Prof. ~jr' t, KJECONINCKONE HUNDREDNEW NEMAS(Type Species of 100 New Genera)
CONTRIBUTIONSTO A SCIENCE

OF NEMATOLOGY,IX

By N. A. COBB
The arrangement of the genera in the following pages will serve,
to a considerable extent, to define and illustrate the orders proposedon page 214. This is especially true of all except the Litinia, Bolbinia, Mesonchs and Aponchs. In each order, a genus has been
selected and given a name philologically connected with that of theorder, in fact, the singular of the order name, and, in most cases,
these genera may be considered as genera typical of the orders,~for
instance, Axonchium may be taken as typical of the order Axonchia.
So far as it is found advisable to accept the classification proposed, it
might be well to keep in mind in the establishment of the many new
genera which the future will undoubtedly disclose, the application ofsimilar names to those genera which most nearly represent the average
structure of the order. In carrying out this idea, such names as Cytolaimella, Isolaimella, and other derivatives at once suggest themselves.
It is already becoming evident that some of these groups may probably early be advantageously subdivided; e.g., Cytolaimia, Anaxonchia.
In case of subdivision, the principles alluded to in the footnote to page
213 might lead to some such action as the following: Amending thedefinition of the existing order and segregating the new order, and util-.
izing for the new order-name the roots already suggested (see p. 214,
lines 27-28) together with appropriate prefixes. This would result inbuilding up a comparatively simple, rather homogenous and characteristic nomenclature for the nema phylum.
In each order the genera are arranged somewhat in accordance with
their relationships.
Genera of doubtful relationship are usually placednear the beginning or near the end of the order series, and not infrequently appear, in the light of our present knowledge, to be intermediate, or indeterminate, forms. Thus, Rhadinema flexile at the beginningof the Isolaimia, p. 256, is doubtfully placed, and may be a cytolaim;
so N annolaimus, p. 255, may perhaps be a litinian form. Most of theorder series present these special cases.
217
WAVERLY PRESS, BALTIMORE, Nav

1,1920,.

"Of'&:

2 4\ ~n. I ~t)\J

218

KEY

AND

CHARACTERS

KEY ANDPHARYNX
ABSENT,or so obscure as easily to escape notice'
New Genera
Oesoph!,gus
with median or posterior bulb or swelling, or both
AmpMds npne, so far .as known; or dIfficult to see and therefOIe easily overlooked
Lateral wIngs to ~utICle present,: naked; striae fine; spinneret
DODe; pharynx obscure
Mouth depr.; famt apophyses
m pharyngeal
bulb; -f-; excretory
pore behind neck. Hya.laimus
Mouth not depr.; phar;vnx obscure, not apophys~te;oesophagus
faintly cephaloboid
Head wrth papllla~, mmute lat markmgs(amphlds?);
excrt. pore front of nerve ring .Litonema
Head w.rthout papIllae or lateral markmgs;
excretory pore behind the nerve ring.. . Choronema
LateralwIngs

to thecutIcle

none

13
12
14

-

Sp[nneretabs.;
naked; oe,!oph. faintly cephaloboid;striae very fine; faint wings.. (Choronema)
14
Splnne~et :pre~e?-t; cephalIc setae present
Amphlds mVlslble, known only as outlets of s~cretion.; striae coarse; setae long (Leptonemella)
21
AmI?hlds tIny, tubular,
labIal, forward-pOlntmg,
easIly overlooked;
striae plain
Str!ae fine; m.ale postanal tubular organs subme4ian;pharyng~als"elling present.. (Catanemo.)
56
Stnae coars~, pharyngeal
swellIng none; cephalIc setae 4 or more; head nonstriate
l\fouth cav.lty present,
very sroan; males without supp. organs; nema lOmm." .(Laxonema)
20
l\~outh cavIty nOlle; vent, row acornshaped
organs toward head; setae numerous.
(Stilbonema)
19Amph,ds present
Form of th~ a~phids
more ~H less irregular,
symmetricalto at least one line
The amphIds lrnear; cephalrc setae 12+ 6 small; striae coarse; spinneretpresent(Leptonemella)
21
T~~ am~~l~s n?t hnear;, no spInneret!
naked) la~ial region with papillae only"~nged,f, ~tna;e rather coarse; am~hlds ~eml-elhp~es; oesoph. faintly cephaloboid,
Iotalaimu8
15
WIngs none, stn~e very fine;amphlds
wI~h ~arge Internal connections"16
Form of the amphlc!s spl.ra~, clIcula~', or elhptlCa.I; spinneretpresent." ". ..Bolbinium
Shape of the arpphIds dlstmctly
splIal; striae fine, resolvable
Pharynxd~v01d o~ teeth; head exparrded;
cephalic setae 4; body setose... . . Eolbonema
49
Pharynx
wIth 3 mrnute teeth; setae .m longitudinal
rows.
.. .
107
Shape of t!J.e amphlds clIcular;. sometlmes
small, well forward on the head, and (Alo.imonemo.)
obscure"""""Latr::ra.I wmgs present; cephahc setae 4; amphids large
Stnae coarse, altered on the lateral fields; lateral wing distinct
Antomicron
17
Stnae fir,re, not altered. on the lateral fields; lateral wing faint18. Cyartonema
Lateral wIngs none or faInt
External
amphid circular, at le~st apparently,
well developed;
head set off
Body setose; amphl~s really splIal, on the head; striae rather fine, resolvable(Eolbonemo.)
49
Body naked; amphrd clIcularPos~t~on of amphi.d, on h~ad; striae fi~e; contour not crenate; wings
18
faint" " ,(Cyartonema)
PosltlOn of a!llphl.d, behInd head; stnae coarse; contour crenate,
Cincionema
22
Ext"rnal
amphId mmute, on the front of the head, tubular,
easily overlooked;
neck 2.,5%
Str~ae fine; male l?ostanal t,!-bular organs submedian;pharyn. swelling present,,, (Catanema)
56
Stnae coars~, plaIn; cephalIc setae 4 or more; head without striae
l\fouth cav~ty very small; ~ema lO~m; males without supplementaryorgans(Laxonema)
20
IVfouth cavIty none; cephalIc setae In 3 or mor.e circlets; males without caudal supplements
Supplementaryorgans of acOI.D sh~pe, fOU!ld In a ventral row nE:a.r the head., (Stilbonema)
19
Supplementaryorgans none, but wIth specIal pre- and postanalsubmed
setae. (Stilbonemo.)
19
Oesophagus
plain, i.e. without median or posterior bulb or swelling of palpable size
A~plnds
none soJar as known, or dIfficult to see and easily overlooked
W~ngs 1°-:-12; splnneretprese~t;
f=; striae ~ne, plain; ceph setae 6, subceph" 4
P OTocoma
11
WIngs 2, If any, lateral only, In any case fmnt
Sp~nnelet abs.; oesoph. fa~ntIy ~epha~oboid; striae very fine; no setae; faint wings(Choronema)
14
Spmneretprese~t~ amphlds
mInute If any, unclosed
Female organ smgle, cfJ ,6 cephalic papillae only; spinneret
doubtful;nema 0.28 mm.. Litotes
1
Female organs double,
f ; stI'lae fine, plaIn; cephahc setae 4; 2 huge somatic glands,(Ionema)9
Amphids present
Form of the amphids!ll0I~ 01 les.s irregular,
often symmetricalto at least one line
Contour of the amphids hnear, I.e. long and"nanow
Lateral wJ-ngs none; cephalic setf\B 6, subcephalic
4;
Tycnodor a3
La~eral wIng~ present;.head
nake? or: its setae irregular; 'f' spinneretpresent"'"'"''''''''
stnae coarse;"'~ngs pr.omlne~t;f'; Inconspicuouspharynx(?),(Actinonema) 117"Tlngs fmnt; stnae fine; -f-; mouth obliqueCampylo.imus
5
Contour of the amphids
not linear
Striae interrupted
on the lateral ~elds by wings, plain
Spmneretabsent;oeosphagus
famtlycephaloboid;'f'.. as wide as neck
(Ioto.lo.imus)
15
Splnne.ret presen~; oes?p];agus
narrow,. o~e to two-fifths
AntenorextremIty
n:rtr;lform, very dIstmctly
set off; wings to the cuticle 6-8... .Xennella
6.t\nt, ex~remlty not IDltnforrr:; coa~se cutICular elements in rows like tiles;. (Ceramonema) 48'f'Stnae un.lnterrupted,
fine, p~aIn; spl~neretpresent; slender nemas, up to 1.2%"
Head wIthout setae; amphrds relatIvely
larg!" and deep; not ocellate.
... .
Schistodera
Head wIth 4 cephalrc .setae;. amphlds
sm~ll.wIthobvious internal elements; ocellate Nemello.
Form of the amphIds splIal, cIrcular, or elliptIcal (doubtful
in Litotes)
Shape of the amphids spiral; striae resolvable,
not altered on the lateral fields(?); contour crenate
Sp!nneretabsent; stnae coarse; probably(Alaimella)f'
SpInneretpresent; stnae rather coarse; amphids
large
Head expanded;
lip-reiSion elevated, not papil.1ate; ceph setae 6 plus 10;'f',.
(Nannolaimus)
Head not expanded;l.rps 6, paprllate;cephalrc setae 4;(?)... Alo.imellaf'Shape of the amphIds CIrcular or elliptic,!l; spinneretpresent
except perhaps in Litotes
Lateral w~ngs perhaps pres.; f'; ~trlae plaIn; lIpless; pharynx very minute, conoid
Nemanema
Lateral wIngs none (or very faInt); head rounded'striae none , or very fine
Cephalic setae ten or mor e, in two circlets'
Contour of amphJds unclosed behind; seta.e 12, 4 subcephalic;
mouth a mere pore. Litinium
Conto!,r of amphlds closed; setae 10, no subcephalic;
pharynx minute, conoid. (Linhomoello.)
Cephalic setae none, or small (4 or 6)
Setae 4, small; ocellate; amphids smalJ, labial, ~nclosed; body contains huge glands Ionema
Setae none; nemas of very sImple structure;
wIngs none or doubtful
Pap[llae representin!f
6 setae; amphid(?) minute;-f; nema 0.28 mm; width 5% Litotes
PapIllae none; amphrds farrly developed,
closed; f'; nema 25 mm; width 14% (Nemo.nema)p 223.
'For abbreviations
used in the Key, see foot-note

4
10

7
36
7
2
8
35
9
1
2

CHARACTERS

219

PHARYNXPRESENTNew Genera
Wall of the pharynx unarmed(for alternative
see page 221, midway)
Cavity of the pharynx conoid, or irregularOeosphagus
with median or posterior
swelling or both
Amphids
none, or obscure; stliae plain, not altered on the lateral fields
Spinneretnone; head subtruncate,naked; contour almost imperceptiblv ~ crenate Cephalobellu.s
Spinneretpresent
Striae coarse; pharynx
minute (none?) without swelling; head non-striated.
. ... (Leptonemella)
Striae fine; pharynx narrow, enclosed in a swelling; amphids
minute labial tubes (Catanema)
Amphids
present
The amphids linear; pharynx(?); striae coarse, plain; no wings; setae, 3 circlets .Leptonemella
The amphids
spiral, circular,
or elliptical;
when tubular,
surface contour circularFor'm of the amphids
a distinct spiral; spinneretpresent
Striae coarse; oesophagus::J:: oxyuroid;wings 8; cephalic setae 6, subcephalic
4
Dasynema
Striae fine, plain(Zalonema)
Lateral wings only on tail of male; 'f'; pharynx somewhat zigzag; setae minute
Lateral wings absent
Head with numerous scattered setae; pharynx small, narrow; onchivestigial.
(Alaimonema)
Head not with numerous
setae; pharynx fairly well developed;
teeth unobvious;
If'
Cheeks thickly cutinized;
cuticle thick.
. ...
.. Zo.lonema
Cheeks, if thick, not heavily cutinized;
lips 2, large, lateraL.
Pseudonchus
Form of the amphidsa circle or ellipse; striae unaltered
laterally
Spinneretabsent; striae fineIntestinal
cells with crystals;
6 lips, appendiculate;-f; cephalic setae 10.
(Crystallonema)
Intestinal
cells not with crystals;
lips none; -f-; cephalic setae papilloid
AnticyathuB
Spinneretpresent
Head swollen, unstriated;no pharyngeal
swelling; stIiae comse, plain
Cephalic setae 4; lips none; no labial papillae; amphids
a single circle.. .
(Cinctonema)
Cephalic setae none; lips 6, unipapillate;amphids
two concentric
circles.
.Micromicron
Head not swollen or set off; pharyngeal
swelling anon pr esent; striae fine, plain
Pharynx narrow; amphids
minute; male postanal organs tubular;setae 4
6. (Catanema)
Pharynx
capacious;
amphids
well developed,
opposite the pharynx
or behind it
Lips 2, lateral; pharyngeal
ridges simulate teeth; 'f'; cephalic setae 4. . (P.seudonchus)
Lips 6, each with a digitate appendage;
cephalic setae 10..
. .
(Crystallonemo.)
Oesophagus
plain, i e. without
median or posterior bulb or swelling
Amphids irregularSpinneretnone; striae unaltered
laterally;-f-; spiral amphid placed on a deltoid part Didelta
Spinneret
preRent
Striae altered laterally;'f'; head naked, set off; cuticle thick; pharynx armed (?) ..(Actinonemo.)
Striae not altered on the lateral fields
6, in two circlets; -f; amphid
inconspicuous... .. Leptogastrella
Cephalic
setae 12
Cephalic
setae
6, in one circlet;
amphidt the width of the head; spinneret (?) Rhabdocoma
Amphids
spiral, circular,
or elliptical
The amphids in the form of a spiral; striae not altered on the lateral fields
Spinneretnone (?); amphid~ the width of the head; naked; wings two. N eurella
Spinneretpresent
Buccal cavity with cutinous frame, and 3 apophyses
with small apical teeth.
(Trogolo.imus)
Buccal cavity without distinct framework
and without teeth of any kind; striae fineOvaries 'f'; striae resolvable;
amphidof 4 winds; cephalic setae 6 + 10.
Nannolaimu8
Ovaries -f-; striae plain; amphids
simulatinga circ.lel\{outh cavity large and obvious; cephalic setae unknown,in any case few
Margonema
Mouth cavity small; head Iounded;
cephalic setae large, 4 (special) plus 6
Linhomoella
The amphidsin the form of circles or eHipses
Striae altered on the lateral fields by wings; spinneretpresent
Head set off by a groove, its appendages
varied; striae coarse; wings numerous,
Xenolaimus
Head not strongly set off, though usually well developed
Ovaries reflexed, f'; naked; striae fine, plain; pharynx
small, obsolescent(Nemanema)
Ovaries outstretched;pharynx
well developed,
but not large; cephalic setae present
Striae fine, plain; cephalic setae 6, segmented;-f-..
.. (Cytolo.imium)
Striae coarse; -f
Cuticle rough from subdivided
wings; setae many; lips 3, mandibulate(?). .. (Xyala)
Cuticle normal; lips 6, papillate,
appearingsomewhatfimbriate;striae plain, Daptonema
Striae not altered on the lateral fields
Spinneretabsent; striae fine, plain; female organs outstretched,
except Rho.bdocoma
Ovaries two, -fCephalic setae 6, plainly segmented;
lips three, papiJJate..
...
..
Cytolaimium
Cephalic
setae 4, not segmented;
lip-region
punctate,
amalgamatedDidelta
Ovary one, subcephalicsetae 4
Cephalic setae 6; f'; lips 3, flattish,
not digitate.
.
..
.
.. Rhabdocoma
Cephalic setae 10; -f; lips 6, small, digitate, Cells of intestinewith crystals; amphids
not raised; excretory pore labial.Crysto.llonemo.
Cells of intestine
without crystals; amphids
raised; tail with spicate setae.
ZanemaSpinneretpresent
Pharynx
obscureLips in two sets, outer large, low; inner soft extensionsof the oesophagus
Zygonemella
Lips not in 2 sets, amalgamated;
ceph. setae 4, 3-jointed; phar prismoid cup (Rhadinemo.)
Pharynx more or less obvious; striae plain(Nemanema)
Female organs reflexed, f'; striae fine; head naked; pharynx
small.
Female organs outstretched""
Ovaries two; striae fine
Mouth cavity small, inconspicuous;
cephalic setae 4 (special) plus 6. .. (Linhnmoella)
Mouth cavity moderate,
in a swelling; ceph setae 6, plainly segmented;-f-Cytolaimium
Ovary one; -f; striae coarse; setae 12; lips 6, striate
Lips conoid, striated,large, tipped with setae, and with a seta near base" ,Dactylaimus
Lips flat, papillate,
appearingfimbriate,
three-ribbed.
. (Daptonema)
Cavity of the pharynx more or le88 prismoidor
cylindrm.d (not conoid or very irregular)

+

+

23
21
56
21
34
7
107
57
58
67
24
22
104
56
58
67
33
117
28
32

25
75
36
27
35
30

31
72
66
31
33
32
67
68
26
37
2
35
31
29
66

KEY
KEY

220

New

Gener aOesophagus
with median or posterior .b~lb1 or swelling, or l?oth
Amphids
none so far as kn.own, or dIfiJcu...t to see and easIly overlooked
Lateral wings present; spInneretabsent.
.., (Litonema)
Striae none; wings 2; naked; pharynx
lIke oesophagu~
lumen.."..
..
.
Cephalobium
Striae fine; wing 1; seta~like p~pillae 6; pharynx
contaIns glottOld organ
Lateral wings absent; stnae plaln
Spinneretpresent
Striae very coarse; phar. cupshaped;
nema 10mm; male, no supplement.
org;ans. (Laxonema)
St.riae fine; phar small, enclosed in bulb; male postanal tub organs submedian.
(C'atanema), ,,.
Spinneretabsent; setae n~ne .
.'nem~}mm,lIps
conOldMyct.olatmus.'
Fhar. very long, nar., endIng In cyhndrOldbulb; f ~Pharynx
velY short; cardiac bulb oblate or sphencal;f.
apophyses
present;
oesophagus
cfava~e Blattophl,zal~erna 3.3mm; width 9°.lo; pharyngeal
Nema 6mm; width 3%; pharyngeal
apophyses
absent; , oesophagus
cylmdncal
PTotrellu,.
Amphids present.
p IaID; wIngfi
'I ess'
The amphids
are somewhat irregular,
symmetrica!
to one hne; stnaene!
Form of amphids
not lin; no spinneret;naked; Irps 6; phar tub.; amphrds large Colpurella.
Form of amphids linear
absent; cephalIc '- setae 6 plus 4; (?)
pharynx
tubular(.Myolatmu8)
Ovary one, 'f; spinneretonchusnear
mouth.Pseudolella
Ovaries two, -f-; spinneretpresent; c~p~, setae 4; ventral
The amphids are spiral, circular, or elhptlcal
Shape of the arnphids a distinct spiral
StIiae coarse; oesoph ::!::oxyuroid; wings 8; ceph setae 6, subceph, 4; head unstr(Dasynema)
Striae fine.
Pycnolaimus
Lateral wings present; striae plain; spinneretpresent;
head thIck-walled
Lateral wings absent.
.
Laimella
Spinneretnone; -f-; cephahc setae 10, subcephahc
4; pharynx
obscure

12
54

20
56
61
55
38
39
60
53

34

40
14

S:Ft~~e~~~rdi~n~'ontwith 3 obscure equal teeth; setae numerous on head
(Alaimonema)107,
Pharynx
without teeth; head rounded.
.
(P,eudonchus)
58
rrdges s,mulatrng
teeth
Lips 2, lateral; 'f'; striae plain; pharyngeal
Lips none, or very Indlsbnct.
Cephalic setae 10. subcephalic
4; pharynx
obsc11re, has minute .onchus.
Lr.:l/rf}flla
44
Ceph. setae four? (or none); lips. set off; phar. 2-chamb.,. 2d taperrng. ,(PoZylatm,um)
59
Shape of the amphid circular or ellrptrcal (anon tubular);strrae unaltered
laterally
Spinneretabsent; striae plain, fine
Ovary one, -f; ceph. setaE> 10, subceph
6; amphids circular; pharynx broad (Crystallonertta)
67.
)
Ovaries two
7
1t'//umf . (T np,,°n.c
II'80'
Cuti.cle naked; spear (?) minute; ceph setae 0,6 pap.; amp h I d !' e Ip.;'
Antu,;yathus
24'
Cuticle not naked; without spear; ceph. setae present; amphlds
cncular;-fSpinneretpresent.
.
"
Buecal cavity velY small and easIly overlooked;~ephahc setae plesent; stnae plaIn
Striae coarse; phar minute, cupshaped;
males wIthout supplementaryorgans Lax.onema
20
bulbed; males with postana.! rows of tubularorgans Catanema
56
Striae fine; phar" nanow,.
Buccal cavity very long; 'f';stIiae
fine; cephalic setae small or none
'.
(?)
01
none;
amphids
large,
deep;
pharynx2-chambered
Polylatmwm
59
Cephalic. setae four
Cephalic setae 10, short; amphidssman; ocellate; pharynx
very long(Catala,mu")
89
Oesophagus
plain, Le. without medra.ll or postenor
bulb qr swelhng.
Amphids
none so far as known, or dIffi~u1t to see anq easIly overlooked,
Wings present;
spinneretpresent;
stnae fine; ovanes two, f=; phar vestIgral.
(Porocoma)
11
Wings absent; striae fine.
( T rt .zep tQ-) 92
.
I t
h d
'
'
Ceph. setae 10, long, segmented;
lIps 6,. thIn,s 1,'' each wIth se~a; an:-p I' mInute
Cephalic setae none, or not !ong or ObVlOusl~ s,eg~ented;
hp~ wIthout setae, or lipless..
41
Buccal cavity tubular;
spmneretabse,:,t;f; Irpless; papIllae
depressed(IsoZatmwm)
Buccal cavity not long and tubular;
spInne-ret present.
(?) (Asymmetrella)70- .
Ceph. setae 10; lips 6, obvious; dorsal phar. element bent rn at hI's; "f(Lttotes)
1
Cephalic
setae 6, papilloid;
lipless; .,f..'OAmphids present

AND

CHARACTERS

221

AND CHARACTERS

I'
Structureof the amphids
more or less irregular,
usually symmetncal'
to at least one Ine.
.
Contour of the amphids linear; striae not altered on the lateral fields,
Ceph. setae long, segmented;
Irps 6, thrn, each wrth seta; amphrd mrnute slrt (TnZepta)
Cephalic setae none, or not long and not obvl?usly
segmented.
,. .
.1solatmtum
Spinneretabsent; 'f'; striae fine; phar.. tub.; hps con~uent; papIllae depressed
Spinneretpresent.
female sexual organs double; stnae fineBuc. c.avity tub;' amphids long; striae resolve; onchus ventral (?),obscure.
(P.seudolella)
Buccal cavity not tubular;
amPl?-ids ~ore or les~ stIn.u~ form; stnae not resolvable.
Ocellate; cephalic setae none; Irps farnt; amphrds
drstrnct, though ,small.(A.symmetrella)(Ilhum)Ocelli 0; setae 10; cutinlzed
dorsal pharynelement bent rnward at hI's.
Contour of the amphids
not linear.
Striae altered on the lateral fields;ovanes
tv;.o, reflexed; spInneret'pr'Csent
Lateral wings present; striae coarse, like r,?ws of ~i~es; I?haryn~ naTlOW ,. (Anoncholatmus),., Ceramo.nema
Lateral wings none; striae fine, plain; onchra vestrgIal; SIX cervIcal glands"
Striae not altered on the lateral fields, fine.
.
Spinneretnone.
Cephalic
setae 4, forward-porntrng; .'amphrd~more or less deltord. (D,delta)
Colpurella
Cephalic
setae 0; amphids
more or less renIform"(?), (Tsonemella)
S8h~~k~eltfl~kl~n~utillized;
head conoid; small forward-pointin~
onchi~
Cheeks not thickly cutin,; head not prom.. conoId; no small onchra exc. In Anonc~olatmus
Ovmies outstretched,-f-; ocellate; phar tubular;
nearly lipless; ceph setae 4 (Comonema).
Ovaries reflexed, 'f'; striae fine, plain~ pharynx .not t,ub.ular; head truncate
Ilhum
Cephalic setae none; ocellate; hI's farnt; ,amphlds dIstrnct, though small.
.
Cepha.!ic setae 10; ocellr none; amphrds rndrstmct.
(A.symmetrella)Dorsal cutinized element of the pharynx
bent rnward at the hI's
DOlsal wall of the pharynx not differentiated;onchia minute(Anoncholatmus)
Structureof the amphids
spiral, circular, or elliptical

