Sophia University Junior College Division Faculty Journal
第 41 号, 2020, 19-32

Research Note on SUJCD and Foreign
Residents in Hadano, 1987-2007: Preliminary
1Contextualization
Maria Lupas and Sachie Miyazaki
ABSTRACT
Sophia University Junior College Division (SUJCD) is located in Hadano City,
Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, and has a relatively long-standing relationship with
its host community. This research note looks at the junior college’s relationship with
one part of the Hadano community, namely, the foreign residents. It focuses on two
groups of foreign residents: those who came to Hadano as refugees through the Yamato
Resettlement Center from what is known as Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam)
and those who came from South America, particularly Peru. It considers some of theindividuals involved in the Japanese language classes and other support for foreign
residents including the junior college’s In-Home Volunteer Tutoring Program.

Introduction
We started this research in 2017 as part of a Sophia University intramural teamresearch project on the role of churches and civic institutions in welcoming refugees toJapan. In that year, the worldwide refugee crisis was reaching new limits, and antirefugee sentiment was fueling the election of populist governments in different places
around the globe. On a local level, our interest in this topic was also motivated by thelong-standing involvement of many members of the Hadano campus community withrefugees in the Hadano area. We desired to use this research project as an opportunity
to take stock of what had been done, what was being done, and where potential needs
might be. Several members of the research team at the Yotsuya campus had considerable
experience collecting data from interviews in video format and creating video archives.
This kind of video ethnography was new to many of us at the Hadano campus but
seemed an exciting method to collect data which we believed needed to be collected.
We used a “pick the low-lying fruit” method and started by interviewing people we
could easily get a hold of, and from these people understood little by little the namesof people who were connected to their stories and whom we also tried to contact with
their assistance. We did not assume that people had immutable roles and that some

─ 19 ─

Maria Lupas and Sachie Miyazaki

people were always “helpers” and other people were always “being helped.” This kindof pigeon-holing did not naturally appeal to us, and we did not use it, with the resultthat we looked into the stories of both people who were at one point on the receiving
end of support as well as people who were on the giving end. In fact, many people on thegiving end of the support for the years we were studying were foreign missionaries andthus could be considered foreign residents themselves. And those who received help inthe beginning years of the study period later helped those who arrived after them. This
study therefore includes data we gathered concerning both those supporting foreign
residents and those being supported as foreign residents. Both sides are represented,
and in the case of Hadano, the boundaries sometimes are quite porous.
Two particular groups of foreign residents we are studying, those from Indochina
and from Peru, were not always numerically the most represented in Hadano from1987 to 2007, but they came into contact more often with the institutions we studied.
They received more language support from the institutions we examined than the more
numerous groups from Korea, China, and the United States.
This research note presents some preliminary background studies we conducted forthe interviews as well as some early findings and intuitions. This note consists mainly ofcontextualization of some main institutions and people. Contextualization is importantbecause partnerships between people and also institutions are often shaped by the2history, culture, and mission of each of the parties. Knowing the history and culture of
the institutions and people is therefore valuable for understanding their relationships.

1. Some demographics of the foreign population in Hadano forthe years 1987-2007
Hadano City in Kanagawa Prefecture enjoys a green, relatively low-lying location
between the Tanzawa Mountain range to the north and Sagami Bay to the south. It is
about one hour by train to either Tokyo’s Shinjuku Station or to the center of Yokohama.
On a clear day, Hadano’s view of Mount Fuji well deserves notice. It is here that several
groups of foreign residents have been able to resettle since the 1980s.
Political, economic, and social upheavals in southeast Asia in the 1970s contributed
to the displacement of peoples. People trying to escape from Vietnam by boat became
known as “boat people,” while those escaping by land from Cambodia and Laos
became known as “land people.” Collectively, displaced persons from Cambodia,
Laos, and Vietnam were also called the “Indochina refugees,” and, following the firstlanding of boat people in Japan in 1975, the Japanese Cabinet eventually finalized─ 20 ─

Research Note on SUJCD and Foreign Residents in Hadano, 1987-2007: Preliminary Contextualization

3

a plan to officially resettle 500 such refugees from Indochina. The plan included theestablishment of centers which would train the refugees in the Japanese language andin the basics of living in Japan, as well as facilitate their insertion into Japanese society
through vocational and housing assistance. The first resettlement center was opened in
Himeji in Hyogo Prefecture in 1979, and a second center opened in 1980 in Yamato in
Kanagawa Prefecture. The opening and operation of the centers was entrusted to the4Foundation for the Welfare and Education of Asian People (FWEAP).

