TECHNICAL REPORTTechnologies Contributing to Reduced Life Cycle Costof Agricultural and Construction Machinery
T. HIRONAKA M. YAMADA

K. KANETANI T. MIO

Reducing the life cycle cost of agricultural and construction machinery is the issue of highest concern formachinery manufacturers. This report discusses JTEKT’s various technologies contributing to the reduction of life
cycle cost for agricultural and construction machinery, such as the long life bearing and low friction bearing.
Key Words: construction, agricultural, reliability, robustness, bearing, driveshaft, life cycle cost, LCC

LCC is consisted from two types of costs, vehicle
price and operational costs (fuel, labor, maintenance). In
general, operational costs are several times higher thanvehicle cost, therefore it is important to reduce LCC andthere is several ways for that.
Figure 1 shows needs and keywords of JTEKT’s
development for agricultural and construction machinery’s
driveline. In accordance with these six keywords, JTEKT
has been developing new technologies and services tocontribute reduction of LCC.
This report introduces JTEKT’s developments
and productions to reduce LCC of agricultural andconstruction machinery.

1. Introduction
Agricultural and construction machinery, such as dump
trucks, tractors and so on, have importantly contributed to
improve work efficiency in the infrastructure, resources
and agricultural fields. Low operation cost is mostrequired factor for the agricultural and construction
machinery. Operational cost is generally called as“life cycle cost” (LCC), and an important indicator
for customers to select agricultural or construction
machinery. Therefore, agricultural and construction
machinery’s manufacturers have been developing theirproductions and proposing services in order to reduce
LCC with competing each other.

SafetySafety devices

Needs for Driveline and JTEKT’s development keywords
Needs①Longer life/downsizing

Maintenance-free
Productivity
improvement
LCC reduction

Large capacities

Compact/
high-strength

High-speed

Race guide cage bearing, analysis technologies

High-speed③Low friction torque, low-temperature-rise
LFT bearings, fluid analysis & flow control

Low fume exhaust
Environmental
countermeasures

Low noise

Material & heat treatment, surface treatment,
optimal design, crowning optimization,
long-interval greasing drive shaft,high-strength cross pin & spline②High-strength design

Low price
Fuel efficiency

Development keywords

Fuel efficiency④Support for electrification
Motor bearing, capacitor

Lightweight⑤Maintenance-freeLabor shortage
Aging society
Shortage ofskilled workers
Comfort

Improved operability(automation)
Informatization
Comfort equipment

Low cost

Condition
monitoring

Long-life bearing, shift to resin cages,
creep wear-free bearings,
remanufacturing support

Experimental analysis technology

Needs for agricultural and construction machinery⑥Failure prediction

Provision of sensing & monitoring technologies
Fatigue analysis, CAE, evaluation

Fig. 1 Agricultural and construction machinery needs and JTEKT’s development keywords

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−Technologies Contributing to Reduced Life Cycle Cost of Agricultural and Construction Machinery−

2. Technologies for Longer Life anddownsizing
2. 1 Developments for Longer Bearing Life
Figure 2 shows analysis results of failure modes ofbearings for agricultural and construction machinery(returned to JTEKT from customers), and one of thechallenges was development to resolve problems causedby stress concentration (edge stress) and improper
lubrication. Improving bearing robustness through thedevelopment of such technologies would significantly
contribute to reduced maintenance cost and downsizing ofcomponents.
OthersAssembly-related
damageSeizureBearing
housing
deformation

Stressconcentration(large misalignmentor large load)
According to JTEKT’s investigation

Foreign matter

Design optimization
Analysis
Bearing typeInternal design
Raceway profile

Lubrication-related(wear, seizure, etc.)

