JAPANESEAPL LANGUAGESYSTEMON IBM MULTISTATION 5550
M. Udo,Y.Akimoto,
S.Kaneko,
T.Sanuki
and M.Alfonseca
(**)

(*)

(*) Tokyo ScientificCenter,Science Institute,
IBM Japan, Ltd.
5-19, Samban-cho,
Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo, Japan(**)
IBM Madrid ScientificCenterP. Castellana,
4. Madrid-l,
Spain

ABSTRACT

datenational

guages,This paper exemplifies
of a programming
mentation

the national

languageof APL withessingJapanesethat

has "wide"

than

one byte.

this
their

languageby describing

a language

characters:
characters

programming
256-character

supportthe imple-

facility

languages
limitation

charactersthanremove the present
confines
legitimate

to traditional

The Japanesecharactersconsistnese,

as wellas two Japanese

paper, we mean that users are enabled to use
own national
language in the data, as legal

Ksna(Hira-kanaand Kata-kana).

of the programming

describe

theJapaneselanguagesupportpersonalcomputercalledWe alsodiscusstheincludea new two-bytecharacterobjects

coexisting

a conventional

characterset.

implementation

with

of
in thesupport,language.

APL thatcharacterWe

providesprinciple

adoptedsetofsound of the Japanesesyl-of some diacritical

marks

with

for

Roman alphabets.

APL

most

that

users
in

be ableto use theirown nationallanfor example,
inprogramming
languages:
and messages [l].
identifiers,

symbols.

purposes,of this46 different

In thesymbols,

Japanese

as wellcomplexity,

as Arabic

writing

numbers

able way to typeour own language,especiallyIn

recentuse

computershas greatly
in

Kanji

typingandwe have had no reason-

characters.
through

guagesthe addition

one-byte

to be requisite,alphabets,

Each of the Kanaconsistsin APL dataor now becoming

phonetic

system we use a mixture of Kanji and Kana, where Kanji is used as the root words and Kana as inflections

to

1. INTRODUCTION

desirable,from Chi-a simple

Becauseisthousands

adaptedsets

and subscripted

5550.

of several(Kanji),each expressing
labary,above sense on a

the IBM Multistation
designand so on,alphanumerics.

inlanguagelan-shouldthatcharacters

By national

occidental

Japaneseof ideographic

strings

data,

other
Chinese,for proc-that is, a character
set
that occupy space of morecharacterItlanguages

such as Arabic,

years,theKanji

of Kanjiinincreasedbecauseof a break-methods:thata phonetic

is,or Kana-to-Kanji
conversion[2].
It permits
theuser to key a phonetic
spellingfrom a standard
typewriter
keyboard using Ksna, for which the computer

But to accommo-

supplies

looking

up thethe corresponding

Kanjicharacter

Kanji

storedin

dictionarybya disk-ette.
Permission

to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted

providedthatthe copiesare not madeor distributedfor directcommercialadvantage,the copyrightnoticeandthetitle ofthepublicationand its date appear,and notice is giventhatcopyingis bypermissionof The British InfonnaticsSocietyLimited. To copy
otherwise,orto republishrequiresspecificpermission.

The IBM Multistation
5550 isequippedwith the Kana-to-Kanji

a personal
computerconversion
methodfor Kanji

BIOS, as well

Kanji

input

outputin the keyboard
functionstothescreenas theand printer[31*

M. Udo326

Japanese APL Language System

We implemented

the IBM PC APL developed
ic Centerby the IBM Madrid[4],

aimingat the Japaneseguage support,

which

had been strongly

mainframe

There

the APL system on the 5550, based on

APL users

becauseof theiridea

be dealt

witheven if

it

is

that

as a single

characterfor

IBM Kanji

Code : an extension

.

