Table of Contents

１ ．Introduction

2

２ ．Objectives

2

３ ．Overview of the heritagesite（ １ ）Location and area size2（ ２ ）General description

4（ ３ ）Natural environment

4（ ４ ）Social environment

5（ ５ ）Protective systems

6

４ ．Basic policies of management（ １ ）Goals of management

8（ ２ ）Viewpoint requird for management

8５ ．Management measures（ １ ）Conservation of the terrestrial ecosystem
and natural landscape（ ２ ）Conservation of the marine areas

912（ ３ ）Conservation of the interaction between
the marine and terrestrial areas（ ４ ）Appropriate utilization of natural environment

1213（ ５ ）Organization of the relevant government agencies
responsible for administration of the heritagesite

15（ ６ ）Implementation of conservation and management
programs

15（ ７ ）Research and monitoring16（ ８ ）Measures against impact of climate change

17（ ９ ）Preparation of annual reports

17（ 1 0 ）Information sharing and awareness programs

17

６ ．Implementation of the plan and other issues（ １ ）Implementation of the plan and other issues

17（ ２ ）Programs by local governments18（ ３ ）Funding

18

７．
Conclusion

18

1

Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site
1. Introduction

extraordinary value, is a common asset for all humanity and should be

The Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site (the“heritage site”) and its

2. Objectives

surrounding marine areas are located in the southernmost area of thepreserved in good form for future generations.

seasonal sea ice in the northern hemisphere. Phytoplankton blooms, which are

In preserving the value of the heritage site in good form for future

triggered by ice algae (algae growing on the bottom surface of the seasonal

generations, the Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage

sea ice) and intermediate water with rich nutrient salts (created by vertical

Site (the“management plan”) was developed to appropriately conserve andmixing when seasonal sea ice is formed) form the base of a food web thatmanage the extremely diverse,unique, and valuable natural environment of

supports a diverse range of wildlife in the area.

the heritage site.

The chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), masu
salmon (O.masou masou) and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) of Shiretoko

The management plan clarifies the basic policies related to such issues as

travel between the sea and rivers and serve as an important food source

operating relevant legislations and promoting various programs, in order

for a wide range of wildlife including large mammals such as the brown

to implement an adequate and effective administration of the heritage sitebear (Ursus arctos) and endangered birds of prey such as Blakiston’s fish-by the Ministry of the Environment, the Forestry Agency, the Agency

owl (Ketupa blakistoni blakistoni), Steller’s sea eagle(Haliaeetus pelagicus)

for Cultural Affairs and Hokkaido Government, which are responsible for

and white-tailed eagle (H. albicilla) as well as various marine mammals andthe various systems related to the conservation and administration of theseabirds. The rich and varied ecosystems are supported by diverse wildlife

heritage site (the“relevant government agencies”), taking into considerationconsisting of northern and southern species as well as by their coactions

the advice of the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site Scientific Council,

which reflect the complex interactions of the natural environment of land andin close collaboration and cooperation among; Shari town and Rausu town

sea. The heritage site’s natural beauty is outstanding as the area is filled(the“local governments”); and other concerned governmental agencies andwith an assortment of landscapes including the steep peaks of the Shiretokoorganizations closely involved in the conservation, management and utilization

mountain range formed by volcanic activities, virgin forests which cover theof the heritage site, including organizations related to fishery and tourism (themountainside, sheer cliffs along the coastline, and various marshes, lakes, and“related bodies”).

swamps.
Shiretoko was inscribed on the World Heritage List at the 29th Session of theWorld Heritage Committee meeting, as it was decided the site met the criteria
for the outstanding universal value.

3. Overview of the heritage site(1) Location and area size
The heritage site consists of a part of the Shiretoko Peninsula, located at the

The natural environment of the heritage site, which contains globally

northeastern tip of Hokkaido flanked by the Sea of Okhotsk and the Nemuro

PHOTO:Ministry of the Environment
2Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

3

Strait between 43°56’58”N to 44°21’08”N and 144°57’57”E to 145°highest peak of Mt. Rausu (altitude 1,660m). Apart from some marine terraces,

23’02”E, and its surrounding marine areas within three kilometers from thethe landscape on the peninsula is steep, with little flat ground between the

coastline.

peaks and the coastline. The peninsula was formed by various topographic
forces such as plate movements, volcanic activities, and marine erosion which

The relevant municipalities for the site are Shari town, Shari-gun and Rausu

created a wide range of landscapes including curious rock formations, sea

town,Menashi-gun in Hokkaido prefecture.

cliffs and volcanic terrain. Among the active volcanoes in the peninsula, Mt.
Iou (altitude 1,562m) is world famous for spewing approximately 200,000 tons

The size of the heritage site is approximately 71,100 hectares (includingof molten sulfur in eight months in 1936.

approx. 22,400 ha of marine area).

b. Climate(2) General description

As the Shiretoko Peninsula juts out into the Sea of Okhotsk, the sea largely

The heritage site is one of the few rare locations in Japan where the virgin

influences the climate of the heritage site, and the site is thus one of the areas

natural environment has been preserved. The steep peaks created by volcanicwith the highest snowfall in eastern Hokkaido. In addition, the existence ofand other orogenic activities and sheer cliffs shaped by marine erosion have

the Shiretoko mountain range has a large impact on the climate and there is a

protected the rich nature and supported its diverse wildlife.

significant difference in temperature and precipitation between east and west
sides of the peninsula. The Rausu side receives a high precipitation as the

The heritage site is an outstanding example of the interaction of marine andhumid southeastern winds from the sea blow towards the Shiretoko mountainterrestrial ecosystems which reflect the unique characteristics of the seasonalrange in summer and low temperatures are frequent due to the development

sea ice area at the lowest latitude in the northern hemisphere. Phytoplanktonof sea fog. In winter, there is relatively heavy snowfall and temperatures areblooms, which are triggered by ice algae under seasonal sea ice andhigher than the Shari side due to the influence of the marine climate. On theintermediate water with rich nutrient salts (created by vertical mixing whenother hand, the Shari side has hot summers with little precipitation because of

seasonal sea ice is formed), are the base of the food web including fish, birds

the foehn phenomenon on the north of the Shiretoko mountain range and ofand mammals that forms dynamic ecosystems of the sea,rivers and forests.

the effects of the Soya current. The temperature is low in winter due to the

In addition, the heritage site features a unique composition and distribution

seasonal northwestern winds and the seasonal sea ice, which reflects moreof species, reflecting the geographical location and diverse natural conditions.

sunlight than seawater and blocks the heat from the seawater under the

As it is situated near the eastern edge of the distribution areas of southernseasonal sea ice.

species and at the southwestern tip of the migratory route of northern
species from the Kuril Islands, the heritage site is an area where wildlifec. Seasonal sea iceof northern and southern species coexist. Further, the heritage site is an

Due to topographical and geographical conditions, the Sea of Okhotsk isimportant breeding or wintering ground for many globally threatened species

the most southern (lowest latitude) ocean in the northern hemisphere as

such as Blakiston’s fish-owl (Ketupa blakistoni blakistoni) and Steller’s sea

a seasonal sea ice area. The northeastern part of the Eurasian Continent,

eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) and therefore, it is an essential habitat for thewindward of the Sea of Okhotsk, is the Pole of Cold in the north hemisphereconservation of these species. Furthermore, the natural beauty of the heritageand extreme cold air outbreaks effectively chill the seawater. In addition,site is outstanding, with its virgin landscape which dramatically changes withbecause the surface layer of the Sea of Okhotsk has low salinity and density,

the four seasons.

the convection current in winter can not reach the deeper layers.

The heritage site includes a number of protected areas (Onnebetsudake

When seasonal sea ice is formed in the north of the Sea of Okhotsk,

Wilderness Area, Shiretoko National Park, Shiretoko Forest Ecosystemintermediate water of low temperature and high salinity is produced. A

Reserve and the Shiretoko National Wildlife Protection Area) designated byportion of this intermediate water, rich in nutrient salts, spreads to thethe Ministry of the Environment and the Forestry Agency to ensure that themarine areas surrounding the Shiretoko Peninsula. In addition, the heritage

natural environment is secured and preserved, undamaged from the effects ofsite and its surrounding areas are situated at the southern edge of the zone

human activities. Furthermore, in the Iwaobetsu area, a part of the heritage

where the seasonal sea ice formed in the Sea of Okhotsk reaches coasts.

site that underwent agricultural development in the past, private land wasIce algae proliferates under seasonal sea ice and the intermediate water

offered to the public domain for conservation by the Shiretoko 100 SquareMeter Forest Movement Trust, and efforts there are underway to recovernature to its original form.

(3) Natural environmenta. Topography and geology
The heritage site is located in the Shiretoko Peninsula which is a narrowand long peninsula approximately 25 kilometers in width at its base and 70
kilometers in length, jutting into the southern boundary of the Sea of Okhotsk.
It is flanked by the Sea of Okhotsk on the west and the Nemuro Strait on
the east. On the east side of the Shiretoko Peninsula lies Kunashiri Island
in a close parallel with the peninsula.Mountains higher than 1,500 meters
above sea level are situated along the center of the peninsula including the
PHOTO:Ministry of the Environment
4Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Sitewith rich nutrient salts (created by vertical mixing when seasonal sea ice isWith regard to mammals, 36 species of terrestrial mammals and 22 species

formed) rises to the surface layer due to a vertical mixing effect, triggeringof marine mammals have been identified in the Shiretoko Peninsula andphytoplankton blooms which form the base of a food web consisting of

its coastal sea areas. Among them, there are globally rare species suchzooplanktons that feed on the phytoplankton and the higher level consumers

as the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus ) and sperm whale (Physetersuch as fish, marine mammals, and terrestrial wildlife.

macrocephalus ). In addition, the high densities of large mammals such as
the brown bear (Ursus arctos ) and sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis ) alsod. Plants

indicate that the Shiretoko Peninsula is a high quality habitat for terrestrial

The majority of the vegetation of the heritage site is preserved in virgin

mammals. In particular, the density of the brown bear population is among

condition. While the altitude difference is only some 1,600 meters from thethe highest in the world. Furthermore, the coastal sea areas of the Shiretoko

coast to the mountain peaks, alpine plants such as Japanese stone pine (Pinus

Peninsula are the important wintering, feeding and breeding area for marine

pumila) and other alpine plant communities are developed at relatively low

mammals.

altitudes, and diverse vegetation is distributed vertically at the site.
In the coastal areas, the vegetation consists mainly of alpine/arctic toWith regard to birds, 275 species of birds have been recorded in the Shiretoko

subalpine/subarctic plants which cover areas such as rocky coasts and thePeninsula including globally rare species such as the Blakiston’s fish-owl

surrounding area with little development of soil.

and Steller’s sea eagle. Furthermore, the heritage site is identified to be

The forest vegetation in the low altitude areas consists of a mosaic of threea breeding ground for Blakiston’s fish-owl, white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus

types of forests:

albicilla ) and black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius) as well as the wintering the cool temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest with species such as

ground for Steller’s sea eagle. These species are all designated as theJapanese oak (Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata) and painted maple

Natural Monuments due to their scientific significance. The heritage site is(Acer pictum subsp.mono) etc.

the most important breeding ground for Blakiston’s fish-owls, providing the subarctic evergreen coniferous forest with species such as Sakhalin fir(Abies sachalinensis) and Sakhalin spruce (Picea glehnii) etc.
 the mixed forest which is a combination of the above cool temperatea habitat to roughly half of the species’pairs that breed in Hokkaido. It isalso the most important wintering ground for Steller’s sea eagle, gathering
nearly 1,000 wintering individuals.

deciduous broad-leaved forest and subarctic evergreen coniferous forest.
With regard to fish, 42 species of freshwater fish and 261 species of marine
In the subalpine zone, evergreen coniferous forests are not well-developed;

fish have been identified in the Shiretoko Peninsula and its coastal sea areas.

instead, deciduous broad-leaved forests consisting primarily of Erman’s

The coastal sea areas of the Shiretoko Peninsula are mainly populated withbirch (Betula ermanii) and Alnus maximowiczii spread out. The area above

northern fishes. However, due to the Soya current which is the only warm

the timberline is extensively covered by Japanese stone pine scrub, andcurrent in the Sea of Okhotsk, there are many species of southern fishes

local existence of wind beaten areas, snow patches, and marsh communities

usually seen in tropical and subtropical seas. As a result, the area is uniqueare found within this area as well. Despite the relatively low altitude of thewithin the Sea of Okhotsk in terms of the fish fauna. It is one of the key

vegetation, the alpine vegetation consists of diverse plant communities andcharacteristics that the salmonids are significantly dominant in rivers withincreates an outstanding and beautiful landscape.

the heritage site.

The flora is rich in variety as it contains both northern and southern species.