Longer life material, heat treatment technologies

Low-temperature-rise, low-torqueFig. 2 Failure mode analysis (as investigated by JTEKT) ofagricultural and construction machinery bearings andbearing support technology

In results of our R&D efforts in the past, JTEKT has
contributed to longer life and size reduction throughoptimization of internal design by Shaft System Analysis
Program (S.S.A.P.), JTEKT’s proprietary, to prevent
flaking due to such as concentrated stress (edge stress)
created by large misalignment or large load.
For example, Fig. 3 shows the analysis results of edge
stress of a pinion gear bearing by S.S.A.P. Based on theseresults, we designed internal design of tapered roller
bearing to reduce edge stress, and succeeded in extending
bearing life.
Pinion gear model

Tapered roller
bearing

Contact
stressanalysis
results

Next, in regards to problems, temperature riseand seizure, caused by improper lubrication, JTEKT
contributes low temperature rise and minimization of
seizure through development of low-friction torque andlow-temperature rise bearing. (Details of this low torquebearing are shown in Section 4 of this report).
Next, in terms of flaking caused by foreign matter,as shown in Fig. 4, we have confirmed that “highsurface hardness on raceways” and “appropriate amountof retained austenite (retained c )” are effective, andhave commercialized two bearings which apply thesecharacteristic by JTEKT’s heat treatment technologies;
SH bearing (whereby bearing steel has been subjected to
special heat treatment - primarily applied to ball bearings)
and KE bearing (whereby case hardening steel has been
subjected to special heat treatment, primarily applied to1) - 3)tapered roller bearings) .
Figure 5 shows the results of fatigue life evaluation of
the KE and SH bearings tested in contaminated oil, andunder these conditions, we confirmed around two times
longer life than standard bearings.
However, agricultural and construction machinery
manufacturers have high expectations of further bearing
life improvements, therefore JTEKT is continuously
promoting development of next-generation long-life
bearings.

2. 2 Next-generation, Long-life Bearing [NKBearing]
In order to respond to the requests of further bearing
life improvements from agricultural and construction
machinery manufacturers, JTEKT has developed the NK
bearing, which has a long-life performance by optimizing
material composition and heat treatment conditions,which is normally difficult to achieve by standard steels.
As explained in detail in the “Development of Medium
Carbon Bearing Steel Achieving Life Improvement andResource Saving” (page 22 of this report), area shownin the development concept Phase II in Fig. 6 is what weachieved with our developed material and heat treatment
technology. Figure 7 shows bearing life evaluation resultsof the NK and KE bearings in contaminated oil, and these
confirm that the NK bearing has 1.5 times longer life thanthe KE bearing under these conditions.
NK bearing is expected for the benefits of improved
reliability and longer maintenance intervals in applications
with severe contaminated lubricant conditions such as
those of axles and transmissions.

Fig. 3 Example of an S.S.A.P. analysis model

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−Technologies Contributing to Reduced Life Cycle Cost of Agricultural and Construction Machinery−

Flaking modes caused
by lubrication
Peeling

Failure mode
Countermeasure

Flaking types and countermeasures

Contamination-type flaking

Dent-initiated flaking

Subsurface-initiated flaking
Designoptimization

Improvement ofwear resistance

Improvement ofdent resistance

Suppression ofrise height

High hardness of race surface

Promotion of dentedge elimination

Improvementof toughness

Reduction of
non-metallic inclusions

Securing the appropriate volume fraction of retained c

SH bearing/KE bearing

Next-generation long-life NK bearing

Fig. 4 Flaking types and countermeasure3)

Combined load life test equipment
Tapered roller bearing

Bearing

u85×u150×49

Load

Fr=70 kN, Fa=70 kN

Rotational speed

1 000 min−1

Cumulative probability of failure, %Lubrication

Contaminated oil

Conventional productKE bearing

50

10

1

1

10

100
Life, h

1 000

Test equipment

Combined load life test equipment
Deep groove ball bearing

Bearing

u30×u62×16

Load

Fr=9 kN

Rotational speed
Lubrication
Cumulative probability of failure, %Test equipment

2 500 min−1
Contaminated oil

Conventional product SH bearing
50

10
1
1

10

100

Life, hFig. 5 Life test result of KE and SH bearings in contaminated oil2)