92
41
53
45
70

48
93

33
39
109
42
45
70
93

New Genera
FOlID of the amphids
a distinct spiral; spinneretpresent\¥inged;Cynuraheavily cutinizcd;
cephalic setae 446'f'; striae coarse, plain; spinneret'Vings none; female sexual organs double; striae fine, plain(I onema)
Ovaries reflexed; no lips; pharynx
none 01' nearly obsolete; o~ellate.
Ovaries outstretched,-f-; cephalic setae 4; pharynx tubular,
nanov,;
Spiral amphidof Oile wind, somewhat
hook-form;
ocellate; pharynx
obscureCoinonema
42
Spiral amphidof several winds; not ocellate; pharynx\\'ell developed
Xinema47
FOI ill of the amphids
circular 01 elliptical
Striae interrupted
on the lateral fields; lateral ,vings present; spinneretpresent
Female organs single, -f; amphids 2 concentric circles; setae in groups of 3. .. . (Omicronema)50
not 2 concentric
circles; setae not in groups
Female organs double, 'f'; amphids
Spinneretheavily cutinized;
cephalic setae 4; amphids really sj;)iral..
(Cynura)46
SpInneretsImple, normal; cephal1c setae 10; amphIds small, elhptIcal(Anoncholaimus)
93
Striae not interrupted
on the lateral Helds
Spinneretnone; striae fine, plain
Ovaries 2, -f-; setae 4; amphids
more or less deltoid; phar irregularly
napiform(Didelta)
33
Ovary 1, outstretched;amphids
not deltoid
Amphids
very small; ceph. setae in 3 circlets of 6; f-; cuticle reticulated,.
Halanonchus
51
Amphids large; setae 10, with 6 subcephaHc;-f; lips with digitate processes
Intestinal
cells with crystals; caudal setae none; amphids not raised"(Cry.sta.llonema)
67
Intest. cells without crystals; amphids raised; about 10 thorn-likecaudal setae (Zanema)
68
SpInneret present
Ceph. setae in 3s; coarse, transverse
striae resolvable into elongated elements.
Omicronema
50
Cephalic setae not in groups; striae, if resolvable,
not into elongated elements
Buccal cavity more or less obscure, easily overlooked;
wings none
Ceph. setae 4, 3-jointed; lips confluent; amphid } wide as trunc. head, closed Rhadinema
37
Cephalic setae 6 or more, minute 01 papilloid
I~ips none; amphid(?) unclosed
behind, minute;head roundcd;-f. . (Litotes)
1
Lips soft and rather obscure; amphid fairly well developed,
closed.
. (Zygonemella)
26
Buccal cavity obvious; setae only in H alinema long, then twice as long as head is wide
Ocelli present;
ceph. cuticle thick; head distinctly
conoid; minute onchia (?) I"onemella
109
Ocelli none; cephalic cuticle not thickened;head not distinctly
conoid; no onchia
Ovaries two, 'f'; striae fine, plain; onchia vestigial; 6 cervical glands.
Anoncholaimus
93
Ovary one, -f; striae usually rather coarse; pharynx
quite unarmed
43.Rhynchonema.
TIead end diminishedto form a sort of beak; pharynx tubular
Head end not diminishedto form a beak; pharynx
not tubular
Setae and amphids large; phar. shOlterthan
head is wide; caudal setae pres.. Halinema
52
S~tae and amphids medium size; lips conoid, tips with minute"claws" (Dactylaimns)
29
Wall of the pharynx armed with teeth or onchia
Armature spear-like; caudal glands and spinnelet
typically(usually)absentSpear with a bulbous base; striae fine, plain
Aphelenchulus
81
Oesophagus
plain, faintly cephaloboid;-f; cuticle with wings.
Oeosphagus
with a posterior bulb or s\velling; cuticle without wings
spear
faint;
lips
6,
faint,
unipapHlate
Triplonchium
80
Amphids eHip., well clevel. internally;'f';Amphids
linear, transverse;
oesophagus
dOI'ylaimoid;f'; no labial papillae
Doryllium
84
Spear plain, i.e., without bulbous base; striae fine, nearly always plain
Oesophagus
plain, j.B without
median or posterior swelling; spinneretpresent
Amphids 0; -f; cephalic setae 0; head truncate;
lip-region set off; spear small" prod". lotoncMum82
Amphids
present; lip-region
not set off
Amphids syrnmetIical
to one line only; setae 10; phalynx long; spear toothlike.
(Catalaimus)
89
Amphids spiral, sometimes
faint; 'f'; striae unaltered
lateI'ally; cephalic setae 4
Ocellate; amphids
labial; "spear"
slender in nar. phar ; lips and papillae none.Onchulella
87
Ocelli none; lips 3, papil1ate;"spear"toothlike,in an open cavity..
. (Di{Jl:tonchus)
95
Oesophagus
with posterior swelling which sometimes
occupies ~ the neckOnchium
83
Spinneret present; amphids spiral ('?); eyes present; ceph setae 4; liplessSpinneretnone; striae fine
Amphids 0; -f; no ccph setae; head truncate;
lip-region set off; spear a small prod Iotonchium
82
Amphids present
Campydora. .
88
The amphids
elliptical;
spear-tip
bent; 'f; lips 6, bipapillate.
The amphids
synlmetricalto one line only; lips set off by constriction
Female organs double. f'; spear long and very slender; pre-rectumvery long
Leptonchus
85
shortFemale organ single, f'; spear short, not slender; pre-rectum
Posterior oesophageal
swelling ShOlt, not set off by constriction
in front. ., (Dorylliu.m)84
Posterior oesophageal
swelling long, set off by constriction
from previous part. AxoncMum86
Armature of one 01' more teeth
Toothone(for alternative
see top Page 223: "Teeth
two-"
Oesopbagus
with a median or posterior bulb or swelling, or both (for alternative
see Page 222)
Amphids none or unknown,or so inconspicuousor faint as to be difficult to see
Striae fine, plain; spinneret none; 'f; naked; lip's 6, bipapillate;spear bent at apex. Campydora
88
Striae altered on the lateral fields(Iotadoru")
115\iVingless; spinneIet
present;
onchuluswith large dorsal muscle; setae small\'Vings present
setae 4.
,(Ptychola.imellus)
116
Spinneret present; striae coarse, resolvable;'f'; lips retractile;
naked; spear bent,(Campydora)
88
Spinneret absent; striae fine, plain; 'f; lips not retractile,
Amphids present
Structureof amphids more or less irreg., often symmetricalto one line (for alternative
see Page 222)
Contourof the amphids
not linear; spinneretpresent
Striae altered laterany;onchus small, well forward;
setae obscure; lips 12
Iotadorus
115
Striae unaltered
laterally;'f'Setae fasciculate;euticle thick; lips faintXanr;hodora
98
Setae not fasciculate;cuticle notthic.k. .. .
.
... ., , ..,.,.
Bolbella
90
Contour of the amphids linear; appearing
as transverse
slits opposite the pharynx
Striae altered laterally;
spinneretpresent;'f'; striae coarse, resolvable

222

KEY AND

CHARACTERS

New Genera
Lip-region retractile;
cephalic setae 4, rather obviously segmented.
.
Ptycholaimellus
Lip-region
non-retractile;
cephalic setae 10, not obviously
segmented
Rhips
Striae not altered laterally,or very little; cephalic setae 10
Lips thin and flap-like;cephalic setae long and obviously
segmented
Trilepta
Lips. not thin or flap-like; cephaHc s~t~e shorter, not obviously
segmented;'f'
Stnae resolvable;
pharynx not subdIVIded;
onchus not spear.-like; no cervicalsetae.Rhips
Striae plain; pharynx in distinct chambers;
onchus spear-like;cerv, setae long (Bolbella)
Structureof the amphids
spiral, circular, or elliptical
Form of the amphids
more or less distinctly
spiral; spinneretpresent, doubtful
in Laimella
Striae altered on the lateral fields; cephalic setae 4
Wings present;
striae fine, resolvable;
lips 6, confluent,bipapillate;-f-. ,-.. .Pepsonema
Wingless; tooth with apophysis
faintly y-shaped;
striae coarse; amphids
labiaL
Ypsilon
Striae not altered on the lateral fields
Onchus one, with its apophysis
somewhaty-shaped;
striae coarse; setae 4,
Y psilon
Onchus not y-shaped,
often with small companions
Amphids
distinctly
spiralSetae 0; body striated(exc. head); pharyn.
bulb faint, cardiac napiform
Amphispira
Setae, cephalic
10, subcephalic
4; non-striated;-f-; onchus spear-like(Laimella)Amphids appearing
circular
Lips 12-fold; onchus somewhat
spear-like;cephalic setae small, 6 plus 10-12. ..Mesodorus
Lips faint, not over 6; onchus not spear-like
Ovaries of-; pharo bulbous; amphids
circular (?); setae 6 + 6; striae fine (Bolbolaimus)
Ovaries reflexed, If'
Striae fine, plain; onchuli minute; lips faint, 6; papillae conical; setae 4. (Polysigma)
Striae coarse; head not striated;
cuticle thick; cephalic setae fasciculate
Ximthodora
Form of the amphids
circular or elliptical
Striae altered on the lateral fields; spinneretpresent
Wingless; labial amphids
elliptic; striae resolvable;
pharyngeal
bulb one-sided
Iotadorus
Wings present; striae coarse
Female sexual organs single, -f; cephalic setae 4, labial setae 6; wings numerous"
NudoraFemale sexual organs double,

KEY
116
118
92
118
90

77
96

96
103
44
105
100
106
98
115
113

If'

Head expanded,
naked; striae not retrorse; tooth small; lips minute, obscure.Xenonema
Head not expanded,
its setae 4; lips obvious; striae appar" retrorse throughout,Rhinema
Striae not altered on the lateral fields
Cephalic setae none
Head hemispher.,
expanded; lips 6, conoid; spinneretpres, ; onchus obscure (Micromicr'on)
Head not expanded;
lips set off, confluent;no spinneret;
If; Hspear" bent(CampydO'fa)
Cephalic setae and spinneretpresent
Onchus spear-like;amphids resemble concentric
circ1es; setae in 2-3 rows.".. (Mesodorus)
Onchus not spear-like;amphids
not concentric
eircles; setae, if numerous,
fascicled
Female sexual organs outstretched(Bolbolaimus)
Ovaries two; cephalic setae 6+6; submedianonchia present
Ovary single; ceph" setae 4; submed.
onchia none or vestigial
SynonemaI
Female sexual organs reflexed,f'; amphids
really sphal(Polysillma)
Submedianonchi present; labial papillae conical; setae 4; striae fine. ..."
Submedianonchi abs.; setae in fascides; head non-striated;
cuticle thick. (Xanthodora)
Oesophagus
plain, i.e.. without median or posterior bulb or swelling; amphids present
Form of the amphids
more or less irregular,
usually symmetricalto at least one line
The amphids linear; spinneretpresent;
If'; striae coarse, altered laterally
Striae plain; head naked, set off by constriction;wing 1, prom; cuticle thick. . Actinonema
Striae resolvable into rods; ceph.. setae 10; wingless; amphid 5-6 times as wide as long Rhips
The amphids
not linear; striae not altered on the lateral fields(Isonemella)
Head conoid; cheeks thick; ocellate; onchus minute; phar.. narrow; setae 10
Head not conoid; cuticle of the cheeks not thick; 'f'; striae fine, plain
Spinneretabsent; lips 6, unipapillate;cephalic setae 6; amphid behind pharynx
Onchulus
Spinneretpresent
Buccal cavity extending
beyond the nerve-ring;
onchus spear.~like; ocellate Catalai'mus
Buc.. cavity not unusuallylong, its dors.. element bent at lips; not ocellate Asymmetrella
Form of the amphids
spiral, circular, or elliptical
The shape of the amphids a more or less distinct spiral; spinneretpresent; If' or .~f
Striae altered laterally,
fine, resolvable;
wings present; cephalic setae 10; If'. Acanthonchus
Striae not altered on the lateral fields, coarse, plain
Spinneretunknown, abs, (?); -f; setae 10; onchi submedian;contour crenate, .(Gonionchus)
Spinneretpresent; 'f'
Lips three; setae 6;amphids
labial; onchus digitate..
.. . .Dillitonchus
Lips more than 3; setae num ,scattered;amphids not lab ; onchi more than 1. (Croconema)
The shape of the amphids
cireular or elliptical
Striae altered laterally;wings numerous
with retrorse bristles;
cephalic setae 4 Rhinema
Striae not altered on the lateral fields
Head conoid; cephalic setae 10; spinneretpresent
Ocel1i none; 'f'; rear portion of oesoph. successionof bulbs; striae fine, plain (Bolbella)
OcelH present; no succession of bulbs in the posterior part of the oesophagus
Cheeks thick; onchus appressed,
minute;pharynx
ratheriongandnarrrow.
(Isonemella)
Cheeks not thick; onchus digitate, welldeveloped;pharynx notnanow,
short. Cophonchus
Head not conoid; not ocellate; pharynx
not long and narrow
Spinneret unknown;
amphids spiral; -f; setae 10j onchisubmed,;
contour cren, (Gonionchus)
Spinneretpresent
Onchi-3, clustered; phar. unobv,; setae scattered;cuticle thick; contour eren, (Croconema)
Onchus single, dorsal; -f; cuticle thin
Setae 4; pharynx smaJl, closed; diameter of amphid 1; the width of the head. Synonema
Setae in 2s and 3s; phar. obv, open; diam. of amphid about!
width of head Anticyclus

102
114
104
88
105
100
110
106
98

117
118
109
94
89
70
101
97
95
112

90
109
108
97
112
110
111

223

CHARACTERS

New Gener aTeeth two or more
The teeth more or less equal in size, and usually mobi1e
Oesophagus
with median or posterior bulb or swelling, or both
Onchi or teeth have an outward throw; amphids
circular; spinneretpresent; -f, Aponch~~um
79
Onchi or teeth have an inward throw
Amphids none, or so obscure as easily to escape notice; f-; teeth (?) 12(Synodontium)
65
Amphids present
The amphids
horse-shoe shaped, faint; striae fine, unaltered
laterally;
Synodontium
65
fThe amphids
spiral, circular, orelliptical;
striae fine, plain
Shape of amphids
spiral; winged; spinneretpres; naked; head expanded(pycnolaimus)
40
Shape of amphidsround or elliptical
Terminus
hamate;amphidminute,-lo the width of the head; winged
Chambersiella
64
Terminus
not hamate; amphid 1 the width of the head; wing]ess;-f(Aponchium)79
Oesophagus
plain, i.e, without
median or posteriorbulb or sweIIing
Onchi OI teeth have an outward
throw; amphids
present;
spinneretpresent
Form of amphids
symmetricalto one line only; striae fine, plain; pharynx
bulbous
Ovaries two, If'; onchi 3, duplex; cephalic setae 6 plus 6; head not set off,
.Ironella
63
Ovary single, f'; lip-region set off; lips 6, bipapillate;spinneretventralTrissonchu.lus
78'"
Form of the amphids
spiral, circular, oX: elliptical(or -f-); lips bipapillate;cephaJic setae 4...
The amphids
spiral; winged;
76
1'.1esonchium'f'
The amphids
elliptical;
striae fine, resolvable,
unalteredlaterally;setae 4
Apodontium
62
Onchi or teeth have an inward throw
Amphids 0 or unknown;
onchi small, apophysate,
lips 12, appendiculate,Gammanema
74
Arnphids
present; spinneretpresent (questionable
in Cryswllonema)
Contour of the amphids
circularWings many; 3 mandibulate
lips; setae in 3 circlets; cuticle rough
Xyala
72'Ving one or none; striae not altered on the lateral fields
Cephalic setae none; armatureof three biting plates or hooks; wingless
Tripylium
71
Cephalic setae ten
ArmatUI'e, 18 duplex radiatingrefractive ribs; winged; -f.
. .~Monhyst7'ium
69
Armature,
6 talon-likeor digitate labial elements;-f(Crystalloncma)
67
Contourof the amphids
spiral; striae resolvable
Winged; ovaries reflexed or outstretchedj
cephalic setae 4; phmynx cylindroid,~Me8onchiu,m76
Wings absent; the 3 onchia enclosed in a bulb
Onchismall,wjth heavy apophyses;,end. in swelling; amphid of 2!-3-!winds. Tro{lolaimus
75
Onchi large, without apophyses;
pharo bulb spheroidal,
amphid of 1~ winds. Synonchium73
The teeth usually unequal in size, not mobile
Oesophagus
plain, i, e. without median or posteriorbulb or swellingAmph~ds none, or obscure and escaping notice; pharynx with many denticles; If' (Thoiinchus)
91
Amphids
present
The amphids inegula.r,usually symmetricalto one line; spinneretpresent. If'
Form of the amphids
not linear; striae fine, plain; pharynx
Thoonchus 91
denticulate"'(Rhips) 118
Form of the amphids
linear; striae coarse, resolvable;
cephalic setae 10
The amphids
spiral, circular, or elliptical
FOIm of the amphids
spiral; striae coarse, plain, unaltered;spinneretpresent
Pharynx and onchi minute, obsc,; lips not thin; setae scattered;amphids small. Croconema
112
Pharynx
obv..; onchi plate-like,
submedian;lips thin; setae 10; amphids large. Gonionchus
97
For:m of amphi~s
circular 9r ell~ptica.l; spi:~:llleret pres.ent (unknown
in Gonionchus)
WInged; amphlds
large, faInt; hps appendlCulate;stnae coan:e, resolvable
Anaxonchium
99
Wings none; cephalic setae 10; striae plain; lips thin
Ovaries'
1'; striae fine; phar. with many denticles; amphids
obscure, ellip . (Thoonchus)
9i

Ovary -fj striae coarse, contour cren j onchi plate-like; amphids spiral.

(Gonionchus)

Oesophagus
with median or posterior bulb or swelling, or both
Amphids
none or unknown;
pharynx
bulbous;striae fine, resolvable(Bolbolaimus)
Amphids present
Form of the amphids
linear; wjngless; ovaries refiexed
Spinneretpresent;
If'; striae coarse, resolvable;
cephalic setae 10.,. ..Rhips
Spinneretabsent;'f; striae fine, plain; cephalic setae 6 plus 4.
. "Myolaimu8
Form of the amphids
sphal, circular, or elliptical
Shape of the amphidscirculaI;
striae fine, unaltered
la.teraIJy; spinneretpresent
Ovaries refJexed, 'f; lips bipapil;
setae 4; submed
onchi minute; striae plain. (Polysillma)
Ovanes outstretched
Pharynx
with distinct
spherical
bulb; striae resolvable;
setae 6
6 4. .Bolbolaimus
Pharyngeal
bulb a faint swelling; striae plain; cephalic setae 4. .
(Aponchium)
Shape of the amphids a distinct spiral; cuticle wingless; spinneretpresent+ +Ouchus114

AND

spear-like;lips

minute,12; cephalic

setae

6

+ 12 + 6; striae

fine,

plain

Mesodoru8

Onchus very small, not. spear-like;lips none 01' obscure
Lips bipapillate,papil1ae conical; 'I'; amphids
labial; cephalic setae 4
Polysillma
Lips non-papillate
Setae in 6 longitudinalrows; amphids opp. pharynx,~ the width of the head. Alaimonema
Setae none; amphids
not opposite the pharynx,! the width of the head.
. Amphispiraabs, absent
apophys,apophysate
appar, apparently
arc, ar'cuatebuc, buccal
chamb,
chamberedclav, clavatecol, coloredcren, crenate

Abbreviations
usedcutin, cutinized
depr, depresseddeve], developed
digit, digitate
dist, distallyea, eachencl, enclosed
lab, labial

in Key,not found on p.. 341
lin, linear
nar, narrow
numer, numerous
absc, obscureabv, obvious
pap, papillae
pres, present
prom, prominent

97

100
118

60

106
100
79
105

106

107
103

sim, simple
swol, swollen
spin, spinneretterm, terminus
thr, throughtub, tubular
unj, uniform
unstr, unstriated

224

KEY

TO THEKEY

MALES

New Genera
BURSA PRESENT:
spicula t".o, equal; tail more 01 less arcuate-conoid;
no spinnelet
Accessories pres.; no suppl.; spicula I! long as anal body width, straightish-;-m, . AphelenchulusAccessories none; spicula 2CCas long as ana] body dIameter,
cephalated
by constriction
Supplements
0; ~picula L-form; -m; post, half of tail cylindroid;
terminusrounded
Iotonchium
blunt. Myolaimus
Supplements
2()2,J ;2, clav,,-digit,apie;?' m; spicula abse., straight; terminus
BURSA NONE
Spiculum
one, straight,
uncepha.la.ted,'m; spinneret
nOlle; tail acuteAccessories pres.; 1;01;1, simple (postanals,
single); spicula 20e anal body width
Cepllalobellu.s
Accessories
none; supplements
present,
papilloid;
found in insects
one-fourth
as long as anal body diametel;tail conoid Blattopllila
Supplements
20 ;2; spiculum
Supplements
simple; spiculumt,vice a,s long as a_lial body diameterthen conoid; tel minus conicalProtrellus
Anus 90; 10,1;1; small access (?); tail hemispheroid,,Ccplwlobellu.s
Anus 80; accessories('?); tail conical, its terminus
pointed.
.,. ., -. .. ,,-'.
Spicu,la. two, equal, ,more or less arcuate (exe Cophonchu.s, Synonchium,
Iotalaimus,
lronella; Bolb~n~um, AlyctoZa:i,mus?)The spicula jointed,
long, not distinctly
cepha.lated,of uniform width; spinneretpresent
Supplements
none; -rn-; terminus
clavate; spinneretarmed; accessOIies apophysate...,.
XinemaSupplements
25, vent.,prcanal,
simple, rather faint; -m; tail conoid; aces not apophys"Rhips
The spicula not ,iointed; tail conoid or subconoid(cylindroid
posteriorly
in Andcyathus,
Anticyclu'S, Cophonchu8,
Cyartonema,
Gonionchu8,
Daptonema,
Halanonchus,
Ironella,
Ana.xonchi1!m,Monhystri11;m,
Schistod~ra., Pepso"!,6mf!, l11yctolaimus, Rha-bdocoma, Bolbella., Thoonchus,
Tnlepta,~~le'3onch~um, C1Jtola~mt'um, Tnpyl~um,
Zygonemella" Synodontiumand (?) Xennella)
Accessories to the spicula none, or very faintSupplements
present;- spinneretabsent, except in Synonchium
Supps, dorylaimoid;
spic. cepbalated
by expans., width uniL; ,-m-; term. rounded
DGr'yllium
Supps. all ventral; spicula about H--2ce as long as anal body diameter,
uncepha]ated
Position of supps not preana.1 only; 4 preanal, simple; 1 postanal, not simple; =m? Colpurella
Position of supplements
preanal only; supp]ements
simpleNo. of supps, 4; spicula not of uniform widtb; ?=m; tail ratherineg
conoid,Colpurella
No. of supps. 2: spicula straight,
w-idth rather unif.; tail conoid-hemisphericalSunonchiumSupp~ements
none or exceedingly
faintSpicula slight]y cephalated
by expansion,
unif; tail conoid, then cylindroid;-m- Zygonemella
Spicula not cephalated
Width of the spicula not unifOlm; spinneretabsent (?)
Spicula straight;
about t as long as anal body diam.; tail short, bluntly
conoid Bolbinium
as wide as base. Trilepta
Spicula arcuate; -m; tail conoid, then cylindroid,
its term. rounded,\Vidth of the spicula mOle or less uniform;
spinneretpresent, except in Triplonchium
Sp~cula straight;
tail conoid-hemispherical;
term, broad; spinnereta pore,' (Synonchium)
SpICula arcuate
Spinneretabsent(Triplonchium)broad. rounded;-m
Spicula very strongly arcuate; bursa (?); terminus(Rhabdocoma)
Spicula not very strongly arcuate; no bursa; terminus
not broadSpinneretpresent; spicula not strongly arcuate;
no bursa
Anus 85; tail conoid, then cylindIOid; width oVe! 5%; spic only slightly arcu. Zygonemella
Anus 97; term, broad, rounded;
width about 1%; -m; sin~le questionablesupp". N emanema
Accessories to the spicula present
Supplementaryorgans present near the anus (for alternative
see middle opposhe page)The supplements
not all ventral; spicula 1%-1t as long as anal body diameterPos~t~on, preanal; not simp; 2ro:"s 38 ea.; non~u.nif. spic" uncephalated;-ill - . .. Polysigma
PosItIon, not preanal only; no spinneret(except in Ca.tanema and (?) Cytolaimium)
Form of supplements
simple; -m-; spicula uncephalated,width rathe! uniform
Supplements
papilloid,
5 preanal, 4 postanal in pairs...
..
. .Isola1miumSupplements
discoid, 11 pre-, 5 postanal pairs; spic, 1%long as anal body diam, Cytolaimium
Form of the supplements
not simple
Spicula notcephalated;
16 pails of supplements;
terminus
balely s"ollen; -m- Cytolaimium
Spicula cephalated
Cephalated
by constriction,straight?,
width not uni/DIm; 9 pairs papillae; 'm Myctolaimu.s
Cephalated
by expansion:
width of spicula, rather uniform
Arrangementof papilloid
supps. 1,1,1,1,1,1,1(1),2,1,1;3,;'m; tCIm. hooked Chambcrsiella
Anangementof tub. supps .post.anal, submed., about 7 pI'S.; -m; term. straight. Caia.nema.
The ~1?-pplements all ventral; spinne::et presel}t (exc. Ant?:cya-t7~'U,-s,(?) Anticyrlu-s, NeurAlla)
Pos~t!on! preanal 17, postana] few, sImple; spICula uncephalated,tapering('?); -m- AnHcyclv.s
PosItIOn of supplements
preanal only
Structureof supplements
not simple (for alternative
see page 225)
ProximalendR of the spicula not cephalated
supps ; -m Ala-zmonema
Width not uniform. length It anal body diam.; 37 "campanulate"\:Vidth of the spicula more or less uniform
No of supplements
1; spicula 2~ times as long as anal body diam., straight;=m (Ironella)
No. of supplements
4 or more; terminus
more or less blunt
Apophysispresent; spicula 3ce as long as anal body width; supps" 12; 'm, . Aponchium
Apophysis
none; spicula long as anal body diam.; acc, prom,; supps. 4; -m. A.canthonchu8
PIOximal ends of the spicula cephalated
Spicula cephalated
by constriction,
twice as long as anal body diameter
Supplements
2. not simple; spicula rather uniform, theh cephalation
faint; -m- Bolbella
Xanthodora
Supplements
6, mammiform;
width of spicula not uniform;-m(?). .. . .
".
Spicula cephalated
by expansion
or contraction;
width of spicula rather uniform
Cephalated
by contraction,strongly alcuate, as long as anal body diam ; -m (Stilbonema)
Cephalated
by expansion
Supplement
one, tubular;
spicula nearly straight;
tail conoid, then cylindroid
Length of spicula 5~6 anal body diameters;-m-; spinnelet
bluntly conoid .Cophonchv.8
Length of spicula 2t anal body diameters;=n1 ;-supplement
bent toward anus". Ironella
v

*

81
82
60

23
55
38
23

47
118

84
39
39
73
26
16
92
73
80
32
26
2

106
41
31
31
61
64
56
111

107
63
79
101
90
98
19
108
63

TO THE

MALES

225

New Gener a
Supplements
numerous,
8-21
Length of spic. 2ce anal body width; proximae hooked; supps. 21, flat; -m- Trogolaimus
Length of spicula 1-H- times as great as the ana] body diameter
No of pr~otrusileC?) tub supps. 8; ace. ~ as long as spic., bends away; -m'. Antomicron
No of faInt, non-tubular
supps 16; ace, parallel, i as long as spicula; -m-, Gammanema
Structureof supplements
simpleProximalends of the spicula not cephalated
Width of spicula not uniform
No of supplements
one, flat, faint; accessories,
simple, faint; =m(?)..
. .Neurella(Anticyclus)
No.. of supplements
17, low, papilloid;
spinneret(1); term slightly swollen.
\Vidth of spicula more or less uniform
No. of supplements
two, obscure; accessodes stout; term convex-conoid,
acute.
'Jlludora
No of supplements
15-20; terminus
not acuteAnoxonchium
Length of the spicula twice as great as the ana.! body diameter;'mLength of thc spicula as great as the anal body diameter;-mHalanonchus
PIOximal ends of the spicula cephaJated
Cephalated
by constriction,
about 1i as long as anal body diametel;
supplements
6--40'Vidth of spicula rather uniform; accessories 2, apophysate;-m; term blunt lilargonema
Width of spicula not uniform
AccessOIY with apophysis;-m-; tail fine, cylindIOid; tmm. blunt; no spin (Anticyathus)
Accesi30ries without apophysis,
two; terminus
convex~conoid,
acute,
Bolbola'imu.s
Cephalated
by expansion
or contraction
The cephalation
is by expansion
spinneretarmed. Halinema\Vidth not unif ; supps. 5-6; -m-; accessory ",-ith apophysis;
Width of spicula uniform or apparently
soof
supplements
3~
spicula
H
times
as
long
as
anal
body
diameter;-m
RhynchonemaNo"
No. of supplements
25-65; spicula 1 or It times as long as anal body diameter
Apophysis
to the accessory present;-m-; spinneretarmed, 3-lobed
Synodcntium
Apophysis
to the accessory none; -m; spinneretunarmed;anus raised
Mesodorus
The cephalation
is by contraction;
width of the spicula not uniform
No of the supplements
1~3
SpicuJa 1~ times as long as the anal body diam; supps
mere innervations..
YpsilonSpicula twice as long as the anal body diam; single elevated supp; -mThoonchus
No of the supplements
4 or more; spicula tapering both ways
Spicula long as anal body diam; accessory apophysate;-m-; no spinneret
Anticuathus
Spicula twice as long as anal body diameter;accessory not apophysate
Anus 98; width 16%; -m-; single elevated supp; 2 dozen innervations..
Thoonchus
Anus 92; width 3,8%; -m; series of ventral supps.; nar.. spinneret-tube.
.Micromicron
Supp. organs 0; spinneretpres" (exc" Crystallonema,
Triplonchium,
Iocalaimus,
Cepha.lobium)
I n~er ends of the spicula not cephalated,or not obviously so'Vldth of spicula not uniform; spicula 1-1t times as long as anal body diameter
Form of spic. subarcuate;
spin, mid,,,ayon
tail, ventral; 'm-; term rounded.
Trissonchulus
Form of spicula arcuate
Apophysis
to accessory extends backVl'ard; spicula 1-1t long as anal body diameterSp~nneret none; term. unarmed; -m; spic" strongly arcuate; no caudal setae Cry.staUonema
Spinneretpresent; term, faintly armed;-m-;
minute, inconspic
caudal setae Linhomoella
ApophYf:is to accessory none
\Vings to the cuticle present, also in anal region; spicula strongly arcuate
Xennella.
Wings to the cuticle none(1); terminust as wide as base of tail; -m Trilepta,
Accessory inconspicuous;
spinneret
Accessories
parallel,then bent away;spin. armed;
term,. t wide as base; -m(St-ilbonema)
Width of the spicula more or less uniform
Length of spicula 2-3 times as great as anal body diameter;acc. with backward
apophysis
Form of spic, straight thr, middle, arc dist; 3ce long as anal body diam,,: -m- Ale.wnchium
Form of spicula arcuate throughout,about twice as long as anal body diam, ; -m Cyartonema
Length of the spicula H-It times as great as the anal body diameter(Nv.dora)
Accessories massive; supps, 2, obscure; term.. convex-conoid;
spin large, acuteAccessories obscure; no suppelments; terminus blunt
Form of spic very strongly arcuate; rudiment"bursa pres.; no spinneret;-m. Triplonchium
Form of spic. not strongly arcuate, rather stout, blunt; no bursa; spinneret? .Rlwbdocoma
Inner. ends of spicula cephalated; spinneretpresent. except in Iota.laimu.s and Cepha.lobium
ProxImal ends of the spicula eephalated
by constriction,
width not uniform
Length of the spicula twice or nearly twice or great as anal body diameter
Apophysis to acc" tapering;.tail
not striated; spinneret swan's-head
form, unarmed.1Vemella
Apophysis to ace none; tail striated; spin elongated-conoid, armed; -m. Ptycholaimellus
Length of the spicula It times as great as anal body diameter
Form of spicula straightish;'m; term blunt, nearly t as wide as base; no spin. Iotalaimu-s
Form of spicula arcuate
Sp!nneretnone; -m; tel minus acute, unarmed;
width of the body 3%
Cepha.lobium
Spinneretpresent
Spinneret tub.; anus 90; width of body mOlC than 3%; term.. unarmed; -m Monhystrium
Spinnemt
simple; width of body less than 1%
Terminus swollen; accessories 2; anus 95%; caudal setae faint, anal only; -m-? .Schistodera.Terminus not swot; acc 1, more massive dist.; anus 97,,5; setae not anal only- Laxonema
ProxImal ends of the spicula cephalated
by contraction
or expansion
En98 of the spicula cephalated
by contraction(for alternative
see top next page)\Vldth of the spicula uniform; spicula about as long as anal body diametm
Anus 98; -m; cephalum short, faint; anal annules strongly modified ventrally
Stilbonema
Anus 94: -m-; cephalum
elongated,
contraction
distinct. Cinctonema
Width of the spicula not uniform
Length of the spicula twice the anal body diamcter;-m-; terminus rounded(Thoonchus)
Leugth of the spicula equaling anal body diametel
Cut~cle = ~ radius; annules l anal body width, elements not tile-shaped
Actinonema
Cuticle less than ~ 1adius; annules -}anal body width, elements tile-shaped
Ceramonema