Shift

JIS Code : an extensionof ASCII

shouldThe former

is used on mainframes

while

in APL,

used

lan-

required

To implement

this,

preterso thatacterscould

we had to extend

a new data type

by

busi-

"JapaneseAPL".

advantageof the valuable

5550 DOS/BIOS, we developed
processors

Japaneseby

the PC APL interchar-on personal

Therefore

At the same time,

to takeKanjiof theand aux-

the supervisor

for Japanese

5550 was announced

and has been available

remaining

describeters

thesections

codingand theto customersof thispaper,

There

APL. Then we describe

11,280possiblethat

can be handled

by thiscodingtion

to the remaining

cussedwithprinciple

toof this

of

for

Dl

is

Japanesethey are mixed withtwo-

in rec-two-byte
scheme,codesin addi-codes.

codesin a one-bytetocharac-frame.

alphanumeric

encodescheme is that

the

first

code tablebyte

as shown in Fig.2.

a mixed stringof
no special
control

codes,
such as Shift-In

the rangeof two-byteor Shift-Out

one-bytecharacterandison the main-them inof the Japa-

charactersof the difficulty

reservedThenneeded,includean implementationthein terms

196 one-byte

The characteristic

SECOND BYTE OF TWO-BYTE CHARACTER

nese APL on 5550, with emphasis on the issues wesolved based on the design principles
in each compothe APL supervisor,
interpretnent of the system:
Finally
processors.
andauxiliary110
er,
operations

the valid

as the points

arewe first

scheme of the JapanesedesignX'7F'.

codes are shown in Fig.1

two-byte
theexceptAPL.

since December 1984.
In

isarchitec-

X140'-X'FC'
tangles.

I/O functions

the latter

IBM 5550 iswhere the range of Dl isand the range of D2 isbyte

system,computers;of EBCDIC

turally
based on the latter,
X181'-X'9F'
and X'EO'-X'FC',

which wein theAPL on IBM Hultistation

IBM Japan

in memory.

for the Japanese

be incorporated

now calliliaryscalarencoding

schemes for.

national

characterneeds two bytes

codingcharacters:

need fora Japanese

two representative

the Japanese

Scientif-ness applications.
Our basic

exist

I

are dis-encounteredwhencharacters.

2. CODING SCHEMEOF THE JAPANESE CHARACTERS

A two-byte

codingbe identified
256

by 256,

following

scheme, in which each letterby two successiveor 65,536,

notation

possiblewouldbytes,

would yieldcodes.

We use theto show a two-byte

code:]DlD2]
where Dl and D2 are the first
and the second byte
values,respectively,
in hexadecimal
representationof the two-byte

M. UdoFigure1. Valid

Two-Byte

Codes of IBM 5550

code.

327

Japanese

APL Language

SystemFor'S$zApL'

example,('ni-hon-go-APL')

isencoded on 5550 as:
2.

X'93FA967B8CEA41504C1

two bytes,

shouldtwo-element

character

Japanesebe a charactercharactersthat

can be easilyinterpreted

by software

vector

as:

ters
-El

by a list

quotesas follows:of charac-

A+ 'S&s'(Japanesecharacterss

B+'EfzAPL'(a mixtureof Japanese

A

L

P

only)
and APL)(bon) (go)3.

becausebytes

X193',of Kanji,The

represented
with

be supported
as elea character
i.e.

v--$

(nil

constant:

notation
enclosed

not avector.
shouldments of a literalscalar,Japaneseexternal

X196',and X'8C'

but X141',
APL uses

representation

board

input

codes,

stringto the screen

X150',

thisofrecords

arefunctionfirstarraysshouldbeare not.

includeJapanesecharactersvalidand X'4C'

Any APL primitive

coding scheme as the
keycharacters:i.e.
in DOS files,
outputdefinedapplicable

on charactertoarraysas well;

e.g.

that

_ _-

'A'='El*SAPL'
000100o 1 o ;~';'Ei+%APL'

and printers.

p'El&ZAPL'
6
3. DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF JAPANESEAPL
To maintainTo

introduce

adoptedthe Japanesethe following

threecharacters

into

APL, wenotprinciples;the standard

introduce

functionof the APL Language,

any new primitive

to manipulate

Japanese

we didfunctionor system

characters

specif-ically.
1.

A Japaneseeven ifcharacter,itis encoded by
The most significant

Bit

4 -

the

7

first

principle,

should be handled.

design choice was, according towhether a Japanese characteras:a two-element

character

vector,two successive

one-bytecharactersconsistinga character

scalar,even though

of

or
.

it

has to be

coded by two bytes.
If

we had selected

theformer,need not have been modified;
ter

set

remains

one-byte

the APL interpreterbecauseas collection

codes and 2) users

1) the charac-of

all-possible

identifythe256Japanesecharactersin a sequence of one-byte codes.
In thisJapanesecharactersareencodedby acase,"byte-wise
representation"
in memory, e.g.
93 FA 96 7B 8C EA 41 50 4C

Mesh patternarea represents
the first
byte of two-byte
code character.
FigureM. Udo2.