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−Technologies Contributing to Reduced Life Cycle Cost of Agricultural and Construction Machinery−Longer life incontaminated oil

MoreAmount of retained austenite[Phase Ⅱ]
Next-generation
long-life productSH bearing
KE bearing

JTEKT-developedmaterial

Long-life mechanism
Crack occurs: Reduced concentrated stress
Crack progresses: Structural toughening, compressive stress[Phase Ⅰ]
Conventional
long-life productStandard
product

NK bearing

Long-life mechanism
Crack occurs: Reduced concentrated stress
Crack progresses: Compressive stress

Less
Surface hardness

Low

High

Fig. 6 Development concept of long life bearing material

Test equipment

Thrust load life test equipment
Tapered roller bearing

Test bearing

u30×u72×20.75

Load

Fa=25.89 kN

Rotational speed

2 000 min−1

Cumulative probability of failure, %Lubrication

Gear oil 85W-90 (oil bath)Contaminated oil

90
KE bearing

NK bearingof the conventional cage, there is a need to design ahigh-strength (high-rigidity) cage that minimizes cage
distortion, such as those shown in Fig. 8 and 9.
Figure 10 is an example of calculation result of cagestrength of a deep groove ball bearing by JTEKT’s
independently-developed cage dynamic analysis tool.
JTEKT uses this dynamic analysis tool to design ourcages shown in Fig. 8 and 9, which have optimized cage
design for applications of high-speed drive system.

50

4. Low Friction Torque, Low-temperature
Rise Technologies

10
5
2
10

50

100

Life, hFig. 7 Life test result of NK bearing in contaminated oil

3. High-strength Design Technology
Vehicles have been becoming more high-speed for
improving production efficiency, and adopting drive
systems with multi-stage transmissions because ofchanging electric motor drive. All of this means thatdriveline parts such as bearings and drive shafts are usedwith higher speeds and harsher operating environments
than in the past. Cage of bearing would especially haveissue due to high-speed drive systems. Bearing cages
rotate under the influence of the rotation and revolutionof rolling elements, however if the force working on
the cage increases due to high-speed operation, andthe distortion of the cage exceeds the limit, abnormal
contact occurs inside the bearing. Abnormal cage contact
causes heat generation and cage breakage. As such, if abearing is used under conditions exceeding the limitations

JTEKT ENGINEERING JOURNAL English Edition No. 1016E (2019)

In order to improve the fuel efficiency of vehicles, it isnecessary to improve power train efficiency. As we havebeen focusing development of long-life and compact
bearings, we also have been developing bearings with low
friction torque and, consequently, have been producing
low friction torque tapered roller bearings (LFT) for over5) - 8). Figure 11 outlines the history ofthirty years now
JTEKT’s LFT tapered roller bearing development. Theth
4 generation (LFT-IV) developed in 2015 adopts a heatresistant resin cage which has flexibility of design (theconventional product uses a steel cage), leverages fluid
analysis and fluid measurement technology to optimize
internal design and, as a result, we have significantly
reduced resistance to stirring to lower friction torqueby a maximum of 65%. Moreover, Fig. 12 shows themeasurement results of oil temperature for the LFT
tapered roller bearing and it is evident that low friction
torque technology also helps to improve the bearing’s
reliability by being effective in lowering temperature riseand preventing overheating.

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−Technologies Contributing to Reduced Life Cycle Cost of Agricultural and Construction Machinery−

Developed cage
Split-type
・Minimization of distortion
through high-strength

Conventional cage
Bars distorted due
to centrifugal force

Cage rib mating shape

Fig. 8 Ball bearing with high-strength resin cage4)

Centrifugal
force

Cage shape

Large

High-speed type(metal + exclusive design)MediumStandard(steel)

Small

Resin

High-speed type: Shape of cages for planetary gear bearings
Guide face seizure prevention → Application of surface treatment
Distortion prevention → made from metal, stronger rib design, race guide design
Surface treatment race guide(guide face)StrengthenedribRace guideFig. 9 Cage type for planetary gear