75
17
74

25
111
113
99
51
27
24
100
52
43
55
105
96
91
24
91
104

78

67
35

92
19
76
18
113
80
32

10

116
15
54

69
4
20

19
22
91

117
48

226

KEY

TO THEMALES

BURSAL

Ends of the spicula cephalated
by expansion
New G enera
Width of the spicula not uniform
Length of spic. equal to 2 anal body diams.; -no-; tail finalIy cylindroid;
spin,,? Gonionchus
Length of spICula equal to Il-H anal body dIameters
Apophysjs
to acc. backward-pointing;spic, Ii long as anal body diam. om-, Coinonema

ApophysIs to accessory noneI

Accessories
2, bending away f!om the,spicula;spinneretunarmed:-m.
.., .Zalonema
armed; -m-(?),. Accessory 1, paralIel to the splCuJ.a; spmneret,Leptonemella
WIdth of the spICula more or less umform"
Length of the spicula about I-H times the anal body diameter
Form of the spicula only slightly arcuate
Ta~l dimi~isl:e~
to a naII'o'~ termin~;-m-; accessory ~ as long as spicula. "Zy{Jon€mella
Tall not dlIDln;tshed t? a. naIIQW termInus;
accessory i long as spicula, sigmoid, Rhinema
Form of the splCula dlstmctly
arcuate, or bent
Apophysis
to the accessory
present
Term; swoL;.spin.
loun,ded, unarmed;..m; proximal3rdof spic. straight
Campylaimus
Termln~s aplCulate; spinnelet acute, armed; -m-; acc" soon bends away" (Coinonema)
ApophysIS
to the accessory
nOlle
SPicula not L-shaped;. acc. slender, parallel, j as Jong as the spicula;=m. Alaimella
SpICula L-shaped;
stnae lesolvable
mto elements
Accessory
as long as. daJ;k-colore.d SI?icula) tail without,.
wings""Omic1'onema,.,,,
Accessory"~s long as spIC!,la; taIl wIth wmgs.
.Xyala"Length of t\1e spICula about. tWI~e to thrice .that of anal body
diameteI(Tripylium,'".'''.'''''''"",In
Form of SpIC. n!,I'ffially strmghtlSh,arcuate mstlOng acc ; spinneret
blunt. (Leptcgastrella)Form of the spICula arcuate
Apophysis
to the accessory plesent
The accessory surrounds
posteriOlof ha.mate spicula; ..m; caudal setae few.lotadorus
Theacc~ssOlY
parallel to narrow spicula; ,-m-; caudal setae many, in 4 rows "Pepsonema
ApophysIs
to the accessory ncne
AccessoI'Y tub, strongly
developed,
enveloping
spic.; nume!, ~etae; -m.Leptogastrella
AccessOI y not tubular
Accessory bends away from ~pic" i long as spic.; -m; term, blunt, armed .Apoaontium
Accessory
paraJIel to the spIcula
Anus 85; acc. surroun~slaterallybent, dark-coL spic.; -m-; spin. armed Daptonema
An~s more than 90; spicula not laterally
bent, not dark-colored;
spinneretunarmedSp~nneret blu~t, tub~laI;anus 93; '-m; accessOlY i as long as spicula.
".Tripylium
Spmneretconle-a.}, plaIn; anus 96; -m; accessory parallel to distal halves P.seudonclws

f

~

.

97
42
57
21

26
114
5
42
7
50
72
28

115
77

28

FORMULA

FOR

NEMAS

227

for calling attention to these special marks is that until one becomesaccustomed to them they may appear rather insignificant.
Once recognized, they may save the reader considerable time and trouble.
The adjacent table shows the various formula lines by which thenumber of striae per millimeter is indicated.
See also pages 6 and 7,
where the various signs used in the formula are explained in full.
In this number, the presence of a bursa
Terminology-Relating to Striation. of Cuticle
Numbe' of Striae
Correspornling
dorrespondingisindicated b y a curved stroke under theto the millimetertext tern.
fomnIa line
Verycoarsetransverse
anal measurement figure, and100 down
Coatse250'";,
thenumberof bursal ribs in front of andRather coatse
500]ather fine750;'
behindtheanus
is indicated by suffixes
Fine
1000;'
Ye.ryfine150H
in front of and behind the anal measure2000 ::!; toNonement figure. Furthermore,as alreadynoted, the form of the spicula and gubernacula is indicated by conventionalized sketches appropriately placed. See, for instance, page 279.

62
66
71
58

THE NEMA FORMULA

N ema dimensions sometimes vary perceptibly with varying technique.
As a rule, information conveyed in the keys, formulae and illustrations is not repeated elsewhere. Following other authors, the measurements for the ovaries are given separately instead of in the form of asingle measurement as formerly. Furthermore, the oblique stroke indicating the presence and position of the excretory pore is here, in No.
IX, placed below the formula line, the assumption being thai the formula shows the nema ventral side down. The general form of the spicula and accessories is shown in the formula for the male, as is also thepresence, number and position of the supplements,-indicatedby smallsuffixes before and after the anal measurement figure. The spicula diagrams are of three different degrees of curvature, indicating nearlystraight, arcuate and strongly arcuate spicula. The nature of the pro~imal ends of the spicula is indicated, i. e. whether cephalated, and if
cephalated, whether by contraction, constriction or expansion" Also,
if it exists, the presence of an apophysis to the gubernaculum is indicated. The short, horizontal marks indicating the wings and the presence and relative diameter of the oesophageal swellings are only dottedwhen these features are not of a pronounced nature.
The mark indicating the presence of a spinneret is either plain or so conventionalized as to indicate that the spinneret is supplied with setae. The
absence of any particular mark in the formula is practically always
to be taken as indicating that the particular feature in question is
non-existent.
Doubt is expressed by a' question mark. The reason

BURSAL

FORMULA

FOR

NEMAS

In the following rather arbitrary designations, which are expressed ina written formula, only the papillae and ribs on one side of the bursa
are considered. They are designated according to their proximity toeach other and not according to their anatomical and physiologicalcharacters.
They are regarded as either anal, pre-anal, or post-anal,according as they are opposite to, in front of, or behind the anus. In
the graphical blirsal formula, the anus is repI;
121, I, 3, 3
resented by a pair of parenthesis marks; allpapillae opposite the anus are indicated in
the parenthesis, the pre-anal papillae areindicated in front of the parenthesis, .and thepost-anal papillae after the parenthesis.
The papillae and ribs are considered as asingle longitudinal series, and each group isI; (2), 1,3,3
indicated by a digit representing the numberof ribs or papillae in the group. The longitudinal spaces separating
the groups of papillae and ribs are indicated by commas and semicolons,the comma representing a short space, the semicolon a longer space. In
some cases before and after the parenthesis, the punctuation mark may
be omitted, thus indicating that the ribs or papillae are even nearer tothe anus than in those cases where the separation is indicated by acomma or semicolon. A blank space in the type after the comma, or
after the semicolon, indicates a longer space than is indicated by thecomma or semicolon alone. By such simple means it is possible to indicate with considerable accuracy the grouping and latitude of these various organs and groups of organs. A glance at the above illustration,
Fig. 0, and formula immediately underneath will make the matter clear.

228"UNLESSOTHERWISE

INDICATED"GENERAr.-Unless otherwise indicated,.1. The species described under a generic name is to be regarded as the typespec!es ?f the genus; where more than one species is described, the type
specIes IS specifically designated"
2 The text terms and formulae apply to the nemas as viewed in profile,
References to stain are restricted
to acid carmine,
3 The cuticle is colorless,
4. The cuticle is striated,.-sometimes,
however, so finely striated as to beresolvable only with the highest powers of the microscope used skillfully
under favorable conditions"
The division line of the formula is used toindicate approximately
the number of striae per millimeter.
(See page 227)
5 The striae are approximately
uniform in width throughout
the length of
the body except toward the extremities.
6, The contour is plain
7 The striae are not resolvable
into secondary elements.
The presence of
secondary elements is indicated in the formula"(See page 7.)
8 The longitudinal
striations are due to the attachmentsof the musculature
9, There are no obvious series of pores in the cuticle,
10, There are no eye-spots,
11. There are no definite valves in the oesophageal
bulbs,
is a distinct, but not conspicuous,feature,12" The lining of the oesophagus
practicallythroughout
its length,
13, The intestine is set off from the oesophagus by a distinct constriction
14, The arrangementof the granules in the cells of the intestine is not suchas to give rise to a tessellated
effect15, There is no pre-rectum,
16. The rectum extends inward and forward at an angle of about thirty to forty
degrees..
17. The tail, at least that of the female, is straight,
or nearly so
18,. The somatic, as well as the posterior cervical, setae, are perpendiculartothe cuticle, or nearly so"
19,. The renette cell lies behind the base of the neck20, The nerve-ring surrounds the oesophagus rather squarely.
21. Absence of the formula for either sex indicates that that sex is unknownat the present time,
FEMALE~Unlessotherwise tndtcated,-

22, The vagina is understoodto lead inward at right angles to the ventral
surface23, The uterus is more or less straight.
21, The eggs are thin-shelled
and smooth, and are deposited before segmentation begins,
MALE~Unlessotherwise indicated,-

25, There is no bursa.
26 The tail of the male is similar to that of the female in form.
27, The spicula are two in number, equal in size, and appear moderately
arcuate when viewed in profile, and are simple, i,.e", without obvious extra
component
longitudinal
stiffening elements,
28, The accessory piece (or pieces), gubernaculum,lies more or less parallelto the spicula, and has no inward or backward-pointing
apophysis.

NEW

MORPHOLOGICALAND

PHYSIOLOGICAL

DATA

229

New Data
Apart from indicatingthat the nema phylum can be divided into valid, natural orders on the basis of the structureof the mouth parts and related organs,this article records numerous additions to our knowledge of the morphologyofnemas" Facts announced in a sentence or two, or through the medium of illustrations, might perhaps have been advantageously
made the subject of separate
papers.
Among these additions
to our knowledge,
the following may be
men tioned:
1. In a miscellaneous
lot of over one hundred new genera of nemas, thirty percent prove to have jointed setae.
Probably a much larger percentage
havejointed setae.
Among the nemas having setae, jointed setae are probably
the rule rather than the exception"
2. The distal ends of the cephalic setae sometimes exhibit considerable
complexity, indicatingthat they are specially developed sense organs; e.g", in
Linhomoella and Crystallonema,
3, Additional evidence that bilateral mouth-partsarise by eJimination of dorsal
elements exists in Pseudonchus.
4, There is a large group of nemas with six well-developed
onchia having an
outward stroke, adapted for digging; e. g", Apodontium
and relatives.
5. More than ever, it is clear that amphids are practically
universal among thefree-living nemas"
They may be small and difficult to see; as in Stilbonema
and Laxonema"
In the past, they have been sometimes overlooked,
Some
Triplonchs
possess amphids; e,g, Onchium, Triplonchium"
6, All amphids have backward connections,-often,
perhaps always, tubular andcontaining coagulable substanceOf unusual interest are the huge glands ofIonema ,7. Lateral series of organs occur in so many of the genera described, as to lend
additional weight to the opinion that such series are a normal element of thenema structure"evidence of differentiationof form and structure8" There is much additional
among the various cells of the intestine.
9" The presence of oesophageal glands is established for Axonchi'um and its relatives, (Dorylaimus,
etc..) They occur in the posterior
enlargementof theoesophagus, one emptying into the lumen dorsally in its anterior part, andoften two others emptying into the lumen farther back.
10, Non-terminal
spinnerets
and mouth openings seem practicallyalways ventral; e,g, Trissonchulus,
Campylmmus.
11. A large unicelllllar gland is connected with each supplementof the males ofBolbella and Eurystoma"
12. The presence of pairs of cloacal glands in the male, first observed by de Man
in Euchromadora,
is established
for many other genera"
13, Cytolaimiantransition-forms
exist between the parasitic
and free-living
nemas; e,g, Monhystrium"
14. The existence of double-jointed
spicula is established
for Rhips and Xinema"
15. Nemas are disclosed in which the sperm cells are of extraordinary
size; suchspecies may prove useful in studies in genetics"
16. Rhynchonemas are distributedin various oceans,
They are free-living nemas
with beak-like heads, but otherwise normal in form
Presumably,
this beakserves to extract food from receptacles
the entrances
to which are narrow,
17. There is a rEar ked absence of syngonism in marine forms
18. The existence is demonstratedof special spermatheca,in the form of special
separate branches of the female sexual or gans

230

ORDER

NEMANEMA,

LITINIA

1. Order Litinia
.4

13.4

28.

2£...6188.

.28mm
L Litotes minuta n. sp..7
28 4.
51
3..2
Cuticle thin
naked
The mouth opening is almost imperceptibly
depressed.
The conoid neck carries
a conoid oesophagus..
The presence of amphids is indicated by slight, narrow
external markings of a very faint character.
In the region of the nerve-ring theoesophagus is three-fifths
as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck, while
finally it is five.-sixths as wide as the base of the neck; its lining is indistinct,
its musculaturefine and colorless.
No oesophageal
glands..
The intestine
becomes at once three-fourths
as wide as the body, is thin-walled.
and but few
of its cells are required to complete its girth.. The intestinal
lumen is distinct.
orc{llJpp/(6) The distinct cardiac collum is two-thirds
as wide as the body..
Near

its beginning

IIJtmz the renette~he ~ntestineis presse~

we!lto oneside

bycell, whIch IS more or less ellIpsoIdal in form andIWJoex750 granular in structure.
It is about as long as the body is wide
and about half as wide as long, and contains a very indistinct nucleus of medium
size. There are few granules in the cells composing the intestine.
The tailis conoid.
Nothing is known concerning
the longitudinal
fieldsThe nervering is medium-sized
and accompanied
by more or less distinct groups of nerve
cells.. The small indistinct
vulva is more or less continuouswith the ventral
surface of the body.. The rather weak, tubular, non-refractive
vagina extends
obliquely forward apparently
about half way across the body.
The ellipsoidal
granular eggs are about three times as long as the body is wide, and nearly one-.
third as wide as long.. The broad, taperingovary contains six to eight ova
arranged single file,
Habitat.: Algae, near the lighthouse,
Bahia, Brazil.
Bears some resemblance
to Monhysteraand Oxystoma..
Differs from Monhysterain having no pharynx
and no distinct amphids; from Oxystoma in the form of the amphids and the formof the female sexual organs..
Sublimate to balsam.
Fig. L*
2. Nemanema simplex n sp.. Head with faint traces of papillae on the outerpart, indicated by refractionsin the cuticle.
Possibly the exceedingly minuteor pharynx contains an acute, forward-pointing
projection or tooth, but
alldetailsaresoexceedingly
minutethat
evenunder the very highest
OIJ
powers of the microscope
they are resolvablewith difficulty.
The..

7mpn oesophagus

X750
.2

expands but little until after it passes through th~ nerve-ring; thereafter

7.9.\1,\,19.

'31>"~i') 114

it expands until near its posterior extremity,
where
it is two.-thirds as wide as the base of the neck;97.4 >25..

.8

the posterior extremity of the oesophagus stains

somewhat differently from the rest.
Cardia large,
97.1>22.. conoid, half as wide as the base of the neck.. From"-M
1 -.. 1the distinct cardiac collum the intestine
becomes
at once two-thirds
as wide as the body; its cross-section
comprises about six
cells.. The lateral fields are about half as wide as the body.
When viewed dorso..
ventrally the amphids are seen to be connected with refractive,
cutinized ducts
which lead inward and backward for a short distance and then become indefinite.
Tail conoid, its terminus three-fifths
as wide as its base.
The large, elongated,narrow caudal glands lie tandem on the ventral side in front of the anus, theforemost being removed from the anus a distance three to six times as great as
the length of the taiL Observations
on the ventral gland and excretory pore.2
. .3

9.2 1,,21.
.9;,,) L.

Each figure is designated by the numbe, of the genus it illustrates

ale illustrated,the figures

ale designateda and b, respectively.

If two species of the genus..

TYCNODORA,SCHISTODERA

231

have not been satisfactory,
but it appears as if there is a small, narrow, elongatedventral gland a short distance behind the cardiac constriction,
where the intestine lies a little to one side,. Each lateral field contains large ellipsoidal cells,'-too large to be placed side by side within its limits; they are placed alternately-to one side and then the other.
Their size is such that, in the neck at least,
if they were arranged single file they would make a continuous
series a little
more than half as wide as the field and about one-third as wide as the body.
From the raised vulva, the vagina leads half way across the body, where it joins
the single uterus, which extends backward..
The ovary reaches about half way
back to the vulva and contains a score or more of developing ova, which arearranged for the most part single file. Anterior branch rudimentary.
The elongated eggs are about four times as long as the body is wide and about one-sixth
as wide as long. The tail of the male is slightly more arcuate than that of his
mate.. Opposite the proximal ends of the spicula there is a very low, rounded,
ventral elevation.
Near the ventral line in front of the anus for a distance twoto three times as great as the length of the tail there are a few minute setae
about one-eighth as long as the body is wide, and immediately
behind the anu~
there are one or two similar setae; otherwise there are no indicationsof special
papillae or setae.
Spicula about one and one-half times as long as the anal
body diameter.
Their proximal ends l~e near the dorsal side of the body.
Habitat:. Algae and marine sand at their bases, in surf, Island off Port Royal,
Jamaica.
Sublimate to balsam.
Fig.. 2, p,. 230
.14

13"

23.

13'52,15

89.6>2.2

3. Tycnodora pachydermata n.. sp.. .36 1.2 15
18.84 "m Cuticle thick,glassy; near the head more nearly colorless, sometimes smoky, at any rate after
treatment with Flemming's
solution; near the middle of thebody, occupying
one-sixth
the radius; near the spinneretmuch thinner than elsewhere; rather suddenly diminishingin thickness near the nerve-ring.
Lining of oesophagus subumpli
distinct;
the musculaturefine and colorless.
There is no
cardia.. The thin-walled
intestine
is separated
from theoesophagus by a collum one-fourth as wide as the body.
The
Cllt
lumen of the intestine is faintFrom the depressed anus theinconspicuous
rectum extends inward a distancetwice asgreat as the anal body diameter.
Very few granules are to00
be seen in the intestinal cells. The contents of the intestine
are finely granular.
The more or less arcuate tail is first conoid, then cylindroid in the posterior fourth, where it is about
one-fourth as wide as at the anus.. The lateral fields are onehalf as wide as the body.
From the inconspicuous
vulva,
the cutinized vagina extends one-third
the wav across the
spn
body.
The somewhat
cylindroid
ovaries exte~d two-fifths
the way back to the vulva and carry twelve to twenty ova
arranged more or less single file.
750
Habitat.: "Seagrass,"
shoal, two miles off Key West, Fla., u.. S.. A. Flemming toglycerine jelly.
Resembles Halalaimus,
but . the female has two refiexed ovaries.

Fig. 3.

,

.]

8.2

1-5.

illMilF595.
4. Sch~stodera
ex~hsn.. SP..2
7 W .89-~7>27..
The naked cuticle is""e~tremely thin.
From the mouth about one-third the way to the anterior marg~n of the lateral organs, the lining of the oesophageal tube is a little more masSIve than farther back.
The am ph ids are interestingon account of the presence

232

ORDER

LITINIACAMPYLAIMUS,

in the posterior portion of the cavity of each of a strongly staining body, which
may be assumed to be protoplasmic.
The bottoms of the amphids are strongly
cutinized.
Oesophagus
conoid, finally about half as wide as the base of theneck; just where it joins the intestine it appears to expand suddenly, although
It is possible thator this expansion could hardly be called a bulb.
this expansion indicates the presence of glands about the baseoe of the oesophagus.
The intestine becomes at once three-fourths(%J{Jsum as wide as the body and in cross-section
appears to present only
two cells. Little that is definite is known concerning the lateralomJ1.if!
that they are well-developed.
The. fields, but it is presumed
median fields are rather distinct..
They contain a series of cells,
at any rate in the neck; these cells are about half as long as theneck is wide and are separated
from each other by distances
about twice as great as their length.
Tail of the male at first
conoid, then cylindroid
in the posterior half, where it is about
as wide as at the base.
The spinnerethas a very
ell'fillt one-fourth
minute pore.
The caudal glands lie in front of the anus.
Ax 750
amp/;straight refractive piece appears to subtend the arc of the spicula.
These latter are barely cephalatedby an almost imperceptible
expansion and aprevious constriction.
Immediately
behind the anus there are two or threeminute submedian setae; similarly, close to the anus, and in front, there is a pairof sub ventral setae,-allseen with considerable
difficulty.
The 1;Jalance of evidence is in favor of the existence of two testes..
Habitat.: Algae and sand at their bases, in surf, Island off Port Royal, Jamaica.
Fig. 4.

5. Campylaimus inequalis n. sp. Striae more easily seen along the margin of
the amphids. Wings are indicated by the presence in the lateral fields of two
or
UIIIP!Jor 12
17 "-50-:' ~?:. .7.. longitudinal
lines
2]

4]

45

29

>

very

close

togetherand barely resolvable
1.3 94.. 17. .,-~. ..~.
6..
withhigh powers.
>
34' 394..2 "32
Like the mouth-opening the cephalic setae are asymmetricallyplaced..
The mouth is a simple, unarmed, conoid depression
on the ventral side of the head a little behind theanterior extremity..
There are no distinct lips, but
the anterior extremity is modified so as to resemble
a lip-region;
it is set off by a minute constriction
and presents a minute depression that takes acid75
I carmine stain more strongly than do the adjacentparts.
No doubt this terminal"
cap" serves some distinct function,'-as
tactileor gustatory.
The conoid oesophagus finally becomes almost three-fourths
as.
wide as the base of the neck.
There does not appear to be any distinct cardia..
Around the base of the oesophagus there is a circlet of small cells which stain
in the same manner as do the cells of the intestine.
This latter becomes atonce about three-fourths
as wide as the body.
The lateral fields have not been
distinctly seen. Nothing definite is known about the renette and excretory pore..
Tail conoid to the simple terminus, which is set off by a broad, shallow constriction.
The caudal glands appear to be located in front of the anus, probably
a long distance in front of it. In the male the anus is slightly raised.
SpiculaXENNELLA,233

ALAIMELLA

about one and one-half times as long as the anal body diameter, their proximal
ends slightly cephalated
by expansion.
They are rather markedly
arcuate intheir distal two-thirds,
but nearly straight in the proximal third.
There seems
to be but a single testis.
Habitat: Marine sand and mud, San Pedro, California
Fig.. 5..
.17 11.

- 23.

50
-J.[

92.

,,\ 2.2" .94...
6 X ennella cephalatan sp.33 211;) 19
23
The cuticle,
which is of medium thickness,is traversed by six to eight longitudinalribs orwings on each side. There are at least four cephalic(6)
set J!J.
setae, possibly six; otherwise the cuticle seems to be
naked
The mitriform
head is set off by a distinct.fet q;!J
constriction..
The ,neck is cylindroid.
The somewhat conoid oesophagus
is at first one-ninth,near
as
the nerve-ring
one-fift~, and a~ last two-fifths:.:.~. ump!J

wide as the correspondmg

portlOn of the neckA

final obscureswelling
contains
one or more nuclei,
which differ fr om all oth~r ~u c.lei. in t he or g~n~helining of the oesophagus IS mdlstmct.
The mtestme
is separated
from the oesophagus by, a collum one,fourth as wide as the base of the neck, and becomes.

'i ...'
i.!I'.

"I !---'Ii~ ul suNO{

mi
.1: ,

~

.:..:

II.

I

~

X750

at once two-thirds
cells. The anterior

as wide as the body, and in cross-section
presents but few
part of the intestine for a distance about equal to the lengthof the corresponding
body-diameter
has a
ul mt
structure different from the portion that follows. The cells of the intestine
contain,1 numerous very minute granules..
The elongated granul~r renette cell is about as longas the corresponding
body diameter, and lies
a little in front of the cardia.
It is not reflexed. Apparently
the excretory
pore islocated near the nerve-ring.
This latter is
oblique, distinct,
and broad.. The spicula
when viewed dorso-ventrally
appear to makean angle of about thirty degrees with eachul suom
other.
The specimens were molting.
Habitat.:. "Sea-grass,"
shoal, two miles off Key West, Florida.
Figs.. 6a and b.
It is believed. only the spinneret was missing from the single specimen measured.
The

actualmeasurements

are,~

2.
3.

106. 219.
- 18.
19"('I)'Un
866. ..1,,,,,
44
22.. "\21.."'9

7a.. Alaimella cincta n. sp. Cuticle relatively thick
The secondary elementsof the striae are on the limits of visibility
and reach nearly.ffJtI4! 01
across the annule.
There are probably six, flat, amalgamatedlips. The conoid neck contains an oesophagus which is moreor less clavate at the rear end. Near the mouth it is one-half,
at the nerve-ring
two-fifths, and finally three-fifths,
as wide as
the corresponding
portion of the neck; its lining is indistinct
There may be a faint, conoid cardia.
Intestine at once about three-fourths
as wide as the.O_-_J~~-,_.~L~2~~___2~2>,
"
-4
13"'
11'
13
15
1
body, more or less thin-walled,
and presentCOn_.2C7_C_~":C~n,",:J£)->?13..
,
ing but few cells in cross-section.
The intesti1.4,,, 1.1
.5
1 l'
15
nal cells containnumerous,
ratheruniform
granules, regularly placed.
From the continuous
anus, the cutinized rectum

234

ORDER

LITINIAis about twice as long as the anal body diameter.
Tail conoid.
The eggs are
two to three times as long as the body is wide. The ova are arranged more orless in single file, and the ovary extends two-thirds
the way back to the vulva.
The proximal ends of the slender, somewhat tapering, rather frail, subacute spicula lie opposite the body axis. There are two rather frail, simple accessory pieces.
Habitat.: Sand-bar,
Biscayne Bay, Florida, U. S. A.. Flemming to glycer nejelly.
Fig 7a, p. 233..

