2023
ROADMAP 2023

SELECTION PRIORITIES

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INTRODUCTIONEXECUTIVE SUMMARY
SELECTION THESISFIVE EARTHSHOTSFOUR FILTERS
AREAS OF INTEREST
NATURE
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03 SELECTION THESIS

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01 INTRODUCTION3

01 INTRODUCTION

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03 SELECTION THESIS

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ROADMAP
INTRODUCTION
Dear friends, partners, advocates and changemakers,
The Earthshot Prize is a platform dedicated to finding andgrowing solutions that will repair our planet this decade. We wakeup every day to support innovators and leaders working to create
a better world. They may be a university, a charity, a tech startup
or even a city. Our role is to shine a spotlight on their solutions,to support and help scale them, and in doing so, unleash theurgent optimism in each of us.
The world is at an inflection point: we haveseven years to reduce global greenhousegas emissions by over 40% and protect
30% of land, freshwater, and oceans.
This is daunting when we consider thesolutions yet to be uncovered, the scaleof change needed to repair and regenerate
the planet, the speed at which we must
scale solutions, and make inclusive green
growth the dominant engineof our economies.
Our founder, Prince William, The Prince ofWales, was inspired by a similarly daunting
task: President Kennedy’s challenge to
the American people to land a person on

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

the moon and bring them home safely
within the decade. This “Moonshot” wasachieved in seven years, delivered bya collaborative effort of over 400,000
scientists, engineers, academics andbusiness people. A common endeavour,
it unlocked innovation, which fueled
economic and social progress, andinspired a new generation to aspire to
become astronauts.

4

UNLEASHTHE URGENTOPTIMISM

The Earthshot Prize was established in thesame spirit. Together with our communityof Official Nominators, we search theworld for solutions with proven working
prototypes, signs of success, and the

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15 REFERENCESINTRODUCTIONRETHINKANDR E U S E
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

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potential to transform the environment.
We seek a plurality of nominations froma diverse and representative group ofpeople and from all sectors. From ourfast growing pool of nominations, we
begin a process to identify a Top 150 andthen a Top 15. Annually, these Top 15
become a cohort of Earthshot Finalists ofwhich five will receive catalytic Earthshot
Awards, and all 15 will enter the Earthshot
Fellowship for a year of dedicated support.
Two and a half years since we were
founded we can attest with certainty,
based on thousands of nominations, that
innovation is happening everywhere. The
world’s talent is increasingly dedicating
a sense of innovation, ingenuity andentrepreneurialism to creating and scaling
solutions. It is this ingenuity that has
already enabled previous Earthshot Prize
Winners and Finalists to make leather from
temple flower waste, new textiles from
captured carbon emissions, and redesign
whole city strategies away from ‘use-anddispose’ towards ‘rethink-and-reuse’. This
new wave of innovators hold our future in

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their hands and we are here to support,
spotlight, scale and champion them – andto encourage others to aspire to become apart of this community.
However, they face a battle to scale theirideas. They may face a lack of capital oraccess to networks of talent and power.
And, because we are particularly focusedon women-led, indigenous-led, global
south and east solutions, our finalists may
face additional barriers accessing support.
At The Earthshot Prize everything we do
is aimed at helping these innovators andtheir solutions reach their full potential. To
do so, we work with our Global Alliance ofPartners from philanthropy, Not-for-profit,
government, investment and business.
The solutions we find are stories ofpossibility and potential, and it begins
with our Roadmap. We have listened toexperts from around the world who haveguided us on the areas that need more
support, or that could reach positive
tipping points in the next 3-5 years.
The Roadmap also guides our Official

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WE POSSESSTHE POWERTO
TR ANSFORM
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Nominators as they select innovations
from around the world. It is a sketch of theworld in front of us, and illustrates areas ofopportunity and possibility that solutions
can unlock. It is a guide too, to how weselect winning nominations - in an effort tohelp Nominators and Nominees when they
enter The Earthshot Prize.
Finally, we hope it is a roadmap for eachof us to consider where and how we
can contribute. We encourage everyone
to consider the role you can play in ourcollective effort, helping us focus on the
15 priority areas outlined in this document.
Each one of us, regardless of background,expertise, or sphere of influence, can makea difference.
Together, then, we can transform ourcities into sustainable places to live.
We can restore degraded landscapes,
revive dwindling biodiversity, and build
regenerative agricultural systems thatprovide the food we need. And we canforge a new paradigm of inclusive
growth and social justice, where no one
is left behind.

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We can take inspiration from past
Earthshot Prize Finalists and Winners
each of whom channelled urgency into aforce for change. That’s why Earthshotsmatter. They are the story of possibility,
potential, inspiration and optimism.
As you go through the pages of thisreport, let optimism be your guide. The
road ahead may be arduous, but every
step taken, no matter how small, carries
us closer to a world transformed if we doit together, with focus, collaboration, anddetermination.
On behalf of The Earthshot Prize teamand our community of partners,

Hannah Jones

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02 EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY

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01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

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15 REFERENCESEXECUTIVE SUMMARY8FIFTEEN AREAS
OF INTEREST.
01

Protecting areas ofhigh biodiversity suchas forests, wetland,
peatlands and wildlife
corridors

damaged
02 Restoring
ecosystems

03

FOUR FILTERSTO ASSESSAGAINSTFIVE CROSSCUTTINGENABLERS

Feeding people while
protecting nature

Engaging citizens

and restoring
01 Protecting
coastal ecosystems

food loss
01 Reducing
from farm to fork

02 of fields, forests andfish
02 Replenishing
populations

02 use and non-recycled

02 greenhouse gas

to clean
03 Transitioning
transportation for all

demand03 Reducing
for fishmeal

circularity in
03 High-value
fashion and electronics

hard
03 Decarbonising
to abate sectors

01 in data collection

and clean air policies
Preventing the burning
waste

Phasing out singleplastics

01 - P O T E N T I A L F O R G L O B A L I M PA C T

03 - S TA G E O F I N N O VAT I O N

02 - D I V E R S I T Y O F S O L U T I O N T Y P E S

0 4 - O R G A N I S AT I O N A L F O U N DAT I O N S

an equitable
01 Creating
clean energy future
Addressing non-CO 2

emissions

01 - S O L U T I O N S T H AT U S E T E C H N O L O GY, A I O R DATA T O E N A B L E T R A N S F O R M AT I V E C H A N G E
02 -S O L U T I O N S T H AT C R E AT E O R L E V E R A G E N AT U R E A N D C A R B O N M A R K E T S ,NOVEL FINANCIAL MECHANISMS AND ES SENTIAL LEGAL SOLU TIONS

03 - S O L U T I O N S L E D A N D I N F O R M E D B Y I N D I G E N O U S A N D L O C A L C O M M U N I T I E S
0 4 - S O L U T I O N S T H AT P R O M O T E S H A R E D E C O N O M I C O P P O R T U N I T Y
05 - S O L U T I O N S T H AT E N A B L E P O L I C Y C H A N G E
01 INTRODUCTION

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03 OUR
SELECTIONTHESIS
901 INTRODUCTION

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15 REFERENCESOUR SELECTION THESIS

10AT THE EARTHSHOT PRIZE,
WE SEARCH THE WORLDFOR ENVIRONMENTAL
SOLUTIONS WITH THE
POTENTIAL TO REPAIR
OUR PLANET THIS DECADE.

In particular, we aim to identify the solutions
needed to achieve our five Earthshots. In order
to be successful, this search requires guiding
principles: a thesis. This Roadmap, then serves
as our Selection Thesis, similar in style to an
investment thesis.

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03 SELECTION THESIS

It aims to direct our search towards specific sectors
within the five Earthshots that can make the fastest
progress. It also explains the characteristics ofinnovations that makes them more likely to createtransformational change. This informs our choiceof Finalists. Through this strategy, we believe we
can find a group of solutions that could achieve
the five Earthshots if they are equipped with thenecessary talent, investment and resources.

PRINCE WILLIAM - LONDON 2021 AWARDS CEREMONY

Whether they are from the public
or private sectors, a university, a city,
a non-profit or a company, we are open
to nominations of every type and fromevery sector.

The Earthshot Prize can only appoint 15 Finalists
per year. However, we intend to highlight many
more solutions this decade. A vast portfolio ofvaried innovations that fit this selection thesis
will give us the greatest chance to achieve theEarthshots.

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THE SUCCESS OF THIS THESIS
DEPENDS UPON THREE GROUPSOF PEOPLE.
FIRST, THE INNOVATORS.
As the creators of the solutions we support, nothing
could be achieved without them. We firmly believe,and have already proven that there are thousandsof people globally developing solutions to repair theplanet. We believe nominating a diverse group ofsolutions, then, will give us the greatest chance toachieve the Earthshots.
SECOND, OUR NOMINATORSAND SELECTION PARTNERS.

AND THIRD, THE SUPPORTERS AND ADOPTERS
OF SOLUTIONS, INCLUDING THE GENER AL PUBLIC.
If we are to support a sufficient number of solutions
this decade, identifying them is only the beginning.
Innovators in all sectors tell us that to scale up theirsolution they require access to capital, supportive
policies and regulation, visionary customers andpartners, and talented recruiters and advisors. This
is why The Earthshot Prize seeks to instill urgent
optimism around the world, ensuring active andinvolved citizens support these solutions.

HUTAN - 2022 FINALISTThis group seeks out the most exciting solutions.
They have access to global networks andencourage innovators to share data about theirsolutions. Their intelligence and perceptivenesshelps discover solutions that deserve more
attention and support.

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ABOUT OUR NOMINATORS AND SELECTION PARTNERS

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OUR NETWORK’S SEARCH HAS
ENABLED US TO UNCOVER
THOUSANDS OF DIVERSE GAMECHANGING INNOVATIONS ACROSSTHE GLOBE IN THE FIRST THREEYEARS OF THE PRIZE.
Official Earthshot Prize Nominators are
hyper-connected experts in their field who
find solutions that offer great potential.
A list of the 300+ nominators who wish
to be publicly recognised is available
on our website.
Nominated solutions are assessed by ourselection partners, who marry knowledge in theenvironmental field with expertise in scaling up,
whether the solution is for-profit, public sector,
or not-for-profit.

TO ASSESS THE POOL OF NOMINATIONSWE RECEIVE E ACH YE AR WE ARE GR ATEFULFOR THE SUPPORT OF THREE GROUPS:
01. Expert Advisory Panel: Over 60+ experts donate
their time to review the potential impact andnovelty of a selection of our nominations, andwhether the solution is best-in-class. In 2023, over
170 solutions were reviewed by this expert panel.
Some of these experts also volunteered time
to be interviewed as part of this revised Roadmap.
02. The Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys:
Dozens of UK patent attorneys donate their time
to review the intellectual property position of
nominees and to identify actions to take.
03. Deloitte: The consultancy firm provides its
expertise to help assess nominees’ readinessto scale and their fit to our selection criteria.

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SPEEDING SOLUTIONS TO SCALE

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THE EARTHSHOTPRIZE AIMS TO
SPEED HUNDREDS OF
SOLUTIONS TO SCALE.
The Prize spotlight and the Fellowship
Programme accelerator supports eachcohort of 15 Finalists, with the five annual
winners receiving the added bonus of£1m of prize money. But it is our aim tosupport far more than 150 Finalists overthis decade.
Over the coming years we will build partnerships
and initiatives that support a wider selectionof nominees to achieve their scale ambitions.
Alongside this, thought leadership interventions
will seek to give whole sectors of innovationa greater chance of success by addressing
the way finance and policy can choose to hinderor support innovation.

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11 CLIMATEThe Fellowship programme aims to help all 15
Finalists supercharge their growth by unlocking
new financial, networking and partnership
opportunities. This programme includes a weeklong in-person retreat that provides the perfectopportunity to collaborate and share their ideas
for growth. Throughout the Fellowship,
specialist coaching and support is provided byorganisations from our Global Alliance of expert
businesses, NGOs and philanthropists to aid ourFinalists on their journey towards making
a transformational impact.
More details on our efforts to speed
solutions to scale can be found in our impact
reports and regular news stories on
The Earthshot Prize website.