Load

Cage load

Time

Cage

Fig. 10 Bearing cage dynamic analysis

LFT-Ⅰ

LFT-Ⅱ

LFT-Ⅲ

LFT-Ⅳ

Features

Optimization of the
shape androughness of thecollar - roller contact

Special crowningon theinner/outerring races

Optimization of
inflow oil volume
control/internal
dimensions

Optimized control
of inflow oilamount with aresin cage

Torque reduction effects(Compared to standard product)

−10%

−20%

−50%

−65%

Main resistances reduced

Sliding friction
resistance

Rolling viscosity
resistanceResistance tostirring

Resistance tostirring

Development timing

1983

1994

2005

2015

Evolution of the TRB-LFT

Fig. 11 History of LFT Tapered Roller Bearings8)42

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−Technologies Contributing to Reduced Life Cycle Cost of Agricultural and Construction Machinery−

Test equipment

friction torque bearing with a high sealability pack seal.
The developed product has 40% lower friction torque thanthe conventional product, thus is contributing to higher
fuel efficiency of agricultural machinery.
Figure 14 shows the lineup of JTEKT’s flagship LFT
bearings. We have developed LFT bearings to suit the
specific applications, and are contributing to higher fuelefficiency in the automotive and industrial machineries.

Combined load life test equipment
Tapered roller bearing

Bearing

u50×u110×29.25mm

Radial load

20.35 kN

Axial load

20.35 kN

Rotational speed
Lubricant

500 〜 2 500 min−1
5W-30 Axis core oil bath

Oil temperature, ͠

100
80
60

5. Response to Electrification

40
Conventional product
LFT product20
0500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000
Practical zone
Rotational speed, min−1

Fig. 12 Oil temperature measurement results of LFT tapered
roller bearings (LFT-Ⅱ)

5. 1 Electrolytic Corrosion Resistant Bearing forElectric Motors
Due to the EV shift, drive is set to migrate from theengine to the electric motor (motor). However, one issue
with bearings used on motors is how to best prevent thephenomenon whereby the bearing interior is damagedby electrolytic corrosion. Electrolytic corrosion is where
there is an electric discharge in the bearing interior

Torque ratio

Moreover, in regards to attachments of agricultural
machinery, many high-sealability bearings with seals areused with the aim of improving mud resistance. JTEKT
is contributing to better low friction torque and mud
resistance performances through applying our technology
for automobile wheels to a low friction torque bearing
with a high sealability pack seal. Figure 13 shows the
typical shape and torque evaluation results for a low

In recent years, as with the automotive industry,a proactive shift towards electrical vehicles in the
agricultural and construction machinery area is also
taking place with the aim of achieving higher fuelefficiency. Figure 15 shows JTEKT’s promotion of
product development for each field in response to EV
development.

Test bearing

Double-row angular contact ball bearing
u16×u40×44

1

40% reduction

0.5
0Conventional
product

Developed
product

Fig. 13 Bearings with low friction pack seal for attachment

TRB-LFT

BB-LFT

HUB-LFTNRB-LFTTechnologies incorporated
in the LFT series
Reduction of lubricant
mixing resistance

○

○

○

○

Reduction of rolling viscosity resistance(Bearing rings - rolling elements)

○

○

○

○

Reduction of sliding friction resistance(Rollers - inner ring collar)

○

−

−

−

Reduction of sliding friction resistance(Rollers - cage)

−

−

−

○

Reduction of sealing
friction resistance

−

−

○

−

Fig. 14 Series of Low Friction Torque Bearings8)

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−Technologies Contributing to Reduced Life Cycle Cost of Agricultural and Construction Machinery−Deep-groove ball bearing 6004
u20×u42×12

Test bearing
Generator

EngineRadial load

98 N

Rotational speed

Power storage
device81 min−1

Measurement

Electrical resistance between the axle

methodMotor

Ceramic bearing

Fig. 15 Structure of hybrid-type EV machinery (image)