The Yamato Resettlement Center in Kanagawa Prefecture operated for eighteen
5years from 1980 to 1998 and helped a total of 2,641 people to resettle to Japan. By
1994, the original quota of 500 refugees had been expanded to include 10,000 people and6

the framework set up by the Japanese Cabinet to welcome them was then terminated.

Following the decision to phase out the framework, the Yamato center continued tooperate until its final closing in 1998.
Hadano City was a destination for some of the Indochinese refugees from the
Yamato Resettlement Center. While not all the Indochinese residents of Hadano camethrough the Yamato Resettlement Center, the presence of some residents attracted othercompatriots who later came to settle there, too. Table 1. shows the number of registeredforeign residents from Indochina:

Year

S61
S62
S63
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9

1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997

Cambodia

35
43
40
33
37
38
39
48
55
52
58
65

Laos

Vietnam

Total
Foreign
Residents

Total
Population

2
2
8
17
22
27
41
34
53
73
92
112

478
566
600
672
1,050
1,516
1,663
1,778
1,745
1,937
2,046
2,238

145,086
148,469
151,184
152,801
155,620
158,212160,146
161,692
163,244
164,722
165,395
166,512

13
21
44
45
49
47
58
79
77
103
115
130

Table 1. Foreign residents in Hadano City, 1986-1997 (Source: Tōkei Hadano [Hadano
Statistics], 1991-1997)

─ 21 ─

Maria Lupas and Sachie Miyazaki

In 1987, for example, there were a total of 566 foreign residents registered in HadanoCity, of whom 43 were from Cambodia, 21 from Laos, and 2 from Vietnam. Before 1986,
the largest foreign resident populations were from Korea and China and those from
Indochina were not numerally significant enough to appear in the detailed statistics.
By the year 2001, after the Yamato Resettlement Center closed, the number of foreign
residents from Indochina living in Hadano had remained about the same with 57 people
from Cambodia, 132 people from Laos, and 189 people from Vietnam registered in
Hadano.

7

Kanagawa prefecture’s economy had performed well in the early 1980s, and theprefectural governor could proudly claim that “Kanagawa has become Japan’s industrial
nerve center” (Kanagawa ken Kenmin Sōmushitsu, 1985). Moreover, Hadano City’s open
spaces and location close to Tokyo and Yokohama made it a convenient site for factories
belonging to several manufacturers. The factories and services catering to them wereable to employ a considerable number of workers. The registered businesses in Hadanoran the gamut from food corporations to makers of electronics with the highest grouprepresented being makers of electronics. Table 2 shows the businesses in Hadano andthe number of people they employed.

Year

S61
S62
S63
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8

1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996

Businesses in
HadanoPeople employed
by HadanoBusinesses

339
340
367
363
510
381
378
367
344
342
350

17,88518,183
19,245
19,716
21,36019,755
19,69418,991
19,91019,615
19,695

Table 2. Number of businesses in Hadano City and the people employed by thosebusinesses (Source: Tōkei Hadano [Hadano Statistics], 1991-1997)
A spotlight was shone on the Indochinese refugees by a tragic incident in February─ 22 ─

Research Note on SUJCD and Foreign Residents in Hadano, 1987-2007: Preliminary Contextualization