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2023 UPDATES TO THE ROADMAPIN 2022,
WE INTRODUCEDTHE FIRST
ROADMAP

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With the intention to update
it as we learn about the stateof environmental innovation
across the globe, and the typesof innovations that the Prizeis suited to supporting to scale.
After just 18 months we have chosen to update thisdocument because the Prize itself is an innovation,in its early stages and developing rapidly. We
have now run three searches and three selection
processes, held two awards ceremonies, supported
thirty Finalists and ran one cycle of our Fellowship
programme. Armed with many new insights fromthis work, and aware of our knowledge limitations,this update shares our learnings and newly acquired
knowledge to guide our search.
In writing this report we have sought the knowledgeof 40 global environmental experts and reviewed
over 70 scientific publications, and combined thiswith the insights gained from our last yearof activity.

THIS HAS RESULTEDIN THE FOLLOWING CHANGES:
01. An update to the priority interest areas
within each Earthshot, based on the need forinnovation, and the potential to reach a tipping
point in the next five years
02. A revision of the selection filters used to choose
the Earthshot Prize Finalists
03. A clarification on which environmental and social
metrics we will use to measure the successof the Prize in supporting solutions to scale
their impact
04. A refining of our definition of the “stage ofsolutions” we are keen to identify
05. An addition of detail on the differences between
the solutions we seek from the public sector, theprivate sector and third sector
06. An addition of a new filter that focuses on asolution’s foundations including the leadershipteam and organisational maturity
07. An addition of a new cross-cutting enabler
related to policy changes, to help solutions
scale faster

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15 REFERENCESOUR SELECTION THESISFIVE EARTHSHOTSFOUR FILTERS

01 INTRODUCTION

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FIFTEEN AREAS
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04 FIVE
EARTHSHOTS
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FIVE EARTHSHOTS

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We choose to ensure that,for the first time in humanhistory, the natural world is
growing – not shrinking– on our planet

We choose to ensure thateveryone in the world breathes
clean, healthy air - at World
Health Organisation standard
or better

We choose to repair andpreserve our oceans
for future generations

We choose to build a world
where nothing goes to waste,
where the leftovers of one
process become the raw
materials of the next - just likethey do in nature

We choose to fix the world’s
climate by cutting out carbon:
building a carbon-neutral
economy that lets every
culture, community andcountry thrive

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05
FOUR
01 INTRODUCTION

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03 SELECTION THESIS

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FILTERS
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WE
AIM
TO SPEEDHUNDREDSOFSOLUTIONSTO
SCALE
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

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07 NATURE

We aim to speed hundreds of solutions
to scale that can achieve the five Earthshots
Therefore, our search process is not solely aboutfinding 15 Finalists each year, but identifying andunderstanding a large and varied portfolio of
innovations across the globe.
This is an important new message for our nominatorsand search partners. To date, approximately 1 in 100
nominations have become Finalists and had their
growth supported by the Prize. We aim to improvethat ratio to 1 in 10 and beyond in the coming years,
meaning that there is a much higher chance that
nominating an innovation will lead to tangible support
for its growth.
Also, the more nominations that are received,
the greater insight we can provide on the state ofenvironmental innovation, which through thought
leadership interventions will aim to unlock the path toscale for whole sectors of innovation.
During the first three years’ search for innovations,
we experienced gaps in the innovations nominatedin several geographies, demographics and sectors.
Therefore we ask that nominators lean towards
submitting more innovations rather than fewer.
Nominations of a large and varied range of innovations
are vital for the Prize and increase the chances that
our interventions can enable many hundreds ofsolutions to scale outside of the 15 Finalists.
When it comes to selecting the 15 Finalists we haveamended the filters we will use to make that choicein 2024.

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15 REFERENCESFOUR FILTERSFILTER 01

FILTER 02

POTENTIAL FOR
GLOBAL IMPACT
Finalists will have the potential to be
relevant on a global level by 2030 basedon a shortlist of environmental metrics.
We are interested in solutions that also
make a positive social impact,
such as improving lives or creating
green jobs, alongside the essential
environmental impact.
We also seek nominations that are transformativeand best-in-class as an indicator of global
impact potential.
Transformative solutions have the potential not only
to have an impact, but revolutionise their fields.
Transformation could be achieved by growing theirsolution to a global scale, or changing the incentives
or rules of a sector, or local radical disruption of thenorm that inspires others to replicate thatradical improvement.

DIVERSITY OF
SOLUTION TYPES
We accept solutions from any country
or sector in the world. It is through adiversity of solutions that we identify
new opportunities or connections, anddemonstrate the need for collective
action globally.

independent validation of its effectiveness. To win
the Earthshot Prize, nominations will need to present
a strong case that this solution has a special andunique position among its peers, with quantification
to back this up.

SOLUTIONS MUST CLE ARLY ARTICUL ATE
THEIR IMPACT TO DATE, AND THEIRPOTENTIAL TO MAK E A DIFFERENCE IN THE
FUTURE BASED ON ONE OR MORE OF THE
FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTAL ME TRICS:
01. Hectares of land, ocean or freshwater systems

Past finalists included grassroots not-for-profits,tech start-ups, global data monitoring systems,
cities and countries. Diversity makes a Finalist
cohort stronger and will be a consideration
throughout our selection process. We place aparticular emphasis on geographic representation,
gender and indigenous representation and actively
source innovations from these communities.

protected or restored

02. Biodiversity increases on land, freshwater
systems or in oceans

03. Reduction in concentrations of particulatematter (PM2.5/ PM10)

04. Tonnes of waste saved, reduced, recycled

NOMINEES, THEREFORE, COULD BE:
01. An organisation (not-for-profit or for-profit)
02. Government institution, local or national

or avoided

05. Tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions saved,
captured or avoided(including a country or city)

Best-in-class means a solution is among the mostadvanced of its type. It may have the most fieldtests, or have market-leading traction in customer
partnerships, or have received the greatest

01 INTRODUCTION

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02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

03. A partnership of more than one organisation
04. A team or small group of individuals

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15 REFERENCESFOUR FILTERSFILTER 03

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FILTER 0 4

STAGE OF SOLUTIONORGANISATIONAL FOUNDATIONS

FInalists will have solutions that can be scaled or replicatedquickly with financial, communications or organisational support.

Finalists will encounter many opportunities to scale their solution andinspire replication through the Earthshot Prize so we will seek solutions thatare mature enough to maximise the support they receive. We will judge thisbased on the foundations they already have in place.

FINALISTS’ STAGE OF DE VELOPMENTWILL LIK ELY FIT THE FOLLOWINGCRITERIA:
01. They are well-developed beyond the idea

stage. They may still have development
requirements to address before they canscale but will, for instance, have working
prototypes, programmes and initiatives,or completed pilots that demonstrate
their effectiveness. They will have tested
their solution with their target users orrecipients and seen early positive impact.
They will already be active in the field ortheir market with customers, partners
or audiences.

03. They have made significant progress inthe past year with clear organisational or
solution-based breakthroughs, examplesof which include completion of a major
field impact evaluation, the launch of an
in-market pilot programme, acquisition ofa first customer or contract, successful
fundraising, launch in a new geography or
sector, or important hires made.

IN PARTICUL AR, WE’RE LOOKING FOR
SOLUTIONS THAT HAVE THE FOLLOWING:
01. QUALIT Y OF LE ADERSHIP: A dedicatedteam and a founder committed to scaling or
replicating the solution. This does not require
a complete team; it may, in fact, be one
dedicated person ready to execute the tasks
required to scale a solution. Such people
will bring knowledge of the solution and the
problem it addresses. Solutions that can be
replicated will have leaders keen to share it.
demonstrates inclusivity and representation
because of the well-documented effect thishas on performance. We will be looking
for teams that represent their community,
including female, indigenous and local
community-led solutions.

financials and funds but require additional
support to be scaled or replicated at scale.
Solutions that have already achieved alevel of maturity where they only needaccess to funding will benefit less from the
Earthshot Prize support and are, therefore,
less of a focus for the Finalist podium.

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04. SCALE MODEL: A nominee with a credible

02. INCLUSIVE LE ADERSHIP: A team that

02. They are not limited solely by access to

03. ORGANISATIONAL MATURIT Y: the nominee
ought to have solid governance and financial
arrangements. A Board of Directors or
Trustees, or an advisory board of some kind

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is a good indicator of an institution with
sufficient maturity to benefit from the Prize.
Established partnerships and investor or
funder relationships, meanwhile, demonstratethat others believe in the solution.
model by which their solution could be
replicated or scaled to have transformative
impact. We are model agnostic, because
we know that achieving the Earthshots willtake a range of for-profit, not-for-profit andpublic sector solutions. What is essential for
Finalists is a clear route to transformative
impact. The model will include what
partnerships would accelerate it, and what
resources or skills they may need. Localised
solutions, such as those created by cities
or NGOs, who aim to inspire change far
and wide, will preferably identify partners
and activities that can support replicationelsewhere, alongside pushing the boundaries
and overcoming challenging barriersin their location.

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22

HOW WE SELECT
WINNERSFOR EACH
EARTHSHOTFIFTEEN AREAS OF INTEREST.
THREE PER EARTHSHOT,
PLUS WILDCARDS.

01 02 03

FOUR FILTERSTO ASSESS AGAINST

01 02 03

02 EXEC SUMMARY

01 02 03

01 02 03

01 - P O T E N T I A L F O R G L O B A L I M PA C T

03 - S TA G E O F I N N O VAT I O N

02 - D I V E R S I T Y O F S O L U T I O N T Y P E S

0 4 - O R G A N I S AT I O N A L F O U N DAT I O N S

TOP NOMINEESGO THROUGH

01 INTRODUCTION

01 02 03

S E L EC T I O N
03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

07 NATURE

08 AIR

09 OCEANS

10 WASTE

11 CLIMATE

12 ENABLERS

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCES

06 THEFIFTEEN

23

AREAS
OF INTEREST

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

07 NATURE

08 AIR

09 OCEANS

10 WASTE

11 CLIMATE

12 ENABLERS

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCES

THE FIFTEEN AREAS OF INTEREST

24

FOR
EACH
EARTHSHOT, WE
EXPLAIN THE
WORLD AS IT
IS AND HOW IT
MUST CHANGE.
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

07 NATURE

For each Earthshot, we explain the world
as it is and how it must change. We then
expand on three areas of interest for each
Earthshot. In many instances, our areasof interest converge.
For example, a solution that helps clean our air may
also help us fix our climate. Similarly, a solutionthat helps build a waste free world may also help
revive our oceans. This is to be expected due tothe interdependencies across the Earthshots.
Each area of interest, each Earthshot, contributes
towards our mission. Solutions that span multiple
categories will, for the purpose of the Prize, be
assessed against the single category that best
represents the solution and its impact.
We appreciate that these 15 areas of interest
exclude whole sectors of human activity andfields of innovation, in order that we focus on
these areas of high opportunity. We also observethat these areas of interest will flex over time as
new opportunities arise to help other sectors ofinnovation reach a tipping point.
Therefore, the message to our nominators is tocontinue to put forward solutions within these
15 areas of interest AND in alternative fields.
We will be delighted to understand solutions
that offer the possibility of rapid positive impact
no matter which sector they operate in, and willconsider such solutions for The Earthshot Prize in2024 and beyond.