Electrical resistance, kX

Motor

and housing measured with an ohmmeter

Over
1 000
100

Conductive grease

10
1
0

0

500

1 000 1 500 2 000

Test time, hFig. 18 Insulation performance of ceramic bearing comparedwith conductivity of conductive grease
Fig. 16 Example of electrolytic corrosion

causing damage of the rolling contact surfaces (such asthat seen in Fig. 16) which can progress to ultimately
cause problems such as abnormal noise or reduced life.
As such, bearings used in motors must be properly
insulated.
The most reliable countermeasure for electrolytic
corrosion (insulative countermeasure), is to change thematerial used for rolling elements (balls) from the metal
normally used to ceramic, which is a highly insulative
material. In 1984, JTEKT became the first in the world
to successfully mass produce ceramic bearings, and these
are contributing to electrolytic corrosion countermeasuresin motor bearings. Figure 17 shows an example of aceramic bearing’s structure.

Outer
ring

Inner
ring

Ceramic
Ball

Cage

ShieldFig. 17 Example of ceramic bearing structure9)

44

Figure 18 shows the results of a comparison in theusage period and change in electrical resistance of theceramic bearing and conductive grease, which uses thesame electrolytic corrosion countermeasures as ceramic.
It is apparent that the ceramic bearing offers a stable
insulation performance.
10)

5. 2 High-heat Resistant Lithium-ion Capacitor

As with automobiles, high-performance power storage
devices are essential for the electrification of agriculturaland construction machinery. Due to the fact that thismachinery requires a large amount of power during
operation, power storage devices must offer high output
properties and, as such, there are a high number of cases
where capacitors are adopted, as these have the ability todischarge high energy instantaneously.
However, conventional capacitors have limitations inregards to operating temperature range, therefore entail
issues such as cooling system is accompanied, etc.
As such, JTEKT expanded the operating temperature
range of the Lithium-ion Capacitor through our
independent development efforts, and became the firstin the world to achieve an operating temperature rangeof − 40 to 85 ℃ (up to 105 ℃ with operating voltage
restrictions). A wider temperature range means thatcooling systems can either be eliminated or simplified,therefore expanding the potential for EV applications.
Moreover, to support the diverse needs of agriculturaland construction machinery customers, JTEKT will
apply the charging/discharging control technology ofpower storage devices cultivated through developmentof auxiliary power supply systems to the electric power
11)
steering for automobile (Fig. 19).

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−Technologies Contributing to Reduced Life Cycle Cost of Agricultural and Construction Machinery−

6. 2 Anti-creep Ball Bearing12) (Design-related
Approach)Single-sided electrode-type Lithium-ion Capacitor (left)and double-sided electrode-type Lithium-ion Capacitor (right)

Fig. 19 Lithium ion capacitor (product conceptual image)

6. Maintenance-freeLarge agricultural and construction machinery are used
for many years, therefore overhauls of major components
are performed periodically.
On such occasions, the internal parts of the applicable
component are damaged, therefore requires replacement
or repair, which in turn results in hefty overhaul-related
costs. As such, technologies to prevent part damage andreduce overhaul costs are also effective in reducing LCC.

Figure 20 shows the mechanism of creep occurrence
due to outer ring strain. Strain continuously occurs on
the bearing rings as rolling elements pass through, andthis leads to creep occurrence. Creep resulting from thismechanism can be reduced by making the bearing rings
thicker and reducing strain occurrence. However, thereis the conflicting issue of the bearing becoming difficult
to handle or there being dimensional restrictions due toan increase in diameter dimensions, which results in ashorter life expectation due to a decrease in dynamic load
rating.
Direction ofrolling
Direction
elementof outermovement ring creep