One-Byte--El

Codes of IBM 5550

328

$

$j

--A

P

L

Japanese APL Language System

But we selectedtheinterpreterby addingcharactersto the current

boolean,integer,acter.

The extended
aslegitimate

set

consisting

11,280Japanesepoint,and one-byte
identifies

elements

encodedIn thisby

IEAISC( defines

data types:

The APL language has so many primitive
functions
to rearrange
the structureof data: Reshape,of an extended
case,

a "word-wise@('yu')

char-

Japaneseof 256 APL characterscharacters.

areinternal

interpretercharacterstation"four

floating

charactercharactersbutlatter.
We extended the APL
a new data type for JapaneseRavel,

andReverse,Rotate,Catenate,
Transpose,and so on. The sequence ofIndexing,

Take, Drop,
codes representing

Japanese
represen-

exposedin memory: e.g.

93FA 967B 8CEA 4100 5000 4CO0

to

these

Japanesecharacters

functions.

If

Japanesecharacteras a two-element

vector,the pairingof codesishas to be

we handleacharactereasilybrokenapart.

8$.?%AP

The rationalesLfor our selection

are as follows:

the applicabilityof primitiveu1.

To preserve(4Cl501411EAl8C17B196IFA1931-------

func-

and hence idioms.

tions,The difference
and vectorLof the data

shape between

scalarprimitive

affects
the applicabilityof
If we handle a Japanesefunctions.

characteras a two-element

while

P

if we use an extendedlar,

be applied
a Japanesethefollowingacter

becausecharacterabove statement
idiom thatcaringJapanesecharacters

ERROR.

is a charactersca-

becomes valid

deletes

Y in the character

withoutof a LENGTH

whetherthe specified

To avoidthesecondbyte

characterset,~4C00~5000~4100~6CEA~967B~93FAj
m----m

X can be applied

eitherX or Y includes

of codes in a pair

the second byte
commutative.
JECIEA) definesof a Japanese

S&El

the range of the(X140'-X'FC'

exceptX'7F')

APL characters,

Dl.

This

conflictif

a Japanesethe valid
overlaps

most of theeven withthe range of

causes the following
characterD2 rangeishandledsequence of one-byte

codes.

problems
as justa

E ‘C’

193lFA19617BlSC(EAl41~50(4CI

E 17BIof twoof the firstcharacterinand Fig-Z,

one-byte*

The sequenceAcode conflict

As shown in Fig.1

as follows:

To avoid the disruptionof the pairing
successive
codes of a Japanese character.

Pof a Japanese character.

‘H$ZAPL’

M. Udo@char-

vectoror not,3.

and thetwo-byte2.

{vector,L
But if!i%severely*

can notAand

5 i ‘El$ZAPL’
5 J, 1931FAl96

is not+.-+ JEA(4115014CI--s('go')

%z

329

LP

Japanese APL Language System

To resolvethese

problems

in theJapanesecharacterisa two-element

users
stringhave to checkto find whether

Japanesecharacterthat

scheme1.

aeach byte in the target
it is the second byte of aor a one-byte

the APL charactercode assignment

The 5550 BIOS for

screen-video

APL character.

I/O

uses theFig.

2 to display

one-byte

code table

APL charactersusers
is a scalar,of any characters.

need not care about the codes

replacelocatedone-byte
theat X'Al'through

X'DF'

acters,

as

there

also

5 j. 'H&ZAPL'

on

5550,

charactersby the APL char-in

3, considering

existsthe code conflict

betweencharacters

the

data

ROM but,that
APL

even on theof character

fonts

are notstoredinthefortunately,

they

are

-

loadedinto

an area of the read/write

memoryat

14Cl-

systeminitialization

time.