1987. The incident involved a Cambodian refugee living in Hadano. On February 8,
he killed his wife who had been in the hospital since the previous day and scheduled
for surgery. She died on her hospital bed right after the neighboring patients hearda scream (Asahi Shimbun, February 9, 1987, 23). When the refugee’s house wasinvestigated, the couple’s three young children were also found dead. Newspapers
reporting the incident at that time gave different katakana versions of the man’s nameincluding: Boi Mūn ボイ・ムーン , Bui Mūn ブイ・ムーン , and Bui Muan ブイ ∙ ムアン .
At the time of the incident, he was 34 years old, his wife was 26, the eldest girl was 8
years old, followed by a boy 6 years old, and a young girl who was 4 years old. The couple
had arrived in Japan less than 2 years before the incident and had stayed at the Yamato
Resettlement Center before moving to Hadano (Asahi Shimbun, February 9, 1987, 23).
Newspapers at the time connected the killings to the man’s inability to learn theJapanese language. They reported that the man originally held a job with a company
in Isehara, but that he had quit that job since January and was staying at home (Asahi
Shimbun, February 9, 1987, 23). The 6-year-old son was also reported to have talked
with the Yamato center around noon on February 7 and told them that the father was
sitting in front of the television and drinking alcohol (Asahi Shinbun, February 10, 1987,
23). Newspapers and others interpreted the killings as the result of the man’s inability
to keep a job due to his not being able to speak Japanese.
Several newspapers including Asahi Shimbun and Mainichi Shimbun covered
the incident with Asahi Shimbun publishing several articles on it. Nevertheless, thenews was not on the front page of either of these two major-circulation newspapers. In
Hadano, the news made a larger stir, and it mobilized several people in the Hadanocommunity and at the junior college to want to start Japanese language classes tosupport foreign residents.
In the 1990s other groups of foreign residents grew in number, particularly thosefrom Latin America. Table 3 shows the number of residents in Hadano from Peru andBrazil. No data is available for Peru for the years 1989 to 1992 since the numbers were
not significant enough to be counted as a distinct group.

─ 23 ─

Maria Lupas and Sachie Miyazaki

Year
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9

1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997

Peru

72
68
92
119
168

Brazil
65
286
563
539
568
556
640
661
799

Total
Foreign
Total
Residents Population

672
1,050
1,516
1,663
1,778
1,745
1,937
2,046
2,238

152,801
155,620
158,212160,146
161,692
163,244
164,722
165,395
166,512

Table 3. Hadano foreign residents from Peru and Brazil(Source: Tōkei Hadano [Hadano Statistics], 1991-1997)
By the year 2000, the number of residents from Peru and Brazil increased
dramatically. Table 4 shows the data for the years 2000-2007.

Year
H12
H13
H14
H15
H16
H17
H18
H19

2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

Peru
257
298
325
344
393
420
433
443

Brazil
762
877
899
944
965
1,006
964
920

Total
Foreign
Total
Residents Population

2,551
2,952
3,069
3,265
3,402
3,578
3,556
3,576

168,142
168,323
168,431
168,505
168,540
168,317
168,587
169,067

Table 4. Hadano foreign residents from Peru and Brazil (Source: Kanagawa kennai
8

gaikokujin tōkei [Kanagawa prefectural statistics on foreign residents] )2. Some institutions working with foreign residents in Hadanoincluding SUJCD
Several institutions were involved in supporting foreign residents. Here we will
focus on three of them: the NGO Ayumukai, the In-Home Volunteer Tutoring Program─ 24 ─

Research Note on SUJCD and Foreign Residents in Hadano, 1987-2007: Preliminary Contextualizationof Sophia Junior College, and Hadano Catholic Church.

A. Ayumukai
The Hadano NGO “Tōnan Ajia no Hitobito to tomoni Ayumukai [Walking together
with the People of Southeast Asia Association],” henceforth, Ayumukai, was begun as adirect response to the February 1987 incident. In 2018, to commemorate their 31 years
thof operation, the NGO issued a 30 anniversary issue of their publication Ayumi. In
it, they clearly link the NGO’s founding to the February 1987 incident (Tōnan Ajia no
Hitobito to tomoni Ayumukai 1).
Ayumukai was closely connected to people in the Hadano City Hall. One of thepersonnel of the Hadano City Hall, Shinji Harada, recalls in a 2007 article on thethoccasion of the 20 anniversary of the NGO that he was shocked upon learning what had
happened and asked the mayor of Hadano to begin a volunteer support structure to help
the refugees. In the same article Harada is credited with being a founder of the NGO(Kikuchi 2007).
The main way in which the Ayumukai NGO tried to support refugees was to holdJapanese language classes. These classes taught Japanese and also provided consulting
for daily life in Japan. Classes were set up as early as March of 1987, one month after
the killings, and the NGO was officially launched one year later in 1988 (Tōnan Ajia no
Hitobito to tomoni Ayumukai 10).