~

~

~8

30

.

~

1:;'-~~i~>I?113mm
b.. Alaunella truneata n. sp. ~6---1:6---1,5
This, the type speciesof Alaimella, rather closely resembles Alaimella eineta
Secondary markings ofthe cuticle faint, if any.
Oesophagus as in eweta, except relatively
a trifle narrower.. Intestine as in eweta, but narrow and displaying only two cells in crosssection, the cells containing
minute inconspicuous
granules.
set cp!J(4Proximallythe slender, uniform, simple, frail and subacute--spicula expand much and suddenly, to form flattish cephal a, CUf}somlocated about opposite the body axis
There seem to be two mSC.fOm
simple, frail, sub-slender,
mOle or less arcuate
accessory.
pieces, which are probably joined together at the anus.. There rpn%
appear to exist throughout
the length of the body an unusual x 750
oenumber of nuclei ventrad from the narrow intestine,
which keeps well to thedOlsal side. Both before and behind the anus there are SOme very slender ventrally submedian setae half as long as the body is wide. Ejaculatoryduct about
one-third
as wide as the body
Forward-pointing
testes two-fifths
as wideas the body.
In the single male examined, which appears to be immature,one
testis ended four tail-lengths
from the anus, the other five tail-lengths
from theanus
At one tail-lengthin front of the anus there occurred one or two glands(?) with very brilliantly
staining nuclei, whose connections
remain unknown.
Habitat.: Algae, near lighthouse, Bahia, Brazil
Sublimate to balsam.
Fig.7b.

V\.j'

,8

4.5

9.5

12,20 98.

17 >19... Oesophagus

8. L1t1nwm aequ.ale n. Sp.13
17/ 181.8
at first
three-sevenths,
near the nerve-ring one-third, and finally three-sevenths,
as wideas the corresponding
portion of the neckIts lining is indistinct
There seems
to be no distinct cardia.
The intestine,
which
is separated
from the oesophagus
by a collum
three-sevenths
as wide as the neck, becomes at.,

ulnpo once half as wide as the body.
thickand its lumen

faint.

Its walls areconumph tained in the cells of the intestine are numerous
and more or less uniform..
The anus is more orless continuous,
the rectum inconspicuous
The
flmp
oe
hemispherical-conoid
tail tapers from the anus
to the terminus..
There are no caudal setae.
spn
X 750 The caudal glands are located in front of theanus.
The lateral fields are about one-fourth as wide as the body.. The nerve
ring is of medium size and on either side of it are obscure nerve cells. From thelarge, depressed, but rather conspicuous vulva, the vagina leads obliquely backward a distance two-thirds as great as the body diameter.
Judging from the sizeof the ovum just before it leaves the ovary, the eggs are about one and one-halftimes as long as the body is wide. In the broad, cylindroid ovary are twenty toforty ova arranged single file except in the distal half, where they are arranged
irregularly.
Habitat.: Sand, Ocean Beach, Miami, Florida, U.. S.. A. Flemming to glycerine
jelly.
Fig.. 8.
~/SC235

IONEMAThe granules

.2

5.9

7,(?)

10'57,892

9. Ionema oeellatum n.. sp. '4 ,1 "--1'13'i > 21.. The thin cuticle isnaked except for the cephalic setae.
There are no traces of lips.. The amphids
are very inconspicuous,
The neck is cylindroid posteriorly,
and convex-conoid
anteriorly,
especially near the head.. The eye-spots are light brown in color,and each has a refractive
element in front.
In the pigmented portion of each
eye there is a more or less central nucleus with a subsidiary,
small companion
object.
The cylindroid oesophagus is at first one-third, near the nerve-ring onefourth, and finally one-fifth, as wide as the corresponding
portion of the body.
Its lining is indistinct.
There is no cardia..
Owing to the presence of large
somatic glands, observationof the junction of the oesophagus with the intestine
is difficult.
The collum appears to be one-fifth as wide as the corresponding
The intestine
is two-thirds
to threecfourths
as wide as
portion of the body.
the corresponding
portion of the body, and is thick-walled,
and has a very faintlumen
The cells of the intestine,
which appear somewhat as if overlapping,
contain more or less uniform, yellowish, scattered
granules; they have large,
spherical, granular nuclei with conspicuous nucleoli.
The arcuate, conoid tailtapers from the anus to the unarmed convex-conoid
terminus..
The conoid spin-.
neret is simple in structure.
The ellipsoidal caudal glands occur in a loose tandem series in the anterior half of the tail.
There are no caudal setae.
The lateral fields are two.-fifths as wide as the body.
The granular, elongated, pyriform
renette is one and one-half times as long as the body is wide, and one-half as wide
as long. It is not reflexed and lies near the middle of the body, a little in frontof the flexure of the front ovary.
The nerve-ring is of medium size and is accompanied by rather obscure nerve cells. From the small, elevated, more or lessinconspicuous vulva t~e.medium-sizedvagina leads. i~ward half Ilmpn--_/JiJrJ)

way across the body; It IS more or less strongly cutrlllzed..
The.
isize, form and covering of the e~gs i~ unknown, but the r~pe o~a seU4J "ii'i.:.
oe
1 ('' ii'i \are about as long as the body IS wrde. The broad, cylmdrOld
_
i
/(
\i
\
ovaries
extendfive-sixths
the way back to the vulva,
and con- lumoe
Ii Ii \

/ '
f1
if

'

,

,

,

,

tain about twenty
ova, arranged
single file in the proximal
half, oc
but irregularlyin the distal
half.
The duct of the renette
isnecessarily
very long and is slender;
there is a distinct,
el~n- oe

Ii I

i

I)\
",

,,

-00.,

!\ \

i-H

,

Ii i .

,i ';\gated ampulla, with a very long and very slender duct leadmg
ump
from it to the pore.
This latter duct is about as long as the
body is wide.. This genus, of which there are several species, .fJHl
is made very remarkableby the possession of a pair of relatively
huge glands filling most of the body cavity behind the base of X750
the neck and ending two and one-half times as far behind the neck as this latteris behind the head.
The points of exit of these glands appear to be at the headend. Each gland has a nucleus near its blind end. In the vicinity of the nervering the glands diminish in size, and half way from this point to the head appear
to come to a narrow, rounded end, strictly lateral in position, and from thence
there appear to be narrow ducts leading toward the lip-region to pores, where
foreign particles are seen to cling, and which are designatedin the drawing
as amphids.
Near the middle these glands are pressed to one side by two subdorsal cells, apparently
nerve cells..
Habitat.: Marine algae, Panama.
Hot sublimate to balsam.
This genus is ofwide occurrencein tropical oceans; specimens from both the East and West
Indies are known to the writer.
While specificallydifferent, these forms do
not vary much one from another.
Fig.. 9.

236

ORDER

LITINIA.4

8A 165 ,~'~.. 9~) 17..
11
12 '/1.2
Except for the cephalic setae, the thin cuticle is naked.
At a distance from the anterior extremity
about equal to the width of the head, the striation of the cuticle ceases, so thatthe head is set off by an absence of striations,as well as by a slight thickeningof the cuticle..
The neck is cylindroid.
From the faint amphids,
an innerelement can be traced backward to near the base of the head.. The two eyespots are brownish in color, and each has a colorless lens. The oesophagus, which
has an indistinct
lining, is at first one-half, near the nerve-ringalso one-half,
and finally three-fifths,
as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck.
There
is no cardia
The intestine,
which is set.. off from the oesophagus by a collum
one-half as wide as the neck, becomes at once three-fourths
as wide as the body.
Its wall is thick, its lumen faint, and it is made up of cells of such a size that probably only two are required to complete a circumference.
These cells are packed
with colorless granules of variable
size, the largest of which are about onetwentieth
as wide as the body.. The tail is conoid to the convex-conoid
spinneret
which
at
its
base
is
one-third
as
wide
as
the
base
of
the
or
tail, 'and has somewhat
the profile of a swan's head.
No setaewere seen on the tail.
At their widest part the simple, frail, tapering, subacutespicula are about one-fifth as wide as the corre-'
sponding part of the body.
Their proximal ends, which are minutely cephalated
by contraction
and constriction,
appear to lie alittle ventrad from the body axis. They are sapported by a simple,.rpn'iJ
frail, slender, faintly S-shaped accessory, with a tapering apophy"sis (?) extending backward from the spicula at an angle of about ninety degrees,
and about one-third as long as the anal body-diameter,
its proximal end lying
opposite the caudal axis.. Whether there is one testis or two remains to be
determined.
Habitat.: Eel-grass,
Biscayne Bay, Miami, Florida,
U. S. A. Flemming
toglycerine jelly.
Fig.. 10.

10.. N emella ocellata n.. sp. 4t1?~::::;~:5'~t';
9~ > 93uTherather thin cuti11. Porocoma striata n.. sp.
cle appears to be destitute of setae except at the extremities.
The body is traversed nearly from end to end by aboat ten to twelve wings.
Between thewings the transverse
striae seem to be resolvable into excessively minute elements.
In addition to the cephalic setae, there is a ventral seta-like organ, opposite the sub-cephalicsetae and just behind the excretory pore.
This is a little
stouterlonger and more blunt than the cephalic setae, and seems to have a
special' relatio~ to the excretory pore.
The mouth is surroundedby relatively
thick, minute lips. It is possible that a more or less vestigial pharynx extends
back to near the cephalic setae, its presence being indicated by a slight differencein the lining of the canal, and by a break in the musculature..
Posteriorly
theneck is cylindroid,
anteriorly
convex-conoid.
No distinct traces of amphids
have been seen, but possibly obscure ones exist opposite the bases of the lateral
setae.. The oesophagus is cylindroid, then conoid in its posterior eighth.
Near
the head it is one-half, near the nerve-ring
two-sevenths,
and finally threefourths, as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck.
Its lining is indistinct.
There is a flattish cardia, one-half as wide as the base of the neck.
The
thick-walled
intestine is separated from the oesophagus by a collum one-half as
wide as the base of the neck and becomes at once two-thirds as wide as the body,and would present two to three cells in cross-section.
Its cells contain scattered
granules of variable size, the largest of which have a diameter
about equal

POROCOMA,

237

LITONEMA

to the width of two of the adjacent annules; tessellated
effect faint.. The tail.
which tapers from in front of the anus, is conoid, and then cylindroid in the posterior half, where it is about one-half as wide as at the base
Apparently
theellipsoidal caudal glands are packed in a close tandem in the anterior fourth of
the tail.
The lateral fields are one-half as wide as the body.
The elongated,
outstretched,granularrenettecell lies one to two body-widths.ret (6)lb nJj(j)behind the base of the neck.. It is two to three times as long as the.ret(4
Setmt
base of the neck is wide and about one-fourth as wide as long. The'mJJ
broad oblique nerve-ringis accompanied
by obscure nerve cells..
While both ovaries are essentiallybehind the vulva, one of themextends forward a distance about twice as great as the corresponding body diameter,
and is then reflexed, and extends backward,so
as to lie parallel to the othcr.
The medium-sized,
but rather conspicuous vulva
is continuouswith the ventral surface..
The rather strongly cutinized vagina
extends inward two-fifths the way across the body.. It is possible that the nar"row, cylindroid ovaries are reflexed for a short distance near their blind ends.
Habitat.:' Biscayne Bay, from sponges and associated material.
Flemming toglycerine jelly.
Fig.. 11.
II. Order Bolbinia
1.3

13. _21.

Y

89.

12. Litonema nudum n.. sp. 1;y 35 4~49
2 .6' U The presence of thetwo wings, which begin on the neck and end near the anus, is indicated by two
refractive,
longitudinalmarkings, which occupy a space equal to one-fourthtoone-third the width of the body.
The cuticle is entirely naked.
There appears
to be a vestigial pharynx nearly as long as the base of the head is wide,~simple,
narrow, tubular, obscure.
The neck is conoid.. Almost on the front of the head,but near its margin, there are two minute, lateral pores, which may possibly beamphids.
Connected with these pores are inner tubular elements, which may
be followed backward for a considerable
distance.
The more or less cephaloboid
oesophagus has a very faint, elongated, posterior swelling, one-fourth
as wide as
the base of the neck.
Near the pharynx the oesophagus is one- regI!J
amph?
third, near the nerve-ring
one-eighth,and in front of the
cardiac swelling one-seventh,as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck.
The optical expression of the lining of phthe oesophagus consists of two distinct, refractivelines, having a distance apart about equal to one-tenth
the width of mJC
00
the oesophagus
There is no cardia.
The thick-walled
intestine presents a faint lumen, and becomes at once five-sixths
pex. ..jas wide as the body.
Anus continuous;rectum inconspicu~mous.
The cells of the intestine
are packed with granulesof rather uniform size, the largest of which are one-seventhx 75
as wide as the body
The conoid tail tapers from in front of the anus.
There
are no caudal glands
The lateral fields are probably one-third as wide as thebody.
The excretory pore and the duct leading to it are so refractive as to beeasily visible.
Habitat.: About the roots of the lady's slipper, Cypripedium
acaule Linn.,sphagnum swamp, Wisconsin, U. S.. A. Flemming to balsam.
Fig.. 12.
.

238

ORDER

BOLBINIA

1,,7

CHORONEMA,
25_55-2,5-,4.5,

90ij'2.1/'
5'1 '1'i 23.. The colorless
13, Hyalaimus
brevicoWs n.. sp.
naked skin displays inegular markings and a finely crenate contour.
The color'~less, transparent,
conoid neck ends in a truncate head without setae and havingvery flat lips, if any,
Six rather conspicuous,
sub-marginal,
wart-like papillae
occur in a circlet on the front of the head.
No amphids are to be seen, The
mouth is a mere depression one-sixth as deep as the head is wide; from it faintapophyses, of which the ventral is the longest and most conspicuous, extend backward and seem to indicate that the real depth of the pharynx is equal to thelength of the distinct pharyngeal
bulb, and accordingly
the dimensions
are sogiven in the above formula.
The somewhat phalangiform
oesophagus
beginswith the bulb just mentioned as filling the head, and which is two-fifths as longas the neck.
Behind this bulb there is a broad, shallow constriction,
the remainder of the oesophagus being fusiform and in its widest part two-thirds
as wideas the neck.
For a short distance the irregular intestine, three--fourths
as wideas the body and separated from the oesophagus by a not very deep constriction,
appears transpalent
and almost bulbous..
The cardiac cavity is small and the
cardia very flat. The large cells composing the intestine are filled with small
granules,displaying
no very definite arrangement,.
The narrow,colorless,transparent
rectum is thrice as long as the anal body-diameter,
and has a distinct lining.
The ventral excretory pore is situatedas far behind the cardia
as the head is in front of it, the duct in the immediate vicinity being very transparent and distinct,
and having a distinct lining.
The granular lateral fields
are one,.fourth as wide as the body, and from head to tail a finely crenulate,cuticular wing extends along each lateral line.. The tail of the female is conicalto the pointed terminus,
The unusuallylarge, flat, elevated vulva is two,.
thirds as wide as the body, and from it the vagina extends backward a distancegreater than the body-diameter,
The two straight uteri in the only specimen
seen contained six to eight eggs, each a little longer than the body width, andmeasuring 56-60 x 132-140 microns"
The ovaries extend two-thirds the distanceto the cardia and anus respectively
and contain ova arranged single file.
Habitat,: Intestine of an earth-worm,
Moss Vale, New South Wales, Australia,
April, 1894. It is not certain that this nema may not be con-generic with one
or more of those mentioned by earlier authors under the generic names Anguilula, N ematodum,
etc, nemas also found in earth-worms,
but insufficiently
described; hence the proposal of a new genus for its reception.
1.4

10.

15.

Y

the city of Washington, U. S. A. Flemmin g to gl y cerine J'ell y Th IS speCIes,. 0 f".
".
w h lCh b u t a ".smg Ie young specimen has been se en , has th e genera I appearance.
bemg a~~. .'d~t.e::~:~~~~

Cephalobus

or Diplogaster..

The specimen

figuredwasyoung a~d in process
f,: ,~lmof moltlllg.
In ther::::q::.
".'.

"

f
hj\ ,}

phleft.hand

:;

i! ':

'

:' :

\

,: ,
i:;;:'~\::(;:'

.

,

, '

,

[l:

i

"

"j~W:':

J~;ir;ij,~~jr:

illustration

the excretorypore,

ex p, is shown
proper position.
iin itsNearlyi~:: :;2~~ ~::~ :o~~

,,

.,,.

!

into

its

present

posi-

I ~:<;i .:;1 tion by rotati

OB. ..

on oft~e .loose, ~hed cuticle.

{I \'~:;~~: :4
1:',:~:!

t'right-

r:l:u~:ed ~~~ o~e:~;isS'howntheoppositeanus, an,. The caudal
pores eluded observation, but that they were

un

'

'
:

,

'

" , "',,

III the

f

'

,

'

SImIlarly,"(!fI~W~l: , : ::
: : 1\::"'1\,(.)
rrJ

lum OB,. .

,"

,"

,

'''''(

Ui
\'::!
,

!" i
U
Ii'

present~

ened, as usual, in being
shed, and the pores pre-I

.PpJsumably occur not far
'

I

1

\

I

mar kings

been shed. Probably
the cuticle has length-,.
1 i..."'"

{
~
j"

two

is shown by theat ppl.
...Cu. m th e CutIC
Ie t h at has

on,_ .r/

yi

:

61.

26
18 L.. The thin cuticle is
14. Choronema simplex n. sp. L6 2 Y 26
entirely naked,
The wing, which begins near the head and ends on the tail, ispossibly double in structure..
There is no cardia.
The rather thick-walled
intestine is separated
from the oesophagus by an indistinct
collum one.half as
wide as the base of the neck, and becomes at once about three..fifths
as wideas the body.
It has a faint lumen and presents few cells in cross-section.
Anus
subcontinuous;rectum inconspicuous.
The cells of the intestine contain scattered colorless granules of variable size, the largest of which ale one-fifteenth
as wide as the body,In the specimen examined the tail was destined at the next
molt to become very much shorter, so that the anus would lie at about 90%,
and the tail would therefore be about four times as long as the anal bodydiameter.
Two sublateralpapillae existed on the tail nearly opposite eachother.
Habitat: Soil about the roots of plants, Arlington
Farm, Virginia, opposite

239

IOTALAIMUS

behind thewithstanding

anus,
the

notfail-

ure

them.

Ph

to

see

while indicating
th~{JJt (lX'position of the pharynx,
also indicates
an ele-

ment

!,

i

X

that

comes

the
surfacerio rly (amp hid?).

toanteFig.

II
_.
75014
.'"-.
15 ..I otalaimus str~atus n. sp, Cuticle naked;
the striae interrupted
by well.
d eveloped crenate wmgs one..fifth as wide as th e body . Bet ween th e WIllgS
'
IS a
'
.
.
s t raI.g h tIsh refractIve hne, due to a continuous,
cuticular
structure,.
On some'"SPecImens the outer con tour of the wings consists of a doubl y refractive
li ne .
',
T h ere ap p~ar t 0 b f OUI f amt,
su~medlan cephalic papillae"'The amphids are.efain t. !t IS possIble
The oesophagusis~ha~ there IS a vestigial pharynx,
III form.
The anterior
two-fifths
is cylindroid andver y famtly cephalobold
portion of the neck' thence~ve~ages only about half as wide as the corresponding.ac ~~rd the oesophagus
diminishes
graduallyso that opposite
the' nerveIt continues~Illf It IS o~ly .about one-fourth as wide as the middle of the neck.
0 ave thIS dIameter for some distance, but finally begins slowly to expand, so
,

.,

240

ORDER

,

omph

,

,

!i
\~</!/'

08'~jum 08

or

do

1~

\\~Sl//
.
,

,

241

ANTOMICRONBOLBINIA-'.?

~:~=2~of themiddle".~~~~7___2~'- ~1..1 "!T'

17.. Antomicron pellucidum n.. sp 1.4 2.{ 2.7
27 ";0(2 6
Except for the
cephalic setae the cuticle is naked
On the ventral side of the distinctly
projecting wing there is a subordinateline to be seen throughout
the greater portion of the length of the body, which is not as conspicuous as the main part of
the wing.
Neck conoid.
The very minute pharynx (?) is apparently
conoid;whether armed or not is unknown.
The lip-region has not been examined withsuccess on account of deficient material
That portion of the amphid 'inside thetwo ellipses stains more strongly than the tissues elsewhere.
The borders of thetwo amphids approach each other so closely on the dorsal side that they sometimes almost touch, in fact appear to be connected by a special
cuticular element..
Oesophagus cylindroid for some distance back,DBand then expanding rather suddenly to form an almost imperceptible

swelling

near

the

beginning

thirdof the

neck;

.

Ilmpn
thereafter
it diminishes
almost imperceptibly
to near the nerve- i,ring, then begins to expand gradually until near the end, where it
Ilmpn
rapidly expands to form an obscure, small, elongated,
pyriform
fllt lrm
cardiac bulb, almost half as wide as the base of the neck.
There
is a rounded cardia one-fourth
as wide as the base of the neck.
x 750
Considering
the size of the oesophagus
its lining is prominent..
The intestine is separated from the oesophagus by a broad, shallow constriction,and soon becomes half as wide as the body, and apparently
would present only
two or three cells in cross-section..
The lateral fields appear to be nearly onethird as wide as the bodyit seems probable that a renette cell occurs at somedistance behind the base of the neck, but no excretory pore has been seen. The
tail of the male is conoid to near the terminus..
The caudal glands are locatedin an open tandem series in front of and behind the anus.
The eight supplementary organs occupy a distance nearly four times as great as the length of thetail; each is a nearly straight,
cutinous tube, half as long as the body is wide,
arranged at an angle of forty-five degrees with the body axis, and having its
distal extremity protruding
backward slightly through the cuticle.
The organs
taper slightly in the vicinity of the distal end, which is suddenly somewhat
ventrally arcuate at the terminus.
They are probably protrusile,though they
have not been seen in a protruded posit,\on.
These tubes have a diameter approximately equal to the width of one of the adjacent annules of the cuticle, and theirproximal ends show indications of an attachment
extending forward
There area number of specially-developed
setae in the vicinity of the anus; especiallyprominent are two submedian setae, one on each side of the anus, one-third aslong as the anal body-diameter.
A little in front of these is another pair, one oneach side, of slightly smaller size, and on the tail there are a few similar ventrally submedian setae of smaller size
Spicula a little longer than the anal bodydiameter,
and tapering to a point in their distal thirds.
The accessory piecesurrounds the spicula in their distal fourths, and then extends forward to thedorsal side of the body from the middle of the spicula at a small angle.
The
appearance
of! the proximal portion of the accessory piece somewhat resembles
that of the proximal ends of the spicula, though it is straighterand more solid
From its cephalated proximal end a muscular strand joins the body wall on thedorsal side of the anterior
portion of the tail.
The posterior
testis is thesmaller.
Habitat.: Marine; Punta Arenas, Pacific Coast of Costa Rica.
Unfortunately
the single specimen examined is of such a character
that the details of thepharynx must be left undetermined.
Fig.. 17.

242

ORDER

BOLBINIASTILBONEMA,

18. Cyartonema flexile n. 8P Except for the cephalic setae the cuticle isnaked.
There appears to be a circlet of six, inconspicuous,
minute papillae
.15
.73
.23
.83

10,3
/1&

2.2

1.

40
. -M

87,4

i i ~.(i.6 /'" .9>.

un n~rtow

,~.J

;:;
spn

,

llIscent. glands

oesophagus
of

the

sp...

_:L--~
Lgis. remi-

in TylenchusThe(fC."..

(;i\ \of the

cells

occur

at int81vals

equal

to one to two body.

dIameters,
and are more or less alternatedwith finely granular
intestinal elements, or what are suspected to be such (see Figure
18, tnt,?)
The tail, tapering from in front of the anus, is conoid then cylindroid
in the posterior fifth" Spinneret with min.
ute setae.
A single caudal gland was seen near the middle ofint!'
the tail
A few very inconspicuous
setae were observedon
the tailConcerning
the lateral fields, I was at times uncertain whether the cells marked int? were not in some way connected with these fields. From the somewhat elevated vulva
the relatively
large vagina leads inward two-fifths
the wa;across the body., The eggs are three to four times as long as
the body is wide, and about one-fourth
as wide as longThe
broad, more or less cylindroid
ovaries suddenly
taper
near
the blind ~nd
They contain apparently
only four to five ova,
arranged smgle file" The clavate testis is about two-thirds
aswide as the body
HabUat,: Clean, white sand, in about five feet of water, in a cove near theentrance to Buzzard's Bay, Mass, u., S. A Sublimate to balsam.
Fig., 18,
set 10 (6J
set rph (4)19. Stilbonemabrevicollen"
sp
Annules
plain, retrorsein the posterior
half ofthe body, the reverse in the anterior.. set (8)Exceedingly
short, submedian,slendersetae are found throughout
the lengthof the body, six to nine annules apart,those at the extremities being somewhat?
the longer.
Neck cylindroid
Imme..
diately around the mouth there is prob.
ably a row of exceedingly
minute papil- trm
08lae. In most of the neck the diameterof the oesophagus
hardly exceeds the .fpn .,X 750thickness of the cuticle; it finally expands to form a pyriform bulb about threefifths as wide as the base of the neck,
There is no distinct cardia,
The very,(supJamaica,

10/

~J

10.1

='!
15 ~1}.s"-6 > 3..

Spiculaslender.

"Acorn-shaped"
accessory organs (see figure) far forward, so that the anterior one isa little behind the neck
The cup-shapedpart of these organs has slightly different
refractive properties from the" acorn" itself,
which is plainly innervated.,
Habitat:Shoal
in Kingston
Harbor,
Sublimate to balsam.,Fig 19a, p., 242; Fig 19b.

zon (flL

salrvaryfie intestine is made up of cells
so arranged
that only one
to two are required
to build a circumference"
The parts ofthese cells are so differentiatedthat the groups of granules chara~teristic

narrow intestine, joined to a depression in the posterior surface of the cardiac
bulb, becomes at once about one-sixth as wide as the body, and then enlarges
gradually until it is one-fourth
as wide.. Its~ X 750
rphsp
cross-section. would show two cells. The lateral fields are about one-fourth
as wide as
the body, and containnumerous
nuclei.
Nerve-ring
oblique.
Tail conoid, arcuate.

the gland at the base of the

,

,.:~,

if08

7.4
16

15 25
..:-~7.~. . .. "8~,, ?J 1..1 non the margin of the head.
The form ap.d structure
of

08

08

5:1",84
13
/1.,1

243

LAXONEMA

in one foot of water.
.2

?

