CROSSROADSCROSSROA DS Language StudioÊs Newsletter August,August , 201
20 1 2

A pub, short for "Public House"
is fundamental to the culture of Britainand Australia. In many places, especiallyin villages, a pub can be the focal point ofthe community. The writings of SamuelPepys describe the pub as the heart ofEngland.
The history of pubs can be traced backto Roman taverns through the Anglosaxon alehouse that grew out of domestic
dwellings. The Anglo-Saxon "alewife"
would put a green bush up on a pole to letpeople know her brew was ready. Thesealehouses formed meeting houses for thelocals to meet and gossip and arrange
mutual help within their communities.
They became so commonplace that in 965
King Edgar decreed that there should be
no more than one alehouse per village.
Most pubs offer a range of beers, lagers,wines, spirits and soft drinks. Many pubs
are controlled by breweries, so cask ale or
keg beer may be a better value than wines
and spirits. Traditionally the windows of
town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass
to obscure the clientele from the street
but in the 1990s there was a movetowards clear glass, in keeping withbrighter interior décors.
The owner, tenant or manager(licensee) of a pub is properly known as
the "pub landlord". The term publican isused for the pub landlord. Known as"locals" to regulars, pubs are typicallychosen for their closeness to home, work,
the availability of a particular beer,
hosting a darts team, having a pool table,
watching football or rugby, meeting friends
and getting drunk.

A fantastic invention was the "lock-in".
This is when a pub owner lets drinkers stay inthe pub after the legal closing time: the theoryis that once the doors are locked, it becomes a
private party rather than a pub. Patrons may
put money behind the bar before official
closing time, and redeem their drinks during
HensonRecordingLA, USA are technically soldthelock-in
soStudios,no drinks
after closing time. The origin of the lock-in
was in reaction to changes in the licensing
laws in England and Wales in 1915, which cut
opening hours to stop factory workers fromturning up drunk and harming the war effort.
Since 1915 the UK licensing laws had changed
very little, with comparatively early closingtimes. The tradition of the lock-in therefore
remained. Since the smoking ban, introduced
in June 2007, some establishments haveoperated a lock-in during which the remaining
patrons can smoke without repercussions.
Article by Matthew

The White
Lion pubin Oxford,
England

NET LESSONS: Are you too busy to come toCROSSROADS?....Try our lessons on the Internet!
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SITE OF THE MONTH:
Here is an interesting site about English pubs:
http://redelf.hubpages.com/hub/Great-Hub-Pages-HubsGreat-English-Pubs

Joshua Says: Needless to say, the performance by In(a)1 students atlast month’s end-of-term party was excellent! But, in some ways,
watching them was a bit sad. It was their last performance. All threemembers will, in one way or another, be moving on – Miki to start her
new job in Tokyo and Setsuko and Yukie are leveling up to advanced
groups. Congratulations all round, but I’ll miss you “on stage”.

Junko Says: This will be the last term in the old system. We have beenusing a 4 month term system up to now, but we think it’s time for a change.
We want to make things as convenient as possible for all our students inthese busy times, so starting this December, we have decided to use a twosemester system in a year instead of three terms. This should make thingseasier for everyone. Please check in with me in the office for the details.

Matthew Says: It's extremely hot at the moment and everybody
appears to comment or complain about it. This reminds me ofsomething Michael Collins the astronaut that went to the moonwith Buzz Aldren and Neil Armstrong said, he said "People arealways complaining about the weather...I’m just glad we HAVEweather!" In my opinion, this type of thinking is brilliant!

Craig Says: I received some shocking news from home this week, mybest friend has had his first child, a baby boy. The news was sosurprising because the baby was born two and a half months premature!
I was worried his son might not develop properly, but several people
have told me that premature babies often turn out to be very fat!

Arnaud Dit: Août, le mois du Lion (horoscope). Au Japon, si mamémoire est bonne, on célèbre les feux d'artifices en août, (alorsqu'en France, les feux d'artifices ont lieu le 14 Juillet, pour la fêtenationnale). Irez-vous admirez le spectacle des feux d'artifices cetteannée ? Les feux d'artifices du Japon sont superbes ! "In(a)1with their last
performance.
Setsuko and Yukie
will level up toAdvanced –“congratulationsladies” - and Miki
will leave us forTokyo where shewill start her new job
as a flight attendant- “good luck Miki”!

Yumikosang
threesongs
for ustoo!

…will be held on Saturday the 29th of September; we start at 6:00pm

It will be B.Y.O. (bring your own) and free to attend!
See you there!!

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