In addition, there are eight species of reptiles, three species of amphibians and

The vascular plant flora is diverse as there are many northern species

more than 2,500 species of insects reported to inhabit the Shiretoko Peninsula.

in alpine plants, while southern species co-exist. The terrestrial vascularplant flora of the Shiretoko Peninsula contains 107 families and 872 species,(4) Social environment

and alpine plants account for more t han one quarter of them with 233

a. History

species. Among the alpine plants are rare species such as Viola kitamiana ,The nature of the heritage site has been preserved in a virgin condition due

Chrysanthemum arcticum, and Astragalus japonicus. Due to the effects of theto the harsh environmental conditions which hindered development and a

Soya current which is the only warm current in the Sea of Okhotsk, therehigh level of interest among the local inhabitants on nature protection.

are both cold current-based seaweeds (which distribute also around the Kuril
Islands and Sakhalin) and warm current-based seaweeds (which are mainly

Prehistoric artifacts dating up to several thousand years ago have been found

distributed around Hokkaido and further south) in the coastal sea areas of thein the Shiretoko Peninsula. The Ainu people, in particular, were influenced

Shiretoko Peninsula in spite of being situated in a seasonal sea ice area. The

by Okhotsk Culture (created by a northern fishing/hunting people who had

seaweed flora is unique in that it contains many species of warm current-

flourished on the Sea of Okhotsk coast in around the 10th century), and had

based seaweeds. There are 140 species of seaweed recorded in the coastal

worshiped the Blakiston’s fish-owl, brown bear, and killer whale (Orcinus

sea areas of the Shiretoko Peninsula. Among them, there are seaweeds with aorca ) as their gods. The culture they developed (hunting, fishing, plant

limited distribution range such as Cymathaere japonica.

collection, etc.) reflected that they valued the bountiful nature surroundingthem.

e. Animals
The heritage site supports a diverse fauna which combines northern species

Operation of fishing grounds began in the Shiretoko Peninsula in the 19th

from Sakhalin and southern species from the main island of Japan. Almost all

century. On the Rausu side, in particular, immigrants who came mainly fromthe terrestrial mammals and birds that widely inhabited Hokkaido in history

Toyama Prefecture started full-scale fishery development focused on cod inare found at the heritage site due to its pristine virgin nature.

5the 1880s, which developed into the current diverse fisheries that cover chummajority of which is designated as the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve,

salmon (Oncorhynchus keta ), pink salmon (O. gorbuscha ), walleye pollock

and currently, there are no forestry operations aiming for timber production.

(Theragra chalcogramma ), squids, and kelp. On the Rausu side at the apicalFishery is the main industry for the area. The sustainable use of marine

region of the Shiretoko Peninsula, some hundreds of fishery operators stayedresources such as chum salmon, pink salmon, walleye pollock and kelp isin the area in summer to do production activities such as harvesting kelp. On

promoted, with the support of high productivity of the sea.

the Shari side, whereas only a small number of small-scale set net fisheries
had been operated before the war, people who came home after the war

d. Land ownershiprapidly developed the fishery grounds, leading to a significant development of

National Forest, which is administered by the Forestry Agency, accounts for

set net fishery of salmon and trout.

95 percent of the heritage site (terrestrial). The remainder of the heritage site
includes lands owned by the national government, Hokkaido Government,

There were several attempts at agricultural development from the Taisho era

Shari town, Rausu town, and some private landowners.

(early 1900s) in the Iwaobetsu and Horobetsu areas on the Shari town side.
However, due to the combination of harsh natural environment and changes in(5) Protective systems

social conditions, settlers had gradually left the area by around 1975. Around

The heritage site is designated as the Wilderness Area, National Park, Forest

the same time, there was increasing interest in nature protection, which led

Ecosystem Reserve, and National Wildlife Protection Area.

to the designation of the Shiretoko National Park in 1964. This was followedby other protected areas being designated, including the Onnebetsudake

In addition, the wildlife species in the area include the brown bear, Blakiston’

Wilderness Area, Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve, and the Shiretokos fish-owl, Steller’s sea eagle and white-tailed eagle and some of these

National Wildlife Protection Area. A joint program by residents and the local

species are protected in accordance with the Law for the Conservation ofmunicipality,“The Shiretoko 100 Square-Meter Forest Movement Trust”was

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and Law for the Protection ofstarted in 1977 with the aim to protect abandoned agricultural lands from

Cultural Properties.

unregulated development and recover them as forest areas.
With regard to the fishery, the sustainable use of fishery resources is
The nomination documents were submitted to the World Heritage Committee

designed through measures such as domestic laws and regulations as well asin January 2004, and the site was subsequently inscribed on the World

autonomous restrictions by the fishery industry.

Heritage List in July 2005.

a. Wilderness Areab. Utilization of the site

Wilderness Areas are designated and administered by the Minister of the

As of December 2007, approximately 1.95 million tourists annually visit theEnvironment based on the Nature Conservation Law. Its purpose is to provide

Shiretoko National Park and its adjacent areas which cover a large portion

necessary protection for virgin natural environments of a significant scaleof the heritage site. In particular, the Shiretoko-goko lakes, Horobetsu,

without being influenced by human activities.

Kamuiwakka, Shiretoko Pass and Rausu hot spring are popular tourist sites:as an example, some 500,000 visitors explore the nature of the Shiretoko-goko

Based on the above law, the area surrounding Mt. Onnebetsu was excluded

lakes annually.

from the Shiretoko National Park and designated as the Onnebetsudake
Wilderness Area in February 1980. The entire area of the Wilderness Area is

There has been a change in the types of visitors, and their activities areincluded in the heritage site.

becoming more diversified. In addition to the traditional type of visitors whojoin sightseeing and nature exploration tours by coach or boat, there has

All activities that may impact the conservation of the natural environment

been an increase in visitors who participate in more active programs such as

are prohibited in the Wilderness Area except for special circumstances

mountain climbing, trekking, and sea kayaking.

such as scientific research. The prohibited activities include: construction,
reconstruction and extension of structures; logging and related activities;

c. Primary industries

capturing/releasing animals or gathering/planting plants; gathering fallen

A large part of the heritage site (terrestrial) is covered by National Forest, theleaves and branches; open fires.

PHOTO:Forestry Agency
6Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

PHOTO:Forestry Agency

b. National Park

international and national wildlife protection.

National Parks are designated and administered by the Minister of theEnvironment based on the Natural Parks Law. Its purpose is to protect the

The area designated as the Shiretoko National Wildlife Protection Area andplaces of scenic beauty as well as promote its utilization as a resource for theSpecial Protection Area in November 2001 based on the above law, overlaps

health, recreation and culture of the people.

with the heritage site. Hunting activities are prohibited in the area designatedas Wildlife Protection Area. Areas deemed to be an important habitat andBased on the above law, the Shiretoko National Park was designated in June

breeding site for wildlife are designated as Special Protection Area and1964. The entire area of the park is included in the heritage site. The park

certain development activities are prohibited in such areas. Furthermore,is classified into several zones based on the regulatory plan and each zone

a part of the Special Protection Area is designated as Designated Special

is protected according to the relevant requirements: The Special Zone is an

Protection Area which is under more stringent protection requirements.

area important for the protection and the utilization of the park. Activities

In addition to collecting or gathering plants except for trees and bamboos,

such as the construction, reconstruction and extension of structures andcapturing animals, and collecting fallen leaves and branches, the following

logging require a permission of the Minister of the Environment. The Special

activities are prohibited in the Designated Special Protection Area: Entering

Protection Zone is an area necessary to ensure the protection of the core parts

with dogs and other animals that may be harmful to the wildlife; observationof the park and is protected with more stringent requirements. In addition toor taking pictures of the wildlife which may affect their nesting behavior; etc.

the construction, reconstruction and extension of structures, and logging andrelated activities, activities such as capturing/releasing animals or gathering/e. National Endangered Species

planting plants, gathering fallen leaves and branches, and open fires require

National Endangered Species are endangered animals or plants that inhabit ora permission of the Minister of the Environment. In the Ordinary Zone,

grow in Japan which are designated by the government ordinance according

activities such as reclamation of the surface of water require a notification

to the Law for the Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna andto the Minister of the Environment. Furthermore, walking trails and visitor

Flora.

centers are developed in accordance with the utilization plan for the park inorder to ensure the protection of nature and to promote adequate utilization.

Among the animals which inhabit the heritage site, bird species such as
the Blakiston’s fish-owl, Steller’s sea eagle, white-tailed eagle have beenc. Forest Ecosystem Reserve

designated as the National Endangered Species and activities such as

Forest Ecosystem Reserves are designated and administered by the Forestry

capturing, killing or damaging and transfer of these species are prohibited.

Agency based on the Law on the Administration and Management of National
Forests. Its purpose is to maintain the natural environment of the forest

f. Natural Monuments

ecosystem, protect plants and animals, preserve genetic resources, develop

Natural Monuments are designated by the Minister of Education, Culture,

forest operation and management technique, and promote scientific researchSports, Science and Technology based on the Law for the Protection of

etc. by preserving areas of virgin natural forests in reasonable scales which

Cultural Properties. Its purpose is to protect animals or plants (including

represent the forest zones in Japan. The reserves are set out and managed

their habitats, breeding sites, stopover points for migratory birds andaccording to the Forest Management Plan based on the National Forests

native habitats) and geological minerals (including areas of unique natural

Administration and Management Bylaw, which defines details on plan creation

phenomenon) which have significant scientific value for the country.

for the actual administration activities of each region.
Among the wildlife in the heritage site, four species of birds which are
Based on the regime as described above, the central part of the Shiretoko

the Blakiston’s fish-owl, Steller’s sea eagle, white-tailed eagle and black

Peninsula was designated as the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve in April

woodpecker, as well as one species of insect Vaciniina optilete have been

1990. Further, the area was extended up to the Onnebetsudake Wilderness

designated as Natural Monuments.

Area west of the Shiretoko Crossroad in April 2004. The Preservation Zone
contains forest unit in the most virgin condition and measures are being

An activity that would alter the state of the Natural Monuments or affectimplemented to ensure that this forest ecosystem is strictly preserved.

their preservation requires permission of the Commissioner of the Agency for

Excluding special circumstances such as academic research activities andCultural Affairs.

natural disaster relief, in principle, the area is left to follow its natural course
without human intervention. The Conservation and Utilization Zone works as

In addition, the Rausu geyser in the site is designated as a Hokkaido

a buffer in order to prevent the environmental changes of the surrounding

designated Natural Monument based on the Hokkaido Cultural Properties

area to impacting on the forests in the Preservation Zone. In this zone,

Protection Regulation and any activity that would alter the state of or affects

forestry operations for wood production is not allowed. In accordance with theits condition requires permission of the Hokkaido Board of Education.

natural conditions, the area is utilized as an educational or a recreational site
without involving any large- scale development.

g. Use and conservation of fishery resources
Fishery resources are managed in accordance with autonomous regulations

d. Wildlife Protection Areaby fishery operators and organizations for control and utilization, breeding of

National Wildlife Protection Areas are designated by the Minister of theresources, etc. in addition to the Regulation of Sea Fisheries Adjustment inEnvironment based on the Wildlife Protection and Appropriate Hunting Law.

Hokkaido and Regulation of Inland Fisheries Adjustment in Hokkaido, based

Its purpose is to designate the areas of importance from the viewpoint ofon the Fisheries Law and the Fisheries Resource Protection Law.

7

Capture of chum salmon and pink salmon, which are major fishery resources

the heritage site’s management and for consensus building, while variousof the Shiretoko Peninsula, is restricted in both sea and inland water, pursuant

opportunities are exploited to hear opinions and suggestions from a wide

to these laws and regulations.

spectrum of local residents and related bodies to utilize the traditional wisdom
about local use of nature in the site’s management.

As regards walleye pollock, the total allowable catch is controlled by
setting quotas every year according to the Law Concerning Conservationb. Adaptive management

and Management of Marine Life Resources. Fishery operators, fishery

As the heritage site’s ecosystem consists of a wide variety of species

organizations, and others are also making autonomous efforts in resource

and is complex, its future prospects are uncertain. This kind of ecosystemmanagement utilizing various surveys, etc.

requires adaptive management. Therefore, relevant government agencies,
local governments, related bodies, experts and others will conduct monitoring
and research in collaboration. Relevant government agencies will review the

4. Basic policies of management

heritage site’s management method flexibly by conducting reexamination,(1) Goals of management

results. In order to advance adaptive management based on such research,

The heritage site is one of the few rare locations in Japan where the virgin

monitoring, evaluation, and the results thereof, the Shiretoko World Natural

natural environment has been preserved with its outstanding natural

Heritage Site Scientific Council (the“Scientific Council”) has been establishedlandscape including such features as steep mountains, sheer cliffs and seasonal

to obtain advice from a scientific standpoint.

etc. of the management plan, monitoring, and research according to thesea ice. Moreover, the site is an important breeding and wintering ground for
globally threatened species including Blakiston’s fish-owl (Ketupa blakistonic. Comprehensive management of the terrestrial and marine areas

blakistoni), and Steller’s sea eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus). There is also a

The value of the heritage site as a World Natural Heritage lies in a richdense population of brown bear (Ursus arctos). Management of the heritage

marine ecosystem consisting of a wide range of marine life, its interaction

site aims to conserve the state of the natural environment and its diverse

with a virgin terrestrial ecosystem, and a diverse fauna and flora. Depending

wildlife for future generations.

on these unique features, the site serves as an important habitat for globallythreatened species including the Blakiston’s fish-owl and Steller’s sea eagle.