1..9

66-101

97.5

sp, -6 -? - - -2i. - - - -7"\, -8-}10 Cephalic cuticle radi20" Laxonema mafum n"ally striated;the basal part of the cephalic setae penetrate
and interrupt
thecuticleInside the cephalic setae, as shown in the sketch, other interruptions
occur in the cuticle; possibly in some cases these are the" stumps" of lost setae,
There are two circlets of papillae inside the cephalic setae, one at a distancefrom the mouth pore somewhat greater than the thickness of the body cuticle,
and the other twice as far away
Oesophagus nearly cylindroid, finally expanding to form a pyriform cardiac bulb two-thirds
as wide as the base of the neck.
There is no cardia.. The intestine soon becomes about one-fifth as wide as thebody; at a distance back about twice as great as the body-diameterit expands
and becomes thicker-walled
and one-third to one-half as wide as the bodyItscross-section
is composed of about four cells, each with ten to twenty brownish
gra,nules,
the la~gestof ppl.rOTqmph
t rph(4J.,-"
whIch
have a dIameter.
about one-fourth as great as'

the thickness of the cuticle, mlD'ph
and

the

smaller

to one-fourth

this

"

--"...

one-third

size.,

ph"nd
setsuIJcp.w
Renetteunknown.
The
lateral fields are about onefourth as wide as the body,00
and contain a double row of
nucleated
cells, generally
somewhatrectangularin .fllbt:ut
form and separated into twoseries,The nerve-ringisprobably a little behind the ClTProm
middle of the oesophagus.
The tail of the male is X 750
lllmoeJetaflspn
arcuate-conoid
and ends in a spinneretdestituteof striations
and having alength about equal to the sum of the widths of the last eight striae
The tip of
the spinneretis somewhat differentiated,
and its core presents minute longitudinal "striations"which end just anterior to the terminal pore.
The caudal
'Om

244

ORDER

BOLBINIACINCTONEMA,

glands are probably
located in front of the anus
No supplementaryorganshave been seen. There are no caudal papillae, but both in front of and behind
the anus there are a number of ventrally
submedian setae; five or six on eachside of the anterior half of the tail; while an equal number in front of the anus
gradually merge into the scatteredsetae found all over the body
The proximal ends of the rather stout acute spicula are somewhat diminishedand setoff by a broad and deep constriction.
The framework composing the spicula isrelatively
massive.
The rather straight accessory piece is half as long as the
spiculaThe ejaculatoryduct is about one-fourth as wide as the body.
Thereappears to be a single outstretched
testis, though there remains a little doubt
on this point.
Habitat.: Shoal in Kingston Harbor, Jamaica, in about one foot of water.
Fig..
20, P 243.. Sublimate to balsam.
.3

28

5.2

'-II!')

)

,

44

75

-J!:-. . .~ ~245

ANTICYATHUS

a little, and finally enlarges to form an elongated, pyriform cardiac bulb, threefourths as wide as the base of the neck.
The intestine is very narrow where
it joins the center of the posterior face of the cardiac bulb,-hardlyors(Jt(4J
wider than one of the annules.
Very soon, however, it becomes
two-fifths as wide as the body
The lateral fields are about one- oe.
fifth as wide as the body and contain nuclei, two of which placedside by side would span the field. Tail of the male conoid; on it
x75
there are a few setae in front of the anus.
The rather slender,
acute spicula are about one and one-fourth
times as long as the anal bodydiameter.
Habitat.:' Sand and algae near East Drive, east shore of Kingston
Harbor,Jamaica
Sublimate to balsam..
Fig.. 22..

96

22..
21. Leptonemella
cincta n. sp. :9." 11.("l.ii.~'12?
The contourismore or less serrate, the annules being retrorse posteriorly
and the reverse anteriorly.
In addition
to the cephalic setae there are scatteredcervical setaearranged at right angles to the surface and one-third as long as the neck is wide..
No somatic setae have been seen. Apparently
at every eight to ten annules
along the lateral lines there are pores, each with its longest diameter arrangedtransversely..
Seemingly there are six, very minute, more
.mt 10or less amalgamatedlips
Posteriorly
the neck is cylindroid,anter.iOrly
conoid..
A~phids
a.represent
in thefet. :'. form of _straIght transverse , shts, one-sIxth as long as the:diameter of the head, and located between. II. correspondingph'1'&the bases of the submedian cephalic setae.. Their presence
and their form is proved by the ribbon-shaped
outflowm.~oplainly seen issuing from each amphid.
The cylindroid
oesophageal tube ends behind in a broad, pyriform cardiacoe
as wide as the base of the neck.. Thereb ulb, two-thirds
1t
isnocardiaThe
thick-walled
intestine
is separated'~
from the oesophagus
by a collum one-tenthas wide as
the neck, and becomes at once one-fourth
as wide as the
det
body.
Its lumen is indistinct.
Its cells contain fine,rather numerous
granules of more or less uniform size"
set urn
IfJnSeveral submedian, slender, tapering, cuticular"
thorns"are seen on the tail, each about one-fourth
as long as the anal body-diameter.
The lateral fields are one-fourth
as wide as the body
The nerve-ringisaccompanied
by obscure nerve cells.. The tail is more or less conoid from theanus, but tapers more rapidly in the posterior
half.. The strong, tapering,
acute, colorless spicula are more or less compound in structure and their extremities appear to lie somewhat ventrad from the body axis. TIre single, slender,
rather strong, simple parallel accessory is three-fifths
as long as the spicula.
Habitat.: Sand, Ocean Beach, Miami, Florida, u.. S.. A. FI~mming to glycerine
jelly.. Fig 21

6

CEPHALOBELLUS,

..

.
> 10
Ij'
22.. Cinctonema tenue n.. sp. i i i
1.' _14
Cuticle thin, naked,
its striae not further resolvable
Neck, cylindroid posteriorly,
conoid anteriorly.
In the specimen examined the lip-region was not favorable for observation.
Oesophagus about half as wide as the head aI}d continuing to have this diameter
llntil after it passes through the nerve-ring,behind which it begins to increase

III.

Order Cytolaimia.
5

11

15

80.

'M.

126..
23.. Cephalobellus papilliger n.. sp 2.
47 5,i I
6 >16,
Annules of
the cuticle 2..2 microns wide. Head continuouswith the conoid neck.
There
are probably six lips, but no labial papillae have been seen. The pharynx resembles that found in the genus Monhystera,being a conoid or more or lesspyramidal
depression one-third
as wide as the head.
Oesophagus
cylindroid,
one-fourth
as wide as the middle of the neck, joining a pyriform cardiac bulb
two-thirds
as wide as the base of the neck and containing
a distinct valve.
Lining of the oesophagus
rather faintThe rather thick-walled
intestineisthree-fifths
as wide as the body, and is separated from the neck by a shallow,
cardiac constriction.
The ventral renette cell is situated just in front of theflexure in the testis.
From the somewhat elevated anus the tail is conical tothe acute terminus.
A pair of tall, conical, sub-ventral
papillae are locatedopposite the middle of the spiculum.
Taken altogether,
the papillae are situated as follows: 1; 0 1; 1. Spiculum slender, somewhat irregular, twice as longas the anal body diameter, placed at angle of forty-five degrees with the bodyaxis. The ejaculatoryduct was of equal length with the testis, and was connected with it by a tube also of the same length.
Habitat.: Intestineof the larva of a lamelIicorn beetle, from soil under cowdung, Moss Vale, New South Wales, Australia.
1893.
24.. Anticyathus
tenuicaudatus
n.. sp. Body wall thick.. In addition
phalic setae there are scattered papilloid cervical setae. Conoid oesophagus
set al;.>"Qf(f)u ~ V.

.1
8

2.2
/16

5.
16

'L50-"
2..7

85.
13

.2
3.7
9 /17

7.5
1.8

~M_45

86.
~17

tml two-thirds,~,:, four-sevenths,

2.1

to ceat first
65
2,,,
5"

near the nerve-ringfinally

four-fifths,

wide as the corresponding por~l!' a~lA tron of the neck. Oesophageal':',

lining subdistinct.
There is asomewhatobconoid
moreor less. "structureless"\}-looking anterior
element of the intestine
threefourths as long as the body is wide; this may be regarded as a cardia one-half as
wide as the neck.. The thick-walled
intestine, which has a faint lumen, is set off
rl:;,
ki
,. _

I

246

ORDER

CYTOLAIMIA

by a collum one-fifth as wide as the base of the neck, and becomes more or less
gradually three-fourths
to five-sixths as wide as the body.
Its cross-sectioniscomposed of twenty to fifty cells. These cells contain numerous
granules ofvariable size. The tail tapers from in front of the anus; it is first conoid, thencylindroid in the posterior fourth, where it becomes one-fifth as wide as at theanus
There are no caudal glands.
Fifteen to twenty almost invisible setae,
as long as the cuticle is thick, occur on each ventrally submedian line on the taiL
The longitudinal
fields are one-third as wide as the body.
Near the excretory
pore is an ampulla one-sixth as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck.
The nerve-ringis accompanied
by obscure nerve-cells
Vulva medium-sized,
more or less elevated; vagina non-cutinized
N ear the proximal end, each ovary
presents a double flexure, occupying a distance about equal to one body-width;
thence onward the ovaries are outstretchedin opposite directions,--'-atlast notover one-tenth as wide as the body.
The eggs occur in the uteri about nine at atime
They are about one-half to two-thirds
as long as the body is wide, though
they are often so crowded together in the uterus that they appear wider thanlong. The narrow taperingovaries contain seventy to eighty ova, arranged
single file. The strong, rather simple, stoutish, tapering,rather blunt spicula
are as long as the anal body-diameter,
and are so placed that their proximal ends,
which are cephalated by expansion, appear to lie somewhat dorsad from the bodyaxis. At their widest part the spicula are about one-eighth as wide as the corresponding portion of the body; the apophysis
is more or less uniform, and onefourth as long as the anal body-diameter,
so that its proximal extremity appears
to lie opposite to or dorsad from the axis of the taiL The 25 supplementaryorgans, hardly more than innervations,are papilloid and of slight elevation,rather farther apart anteriorly, and occupy a distance five to six times as great asthe corresponding
body-diameter.
There is a single papilla-likeventral seta
close to the anus
Habitat.:' Sand, Coco-plum Beach, Miami, Fla, n. S.. A. Flemming to glycer-.
ine jelly.. Fig 24, p. 245
25.. Neurella simplex n.. sp. Striae resolvable with great difficulty into secondary elements.
The narrow, sharply-definedwings begin near the head and end
on the tail.
The cuticle appears to be naked, except that at the base of theamphids there are elements of problematicalsignificance and number.
The neck,.
". ~VJ .2 8 7~ 1).
is cylindroid
postericph Jet (4): 57.; % 1...
.3 L2~ 1..2
1.7
1.2
orly, conoid anteriorly,
umpn,2 8.3. 13.. "=M
92.
-convex-conoid
toward1..
.5i2~-i2-i2'~1"2the head.
There seem
OJUp
to be three lips surrounding
the somewhat irregular but
more or less distinct, relatively small pharynx.
Oesophunagus cylindroid;
at first one-half, near the nerve-ring
one-third,
as wide as the corresponding
portion of the
Ut
'sfin
X750
neck; its lining is indistinct..
The separation
betweenthe oesophagus
and the intestine
was not very clear-cut.
The thick-walled
intestine gradually becomes one-half as wide as the body; its section is made up
of two cells containing
scatteredgranules of variable size, the largest about
one-eighth as wide as the body.
Not until near the middle of the body does theintestine
acquire very definite characteristics.
Anus more or less elevated.
Tail of the male, as far as seen, conoid; apparently
only its tip was missing..
Located well toward the middle of the body there is a long, granular cell empty-

NEURELLA,ZYGONEMELLA

247

ing forward j-probably
the renette cell. Excretory pore unknown.
Nerve-ring
oblique, accompanied
by distinct cells arranged in groups
Habitat. "Sea-grass,"
shoal, two miles off Key West, Florida, U.. S.. A. Sublimate to balsam
The view of the tail of the female was slightly foreshortened;
the formula must be interpreted
accordingly.
Fig. 25, p. 246..
.!'£._l:L~3.:§_- ~-~~,~1

26. Zygonemella striata n sp..3!
41 4 6 - 53~- 36 > 2"", In addition to the
cephalic setae, scattered on the anterior part of the neck, there are a considerable number of other similar setae, some of which are longer than those near themargin of the head.
Lips three, massive but low, faintly bi-lobed; within these
there is a rather broad inner mouth consisting of three soft, low, flat lobes, whichappear to be extensions of the tissue of the oesophagus
These latter present
faint refractive
elements, the expression of minute foldings of the lip tissues,that make possible the great expansion necessary for the deglutitionof the relatively large diatoms constituting
the food.
In appearance
the pharynx closely
resembles the lumen of the oesophagus
It would, in fact, be indefinable, were it
not for the pharyngeal
swelling which is half as wide as the head, that is to say,a very little wider than the remainder of the oesophagus
Immediately
behindthe pharyngeal
swelling the oesophagus diminishes gradually,so that where it
passes through the nerve-ring
it is about setJlJ((j?}JIJ(J)
two-fifths
as wide as the neck; thence
onward it is cylindroid
The lining of the(.~ 4)
fIjt CfJIII'
umpn
oesophagus
is a conspicuous
featurethroughout
its length.
The tubular cardia
is prominent,
about one-fourth
as wide as spn
p/l::~~:~o t~~:;':"n:~; :~"~m'~:;:":;"~

~

X750~

.

"

tine is almost at once fully half as wide as the body and is separated from theoesophagus by a broad and deep constriction.
Its cross-section
probably comprises only two cells. The cells contain scattered
granules of small size andrather uniform diameter
The lateral fields, about one-fourth
as wide as thebody, contain cells packed with fine uniform granules.
Renette unknown
Thetail of the male is conoid in such fashion that at the beginning of the final third
it has a diameter about equal to the width of two of the corresponding
annules;
thence onward it is very nearly cylindrical.
The anus is slightly raised,-its
posterior lip elevated.
The caudal glands are packed in a tandem series opposite
the anus and occupy a space somewhat longer than the anal body-diameter;
their ducts are narrow.
Spicula acute, not quite as long as the anal body-diameter; their width about equal to the width of one of the adjacent annules
Theytaper in the distal fourths to slender, acute points
The posterior testis is only
about half as long as the anterior.
Ten unicellular
glands are a prominent
feature of the anatomy of the male(1) A pair of clavate glands immediately
behind the blind end of the reflexed posterior testis..
Each of these glands has alength nearly equal to that of the adjacent body-diameter,
and empties througha duct extending backward.
The ducts have a width somewhat greater thanthat of one of the adjacent annules.
(2) Just behind the pair of glands alreadymentioned is a second clavate pair of larger size and very similar; these are about
half as wide as the body and somewhat longer than the body is wide, and theducts extending backward from them have a width greater than that of two of
the adjacent annules.
(3) Behind the second pair of glands there aTe six small,pyriform glands, i. e., a set of three on each side of the body, arranged longitudinally close together,but having separate ducts, also extending backward.
It

ORDER

248
has

been

impossibleof thesethevarious

rectum,

some

well

for

all thewithbut

all arebelieved

tointo

a commonof theseglands,theothers"

In

fixed

may

structure

determine

glands,andof themto thetodelivermostthe

MARGONEMA,CYTOLAIMIA

exactitudeof them
be

have

so

the

entirebeen

seen

coursetobeof thewith

it is possiblethatconnected,

thoug~

duct

beforereachmg

theof oneof themwill

description
specimens,theanterior

ducts

connected

rectum,answerextremityAs
fairlyofeachcontains a spherical nucleus with a strongly staining nucleolus: the ~ucleus !iesin theThe

midst

nucleusof chromatin
andchromatin

matteroccupywhich
thestainsanterior

ratherstrongly

fourth,orwIththird,

aCId
of thecarmme"glandu-lar cell The remainder of the contents is of a uniformly fine,granular nature"
This granulation is also characteristicof all the ducts,
Habitat,:Punta Arenas, Pacific Coast of Costa Rica, Diatomivorous
Sublimate to balsam, Fig 26, p, 247"
27.,Margonema
ringens n" sp, Striae unaltered on the lateralfields, :uticle
apparently naked but it is possible that through rough handling cephalrc setae
flipplll/ may have been broken
off, as ,;asspecimensin the samecollectIOn,
ompo
Neck cylindroid,
Amphids
faint"

ph.fu!Jcut thirds,
near the nerve-ringas wide as the corresponding

orgl

Cllt

08lum.

one-half,
portionthe. case with some other
LIpS threeand double,
Oesophagus
at first two-and finallyof thet~o-t~ir~s,

neck; ItS lrmng

indistinct
There is a faint, rather fiat cardia about half as
wide as the base of the neck
The cross-sectionof the thickc
walled intestine is made up of two cells, These transparent,,mt rpllCUf},fOlll\\\ i?
rIIrt,LY:

'.
.:

l ii
Uf<

elongated cells have very distinct nuclei, but few and small

X750inconspicuous
granules,.
The intestine becomes at oncetwothirds as wide as the body, and is separated from
1,
6,2
12.
9~.2 ? ..
"- 603'
'17
12
15
12
the oesophagus by a collum two-thirds
as wide as
9 / 12the base of the neck,and has a faint zig-zag lumen,
1.
6.S 13.
-M" 1U 115.. From the anus, the posterior lip of which is eleS / 13 13
1~ ""15
vated, the prominent
rectum extends a distanceabout as long as the anal body-diameter,.
The conoid tail tapers from the anus,
The three ellipsoidal caudal"glands
lie in a loose tandem in the anterior twofifths of the taiL There are no caudal setae
The lateral fields are about
one-third as wide as the body, and contain both small and large nuclei,
At adistance behind the neck equal to twice the width of the body lies the ellipsoidal renette cell, which is about as long as the body is wide and about ha~fas wide as long, It empties through an ampulla about as long as the ~eck IS
wide and about one-fourth
as wide as long.. This latter is connected wIth theexcr~tory pore by a very short duct.. The nerve-ringsurrounds
the oesophagus squarely, and is accompanied
by distinct cells apparently
not very definitely ananged..
From the somewhat depressed, more or less continuous ~ulv~,
the tubular vagina extends nearly half way across the body,
The vagma IS
bifurcatedeach branch being about half as long as the body is wide.. The
uteri are ~arrow,
The eggs are three-fifths
as wide as the body, and six times
as long as the body is wide.
The narrow ovaries taper but little, and contain
about a dozen ova approximately
in single file,. At their widest part, the slender, acute spicula are about one-eighth as wide asthecorresponding portion ~fthe body.. Their arcuate,
cephalic portions,viewed in profile, appear to I.Ie
somewhat ventrad from the body-axis
The subarcuate,
rather slender, fraI:,
simple accessory pieces are joined together at the anus,
The separate apophysIs,rpll

LEPTOGASTRELLA

249

is uniform and one-fourth
as long as the corresponding
body-diameter
There
are thirty to forty low, about equidistant
supplementaryorgans, of such a character that the ventral contour becomes crenate when the tail end is incurved;
the crenations are then nearly contiguous,
There are a few, scattered ventrally
submedian setae on the tailThe acute ends of the spicula are minutely andsharply curved through an angle of 180 degrees at the very tip.. One male specimen was seen in which there were two renette cells, each with a separate duct forsome distance,
Habitat: Salavery, Peru"
Marine.
Sublimate to balsam.
Fig, 27, p,. 248
n.. sp, Except for the setae near the head and on
appears to be naked,
The neck is cylindroid
posteriorly,
becoming faintly convex-conoid
toward the rounded head, which
may be set off by an almost imperceptible,
broad constriction
opposite the baseof the pharynx..
The membranous
lips, are either six in number, or three andeach two-parted.
The oesophagus is cylindroid,
There is an elongated cardia,
one-half as long as the body is wide, and about two-thirds
as wide as longThe
intestine,
separatedfrom the oesophagus
by a shallow constriction,
becomes
at once two-fifths as wide as the body, and then diminishes slightly so that it has
about one-third the width of the bodyIts cross-section
would appear to bemade up of not more than two cells. The intestine is so narrow as to give thenema quite an unusual appearance,
It is thick-walled
and has an exceedingly
narrow lumen
Its cells are packed with exceedingly minute yellowish granules,
Correspondingly,
the body-wall is unusually
thick and muscular,
and slightly
oblique longitudinal
striations
due to the refractionsof the muscular fibres can28,. Leptogastr ella pellucida

the tail of the male, the cuticle

M

..

1.
21

9. 1
29

1.3920,

.

22
33

"-6L
33

~:9 :515..
22

1~~,

9~,,',~t.2".~fli(6?)

ompoij.
3 4 -" 2be seen throughout
the length of
the body
The lateralfields2''2, 5'

appear to be about one-third

\

...

[POW

oc

as set.fu!Jf/JI!,

wide as the body,
The renette
has not been seen.. Vulva slightly
mscretrelevated
The outstretchedovarycontains
forty
or moreova
arrangedsingle file" The blind!IicdJ
end of the ovary lies not far behindthe nerve-ring
The eggs occurring in the uterus appear to be oc
about as long as the body is wide
and one-third
to one-fourthaswide as long
The tail of the qi all
male is conoid to near the terminus, where it has a diameter aboutoc
one-fifth as great as at the anus. x 750
Caudal glands are located in the base of the taiL There are no supplementaryorgans, nor have any special papillae or setae been seen either in front of theanus or behind it
The spicula slide in tubular accessory pieces,
Habitat,: Marine mud, San Pedro, California,
U. S.. A, At first glance this

0

250

ORDER

nema
any

appearssuch

spiculaintestine

to bea typical

well-developed

are

quite

also

different

is highly

Monhystera,amphids
in form

peculiar.

XENOLAIMUS,CYTOLAIMIA

but

as
from
Occurscarefulexamination

characteristicofMonhystera.

The

the

typicalof Monhystera

The

also

at Woods

spiculaHole,

Mass..

)~~___2:_'-_}2<~___6:_~:~1.:>m L
2.
29. Dactylaimus
aequalisn. sp.. 16
2..2 23
2.5
Three of the six lips are somewhat
more substantial
than thosethemDistal thirds of the lips free, the remaining lld6).

portions webbed

fails to reveal

areFig.. 28, p. 249.

1010

Cuticlenaked.

alternating

with

From the head, the oesophagus con-tinues to have the same diameter to near the obliquenerve-ring,but then begins to swell gradually so that phfinally it is two-thirds
as wide as the base of the neck
There is a small cylindroid cardia.. The intestine, ump/z
separated from the oesophagus by a deep constriction,
becomes at once about two-thirds
as wide as the body.
oe
Its circuit appears to comprise about four cells. The
lumen of the intestine presents
a refractive
and distinct contour.
From theinconspicuous,slightly depressed anus, the rectum is considerably
shorter than
the anal body-diameter
The distinct lateral fields are about one-third as wide
as the body and contain numerous cells whose nuclei are arranged in two indistinct rows along the margins of the field,
which they fill fairly well. Renette
unknown
The description
is derived from a single young female, with thevulva in process of development..
The tail is conoid in such fashion that at a
distance from the anus about five times as great as the length of the anal bodydiameter, where the annules vanish, it has a width about one-sixth as great as
at the anus.
An indefinite, but probably not considerable
portion of the tailofthespecimen examined was possibly missing
Hence, the above formula may
be only approximately
correct.
The following formula is in terms of absolutelengths expressed in microns:
17 ~6 !99~_m_~6~--_}40i"I030...,...,
17.

Habitat.:to balsam.

22.

Fine marine mud, San Francisco
Fig.. 29.

24

25.

!:~- -~:~)=~'!::2:

U. S. A.

~6~~
>1.7..

Sublimate

30.. Xenolaimus
striatus n.. sp. 17 29 -- 26.3.1 24
Cuticle naked,
and complicated,
the annules retrorse posteriorly
and the reverse anteriorly..
The twelve longitudinal
wings extend to near the spinneret, becoming fewer on
the taiL The thick, somewhat digitate lips are united by a membrane.
The
portion ofthehead containing the pharynx is proset JIJ n Jet suIJm
trusile and appears as if surrounded by a balustradecomposed of the anterior annules of the cervical
cuticleThe large, simple, regular, conoid pharynx is fully three-fourths
as long as the head is
wide
Each of the six lips bears a two-jointed
seta, and appears to be armed internallywith aslendeT, flexible element considerably
longer than
the seta.. In the illustration,
what appear to repamp/z
resent two minute setae on the foremost annule of.::{the neck are probably the optical expression of an
str JOfl!]It.
exceedingly
tenuousmembranesurroundingthehead.. Although the oesophagus was not plainly seen, it is evident that it is cylindToid as in Trachynema..
The intestine becomes at once three-fourths
as wideas the body.
The anus appears continuous.
The cells of the intestine
con-

251

tain scattered granules of variable size, the largest of which are one-half as wide
as one of the annules.
The conoid tail tapers from in front of the anus andends in a spinneret.
Habitat: Marine mud from near the government-dredged
cut Biscayne Bay,
Florida,U. S..A.. Sublimate to balsam. Fig 30, p.. 250..'
3L Cytolaimium
exile n. sp. Cuticle thin, without setae except those on the~ead.
Lips with thin distal flaps as in Monhystera.
The cylindroid oesophagus
IS at first three-fifths,
near the nerve-ring
one-half, and finally three-fifths
aswide as the corresponding portion of the neck.. There is a conoid cardia ~nethird as wide as the base of the neck
The thick-walled
intestine
which has afaint lumen, becomes at once three-fourths
as wide as the body.. It~ cells containscattered granules of variable size, the largest of which, near the neck, are onefifteenth as wide as the corresponding
portion ofthebody, but near the middleof the nema are one-tenthas wide as the body The conoid tail tapers rather
regularly from somewhat in front of the anus, but faster near the anus.
No
clear evidence of the presence of caudal glands. The lateral fields are about
one-half as wide as the body.
The narrow nerve-ring is accompanied
by obscurenerve cells
From the small, continuous,inconspicuous
vulva, a small, more orless weak, non-cutinizedvagina extends inward one-third the distance across thebody.
In th~ narrow, t~pering ovaries, the ova are arranged single file
Only
one e~g at. a tIme occurs m each uterus..
The eggs are three times as long as the
body IS wIde and appear about three-fourths
as wide as the body.. The tail ofthe male is first conoid, then cylindroid in the posterior two-fifths
where it is
one-third as wide as at the base.. The somewhat stout, rather blunt spicula arestrong, non-cephalated,and so situated that their proximal ends appear to lie.M (f}Jppl(6)

f!J(JJ.2

4.2.7'-5,7-'
.
9

c§/'"

34

21

Bay, California,

CYTOLAIMIUM

.7.7
.8'

:1;",
ph

li!Jfz.

:.- P. of the spIcula

93.

0

PP 0 site the. '6",4..8..
body-axis..

-M-" 955"k ~"~:"35"
,
u

There

is a refractive
short element infront of the tips

. slender, apparAccessory pIece
one-third as long as the spicula..

ently strong,
The 16 pairs of submedian, equidistant,discoid,slightly-elevatedsupplements
are not cupph shaped, and are relatively
less cutinized thanin well-developed
Chromadora
supplements.
The posterior
pre-anal pair lies opposite thedistal parts of the spicula
Thence, forward
X 750 placed at intervals about equal to three-fourth~the body-diameter,
the organs occupy a space.
eIght to nme
The post-anal five pairs" tIm:s as long as the anal body-diameter.
o~cupy the antenor three-fifthsof the taiL The discs are about one-fourthaswIde as the body, and one-fourth as wide as high, the distance between them being
about one and one-half times .their diameter..
There appeaTS to be an innervatedeler;ne~t that proj:cts f~om near the center of each disc.. The ejaculatory
duct,
whIch IS co-extensIve WIth the pre-anal supplementaryorgans is one-half as wide
as .the corr:esponding pOTtion of the body.. The vas deferens'is
one-half to one~hIrd as wIde as the body
Each testis is at first about one-third as wide as theody and cylindroid,
but afterwards
tapeTs.
The anterior testis is much the
1onger.
Habitat.: Sand-bar opposite Miami River, Biscayne Bay, Fla.., U.. S.. A.. Sub.
limate to balsam.
Fig 31.