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11 CLIMATE

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13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCES

THE FIFTEEN AREAS OF INTEREST

25

THE FIFTEEN AREAS OF INTEREST
01

02

01 INTRODUCTION

Protecting areas of highbiodiversity such as forests,
wetland, peatlands andwildlife corridors

01

Engaging citizens in datacollection and clean air
policies

01

Protecting and restoring
coastal ecosystems

02

Preventing the burning offields, forests and waste

02

Replenishing fish
populations

03

Transitioning to cleantransportation for all

03

Reducing demand
for fishmeal

Restoring damaged
ecosystems

03

Feeding people while
protecting nature

01

Reducing food loss
from farm to fork

01

Creating an equitable clean
energy future02

Phasing out single-use andnon-recycled plastics

02

Addressing non-CO2
greenhouse gas emissions

03

High-value circularity
in fashion and electronics

03

Decarbonising hard
to abate sectors

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

07 NATURE

08 AIR

09 OCEANS

10 WASTE

11 CLIMATE

12 ENABLERS

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCESAREAS OF INTERESTPROTECT
AND RESTORE
NATURE
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

07 NATURE

08 AIR

09 OCEANS

10 WASTE

11 CLIMATE

12 ENABLERS

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCES

PROTECT AND RESTORE NATUREIMAGINE
A
WORLD IN WHICH
WE
BECOMESTEWARDS, NOTDESPOILERS, OF
THE
NATURALW O R L D .
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

27

A world in which farms and forests coexist without competition, in which cities
are transformed into green oasis, withaccess to nature available to all. In whicha nation’s wealth is measured not only by
its natural resources, but also its richesof diverse wildlife, and where generational
and indigenous wisdom is brought to thefore. To make it reality, we must act now.
Biodiversity encompasses all life on earth: animals,
plants, fungi and microorganisms. In ecosystems,
species work together to support life. They support
human life and planetary resilience too, providing
breathable air, food, clean water, medicine, fueland shelter. However, biodiversity is declining
tens to hundreds of times faster now than at anyother time in human history, and perhaps as fast
as any mass extinction event in Earth’s history.(1)Since the Industrial Revolution, pollution, logging,
intensive agriculture, and the development of urban

07 NATURE

08 AIR

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10 WASTE

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12 ENABLERS

settlements has degraded flora and fauna. Climatechange will become an additional major causeof biodiversity loss unless we limit warming to
1.5 degrees.(2) The consequences are clear:a quarter of animal and plant species are currently
threatened with extinction and one million more
species face extinction within the coming decades
unless we change course.(1)With the right solutions this future is possible.
That means combining conservation efforts withsustainable production of food and timber, andrestoring and replenishing forests and waterways
that have been destroyed and polluted. Doingso will not only halt and reverse the collapse of
biodiversity, it will also help us address climatechange. It is estimated that protecting, restoringand managing natural carbon stores such as
forests, wetlands and grasslands has the potential
to capture about one third of the carbon emissions
needed to keep us on the path to 1.5 degrees.(2)13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCES

PROTECT AND RESTORE NATURE

28

TO PROTECT AND RESTORE NATURE, WE SEEK SOLUTIONS ACROSS
THREE ARE AS OF INTEREST:

01
02
03
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

07 NATURE

08 AIR

09 OCEANS

Protecting areas of high biodiversity
such as forests, wetland,
peatlands and wildlife corridors

Restoring damaged
ecosystems

Feeding people while
protecting nature

10 WASTE

11 CLIMATE

12 ENABLERS

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCES

PROTECT AND RESTORE NATURE

01

POLE POLE FOUNDATION - 2021 FINALISTPROTECTING AREAS
OF HIGH BIODIVERSITYSUCH AS FORESTS,WETLAND, PEATLANDS,
AND WILDLIFE CORRIDORS

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST29

We need to work together to stop
biodiversity loss. Man-made habitat
destruction and, in particular, land-use
change, is its biggest cause, which
is a combination of deforestation,
land conversion for agriculture andurbanisation, among others. (3)There is much work to do and designating
protected areas can deliver rapid positive impact.
In December 2022, more than 190 countries
made a groundbreaking agreement to prioritise
the natural world by protecting 30% of land andoceans by 2030. This is inspiring work. Protectionof this kind is critical to ensuring nature grows by
the end of the decade.(4) Protecting the remaining
parts of the Earth which are most important forbiodiversity, such as intact forests, wetlands,
peatlands, grasslands and other habitats, canrapidly arrest the increasing extinction rate.
Designating an area for protection is only the
beginning of the turnaround that is needed.
Effective protection work requires protectedareas to be in the right places, with the right
management, and they need to last. We also needto measure baselines of areas in pristine condition
to assess the impacts of human activities,
understand the workings of the ecosystem,and to evaluate how well management techniques
are working.

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SPECIAL AT TENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO:
01	Biodiversity hotspots and ecologically diverse
areas: Where large concentrations of endemic
plant and animal species can be found, as well as
the most diverse ecosystems and their species.

02	L arge intact ecosystems: those that have notbeen significantly altered by human activities. It isbelieved only 3% of the world remains ecologicallyintact and much of this lies in lands stewarded byindigenous people.(5)03	Ecologically diverse areas: as we expand
coverage of protected areas, we must ensure
representation for the most diverse ecosystems
and their species.

04	Wildlife corridors: These connections, acrossland and water, are vital because habitat
fragmentation means only 10% of protected areas
are connected.(6) The ability of species to movearound is the function of a healthy ecosystem andincreases the chance of species surviving in agiven geography.(7)13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCES

PROTECT AND RESTORE NATURE

30

01 PROTECTING AREAS OF HIGH BIODIVERSITY SUCH AS FORESTS, WETLAND, PEATLANDS, AND WILDLIFE CORRIDORSAs well as the recovery of plant, animal andinsect populations, this protection work has
multiple secondary environmental benefits. It
also contributes to improved air quality, and thefight against global warming. Many of theseareas of vital importance for biodiversity are also
large carbon sinks and therefore help us towards
our global climate goals. Tropical forests, forinstance, store up to 25% of the world’s carbon,
and protecting them ensures that carbon remains
locked up indefinitely.(8)Protecting the planet’s remaining biodiversity also
benefits all of us. Well functioning, biodiverse
ecosystems support human and societal needs,
including food and nutrition security, energy,
development of medicines and pharmaceuticals
and freshwater, which together underpin good
health. Many of these biodiversity hotspots are

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

far from fully explored with tens of thousands ofspecies of plants, animals and fungi unidentified.
The short-sighted destruction of biodiverse areas
for quick financial returns threatens to destabilise
planetary systems. It also destroys our chancesof discovering new medicines or compounds that
could revolutionise industries.(68)
We seek novel and unique solutions to protect
biodiversity, including new ways to incentivise
protection, put a value on nature, and benefit thepeople who manage and preserve these important
ecosystems. Indigenous people and the local
communities who live in these areas should leadand guide us because protection works bestwhen done by those with generational knowledge.
Meanwhile, we need ways to measure biodiversity
at a granular level and seek technological solutions
with the potential to quickly improve
our understanding.

THIS SOLUTION ALSO HELPS US:
HUTAN - 2022 FINALISTWE SEEK NOVELAND UNIQUE
SOLUTIONSTO PROTECTBIODIVERSITY,

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

07 NATURE

08 AIR

09 OCEANS

10 WASTE

11 CLIMATE

12 ENABLERS

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCES

02

PROTECT AND RESTORE NATURERESTORINGDAMAGED ECOSYSTEMS
If we are to stop the decline in wildlife, it is essential
we do. We must not only protect the best, but also
improve the rest.

As well as protecting the existing areasof high biodiversity, we must also restore
the much larger area of the planet’s
ecosystems that have been degradedor damaged.

Monitored global wildlife populations have seen adevastating 69% drop on average since 1970, rising
to 94% in Latin America & The Caribbean.(6) If we areto restore these populations to previous levels andbeyond, we need to restore the ecosystems they
depend on. There is no silver bullet. Turning thisaround requires a combination of solutions including
reforestation, habitat management, rewilding, andallowing natural regeneration.

RESTOR - 2021 FINALIST

01 INTRODUCTION

31

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESISGlobally, forests contain the majority of terrestrial
biodiversity. However, forest habitat continues todecrease and the loss of biodiversity threatens theforest ecosystem in a vicious cycle. Logging, firewood
cutting, pollution, invasive pests and wildfires
are damaging the world’s last remaining forests.
Restoring these ecosystems means replanting andreducing the pressure on forests so that trees are
given space and time to re-grow naturally. Benefitsof reforestation are highest when expanding or
reconnecting remaining forests, when focusing on
regions with high numbers of endemic species, andthose that have had high proportions of loss.(9)04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

But it’s not just about forests and replanting.
Shrublands, wetlands, grasslands and savannahs
are being overgrazed, converted to agriculture
and overtaken by invasive species. Freshwater
environments host a rich biodiversity, including onethird of vertebrate species but have been degraded bypollution, overfishing, infrastructure & the extractionof water.(6) Reintroducing native animal and plant
species and allowing nature to take over helps
ecosystems recover and improves their resilience.
Rewetting peatlands and wetlands can have benefits
for biodiversity as well as storing the carbon thatis emitted when those habitats dry out. Ecosystem
restoration & improved forest management has
the potential to reduce global carbon emissions byaround 4 billion tonnes between now and 2030.(10)Thriving ecosystems, meanwhile, create jobs andwealth for local people.(11)This is a promising vision of the future. We therefore
seek solutions that accelerate vital restoration work.
Tree planting is important, but restoration of vast
swathes of land and water requires more. In thiseffort, indigenous and local people with generational
knowledge should lead and guide. Technology,
meanwhile, must be part of the solution. Putting

07 NATURE

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10 WASTE

11 CLIMATE

12 ENABLERS

power into the hands of local land stewards could
speed change. And we will seek long-term solutions,with ways to monitor progress during and after the
restoration work, vital to making a difference.
The 2022 Earthshot Prize Finalist, Hutan, provides aninspiring example of restoration at work. For twenty
five years they have studied and monitored Borneo’s
abundant biodiversity, such as orangutans, elephants,
and hornbills. Their research revealed wildlife could
co-exist with local people if allowed to travel freely
between the region’s fragmented forests. These
efforts guided Hutan’s efforts to work with palm oil
plantations to create wildlife corridors and reforest
degraded areas with native trees, providing passage,
food and shelter for wildlife.

THIS SOLUTION ALSO HELPS US:

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCES

03

PROTECT AND RESTORE NATUREFEEDING PEOPLE
WHILE PROTECTING
NATUREare between 10 and 50 times higher than thosegenerated by plant-based food.(13)KHEYTI - 2022 WINNER

While increasing conservation and restoration
is key, we also need to address the drivers of
biodiversity loss. Since the 17th century, land
used for agriculture has increased 5.5 times.
Half the world’s habitable land is turned over for
agriculture. And our land use is increasing as theworld’s population grows along with our appetite
for food production. This is the number one causeof habitat loss, accounting for 80% of all land-use
change globally as natural habitats are destroyed
and fragmented to make room for more crops andgrazing animals.(12, 13)

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESISOur diet is an important factor. Much of the
expansion we have seen in land use for agricultureis driven by animal farming. Almost 80% of
agricultural land is used for meat and dairy
production, increasingly at the expense of landrich in biodiversity. Around 40% of the cereals
grown across the world are used for animal feed.
(12)
Eating more plants and less meat, particularly in
the Global North where food poverty is low, would
reduce the total land use needed for agriculture,and significantly help nature recover.(13) This also
reduces our global carbon footprint. Greenhousegas emissions generated by animal products

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

32

Another important issue is unsustainableagriculture. Intensive farming techniques, suchas heavy tillage and chemical fertilisers destroy
fungi, soil diversity, and insect populations, withknock-on effects for animals further up the foodchain.(13) Already, a third of agricultural soils aredegraded. Half of all topsoil has been lost in the last
150 years. Fertilisers and pesticides have led to a
decline in populations of pollinating insects, and theexcess seeps into lakes and rivers, harming aquatic
life and, when allowed to flow out to the sea, causes
deathly algae blooms. At the same time soil is avitally important carbon sink containing 80% of
terrestrial carbon, with soils high in biodiversity
holding the most carbon.(11)
Farming solutions are necessary but can’t comeat the cost of yield otherwise agricultural land willneed to expand and encroach even further into
animal and plant habitats. If we develop sustainable
farming techniques while increasing the yield ofsustainably farmed land, and eat foods that requireless land in their production, we reduce pressure
on biodiversity. Improvement in sustainableagricultural techniques have vastly improved inrecent decades. Some solutions are here already,and they need to be scaled. This will not only bepositive for nature, it also has the potential toreduce carbon emissions by 3-4 billion tonnes by2030.(10)07 NATURE

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We seek scalable solutions that create healthy soil,
full of microbiomes and capable of producing highquality, higher yield, nutrient dense food. We seek
solutions that work with nature and improve thebiodiversity on farmed land using techniques likecrop rotation, minimum tillage and agroforestry
while reducing the use of pesticides. We also seek
solutions that provide alternative protein sources,or otherwise reduce our agricultural footprint on
nature.
Kheyti, an Indian start-up and 2022 Earthshot
winner, has developed a solution transforming thefortunes of small-hold farmers. Its Greenhouse-ina-Box offers shelter for crops from unpredictableelements and destructive pests. The start-up
also trains and supports farmers to ensure theirgreenhouse works as effectively as possible. The
results are startling: plants in the greenhouserequire 98% less water than those outdoors, while
yields are seven times higher. 90% cheaper than astandard greenhouse, they are doubling farmers’
incomes, allowing them to invest in their farms andin their children’s education.