L

fore,

user

programs

can define

fonts

even

in

mode.

languagesupport,following

principles

described

above,

we imple-

APL systemthedesignthe

IBM Multistationmust

resentation

5550,

in

The APL supervisor
Kata-kanaexits

to DOS.

providetheoutsidesystem.

in the atomic vector

4, maintaining
The supervisor

The modules of the IBM PC APL are well organizedin1) APL supervisor,
2) APLthree
different
parts:
Based onand 3) Auxiliary
processors.
interpreter,thetranslates

in the following

charac-by DOS andatomicvectorcharacters,
binaryrep-

We arranged

theas shown in Fig.

compatibility

and insidethere-

characterwhen APL is invoked

them when it

characters

the Japaneseotherall 256 possible(IIAV) containing
ordered by ascending value of theirbased on the IBM PC APL.

we developed

Once loaded,of one-byte

by APL fonts

An APL system
the Japanesetext

the fonts

restores

4. IMPLEMENTATION

this,

Fig.

to

c--) 5 1 193FAl967Bl8CEA

ters

mentedWe decided

Kata-kanaKata-kana

1 andAs foris no room to add

shown

and one-byte

replacesthe2, theretable.

mainframes.

in Fig.

a character.

the‘EliGmPL’
E ‘{I*~93FA~967B~8CEA~4100~5000~4C00~ E 17BI
0
-0
0
0
0

in

I/O and printerdefinedor print

codes in Fig.

This would overburden APL programs.
On the other hand, in the scheme that a Japanese characterTo realize

and fonts

vector,with

IBM PC APL.

a code betweenof the APL system,theas shown

example;APL on 5550 as fol-

lows.

Ah'
----

EI

z

*
------A P

L'

outside41 DE 27 93 FA 96 7B BC EA 41 50 4C 27

inside3E 01 86 B3 DA B6 FB AB CA 3E 4D 49 88

4.1 APL Supervisor
The APL supervisor
face between

from the keyboard,using

M. Udoand printer,are1) I/O

we had to solve

When developing

the following

in Fig.

3 and 4.

2.

the screen managementand 2) file

To enable I/O of Japanese characters,
a new APL supervisor
in Macro Assembler

5550 DOS/BIOS interrupts.

modules,based on the tables

initialization,

The main functions
display,inter-and the DOS operat-

manages connection,

disconnection.

management.
we developed

the machine-dependent

the APL interpretering system that
andisJapanese“wide”

thecharacterson the screenarefor they need aters,
12-pixel
font respectively.

issues:330

physicallytwice

as the alphanumericJapanese

24-by

as

charac-24-

and 24-by

Therefore

the 5550

APL Language

Systemscreenacters,can display
25 lines of 40 Japaneseor 25 lines of 80 alphanumerics.

charBut

Bit

4 -

7

since the 25th (bottom)
line is reserved by the
BIOS, user programs are allowed to use only 24
lines.
It might

not be a coincidence

that

there

existsa one-to-one
correspondence
between the numberof bytes of a string in a text buffer and that ofcolumns

on thewords,

a two-byte

to display

charactercharacter

two-column
one-byte

screencharacteronit.

In otherin the memory is athescreen,is a one-column

andcharacter,aofcourse.
9 bytesin memory

93 FA 96 7B 8C EA 41 50 4CS

9 columns on screen

APL
Mesh patternarea represents
the first
byte of two-byte
code character.

Just

as a mixture

ters

in memory, so amixture
characterson screen

lumn

of two-management complex:
acter

into

2) neverthe middle
to deleteand one-bytecharac-of two- and one-cocauses

theFigure3.

APL I/O Interface

Codes

screen1) never to insert
a charof a two-column character,the second column (the

Bit

right

4

-

7

half of a Japanese character)
only, or to deleteboth columns if the firstcolumn (the left halfofa Japanesecharacter)movement of a cursor
belocatedon thecharacter,and so on.

care

the above.

of alling theline

session-log,
tion3) themust be controlled

not tocolumn of a Japanese

The APL supervisor
It also supports

takes
print-

justdisplayedi.e.

echo printing.

The combina-

and PrtSc-keys

controlsof the Ctrl-echo printing

deleted,secondison the screen

M
I
0
Y
%-I
m

as a
the

mode.

4.2 APL interpreter
Mesh patternarea represents
the first
byte of two-byte
code character.
The Japaneseinterpreter1.

APL interpreter
versionA new data type:to

M. UdotheJapaneseenhancesthe

PC APL

1.0 to include:

Figure4.