Rolling
elements
Inner ring rotational
direction
Outer
ring

6. 1 Fitting Surface Damage and Countermeasures
Thereof
One particular problem that occurs in the bearing
proximity during overhauls is damage to fitting surfaces.
Bearings operate whilst being subjected to a dynamicload, therefore fitting surfaces are susceptible to fretting
wear and creep wear caused by vibration and bearing ring
creep. This kind of fitting surface damage is not limited toagricultural and construction machinery, but also applies
to aluminum housing of automobiles, therefore wear
countermeasures and low-maintenance methods are major
issues of focus.
In general, the most effective way to prevent this typeof fitting surface damage is to increase the interferenceof the fitting surface. However, increasing interference
makes bearing attachment/removal difficult, therefore
this approach is not ideal for large bearings. Furthermore,
if the coefficient of linear expansion differs greatly withthe bearing material, such as in the case of aluminum,
it is difficult to create a design where interference ismaintained in all temperature zones.
As such, in addition to increasing interference,machinery manufacturers have expectations regarding
wear control technology. Countermeasures for fitting
surface wear consist of a design-related approach
which focuses on minimizing creep itself (minimizing
movement), and a tribology-related approach, which
focuses on reducing wear.

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progress

Load on rolling
element

Direction of outerring creep

BondedportionStrain occurs in the circumferential direction

Housing

Fig. 20 Mechanism of creep occurrence due to outer ringstrain12)GrooveaStandard
productbcd

Relative to the
product with athicker outer
ring, thedistance fromthe housing to
the contacta＜ba＝c
portion is thesameb≒dProduct with
Developed productthicker outer ring (groove shape is exaggerated)

Fig. 21 Anti creep ball bearings12)

As such, JTEKT focused on bearing ring shape, and12)developed an anti-creep ball bearing as shown in
Fig. 21 which can offer the same anti-creep effect asa thicker product, without the need to apply a special,
thicker shape. Figure 22 shows the evaluation results ofour developed bearing.
The developed product was recognized as having
higher radial load and being capable of reducing creep
amount.

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−Technologies Contributing to Reduced Life Cycle Cost of Agricultural and Construction Machinery−

Conventional product

Test bearing size
(deep groove ball bearing)u33×u70×19

Product with thicker outer ring u33×u72×19
Developed productRadial load

u33×u70×19

1 kN, 2 kN, 4 kN
10 000 min−1

Lubrication

Oil coatedCreep amount, percentage

Rotational speed

6
Conventional
product
Product withthicker outer ring
Developed
product

543
240% reduced

Average linear speed, mm/s

55% reduced

Sliding distance, mm

1
0

0

1

2

3

4

5

The application of special surface treatment introduced
here has been evaluated to a certain extent as a technology
minimizing wear in aluminum housing in the automotive
field, therefore, moving forward, is anticipated as atechnology that can also be applied for wear minimization
purposes in the agricultural and construction machinery
field.

6

Load, N

10

Contact surface pressure, GPa

1.6

Test time, min

60

Lubricant, coating

Dry

Friction coefficient

Radial load, kN

Fig. 22 Relationship of radial load and creep amount12)

6. 3 Bearings with Special Surface Treatment(Tribology-related Approach)In the same way as the thicker product discussed in
Section 6. 2, bearings with special surface treatment have
conventionally been used in automobile applications. As
Fig. 23 shows, by implementing special surface treatment
on fitting surfaces to lower their friction coefficient,fretting and creep wear can be minimized.
Special surface treatment40
10×2 (reciprocatively)
3/16"（SUJ2）
Specimen(SUJ2)

0.8
TerminatedNo treatment
Special surface treatment

200

600

0.6
0.4
0.2
0

0

400

800

1 000

Time, sec

Fig. 24 Test results of friction coefficient
Test equipment Wheel bearing test equipment
Test bearing

Tapered roller bearing
u90×u140×32

Load

Pattern evaluation

Rotational speed

Pattern evaluation

Lubricant

Oil bath

With/without
surface treatment
Evaluation result (wear state of axis surface)
Without surface treatment

With surface treatment
Shaft (carbon steel)Fig. 23 Special surface treatment bearings (image)

Figure 24 shows the results of a comparison of thefriction coefficients for a bearing with special surface
treatment and a bearing without one. Under this test
condition, the bearing with special surface treatment has
a low friction less than one-quarter of a bearing without
special surface treatment.
Figure 25 shows the results of a wear resistanceevaluation for a tapered roller bearing which has
undergone the same surface treatment on its internal
diameter as that mentioned in the evaluation of Fig. 24.
Through conducting this evaluation, we were able toconfirm that the bearing with special surface treatment
can better suppress shaft wear than a bearing without
surface treatment.