THIS SOLUTION ALSO HELPS US:

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCESAREAS OF INTEREST

CLEAN
OUR
AIR
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

07 NATURE

08 AIR

09 OCEANS

10 WASTE

11 CLIMATE

12 ENABLERS

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCESIMAGINE
AWORLD IN WHICHE V E RYON E,NO
MATTER
WHERE
THEY
LIVE, BREATHESIN
CLEAN,HEALTHYAIR.
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

CLEAN OUR AIR

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

34

A world in which no child ever dies froma pollution-related illness, and in which
renewable energy is affordable andplentiful everywhere: powering transport,
heating homes, and cooking food.
This vision is possible with the right global effort.
Today, almost everyone breathes air exceeding
World Health Organisation air quality limits. Due
to improvements in monitoring we understandthe issue better than ever. Over 6,000 cities in 117
countries now monitor air quality, but their citizens
still inhale unhealthy fine particulate matter andnitrogen dioxide. This is borne out in the statistics:
air pollution is estimated to contribute to sevenmillion deaths per year globally.(14)Those in low and middle-income countries suffermost, accounting for more than 9 in 10 air pollutionrelated deaths.(15) Children under five in low-income
countries are 60 times more likely to die fromexposure than their high-income counterparts.
(16)
That makes poor air the leading environmental
risk factor for early death, exceeded only by high07 NATURE

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12 ENABLERS

blood pressure, smoking and dietary risks. Yet
deaths don’t tell the full story. The real impact is no
doubt greater, with long-term exposure increasing
the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular disease,lung cancer and stroke. A recent review also foundan association between air pollution and impaired
cognitive ability.(14)Drivers differ by country, but slash and burnagriculture, transportation, industry, and household
heating and cooking are among the biggest causes.
Over the past 30 years, we have made promisingprogress: deaths from indoor air pollution havefallen globally, much of that down to a shift tocleaner energy.(17) But it is a task unfinished and wehaven’t had the same level of progress on outdoor
pollution. While many countries now have policies
in place, implementation and funding often lags
behind ambition.(18)With the right solutions, we can transform the air webreathe. That means bringing together policymakers,
both local and national, to solve the problem. And
it means making use of innovation to monitor andcurb the high levels of pollution around us.

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCESCLEAN OUR AIR

35

TO CLE AN OUR AIR, WE SEEK SOLUTIONSACROSS THREE ARE AS OF INTEREST:

01
02
03
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

07 NATURE

08 AIR

09 OCEANS

Engaging citizens
in data collection
and clean air policies

Preventing the burningof fields, forests and waste

Transitioning to cleantransportation for all

10 WASTE

11 CLIMATE

12 ENABLERS

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCES

01

CLEAN OUR AIR

ENGAGING CITIZENSIN DATA COLLECTION
AND CLEAN AIR POLICIESAir quality data tells us so much: thenature of pollution in the air, where itcomes from, how it’s changing, and how
it affects our health.

THE BLUE MAP APP - 2021 FINALIST

However, while more governments than ever aremonitoring air quality and sharing data publicly, there
are still gaps. Recent analysis found only 61% ofcountries have government-led air quality monitoring.
Only 53% of countries publicly share the data theycollect, and less than half of those do so in a way that
could be considered useful.(19)01 INTRODUCTION

36

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

Low and middle-income countries - the most heavily
polluted - tend to be where the largest monitoring
gaps exist.(19) While there is good coverage in many
capital cities globally, there are gaps in smaller cities
and in rural Asia, Latin America and Africa.(20) Lowcost sensors exist, but the quality of data collected bythem is often poor. Where there is data, it is rarely inreal-time or available to aid decision-makers. Globally
we need a more concerted effort of national and local
stakeholders, to make unrestricted and transparent
data the standard.
04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

and governments to join forces behind progressive
policies. We believe, too, in the importance ofempowering people to monitor the air in their own
towns and cities, so that they can determine theirown solutions. We need solutions which accelerate
data collection, help build and maintain air quality
networks around the world, and use the datacollected to drive meaningful change.

The city of Beijing shows how data can change lives.
In the early 2000s, concern about the city’s air quality
grew. Data from local air quality monitors showed
higher levels of pollution than those being reported
centrally. This evidence along with public pressure
helped the government take note. They released a
National Air Quality Action Plan and, between 2013
and 2020, pollution exposure nationwide declined byan average of almost 40%.(21)We seek solutions that improve our understanding
and measurement of air pollution, and turn thisevidence into restrictions of sources of air pollution,
especially where it is most prevalent. For developing
countries where emissions have not yet peaked,
we urgently need a better understanding of theirscale and source. Satellite-based technology could
help us track the long-distance movement of air
pollution. Ground-based monitors could give us evenmore granular local data. Crucially, this is not about
gathering data for data’s sake. We seek solutions
that effectively share and use the data to increase
the accountability of polluters and enable citizens

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Using air quality monitoring to drive change
has been done with great success by our 2021
Earthshot finalist, Blue Map App, China’s firstpublic environmental database. It gives citizens theopportunity to use real time air pollution data to
advocate change. Users can check local air and water
quality and receive pollution data from more than
4,000 factories. Already, tens of thousands of “microreports” have been filed by Blue Map App users about
polluting factories, and thousands of the biggest
emitters in China have been persuaded to address
their violation records.

THIS SOLUTION ALSO HELPS US:

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCES

02

CLEAN OUR AIR

PREVENTING THE
BURNING OF FIELDS,FORESTS AND WASTE

37

Stamping out burning is good for theearth and for farmers, too. The world over,farmers often set fire to cultivated fields
to clear stubble, weeds and waste before
sowing crops.

that converts crop residues to other products,
better ways to track and manage burning, or evenan outreach programme that helps farmers share
best practices. It might even be a social solution or
incentive scheme that rewards farmers each timethey don’t engage in slash and burn techniques.

It is fast and efficient, but perilous to planetaryand human health: the source of deadly black
carbon emissions. It costs farmers too. Fires
destroy the organic matter that makes the soil
fertile, decreasing yields over time. But despite
the consequences, the burning of fields remains
common practice.(16)A great example of a technological solution comesfrom our 2021 Earthshot winner Takachar who havedeveloped a novel way to turn crop residues into
sellable products like fuel and fertiliser. Designedwith Indian farmers in mind, the solution is a cheap,
small-scale technology that attaches to tractors
in remote farms. The technology cuts smoke
emissions by up to 98% and, at scale, could cut one
billion tonnes of CO2 per year, while helping Indian
farmers earn a living.

TAK ACHAR - 2021 WINNER

In north-west India, the burning usually occurs
after the April wheat harvest and the October rice
harvest. Though the capital Delhi suffers frompoor air quality year-round, it deteriorates throughthese periods, with pollutants blown down on thesouthern wind. A 2019 study showed that, in the
Indian districts where burning is most intense,
residents were three times more likely to visit
hospitals with respiratory infections.(22)01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

This is a difficult problem to solve. In theory,
it could be fixed overnight but farmers are under
extreme pressure to make a living, caught in a debt
trap, buying seeds, fertilisers and pesticides on
credit at high-interest rates because banks do notdeem them creditworthy. The only solution is one
that benefits both farmers and nature.

THIS SOLUTION ALSO HELPS US:

We can achieve it. We seek solutions that tackle theproblems of agricultural burning, forest burning andopen waste burning. This might be a tech solution

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13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCESTRANSITIONING TO
CLEAN TRANSPORTATIONFOR ALL

Between now and 2050, the global
population is expected to growby 1.5 billion with the populationof Africa expected to double.
Much of that increase will occur in cities and as
cities grow, so too will traffic volumes and demandfor vehicles.(23) This is an opportunity to scale zeroemission transportation for all.
Shifting to electric vehicles is part of the answer andgreat progress is being made here. In 2020, less than
5% of all new cars sold were electric. In 2023 it will be
18%. China accounts for 60% of all sales, while salesin Europe increased 15% in 2022, and in the US, 55%.
Take-up remains low outside the major markets, but
in 2022 sales tripled in India, Thailand and Indonesia
collectively.(24) Evidence shows zero-emission vehicle
legislation, such as those enacted in the EU and US
respectively, can spark change quickly.(25,26) It sends
a message to the market and drives investment andinnovation throughout the supply chain. As production
ramps up, demand increases too, while the price of avehicle falls, setting off a virtuous cycle.

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

However this is not just about electric vehicles. We
can’t simply swap all the internal combustion engines
for battery powered alternatives and have the same
number of vehicles on the road. We must also lookfor ways to redesign the world’s transport systems
and reduce traffic. Guadalajara in Mexico provides ashining example. Over the last few years they havetransformed 2.5 km of previously heavily trafficked
roads to give priority to pedestrians and cyclists.
They have established an exclusive lane for public
transport and cyclists through the city centre,
while also transitioning their transport fleet
to electric vehicles.(69)
The benefits of this transition are immense, not only
helping the billions afflicted by poor air quality, but
helping us reach climate targets. Transport relies
more heavily on fossil fuels than any other sector
and is responsible for a fifth of global emission.
Road travel accounts for most of this, mainly driven
by passenger vehicles, as well as freight trucks andlorries.(27,28) We must accelerate progress on personaltransport in Asia, Latin America and Africa, while also
addressing pollution from public transport and roadgoods vehicles, such as buses, trucks and off-roadtransport globally. We need better batteries, tyres,

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ROAM - 2022 FINALIST03

CLEAN OUR AIR

brakes, and vehicle components. We also need
improvements in the transport systems, especially incities and urban areas. This means more cycling andwalking options, efficient and clean public transportand more car sharing. If scaled, the green transportindustry also has the potential to avoid more than
4 billion tonnes of global carbon emissions by 2023
making it a win for air and a win for climate.(10)We seek solutions, therefore, that reduce air pollution
from transport across the world, including buses,
trucks, lorries and off-road vehicles. We needwidespread access to green public transport available
in cities, which would reduce reliance on cars.
New policies could reduce urban traffic, while newfinancial models could increase investment in electricvehicle charging infrastructure. Innovation in battery
technology is also needed to reduce charging timeand increase electric vehicle range.

transition. The company builds motorcycles andbuses tailored to the African market with affordability
and reliability at the forefront. The aim to makeelectric transport accessible to a far broader market,
setting the standard for electric mobility in Africa.
Note: transport-based solutions whose primary purpose isreducing carbon emissions, rather than air pollution, may be
nominated in the “Fix our Climate” category instead.