APL Internal

Codes

two-bytecharacters,
accordingcharactersupport proposed in

331

Japanese

APL Language

System2.

the previous

chapter(Designsome otherimprovements

principles)

B3DA B6FB ABCA 3EOO 4DOO 4900

and extensions,the maximum number of elements

such asin APL objects

about 64K.
There

exist

internal

implementation

methods

representationof

consisting

mixtureof two- and one-byte

Japanesecharacters

Shift-OutP
theConsequently,

severaltexts

characters,

for

the
of a

such as the

One ofand alphanumerics[5].
ismethods, mostly used on mainframes,
two different
charactersets by thethe typicalto separate

s&%A

of

(X'OE')and Shift-In(X'OF')

codes as fol-of characters,

i. e.

integerlike

two types

an APL data

object,where thedataword-characterhas been added to support

nese character

set.

the

primitive

applicable

functionsto characterto be applicable

QE 4562 4566 487E OF Cl D7 D3

just

APL interpreter

Theseof numbers,

of

are

functionsobjects
also

so as

as well.

acceptedcomments in definedof a

the Japa-

were enhanced

to word-characterin-linetype

and systemobjects

new word-characterselement

has twoand floating
point,
in a conventional
Figure 5 shows the internal
data format

APL system.

All

lows:

Japanese

types

for

L

as an

functions,but not allowedin the names of variables,
definedfunctions,and workspaces.
The enhancement of the
APL interpreter
was first
done to the IAPL interwhere characters
It seems difficult
theinternal

with

any shape.

3-by-2matrixrepresentation,theefficientfor

APL treats

What would happen iffrom the above text

On most personalused,

are coded using the IBM Kanji Code.
for APL to adopt this method ascomputers,

byte-wiseinIL (Intermediate

Language)

was compiled

into

to

mentionthe

outputmixed-character

array.

When a characterbler

codes.

We

have

[4],

8086 Macro Assem-

a user makes avector?

as the Shift

representation

enough to store

data

preterwrittenand second, it

format
array

of

a

con-

JIS Code isshown below

a mixed stringisin memory:-

DATA -

B3 DA B6 FB AB CA 3E 4D 49

because a shift
first

byte

also

difficultnese

APL wantscharacterscode is,so to speak,of each character.
formethod is

becausethe Japa-

APL to adopt,to process

in a uniform

both

way:

embedded in the

But this
two-

i.e.,

and one-byte
each may be ascalar.
We adopted
characterters

the word-wisedata object

in a workspace.

that

representation
includesIn thisform,

lengthofobjectanumber ofelement

byFigureto store

Japanese

L rank of data

I

pointercharac-0 : scalar
1 : vector...
data type
0 : boolean
1 : integer
2 : floatingpoint
3 : byte-character
4 : word-character

bit/element
bytes/element)
bytes/element)
byte/element
bytes/element)

a byte-characteris normalized
to a word-character(twoappending a byte value X'OO' as follows;bytes)

5.

APL Data Format

Japanese APL Language System))

sists of Japanese characters(i.e.
two-column characters)
andalphanumerics(i.e.
one-column
characters),
the APL interpreter
formats it as follows and pass it to the supervisor,
which physicallydisplays

the number of columns or the number of bytes
sary to output
A -the following

mixed string

neces-A;

B3DA B6FB ABCA 3EOO 4DOO 4900------

it on the screen.

Hzf;sAPL, 2 3p'B$SAPL'

2 3P'H$SAPL'

A simplesolution

IIll
as

that

returns

one-column (one-byte)characters,
the output editor
displaysthem as a single
column; otherwise,
the

that

the

all

whole

the elements

columnmaintainisin a column are representabledisplayed

double-width,column alignment

5. I/Oso as toR

the value

numberincludesof APL objects.

to write

VLENGTH [fl] V
Z+LENGMR
Zt(pR)+-t/ZXi<~AV~R

[O]

If

is

a defined

function:

Character

Vectore. g. jthree

9 when appliedofelements

two-byte

that

three

additional

print

out,

to

R:

of

to A.
A is

or two-column
bytes

display,

It means

six

but

A

characters,soor columns are needed to

or to writeA.

But we needed a more efficientpoint

of view of performance.