252

ORDER

CYTOLAIMIA

DIDELTA,

32a. Rhabdocoma americanum n.. sp
Type species.
Cuticle thin, naked except
for the cephalic setae
Lips three
Wall to the pharyngeal
cavity in opticalsection showing three somewhat thickened elements, that are possibly minutelytransversely
ribbed; these elements,
however, are very small and difficult of

pplllJf6j

sp

<1-1

.14

3.2

..4

77

6.5
.7

.17 3.5
4
}6

7.
.7

-)[-7
,:~~\

22'"
.9

34",

58. 31..
.6resolution.
Neck somewhat conoid
anteriorly
Oesophagus
at theU{
nerve-ring two-fifths, at the cardia
two-thirds,
as wide as the corresponding portion of the neck, and.
.. mIcaun..
g 1an d s, as ISd t edcontammg
by fine granular matter in branched

umpk

daulllfJ/Jtnn
X750 cavities
Cardiamor~ or lessspheroidal,
one-half as wide as the base of the neck.
The rather thlck-,;alled
intestine presents a faint lumen and becomes at once about one-half as wIde as
the body; its cross-section
presents but few cells. Anus continuo:,s;
rectumabout as long as the anal body-diameter.
The intestinal
cells con tam granulesof variable diameter, the largest one-tenth as wide as the body.. Doubly refractive granules occur in all parts of the intestine, but are not numerous; these tend
to have quadrate
contours and do not present St. Andrew's crosses.
The tailtapers very gradually throughout,commencing well in front of the anus
Renette unknown..
There is an anterior rudimentarybranch to the female sexualorgan, about as long as the body is wide.
From the rather large, more or lessdepressed vulva the well-developed
cutinized vagina extends inward three-fifths
the distance across the body.. The elongated eggs are twice as long as the bodyis wide. The broad, cylindroid
ovary reaches three-fourths
the distance backto the vulva and contains very many ova, those of the two-thirds next the uterus
being arranged single file. The frail spicula are about one and two-thirds
t~mes
as long as the anal body diameter and are rather wide apart..
Accessory pIeces
faint.
Supplements
papilloid, twelve to sixteen, occupying a distance in frontof the anus ten to twelve times as long as the body-diameter,while a second
series of about eight, occurs on the neck.
The members of the anal series are
somewhat farther apart anteriorly;of the cervical series, posteriorly.
Habitat: Sand among mussels, Devil's Island, Woods Hole, Mass.
Fig.. 32..
.4

13.?M?

64.

2,,3 (?Inb. Rhabdocoma maCTurum n. sp. 1
13
1.4 -",,13
Very closely
resembles the preceding,but differs in the following respects:
straight setae,
nearly as long as the head is wide, digitate, with a minute setose mucro; amphidsa trifle farther forward, somewhat elongated;apparently
four, submedian,minute short setae opposite the posterior margin of the amphids; accessory pieces
on:-half
as long as the spicula and parallel to them.
Habitat: Sulphurous
sand, Bay of Naples, toward Vesuvius, 1888..

markings,
reminiscentof the bubbles in defective window glass.
The simple,
subregular, somewhat asymmetrical,
napiform pharynx is about one-third as wide
as the headOn the dorsal side of the base of the pharynx there is a more or lessglottoid, low, flat elevation,
so that the more or less refractive
dorsal wall of
the pharynx appears only about half as.ppll/J (6)long as the ventral wall.
Posteriorly
the neck is cylindroid,
anteriorly,
more
or less conoid
The elliptical amphids
are in reality spirals of about one wind
They occur on large, somewhat equilaterally triangularor deltoid areas on thesides of the head; hence, the nameDidelta.
The oesophagus
is at firstabout three-fourths,
near the nervering one-half, and finally tWQ-thirds, as
trmwide as the corresponding
part of theneck
The lining is distinctly
indicated by a more or less zig-zag, refractive

line;

the musculature

is coarse

2.6

7,6

lO-44-1181,-

3,,5 mm

33.. Didelta maculatumn. sp :9~4~5
18
12
Cuticle, which isabove medium thickness and naked except for the setae on the head, is characterized by the presence of peculiar transversely-elongatedrefractive subcutJcular

X 750

and

colorless.
There are no valves, and there is no cardia.
The thick-walled
intestine, which has a distinct refractive
lining, becomes at once three-fourths
aswide as the body; its cross-section
being composed of about six cells.. It is separated from the oesophagus by a collum one-third as wide as the base of the neck.
The cells of the intestine are packed with more or less uniform granules, having
a diameter about one-ninetieththat of the body.
Arranged in elliptical clusters,
they give rise to a distinct tessellation.
The tail, which tapers from the anus,
is first conoid, and then more or less cylindroid
in the very narrow posterior
half. It really tapers throughout,but is nearly cylindroid
in the setaceous
part
There is no spinneretThe lateral fields are about one-fourth
as wideas the body..
The nerve-ringis of medium
size, and is accompaniedbyobscure nerve cells.. From the rather inconspicuous,
but somewhat elevatedvulva, the cutinized vagina leads inward two-fifths the distance across the body..
The tapering ovaries were not favorable to detailed observation..
Habitat.: "Sea-grass,"
shoal, two miles off Key West, Florida, U. S. A. Flemming to glycerine jelly
Fig.. 33.
13

-;-

184

Y

82.5

-;34. Dasynema sexalineatum n. sp. 38 ?
3:1
31 '2.4 > 6"" Striae resolvable into secondary, elongated elements
Annules retrorse posteriorly,
and thereverse anteriorly.
Cuticle naked except for the setae on or near the head
Lips three, .more or ~ess dist~nct, thin, apparently
setqm(6)phacute, possIbly conord, mobIle; the appearanceisthat of th~ee s:gments of t~e head, e~ch. a rmed at:':alsetSl/oqm+¥''
the summIt WIth a short, mward-pomtmg,
dark,
\: ,,
cutiniZe d apex, hav ing ~n .inward s.troke, There
amph
i.rpn
d oes no t appear t 0 b e a d ISt mct car d la, b ut a num\. !
\{ " ?er o~ small cell.s formi~g the ~eginningof the,al'><750...::,.,-,
mtestme are malllfestly dIfferent m structure from.
those dIrectly behind"
The rather thin-walled
intestine
which has a more orl ess ~istinct, refr!1cti:e lumen, soon becomes two-thirds'
as wide as the body,a nd ItS cross-sectIon
IS composed of two to four cells in which there are few or
"..

i

\

,

V
,

,

.35

253

DASYNEMA,ORDER

254

elevated, the promiFrom the anus, the posterior lip of which is.
great as theleads inward a distance one and on.e-~alf tImes ~sno granules
nent rectummph

LINHOMOELLA,CYTOLAIMIA(p!J(6Janal body-diameter"

The tall IS sub-conold,-at

first co-noid, then more or less cylindroid"
The elongate~ caudal
glands appear to lie in the anterior half of the tall..
...,Woods Hole, Mass" U. S" A. . Sub1UJJrp!J Habitat: Eel-grass,
limate to balsam.
Described
from a young specImen..
Fig" 34a, p" 253; Fig. 34b.

6I1lpnJumDe

uno

35" Linhomoella exilis n. sp. The shorter cephalic setae
are differentiatedat the extremity,suggestingthat they
bear special sensory organs"
Cuticle naked except for theDesetae on or near the head,
Lips apparently
confluent.
Possibly there are papillae immediatelyaroun~ the ~outh
opening"
It sometimes
appears as if ~here IS a mmute
dnro pharynx like that of Monhystera,but thIS may be a deception due to the structureof the front part of the oesop~agus; possibly there is no true buccal cavity"
N ~ck cyhncrd wJ droid,
The more or less cylindroid
oesophagus
IS at first
three-fifths,
near the nerve-ring two-fifths, and finally twothirds, as wide as the corresponding
portion of t~e nec~.

oe

nror

!JIb

cylmdrOld

to::,mt It is colorless and has a fine musculature.. . Th~
x375
cardia is three-fourths
as wide as the neck.. The intestine, whIch IS separated
from the oesophagus by a collum three-fifths
as wide as ~he base. of the neck,becomes at once three-fourths
as wide as the body.. Near.lts ~ntenor er:d, h?wever, there is a broad, shallow constriction,in whICh reglOr: ItS lumen IS faI~t.
Anteriorly the walls are thick, while posteriorly
they are thm.
A cross-sectI~nof the intestine is probably made up of about three cells, These cells contam
scatteredgranules of variable size, the largest of which are a~out one-twelfth.de as the::c:~tebody

as at the anus,

glands
The

very

and

appearto havethestructure

tail tapers 'from the anus to the terminus,
were
caudal.

Caudal1

notseen, :4

setae

are

mmu t e and ver y '

2,,2

2

inconspicuous,-fiveto ,six on each ventrally
spicuous,

fairlylarge,'-62-"

8II61-M-" , . 928
,H

",

,; ~y

shells,~he

as wIdesetcp!J(4J,

945, ,3 3..

45

89

"5'

of sphencal

where it is one-fourth

6

7..

8

,.

"-

orgl'

submedIanlme,

From th~ ?on-elevat~d

vulva

the

cutmlzedOc ?

vagina extends one-third the dIstance across the bod~,
The slender eggs are ten times as long as the bod~ IS oewide, and appear to be about three-fourt?s
as wI~eas thebody.

Thenarrow

tap~ring

ovanescontaI~

proxI- om'Ph
twenty or more ova arranged s~ngle file. .The
mal extremitiesof the StoutIS~, tapermg,
acute, X 750
rather strong spicula appear to he ventrad from thebody axis and are not materiallycephalated"T~e.
t .0f th~ accessory piece near the spicula is refractIve; the apophysIS, however,~a~
As t.o
IS at, t and a littl'e more than half as long as the anal bod!-diame~er
entary organs
there are almost invisible ventral
mnervatlOns,
eqm~~~:a::- and s~parated' from each other by spaces about two-thirds
as great. as
the body-diameter.
The ejaculatoryduct and vas deferens are about one-thIrd
as wide as the body.
The tapering testes are very narrow.

255

NANNOLAIMUS

Habitat,: Sand-bar, Biscayne Bay, off the mouth of the Miami River, Florida,Fig, 35, p" 254 The almost impercepU. S" A. Flemming to glycerine jelly.
tible constriction
occurring in the cephalic region, as shown in the illustration,is somewhat more marked when seen dorso-ventrally;
the amphids are locatedin the midst of a broad and shallow depression.
~4___7:.3--:-~~

n, sp" /11riorlyThe

its lumencross-section

guttatus

is faint,

but posteriorlyof theintestine

1,5'

15

~~8-.:~~-_2!"- >1. 3

..

2,1
15
Cuticle of medium thickness, naked except for the cephalic setae, of which there is a circlet often, with a circlet of six immediately
preceding it
There are, however, a few,
scattered setae on the neck, one-third as long as the neck is wide, arranged atright angles to the surface..
Lips confluent, very small, thin and minute, probably six in number
No labial papillae have been seen. Pharynx almost nonexistent, simple, conoid,
Neck cylindroid,
The oesophagus is at first one-half,near the nerve-ring
two-sevenths,
and finally two-thirds,
as wide as the corresponding portion of the neck; its lining is subdistinct,!IJ
its musculaturefine and colorless,
There is a hemipex
spherical cardia, one-fourth
as wide as the base of theneck
The thick-walled
intestine,
which is set off by a amp
amflD
collum one.-fourth
as wide as the base of the neck,lumoe
becomes at once two-thirds
as wide as the bodyAnte- oe36" Nannolaimus

it is distinct,

is composedof aboutretI

setceflJoc
three cells, The granules containedin these cells are
x750
scatteredto numerous,
and are of variable
size, the sfJIllargest having a diameter equal to the width of two of the adjacent annules.,They have the appearanceof hollow shells, more or less thick-walled,The
conoid tail tapers from the anus to its terminus, which is one-third as wide as
its base, Though the caudal glands were not clearly seen, they appear to bebroadly saccate and to be arranged in a close tandem behind the anus in the anterior half of the tail.
There appear to be about three slender, somewhat cylindroid, subacute setae on each submedian line on the tail,The lateral fields are
two-fifths as wide as the body,
The huge renette cell begins at the cardia andextends backward a distance equal to the length of the neck.
It is two-fifths
as wide as the body, and, of course, is not reflexed.. It is granular and possesses
a large nucleus,
The elongated ampulla is one-third as wide as the head and empties through a short duct near the base of the lips
Vulva more or less continuous, small; cutinized vagina of medium size, The thin-shelled,
elongated eggs
are probably five to six times as long as the body is wide, According to the condition of the uterus, the broad tapering ovaries reach from three-fifths
to thewhole of the distance back to the vulva.. They contain about a dozen ova
arranged more or less single file, except near the blind end..
Habitat,: Sand, Cape Florida, Biscayne Bay, Florida, D, S, A, Flemming toglycerine jelly,This genus resembles Cyatholaimus
more or less but has no
onchia and the excretory pore is farther forward,
The labial features are small-,er and less definite than in Cyatholaimus
It is notable also that no pores areto be seen in the cuticle
The oesophagus ends behind in an almost imperceptible elongated swelling,
The color of the ocelli, through oversight,
was not
noted.. Until the male is known, the affinities will remain doubtful..
Fig 36.

PROTRELLUS,

256

ORDER

IV. Order Iso1aimiaso93.8)1.4..
.
37. Rhadinema
flexile n. sp. .6 1.3/ 12
1.5" 1.3
Cephahcsetae
3-jointed;
cuticle otherwise naked
The thick, small lips confluent
Pharynx
exceedingly minute, two-thirds
as deep as the head is wide; wall characterizedby six longitudinalelements of minute size, exactly parallel to the axis of thehead, so that the pharynx appears to be a more or less shallow, cylindroidor.15 5-7 9.5

or 'set-"-Mcph(4J prismoid cup, two-thir~sas deep as wide.
The lining of
the oesophageal canalIs more or less modIfied as far back(3)
e!mt phas the base of the amphids.
The circumferenceof theamphids is almost imperceptiblybroken on the dorsal
side. The somewhat
cylindroid
oesophagus
is almost
spn imperceptibly
swollen in the posterior
fifth
At first it

X7
is three-fifths,
near the nerve-ring
one-half, and finally two-thirds,
as wide as
the corresponding
portion of the neck.
The lining is subdistinct..
There is amore or less hemispherical
cardia three-fifths
as wide as the base of the neck..
The thick-walled
intestine, which has a distinct, refractive,
more or less zig-zag
lumen, becomes at once three-fourths
as wide as the body.
Its cells are packed
with uniform colorless granules of variable size, the largest of which are onesixteenth as wide as the body.. They do not give rise to more than a faint tessellation
The tail is conoid
The more or less narrow elongated caudal glands
are arranged in a loose tandem behind the anus in the anterior third of the tail.
The elongated renette cell lies at a distance behind the base of the neck equal totwice the body-diameter;
it is one body-widthlong, about one-third as wide as
long, and contains a rather large nucleus.
The rather broad oblique nerve-ringis accompanied by somewhat obscure nerve cells..
Habitat: Clear, "white"sand, 5 feet of water, cove at the entrance to Buzzard's Bay, Mass, n. S.. A. Sublimate to balsam.
Fig.. 37..
.4

COLPURELLA

257

ISOLAIMIA

3.2

r.3

53"

94.7

6-

3
17'
Annules as much as
38. Protrellus aureus n. sp..7
24/ 320 microns wide.
Striae are visible throughout
the length of young specimens,
which also differ from the adults in not having the cuticle inflated on the neck..
No setae or amphids..
The conoid neck ends in a truncate
head, bearing a
lip-region set off by constriction,
and apparently
composed of six lips. Thereis at least one papilla on each lip. The prismoid pharynx is half as wide as deep..
The major part' of the oesophagus
is simple and cylindrical,
having the same
width as the lip-region, and is separated from the cardiac bulb by a broad constriction
The triquetrous
lining of the oesophageal
tube is easily seen, andends in a distinct manner near the base of the pharynx.
The intestine is modified, i..e., enlarged, to form a sort of "stomach,"
for a distance equal to twice
the width of the body; thereafter
its width does not exceed one-fourththat ofthe body.
The length of the rectum is one and one-half times that of the a.nal
body-diameter,
and it has the peculiarityof lying close to the yentral side of thebody.
Region of the ventral excretory pore conspicuously
marked by a large
colorless ampulla
The lateral fields are one-third
as wide as the body.. The
nerve-ring
encircles the oesophagus
squarely.
The anterior fourth of the tailis somewhat hemispherical,
and at the end of this part one-third as wide as at
the anus; thence onward it is conical to the acute terminus.
The large, elevated, and very prominent
vulva is situated far forward, somewhat in front of

the cardiac bulb, in fact, and from it the vagina and long single uterus are directed backward, the vagina being highly muscular, and in its contracted
condition thrice as long as the body is wide. The uterus ends and the ovaries begin
near the commencementof the posterior third of the body.
There are numerous
fusiform, slightly curved eggs, measming 50 X 104 microns, the shells of which
acquire a bright yellow color on entering the uterus.
In many cases these goldenshelled eggs give the nemas, when seen with the unaided eye, a bright yellow
appearance.
The ovaries extend forward, then backward
again; the ova arearranged single file
The eggs in the proximal part of the ovaries and in theuterus have the less-pointedend saddled with a peculiar organ.
The saddled
end of the egg is directed away from the vulva.
90.
.
.8
10.
21..
61..
'M
On the very much smaller male, the plain,
Z:-5---4-~--6}--'--7ii-';"':Y3-'transverse
striae measure 3 microns apart on the neck, and 2 microns on thebody.
Theie is no distinct boundary between the rounded head and the conoidneck
The lips are very small and connate
Small, low, refractive
papillaeoccur near the margin of the head.
The somewhat irregular pharynx is half as
deep as the head is wide, and about two-thirds
as wide as deep.
The anterior
three-fifthsof the oesophagus is a tube two-fifths as wide as the middle of theneck, the remaining two-fifths being flask-shaped,
the neck of the flask being
somewhat narrower than the anterior tube, and the ovoid bulb being two-thirds
as wide as the neck.
Cardiac collum, though shallow, distinct..
The thinwalled intestine is at first at least two-thirds
as wide as the body.
The nervering encircles the oesophagus squarely..
The tail diminishes rapidly behind theanus, until only one-third as wide as at the anus
There are three pairs of papil-.
lae, all sub-ventral :-one pair of conical papillae, the largest of all, just in frontof the anus; a second smaller pair somewhat behind the anus; and a third pairnear the middle of the taiL The single linear, acute spiculum makes an angleof 45° with the axis of the body; its length equal to that of the narrow part of thetail. Testis-flexme
such that the cardia lies halfway between it and the nerve-ring.
Habitat:. Rectum of the cock-roach,Polyzostaria melanaria Erich.., Moss Vale,New South Wales, Australia,
August 17, 1894. Examined in water.
(.617.6 15. 30.
'~M98.
l1)19 2.2 2..224i'- 25,6.39. Colpurellajontinalis
n.. sp.
naked.. No labial papillae..
Pharynx very long and tubular..
Neck cylindroid posteriorly.
The oesophagus is at first threefifths, near the nerve-ring two-fifths, and finally two~thirds, aswide as the base of the pharynx.
It is a little narrower throughthe middle, so that one may detect a faint posterior swelling
No cardia.. The thick-walled
intestine,
which has a faintlumen, is separated from the oesophagus by a collum one-fourth
as wide as the neck, and becomes at once one-half as wide as the
body.. Numerous,
minute, uniform granules occur in the cellsof the intestine..
Renette unknown.
Female unknown
Five
somewhatequidistant,papillate
supplementaryorga~s, onethird as high as the cuticle is thick, occupy a distance equal totwo and one-half times the length of the body-diameter.
The
posterior supplement
is near the proximal part of the spicula..
n
The organs are wider apart anteriorly..
Oblique copulatorytrmmuscles coextensive with the supplements.
Exact form of the testes unknown.
Habitat.: Spring, at Country Club, Washington,
D. C., U. S.. A.. Sublimate tobalsamFig. 39. n, designatesa caudal pocket, and not the anus, which isfarther forward.
"

=~_~O~7-~~C---~OO_~'- --~"~-"~-"-~_.w_--~--~'-"-~-~'~'~'--~~~_.=~::_-'::~-=:::::-~.:::;::::;:=:4..~~-.~

j

I

ISOLAIMIUM,
ORDER

258

y
40. Pycnolaimus

pygmaeus

n"

sp,

259

COINONEMA

ISOLAIMIA
5.8

18._38.

<7

6 -

7.:1

77

~.9 ? ..2.".Cuticle

thin

naked
Near the middle of the body the very narrow, exceedingly
minutely
crenate wings occupy a space about equal to the width of two annules of the
cuticle,Neck conoid,
From the amphids an internal element extends inward
and backward a distance twice as great as the width of the corresponding
portionof the neck.
Lip-region difficult to decipher
Cephalic cuticle very thick, especially near the base of the lips" When the head is viewed in profile and in opticalsection there are seen connected with this thickened portion of the labial cuticle
elements that extend forward over the vestibule
At first sight these extensions
appear to be thin, cutinized flaps, that are very minutely transversely
striated,
A careful examination,
however, appears to indicate that they may have somewhat the structureof odontia, inasmuch as a short distance behind the apices,which are decidedly sharp, the inner contours curve in toward the axis of thehead, and the longitudinal
section of the elements, including the bases, above
described, appear claw-shaped,
The dorsal and ventral elements, thus viewed,
are very much alike
Concentrating
attention
on either lateral surface of thehead one finds, opposite the axis, two elements which extend forward parallel
to each other and then bend toward the axis, arching inward to meet the dorsal
and ventral elements already described, and appear to be the median elementsof lateral labial organs.. These elements are not so finely striated as the labial
elements first mentioned,
and appear to be slightly darker
The napiform
vestibule leads to the pharynx, the entrance to which seems to be nearly closed
mnif by a very slight curvature on the anterior part of one of the cutinmarking
its contour,
The oesophagus
diminishes
JlJous elementsslightly in diameter as it passes backward, so that its middle partfJ11
is hardly two-fifths
as wide as the conesponding
portion of the011
neck
It then diminishes more rapidly, so that just in front of the
cardiac bulb it is only about one-third as wide as the corresponding
I{Jllx750portion of the neck
There is no vestige of a median bulb,
Cardiacbulb somewhat pear-shaped,
or sub-spherical,
three-fifths
as wide as the base of
the neck, and containing a rather complex central valve half as wide as the bulb
itself,
Two small, refractive elements occur one in front of the other in the midstof the valve
There is a sub-spherical
cardia one-third as wide as the base of
the neck.
The intestine becomes at once three-fourths
as wide as the body;its cross-section presents apparently
only two cells. These cells contain granulesof various sizes and kinds; the lar gest and clear est are spherical,
and have awidth two to three times that of one of the annules of the cuticle.
The smaller
and darker granules are not distinctly
spherical and vary in size down to thoseof very minute size
From the inconspicuous
but very slightly raised anus, therefractive rectum extends inward a distance a little greater than the anal body,.
diameter..
The tail is conoid from the anus, but is convex-conoid
at the terminus, The description
is derived from a specimen much too young to give any
indication as to the position and form of the sexual organs,
The measurements
must be correspondinglyinterpreted"
Habitat: From green-housesoil, Ann Arbor, Mich., U. S, A.. Fixed in Flemming; examined in water,
Fig 40,41. Isolaimium
papillatum n, sp.. Cuticle rather thin, naked.
Neck convexconoid anteriorly.
Cuticle with surface innervations
along the edges of thelateral field, Nerve-ring
oblique.
Pharynx tubular,
one-sixth as wide as thehead measured opposite its base.
Tail of the male conoid, slightly arcuate, alittle longer than the anal body-diameter,
blunt, its ventral
contour nearlystraight, its dorsa,l contour arcuate
The rather simple, blunt, uniform, more orppl(6J ,27
1

44

65

'5'53;"

99.

39..

less

slender,arcuate17
12
12 "y4
spiculaare aboutaslong as the anal body986
5,2
6,6
38..
-J<"
ppi(4J112 ")} 3'15 "".12
diameter.
Theirnoncephalated
proximalends
lieventradfromthebodyor!!.?
axis
The frail, slender, arcuate
accessory piece isampul parallel to the spicula and one-third as long; at its proximal end it has a very small, backward-pointing
apophcut ysis from which muscular strands pass forward to thedorsally submedian lines and backward to the ventral
SUOClltfield near the middle of the taiL The six papilloid or
mammiform,
sub-equidistant
supplements
occupy a
X 750 space about three times as great as the anal body-diameter,
Each comprises about six annules of the cuticle

n

p/J

tnn

'
and has the same slightly crenate contour as the ventral surface,
The tail bears
four pairs of flattish, conoid papillae, a little behind its middle; one dorsallysubmedian,
one lateral, one ventrally
submedian and one subventral.
Habitat: Soil, Plummer's
Island, Potomac River, Virginia, U. S. A. Flemming to glycerine jelly" Fig, 41.

42. Coinonema punctatum n, sp.. Lips thick.
Neck conoid,
Eye-spotstwo,
far apart, brown to yellow, solid, with backward connections,
The cylindroid
oesophagus is at first one-half, at the nerve-ring one-third,
and finally also onethird as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck; lining sub distinct.
There
is a c~lindroid cardia one-fourth as wide as the base of the neck.
The intestine,
set off by a collum one-fifth as wide as the base of the neck, becomes at once
three-fourths
as wide as the body.
Anteriorly
it is thick-walled,
posteriorly
thin-walled.
Its cross-section
is composed of four to five cells, These cells
contain numerous granules packed together in such a way as to give rise
to a
10, .setqJ!/
faint tessellation.
The granules are of variable size, the largest .set 'Illbeing one-tenth to one-sixteenth
as wide as the body
The anus .silO
is continuous,
the rectum three-fourths
as long as the anal oebody-diameter
The conoid tail tapers from the anus to therather minute spinneret
The three, broadly-saccate
caudal pex
Iglands lie in a close tandem in the anterior third of the tail, qm,,!
'P
The ellipsoidal renette cell stretches along behind the base of

the neck for a distance equal toL

87.

9. 14. "52"
2,111,
twice the width of the body; it i;.o 25 27
31
is two-thirds
as wide as long" 1.1 9.1 13.5 -}~
89. n
spn
750
'
From the continuous,
rather 12/ 23 24
27~22
leads
inconspicuous
vulva, the rather weak, non-cutinized,
medium-sizedv~gin~
inward one-third the way across the body.
The eggs occur one at a tIme III eachuterus, and are one and one-half times as long as the body is wide
They appear
elongated in form and are deposited after segmentation
begins"In the mediumsized, tapering ovaries are ten to twelve ova arranged single file.. ?,he acutespicula are rather frail and slender
Their proximal ends appear to he ventradfrom the body-axis..
A refractive"
chord" appears to subtend
the arc of the~picula" The rather frail, somewhat slender, arcuate accessory pieces have an..