THIS SOLUTION ALSO HELPS US:

One of our 2022 finalists, Roam Electric, is an
example of an organisation who is supporting this07 NATURE

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14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCESAREAS OF INTERESTREVIVEOUR
OCEANS
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

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05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

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14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCESREVIVE OUR OCEANSIMAGINE
A
WORLD
IN
WHICH
THE
W O R L D ’ S
OCEANSARE
PRESERVEDFOR
FUTURE
GENER ATIONS.
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

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40

In which vast pods of whales traverse
them without hindrance, where mangroveswamps and coral reefs lie unblemished,
and where oceans teem with anastonishing diversity of marine life, whileproviding livelihoods and sustenance forthose who rely upon them.
We must set our minds to it because we all dependon oceans. They cover 70% of the world’s surface,hold 97% of water, and contain 99% of liveable
space for millions of species.(29) They also play
an important role in global warming, absorbing
over 90% of excess heat trapped by man-madegreenhouse gas emissions.(30, 31) In total, they hold42 times more carbon than the atmosphere, with
mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrass meadows
acting as natural carbon reservoirs.(30)

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Pollution, overfishing and climate change are
disrupting oceans and marine-life beyond theirsustainable limits. As pollution pours out of rivers
into the ocean, deadly algae blooms are spreading
and coastal ecosystems lie exposed to risingseas. With the ocean nearing its carbon storage
limit, acidification is beginning to increase, further
harming corals and other marine life. 55% of theocean is subject to industrial fishing and 33% offish stocks are classified as overexploited.(1)With the right solutions, however, we can restore
and preserve the world’s oceans. That means
replenishing damaged coastal ecosystems. And itmeans changing fishing practices so populations ofwild fish can be restored.

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15 REFERENCESREVIVE OUR OCEANS

41

TO REVIVE OUR OCE ANS, WE SEEK SOLUTIONSACROSS THREE ARE AS OF INTEREST:

01
02
03
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

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Protecting and restoring
coastal ecosystems

Replenishing fish populations

Reducing demand for fishmeal

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01

REVIVE OUR OCEANSPROTECTING ANDRESTORING COASTALECOSYSTEMS

ocean temperatures, rising sea levels, and risingcarbon emissions have all negatively affected them.
Seagrass, for instance, has decreased 29% since thelate 19th century and between 20-35% of mangroves
have been lost in the past 50 years alone.(30)Now, the amount of CO2 the ocean can store isreaching its limit. This is causing acidification, which
bleaches coral reefs and harms coastal-dwellingorganisms.

LIVING SEAWALLS- 2021 FINALIST

Protecting and restoring coastal
ecosystems benefits everyone.
Coral reefs, mangroves, salt marshes,and kelp forests lie where land meets sea.

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESISThey are a rich source of biodiversity, providing
nurseries for fish and cover from predators. They
directly influence both the diversity and abundanceof ocean life. They reduce coastal erosion, offer
protection from storms and attract tourism in theform of divers and wildlife lovers. They provide asource of food, jobs and economic security for
local people, and for the fishing industry, uponwhich we all depend. They also remove carbon
from the atmosphere, 10 times faster, in fact, thanterritorial ecosystems such as rainforests. Most of
this ‘blue carbon’ is stored under the ocean floor
where decomposition is slow leading to a build up ofextensive carbon stocks.(31)
However, these systems are threatened. They
are the part of the ocean most heavily used andimpacted by human activity. At the same time, rising

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And damage to coastal ecosystems only makes
climate change worse. Like trees, kelp forests act
as lungs for the world, breathing in carbon and out,
oxygen. But while coastal ecosystems cover an
area equivalent to only 1.5% of land-based forests,
their degradation causes carbon emissions in theatmosphere equivalent to over 8% of terrestrial
deforestation.(32) Imagine what could be achieved if
we set our minds to restoring them. Mangroves, salt
marshes and seagrass beds can sequester carbon
at up to 10 times the rate of equivalent terrestrial
ecosystem areas, and, alongside seaweed andmarine fauna, have the potential to reduce carbon
emissions by 0.3 - 0.9 billion tonnes of CO2 peryear by 2030.(31) Oceans have enormous powersof recovery when we remove the most damaging
practices and keep the rest under control.
We seek solutions that protect and restore not only
what’s on the coastal floors, but also what swims
and migrates through these coastal ecosystems.
Local and indigenous coastal communities mustbe allowed to play a role in this work. We needinnovative funding and finance models that assign
a value to these ecosystems. This could incentivise

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governments, cities, towns and villages to protect
and restore their coastlines rather than destroying
them. Investment from the private sector would
turn enthusiasm into meaningful action. It’s crucial
that, in the next 3-5 years, financing for coastal
biodiversity & blue carbon initiatives such asthese are developed to match, or exceed, similar
investments in terrestrial carbon markets. As onland, we also need to reintroduce key animal andplant species back into the coastal ecosystems
that have been most damaged to allow for theirfull recovery.
The 2021 Earthshot finalist, Living Seawalls, and2022 Earthshot winner, Indigenous Women of theGreat Barrier Reef, both show examples of coastal
protection in action. Living Seawalls’ habitat panels
are designed to mimic rock pools and mangroveroots, and are fitted to new or existing sea defences.
The solution has been proven to increase marine life
36% in two years, and is now expanding globally. In
Queensland, the Indigenous Womens’ group brings
together generational knowledge with modern tools
like drones to monitor coral changes, forest fires andland degradation along the coastline.

THIS SOLUTION ALSO HELPS US:

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCESREPLENISHINGFISH POPULATIONS

We want to see oceans thrive, but as things
stand, fish populations are in decline. The
cause: overfishing, pollution, and poor
management of commercial fisheries.
The number of sustainable fishery stocks havedecreased from 90% in 1974 to less than 65% in
2019.(33) This depletion changes how fish reproduce
and the speed at which they mature. It also
negatively impacts the ecosystems, creating an
imbalance that erodes the food web and leads
to a loss of vitally important marine life.
It harms people too. 58.5 million people were
employed in the fishing sector in 2022. 600 million
people depend on fisheries and aquaculture.
(33)
Decline in fish populations puts these people
and their livelihoods at risk. Mismanagement offisheries, for instance, is estimated to lead to anannual economic loss of $80 billion globally.(34)
We know what works. Allowing an overfished area
to replenish for even two years can fully restore

01 INTRODUCTION

43

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

marine life, and there is evidence to show it cancreate abundant marine life in surrounding areas,
too. It brings broad ocean ecosystem benefits,
protects biodiversity, and boosts fisheries yields,
which can empower local communities, create
jobs and support livelihoods. Local solutions,in particular, can make a big difference. Whilelegislation tends to focus on industrial-scale
fishing, like deep sea trawlers, local artisanal
fisheries need support if we are to revive fish
populations. This benefits people, as well as marine
life, allowing us to increase fisheries productivity
by 16.5 million tonnes, which would improve foodsecurity among coastal populations.(33)around sustainable practices, or incentivisingthem and rewarding them for using light touchsustainable fishing methods.
Our 2021 Earthshot finalist Pristine Seas shows us
how an innovative approach can be used to protect
vast areas of the ocean. They bring together
scientists, filmmakers and policy experts to exploreand document the wildest places in the ocean andencourage leaders to protect these ecosystems
and allow them to recover. They have worked withlocal and indigenous people, governments andpartners to establish 26 marine reserves globally:
an area over twice the size of India.

We seek a range of solutions which address thechallenge of dwindling fish populations. This could
be tech based solutions which help us understandhow and when overfishing occurs, or stop it
happening in the first place. It could be ways toprotect and monitor large sections of the ocean toallow for marine life recovery, it could be educating
those who work in smaller, artisanal fisheries

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PRISTINE SEAS - 2021 FINALIST

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REVIVE OUR OCEANS

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03

REVIVE OUR OCEANS

44

REDUCING DEMAND
FOR FISHMEAL

is estimated that demand for fishmeal and fish oil
could surpass the global supply of small fish by asearly as 2037.(37)

Fishmeal is an ingredient used primarily indiets for farmed fish & domestic animals,
and millions of tonnes are produced every
year, often from small, wild-caught fish,
like herring.

SEAFORESTER- 2022 FINALIST

It is a vital practice, but has become unsustainable
and inefficient. It is estimated four to five tonnes ofwhole fish is required to make a single tonne of dried
fish meal.(35) Roughly 20% of all wild-caught fish areused to feed farmed fish. This problem is only likely
to intensify, with farmed fish estimated to represent
60% of all global fish consumption by 2030.(36)01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

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This is having a negative effect on marine
ecosystems. Small fish and crustaceans, such as
sardines, anchovies, and krill, play a vital role in thefood chain. Tuna, sharks and whales rely upon themas a source of food. It also has a knock-on effectfor other forms of marine life, such as mammals
and birds. The exploitation of these small fry, then,could lead to the collapse of populations further up
the food chain. We are reaching a tipping point. It

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Swift action would prevent this. It would also
improve food security. It is believed 90% of fishmeal
and fish oil could be used instead for humanconsumption.(36) Already, fish and seafood provide
3.3 billion with almost 20% of the animal proteinin their diets.(33) If fish used in fishmeal production
were used to feed people we could provide someof the world’s poorest countries with a rich sourceof nutrition.
We seek solutions that reduce the impact offishmeal production and reduce the need forfishmeal altogether. This could be breakthroughsthat improve the feed efficiency and mean less input
is needed, or technology that allows for greatertransparency throughout the system. It may also be
alternative proteins and fishmeal replacements suchas insect protein and feeds produced from fungi. We
also seek ways to reduce excess catch of wild fish in
the fishmeal production such as more sustainablefishing or aquaculture practices.

THIS SOLUTION ALSO HELPS US:

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCESAREAS OF INTERESTBUILD A
WASTE-FREE
WORLD
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

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14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCESBUILD A WASTE-FREE WORLDIMAGINE
A
WORLD WHERE,AS IN A NATURALECOSYSTEM,NOTHINGIS
EVER WASTED,AND EVERYTHINGIS REPURPOSED.
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

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46

A world in which every item of clothing
made is reworn or recycled, where
resources are equally distributed, andwhere food poverty is eradicated andthe food we once threw away, used to fill
empty stomachs.
To work towards this vision we need to rethink theway we make, use and dispose of things. If we are tobuild a waste-free world, then, we will need to lookat the way we extract resources, how we produce
and consume materials, and how we discard themonce we have no further use of them. This not onlymeans limiting the generation of waste, but using
resources more efficiently throughout the life cycle ofmaterial products.(38) In our current economy, we takematerials from the Earth, make products from them,and eventually throw most of them away as waste
in a linear process. In a circular economy we stop
waste being produced in the first place.This means
redesigning products to be more durable, reusable,
repairable, and recyclable, and kept in circulation for
as long as possible. Currently the global economy
is only 7% circular which means that we recycle andreuse only a limited part of materials that would
otherwise become waste and that we continue to

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heavily rely on raw, non-recycled materials. Whilst
we may not be able to get to 100% circularity, it’s
essential that we minimise the use of resource, andthe creation of waste.(39)
Waste is a climate problem too. It is estimated thatover 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions comedirectly from waste. Waste is also the third biggest
source of methane emissions: a greenhouse gas thattraps 82.5 times as much heat as carbon dioxide overa 20-year timespan. Looking more broadly, 70% of
global greenhouse emissions come from the material
economy, starting from extraction through productionand ending in disposal. Creating a waste-free world,
then, will only only help reduce pollution, but help us
solve the climate crisis.(38)With the right solutions, we can drastically reduce
the amount of waste in the world. Through a circular
economy we can tackle the systemic inefficiencies
that lead to the excessive generation of waste,meeting human and social needs in a resource-smart
way. That could mean cutting material consumption,
regenerating, distributing, or using fewer, more
durable products for longer, while making use of old
ones. Eventually we can minimise the exploitation of
resources and cut waste for good.(39)

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15 REFERENCESBUILD A WASTE-FREE WORLD47

TO BUILD A WASTE-FREE WORLD, WE SEEK SOLUTIONS ACROSS
THREE ARE AS OF INTEREST:

01
02
03
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

07 NATURE

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Reducing food loss
from farm to fork

Phasing out single-use
and non-recycled plastics

High-value circularity
in fashion and electronics

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14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCESREDUCING FOOD
LOSS FROMFARM TO FORKThis problem of waste also has wider ecologicalimpacts. The greenhouse gas emissions produced
from food loss and food waste account for between
8 and 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions.(39) To
produce the food we need, vast swathes of land
are turned over to agriculture, but almost a quarterof cropland is used to produce food that is lost or
wasted.(39)

THE CITY OF MILAN

Redesigning the way we think about foodand the lifecycle of food products is apriority if we want to build a world freeof unnecessary waste.