In particular, such management will be conducted as to maintain the values ofthe following criteria that were recognized by the World Heritage Committee

Based on the conditions of terrestrial and marine indicator species, status ofat the time of inscription:

plant communities and vegetation, and environmental state of water quality
and flow, monitoring will be conducted on the integration and soundness ofCriterion ix

the terrestrial and marine ecosystems of the heritage site. When there are any

Shiretoko provides an outstanding example of the interaction of marine andindications of changes that may affect the natural environment, a scientificterrestrial ecosystems as well as extraordinary ecosystem productivity,

research will be conducted to analyze the cause and to determine restoration

largely influenced by the formation of seasonal sea ice at the lowest latitude inmeasures. Necessary actions will be taken to comprehensively conserve andthe northern hemisphere.

manage the terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

Criterion x

In order to achieve the above objectives, a system to facilitate collaboration

Shiretoko has particular importance for a number of marine and terrestrial

and cooperation among relevant government agencies, local governments,

species. These include a number of endangered and endemic species, such

related bodies and experts will be established. Information sharing as wellas the Blakiston’s fish-owl and the plant species Viola kitamiana. The site

as developing and securing of human resources will be accommodated foris globally important for a number of salmonid species and for a number

research and monitoring projects.

of marine mammals, including Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) and anumber of cetacean species. The site has significance as a habitat for globallyd. Management by area classification

threatened sea birds and is a globally important area for migratory birds.

Included within the heritage site are areas where the virgin naturalenvironment is preserved and areas where the natural environment is(2) Viewpoints required for management

maintained in coexistence with such human activities as tourism and fishing.

a. Collaboration and cooperation with the local communities

These areas will be managed in accordance with classifications as Areas A

In order to capitalize on the local perspective from the local governments,

and B, respectively.

related bodies, and local residents involved in conservation and utilizationof the heritage site on a daily basis, the relevant government agencies

Area A is where strict protection and management is ensured into the

responsible for the various systems will implement management in close

future. In principle, the area is left follow its natural transition without

collaboration and cooperation with local governments, other government

human intervention, and any act that may interfere with the conservation

agencies, and related bodies.

of the natural environment will be strictly regulated pursuant to thevarious protective systems. Most of this area is designated as a Wilderness

To ensure effective collaboration and cooperation among relevant governmentArea, Special Protection Zone or Class I Special Zone of the National Park,

agencies, local governments, related bodies and the like, the Shiretoko World

Preservation Zone of the Forest Ecosystem Reserve, or as a Special Protection

Natural Heritage Site Regional Liaison Committee (the“Regional Liaison

Area of the Shiretoko National Wildlife Protection Area.

Committee”) has been established as a point for liaison and coordination of

8Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

Area B includes marine area, and coexistence will be pursued between

the areas that are adjacent to the site and have commonality or continuity

the conservation of the natural environment and utilization (including suchwith the site’s ecosystem, such as the bordering area with Russia and theactivities as sustainable tourism and fishing) which do not harm the value

base of the Shiretoko Peninsula, etc.; and global issues such as climate change,of the heritage site. Consequently, certain acts are regulated, as necessary,

which have a serious impact on the site’s ecosystem.

to ensure conservation of the heritage site’s natural environment. Most of
this area is designated as a Special Protection Zone, Special Zone or Ordinary
Zone of the National Park, Conservation and Utilization Zone of the Forest
Ecosystem Reserve, or as Shiretoko National Wildlife Protection Area.

5. Management measurese. Coexistence with primary industries(1) Conservation of the terrestrial ecosystem and natural landscape

Most of the National Forests, which account for 95 percent of the heritagea. Basic concept

site (terrestrial), are designated as the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve,

In order to conserve the virgin nature, biodiversity and outstanding

and currently, there is no forestry operations for timber production conducted

landscapes of the heritage site for future generations, the basic approachwithin the site. Although there is a small area of privately owned forests

focuses on maintenance and conservation of the structure and function of thewithin the site, forestry operations are limited to forest management such as

ecosystems.

planned tree thinning which takes into account the virgin natural landscape.
The basic approach is letting the natural transition take its course in principle.
Due to phytoplankton blooms, which are triggered by ice algae andHowever, if any specific species or human activity has a significant negativeintermediate water with rich nutrient salts (created by vertical mixing when

impact on the ecosystem, effective measures will be taken to mitigate theseasonal sea ice is formed), the marine areas surrounding Shiretoko areimpact.

extremely rich in biological resources compared with other marine areas.
The viability of the fishery industry relies on a healthy marine environment.
Supported by the bountiful sea surrounding Shiretoko, the fishery industry

b. Conservation and management of wildlife
i. Plants

aims to realize sustainable use of marine resources by taking necessary

The heritage site contains diverse plant communities, summarized asmeasures to assure coexistence with the wildlife of the heritage site.

follows:forest communities including mixed forests of Japanese oak

f. Recreational use and conservation of the natural environment

mono ), Sakhalin fir (Abies sachalinensis ) and Sakhalin spruce (Picea glehnii ),On the premise that the virgin natural environment of the heritage site isdeciduous broad-leaved forests of Erman’s birch (Betula ermanii ) and(Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata ), painted maple (Acer pictum subsp.

conserved into the future and continue to enthrall people, its use for tourism,

Alnus maximowiczii, and Japanese stone pine (Pinus pumila ) scrub; alpine

nature exploration, mountain climbing, fishing, etc. will be done in a suitable

plant communities along the mountain ridges; marsh plant communities

manner without making a negative impact on the natural environment. To

around the mountain lakes and marshes; coastal plant communities fromensure this, the Committee on the Promotion of Proper Use of Shiretoko

the coastal gravel field to surrounding cliffs and steep slopes; wind beaten

National Park consisting of experts, related bodies, local governments, relevant

grassland and tall-herb communities on top of the sea cliffs. The areas

government agencies and others formulate and review necessary plans andwhich contain such diverse plant communities have been designated asutilization rules based on scientific knowledge while ensuring consensus

the Onnebetsudake Wilderness Area, the Special Protection Zone andbuilding in the region. In addition, the Shiretoko Eco-tourism Association

Special Zone of the Shiretoko National Park as well as the Shiretoko

will take the lead in spreading efforts based on the concept of ecotourism.

Forest Ecosystem Reserve. Based on these protective systems, the site is

Through these activities, conservation of the virgin natural environment

adequately managed through coordination and cooperation built among

will be ensured in a manner compatible with its recreational use, including

relevant government agencies, experts, and other related bodies

tourism, which is a major industry in the region.
As regards the vegetation of the heritage site, the following conditions arefound for each vegetation zone:

g. Management from a broad perspective
The heritage site will be properly managed in consideration of the following:

Alpine zone (alpine vegetation):
Parts of the climb routes and designated camping sites around theShiretoko mountain range have been desolated and there is a concernthat use by climbers may have an impact on the marsh vegetation aroundthe Shiretoko Swamp. Moreover, sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis )have been gradually spreading into the alpine zone in recent years, asevidenced by the grazing signs found on Viola kitamiana.
Subalpine zone (Erman’s birch forest, Alnus maximowiczii forest andconiferous forest):
Though there is a slight grazing pressure by sika deer, no significant
impact is found.

PHOTO:Ministry of the Environment9

sika deer’s impact on vegetation, with focus on the areas around thesika deer wintering places that are already seriously affected, the alpine
zone that has been unaffected by the grazing pressure, and the coastal
vegetation that is in good growing condition.
As regards alien plants, efforts will be made to ascertain the current stateof their invasion and establishment, focusing on the coastal area, whileconsidering countermeasures such as control and awareness programs,
according to the level of impact on the ecosystem and landscape as well as
efficiency of controlling.
In the area of“The Shiretoko 100 Square-Meter Forest Movement Trust”, an operation to restore the forest will be promoted with participation
PHOTO:Ministry of the EnvironmentMontane zone (coniferous/deciduous mixed forest):

from a wide range of citizens, taking into account the harmonization withthe surrounding forest ecosystem.

Forest structure is changing under the influence of the grazing pressure
by sika deer in nearly all areas at altitudes below 300 meters. The

ii. Animals

influence is especially significant in the wintering places on the Shari

The heritage site (terrestrial) is designated as the Onnebetsudakeside including the Shiretoko Cape (forest area), the Rusha river basin,

Wilderness Area, the Special Protection Zone and Special Zone of the

Horobetsu and Iwaobetsu.

Shiretoko National Park as well as the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem
Reserve. These schemes ensure the conservation of habitats for a diverse

Coast (costal vegetation):wildlife from large animals with an extensive home range such as brown

Impact of the sika deer grazing pressure is found in almost every partbears (Ursus arctos) and Blakiston’s fish-owl (Ketupa blakistoni blakistoni)

excluding rocky and conglomerate areas. There is a significant decrease

to fish, amphibians, reptiles and insects that depend on the restrictedof the plant species more preferred by sika deer, notably in the Rusha

specific environments. Furthermore, capturing, killing or damaging ofarea and the Shiretoko Cape (grassland area). User tread pressure on

wildlife is prohibited in the Wilderness Area and thethe grassland vegetation and invasion by alien species are found in the
Shiretoko Cape.

Special Protection Zone of the National Park. In addition, most of theBased on the conditions above, the following measures will be taken

heritage site is designated as the Shiretoko National Wildlife Protection

against the impact of human trampling, sika deer, and alien species.

Area in which hunting is prohibited and capturing wildlife requires apermission of the Minister of the Environment. The above measures are

While taking into account the diversity of the plant communities as well as

taken to ensure the appropriate management of wildlife.

the distribution of rare species, research and monitoring will be conductedin the areas important for the protection of such species. The results

According to the Master Plan of the Shiretoko National Wildlife Protection

will be used to mitigate human impact and to determine appropriate

Area (March 2003), wildlife conservation and management activities will beconservation measures. In particular, the study on vegetation damage byimplemented based on the following principles. In addition, since a number

human trampling will be continued in the Shiretoko mountain range, areasof wildlife may move within and outside the heritage site, the surroundingaround Shiretoko Swamp, and Shiretoko Cape to determine appropriate

areas will also be considered in promoting conservation and management

measures such as the entry restriction, adequate guidance, and vegetation

through the collaboration and coordination with relevant government

restoration. In addition, patrolling activities will be enhanced throughagencies and local governments.

coordination and cooperation with relevant government agencies and local
governments to prevent the illegal collection of rare species such as theViola kitamiana and Chrysanthemum arcticum.

A.The basic concepts for habitat protection focus on maintaining andconserving the original structure and function of the ecosystems. As regards

With regard to the grazing pressures of the sika deer, surveys will be
conducted on regular basis to identify the damage to the vegetation and toanalyze necessary measures. In the wind beaten grassland and tall -herb
communities of the Shiretoko Cape, significant damages to vegetation arecaused by deer grazing and trampling. In these particular areas, deer
fences have been installed for each type of vegetation to preserve endemic
gene resources. In addition, monitoring will be conducted to investigate
the recovery status of vegetation by removal of grazing pressure. Further
conservation measures will be reviewed reflecting the results of thesestudies.
In addition, special attention will be given to determine the expansion of
PHOTO:Ministry of the Environment
10Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site(b) Brown bear
In order to appropriately conserve and manage the brown bear populationin the heritage site which is among the highest density in the world, thepopulation dynamics will be studied through projects such as behavior
survey using radio transmitters and survey on the utilization status of
the habitat. In particular, actions to reduce the conflicts between visitors
or local residents and the bears include the removal of attractants andmeasures to scare away the bears as well as establishing rules including
restricted actions, maintaining appropriate facilities, promoting awarenessand offering information to visitors.
(c) Blakiston’s fish-owl
The Blakiston’s fish-owl has been designated as a National Endangered
Species according to the Law for the Conservation of Endangered Species
PHOTO:Ministry of the Environmentof Wild Fauna and Flora and as a Natural Monument according to thethe significantly increased or decreased wildlife species, scientific research

Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties. Capturing, damaging andwill be conducted to determine the present state and cause of such change,

killing the owl are prohibited. In addition, Programmes for Rehabilitationand to review necessary countermeasures.

of Natural Habitats and Maintenance of Viable Populations are establishedbased on the former law and the relevant operations are conducted

B.Research will be conducted to study wildlife status, population trends,
habitats and behaviors. Conservation and management plans will bein collaboration and cooperation of relevant government agencies andexperts.

developed for each wildlife species as necessary. In the operation of the plan,
the present state will be monitored to feedback in reviewing the plan.