There

is

numberof elements

the wholesolutionstringfrom theOPERATIONSFor users

to perform

an APL workspace,following
auxiliary

peripheral

I/O operations

columns forvery efficientfromthe 5550 Japanese APL provides
processors(AP);a convenient

the

ical

I/O

: Printer

operations

be maintained

control,

AP205 : Full-screen

display

AP210 : DOS file

the
on

using
chapter,some APs.
that

correspondence

even in a mixed stringby the byte-wise

As we mentioned
A if

could

it had been

representation;

management,

AP232 : Asynchronous
AP555 : Kanji

expressed

management,

betweenand the number of bytes

alphanumerics.
This implicit
rule isfor programmers who have to do phys-in the previous
AP80

correspondence

(P)

A -

communications,

B3 DA B6 FB AB CA 3E 4D 49

data conversion,

APlOO : BIOS/DOS interrupt

handling,

andAP440 : Music generator.
Since
The first
sivelyfiveprocessors

enhanced to support

can easily
grams

auxiliarydevelopby using

their

Kanji

have been exten-

a full-screen,so that

users

ter

applicationpro-tationdata

own Kanji

printer,

thisis not the case,

an auxiliary

DOS files,

etc.

data

processor,
type

not the functions
describe
here,
these APs, but the issues which arosedlingof two-byte

mon problem

and asynchronous

M. Udoor two-column

to theI/O

forscreen,from word-wiseword-character)(or byte-character),

as

Fig.

shown in6.

It

to implement

performs

alsocharacrepresen-tobyte-wiseand vice versa
providessome othersuch as:by1.

A com-

Providingcharacter

file,

is type 4.

from the han-characters.

printer,

communication

performed

conversion(or
representation
functions,We

we decided

AP555, thatthe data type (type 3 or type 4) of thevectorand the length in bytes if it

was how to measure

333

Japanese

APL Language

System2.

Mapping

betweensponding

sequence

word-characterscorre-

We hopetheby the Shiftlanguagesupportand thenumbers definedother

JIS Code table.

approach

we adopted

languages

that

also

recordwho wants to write

can use a popular

an 80-byte

longidiom;and in the near

future,themulti-national

concurrent

personalthenational

be applicableneed "wide"

the 5550, such as the Chinese
Now a programmerforin 5550 APL will

and Korean

we willtocharactersonlanguages,

be ableto realize

languagesupporton

computers.

80 f Aafter

converting

A from type 4 to type 3.
REFERENCES

6. CONCLUDINGREMARKS
[l]
After

observing

programming
shipmentthat

the userexperience

the Japanese

to customers

in December

our APL implementation

charactersenlarge

is welltheir

and users

applications

[2]

Set)

J.

Becker,D.

are going

pp.96-107

on 5550.

hand, has implemented

characters
support,environment

March 1985

Sets and Keyboards/ 14),APL Quote

Quad,

to

Further2.0 last

[3]

R. Willis,
No.ll,

per-Multilingual

American,Word Processing,Vol.251

No-l,

July

Big Blue Goes Japanese,

1984,

BYTE, Vol.8

November 1983, pp.144-163

such as 5550, 5540, 5560, and JK.

APLZ, on the other
ter

No.3,

Scientific[4]of extended

Vol.15the Japanesemore, we announced the Japanese APL Version
September, which runs on a variety
of Japanesesonal computersin

1985-2-11

the first

1984, we believe

supporting

accepted,Kanji

of one year

APL on 5550 since

SigAPL Workshop on Character(Asilomar,

the concept

for DBCS (Double-Bytesuch as Kanji,

M. Alfonseca,

APL system

the

for

Systems Journal,

Charac-in theM. L. Tavera,

and J.

IBM Personal

Vol.24No-l,

Rojas,

An

Computer,IBM

1985, pp.61-70

mainframe
[5]

161.

Its aim is supporting
multi-national
languages simultaneously,
while the Japanese
APL supports only Japanese.

K.

Ushijima,

SNOBOL4 with
- Experience
guage

for

Proceedings

T.

Kurosaka,

andK.

Yoshida,Japanese Text Processing
Facilityin Implementing
a Programming Lan-

Handling

the

Large

Character

Set -,

of

ICTP

'83,

October1983,

pp.235-240
Type = 4:

word-wise

representation
[6]

A

P

L

APL2

Programming:

SHZO-9227, IBM Corporation,

Language

Reference,

1984

3EOO 4DOO 4900
III

Type = 3 : byte-wise

representation
I

PTR

FigureM. UdoNB NELM TY RA DIM1
31

El

I

*

I

z$A

II
PL

9 B3 DA B6 FB AB CA 3E 4D 49

20

9

6.

Two Character

Data Formats

334Japanese APL Language System