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESISThis applies throughout the whole system - fromthe food that is extracted, used, and discarded
through the value chain as well as the end-products
we consume. We need food production to be smart
and efficient.

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48

As things stand, roughly 40% of the food produced
globally is lost or wasted: equal to 2.5 billion
tonnes a year.(40) In low- and middle-income
countries, the problem is largely one of loss, as
food fails to make it through the production andtransportation stages. Animal death, challenges
due to climate change, as well as poor agriculturaland transportation practices are some of the root
causes. Waste among retailers and end consumers
is a larger factor in higher-income countries, withproblems caused by unnecessarily stringent
regulations, promotional deals, and in some causespoor temperature control.(68)- 2021 WINNER

01

BUILD A WASTE-FREE WORLD

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

A circular economy approach can help tackle theinefficiencies of production, including the way
ingredients are sourced and food products are
made. Redesigning food production and shifting
towards a more sustainable diet has the potential
to reduce waste, while also freeing up previously
forested land for restoring nature, and avoid around2 billion tonnes of carbon emissions by 2030.(10)It could be technology solutions that help moveproducts through the system before they expire,or improve our ability to trace food and waste
throughout the supply chain. It could be ways todiscourage overproduction, penalise waste or
make it easier for organisations to donate foodthat would otherwise go to waste. It could evenbe ways of extending shelf life or upcycling andtransforming waste into high value materials forother sectors.
The City of Milan, a 2021 Earthshot winner provides
an example of how waste can be reduced throughthe food lifecycle. Their hubs recover food fromsupermarkets and company canteens, and deliver
it to NGOs, who then distribute it to the poorest.
Milan is the first major city to enforce a city-wide
food water policy which includes food banks,charities, universities and businesses. Today, thehubs recover roughly 130 tonnes of food a year,
equivalent to 260,000 meals. This is a blueprint thatcan be scaled elsewhere, and their aim is to halve
food waste in the city by 2030.

THIS SOLUTION ALSO HELPS US:

We seek solutions that help reduce waste
throughout the entire system. This could be ways
to train farmers and workers on how to protect theircrops and reduce loss during and after harvesting.

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PHASING OUTSINGLE-USE AND NONRECYCLED PLASTIC

Annually we produce about 460 million tonnes per
year, more than double the amount we did in the year
2000.(45) But almost half of plastic ends up in landfill.
17% is incinerated and less than 9% is recycled.(43)This has a devastating impact on the natural world
and on human health. More than 14 million tonnesof plastic enter marine ecosystems every year
and breakdown into microplastics, damaging theorganisms they come into contact with.(44)As a fossil fuel product, plastics also have anenormous carbon footprint. Throughout theirlifecycle, plastics emit 3.4% of global greenhousegas emissions, equal to around 2 billion tonnes
per year. 90% of these emissions come from theirproduction and conversion from fossil fuels with theremaining coming from their end of life. By 2060, if
we continue as we are, emissions from the plastics
lifecycle are set to more than double to 4.3 billion
tonnes.(46) Phasing out plastics means reducing our

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

reliance on finite resources, such as fossil fuels. Thisis achieved through the elimination of non-recycledplastics and their replacement with recycled or
renewable materials. This is within reach. Delegatesfrom 180 nations recently took the first concrete
step toward a legally binding global treaty to regulate
plastic, a first of its kind.
We seek solutions that embrace a circular approachby addressing source materials and aiming toeliminate and replace plastics. These include
innovative, non-toxic, plastic alternative materials
with a positive impact on our oceans and climate, orbusiness models and social innovations that reduce
our reliance on plastics altogether.

- 2022 WINNER

Plastic has become essential to
everyday life, whether it is the products
we buy or the packaging in which
they are contained.

01 INTRODUCTION49

NOTPLA

02

BUILD A WASTE-FREE WORLD

2022 Earthshot winner Notpla shows us one way
we can work towards a plastic-free world. They
have created an alternative to plastic made fromseaweed and plants. The solution is natural andbiodegradable, and is used to create packaged
products, including a bubble to hold liquids, a
coating for food containers, and paper for the
fashion industry.

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15 REFERENCESHIGH-VALUECIRCULARITY IN FASHION
AND ELECTRONICS

In today’s consumer culture, we aretaught we need to buy and use more.
Brands, influencers and advertisersconvince us we need to have the latest
season’s fashion and upgrade our phone
to the newest model to stay relevant.

This barrage of messaging masks the mountainsof waste that overconsumption causes. Each year,
less than 1% of material used to produce clothes
is recycled into new clothing.(47) The average EU
citizen, meanwhile, uses up 18 kilograms worthof electronic goods a year, representing 70% of
hazardous waste that ends up in landfill.(39, 48) If weare to turn the tide against environmental damage
we need to buy and use less, while also repairingand reusing more.
Between 2000 and 2015, clothing production
doubled while the average number of times a
garment was worn decreased by 36%. Whenclothing is thrown away, most of it will be burnedor buried in landfill. The global fashion industry
produces around 2.1 billion tonnes of greenhousegas emissions per year and if as little as 23% ofclothing produced was reused or repaired, we

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

would reduce emissions by up to 16% - a thirdof the abatement needed to keep warming below
1.5 degrees.(49)
Most materials used in the fashion industry are
extracted, enter the economy and leave again in astraight line. Recycling should be a last resort, as
recycling loses the effort invested in the finishedproduct. High-value circularity keeps all the effort,
energy, materials and carbon emissions invested
in a product in use for the longest time with thelowest impact.
To address this we need to not only use less, butalso extend the lifespan of goods and materials
through a culture of re-selling, renting, repairing andremaking. This requires a shift in the fashion sector
so that a product or its components can re-entera loop, with infrastructure to support their journeyback to the start of the chain. New materials thatavoid the extractive damage of the key ingredientsof our goods are also needed. Designing for re-use
and zero waste requires technology, products,
business models and new materials. The complete
opposite of fast fashion.
We seek solutions, therefore, that help reduce
overconsumption, reduce the environmental

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CITY OF AMSTERDAM - 2022 FINALIST

03

BUILD A WASTE-FREE WORLD

impact of consumer goods and foster a culture of
repair and reuse within the fashion and electronics
industries. We need social or technologicalinnovations that design and produce lower impact
goods. We need to promote multi-use over singleuse products. We need new, replacement materials
that are lower impact and recyclable. We needsolutions that incentivise society to keep goods forlonger, repair or remake them, and then return theminto circulation to be used again. We need models
that optimise human and planetary health insteadof maximising consumption.

circular, in which all products and materials arereused or regenerated. To do so it will cut waste inthree areas: the food people eat, the products theyuse, and in materials used in the built environment.
At the same time, it is changing the mindset ofresidents and companies: from “use and dispose:”to “rethink and reuse”. If it succeeds, it could be an
example to the world.

THIS SOLUTION ALSO HELPS US:

The city of Amsterdam, a 2022 Earthshot finalist,
recently became the first city in the world tocommit to a circular economy, showing others what
is possible at scale. By 2030, it aims to halve its useof raw materials. By 2050, its economy will be fully

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FIX

OUR
CLIMATE
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

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14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCESIMAGINE
A
CARBONFREE WORLD,
POWERED BY
A
CARBONNEUTRALE C O N O M Y.
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERSFIX OUR CLIMATE

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

52

Where the buildings we live in, and thetransport we use does not cost the earth.
Where city-dwellers walk or cycle into
work, in the shade of trees and amid
the sound of birdsong. Where seasonable,
low-carbon footprint food is plentiful
and affordable, and the air is clean
and breathable.
This world is still possible, but we must act
urgently and swiftly. Since pre-industrial times,
concentrations of greenhouse gases in theatmosphere have doubled and the Earth has
warmed by an average of 1.2 degrees. In the past
decade, we have experienced record-breaking
temperatures and extreme weather events.
(50) Wildfires have blazed over Australia andCalifornia. Floods have swept Bangladesh andIndia. And Europe has experienced intense summer
heatwaves. These events are deadly, and are
causing loss of livelihoods and the destruction ofnatural habitats.
Global warming was once thought to be a gradual,
steady process. Now, we understand it to be a
cumulative one, which has the potential to cause
dramatic and irreversible changes. If we surpassthe 1.5 degrees of warming, we are likely to trigger
a number of tipping points, whose cascading
effects will lead to even more severe effects. Worsestill, triggering these tipping points could lead

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to runaway processes, beyond our control, thatfurther intensify global warming. They include thedisintegration of the arctic ice sheet, the dieback of
the Amazon rainforest, and permanent shifts in the
monsoon season.(51)
These effects are connected: in the worst casescenarios the melting of the ice sheet could raise
sea levels by seven metres.(51) The freshwater
released could then slow the major circulation of
the Atlantic ocean which controls temperatures in
Europe.(52) It could also contribute to the collapseof parts of the West and East Antarctic ice sheets,
which could raise sea levels another 10 metres.
(51)
This affects rainfall in the Amazon, sucking life
out of the rainforest and removing its ability tostore carbon, accelerating a vicious cycle.(53) Everytime the thermometer edges up, these threats areintensified. We know rapid action is needed toreduce greenhouse gas emissions, with the aim oflimiting warming to 1.5 degrees, if we are to avoid
the worst effects of climate change.(54)In recent years we have seen progress. We haveseen falling prices of solar energy and widespread
growth in electric vehicles. With the right solutions
we can fix our climate for good. We must work
quickly and remain optimistic about the future
we can create. That means ending our relianceon fossil fuels, transitioning towards clean formsof energy, and adapting the way we live to stop
climate damage.

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15 REFERENCES

FIX OUR CLIMATE53

TO FIX OUR CLIMATE, WE SEEK SOLUTIONS ACROSS THREE ARE AS
OF INTEREST:

01
02
03

Creating an equitable clean
energy future

Addressing non-CO2
greenhouse gas emissions

Decarbonising hard
to abate sectors

Please note that while carbon removal solutions haven’t been explicitly highlighted as a priority area within Fix our Climate
they are of interest and feature in multiple priority areas across the Earthshots. Land based carbon sink solutions such as
forests, wetlands, peatlands and soils are essential for biodiversity improvements on land and therefore appear within ourProtect and Restore Nature priority areas. Similarly coastal and ocean sink solutions such as mangroves, salt marshes
and seagrass meadows are essential for ocean health and appear within our Revive our Oceans priority areas. We are also
open to engineered sink solutions which fall within the last priority area in Fix our Climate.

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

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01

FIX OUR CLIMATECREATING AN
EQUITABLE CLEAN
ENERGY FUTURE

54

The last decade has seen vast
improvements in energy storage, theadoption of electric vehicles, and in solar
power efficiency.
In 2022, renewables accounted for more than 90% of
growth in electricity demand.(55) One study estimatesthat carbon emissions from the global power energy
sector may have peaked in 2022, plateauing for the
next five years.(56) Renewable energy will meet muchof the growing global demand.

SOLSHARE - 2021 FINALISTThat said, the use of fossil fuels remains high, withthe likes of coal, oil and gas continuing to fuel muchof the world’s current energy demand, with the shareof energy from fossil fuels has remained largely
unchanged at 82%.(57) Fossil fuels are by far thebiggest contributor to climate change, accounting
for 75% of all emissions.(58) The clean energy
transition, although gaining momentum, is still in its
infancy. Solar installations, for instance, will need tomore than triple, and wind installations will need toincrease six fold to meet targets.