Most of the Blakiston’s fish-owls in the heritage site are breedingin natural conditions and only few are dependent upon artificial foodC.Awareness programs for the coexistence of people and wildlife will be

supplies. Therefore, the site is a crucial habitat for the conservation ofpromoted including guidance on appropriate use of the site, instruction ofthis species. It is also suggested that the site is a“source”of this owl to

not feeding the wildlife and taking waste home, and information on wildlife

the surrounding areas as chicks from the breeding pairs distribute andbehavior and habits.

relocate to adjacent areas.

D.In the basins of the Rusha and Teppanbetsu rivers which are designatedBased on these conditions, extra effort will be made to maintain theas the Designated Special Protection Area of the Wildlife Protection Area,

natural environment of the areas around the rivers where breeding pairs

activities that affect the wildlife such as collecting or damaging plants, open

have been identified and measures to improve habitat conditions are

fires, use of horses or vehicles, and photographing/filming are restricted.

implemented as necessary. Furthermore, visitors are instructed not todisturb the owls’habitat. Ongoing projects will be continued with a focus

E.The details of specific management policies for each wildlife species aredescribedbelow.

on individual management of the owls, including monitoring on breeding
behavior and banding to identify the relocation, distribution, and survivalof fledged chicks.

(a) Sika deer
The population of sika deer has risen dramatically since the late 1980s.

(d) Steller’s sea eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus ) and white-tailed eagle (H.

Currently, the density of the sika deer population is very high in the

albicilla )Shiretoko Peninsula, having a negative impact on the ecosystem andBoth the Steller’s sea eagle and white-tailed eagle have been designatednatural landscape, including significant changes in the original vegetationas National Endangered Species according to the Law for the Conservationin certain areas such as that on the Shiretoko Cape. Management of sika

of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and as Naturaldeer inhabiting the Shiretoko Peninsula will be conducted in accordance

Monuments according to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties.

with the Sika Deer Management Plan in the Shiretoko Peninsula (attached

Capturing, killing and damaging the eagles are prohibited.

document), which was established with the aim of addressing this situation.
The coastal slopes of the heritage site are extensively covered withManagement of sika deer throughout Hokkaido is conducted by Hokkaido

forests which are a suitable habitat for the eagles. The site is the mostPrefecture. As the distribution of sika deer spreads from the heritage

important environment in Hokkaido for Steller’s sea eagles and white-

site to the base of the peninsula and as there is interaction between thetailed eagles as it is the essential wintering ground that these eagles canpopulations, management of sika deer in the Shiretoko Peninsula will beuse on a steady basis. In addition, the site is an important breeding ground

carried out in close coordination with the sika management of Hokkaido

for white-tailed eagles, with a high density of nests and breeding pairs.

as a whole. This will include situating the Sika Deer Management Plan

Therefore, measures are taken to conserve the forest on the coastal slopes.

in the Shiretoko Peninsula as a regional plan of the Conservation and

Furthermore, guidance and awareness programs are provided to prevent

Management Plan for Sika Deer in Hokkaido.

reckless approach of visitors to the nesting sites during the breeding
season.

11

In addition, using lead bullets for hunting sika deer in Hokkaido is strictly

raising, cultivation, storage, transfer, and release into the field are restrictedprohibited to prevent lead poisoning of the Steller’s sea eagle and white-in accordance with the Invasive Alien Species Act. With respect to each of

tailed eagle.

these regulations, efforts will be made for their appropriate operation, andawareness programs will be promoted. In addition, translocation of five fish

As for comprehensive implementation of measures to protect Steller’s

species, including brown trout (Salmo trutta ) and brook trout (Salvelinus

sea eagles and white-tailed eagles, efforts will be made for identifying theirfontinalis ), is prohibited in accordance with the Regulation of Inland Fisheries

migration route and behaviors while promoting research on their food

Adjustment in Hokkaido; efforts will be made toward promotion of awarenesssources, etc. according to the Programmes for Rehabilitation of Natural

programs for these regulations as well.

Habitats and Maintenance of Viable Populations which were establishedpursuant to the Law for the Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild

(2) Conservation of the marine areas

Fauna and Flora.

The marine areas surrounding Shiretoko have high biological productivity
based on phytoplankton blooms, which are triggered by ice algae andc. Conservation of the natural landscapesintermediate water with rich nutrient salts (created by vertical mixing when

Conservation of the outstanding natural landscapes of the heritage site,seasonal sea ice is formed). The biological productivity supports numerous

represented by its mountains, lakes and marshes, waterfalls and coastal

fish, marine mammals, and birds. In addition, the chum salmon (Oncorhynchus

terraces, will be promoted through measures based on protective systems

keta ) and pink salmon (O. gorbuscha ), which run upstream to spawn, areof Wilderness Area, National Park and Forest Ecosystem Reserve. Suchclosely integrated with the terrestrial ecosystem since they play an importantmeasures include: the appropriate operation of the restrictions on construction,role as a food source for brown bears and birds of prey.

reconstruction, extension of structures, logging, and mining of minerals or
extracting of soil or stones; implementation of projects related to protection

In light of the rich biologic production, fishing activities have long beenand restoration of vegetation; and management of ecosystems.

operated in a manner that allows coexistence with marine life.

In addition, waste which has drifted onto the coastline will be removed

The marine environment and biological (primary) productivity, coastal

through the collaborative and coordinated efforts of relevant government

environment, fish and shellfish, marine mammals, sea birds, sea eagles, andagencies, local governments, related bodies and local residents.

marine recreation will be managed pursuant to the Multiple Use Integrated
Marine Management Plan for Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site (attached

d. Measures against alien species

document), which was established with the aim of maintaining a balance

Invasion by alien species such as raccoon (Procyon lotor ), American mink

between the conservation of the heritage site’s marine ecosystem and its(Mustela vison ), large earth bumblebee (Bombus terrestris ), and cutleaf

appropriate use for human activities (such as fishing and marine recreation).

coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata ) is confirmed in the Shiretoko Peninsula.
s ecosystem, measures need to be advanced in different stages, including(3) Conservation of the interaction between the marine
and terrestrial areas

prevention of invasion to the site, early detection of and response to invasion,a. Basic concept

and extermination or control of established alien species. For this purpose,

The rich ecosystem of the heritage site is greatly influenced by the interaction

understanding regarding the current establishment state of alien species will

between the marine and terrestrial areas. This significant interaction is one ofbe promoted to presume invasion routes, and implement effective measures,the reasons allowing the heritage site to be inscribed on the World Heritage

awareness programs, etc. considering the level of their impact and efficiency

List under natural criterion ix. Among the heritage site’s characteristics isof these measures, while ensuring cooperation and collaboration among

the Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma), which are distributed in most rivers,

relevant government agencies, local governments, and other related bodies.

from their mouths to their upper reaches,making the site the southernmost

Given the concern over the impact of these alien species on the heritage site’

distribution limit for this species’sea-run type; the salmonid also provides an
Pursuant to the Nature Conservation Law and the Natural Parks Law,

important food resource for various wild animals including Blakiston’s fish-

releasing of animals and planting of plants are regulated in Wilderness

owl. Other salmonids, including chum salmon and pink salmon, which run

Areas and Special Protection Zones of National Park, and acts such as

upstream on a massive scale, are an important food source for large mammals
and birds of prey such as brown bear, Blakiston’s fish-owls, Steller’s sea
eagles, and white-tailed eagles that are at the top of the food chain. This
process brings marine-derived materials into the terrestrial ecosystem,
thereby increasing its productivity and biodiversity.
In this way, the river environment plays a key role in nurturing diverse
wildlife including anadromous fish, and organically linking the marine andterrestrial ecosystems through water and material circulations. Moreover,fishery activities for chum salmon and pink salmon, which fulfill an importantrole in nutrient circulation throughout the river, has long been conductedactively in the marine area surrounding Shiretoko. In fact, the area hasdeveloped with fishing as its key industry.

PHOTO:Ministry of the Environment
12Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

Therefore, conservation of the interaction between marine and terrestrial

Furthermore, problems due to anthropogenic influence on the fragile naturalareas will be promoted through conservation of the river environment, andenvironment and concentration of excessive use will be avoided by: dispersion

sustainable use and conservation of salmonids as a resource.

of use and appropriate guidance of users through information provisionand programs for resource utilization in relation to the diverse nature andb. Conservation of the river environment

culture of the region (including the areas surrounding the heritage site). In

For fulfillment of the river environment’s role as linking the marine andthe areas where the scientific evidence shows that visitor use is causing or

terrestrial ecosystems, it is important to ensure the run of salmonids. To thismay cause vegetation degradation or damage on wildlife, a necessary review

end, river constructions will be improved as necessary by the government

will be made on coordinating number of users and facilities by introducing aagencies that administrate the respective constructions, when they are“Regulated Utilization Area”defined by the Natural Parks Law.

deemed adequate based on the result of the review by the Scientific Council
on the impact on the run of salmonids and disaster prevention. After suchContinuous monitoring will be conducted on utilization state, impact of use on

improvements are made, monitoring will be conducted to ascertain the state

the natural environment, and similar aspects. Necessary review of the plansof the run and spawning of salmonids and to investigate the effects of theand rules will be done and measures, etc. will be taken based on the results

improvement. Other river constructions will also be reviewed as needed,

thereof.

based on the changes in their intended purpose.

c. Promotion of ecotourism
Before performing various types of acts that may have an impact on the river

The majority of the users of the heritage site enjoy sightseeing excursions

environment, their implementation methods and environmental conservation

by automobile or tour boat. In order to protect the value of the site formeasures will be examined in order to ensure due consideration for avoiding

future generations, it is also important to introduce and promulgate othernegative effects on wildlife in the river.

utilization types while implementing guidance to and monitoring of users.
Such utilization types may include observation of wild animals and the naturalc. Utilization and conservation of salmonids

environment based on experience-oriented programs provided by people

Chum salmon, pink salmon, and masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou masou )who have knowledge of the area’s natural environment and lifestyle, so

are captured by set net sea fishery, etc. in accordance with the Fisheries Law,that users may further deepen their understanding on the importance of theetc. Fishing is prohibited within all rivers and around the mouths of someheritage site’s natural environment and protection thereof.

for purposes including resource conservation. In order to ensure sustainablefishery, artificial production and fry release programs for chum salmon and

For this purpose, the Shiretoko Ecotourism Association, in cooperation withpink salmon are underway in certain rivers. The natural spawning of these

the relevant government agencies, local governments, and related bodies,

species will be maintained by monitoring and research conducted on theirand based on the Shiretoko Ecotourism Promotion Plan, will develop humanmigration, run, and spawning.

resources who can provide services such as nature interpretation in the field,
lectures in exhibition facilities, and creation and implementation of utilization

In this way, sustainable use and conservation of salmonids will be promoted

programs taking advantage of the wisdom and finely-tuned information frompursuant to the Multiple Use Integrated Marine Management Plan forpeople who live and engage in industries in the region. To avoid making

Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site (attached document).

negative impact on the natural environment when providing above services,
the Guidelines for Shiretoko Ecotourism has been established and effectively(4) Appropriate utilization of natural environment

put into practice.

a. Basic concept
Utilization of the heritage site for tourism, nature exploration, mountain

In promoting ecotourism, efforts will be made in close cooperation with the

climbing, fishing, and other activities needs to be conducted appropriately

Committee on the Promotion of Proper Use of Shiretoko National Park sosuch that its value as a World Natural Heritage site will be maintained forthat they are based on the concept of ecotourism in which local communities

future generations. The heritage site’s virgin natural environment will betake the initiative in creating a vigorous, sustainable community, and will bepreserved and conserved to offer a high-quality experience that will enthrall

fostered in the areas of sightseeing excursion and accommodation as well.

visitors. Based on this concept, utilization rules pertinent to the virgin natureof Shiretoko (“Shiretoko Rules”) will be established. In addition,certain
restrictions and awareness programs will be introduced to ensure appropriate
utilization of the natural environment.

d. Policies on key utilization types
i. Sightseeing excursions
The most popular type of utilization of the heritage site is sightseeing
excursions by automobiles or tour boats. Areas within the heritageb. Appropriate Utilizationsite which are open to sightseeing excursions by automobiles include

In light of the fact that the heritage site has a virgin and fragile natural

Kamuiwakka, Shiretoko-goko lakes, Shiretoko Pass and Rausu hot spring.

environment and is experiencing problems such as excessive use, appropriate

However, since there are relatively few auto routes, possible excursion

management will be promoted in accordance with the Basic Plans of theareas are limited. Visitors can enjoy the scenery at various tourist bases

Proper Use that establish policies on each utilization type, rules for use,or go on nature exploration and observation trips on foot.

direction of administration and others for each area.
In accordance with the importance of conserving the virgin natural
In addition, users are asked to comply with“Instructions for Use”thatenvironment of the heritage site, new automobile roads, which may create

establishes DOs and DON’Ts for users.