LAIMELLA,

260

ORDER

applied part one-third as long as the spicula, and projecting
at right angles tothis is a uniform, blunt apophysis,
one-half as long as the anal body-diameter
having its proximal end opposite the axis of the tail.
The testes are wide andmore or less tapering,
Habitat,: Key West and Biscayne Bay, U S, A.., on algae,
Flemming to glycerine jelly,Fig,. 42, p" 259.
43, Rhynchonema
cinctum n, sp
Annules of the cuticle retrorse posteriorly,
the reverse anteriorly,
Neck cylindroid, very rapidly narrowing just behind thehead, and thence nearly cylindroid,so that the entire headph r(f/;(fOJ forms a kind of flexible beak.
There are no eye-spots,
Co,fI/Uq;/Jnoid oesophagus at the nerve-ring two-fifths, and finally onehalf, as wide as the corresponding
part of the neck; it has aph fine colorless musculature
with no indication of glands,
The
There is no cardia,
The intestine,
setIImph lining is indistinct
off by a collum one-fifth as wide as the neck, becomes at onceoe three-fourths
as wide as the body" It has a distinct refracits cross-section,5) 73 16., ~5 '-"-72 89. 5.. tive lumen and is thick-walled;(8)
presents two to three cells, From the continu3:5'
3'4
34
'2'9>
"5
ous anus, the rather
inconspicuous
though87,(5) 7,4
26,
'O-M.
.
> 5
(9) 1'5 16"
33'~3'3
cutinized rectum is three-fourths
as long as the
3'3' 3'3
anal body-diameter,
Only the first few cells of the intestine show granulation"
The conoid, sub-arcuate
tail tapers from the anus to the non-striatedspinneret, whose width is about equal to that of three of the caudal annulesAtthe base of the spinneret there are always about three minute nuclei that stain
strongly"
The ellipsoidal
caudal glands form a close tandem in the anterior
two-fifths of the taiL The lateral fields are about one-third
as wide as thebody, but are more or less indistinct"
Renetteunknown,
In the vicinityof the vulva about eight of the annules p'resent simply a crenate, instead ofa serrate contour
The broadly elevated vulva is rather conspicuous,particularly in front,
Vagina smalL A mass of small sperm cells has been noted near
the vulva,
The eggs are about eight times as long as the body is wide and onetwelfth as wide as long
They are granularand have a prominentcentralnucleus,The narrow cylindroid ovaries contain ova arranged single file" The
spicula of the male, about as wide as one of the adjacent annules, are slender,
rather frail, and sub-acute,and when seen in profile appear to have their proximal ends about opposite, or a little dorsad from, the body-axis.
There is aslender, frail accessory piece,
The three minute papilloid supplementaryorgansoccupy a space three times as great as the body-diameter,
and are about one
body-widthapart; the posterior member is about two body-widths
in front of
the anus
They hardly more than accentuate
the annules on which they occur,
but are rendered visible by carmine stains,
The ejaculatoryduct is one-fourth
as wide as the corresponding
portion of the body, the cylindroid testis one-half
as wideHabitat: Salaverry, Peru, near low tide mark; marine
Rhynchonema
is composed of a considerable
number of species occurring in at least the Atlantic andPacific OceansWith low powers it is difficult to distinguishthe head end fromOne
the tail end" The flexible, narrow head suggests the functions of a beak,
may imagine it to probe the depths of some receptacle
containing
food, forinstance the neck of an algal oogonium"
However, nothing is known with certainty concerning the food habits,
Fig. 43.
u

261

ILLIUM

ISOLAIMIA?,,2 1:-,3~-:8 7~.

1.(..~?eck, become~ gradually .five-sixths ~s wide as the body,Its cross-sectIOn presentmg about SIXcells From the

~

.
.
,.
~<3 5.~.
24'7
StIlae dIfficult to
44 Laimella long~cauda n, sp 13 1 Y ~detect, but resolvable into almost invisible dots,
Cuticle naked,
Labial papillae obscure,
Pharynx closed, inconspicuous,
but undoubtedly
present,
There
is a slight thickening
or extra-refractivenessat one portion of the pharyngeal
wall that suggests the presence of an extremely minute onchium
The cylindroid
oesophagus near the nerve-ringis two-fifths as wide as the neck, and ends in an
ellipsoidal valveless bulb three-fourths
as wide as the base of the neckTheoesophagus has a fine colorless musculature
Hemispherical
cardia, two-sevenths..
ppllb(6J seU6J
as wide as the base of the neck
The thick-walled
intes- set(4Jtine, set off by a cardiac collum one-fifth as wide as the
.

J

\

Jb.

/hlJ

,.
"

somewhat depressed anus, the rather prominent
cutinized rectum extends inward a distance equal to the anal tnn\Q)body-diameter
The colorless, scatteredto numerous!
intestinal
granules are of variable size, the largest of seU4J.
them at first only twice as wide as one of the annules, butnear the middle of the body six to eight times as wide,
Tail setaceous, but conoid for a distance six times as X 750
great as the anal body-diameter,
at which distance it is one-fifth as wide as at
the base; thence it tapers very gradually to the terminus
It is very doubtful
if there is a spinneret
There are elements in the base of the tail, simulating
caudal glands, but no definite ducts have been seen, and the terminus
seems
too fine. to afford space for a spinneret
About six very slender caudal setae,
each about two-thirds
as long as the anal body-diameter,
occur on each of thefour submedianlines
Similar setae occur throughout
the body
The lateralfields are two-fifths as wide as the body
The large, non,-granular,
elongated
renette cell lies just behind the base of the neck, and empties through an ellipsoidal ampulla, one-third as wide as the neck
The broad, oblique nerve-ringis accompanied
by rather obscure nerve cells, From the small, more or lesscontinuous vulva, the moderate-sized,
conoid, cutinized vagina extends threefifths the distance across the body,
The elongated eggs are one to one and onehalf times as long as the body is wide" The ellipsoidal sperm cells in the uterus
are granular and about half as long as the body is wide" The cylindroid ovaries
contain at least ten ova, arranged single file, 'Habitat,: Algae, Key West; also mud-flat,
Biscayne Bay, Florida, n, S" A"
Flemming to glycmine jelly,Fig, 44, Terminus, trm. shown foreshortened
.3

10.9

21.4

8'58'~

95.4-

11,6 >25"" Cuticle naked.
Neck co45 Illium exile n" sp 4
'I-- 1noid
Oesophagus conoid, finally about three-fourths
as wide as the base of theneck
Cardia elongated,
half as wide as the base of the neck
The intestine
becomes at once about two--thirds to three-fourths
as
ph
,mp
wide as the body" Its cross-section
appears to be,rpnmade up of about six cells
The posterior lip of thelImp1
OC
anus is slightly
elevated
From it there extends
ocoex 750 inward the rather strongly cutinized rectum, which
is about as long as the anal body-diameter
The lateral fields are a little morethan one-third
as wide as the body,
The ventral gland is a much elongatedcell, lying at a distance behind the base of the neck equal to about three to fourbody-diameters,
and having a width about one-fourth
as great as that of thecorresponding
portion of the body,
There is a distinct
ellipsoidal
ampulla,CYNURA,ISOLAIMIA

one-third as wide as the middle of the neck, connected with the excretory poreby a short, rather sharply curved, minute duct.
The caudal glands are locatedin a tandem series a considerable
distance in front of the anus, that which isfarthest forward being somewhat farther from the anus than is the spinneret..
The tail is conoid in the anterior three-fifths
in such a fashion that at the begin.ning of the fourth fifth it has a diameter about one-fourth as great as at the anus;
thence onward the tail is cylindroid to the terminus which bears a slightly obliquespinneret
From the inconspicuous
vulva the rather strongly cutinized vagina
leads inward more than half way across the body.. The ovaries reach about two~
thirds the distance back to the vulva, at any rate in the only specimen so far
examined, which was a rather immature female.
Nothing is known concerning
the number, size and structureof the eggs
Habitat: Green algae, Carlisle Bay, Jamaica
Fig.. 45, p.. 261
9'50,11 97.5
4.9
.'7
- 9-3
c9---1-3/=1~2(2
i:3->33.. The rather thick cuticle
46 Cynura un~formis n sp.
is naked
The two wings, occupying a space one-third
as wide as the body,
begin near the head and end on the tail.
Pharynx very strongly reminiscentof that of Plectus ;-is continued by a longer posteriorjppl(I..oJ'ef(4J
II;
part, whose presence is indicated mainly by alterationsin the lining.
This part, however, is rather easily disfrom the oesophagus
properNeck cylinph tinguished
droid posteriorly,
convex-conoid
anteriorly..
The cylindroid oesophagus near the nerve-ring is three-sevenths,
finally
three-fifths,
as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck.
The radial oesophageal tissue continues to the middle of the anteriorchamber of thepharynx, but is narrower there.
There is the faintest
possible break in the lining of the oesophagus near thethe vestige of a bulb.
There is aoe nerve-ring,-possibly
large cylindroid cardia, three-fifths
as wide as the neck.
The thick-walled
intestine becomes at once two-thirds
as wide as the body; while its lumen is faint anteriorly,
it is very pronounced
posteriorly
From the elevatedanus, the strongly-built,
prominent rectum,~theliningof which is somewhat
cutinized,-extends
a distancethree-.fourths
as great as the anal body-diameter.
Theampcells of the intestine are packed with granules of variable
size, the largest of which have a width equal to that ofrpfl
X750 one of the annules. The tail is cylindroid, then conoid
in the posterior three-sevenths.
The blunt, conoid terminus is strengthenedbya large, obliquely-truncate
cap, the several component plates of which are minutely punctate.
The caudal glands probably lie in front of the anus; they end
in the terminus in three simple, prominent ampullae..
There are no caudal setae..
The lateral fields appear to be about one-third as wide as the body.
The granularellipsoidal renette cell, two-thirds
as long as the body is wide, and half as wide
as long, lies about two body-widths
behind the base of the neck.
The mediumsized nerve-ringis accompanied
by obscure nerve cells. From the mediumsized, more or less elevated,refractive
and therefore
conspicuous
vulva, thevagina leads inward half way across the body.. The inner wall of the vagina
is also cutinized
The short, broad, cylindroid
ovaries contain about fifteen
ova arranged somewhat irregularly..
Ellipsoidal
granular spermatozoa,
seen inthe uteri, are one-eighth to one-tenthas wide as the body of the female

263

XINEMA

Habitat.: Seaweed, washed up at Ocean Beach, Miami, Fla., n. S.. A, after astorm Flemming to glycerine jelly. Only a single specimen seen. Fig.. 46, p..262.
47.. Xinema perfectum n sp. Neck conoid.
Somatic setae papilloid, or nearlyso; cuticle becoming much thinner in the region of the lateral organs, thickening
again in front of them and becoming again as thick as ever on the front of thehead
The oesophagus continues to have the same diameter until after it passes
through the nerve-ring,when it begins to expand gradually,
until finally it isnearly three.-fourths
as wide as the base of the neck.. The two ventrally
submedian sectors of the oesophagus appear to contain glands,-at
least in each there
extends from near the posterior end of the oesophagus forward a minute duct,
which stains distinctly
with carmineThis duct can) be . traced
at least as ilJ£far
Grp
amp/l
fetl{J.!;f~:~. . ~.~ :~?
"-47-"~~:?72
3.,
as t he nerve_ 0' ~_!<\
ring

Theredoes"nO t appear
to be
any, very distinct

6

.3.
5

16

"}'

~:~:
1 2/

~:2
16

'''i,'s

15-}[-" 94'i 9~"'ii7

24..

on(3)

-

{)\\ ~[

r...@.
,,0

JlJIJ)'_\\::\~::'\
.,

Sf

~..

'

_'_'

~\~

,_

_,_.-,..

262

ORDER

: " \'\-,
- :1
._ ,
, ,\,
\'\
'
,.\
,\

;

"

,

;. ,.

,

'
,-

,

'

'"

cardia.

The intestine

gradually

becomes three-fourths

as widebody.

In

as theamph

II'lIlla !

,rpt"cross-section

it is composed of six to eight cells, containing
an
at
ph
,::If
relatively large nuclei and numerous small, uni"It
form granules..
The renette cell, nearly as longas the body is wide and about one-third as wide
II' ac '. 200
as long, is located just behind the base of the neck.
Its ampulla, about onefourth as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck, is connected with theexcretory pore by means of a very short duct
The lateral fields are about onethird as wide as the body
The nerve-ring surrounds the oesophagus squarely..
The tail tapers from considerably
in front of the anus, being convex-eonoid
insuch a fashion that at the beginning of the final fifth it has a diameter about
one-fifth as great as at the anus, or even less; thence onward, the tail expands
a little
The caudal glands are located near the anus.
From the depressedvulva, the vagina leads inward more than half way across the body, where it
joins the two symmetrically-placed
uteri; its internal walls are distinctly
cutinized
The ovaries contain twelve to fifteen ova arranged single file
Occasion-.
ally the tips of the ovaries are reflexed
Apparently
the females possess a pair ofspermatheca,
which when filled reach to near the bases of the ovaries
The spermatozoa appear to be elongated
The elongated eggs are about twice as longas the body is wide and a little less than half as wide as long; they have been
seen in the uteri one at a time.
Tail of the male a little more bulky than that of
the female and a little narrower in the posterior part, which instead of constituting one-fourthof the tail, constitutes
about one-third.
No supplements
orspecial setae
Spicula consisting of two, equal segments,
one in front of theother.
The muscular tunic enclosing the spicula is continuousat the elbow.
While the spicula and their sheaths tend to stain in acid carmine, the accessory
pieces do not do so, but retain a slight yellowish color of their own. The caudal
glands are located alongside the accessory pieces, both in front of the anus andbehind it. The ejaculatoryduct is about one-fourth
as wide as the body, thevas deferens about one-third..
Habitat.: Marine mud, San Pedro, California,
U.. S. A. Specimensof thisspecies appear to have a tendency, when killed with hot sublimate, to twist andpresent a dorsoventral
view of the head instead of a lateral.
Fig. 47.
" III.

_m-,<,'--""-"'--~"--~.~--_.-~I."::'~~.;~..~~~=~:;:::~=~:::1~~~::::.~-.

--"-"~'''

,

!

ORDER

264

BOLBONEMA,

ISOLAIMIA
16,,~,16,5~,};-;-

P:,

l,i

24-

28

.

~j,.

>1..1

,,~,

Each annule
48. Ceramonema attenuatum n.. sp.
of the thick, transparent,
naked cuticle is made up of eight elements so fitted
together as to be reminiscentof the arrangementof corrugated roof-tiles; hence,(see an, Fig. 48). Neck cylindroid,with minute,the name "Ceramonema"
somewhat forward-pointing
setae one-fourth
as long as the annules are wide.
The setae occur in longitudinalrows, one on each annule, but whether on eachof the longitudinallines is problematical
Lips amalgamated.
It is probablethat there are minute papillae a little in front of the anterior row of cephalicsetae
The very narrow pharynx joins the oesophageal lumen with little alteration.
The oesopHagus gradually narrows to near its posterior part, becoming at
its narrowest point about one-fourth
as wide as the neck; thence onward, however, it expands so that where it joins the intestine it is about half as wide as thebase of the neck
There is no distinct
cardiaThe thin-walled
intestine
becomes at once two-thirds
as wide as the body.
Possibly its cross-sectioniscomposed of as few as three or four cells
Anus
10 inconspicuous;rectum fully twice as long as anal
.

I

ph

body-diameterndtapers3

Salivary

19

glandsunknownThe

renetteappears to be a unicellular
gland locatedimmediately
behind the cardiac constriction;
it is
ampil
about half as long as the body is wide, and, as usual,anteriorly

to jointhenarrowexcretorytube.

The excretory pore is perhaps just to the rear of thenerve-ring..
It is very difficult to observe the longiamp{Jcuttudinal fields, owing to the highly refractive natureof the elements composing the cuticle
These latteroejoin each other in such fashion as to give rise to eight
longitudinallines, two of which are, of course, suh.
anlateral and span a distance equal to about one-thirdamp
the width of the body.. The nerve-ringsurroundsoe.rpn
the oesophagus
near where it is narrowest.
Tail
conoid; terminus having a diameter
about. half as great as that of the base of
the tail.
The final caudal segment of the cuticle is more than twice as long as
the penultimate,though it seems also to be compound in its structure.
The
caudal glands appear to be located in front of the anus, near the place where theintestine joins the rectum.
From the depressed and inconspicuous
vulva thevagina leads inward nearly half way across the body.
The reflexed portions of
the ovaries reach well back toward the vulva
The eggs are long and narrow,though no specimens have been seen containing well-matured
eggs..
Habitat.: Mud among marine algae, shores of Kingston HarbOl, Jamaica.
Sublimate to balsam
The male of another undescribed
species has stoutish, tapering, subacute, rather frail spicula, accompanied by a more or less arcuate, rather
slender, frail, simple accessory piece half as long. There are no supplementary
OlgansThis undescribed species is so similar to C. attenuat'um that it is believed
the male of attenuatum wilJ be found to present similar features
Fig.. 48
16q6/6
92. >6 1.3.,
4
4,8.
7,8
.
'(s/
Neck conoid.
14
23' ~
1'7

49.. Bolbonema brevicoZZen.. sp..

The walls of the pharynx are a little mOre strongly cutinized than those of theoesophagus,
especiallytoward the minute mouth opening.
The cylindroid
oesophagus is about three-fifths
as wide as the base of the head, but expands
finally to form the pyriform
cardiac bulb, which is about four-fifths
as wideas the base of the neck
This bulb has no distinct valve, though the cutinous265

OMICRONEMA

lining is more strongly developed in the bulb than it is elsewhere.
There appears
to be an elongated cardia,-perhaps
one-third as long as the neck is wide.. The
intestine begins as a narrow tube only about one-fourth as wide as the base of theneck, and enlarges gradually so that near the middle of the nema it is about onehalf as wide as the corresponding
portion of the body.. For a distance behind(4)
ppl(6)
the bulb as great as the body-diameter,
the cells of the Jet
intestine contain nuclei which stain more strongly withcarmine than do their neighbors..

Thence onward the !JJIJ

cells contain granules of variable size, the largest being
larger than any of the nuclei in any of the adjacentamp~..
cells. The intestine
shows about four cells in crosssection; their contents are so disposed that there is a~:'~IJ
SPIl.!flX750
distinct tessellated
effect.
Anus slightly raised; therectum as long as the anal body-diameter.
There appears to be no doubt about
the existence of a unicellular
renette cell just behind the neck, but the positionof the excretory pore is unknown.
Lateral fields about one-third as wide as the
body.. Tail conoid,
From the slightly raised vulva, the vagina leads inward
fully one-third the distance across the body.. The eggs appear to occur one at atime in each uterus.
They are fully twice as long as the body is wide, and considerably less than half as wide as long. It seems probable that segmentation
sets in before the eggs are deposited.
Habitat: Mud, shallows of Kingston harbOl, Jamaica..
Sublimate to balsam.
Fig. 49
4~":85,92
1.7

50.. OmtGTOnema

Woriurn

n.

8.8,

19

SPL5--2-""19--'l--,"6>L23""

Cuticleratherthin, naked, its striae more easily resolvable into rows of longitudinalmarkings
near the extremities
Wings faint.. No labial papillae.
Amphids yellowish.
Oesophagus at the nerve-ring one-half as wide as the middle of the neck' there-.
after it expands somewhat, so that finally it is about two-thirds as wide as ;he baseof the neck.
The oesophagus has a somewhat wavy lining
There is a narrow,elongated cardia, nearly half as long as the body is wide. The intestine, set off
by a deep and broad constriction,
becomes at once about three-fourths
as wideas the body.. The lateral fields appear to be about one-fourth as wide as the body..
The female has a single outstretchedovary extending forward
From the more orless conspicuous, depressed vulva, the rather weak, more or less cutinized vagina
connects with the straight uterus, which contains elongated eggs, twice as longas the body is wide and about ,,""a-eighth as wide as long. The narrow ovary is
first cylindroid, then tapering..
The larger ova are arranged single file; toward
the blind end, however, the ova are arranged irregularly..
slJtqJ!J(]8J
The conoid, arcuate tail tapers from the anus, or fromsomewhat in front of it. The three ellipsoidal
caudalmurp!J~~n~~~~Ji6~ ~ ~~s:~athe anteri~r half of the tail13
15' 1717 ."']. 19'
arcuateand conoid
to
the
-

The
spinneret,tall of the male iswhich
is one-sixth'

i:j_.:;'~' '1lIl'11,.

;~e~~:.
oe ,\,II!

. !'

., ,

,

.
'il
. :,-, ,: set

spn
x750"
as WI' d e as teaseh bof the taiL No supplements,
thoughthere are inconspicuous
setae on the submedian lines, both behind and in frontof the anus.. The dark rather slender spicula attain their greatest width att~eir bent middle parts..
Accessory piece nearly as long as the anal body-.
diameter.
Near the bends of the spicula the accessory piece takes on a sigmoid
contour, and this portion is connected with the body wall both anteriorly
andposteriorly
by strands of muscle
The ejaculatory . duct is about one-third as
wide as the body.

267

HALINEMA
ORDER

266

ISOLAIMIA

Habitat: Ocean beach-sand, vicinity of Los Angeles, Calif.., U. S. A.., near low
33
tide mark Fig. 50, p. 265.
66,
1814
214..

d

n, sp,
17
19
21
14
The nake
51. Halanonchus
maerurus
cuticle is very finely and somewhat irregularly reticulated
upon the head.
Outer
row of cephalic setae stout, two-jointed.
Lips probably distinct and six in num.
ber thin, flap-like,
Pharynx somewhat deeper than the base of the head is wide"Th~ pharynx has a faint triquetrous
framework, the three, slender, longitudinalelements of which are split behind (and also less conspicuously
in front), the(branches thus made bowing round together;
this imparts
6)set" to the wall of the pharynx, opposite the beginning of theposterior
fourth,a junction-like
effectAs a whole thesetl6J pharynx is much like an elongated and naked and weakened
Oncholaimus
pharynx destitute of onchia
The cylindroid
ph to conoid oesophagus
near the nerve-ringis three-fifths,
and finally two-thirds,
as wide as the neck.
The distinct
threefmph refractive lining appe a~s to be composed of two to.
faint elements, occupymg a space three-fifths
as wIde asoe the oesophagus;"
the musculature
is coarse,
Probably0
glands arc present in the oesophageal tissues
There is a~
~j1?t
. . spn;oo'X
750 more or less hemispherical
cardia, one-third as wide as the
,

1\

f

.,"

neck
The thick-walled
intestine is setoff by a constriction
one-third as wide
as the base of the neck, and becomes at once two-thirds
as wide as the bodyIncross-section
it is composed of about twelve cells
The rather inconspicuous
rectum is as long as the anal body-diameter
The cells of the intestine containscattered,colorless granules, of variable size, the largest of which are one-twentieth as wide as the body
The larger granules darken in Flemming's
solution"
The tail is first conoid, and then cylindroid in the posterior two-thirds,
where
it is one-third as wide as at the base
It tapers from in front of the anus to theterminus, which is apparently
devoid of spinneret,
The lateral fields are threefifths as wide as the body; their margins are rather distinctly
indicated by theabrupt beginning of the longitudinalmusculature
Renette unknown
Nervering accompanied
by obscure nerve cells
From the large, conspicuous,
somewhat elevated vulva the large, tubular to conoid, non-cutinizedvagina extends
obliquely backward a distance equal to the body-diameter
The uterus is twice
as long as the body is wide, and contains four to seven eggs, which are probably
deposited after segmentation
beginsThe narrow ovary tapers but little, andcontains about thirty ova arrallged single file" The sub-arcuate,
rather simple,
frail, blunt spicula are one-eighth as wide as the body; viewed in profile their
non-cephalated
proximal ends appear to lie dorsad from the body-axis.
Thesingle, more or less straight, very slender, frail, simple, parallel accessory pieceis one-third as long as the spicula
The fifteen to eighteen very inconspicuous,papilloid, ventral supplementaryorgans occupy a space in front
sub-equidistant,of the anus seven times as long as the body-diameter;
the posterior
one lies
opposite the middle of the spicula,
The distance between these organs is about
one-fourthof one body-diameterFor each supplement
there is a "pore"inthe cuticle, and to this comes a "nerve-ending"that appears to project more or
less
The sperm cells are long and cylindroid
Habitat: Sand inside government
cut, Biscayne Bay, Florida, U. S,. A
Flemming to glycerine jelly,Fig,. 51.

52. Halinerr:a spinosum n sp. There are a few, very inconspicuous
cervicalsetae, one~thlrd as long .as the neck iswide.
Cephalic setae three-jointed(Fig.
1,2: 3). :LlPS ~hree, pO,sslbly ~ouble.
Neck more or less cylindroid..
Oesophagus
cylmdrold,
wIth an almost Imperceptible
cardiac swe1ling;-~atthe nerve-ringfour-sevenths,
and fin~lly thr~e~fourths
as wide as the corresponding
portion of
the ne~k.The sub-dl~tmct
lmmg of the oesophagus is optically expressed byrefractive lmes occup~mg a space two-sevenths
as wide as the organ itself.. The?olorless musculature
IS rather coarse.. Nocardia has been noted, but the intestinerefractive
in its lining, and otherwise altered.
The thick walled:s at ~rst.more
llltestme IS set off by.a co.ll:rm one-fourth
as wide as the neck, and has a faint,lmmg.
It soon becomes two-thirds as wide as the body,bu~ ~omewhat r~f.rac~lve
From the anus, the posterior lip
an lr: cr~ss-sec lOn IS compose d ?f few ~ellsof whlCh IS elevated, the rather mconsplCUOUS rectum leads inward a distancethree-fourths
as long as the anal body diameter
The intestinal
cells containscatteredgranules of variable size, the largest of which are about one-tenthwide a s the bod~; t~ey darke? or: treatment
with Flemming's
solution, and a~:strong l y re f ractlve m glycerme Jelly. The conoid tail tapers from the anus.
The broadly sa~cate caudal. glar:ds, three in number and relatively
small, forma close tandem m the antenor eIghth of the tail.
The posterior half of the tailbears eight pairs of ventrally submedian stiff setae.. The rather fusiform
nongranular rene,tte cell yes on the ventral side of the body a little behind th~ baseof the neck; It emptIes through a rather conspicuous
ampulla one-third to onefour~h as .wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck.
The nerve-ring
is of
cp.{liut~edlUm SIze ~nd 7
32 6,8 '1...59-'
set
2,3.. setcphsubm.
IS accompamedby obscure nerve

1

I.",
2,')

(3
43

?;

i7
'J
~M:M ,9~ .
11 '7\.11 'J26."

or
3
IIJ
cells,
The fe'!.- 1
ma~e sexual apparatus
presents a vestigial pos2
tenor branch,.
Vulva rather large, somewhat
elevated; vagi,na more or less cutinized.
The \'il
1
eggs are five tImes as long as the body is wide,!
and evidently occur in the uterus one at a time. , \phThe narrow taperingovaries contain few ova Ji;..'karrangedsingle file, The spicula are rather
strong, somewhat slender, tapering and acute.
Their expanded proximal ends appear to lie ventrad from the body~axis
The a~plied parts of .ffJnumph
the two rather fraIl accessory pIeces are one~ourth as long as the spicula..
They have taper- set
X 750
mg apophyses,
one-third
as long as the anal
body di~~eter, whose proximal ends lie ventrad from the body-axis..
Papilloid
S:rb-:qUldlstant
supplementaryorgans on the ventral line occupy a space five to
SIX tImes as long as the body diameter, the distance between them being aboutequ~l to ~hree-fo~rths the corresponding
body diameterOf these almost imperce~tlble mnervatlOns,
the posterior one lies opposite the distal portions of the
spIculaEjaculatoryduct two-fifths as wide as the body
There seem to be
two narrow, tapering testes, but there is a little uncertainty
about the posteriorone.
H~bitat: Sand bar, opposite the mouth of the Miami River, Biscayne Bay,
S, A,. Flemming to glycerine jelly,. Fig" 52
Flonda,
U"

k

\:

1

269

PSEUDOLELLA
ORDER

268

ISOLAIMIA

4:8

2~?4-~s

10:2:..:1?~

~6,.