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We need to move swiftly. According to theInternational Energy Agency, half the emissions
reduction needed to reach net-zero requires
tech that is not yet commercialised.(59) Capacity
additions of renewables must triple by 2030.(55)We also need to scale up alternatives to wind andsolar, like geothermal and hydroelectric plants. The
benefits and costs of this transition must be fair andequitable, we need large-scale energy alternatives
to fossil fuels that are cheap, safe, and sustainable,
whilst not relying on continued extraction of rare

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mineral resources - such as lithium and cobalt - fromthe Global South, in order to power a the power theclean energy transition.(60)We seek more innovative solutions as well as
business models and policies that will accelerate thegreen energy technologies and solutions we have
today, while providing economic opportunities andclean energy access for all in society. This might
be new technologies that improve energy storage
solutions, new policies that drive quicker widespread
adoption or financial mechanisms that help fundnew renewable energy projects.
2021 Earthshot finalist SOLShare are a primeexample of how we can transition away fromfossil fuels in a way that is equitable for all. They
have created the world’s first peer-to-peer energy
exchange network. This allows homes acrossBangladesh with rooftop solar panels to sell excessenergy into microgrid networks for others to buy.
This not only helps the environment but gives
local people a new and plentiful source of income.
SOLshare’s solar grids have helped more than
10,000 people in remote communities, reducing
emissions by 30% and boosting household incomesby as much as 25%.

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15 REFERENCESADDRESSINGNON-CO 2 GREENHOUSEGAS EMISSIONS

To turn the tide against climatechange, we need to go further thandecarbonisation alone. We must also curb
so-called “super pollutants” which have an
outsized impact on global temperatures.

refrigeration, insulating foams and aerosol
propellants. The most abundant HFC is 3,790 times
more damaging to the climate than carbon dioxide.
HFC emissions are increasing at a rate of 10 to 15%
per year, largely as a result of increased demand for
air conditioners in buildings.(62)

Many stay in the atmosphere for a shorter length oftime than carbon emissions, but they have a bigger
warming effect. They include short-lived pollutants,
such as methane, black carbon soot, troposphericozone, and hydrofluorocarbons, as well as thelonger-lived nitrous oxide.(61)Cutting super-pollutants like this, then, could prevent
90% of their predicted warming within a decade.(62) It
could avert four times more warming by 2050 thanCO2 cuts can, reduce projected warming in the Arctic
by two thirds, and the rate of global warming by half,
keeping the 1.5 degrees commitment alive.(61)The short life of many of these super-pollutants
works to our advantage. If we stop their escape into
the atmosphere, we will reduce warming faster. A
tonne of methane, for instance, causes 86 times
more warming than a tonne of CO2.(61) But while CO2
can stay in the atmosphere for centuries, methane
only lasts around a decade.(61) Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs) are a group of entirely man made industrial
chemicals primarily used for air-conditioning,

We seek solutions that address the multiple causesof this short-lived but high impact global warming.
This could range from new ways to find and reduce
methane leakages, or reducing the HFC’s emitted
from refrigerators and air-conditioners.

01 INTRODUCTION

55

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

07 NATURE

LANZATECH - 2022 FINALIST

02

FIX OUR CLIMATE

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03

FIX OUR CLIMATE

DECARBONISING
HARD TO ABATESECTORS

56

Until recently, government and businessfocused on the easiest sources ofemissions to address, including electricity
generation and passenger vehicles. Such
areas account for more than two-thirdsof global emissions. (64, 65) Less attention,
however, has been on the so-called “hardto abate” sectors, such as agriculture,
heavy duty transportation like shipping
and aviation, and heavy industry likecement and steel. These account for 20%
of emissions, a proportion likely to growas reductions are made elsewhere. (64)Many technologies required to bring about theenergy transition have only recently been developed.
But innovation needs to be faster, especially wherecarbon-intensive processes can be replacedwith alternatives. Only by making these options
economically viable can the transition be doneat scale. Government has a role to play in this byencouraging investment that can help industries
bring their costs down.(65) Recent research shows it
is possible to get hard-to-abate sectors to net-zero by
2050. The economic cost would be less than 0.5% of
global GDP.(65) Meanwhile, in most cases the price risefor the consumer would be limited to 1%, with aviation
as the main exception, where economy class ticket
prices would only increase by 10% to 20%.(64)44.01 - 2022 WINNER

These sectors are carbon-intensive. The steel
industry, for instance, uses high amounts of energy
to power high temperature processes, achieved byburning fossil fuels. Abating steel, therefore, is a slow
and costly process, especially in countries where
there are few other renewable energy sources. The
processes involved are also complex, which makes
finding new carbon-free alternatives equally so. The
cement industry claims no ready to scale alternatives
to fossil fuels have been found. Shipping and aviation,
meanwhile, have not yet been electrified at scale as
they require high-density local energy sources, still
best provided by fossil fuels.(65)

The construction sector and the built environment are
critical to this progression. The choices of planners,
architects and builders can increase or decrease
the use of carbon intensive industries. Refurbishedbuildings can minimise embodied carbon while often
offering greater commercial and social returns thandemolition and rebuilding. The UN has identified
a breakthrough goal that all new and refurbishedbuildings must achieve at least a 40% reduction in
embodied carbon by 2030. Addressing the hard toabate sectors supplying the built environment is a
crucial factor.(70)01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

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FIX OUR CLIMATE

57

03 DECARBONISING HARD TO ABATE SECTORS

We are seeking solutions, therefore that reduce
emissions from carbon intensive processes in theconstruction industry, heavy duty transportation andother hard to abate sectors.This could be solutions
that reduce or otherwise avoid those emissions in
the first place, provide low or those that effectively
capture CO2 already emitted.

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

Named after the molecular weight of carbon dioxide,
2022 Climate winner 44.01 removes CO2 permanently
by mineralising it in peridotite, a rock found inabundance in Oman as well as in America, Europe,
Asia and Australasia. Peridotite mineralisation is anatural process, but in nature it can take many years
to mineralise even a small amount of CO2. 44.01
accelerates the process by pumping carbonatedwater into seams of peridotite deep underground.
44.01’s first project will mineralise 1,000 tonnes of
locally-captured CO2 every year until 2024 and theirlong-term goal is to have mineralised 1bn tonnesof CO2 by 2040. Another 2022 finalist, Low Carbon
Materials, wants to clean up the constructionindustry. It makes OSTO®, a carbon-negative
alternative to traditional aggregate, one of concrete’s
main ingredients. LCM is working with the industry tocreate a new zero carbon concrete block with OSTO®
making up 10 percent of its overall weight.
LOW CARBON MATERIALS - 2022 FINALISTThere are three main routes to decarbonising hardto-abate sectors. First, reducing demand for carbon
intensive products by switching to a circular economy
in heavy industry and one built around logistic
efficiency in heavy duty transportation. Second, byimproving energy efficiency. And third, by deploying
decarbonising technologies across all sectors.
Examples of this include electrification, biomass,hydrogen, and carbon capture. As clean technologies
scale, costs will come down, as they already have forrenewable technologies like solar and wind.(65) We
also know that engineered carbon sinks will be a partof the long-term solution, whether they be carbon
capture and storage, direct air capture or carbon
mineralisation. As an example, the International
Energy Agency models have shown the need for
direct air capture to be scaled up to capture almost 60
Mt CO2 per year by 2030 in order to offset the carbon
emissions we are unable to abate in these sectors.(66)

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12 CROSSCUTTINGENABLERS
58

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

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CROSS-CUTTING ENABLERSOUR REVIEW OF
THE SCIENTIFIC
LITERATURE AND
CONVERSATIONSWITH EXPERTS
Identified approaches andtools that can accelerate theenvironmental improvements weseek without being specificto any single Earthshot. We callthem the cross-cutting enablers
and when adopted by innovatorsand their supporters, they could
rapidly accelerate their growthand impact.
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

01

03

02

04

SOLUTIONS THATUSE TECHNOLOGY,AI OR DATA TO ENABLE
TR ANSFORMATIVECHANGE​

SOLUTIONS LED
AND INFORMEDBY INDIGENOUS
AND LOCALCOMMUNITIES​SOLUTIONS THAT
CRE ATE OR LEVER AGE
NATURE AND
CARBON MARKETS,
NOVEL FINANCIALMECHANISMS AND
ESSENTIAL LEGALSOLUTIONS

We have identified five such enablers. The
deployment of these enablers is consideredas part of the selection of Finalists, but not
as a tick-box exercise. We are interested in
how innovators embrace these enablers toachieve change and build a credible scalemodel, not necessarily how many of theseenablers they use in some incidental way.
We therefore share these enablers moreas inspiration for innovators and those
supporting them, because it may be thatconsidering how to use these approaches ortools could unlock a new rapid path to scale.

04 EARTHSHOTS59

SOLUTIONSTHAT PROMOTESHARED ECONOMICOPPORTUNIT Y​

05

SOLUTIONS THATENABLE POLICYCHANGE

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01

SOLUTIONS THATUSE TECHNOLOGY,AI OR DATA TO ENABLE
TRANSFORMATIVE CHANGERESTOR - 2021 FINALIST

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

The latter might help us improve accountability,
or empower us to make faster decisions. Or,
alternatively, we might better employ technologies
like blockchain, to improve carbon accounting andtrack products through their life cycle. Innovation
technology could also be a satellite system whichmaps the protection or restoration of forests, seas
and rivers in real-time. Our 2021 finalists, Restor
and Blue Map App are good examples of solutions
using technology like this.

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AMPD - 2022 FINALISTThe mission to repair the planet thisdecade requires innovative technologythat helps us make giant leaps forward,whether it be in cutting greenhouse gas
emissions or in improving the quality of
the air we breathe.

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CROSS-CUTTING ENABLERS

61

02

SOLUTIONS THAT CREATE OR
LEVERAGE NATURE AND CARBON
MARKETS, NOVEL FINANCIAL MECHANISMS
AND ESSENTIAL LEGAL SOLUTIONS

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

Let’s also recognise the vital contribution that legal
solutions can deliver, including the preservation ofland rights for indigenous and local land stewards,
and the emerging field of rights for nature andbiodiversity. Finance and legal solutions deployedat scale could quickly empower local people
around the world to protect and restore nature andour climate. 2021 Nature winner, the Costa Rican
government, and Climate finalist SOLshare areexamples of citizens receiving financial benefits
for engaging in this essential work.

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07 NATURE- 2021 WINNER

POLE POLE FOUNDATION- 2021 FINALISTWe know the current systems are heavily weighted
to incentivise the very behaviours, markets andsystems that we seek to disrupt and obsolete. .

Let’s imagine solutions that allow citizens andinvestors who act as stewards of the environment
to be fairly rewarded for their work. Let’s imagine
innovative ways to make subsidies work for people
and planet, and attract more investment to vitalenvironmental innovations. Let’s reimagine carbon
markets and think clearly about nature markets.
The entire global economy is dependent on nature,
but nature is often treated as a free resource.
Markets that value and seek to enhance nature willbe essential to its protection.

REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA

If we are to achieve our mission,
we will need to deploy new
approaches to financial andlegal systems.

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03

SOLUTIONS LED
AND INFORMEDBY INDIGENOUS AND
LOCAL COMMUNITIES

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

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They also tend to have access to better knowledgeof the local environment. We want to demonstrate
the efficacy of this knowledge and show it canbe applied elsewhere. This means engaging andpartnering with indigenous peoples and withlocal communities such as our Nature winner in
2021, Costa Rica and our Oceans winner in 2022,
Indigenous Women of the Great Barrier Reef.

REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA

INDIGENOUS WOMEN OF THE GREAT BARRIER REEF - 2022 WINNER

We seek solutions led andinformed by indigenous peoples.
These communities andsocieties tend to produce lesswaste and fewer climate impacts.

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63

04

SOLUTIONS THATPROMOTE SHAREDECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY
So, we imagine solutions that bring underrepresented groups into the decision-making
process. Solutions that are accessible to all,affordable by all and ensure a world where everyone
has equal access to a better life. Solutions which
provide access to the financial tools people needand help them use those services effectively,
particularly those below the poverty line.