13

problems of increased traffic, will not be constructed in principle. Existing

For the above reason, guidance and awareness programs will be

tourist bases and outlook points will be appropriately maintained so

provided on subjects such as necessary precautions to protect the naturalthat the tourists can use the facilities comfortably and enjoy the naturalenvironment,

landscapes while adequate consideration will be given to prevent excessive
use and impacts to the natural environment.

appropriate reactions when encountering bears and proper managementof waste and food. Further studies will be conducted to determine theIf there is any indication of negative impacts on the natural environment

negative impact caused by the visitors to the natural environment anddue to the increase in automobile use or if there is any negative

the behavioral patterns of the bears. Appropriate measures such as use

effects on users’convenience, measures to reduce the impact such as

restrictions (e.g. closed period for trails, access restrictions by area or

restricting personal cars and introducing alternative transport means,

period) will be implemented as necessary. At the same time, trails andand introducing low-emission cars will be studied. Effective measuresother facilities will be maintained to protect the vegetation and prevent

will be determined with input from relevant local groups to limit thedanger to mountain climbers.

number of cars to an appropriate level and to establish an environmentallyfriendly transportation system. In particular, the possibility and effects ofWith regard to camping by the mountain climbers and trekkers, extensive

proactively introducing a shuttle bus as a mean to conserve the natural

instruction will be provided to prevent damage to plants and vegetation byenvironment and offer a high quality experience will be studied. With

thoughtless setting of tents and other activities even in camping grounds.

regard to measures to restrict the number of cars during the summer

In addition, in campsites where food lockers for protection against brownin popular areas such as Shiretoko-goko lakes or the Kamuiwakka area,

bears are available, campers will be instructed to use the lockers for their

which have limited number of access roads, the effects of the enforced

safety. In other locations, campers will be instructed through awarenessmeasures will be reviewed, and further enhancements and concretization

programs to bring food containers. Furthermore, necessary measures

will be studied with input from relevant local groups. Such measures will

will be promoted such as awareness programs on rules and etiquette on

also take into consideration ensuring personal safety from brown bears

human waste management (including usage of portable latrines) in orderwhile simultaneously providing opportunities for wildlife observation.

to prevent negative effects on the ecosystem and landscape.

Since visitor use is particularly concentrated in the Shiretoko-goko lakes

iii. Recreational use of the marine area

area within the heritage site, studies will be conducted to determine

There is a concern that reaching terrestrial areas such as the Shiretoko

effective utilization restriction measures, guidance and awareness

Cape by motor boats for sightseeing may be harmful to the natural

programs, appropriate facility management schemes, brown bearenvironment. Measures to restrict such landings for sightseeing willconservation and management programs. Necessary measures will be

be strictly enforced with the collaboration and cooperation among

taken in order to prevent issues caused by excessive use and any conflictrelevant government agencies based on the arrangements including the

between people and brown bears which heavily populates the area.

“Agreement on the instructions for usage restrictions of the Shiretoko
Cape area.”With regard to the Shiretoko Crossroad which traverses through an alpine
zone with Japanese stone pine vegetation, visitors may only pass throughIn addition, the coast and marine area of the heritage site is a habitat andthe area in principle (except for Shiretoko Pass) to minimize the impact tobreeding ground for marine mammals and seabirds such as spectacled

the natural environment. The existing roadside parking restrictions will

guillemot (Cepphus carbo ), slaty-backed gull (Larus schistisagus ) andbe continued in addition to other measures to appropriately maintain andJapanese cormorant (Phalacrocorax capillatus ). It is concerned thatmanage the road. Furthermore, studies will also be conducted with input

sightseeing and pleasure boats, jet skis, feeding wildlife and other recklessfrom relevant local groups to determine appropriate utilization of Lake

activities may harm marine mammals and seabirds. Therefore, necessary

Rausu which is becoming popular with visitors recently.

rules will be established to prevent negative impacts on the seabirds andmarine mammals, and awareness programs will be implemented.

There is also a concern that such activities as feeding wildlife anddisposing waste may have a negative effect on the wildlife habits. In orderSome visitors to the heritage site circle the peninsula or travel to points

to prevent such impact on the wildlife, compliance with necessary rulesof interest by sea kayak. There are cases these visitors need to land on

will be requested.

shore to camp or wait for better wind. To prevent negative impacts on the
coastal vegetations and wildlife, adequate use of the site will be promoted

ii. Mountain climbing and trekking

under necessary rules such as“Instructions for Use”.

Mountain climbing and trekking are mainly conducted in the mountainareas in the heritage site.

During the run of chum salmon and pink salmon, visitors can enjoy fishingfrom tour boats and from land around the river mouths. With regard

Since these activities involve areas with virgin natural environments

to fishing these species, measures to prevent damage to the natural

such as fragile alpine vegetation and habitats or breeding grounds forenvironment include determining the landing points for fishing purposes,

rare wildlife, it is necessary to prevent negative impacts on the natural

ensuring adherence to relevant laws and regulations, actively instructing

environment. In addition, as these activities take place in areas with avisitors to take waste home and to correctly handle catches. Collaboration

dense brown bear population, encounter with brown bears is possible.

and cooperation will be sought from those involved in leisure fishing

Precautions are necessary to reduce conflicts with bears.

14

Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

activities for the implementation of the above measures.

The Environment and Lifestyle Division, Fisheries Division and Forestry
Affairs Division of the Abashiri and Nemuro Subprefectural Office are

Furthermore, rule compliance will be ensured to prevent disturbance toresponsible for the following activities: environmental matters, including

fishery production activities when using boats, jet skis and sea kayaks forsupporting the management of the National Park and conservation andsightseeing and leisure purposes as well as other marine leisure activities

management of the wildlife in the area; fishery matters, including promoting

such as fishing.

the fishery industry and managing fishery resources through such measures

iv. Other types of utilization

as the authorization and control of fishing activities; and forestry matters,

Wildlife such as sika deer and brown bear are commonly seen in the

including providing guidance in the maintenance and conservation of privately

heritage site and photographing or observing may frighten the wildlife

held forests.

or interfere with their breeding activities. In addition, it is necessary
to protect fragile vegetation in areas such as the alpine zone andd. Shari town

marshes from being damaged by visitors straying off the trails to take

The Environment Conservation Division is responsible for activities suchphotographs. Therefore, instructions and awareness programs will be

as nature conservation, conservation/management and research of wildlife,

provided to prevent such harmful behavior. The brown bear population

environmental control, and administration of“The Shiretoko 100 Square-Meteris especially large in the basins of the Rusha and Teppanbetsu rivers

Forest Movement Trust”. The division is also responsible for providing

and there are professional photographers and other visitors entering

information to local residents and promoting public awareness. In addition,

the area to photograph the bears. For this reason, the appropriate

Shari and Rausu towns jointly established the Shiretoko Foundation, which

instruction and management including regulations pursuant to Designatedis responsible for activities such as the fieldwork for wildlife conservation

Special Protection Area of the Wildlife Protection Area was designatedand management and“The Shiretoko 100 Square-Meter Forest Movement

will be carried out to prevent harmful effects from activities such as

Trust”.

photographing.
The Fishery and Forestry Division is responsible for promoting the fishery
Recreational activities on the snow during winter may negatively impact

industry,managing the fishing ports, and the administration/guidance of

breeding and other activities of rare birds such as the white-tailed eagle.

privately owned forests.

Visitors will be provided with instruction and awareness programs totakeadequate actions to prevent damage to the natural environment.

The Shiretoko Museum of Shari Town conducts activities such as protection

Visitors will also be provided with necessary information on dangerous

and survey of cultural properties, research on wildlife, awareness activities,

areas such as potential avalanche sites. Use of snowmobiles and landing

and conservation and management of Natural Monuments and injured wildlife.

of airplanes are restricted in the Onnebetsudake Wilderness Area andShiretoko National Park. These areas will be patrolled to prevent anye. Rausu town

offenders from entering the site illegally. In addition, since low-flying

The Environment Division is responsible for environmental conservation

aircrafts may spoil other visitors’trips or be harmful to the wildlife,

activities related to nature conservation, conservation and management

necessary request will be made to relevant parties to refrain from suchof wildlife, and measures for waste materials. The division also provides

flights.

information and offers awareness programs in these areas.

(5).Organization of the relevant government agencies
responsible for administration of the heritage site

The Fishery, Commerce and Tourism Division conducts activities to promote

The relevant government agencies responsible for administration of theguidance of privately owned forests.

the fishing industry and to manage the fishing ports, and the administration/

heritage site will promote adequate management by facilitating necessary
information sharing in close collaboration.

The Museum of Local History will handle the protection and survey ofcultural properties, research on wildlife, education and awareness activities,

a. Kushiro Nature Conservation Office, Hokkaido Regional Environmentand conservation and management of Natural Monuments. Being a co-founder

Office, The Ministry of the Environmentof the Shiretoko Nature Foundation together with Shari town, Rausu town

The Utoro and Rausu Ranger Offices for Nature Conservation are responsible

also will engage in activities to balance conservation and utilization throughfor the administration of the Wilderness Area, National Park and Wildlife

activities of the foundation.

Protection Area. In addition, they are also responsible for administration basedon Law for the Conservation of Endangered Wild Fauna and Flora.

(6) Implementation of conservation and management
programsb. Hokkaido Regional Forest Office, Forestry Agency

The following conservation and management programs will be implemented

Abashiri Nambu District Forest Office (Utoro Forest Ranger Station andto appropriately conserve the heritage site for future generations.

Minehama Forest Ranger Station), Konsen Tobu District Forest Office (Rausu
Forest Ranger Station) and the Shiretoko Forest Center are responsible fora. Inspectional patrols by relevant government agencies, etc.

the administration, maintenance and conservation of the National Forest in

Inspectional patrols of the heritage site are conducted by the rangers andthe areas such as the Shiretoko Forest Ecosystem Reserve.

auxiliary rangers (which are popularly known as the“Active Rangers”inJapan) of the Ministry of the Environment, foresters of Forestry Agency,c. Hokkaido Government

superintendents of Shiretoko Wildlife Protection Area, and nature preservation

15

guardians of Hokkaido Government as well as by the staff members of thethese activities, the center will enhance its functions and facilities as a

Shiretoko Nature Foundation and Natural Parks Foundation. The patrollingcore base for environmental education and research. The center will alsosystem will be further enhanced to correctly determine the level of use andfacilitate the capacity building of park volunteers.

the status of the natural environment and to provide guidance to visitorsand control illegal actions, through information sharing among relevant

Furthermore, the center will proactively collect accurate, real-time onsite

government agencies and related bodies.

information to improve its visitor information service.

b. Implementation of conservation and management programsiii. Shiretoko Forest Center

The following measures will be implemented when determined necessary

The center will conduct awareness promotion on the multi-functional

for the conservation of the natural environment, based on the results of thefeatures of the forest through activities such as awareness programs

inspectional patrols, research, and monitoring: installation of signs, ropes,on the necessity to conserve the ecosystem and precious forests of thefences, etc. to prevent visitors from illegal entry; restoration of vegetation in

Shiretoko Peninsula, patrolling, management and maintenance of facilities,

damaged or bare areas; elimination of alien species. Other ongoing programs

signs, etc. and surveys on the forest, and wildlife.

include clean-up operations of the heritage site, careful maintenance ofvisitors’facilities, as well as inspectional patrols, awareness programs andiv. Shiretoko Volunteer Activity Center

installation of fire fighting equipment to prevent forest fires. In the event of

The facility will serve as an information center on the forests of thea natural disaster such as forest fire in the heritage site or its surrounding

Shiretoko Peninsula and as an operation base for groups involved inareas, appropriate measures will be implemented through the collaboration offorest conservation activities in the peninsula, including training, opinion

relevant government agencies and local governments.

exchange, etc. concerning forest volunteer activities and the like.

c. Administration policies for the Shiretoko World Heritage Conservation

v. Shiretoko Wildlife Protection Area Management Center

Center and other major facilities

The center will conduct research on the habits, distribution and behavior

The Shiretoko World Heritage Conservation Center, as the base facility forof the wildlife as well as the conservation and management of the wildlife

research and the heritage site’s administration, will collect and accumulate

and Wildlife Protection Area.

information on the latest research and administration and provide it toexperts, etc. The center will serve as a gateway to the heritage site andvi. Shiretoko Museum

communicate its value as a World Natural Heritage to users while promoting

The museum will conduct research on wildlife, awareness programs,

awareness on the rules and manners in the heritage site.

conservation and management of the Natural Monuments and injured
wildlife as well as collecting, archiving and providing informational

As a gateway to the apical region of the heritage site, Shiretoko World

material.