B. Sophia Junior College In-Home Volunteer Tutoring Program
The junior college was involved early on with members of what would become the
NGO Ayumukai. Junior College students began volunteering to teach Japanese classes
on Sundays. One of the pillars of the Ayumukai NGO, Seiji Imafuku, was himself
graduate of Sophia University and this facilitated the collaboration with the juniorcollege. According to a 2005 internal publication about the junior college volunteer
program, it was after this first experience of the students at the Sunday Japaneseclasses that the need was felt to do in-home volunteer tutoring. It was then that thejunior college partnered with the Ayumukai NGO and launched the In-Home Volunteer
Tutoring Program (kateikyōshi borantia) on weekdays. The in-home volunteering began
in May of 1988 and ten junior college students participated that year.
The In-Home Volunteer Tutoring Program begun in 1988 expanded year by year
and in 2004 received a “Good Practice” award from the Japanese Ministry of Education.
The number of junior college volunteers grew from 10 students in 1988, to more than 70

─ 25 ─

Maria Lupas and Sachie Miyazaki

volunteers per year for the years 1998 to 2003. For the years 2003 to 2005 the number ofstudent volunteers was over 100. As the program grew, the geographic area to which thetutors were sent also expanded and households as far as Hiratsuka, Isehara, and HonAtsugi were receiving tutors. In general, the tutoring was in the evening for one hourwith a start time sometime between 5 and 7 p.m. depending on the learner’s schedulingneeds.
The program, which originally focused on providing service to families fromcountries in Indochina residing in Hadano City, also began to help other groups offoreign residents. It began working with another NGO called “Chūnanbei no Hitobito oKangaerukai [Thinking about People from Central and South America Association].” By
the end of 2005, according to an internally published 2006 guidebook, the largest group
receiving the student tutors was from Peru. Significantly, the 2006 guidebook intended
for prospective families seeking in-house tutoring was published in eight languages:
Japanese, English, Spanish, Portuguese, Vietnamese, Lao, Khmer, and Chinese. The
guidebook notes that there were no fees for the families either for the tutoring or forthe materials. The families were given the possibility to share their cooking at a booth
during the yearly school festival as a way of giving back to the school.
Part of the success of the In-Home Volunteer Tutoring Program in terms of its
durability and the number of students and community members involved might be
attributed to the good fit between the junior college’s goals as an education institution
and the Hadano community’s needs and assets. On the junior college’s side, its
educational goals were based on three founding principles: a training in Christianhumanism, an international training, and language training. On the side of the Hadanocommunity, there was a need for further Japanese language and daily life support
for the foreign residents and this was also an asset because it meant that the foreign
residents brought their own international experience to the Hadano community and to
those who would be doing service for them. By volunteering in the tutoring program, thejunior college students who helped the foreign residents of Hadano were also meeting
their school’s goal by getting a training in the Christian value of helping their neighbors,by getting an international experience by going into the homes of the foreign residents,
and by improving their own language skills through teaching language.

C. Hadano Catholic Church
Hadano Catholic Church was entrusted to several foreign missionary priests overthe course of the years. The church opened its doors and allowed the use of its facilities─ 26 ─

Research Note on SUJCD and Foreign Residents in Hadano, 1987-2007: Preliminary Contextualization

for the Japanese language classes. Some of the tutoring done by the In-Home Volunteer
Tutoring Program also took place in the Hadano Catholic Church facilities which arelocated a few minutes’ walk away from the Hadano train station. When in 2000 and also
again in 2006, Masahiro Raphael Umemura, bishop of the diocese of Yokohama to which
Hadano Catholic Church belongs, began issuing plans and guidelines for Yokohama
diocese with regards to the foreign resident faithful, the members of Hadano Catholic
Church found the support to start their own Japanese language classes on the church
premises on Sunday mornings after the morning Mass. These classes, begun in 2006,
originally targeted several Vietnamese residents who were also Catholic.

3. Role of individuals in working with foreign residents as wellas the kind of support they gave
As Barbara Jacoby insightfully noted about developing and sustaining partnerships
between campuses and the community, “partnerships between institutions start as
relationships between individuals” (61). This is especially the case with beginning of thejunior college’s In-Home Volunteer Tutoring Program and other activities in the Hadanocommunity.
One individual involved with the Hadano Community was Sister Maria Maldonado(1931-2009) of the Company of Mary Our Lady, in Latin Ordine societatis Mariae
Dominae Nostrae, a Roman Catholic religious order founded in the early seventeenth
century by Saint Jeanne de Lestonnac. Sister Maria Maldonado came to Japan from
9