46

Fig. 25 Test results of surface condition by creeping

7. Failure Prediction
Leveraging various sensors and analysis equipment,
JTEKT has developed the bearing sensing technologies
shown in Fig. 26.
By applying this initiative to the status monitoringof agricultural and construction machinery, we believe
we can contribute to the reduction of life cycle costby identifying the right time for overhauls to improve
operating rate, reducing maintenance costs throughfailure prediction, etc., as well as shorten machinery
development period through design optimization.

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−Technologies Contributing to Reduced Life Cycle Cost of Agricultural and Construction Machinery−

JTEKT’s technologies

Agricultural/construction machinery

Bearing sensing technologies･Rolling element load measurement technology･Fatigue analysis･Lubricant deterioration analysis･Various measurement technologies (vibration, temperature)：

Grasp ofactual operating
environments

Customer data
･Torque･Temperature･Rotational speed･Operating time：：

Grasp of overhaul timing,
failure prediction, optimized design

Reduction of life cycle cost

Fig. 26 Conceptual image for vehicle status monitoring

8. Conclusion
Initiatives to reduce life cycle cost in order tosupport profitability improvements of agricultural andconstruction machinery manufacturers are predicted toaccelerate even further moving forward. So that JTEKT
may swiftly respond to such initiatives by machinery
manufacturers, we will continue engaging in proposaltype technological development based on our customers’
needs, and contribute to the reduction of life cycle cost
for agricultural and construction machinery.

10) JTEKT CORPORATION: High heat-resistant Lithiumion Capacitor, CAT. NO. NA002JAEN-2CH.
11) F. SATO, M. HIGASHI, T. SUGIYAMA: JTEKTENGINEERING JOURNAL, No. 1013E (2016) 39.
12) Y. I S H I I , T. J I N B O : J T E K T E N G I N E E R I N GJOURNAL, No. 1014E (2017) 59.

*1 LFT is a registered trademark of JTEKT Corporation.

References
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2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

7)

8)
9)

K. TODA, T. MIKAMI: Koyo Engineering Journal, No.
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K. TODA, M. SHIBATA: Koyo Engineering Journal, No.
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T. HOSHINO: Koyo Engineering Journal, No. 159E
(2001) 91.
Y. TANIGUCHI, T. UMENO: JTEKT ENGINEERINGJOURNAL, No. 1015E (2018) 52.
Y. ASAI, H. OHSHIMA: Koyo Engineering Journal, No.
143 (1993) 23 (in Japanese).
H. MATSUYAMA, H. DODORO, K. OGINO, H.
OHSHIMA, H. CHIBA, K. TODA: Koyo Engineering
Journal, No. 167E (2005) 22.
H. MATSUYAMA, K. KAWAGUCHI, A. UEMURA,
N. MASUDA: JTEKT ENGINEERING JOURNAL, No.
1007E (2009) 47.
JTEKT CORPORATION: LFT-Series, CAT. NO.
B1023E.
JTEKT CORPORATION: CERAMIC BEARINGS, CAT.
NO. B1013E.

JTEKT ENGINEERING JOURNAL English Edition No. 1016E (2019)

T. HIRONAKA* M. YAMADA** K. KANETANI***

T. MIO*****

Industrial Machinery Application Engineering Dept.,
Bearing Operations Headquarters** Experiment & Analysis Dept., Bearing Operations
Headquarters*** Material R&D Dept., Research & Development
Headquarters**** BR Electrical Power Storage Device Business
Department

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