [-80,-10] deg latitude
bands• A time interval of 30 days has been simulated (01-Sep to 01-Oct).

44

MetOpSG-A vs PACE: Relative geometry• Satellites overtake each other with a base period of 2.3 days

• The combined cycle of EarthCARE and PACE would be 29x11 =319 days
45

MetOp-SG-A vs PACE: Collocation Opportunities
MetOp-SG 3MI vs PACE SPEXone• A time interval of 30 days has been simulated (01-Sep to 01-Oct).

• Collocation opportunities within 60 minutes (purple), 15 minutes (blue) and 5 minutes (red)• The collocations below 5 minutes take place once per base period, around polar regions• A time interval of 30 days has been simulated (01-Sep to 01-Oct).

46