Spain in 1961. The Company of Mary had been working in Japan since 1959 andoperated the dormitory for women adjacent to the junior college where several of thesisters also taught.
Sister Maria Maldonado did not formally teach at the junior college. She had a
training in social work and performed various services. She personally knew many
Hadano residents and took an interest in those living in Hadano. One informant forthis study, a resident of Hadano from Peru, explained how Maldonado, better known as
Sister Maria, actively helped her settle in Hadano in the early 1990s.
According to this informant, Sister Maria played a key role in helping her break outof a vicious cycle. The situation was that the informant and her husband had recently
come from Peru. A son was born to the couple in Japan, and when the child grew older,
the couple wanted to put the child into daycare so that both parents could work. Yet
without daycare for the child, it was difficult for the mother to look for a job, but it wasalso not possible to get the daycare without both parents already working. Once the─ 27 ─

Maria Lupas and Sachie Miyazaki

mother was finally able to get a tentative job offer from a company, another obstacle was
the long waiting list for child daycare. The informant insisted that it was Sister Maria’s
speaking to the city hall on her behalf that speeded up the process.
Sister Maria had also helped the informant when she was pregnant, and her baby
was born in the hospital. On that occasion, Sister Maria, who was from Spain and spoke
Spanish, served as the interpreter between the informant and the doctor. After that,
Sister Maria helped other foreign residents in hospitals with her interpretation skills:“After this first experience she started helping other people in the hospitals, mainly for
10translations.”

The informant was also aware of Sister Maria’s activities to help foreigners inprison in Japan. This is because Sister Maria would ask people to contribute magazinesand other reading materials they no longer needed for the prisoners: “if you havenewspapers or the latest thingummy to take to the people in prison,” she would ask. “Shewouldn’t talk much about this kind of situations with us but, she let us know that she
was committed to these people, too.”

11

Sister Maria Maldonado became relatively well known in Hadano and several
publications highlighted her multiple activities in Kanagawa. Among other publications,
she was featured in the Hadano City edition of the free paper Town News (number 364)
for her volunteer work in the national hospital in Kanagawa and her organizing student
volunteers from the junior college dormitory to come help as well. The Kanagawa
Prefecture based Tomoshibi Undō o Susumeru Kenmin Kaigi [Prefectural Conference
Commending Bright Activities] also included her in an album of inspiring personalities.
Another individual connected to the junior college’s involvement with foreign
residents was Sister Rosa María Cortés Gómez, ODN (1940-2015). She came to Japan
from Spain in 1962 with the same Roman Catholic religious order, the Company of Mary
Our Lady. She was on faculty at the junior college and appears in the yearbook with thefirst graduating class of 1975. Immediately after the 1987 incident in Hadano, she wasinstrumental in organizing the student volunteers for Japanese language classes which
later became the In-Home Volunteer Tutoring Program.
One informant for our study who came from Laos to Hadano through the Yamato
Resettlement Center in the early 1990s described the kind of hands-on help that Sister
Cortés provided. Sister Cortés would bring the informant to the school grounds andprovide driving lessons to help the informant pass the driving test and get a driver’s
license. To do this, they would drive on the extensive convent and school grounds when12

the grounds were not being used.

─ 28 ─

Research Note on SUJCD and Foreign Residents in Hadano, 1987-2007: Preliminary Contextualization

Sister Cortés also formally studied the problem of foreign residents in Japan and in2005 completed a doctoral dissertation entitled, “Minority Groups in Japan: A Historicaland Cultural Approach” (Cortés 2006). Some of the findings in her dissertation appear
summarized in the junior college faculty bulletin from 2006.

Conclusion
This preliminary research contains some of the context to the interactions between
SUJCD and the foreign population in Hadano City. We found that individuals had a big
impact in putting programs together. We also noticed that many of the individuals were
foreigners themselves. Areas of further research include interviewing more informants
about their experiences as supporters or receiving support. A look at the experiences ofthe second generation of foreign residents might also yield interesting data.