Heritage Rusa Field House will provide users with lectures on rules andmanners together with local real-time information for the purpose of accident(7) Research and monitoring

prevention and environmental conservation. The Field House will also

For adaptive management of the heritage site based on scientific knowledge,

communicate the site’s value as a World Natural Heritage through thethe relevant government agencies, local governments, related bodies andconnection between people and the sea.

experts will work together to conduct research and accumulate scientificknowledge. Based on the results of such research, indices required for

The following facilities that are involved in conservation, administration andmanagement will be set, survey items will be selected, and long-term

appropriate utilization of the heritage site will be operated under the policies

monitoring will be implemented.

described below, and coordination among facilities as well as informationexchange and sharing will also be promoted.

In response to the need of monitoring whether Shiretoko’s value as a World
Natural Heritage site is being maintained, monitoring and evaluation ofi. Shiretoko National Park Nature Center

monitoring results will be conducted relative to the criteria recognized by theWith the aim to conserve and restore the virgin natural environment as

World Heritage Committee and the agenda indicated by the World Heritage

well as to promote its wise and sustainable use, the center will be theCommittee and the Scientific Council. Climate change, in particular, may havebase facility for providing nature observation programs, and awarenessan impact on the heritage site, given certain of its features (e.g. location inprograms on nature conservation themes. In addition, the center will

the southernmost area of the seasonal sea ice in the northern hemisphere).

develop and guide volunteers, and generate information including safety

Monitoring and its evaluation will be conducted to identify the impact.

instructions.
Research will be conducted on items supporting the value of the heritage site,ii. Rausu Visitor Center

16

including elucidation of the site’s ecosystem structure, items concerning

As a key information generating facility in the Rausu hot spring district,measures for specific issues, including review of methods to prevent invasion

the center will manage and administer the relevant facilities as wellof alien species, and those that may lead to the development of monitoringas promote appropriate utilization of the National Park through themethods. Because adaptive management of the heritage site also requires

collaboration and cooperation with relevant government agencies, related

understanding the condition of the ecosystem in the border areas between

bodies, volunteers and others. The center will conduct surveys on natural

Japan and Russia, cooperative efforts, including information sharing between

environment and collects, archives and provides information. Throughthe two countries concerning the conservation and sustainable use of theManagement Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

ecosystem of the region, will be advanced.

For this purpose, necessary information such as status of maintenance andmanagement of the site, scientific data, and rules and manners concerning use

Results of research and monitoring will be shared with relevant government

will be effectively shared, through pamphlets, videos, websites, and annual

agencies, local governments, related bodies, and experts, and will be provided

reports on the management of the heritage site, at major facilities including

also to the public at large via the Shiretoko Data Center built on the web for

the Shiretoko World Heritage Conservation Center, on the Internet, atappropriate management of the heritage site.

explanatory meetings, events, international conferences, etc. in concert withpromotion of awareness programs.

(8) Measures against impact of climate change
There is concern that the climate change may have an impact on the heritagesite given certain of its features, including its location in the southernmost
area of the seasonal sea ice in the northern hemisphere. In response,
monitoring will be conducted in a manner that allows evaluation of the

6. Implementation of the plan and otherissues

impact of climate change, along with information gathering and research(1) Implementation of the plan, etc.

on measures for adaptation to such change. After examining the results,

In order to effectively implement the items described in the management planmeasures practicable in the heritage site for adaptation to climate change will

and to ensure appropriate conservation and management of the heritage site,

be explored and implemented.

further review will be conducted as to specific roles of relevant government
agencies, local governments, and related bodies etc. For this purpose, the(9) Preparation of annual reports

utmost effort will be made in close collaboration and cooperation among thePromotion of cooperation/collaboration with local communities and adaptive

relevant government agencies, local governments, and other related bodies.

management thereof requires organization of information on the current
condition of the heritage site, its surrounding areas, and the site-related

In addition, scientific advice will be received from the Scientific Council andprojects/programs, as well as information sharing among the relevant

collaboration and cooperation with the Regional Liaison Committee will begovernment agencies, local governments, related bodies, and experts. To thisestablished in order to assess the status of the natural environment of theend, the latest information on the natural environment of the heritage site, its

heritage site and to adopt appropriate measures based on scientific data.

surrounding areas and their social environment, in addition to the information
on projects/programs related to the heritage site conducted by the relevant

The implementation state of the management plan will be reviewed annually

government agencies, local governments, related bodies, experts, etc. will be

and reported to the Regional Liaison Committee and Scientific Council.

compiled in an annual report every year and used for adequate managementof the site.

With regard to details on the management of the natural environment of theheritage site and measures against specific issues which are not described(10) Information sharing and awareness programsin the management plan, further studies will be conducted taking into

Effective information sharing and awareness programs require considerationconsideration results of monitoring projects, etc. As necessary, the index

of means according to their objective. For adequate management of thewill be considered and action plans will be established to realize appropriate

heritage site, means will be considered for each of the three major objectives.

administration of the heritage site. In accordance with the advice fromthe Scientific Council, the Regional Liaison Committee will contribute inFirst, in order to promote management of the heritage site in cooperation/

establishing a consensus with the input and suggestions from local residents,

collaboration with local communities, it is essential that local residents

related bodies and experts in relevant fields. Discussions and conclusion ofcorrectly understand the value of nature within the site and the status

these studies, basic data and other information will be disclosed and shared.

of its conservation and management. Meanwhile, promotion of adaptive

In the process of determining the appropriate management for the heritage

management requires that data concerning monitoring and research besite, the necessary consideration will be given to balance between theshared among the relevant government agencies, local governments, related

requirements for the conservation of the natural environment and for thebodies, experts, and others.

lives of local residents and industry.

Next, in order to prevent negative impact of the use for sightseeing, etc.

In addition, cooperative relationships will be created with local citizens’on the heritage site and ensure safe and sustainable use, it is important togroups in the course of conserving, administrating and appropriately utilizing

provide correct knowledge of rules and manners concerning handling of suchthe heritage site. Such relationships will provide basis to invite active

wild animals as brown bear, consideration for the natural environment, etc.

participation and cooperation from the local residents and establish activities

and to raise users’awareness of their own self-responsibility and avoidance ofthat involve the local community.

danger to take care of themselves.
The management plan will be reviewed as necessary taking into account the
As the heritage site’s management system is based both on collaboration

results of the natural environment monitoring projects and changes in thewith local communities and on scientific knowledge, it is highly commended associal environment. In order to properly review the plan, the process willa model for other areas by the World Heritage Committee. For international

involve advice from the Scientific Council and investigations by the Regional

contribution and development of a better management system, it is important

Liaison Committee which will obtain inputs from local residents, related

to actively share information on management systems, etc. of protected areas

bodies.

with international organizations and people involved in other protected areas.

17(2) Programs by local governmentspurchase abandoned settlements to protect them from reckless development

The populations of the towns of Shari and Rausu which overlap the heritage

and restore virgin forests. It cannot be ignored that the concern for naturesite are approximately 13,000 and 6,000 respectively and many people live

among the local residents and the grass-root activities has contributed toin areas adjacent to the heritage site as well. In order to comprehensively

preserving the precious nature of the heritage site.

conserve and manage the heritage site, it is important to promote and realize
lifestyles and productive activities that are environmentally conscious in the

Various programs will be implemented through not only the collaboration andheritage site including its surrounding areas. In addition to the programs tocooperation of related government agencies responsible for administration ofconserve the virgin natural environment of the Shiretoko Peninsula which isthe site but also through the active participation and cooperation with othersa valuable local resource, the two towns have already implemented various

such as local residents and related bodies in order to enhance the nature

programs to conserve the immediate environment and to create a communityof the World Heritage site and to increase the vitality of the communitythat coexists with nature. Such programs include: anti-pollution measures forcoexisting with the nature.

the rivers and sea; reduction of waste; resource saving and recycling; cleanup operations; introduction of low-emission vehicles; environmental study
courses and nature experience programs for local children. Such activities will
be further encouraged to enhance environmental awareness of local residents
and to promote the establishment of a vibrant community.

(3) Funding
Relevant government agencies will secure the amount of funds necessary for
managing the heritage site continually and for as long as possible according
to the management plans, while the relevant government agencies, local
governments, related bodies, experts, and others will fully cooperate for
efficient implementation of projects/programs in order to achieve maximum
effects with the secured funds.
Better management of the heritage site will be pursued by utilizing funds not
only from the relevant government agencies but also from local governments,
other government agencies, related bodies, etc. and actively accepting
donations, grants, assistance funds, etc. from users of the park, citizens, andprivate enterprises.

7. Conclusion
Shiretoko which was reverently called by the Ainu people as“shir-etok (theend of Mother Earth)”is one of the few locations in Japan where the naturalenvironment is preserved in virgin condition due to its rugged landscape andharsh climate. It is densely populated with brown bears and Blakiston’s fishowls which the Ainu worshiped as their“Kamui (gods).”These animals are at
the top of the diverse ecosystem consisting of a wide range of wildlife in thesea, rivers and mountains which are intimately integrated.
Instead of damaging the nature, the people living in the peninsula adapted
their lives to realize sustainable use of the nature’s bounties and createda unique local lifestyle, industry and culture. It is essential to study theculture of the Ainu people and the traditional wisdom and skills of the local
residents in order to determine the methods to conserve, manage and realize
sustainable use of the natural environment of the heritage site.
The Shiretoko Charter was formulated by Shari town and Rausu town with
their local residents in 1974 to commemorate the 10th anniversary of thedesignation of the National Park. The Charter declares that the virgin natureof the Shiretoko Peninsula is a valuable property for all mankind and that it
must be adequately protected and used to ensure that the environment will
be preserved for future generations. In addition, there is a long range project
spearheaded by the local community which has gained nationwide support to18

Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

【Reference】

2. Members of the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site ScientificCouncil (as of December 2009)

1. Background to the development of the Shiretoko World Natural
Heritage Site Management Plan
October 2003

Establishment of the Shiretoko Nominated Site Regional

Members of the Scientific Council (titles omitted)
Professor, Department of Agriculture andYukio Ishikawa

Environment, Hokkaido College, Senshu University

Liaison Committee
January 2004

Development of the Management Plan for the Shiretoko

Keiichiro Ohshima

World Natural Heritage Nominated Site
July

Establishment of the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage

Noriyuki Ohtaishi

Nominated Site Scientific Council(Chair)Field evaluation by the International Union for Conservationof Nature (IUCN)
July 2005

Decision to inscribe Shiretoko on the World Natural
Development of the Sika Deer Management Plan in the
Shiretoko Peninsula

September 2007

Deliberation of re-examination policy for the Management

Committee
DecemberDevelopment of the Multiple Use Integrated Marine
Management Plan for Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

February 2008

Field evaluation by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Deliberation of the draft outline of the Management Plan for
the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site by the ScientificCouncil and the Regional Liaison Committee

July

Adoption of a decision on the state of conservation of
Deliberation of the blueprint for the Management Plan for
the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site by the ScientificCouncil and the Regional Liaison Committee

February 2009

Earth Science, Hokkaido University

Akihiro Kobayashi

Public hearing on the draft Management Plan for the

Yasunori Sakurai
Hideki Takahashi
Masaru Torisawa
Hajime Nakagawa
Futoshi Nakamura

Explanatory meetings in the Shari town and Rausu town

July

Deliberation of the final-draft Management Plan for the

Chief, Wild Salmon Institute
Professor, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences,
Hokkaido University
Professor, Hokkaido University Museum
Deputy Director, Hokkaido Central Fisheries
Experiment Station
Director, Shiretoko Museum
Professor, Graduate School of Agriculture,
Hokkaido University
Professor, Faculty of Biological Science andHiroshi Hattori

Technology, Tokai University

Hiroyuki Matsuda

Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site (until June)
June

Environment, Hokkaido College, Senshu University

University of Agriculture

Eishige Komiyama

the Regional Liaison Committee
May

Professor, Department of Agriculture andLecturer, Faculty of Bio-industry, Tokyo

Mari Kobayashi

Deliberation of the draft Management Plan for the Shiretoko
World Natural Heritage Site by the Scientific Council and

Hokkaido University

Associate Professor, Graduate School of Environmental

Gaku Kudo

Shiretoko at the 32nd World Heritage Committee
NovemberProfessor, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences,