MUKURU CLEAN STOVES - 2022 WINNER

A microgrid could ensure everyone has accessto clean, affordable power. People who make theirliving cutting down forests, meanwhile, could
instead be rewarded for managing them. 2022 Air
winner Mukuru Stoves, and Nature winner
Kheyti are good examples of solutions that areaccessible to all.

KHEYTI - 2022 WINNER

Imagine a solution which,in repairing the planet, shares
wealth and opportunity too.
We need solutions, then, that
benefit those whose lives they
aspire to change, as it is often
the poorest hit hardest by theplanet’s disrepair.

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

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64

05

CITY OF AMSTERDAM - 2022 WINNER

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

And we know the free market works best whenpublic policy sets an overall direction which aligns
everyone towards societal improvements. Let’s
imagine, then, a policy change that catalyses
markets as big as we’ve seen with electric vehicles.
Or it could be a change that more stringently
regulates greenhouse gas emissions. Or one that
regulates waste management and incentivises
recycling and reusing. Where such policies are
introduced at the local and national level, they canoften be replicated elsewhere. Of our previous
finalists, the city of Amsterdam and the city of
Milan are good examples of policy change in action,
whether it’s the creation of a circular economy orsetting up a city-wide food waste policy.

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THE CITY OF MILAN FOOD WASTE HUBS

We know we cannot complete
our mission without the public
and private sectors.

- 2021 WINNER

SOLUTIONSTHAT ENABLE
POLICY CHANGE

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13 THE WORLDWE CHOOSE
65

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

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THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

THE FUTURE
WE LIVE IN
WILLBETHE FUTURE
WE CHOOSE
01 INTRODUCTION

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03 SELECTION THESIS

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66

We are, after all, the only species on Earthcapable of imagining and creating a better
future for ourselves. Throughout history,
there have been few problems so great
we have not imagined a solution, whether
it was the 1969 Moon Shot mission or
our efforts to create a Covid-19 vaccine.
The environmental crisis is perhaps
the greatest of our lifetimes, but withimagination, innovation and commitment,
we can solve it too.
We are already making progress. Over the past
three years, the Earthshot Prize has discovered,spotlighted and scaled solutions from all over theworld, demonstrating the power of what it means to
put our collective weight and support behind thoseon the front lines of innovation.

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That’s why we need urgent optimism. Urgent
because the time we have to restore the world isfinite; optimism because we have the collective
ingenuity to realise this ambition.
Let us use this Roadmap as a blueprint to imagine
and then drive collectively towards a planet where
the natural world, on land and in the oceans, isflourishing; where everyone breathes in clean
healthy air; where nothing we use or make evergoes to waste; and where we cut carbon from theatmosphere and avert the climate crisis.
We do this by working together - innovators,
NGO’s, commercial organisations, philanthropists,
academics and the public all have a role to play.
Together, we create a more prosperous world for
all, not only for ourselves, but for our children andfor all generations to come.

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14
CONTRI										BUTORS
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

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67

15 REFERENCESCONTRIBUTORSThis report was authoredby Stephen Lavery, Vanessa
Di Virgilio, Louisa Tholstrup,
Michael Lacquiere and Chris
Large with valuable feedback
provided by colleagues fromThe Earthshot Prize Team.
Copywriting support wasprovided by The Draft, the final
report was designed byJames Booth, and Rhea Patel
supported with all references
included throughout the report.
We are grateful to Dr Lea Borkenhagen,who authored our first Roadmap toRegeneration and created the blueprint
for this work.
The following list of individuals wereinterviewed or consulted through theprocess for their personal expertise andviews, not as representatives of theirorganisations. Without their valuable
insights and contribution to this work,
this report would not have been possible.

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

68Dr Manisha Anantharaman, Associate Fellow,
Chatham House Environment and Society program

Daniel Hill, Director, Business and Innovation,
Environmental Defense Fund

Kristin Rechberger, Founder and CEO, Dynamic
PlanetAmit Bhatt, India Managing Director, ICCT

Andrea Hinwood, Chief Scientist; United Nations
Environment Programme

Gerhard Salge, CTO, Hitachi Energy

David Booth, Professor of Marine Ecology,
University of Technology Sydney
Nathan Borgford-Parnell, Science Affairs
Coordinator, Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC)
Secretariat
Roberta Boscolo, Lead Climate and Energy, World
Meteorological Organization
Caroline de Bossart, Director, The Grantham
Foundation for the Protection of the Environment
Michael Brauer ScD, Professor, School of
Population and Public Health at The University of
British Columbia
Carlos M. Duarte, Distinguished Professor of Marine
Science and Executive Director, Global Coral Reef
R&D Accelerator Platform, King Abdullah Universityof Science and Technology (KAUST)
Matthew Elliot, Executive Director, Oceankind

Beverley Gower-Jones, Managing Partner, Clean
Growth Fund
Lindsey Higgins, Head of Climate Insights, Pale Blue
Dot

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

Professor Emeritus Sir David King, Founder andChair, Climate Crisis Advisory Group, Founder,
Centre for Climate Repair at Cambridge
Dr Lin Li, Senior Director, Global Policy and
Advocacy, WWF International
Lúcia G. Lohmann, Professor, Universidade de São
Paulo
Jessica Long, Managing Director & Chief Strategy
Officer, Closed Loop Partners
Dr Niall McCann, Director of Conservation, National
Park Rescue

Danielle Nierenberg, Co-founder and President,
Food Tank

Melissa Garvey, Global Director, Ocean Protection
at The Nature Conservancy

05 FILTERS

MA Jun, Founding Director, Institute of Public &Environmental Affairs (IPE)Jon Moore, CEO, Bloomberg NEF

Bezawit Eshetu, Regional Coordinator, ACEN
Foundation

04 EARTHSHOTS

Rachel Jetel, Co-Director, Systems Change Lab at
World Resources InstituteLewis B. Perkins, President/ CEO, Apparel Impact
Institute
Emily Pidgeon, Vice President, Ocean Science andInnovation at Conservation International

Chris Saul, Chief Strategy & Innovation Officer,
Hitachi Europe
Dr. C. Otto Scharmer, Senior Lecturer at MIT Sloan
School of Management, Founding Chair Presencing
Institute and u-school for Transformation
Priya Shankar, Environment Program, Bloomberg
Philanthropies
Dr Vera Songwe, Chair, Liquidity and Sustainability
FacilityÁlvaro Conde Soria, Sustainability Transitions
Researcher, Circle Economy
Wesley Spindler, Managing Director, Global
Sustainability Leadership Team, Accenture
Terry Tamminen, President / CEO, AltaSea
Frederick Teo, CEO, GenZero
Dr. David S. Wilkie, Senior Technical Advisor to the
Executive Vice President, Wildlife Conservation
Society (WCS) Global
The report represents the views of The Earthshot
Prize rather than the individuals listed, and any
mistakes are our own. Should you have any
queries about the report, please email: press@
earthshotprize.org.

Kavita Prakash-Mani, Founder, Dragonfly Advisory

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15
REFERENCES
01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

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69

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCESREFERENCES
Numerical order, as they appear
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01. Díaz, S., Settele, J., Brondízio, E. S., Ngo, H.
T., Guèze, M., Agard, J., Arneth, A., Balvanera,
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K. M. A., Garibaldi, L. A., Ichii, K., Liu, J.,
Subramanian, S. M., Midgley, G. F., Miloslavich,P., Molnár, Z., Obura, D., Pfaff, A., Polasky,S., Purvis, A., Razzaque, J., Reyers, B., Roy
Chowdhury, R., Shin, Y. J., Visseren-Hamakers,J., Willis, K. J., and Zayas, C. N. (eds.) (2019).
Summary for policymakers of the global
assessment report on biodiversity andecosystem services. Bonn: Intergovernmental
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Retrieved from: IPBES Website
02. The Nature Conservancy. (2021). Natural
Climate Solutions Handbook: A Technical
Guide for Assessing Nature Based Mitigation
Opportunities in Countries. Arlington, VA: The
Nature Conservancy. Retrieved from: Nature
Conservancy Website
03. Jaureguiberry, P., Titeux, N., Wiemers, M.,
Bowler, D. E., Coscieme, L., Golden, A. S.,
Guerra, C. A., Jacob, U., Takahashi, Y., Settle,
J., Días, S., Molnár, Z., & Purvis, A. (2022). The
direct drivers of recent global anthropogenic
biodiversity loss. Sci. Adv., 8(45). doi:10.1126/
sciadv.abm9982

01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

04. Protected Planet. (2023). Discover the world’s
protected and conserved areas. Retrieved
from: Protected Planet Website
05. Plumptre, A. J., Baisero, D., Belote, R.
T., Vázquez-Domínguez, E., Faurby, S.,
Jedrzejewske, W., Kiara, H., Kühl, H., BenítezLópez, A., Luna-Aranguré, C., Voigt, M.,
Wich, S., Wint, W., Gallego-Zamorano, J.,
and Boyd, C. (2021). Where Might We Find
Ecologically Intact Communities?. Frontiersin Forests and Global Change, 4. doi:10.3389/
ffgc.2021.626635
06. Almond, R. E. A., Grooten, M., Juffe Bignoli, D.,
and Petersen, T. (Eds). (2022). Living Planet
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10. Shukla, P. R., Skea, J., Slade. R., Khourdajie,
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04 EARTHSHOTS

05 FILTERS

06 AREAS OF INTEREST

07 NATURE

08 AIR

09 OCEANS

10 WASTE

11 CLIMATE

12 ENABLERS

16. Clean Air Fund. (2022). Clean Air is Everyone’s
Business. London: Clean Air Fund. Retrieved
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17. Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2021, January). Air
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19. Sawant, V., Hagerbaumer, C., Rosales, C.
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22. Chakrabarti, S., Khan, M. T., Kishore, A., Roy,D., and Scott, S. P. (2019). Risk of acuterespiratory infection from crop burning in India:
estimating disease burden and economic
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Journal of Epidemiology. 48(4). 1113-1124. doi:
10.1093/ije/dyz022

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

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01 INTRODUCTION

02 EXEC SUMMARY

03 SELECTION THESIS

30. Lebling, K., Northrop, E., McCormick, C., andBridgwater, E. (2022). Towards Responsible
and Informed Ocean-Based Carbon Dioxide
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36. Changing Markets Foundation (CMF) andCompassion in World Farming (CIWF). (2019).
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37. Eit Food. (2021, October 7). Why alternativeand sustainable fish feeds are needed.
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45. The Organization for Economic Cooperation
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08 AIR

09 OCEANS

10 WASTE

11 CLIMATE

12 ENABLERS

46. Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment (OECD). (n.d.). Plastic leakage
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50. Carbon Brief. (2020, February 10). Explainer:nine ‘tipping points’ that could be triggered byclimate change. Retrieved from: Carbon Brief
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51. Lenton, T. M., Rockström, J., Gaffney, O.,
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57. Bolano, A., Lodesani, F., Pratt, M. P., Pacthod,D., Samandari, H., Tai, H., and Polymeneas,
E. (2022). The energy transition: A region-byregion agenda for near-term action. Mckinsey& Company. Retrieved from: McKinsey Website

52. Caesar, L., Rahmstorf, S., Robinson, A., Feulner,G., and Saba, V. (2018). Observed fingerprintof a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning
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58. SEI, IISD, ODI, Climate Analytics, CICERO,and UNEP. (2019). The Production Gap: The
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59. Kahsar, R. (n.d.). Climate Tech’s Perfect Storm.
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63. Sun, X., Wang, P., Ferris, T., Lin, H., Dreyfus,G., Gu, B., Zaelke, D., and Wang, Y. (2022).
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64. Fanworth, E. (2019). Heavy industries have avital role to play in fighting climate change.
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07 NATURE

08 AIR

09 OCEANS

10 WASTE

11 CLIMATE

12 ENABLERS

13 THE WORLD WE CHOOSE

14 CONTRIBUTORS

15 REFERENCES

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