Works Cited
Saint Jeanne de Lestonnac and Sisters of the Company of Mary Our Lady. Editions
Fleurus, 1990.
Asian Province of the Company of Mary Our Lady. https://asiaodn.org/アジアにおける活動 /.
Accessed 14 Dec. 2019.
Asahi Shimbun. “Narenu ikyō de ikka hōkai 慣れぬ異郷で一家崩壊 [Not Adjusting to a
Foreign Country, One Family Comes to Ruin],” Asahi Shimbun 朝日新聞 daytime
edition, No. 3611 (February 9, 1987), 23.
Asahi Shimbun. “‘Tōchan Abareteruno,’ 6 Sai, SOS Denwa「父ちゃん暴れてるの」６歳、SOS 電話 [“Papa Is Acting Violently?” A Six-year Old’s SOS Call,” Asahi Shimbun
朝日新聞 morning edition, (February 10, 1987) 23.
Foundation for the Welfare and Education of the Asian People. “History of the Refugee
Assistance Headquarters.” 2009, http://www.fweap.or.jp/history%20of%20RHQ.
htm.
Cortés Gómez, Rosa María. “The Rights of Minorities in Japan: The Japanese
Government’s Four Periodic Reports to the United Nations Human Rights
Committee for the Covenant of Civil and Political Rights.” Faculty Bulletin
Sophia Junior College, vol. 26, 2006, pp. 1–35.
Kikuchi, Nobuo 菊地信夫 . “Te o Sashinoberu Yūki 手を差し伸べる勇気 . [The Courage toExtend a Hand]” Fukushi Times 福祉タイムズ . 2007.
http://www.knsyk.jp/pdf/times/c7a4c4bb1a57826b8e82efb42df1e567.pdf
Jacoby, Barbara. Service-Learning Essentials: Questions, Answers, and Lessons Learned.

─ 29 ─

Maria Lupas and Sachie Miyazaki

Jossey-Bass, 2015.
Kanagawa ken Kenmin Sōmushitsu 神奈川県県民総務室 [Kanagawa Prefecture General
Affairs Office]. The History of Kanagawa. 1st ed, Kanagawa Prefectural Govt.,
Office of Administration & Coordination, Community Relations Dept., 1985.
Kanagawa Prefecture. Kanagawa Kennai Gaikokujin Tōkei 神 奈 川 県 内 外 国 人 統 計[Kanagawa Prefectural Statistics on Foreign Residents].
https://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/docs/k2w/cnt/f4695/index.html, March 2019.
Ramalay, J. A. “The Perspective of a Comprehensive University.” In Civic Responsibilityand Higher Education, edited by T. Ehrlich, Oryx, 2000, 227-48.
Tōnan Ajia no Hitobito to tomoni Ayumukai 東南アジアの人々と共に歩む会. 30 Shunenkinenshi
Ayumi 30 周年記念誌 歩 AYUMI[30 Year Anniversary Ayumi Magazine]. 2018.
Tōkei Hadano 統計はだの [Hadano Statistics]. Hadano-shi Kikaku Sōmubu Gyosei Eieika
秦 野 市 企 画 総 務 部 行 政 経 営 課 [Hadano City Planning and Administration
Department], 1991, 1993, and 1997.
Tomoshibi Undō o Susumeru Kenmin Kaigi ともしび運動をすすめる県民会議 . 50 hi no
jinbutsu shi 50 燈の人物誌 [50 People Album]. 1992.
Town News. “Hadano no shizen mo hito mo daisuki desu 秦野の自然も人も大好きです[I Love the Nature and the People of Hadano].” Town News Hadano Edition
タウンニュース秦野版 . No.364, 1982, p. 2.

Notes
1

The authors would like to thank the energetic staff of the SUJCD Service Learning
Center especially Ms. Suzuki and Ms. Tsuchiya for their support of our project in a
myriad of small and large ways. Lupas would like to express a special thank you to thededicated staff of the SUJCD library and to the staff of the special Hadano collectionsof the Hadano City Library.

2

See Ramalay, 2000, 240.

3

See Foundation for the Welfare and Education of the Asian People (FWEAP) site.
http://www.fweap.or.jp/history%20of%20RHQ.htm

4

See the FWEAP site. http://www.fweap.or.jp/history%20of%20RHQ.htm

5

Ibid.

6

Ibid.

7

https://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/docs/k2w/cnt/f4695/index.html

8

Ibid.

9

See https://asiaodn.org.

─ 30 ─

Research Note on SUJCD and Foreign Residents in Hadano, 1987-2007: Preliminary Contextualization

10

Interview, September 2018.

11

Ibid.

12

Interview, March 2019.

─ 31 ─