Professor, Rakuno Gakuen University

Masami Kaneko

and the IUCN
March

Professor Emeritus, Hokkaido Universityof Agriculture and Technology

Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage NominatedSite by Scientific Council and the Regional Liaison

Hokkaido University

Professor, Graduate School, Tokyo University

Koichi Kaji

Heritage List
November 2006

Masahide Kaeriyama

Professor, Institute of Low Temperature Science,

Professor, Graduate School of Environment andInformation Science, Yokohama National University
Professor, Graduate School of Agriculture,

Takashi Yajima

Hokkaido University

Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site by the ScientificCouncil and the Regional Liaison Committee
DecemberSika Deer Working Group (titles omitted)

Official adoption of the Management Plan for the Shiretoko

Professor, Department of Agriculture andWorld Natural Heritage Site by the Ministry of theEnvironment, the Forestry Agency, the Agency for Cultural

Yukio Ishikawa

Environment, Hokkaido College, Senshu
University

Affairs and the Hokkaido Government, that are responsible

Research fellow and Wildlife Section chief,for the various system related to conservation of Shiretoko
Hiroyuki Uno

Nature Conservation Department, Hokkaido
Institute of Environmental Sciences

Koichi Kaji (Chair)
Kunihiko Tokida

Professor, Graduate School, Tokyo Universityof Agriculture and Technology
Senior Scientist, Japan Wildlife Research Center
Professor, Graduate School of Environment

Hiroyuki Matsuda

and Information Science, Yokohama National
University

PHOTO:Ministry of the Environment
19

Members of the Marine Area Working Group (titles omitted)
Masahide Kaeriyama

Professor, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences,
Hokkaido University

3. Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site Regional Liaison Committee
List of member organizations/groups (as of December 2009)(1)Member organization (Related government agencies responsible for laws,

Lecturer, Faculty of Bio-industry, Tokyo

ordinances and regulations concerning the conservation/ management of the

University of Agriculture

heritage site)

Yasunori Sakurai

Professor, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences,a)Related government agencies(Chair)Hokkaido University• Kushiro Nature Conservation Office, Hokkaido Regional Environment

Mari Kobayashi

Masaru Torisawa

Mitsuhiro Nagata

Hiroshi Hattori

Mitsutaku Makino

Hiroyuki Matsuda

Deputy Director, Hokkaido Central Fisheries• Hokkaido Regional Forest Office, Forestry Agency

Director, Salmon and Trout Resource Division,b)Local government

Hokkaido Fish Hatchery• Department of Environment and Lifestyle, Hokkaido Government

Professor, Faculty of Biological Science andAbashiri and Nemuro Subprefectural Office

Technology, Tokai University• Office of Education, Hokkaido Government

Researcher, National Research Institute of

Abashiri and Nemuro District Office of Education

Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency• Shari Town

Professor, Graduate School of Environment andInformation Science, Yokohama National University
Director, Resources Management Division,

Shuka Maruyama

Office, Ministry of the Environment

Experiment Station

Hokkaido Kushiro Fisheries Experiment
Station• Rausu Town
(2)Observers (local organizations involved in the promoting conservation/
management of the heritage site)• Rausu Town, Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Committee• First Fishery Cooperative of Shari• Fishery Cooperative of Utoro

Members of the River Construction Working Group (titles omitted)• Fishery Cooperative of Rausu

Professor, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences,• Fishery Cooperative of Abashiri

Hokkaido University• Utoro Regional Committe

Eishige Komiyama

Chief, Wild Salmon Institute• Shiretoko Guide Association

Yuji Seo

Chief, Institute for Watershed Ecosystem

Futoshi Nakamura

Professor, Graduate School of Agriculture,(Chair)Hokkaido University

Masahide Kaeriyama

Tomomi Marutani

Professor, Graduate School of Agriculture,
Hokkaido University

PHOTO:Ministry of the Environment
20

Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

4. Outline of the Sika Deer Management Plan in the Shiretoko Peninsula5)Adaptive management methods will be employed while adequately* For the text of the Management Plan, please visit a website of themonitoring, assessing, and examining the results to incorporate them into

Shiretoko Data Center (http://shiretoko-whc.com/).
• Objective of the Plan
Reduce the excessive impacts on the Heritage Site’s ecosystem induced by
the high population density of Sika deer.
• Positioning of the Plan

the management plan.
6)Impact on endangered bird species will be considered when implementing
management policies.
• Management policies for individual zones<Management policy common to the Heritage Site>

The plan is positioned as a regional plan under the Specified Wildlife

In principle, things will be left to natural process. However, if there is theConservation and Management Plan“the Conservation and Management

threat of loss to endangered or indigenous plant species and communities

Plan for Sika deer in Hokkaido”formulated by the Hokkaido Government

characteristic of the Heritage Site, management measures to avoid the loss

• Basic policies
1)The plan adopts as a model the ecosystem before the start of modern
exploitation (before the Meiji Period).
2)Management measures, including control of the population size, will beconsidered as soon as possible based on the precautionary principle.

will be taken in order to ensure the conservation of biodiversity.
1)Heritage Site Zone A (excluding Cape Shiretoko and the Horobetsu/
Iwaobetsu plateau)
a.The avoidance of human intervention is made a principle (excluding
defensive measures).

3)The zones will be defined as Heritage Site (Zone A, Zone B and Specified

b.Monitoring will be continued on the changes in biodiversity andManagement Zone in Zone A ) and Adjacent Zone, and management

ecological processes, if a significant impact on the vegetation due topolicies will be set for each zones.

foraging pressure by Sika deer is found, defensive measures will be4)In each zone, implementation areas will be stored with a consideration for

taken.

priority and its feasibility. And concrete measures for management will
first be taken in these areas.

212)Specified Management Zone (Cape Shiretoko)a.Human intervention (defensive measures and population control) will

5. Outline of the Multiple Use Integrated Marine Management Plan for
Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

be implemented as needed, but the wintering environment will not be* For the main text of the Management Plan, please visit the homepage ofchanged in this zone.

the Shiretoko Data Center (http://dc.shiretoko-whc.com/)3)Heritage Site Zone B (including the Horobetsu/Iwaobetsu plateau)
a.Human intervention (defensive measures, population control and changeof the wintering environment) will be implemented as needed.
b.With regards to implementation, cooperation with the forest restoration
project promoted by Shari town will be encouraged.
4)Adjacent Zone
a.Human intervention (defensive measures, population control and changeof the wintering environment) will be implemented as needed.
b.Partnership/cooperation with projects undertaken by the Hokkaido
Government, Shari town, Rausu town, the private sectors and others will
be promoted.
c.Community-based population control will be encouraged through thecooperation with the private sectors and returning benefits to the local• Objective of the Plan
Satisfy both of conservation of the marine ecosystem and stable fisheries
through the sustainable use of marine living resources in the marine area ofthe heritage site.
• Basic policies
1)The premise of the plan is legal restrictions relating to the conservationof the marine environment, marine ecosystems and fisheries, andautonomous management measures carried out by fisheries-related laws,
as well as voluntary restrictions on marine recreation.
2)The plan defines measures to conserve the marine ecosystem, strategies
to maintain major marine living resources, monitoring methods for thoseresources, and policies for marine recreation. Based on the plan, proper
management should be promoted.

communities. And its effects will be analyzed.

PHOTO:Ministry of the Environment
22

Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage SiteGlossary of the Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site
Page

Line

Term

Description
Adaptive management is a flexible management method. In this method, prediction of ecosystem changes andmonitoring is conducted in order to manage and use natural resources within the scope that the structure and852Adaptive management

functions of ecosystem can be maintained. The measures for management and use are flexibly reviewed according to
the results of prediction and monitoring, based on a feedback mechanism. In this review, interested parties share
information, test hypotheses based on monitoring results, and decide direction, based on mutual consensus.
(Encyclopedia of Ecology, Yo Iwasa, et al. ed., Kyoritsu Shuppan, 2003) (Partially revised excerpt)

Species that did not originally exist in Shiretoko but were introduced artificially from other areas. Certain alien
species that do or may adversely affect ecosystems, human safety, and industries such as agriculture, forestry, and

10

12

Alien species

fisheries are designated as the “Invasive Alien Species” based on the Invasive Alien Species Act. The raising,planting, carrying, and releasing the invasive alien species are forbidden. In recent years, invasion by the raccoon(Procyon lotor), large earth bumblebee (Bombus terrestris), cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata), and other invasive
alien species has been confirmed in Shiretoko.

Refers broadly to the areas of Shiretoko National Park listed below:
・Coastal land area
Rausu side : Northeast of Aidomari
Shari side :Northeast of Shiretoko Ohashi
・Coastal marine area

6

3

Apical region

Rausu side : Northeast of Aidomari
Shari side : Northeast of Horobetsu
・Inland mountains
Northeast of Mt. Iou
These areas have very primitive natural scenery, diverse biota, and rich ecosystems supported by biologicalinteractions. There are no established roads or footpaths, so it is unlikely that ordinary visitors actively enter theseareas.

5

14

Area with little
development of soil

942Base of the Shiretoko
Peninsula

Areas where climatic or geological conditions have kept the soil shallow and immature such as cliffs, gravelly areas,
wind-beaten areas.

Refers to areas of the Shiretoko Peninsula that are not included in the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site. (Cf. “Shiretoko”“Shiretoko,
Peninsula”)

The Japanese and Russian governments signed a bilateral program (May 2009) concerning “Cooperation Program
between the Government of Japan and the Government of the Russian Federation in the neighboring areas of the two

941

Bordering area with
Russiastates on the Study,
Conservation and Rational/ Sustainable Use of Ecosystems”. The program provides for cooperation in research into
ecosystems in this area, their conservation, and sustainable use. Although the agreement does not precisely designatea specific area, the general understanding is that it includes the Sea of Okhotsk border region extending from
Hokkaido to the Kamchatka Peninsula.

2

9

17

29

Coaction

Refers to symbiotic interactions (syntrophy and defense symbiosis) and antagonistic interactions (predator/prey,parasitic, and competitive relationships). Ecosystems are built upon the foundations of these interactions.

Committee on the
Promotion of Proper
Use of Shiretoko

consists of academic experts, related bodies, and relevant government agencies. For further details, refer to the

National Park

(http://dc.shiretoko-whc.com/).

A committee established to promote the conservation and proper use of Shiretoko National Park. The committee
Shiretoko Data Center website

23

Page

Line

Term

Description
To be included on the World Heritage List, sites must meet at least one of the following criteria outlined in the
Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, meet criteria for authenticity andintegrity, and assure the protection and management of properties. The Operational Guidelines were revised as of2005. With the new guidelines, there is an integrated set of criteria that apply to both natural and cultural properties.
Criteria (i) through (vi) below are related to cultural properties, and (vii) through (x) to natural properties. Sites
meeting both cultural and natural criteria are listed as“mixed”cultural and natural heritage sites.
Selection criteria:(i) To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius;(ii) To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world,
on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design;(iii) To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or
which has disappeared;(iv) To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which
illustrates

225

Criteria for theoutstanding universal
value(a) significant stage(s) in human history;(v) To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of aculture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under
the impact of irreversible change;(vi) To be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic andliterary works of outstanding universal significance. (This criterion should preferably be used in conjunction withother criteria);(vii) To contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance;(viii) To be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant
on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic
features;(ix) To be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution
and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals;(x) To contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity,
including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science orconservation.
(UNESCO website in English: http://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria; in Japanese:
http://www.unesco.jp/contents/isan/decides.html; partially paraphrased for brevity/clarity)

Activities in which tourists are guided and instructed by guides with knowledge of tourism resources related tonature and lifestyle/culture that is closely linked with nature. Tourists can experience those tourism resources in a

934

Ecotourism

manner that is conducive to their protection, and deepens knowledge and understanding. Guided tours have been
available in Shiretoko for over a decade. Currently, improvement in guide skills and promotion of“model”tours thatoffer longer stays are being reviewed. (Cf. Shiretoko Eco-tourism Association)

Species are interacted in various ways in an ecosystem. A “food web”shows the relationship between predator and2

7

Food webprey. In Shiretoko, the ice algae proliferate on the bottom of the seasonal sea ice and the blooms of phytoplankton
occur in spring when the ice melts. They serve as food for zooplankton, and ultimately the higher level consumers
such as fish, marine mammals, and terrestrial species, together form a complex food web.

24

A series of human activities to nurture desired forests, including plantation, tending, thinning, and felling of forests. In

640

Forest operation

7

38

Forest unit

A tract of forest that is distinguishable from a neighboring tract by tree species, age, or other features.

4

26

Globally threatened
speciesvulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List.

Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

its broadest sense, this term also includes felling bans.

Refers to species listed as extinct in the wild (EW), critically endangered (CR), endangered species (EN), and

Page

Line

Term

Description
Monocellular algae that grow in or on the bottom of sea ice (mostly the diatom component of phytoplankton). Light
inside or on the undersurface of sea ice is usually insufficient, but ice algae are suspended within the ice so they can2

5

Ice algae

use even weak levels of light for photosynthesis.
Seawater is vertically mixed when sea ice is formed, and nutrients from deeper layers of the sea reach the undersideof sea ice. Ice algae proliferate using those nutrients. Sea ice and the attached phytoplankton form a basis for rich
ecosystems of Shiretoko.

Rivers carry soil, gravels, sediments, and nutrient salts (including iron) produced in the terrestrial ecosystem into themarine ecosystem. Such interactions contribute to increase marine productivity, protect the coastline, and conserve

4

13Interaction of marine
and terrestrial
ecosystems

the structure and functions of the marine ecosystem. At the same time, salmonids, for example, return to rivers tospawn, and thereby transport rich ocean-derived nutrient salts to the terrestrial ecosystem. This in return raises the
productivity of the terrestrial ecosystem, and sustains a variety of species including the brown bears (Ursus arctos)
and Blakiston’s fish-owl (Ketupa blakistoni blakistoni) that feed on salmonids. The interactions between marine andterrestrial ecosystems benefit the structures, functions and biodiversity of both ecosystems.

Seawater at an ocean depth of about 200m to 800m. The intermediate water off Shiretoko is created by submerged

26Intermediate water

seawater at the northwestern part of the Sea of Okhotsk when sea ice is formed. It is thought that the submergenceof intermediate water takes in large amounts of iron needed for organisms to survive.

2

45

Local governments

Refers to Shari Town and Rausu Town, where the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site is located.

“Management” in general refers to the acts such as administration, maintenance of a favorable condition,
management of office duties, and the maintenance and administration of facilities. The Management Plan for the2

32Management plan

Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site is a plan under which the relevant government agencies cooperate with local
residents and interested parties to implement various activities in an integrated and unified manner for the purposeof convention and proper use of the site. For further details, see“2. Objectives”of the Management Plan.

PHOTO:Ministry of the Environment
25

Page

Line

Term

Description
Sulfur that has melted due to high temperatures. Mt. Iou is known to have erupted four times since the middle of the
19th century, and during each eruption large amounts of molten sulfur were ejected together with steam and hot

458

Molten sulfur

water from the explosion crater midway up the northwest face. The 1936 eruption was much larger than previous
eruptions. It is thought to remain dormant for a long period of time - already over 70 years- because large amounts ofenergy were expended in the 1936 eruption. (Geology of Shiretoko,Shiretoko Museum eds., Shari Board of Education,
Shari Town, 2007 (partially revised excerpt))

857

Monitoring

Long-term surveys and systematic measurements designed to detect changes in the natural environment or
ecosystem as quickly as possible.

Salts derived from nitrogen (nitric acid, nitrous acid, ammonia), phosphorus (phosphoric acid), and silicon (silicic acid).
These salts are necessary for the survival and reproduction of organisms. Nutrient salts are dissolved from rocks andsediment by rain, and flow into the sea through rivers. Intermediate/deep ocean layers are usually rich in these2

6

Nutrient salts

nutrient salts, and the major vertical mixing that occurs in winter carries nutrient salts from intermediate water tothe surface, which leads to the proliferation of phytoplankton in the spring. In recent years it has been discoveredthat iron and other trace metals in seawater are also crucial nutrients for the proliferation of phytoplankton. These
are referred to“trace nutrient salts”. (Cf. Intermediate water)

A volunteer registered with Regional Environmental Office. Their activities include: to support conservation and

16

53Park volunteer

management of national or public parks; to enhance instruction to users; and to promote the concept of nature
conservation and raise public awareness. (Excerpted from: 2008 National Parks Guide, National Parks Association ofJapan [eds.], National Parks Association of Japan, 2008)

A group of individuals of the same species that occupies a certain space. Conceptually speaking, there is mating and560

Population

various interactions among individuals in a population. It is often defined as a local group that is to some extent
separated from other populations of the same species. (Iwanami Biological Dictionary third edition, Tsuneo Yamada, etal., ed. Iwanami Shoten, 1989) (Partially revised excerpt)

Refers to the species included in the following categories:1) Species listed as Extinct in the Wild (EW), Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), and Vulnerable (VU) on
the IUCN Red List;

5

37

Rare species2) Species listed as Extinct in the Wild (EW), Threatened IA (CR), Threatened IB (EN), Threatened II (VU) on the Red
List of the Ministry of the Environment; and3) Species listed as Extinct in the wild (Ew), Critically endangered (Cr), Endangered (En), and Vulnerable (Vu) on the
Hokkaido Red List.
(Cf. Globally threatened species)

2

48

Related bodies

2

42

Relevant government
agencies

13

7River constructions

Organizations closely involved in the conservation, management and utilization of the Shiretoko World Natural
Heritage Site, such as organizations related to fishery and tourism.

The formulators of the Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site: namely, the Ministry of theEnvironment,Forestry Agency, Agency for Cultural Affairs, and Hokkaido prefectural government.(Cf. Shiretoko
World Natural Heritage Site Regional Liaison Committee, Shiretoko Eco-tourism Association)

Refers to all structures that are constructed over rivers in the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site, regardless ofthe purpose for their installation. These structures include anti-erosion and erosion control dams, piers, etc.

Salmonids described in “(3) Conservation of the interaction between the marine and terrestrial areas” in “5.
Management measures”have the following two definitions:1) In“a. Basic concept”and“c. Utilization and conservation of salmonids”, salmonids refer to pink salmon

582

Salmonids(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), chum salmon (O. keta), and masu salmon (O. masou masou). All of these species aremanaged under the Fisheries Law and other management measures.
2) In“b. Conservation of the river environment”, salmonids refer to the three species mentioned above and Dolly
Varden(Salvelinus malma).

26

Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

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Line

Term

Description

2

4

Seasonal sea ice/Packice

While most sea ice is seasonal sea ice, it is more common to use the more inclusive term“sea ice”when referring to

Sea ice (ice formed from frozen ocean water) that drifts. Sea ice that is attached to shorelines is called “fast ice”.
either. (Cf. Seasonal sea ice area)

4

14

Seasonal sea ice area

Areas in which sea ice (a general term for ice formed from frozen seawater) is seen only in winter. (Cf. Pack ice)2

10

Shiretoko

Refers to the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site. (Cf.“Shiretoko Peninsula”,“Base of Shiretoko Peninsula”)

39

Shiretoko 100
Square-Meter Forest
Movement TrustIn 1977, Shari Town initiated a program to gather donations to buy up land and plant trees on abandoned agricultural

4

settlements in Shiretoko National Park for the purpose of protecting them from unregulated development and recoveras forest areas. The initial program met its monetary goals, so a new program was started, called the“National Trust100m2

Movement

ForestTrust”.

For

further

details,

refer

to

the

Shari

Town

website(http://www.town.shari.hokkaido.jp/100m2/).

A website mainly for the government agencies, related bodies and academic experts involved in the management of
the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site, as well as researchers who study the site, guides and local residents. The

17

4

Shiretoko Data Center

website provides information on the conservation and use of the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site, as well as
meeting materials, proceedings, monitoring data,and reports. The URL for the homepage is as follows:
http://dc.shiretoko-whc.com/

93

Shiretoko Eco-tourism
Association

2

20

Shiretoko mountain
range

2

51

Shiretoko Peninsula

45

Shiretoko World
Natural Heritage Site
Regional Liaison
Committee

8

2

43

Shiretoko World
Natural Heritage Site
Scientific Council

An association established to study ecotourism matters specific to Shiretoko and promote ecotourism therein. The
association consists of related bodies. For further details, refer to the Shiretoko Eco-tourism Association website(http://shiretoko-eco.net/modules/pico1/index.php). (Cf. Related bodies)

Refers in general to the mountain range on the center of the Shiretoko Peninsula comprising the newest volcanicgroup of Mt. Rausu,Mt. Mitsumine, Mt. Sashirui, Mt. Okkabake, (Mt. Minami/Chienbetsu), and Mt. Iou.

Refers to a roughly 100,000-ha tract of land extending about 70 km in length east of the Okushibetsu River, ChuruiRiver, and Mt.Unabetsu of the central mountain range. Mt. Shari is not included.

A committee established to liaise, coordinate, and review proper management methods with the related bodies andrelevant government agencies that are involved in the management of the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site. For
further details, refer to the Shiretoko Data Center (http://dc.shiretoko-whc.com/). (Cf. Related bodies)

A council established to understand the natural environment of the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site and to give
advice that is necessary for the integrated management of terrestrial and marine areas based on scientific data. The
council consists of academic experts. For further details, refer to the Shiretoko Data Center (http://dc.shiretokowhc.com/).

A patch of ground on leeward ridge slopes or depressions in which snow is present even in summer. In winter, plants

528

Snow patch

are protected from low temperatures by thick snow accumulation. Vegetation differs largely depending on the
duration that the snow remains, but plant communities are generally dominated by scrubs and herbaceous plants. (Cf.
Plants of Shiretoko I, Shiretoko Museum, Shari Board of Education, Shari Town, 2005)

The structure of an ecosystem refers to the interactions between the nonliving (inorganic) environment and individual

949Structure and functionof ecosystems

or group of living organisms. The functions of ecosystem means networks for biological interactions (e.g. relationships
of predator and prey,symbiotic and parasitic relationships, competition for resources or mating partners), which aremaintained by biodiversity.

27

Page

Line

Term

Description
Communities of large perennials seen in humid areas in subalpine and montane zones, including valley and collapsed
areas where forests do not occur. In Japan, these communities consist of Senecio cannabifolius, Veratrum album L. subsp.
oxysepalum, and Reynoutria sachalinensis. (Ecological Dictionary, Makoto Numata (ed.), Tsukiji Shokan, 1995) (Partially966

Tall-herb communities

revised excerpt). In Shiretoko, these communities consist of herbs that are seen from the low to subalpine andmontane areas, such as the Angelica anomala, Ligusticum hultenii, Petasites japonicas subsp. giganteus, and Aconitum
maximum var. misaoanum. (Cf. Plants of Shiretoko II, Shiretoko Museum eds., Shari Board of Education, Shari Town,
2006)

The limit at which tall trees are distributed in a forest form. (Ecological Dictionary, Makoto Numata (ed.), Tsukiji
Shokan, 1995)(Excerpt).

527

Timberline

The vertical distribution in Shiretoko (Mt. Rausu) exhibits: a montane zone below 750m (deciduous broad-leaved
forests, mixed forests, and coniferous forests); a subalpine zone from 750m to 1,100m (Erman’s birch forests); an alpine
zone above 1,100m (Japanese stone pine scrub); and the timberline at about 1,100m above sea level. (Plants of Shiretoko
I, Shiretoko Museum [eds.],Shari Board of Education, Shari Town, 2005) (Partially revised excerpt).

An area that extremely lacks snow cover, and its surface ground, where plants should grow, is exposed directly to

528Wind beaten area

cold winds in winter. These areas are seen on windward sides (west to northwest) of winter winds. Scrubs such as
Loiseleuria procumbens and Arcterica nana, mosses, lichens, and perennial herbs grow in these areas. (Plants of Shiretoko I,
Shiretoko Museum eds., Shari Board of Education, Shari Town 2005) (Partially revised excerpt)

A type of grassland where large trees are unable to take root due to strong winds and only herbaceous plants grow.
Plants seen in wind beaten area in Shiretoko Cape (the area battered by winter winds) include: alpine plants such as

965Wind beaten grassland

Empetrum nigrum var.japonicum; plants on rocky crevices and gravel such as Festuca rubra; and coastal plants such as
Rosa rugosa and Elymus mollis.(Plants of Shiretoko I, Shiretoko Museum eds., Shari Board of Education, Shari Town, 2005)(Partially revised excerpt)

PHOTO:Shari town
28

Management Plan for the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site

Contacts<Ministry of the Environment Kushiro Nature Conservation Office>Address:4F Kushiro National Government Building, 10-3 Saiwai-cho, Kushiro City,
Hokkaido 085-8639
TEL:+81-(0)154-32-7500
FAX:+81-(0)154-32-7575<Hokkaido Regional Forest Office, Forestry Agency>
Address:7-70 Miyanomori 3-jyo, Chuo-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 064-8537
TEL:+81-(0)11-622-5231
FAX:+81-(0)11-622-5194<Agency for Cultural Affairs>
Address:3-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8959
TEL:+81-(0)3-6734-2877
FAX:+81-(0)3-6734-3822<Department of Environment and Lifestyle, Hokkaido Government>
Address:Kita 3-jyo Nishi 6-Chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-8588
TEL:+81-(0)11-231-4111
FAX:+81-(0)11-232-6790