>?8mm

53a Pseudolella cephalata n. Sp.. 2;8 33"" 3.:1
38
27
Cuticle naked;
wings optically expressed in the form of closely approximated,indistinct
longitudinal lines.
The unusuallylong amphids are of such a characteras to bemistaken at first for wings.
Behind the neck the amphids gradually narrow, sothat somewhat in front of the middle of the body, where they end, their width
is only about one-third
as great as opposite the base of the pharynx.
Neckconoid.
Cuticula much thinner on the head
Lips thick; six, or three and twoInternallythe lips ~re armed with six very minutesetcp!J(4J'7br6J parted
havmg an outward strokeFromodontia (?), apparently
fibres. are seenph the expanded base of the p~ar~nx ~uscularpassing to the front, clearly mdlCatmg that the entIre struc,such movement
would be(IX. ture can be moved forward;
entirely in accord with the structureof the labial region.
The oesophagus maintains
the same diameter until after it
P passes through the nerve-ring; it then expands rather rapidly so as to form the pyriform cardiac bulb nearly two-thirdsoe.
as wide as the base of the neck
There is a flattish-conoid
cardia one-third as wide as the base of the neck.. The frontcoel
end of' the intestine is pressed to one side by the stlOngly
developed renette cell, but behind this cell it becomes about
ampk.
two-thirds
to three-fourths
as wide as the body; its crossmscsom--i750
section probably
is composed of six or more cells. Thesecells contain scattered yellowish to brownish granules of small but variable size.
The anus is rather inconspicuous.
The rectum is about as long as the anal body
diameter.
The tail is at first conoid, so that at a distance from the anus equal
to five times the anal body diameter, its diameter is not over one-sixth as great
as at the base.
The remainder of the'tail, probably a short part only, is missing.
Caudal glands. probably located in the base of the taiL The renette cell, half
as wide as the body and about twice as long as it is wide, is located behind thebase of the neck a distance equal to two body diameters.
From the slightly
elevated vulva the rather massive vagina leads inward fully half way across thebody.
About eight ova are arranged single file in each ovary.. The eggs are
two to three times as long as the body is wide, and a little less than one-third as
wide as long.. The spermatozoa
seen in the uterus are about one-sixth as wide
as the body, and are finely granular and have their chromatin
in an ellipsoidal
form surrounded
by a clear area.
Habitat: Punta Arenas, Pacific Coast of Costa Rica
The following are theFig. 53a..
actual measurements
in microns:
17: 78 124;."" -410,"" 658
21:>?800"';~r.u
>Ii

22/,

26

~

29'

b.. Pseudolella granulifera
n. sp. Type species.. Cuticle as in P. cephalata,
but without wings.
Neck convex-conoid anteriorly;
especially at the head, which
is somewhat bluntly pointed..
Cephalic setae four, arcuate, spreading, and onethird as long as the corresponding
diameter of the head, arranged about onefourth of the distance back to the beginning of the tubular portion of the pharynx..
Lips confluent,obscure, probably
three in number.
No labial papillae seen.
Amphids long, slender; beginning some distance behind the pharynx and extend-.
ing forward in the form of a band or groove about half as wide as the pharynx,
and having refractive cutinized edges.. This band extends to very near the lips,
then suddenly narrows and turns back on itself and ends indefinitely in front ofthe. middle of the pharynx..
At its widest, i..e., toward the front, the amphid isa lIttle narrower than the pharynx.
Lips relatively
thick, closing to form an
exceed~ngly narrow, cutinized vestibule.
Pharynx and all parts of the alimentary
canal lIke those of P. cephalata.
Pharynx sub-uniform,
about one-sixth as widea~ the ?ase of the head.. A little behind the lips the lining of the pharynx is
dlscontmuousand the cavity bends slightly toward the ventral side, and there
appears to be a pair of very small, ventrally
submedianonchia of equilateralprofile.. It is difficult to make out the details sufficiently well to state positively
that t~ese refractive,
cutinous elements are homologous with ordinary onchia.
OpposIte the onchia on the dorsal side the cutinized, pharyngeal
elements are
discontinuous,
two or three in number, but not very variable in character..
Theonchia and the elements opposite them and in front of them are fully as robust
as the walls of the pharynx, of which the ventral side supportingthe "onchia"
is considerably
thicker than the dorsal
The cross-sectionof the intestine
appears to be made up of few cells, perhaps only two or three.
The granules in
the intestinal
cells, the largest of which are half as wide as the nucleus of therenette cell, are a very conspicuous
feature and give rise to a very indistinct
tessellated effect.. In its anterior half the tail is conoid from the anus and at the
middle is one-fifth as wide as at the base.. Thence onward, it taper~ but little
and ends in a somewhat rounded, unarmed spinneret..
There are no caudal setae.
Caudal glands occur in the anterior part of the tail.
Lateral fields indistinct
apparently
one-third as wide as the body.. Both before and behind the renett~
cell there are bodies of unknown significance that stain with carmine.
Nucleusof the renette cell distinct, slung in a conspicuous protoplasmic
network.
Behindt~e renette cell is a spindle-shaped,
distinctly
nucleatedcell fully one-third as
wIde as the body and about twice as long as wide.
Still further back, after a
~:)
3;/

85
3"3

12.9 . "-~3-:'
44
3i

4.1
2~7

7.
l'

127
3~3

86.
27 >1"'

Oil?

ret ({Iii (4)umpli retrllflcPf(f!!J

'M2°
86
>1
8 -"'~ 2 9'"considerable
interval,
there isanothersimilar cell of larger
size;' these two latter cells seemconnected by a narrow process,and the anterior
smallercellpresents
a narrow
process
extending forward.
Spicula uniform, arcuate, one and one-halftimes as long as the anal body
diamet:r;
their p~oximal ends rather prominently
and obliquely cephalatedbyexpanSIOn.. ProxImal
ends a little dorsad from the body-.axis..
The spicula~aper to a fairly acute point in the distal fourths and their cutinized framework
IS duplex; at their widest part, the middle part, the spicula are about one-sixth
portion of the body.. Two accessory pieces adjoin~s wide a~ the correspondingm~ the dIstal fourths of the spicula; extending backward at right angles to the
splCula are the blunt apophyses three-fifths
as long as the anal body diameter..
The number a~d the structureof the testes is uncertain,
but apparently
there
are two, of whlCh the anterior is reflexed and the posterior outstretched..
The
sexual .cells ~re of unusually large size and their walls appear to divide up thetestes m an Irregular geometric fashion.
Habitat.: Marine mud and sand, Nonmea, New Caledonia.
Fig 53b.

"'~=~,,=~,~.~-=-~=~=.=~'~-~.~~~~--"-

CEPHALOBIUM,
ORDER

270

V. Order Polylaimia
This order cannot at present be so satisfactorily
defined as most of the others
herein represented,
There probably can be removed from it soone.r or later anumber of groups of ordinal rank, but the time seems hardl~ yet npe for sucha removaLFor the present, therefore,
the genera and famIhes ranged underelsethis name are of a more heterogeneous
character than under made,most .hereof the.as othertwelve orders here presented
Some slight effort has bee~here to place these new genera in the order of their famIly relatIonshIps..
In;ener~lthe genera that are first mentioned in an ordinalge~eraexhibit group,
more orandlessthemamfest
p, 217,)placed ~t the end of the group, as here ~resented,.
relationships
to genera ll1cluded m other orders(See
fPqffJI6J

urqqlot..

n, sp.. The wing begins. ne~r
54, Cephalobium microbivorum
the head and ends near the terminus
Its optical expresslOn IS
either a pair of lines, or a single line, in the middle of a field may
oneI twelfth as wide as the body
The contour of the bod~I
become crenate in the anal region
There are ab.out thHte~nlateral organs in each lateral field connected
wIth contall1mg
por~s. m
cuticle (see org. lat, Fig.. 54)" Base of the phar~nx organ.
Noa large, complicatedand peculiar dors~l ~lottoId
amphids..
The rather thin-walled
intestll1e IS set off by a lumen,
collumone-eighth as wide as the neck, and has a rather distinc~
It becomes at once five-sixths as wide as the body, and m crosssection presents two to four cells
From the so~ewhat de~ressed
anus, the narrow, cutinized rectum extends ll1ward a ~istance
one and one-fourth
times as great as the anal body dIameter,cells
Scatteredyellowish granules of variable size occur in th~of the intestine,
the largest being one-twenty-fifth
as wIde as
the body,
In addition, there are numerous very small granules,
The subarcuate,
conoid tail tapers from in front of the anus ele,,,tothe acute fine terminus,
There is no spinneret,
From thevated vulva, the rather small, somewhat weak vagina extends
inward one-fourth
the way across the body,. Along the middle
eggs
half of the body the two equal uteri contain ellipso~dal
two-thirds
as long as the body is wide, which are deposIted after
begins,No embryos were seen in these ~ggs,segmentation
only blastulas,
For the most part the ova are arranged
irregurather strong,
larly in the somewhat
tapering
ovariesThe.
slender tapering
subacute spicula, when seen m profile, have

I

1

I
,

OIJ

JOt

their ;roximal~nds nearly opposite the body-axis,
Towardtheir distal ends four slender
1 10.3-12,8 ,~,~§,:~--~§c- 3..

,250

-i

2};--i§,---

1.2 10. _13.
-1-1---2~i;--i,jj,

BLATTOPHILA,

271

CATANEMAPOL YLAIMIA

33

16

stiffening pieces are apparent,"-I[
90. 28.. There
2-9--"~1~9
solid,

is a strong,andstraight
accessory

ratherpiece,~egrees, so that its proxibending back from the spicula at an angle of about ?omal end lies opposite the body-axis
Near the begmnll1g of the secondon the quarter
female..
of the tail there is a pair of lateral pores (?) simil~r to th~s~
On the female these pores have been shown by intra vIta~ stamlI~g to be homologous with those mentioned above, and shown in .theplamly
Il.lust~atIon
at parlat..
mnervated,ratherPairs of papillae on the tail of the male fiattish-conOld,

inconspicuous,
occupying the anterior two-thirds of the tail, thus: 101; 111; 1.
The members of the posterior four pairs are not located exactly opposite eachother, the right hand member of row.
~flpp{qilii~SIIIII.regdsI'mlJf~.
..
each pan bemg slIghtly behind the/--.""~~,,'
left hand member.
Spicula con- pIiun,urq!]lut".

.
SPICUOUS, rather
close together;atthe widest part about one-eighth
as pIiwide as the corresponding
portionof the body, ending in minute "but- urqqlot

tons"
The lateral pores
tail are the final memberson the/of thend~!Jlot

series of lateralorgans,.
Habitat.: Intestineof fieldcricket,Gryllus

olr/itlurnOlJ

x 750

neglectus

.4

Scudd

14.

28"

Fig. 54a and

b,

77.

~355,. Blattophila
sphaerolaiman, sp
1,- 43 6,- /91
3
Cuticlemarked with plain transverse
striae, 3 microns apart on the head and 24 microns
apart on the body, where they are much less plainly to be seen, though they causea slight crenation of contour,
No amphids or setae of any sort,
The head issomewhat hemispherical,
bearing very small lips almost in the form of an annularelevation about the mouth
The pharynx and its apophyses are contained in asmall spherical pharyngeal
bulb,-hence
the specific name,
When closed, thepharynx is a prismoid cavity one-fourth
as deep as the head is wide and about
half as wide as deep, and backward from its base spring apophyses, a dorsal one
dominating,
The mouth can probably be turned partially inside out. The anterior three-fourthsof the oesophagus is clavate, averaging one-third as wide as
the corresponding
part of the neck; this anterior part is connected by a narrowand very short tube with an oblate cardiac bulb one-half as wide as the base of
the neck
The intestine, which appears to be only one-third as wide as the body,is set off by a broad and very deep constriction,
The rectum is one and one-halftimes as long as the anal body-diameter.
The renette plexus is quadruple..
The nerve-ring encircles the oesophagus obliquely,
The acute, conoid tail tapers
rapidly near the anus, where there is a somewhat indistinct
constriction,The
anterior lip of the anus projects,
The vulva is not very prominent
The numerous elongated ellipsoidal eggs measure 40-48 X 88-104 microns, and may segment before deposition,
.4

7,,7

15.
,

~

'H

82
252..

1,- 3
4,2 /
54 ,31Of the papillae on the male two are pre-analbeing large submedianones adjoining the anus and having a truncate-conoid
form with a mucro; there are also two post-anal papillae similar to the foregoingb;rt smaller, and re~oved from the anus a distance equal to one-third of the bodydIameter,
The spICula appear to be represented
by a mere rudimentary
point,-no longer than the larger papillae,-conicalin form and projectingwith theanus when the nema is killed with osmic acid
The single testis is refiexed at apoint somewhat farther behind the cardia than the latter is behind the head,.Habitat: Intestineof Panesthia breviwllis Sauss.., the common spiny-leggedwild cockroach; Moss Vale, New South Wales, Australia,
1889, Osmic to water?
.15
7

2.
1

3.3
9
,:...

6°_]1{
1

9'7. } 3 4..
,~ 1

i
The mouth opening is" by three or six very minute, slightly refractive
c~osedstructures..
About oppoSIte .the bases of the cephalic setae there are exceedingly minute onchia (?),
possibly six,-difficult
to see in profile; impossible to count because of their
56

C a tlanema

extoe n.. SP,-

=.,~--~._.,~-~~-",-,"._,~-~~-"-~-~=,~-=ZALONEMA,
ORDER

272

I

set
Ol'f/l;..' I..

t'.1~~~~.n..
_-":'-';) . ~ :"::'" .,;.";.."".,,.

.."

273

PSEUDONCHUS

POLYLAIMIA

small size and their overlapping
Amphids forward-pointing,minute, difficult
to seeThe oesophagus becomes slightly narrower where it passes through thenerve-ring;posterior bulb napiform, three-fourths
as wide as the base of theneck
There is no distinct cardia.
The thick-walled
intestine becomes at once
about two-thirds
as wide as the body, and its cross-section fouris madeof about
cells: upwhichare(4)
cp/Jseinm?
set mtrn/JsetT"~,
packed wIth granules"':/of uniform size. Thel7f'(J
lateral fields are about
one-third as wide as the.~ampll body, and containaseries of cells of largeorgi size. The nerve.-ringsurrounds
the oesophmsc agus obliquely.
There
uc.
is a single, small, elonspn gated, very inconspicset.
uous ventral
suppleorgan of theset mentary
flC
ordinary kind opposite
part ofamp the posterior
the spicula,and inglcr!l~-orgi fr~nt of it a number of

X 750~~:;:/E~:l~':?~:
plements
occur on the
taiL

The

ejaculatoryduct is about two-fifths as wide as the body.
The caudal glands are evidently
located in front of the tail, but their exact position has not been made out.
Habitat.: Marine sand about the bases of algae, in surf, Island off Port Royal,
Jamaica.
This genus resembles Laxonema in many respects, and also resembles
Laxus but differs in the form of the lateral organs and in other ways
Sublimate
to balsam
Fig.. 56..
57. Zalonema nudum n. sp. Cuticle naked.
The face view of the striae gives
the impressionof a series of narrow, contiguous
hoops.. The cuticle becomes
thicker on the neck, and much thicker on the head.. Lips, thick, small, plain.
On the male there are very distinct and prominent wings, beginning about threetimes as far in front of the anus as the terminus is behind it. Each wing extends
backward
and ends opposite the proximal ends of the spicula.
The width of
this wing is about equal to the corresponding
thickness of the dorsal or ventral
cuticle as seen in optical section
None of the irregularities
in the wall of thepharynx are suggestive of the ordinary pharyngealorgans, and yet they are very
distinct features
Two of them are rather prominent,
one on the dorsal side,
opposite the anterior portion of the cephalic thickening,
and the other on theventral side opposite the middle or posterior portion of the cephalic thickening..
The oesophagus continues with the same diameter until it expands to form thevery broadly pyriform or napiform cardiac bulb, which is three-fourths
as wideas the base of the neck.
The lining of the oesophagus occupies nearly one-thirdof the optical section.
The oesophageal
lumen continues
through the bulb.

The intestine joins the middle of the posterior surface of the cardiac bulb andat this point the collum is nearly one-third as wide as the base Qf the neck'Therather thin-walled
intestine becomes at once about two-thirds
as wide as the
body.. From the nearly continuous anus, the tail is arcuate and conoid.
There/.-:. ..
are no supple- 15 6
.~
',{
)
or
6"" '50, 93 .>17.. set CPIl('T.?
. . 9.:..
mentary . or-" 19 2..6
2J1
33
19
g an s.
The
ampfJ ..
submt
1.2
5.6 97.
-N"
943
moderately
>17..
::
i7
27 3"Qj3~23;;'& ::"
stout spicul'aph::,'""". t.
. err d Istal halves.
(i,i)\
t aper t 0 a bl un t pom m th'
'

,
..""

-

-""

'

.:'

'ii

At their :widest pa~t they are about one-fifth oe
''.,
'',
:c
:,.,.
to one-sIxth as wIde as the corresponding;
part of the. body; they are accompa.nied by X 750
accessory pIeces. half as long. The dIstal ends of the accessory pieces are appliedclosel:: to the spIcula, but the proximal ends curve away slightly and then recurve..
The ejaculatoryduct is about one-third as wide as the body,Apparently . there
is but a single testis..
Habitat.. Marine mud and sand, Noumea, New Caledonia.
Sublimate to balsam. Fig.. 57..
(63,
13
3.3
4.8
'

:,

,

' spn

?~:?,

3u

18
15 >2"
In most
58.. Pseudonchus rotundicephalus
n sp. 1~ 15 1.1
portIOns of .the body .longitudinal
striations
have been observed, apparently
c~nnected wIth the cutIcle rather than with the musculature.
Neck cylindroid..
LIps two, each lateraL
See Fig.. 58.. The mouth is very difficult to see in thelateral view.. In the dorso-ventral
view it is easily seen, and is found to be ad~rso-ventralo.pening running across the head.
Each lip has about six verymmute, refractIve,
double, cutinous markings, each presenting
two blunt-edged"teeth"directed toward the base of the pharynx.
It appears that these represent foldings in the closed lips.. In any case they represent, when viewed laterally, the roof of the pharynx, located opposite the bases of the anterior cephalicset~e. The elem.ents in the pharynx opposite the anterior borders of the amphids,,,:hlCh, at first sIght, appear to be onchia, prove on careful examination
to bendges, (see pseudon, in the illustrations)..
The pharynx is unusual in structure
and rather difficult to understandThe amphids of the female occur in about
the same position as those of the male, but instead of appearing spiral appear
round,. and not more than
J/Jdxt,cp/Jset(4J.
-.,
one-thudas wide as thecorresponding
portionofthe head;-they
are, however, in fact, spirals of one
wind. The nanow oesophamph
agus has the same diameter
until it expands to form thesomewhatobscurely pyriamph
form bulb, which is threefourths as wide as the base

oe

.' ,.
-

\

:'! X750of the neck

There is aflattish cardia, about one-third as wide as the base of the neck.
The intestine isset off by a constriction
about one-half as wide as the body, and in cross-section
presents about half a dozen cells. There appear to be faint indicationsof thep~esence of wings.. Renette unknown.
Lateral fields are about one-fourthaswIde as the body.
Nerve-ring
oblique..
The tail is convex-conoid
to the termi-

-I

274

ORDER

nus, where the conoid spinneret has a diameter about one-fifth as great as thatof the base of the taiL From the slightly elevated vulva the vagina leads inward
half way across the body, where it joins the two, symmetricallyplaced uteri..
The ovaries reach about half way back to the vulva, at least in specimens inwhich the uteri are empty..
There are eight to ten ova in each ovary, arranged
single file.
11

3.3

O~-}[

58

.

".. .~~'.~ >26 rnrn

1.2 13 1.3
14~ 14The spinneret of the male is about one-thIrd aswid;; as the b-;'se of the taiL No supplementsor special setae or papillae havebeen observed either in front of the anus or behind it. The spicula are rather. uniform and taper to an acute point in their distal thirds; in profile their proximal ends are seen to lie near the ventral surface of the body
The ejaculatoryduct is about half as wide as the body.
Habitat: Mud, tide pool, Portsmouth,
N. H, U. S. A.. Sublimate to balsam.
.
Fig.. 58, p. 273.

1.5 6.~ 10. 13'4h15 85. 16
- I,
12
1 >
Striae of the thin
59.. Polylaimium
exile n. sp. 7 l'
cuticle minute..
It seems very likely that four cephalic setae have been lostfrom the specimen from which the description
and illustration
are drawn.
Lipsthree, and double, (or possibly six), with six minute labial papillae..
Cuticlenaked
Neck convex-conoid,
especially toward the head.
The oesophagus
atthe nerve-ringis one-half, just in front of the cardiac swelling one-half, andfinally two-thirds,
as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck.. The elongated to pyriform cardiac bulb is very smalL
The lining of the
f!J(6)
ppl (6)
oesophagus is quite distinct and at first is indicated by two refrac-.
p/lp/l tive lines, occupyinga space one-sixth
as wide as that of theoesophagus.
There appear to be no glands in its fine colorless
nmph
sfJI!
musculature
There is an indistinct
cardia.
The thick-walled
is set Off by a collum one-third as wide as th e bas~ of th e., int estine~ji:___ neck; it has a faint lumen and becomes at once two-thllds
as
,
,
~5
" wide as the body.
In cross-section
it is made up of two to threecells
Anus more or less continuous;rectum somewhat
cutinized,
equal inlength to the anal body-diameter
The granules containedin the intestinal
cells are numerous,
uniform and colorless
The tail is conoid from the anus,
and then cylindroid in the posterior half, where it is two-thirds
as wide as at thebase.
It is probable that the caudal glands are small and located near the anus..
There are no caudal setae
Renette present; excretory pore probably
locatednear the nerve-ring.
Full-grown
ova are twice as long as the body is wide,and nearly one-half as wide as long
The reflexed parts of the ovaries reachabout three to four body-widths
back toward the vulva.
Habitat.: Sand below low-tide mark, Belmar, New Jersey, u.. S. A.. Sublimate
to balsam
Apparently
the species is syngonic.
Up to the present
time
extremely
few free-living
marine nemas have been observed to be syngonic..
A similar species with four setae occurs at Woods Hole, Mass, u.. S.. A. Fig.. 59.

r

~

275

MYOLAIMUSPOLYLAIMIAo,

60. Myolaimus
heterurus n sp.. Cuticle thin, naked; striae fine
Lips thin,low, flat, confluent; six, or three and two-parted..
Amphids faint, in the formof transverse
slits
That portion of the pharynx
in front of the amphids isabout half as wide as the lip region; this chamber is continued by a narrower
tubular portion, nearly one-third as long as the neck and gurrounded by a peculiar radial musculature,differing from that of the oesophagus proper.
Nearly as
far behind the amphids as these latter are behind the anterior extremity,
there
is a prominent
infolding in the wall of the pharynx
The amphids are difficult

to detect with the nema in profile,-moreeasily when viewed dorso-ventrally..
Behind the anterior chamber of the pharynx, which in many respects resembles
that of Diplogaster,
there is a muscular portion closely resembling the oesophagus
in size and structure,
but which seems undoubtedly
pharyngeaLThis is indicated in two ways; first, the lining is different from that of the portion of theoesophagus
immediately
following it, and second, it behaves differently
withstaining material, indicating that its muscular wall also is considerably
different
in nature from that of the oesophagus.
The dimensions given in the formulae
relate to the anterior or labial chamber.
At the base of the anterior pharyngeal

chamber there appear to

)0

9] 2
z
.M
.,
be minute cutinous
pro- 1~8 1~4 6 23~
04,!
'io -'S;i , 58
cesses which perhaps may
functionas onchia..
It 1~ 137. 23.2 <"48
916
would
appearpossible
18 /3.23i
39
18that all that portion of the pharynx in front of the folds
in its lining are capable of being opened out or everted
From the pharynx the oesophagus
is cylindricaltothe nerve-ring,where it diminishes
rather suddenly
diameternear the very faint vestiges (?) of a medianstructure.
The vestiges consist in internal modificationsof the oesophagus only.
From the nerve-ring onward theoesophageal tube is about two-fifths as wide as the corresponding portion of the neckIt finally expands to form the elongated-ellipsoidal cardiac bulb, which bears a more or less distinct cardia, and is separated
from the intestine by a shallow constriction.
The cardiac valvular apparatus
appears to be comparatively
simple
The intestine becomes at once four-fifths
as wide as the body.
The intestinal
walls are rather thick, and the cells arepacked with minute granules
The rectum is about twice as long as the anal
body diameter
The lateral fields appear to be half as wide as the body.
The tail of the female is conical to the acute terminus and presents the peculiarityof diminishing in diameter very suddenly immediately
behind the anus, the dim i-.
nution taking place on the ventral side. The anal region is, therefore, conspicuous on this account, as well as on account of the fact that it is slightly depressed,
and again on account of the refractive nature of the lining of the comparatively
long and large rectum..
The salient lips of the vulva are conspicuous, a property
that is increased by the refractive nature of the lining of the vagina, which extends
inward two-fifths the distance across the body.
Tail of the male very different
from that of the female
There is a bursal membrane connected with the digitate organs shown in Fig.. 60.. The specimens seen were molting, so that the exact
nature of the membrane,
which is believed to connect these organs one withanother, has not been deciphered.
It seems also certain, however, that the anterior four are joined together
by means of a ventrally
submedianmembranesomewhat as in the case of the bursa in Rhabditis.
The spicula are very weak
and poorly developed in the specimens thus far seen.. They appear to be as
long as the tail, and are probably cephalated at their proximal ends by constriction; but they are very difficult to discern, and it is possible that the appearances
are deceptive and that they are altogether
absent.
The testis extends forward
to near the posterior end of the neck and appears to be reflexed for a short distance, but this is somewhat uncertain.
Habitat.: Loamy soil, EI Paso, Texas, u.. S.. A. Flemming to glycerine jelly,
Fig. 60.
,

'

/

~".

ORDER276

yctolaimus pellucidus n..sp
6L 1'>1
tracesoffinea verytransverse

be seen. Head

continuous

suppliedobscurewithof the
and

lips,

this

an

and

at

gives

long pharynx

13

33

\.r

16.6

4

are
7

No

amphids

or

setae

of

any

sort

62 A po dont~~msurroundobscure

rings

the

mouth

pharyngealof theat the

base

The
tube,

of thecuticleat

is somewhat

lip-region.

the'.
a?le mto
cardIaunusuallys~t ~ffdIstmctnearlytwo-thirds

thelengthof theneck.

Theanterior

ele~ents
Neckoesophagus?ylmdro:dThelumen,

lip-region,

as thebulb,

roundedThe

succeeding

secondpartof thepharynx

be~omes.

ends,

and

two-thirds

as wideas thecorrespondingat once~niformphment

is a cylindroid
part

of

neck.

Its

anterior

lumen

part

the

continuity

as

wide

is triangularpharynx,
fromtheof theas

expands

of

the

into

cutinousandof about
the samewhich
it is separated

width
as thatofbya distinct
break

the
in

lining.
From
partof thethis elongated
bulb
neck
passesbackwarda tubeandsize.. From

one-sixth
graduallya valveless

bulb

only
as

The

half

as wideintestine,which

as thebaseof theneck,

one-fourth

the

body

prominent

as wideas the body,
granular,.
distinctly

andfeature,The

cardiasmall cardiac cavity, The
The

lengthdiameter..

one-thirdof the body.

thattail is almost
extendback

exactly
as farcontains

one

to twoin theuterus,

and

?:.
2 9

12,

:~..

3:~

3 i

rectumRenettte

thus.,

complet-

The

vulva

2 5
7-'-'

,

and

one

narrow,andandis very

gastrula

one-halfwidth

is smallhalf as wide
intestine
is a
opens

into

a

times

that ofnarrow,

The
The

acute
ovariesagainreflexed,
Segmentation

Eachuterustakes
placestage,

beyondThe tailof the maleprobablyof being

conicalthebaseampulla,.

The

nerve-ring

The. yellowish
to he somewhat

setae

as thespiculadorsadbody

is wide,of theandin cross-'

anus

equal

glandsoneach

the promto theanal

are packed

in aanterior half of thesubmedianand twoside of the taiLare slenderfromsubacute.

They

There

are no supplementaryorgans,The

is one-third,

ejacu~atOlY
as wIdetheir proximal

duct

as the body..

Mollendo

andSalaveny,n ,/~..
sp

~7
1'6

as

by

an

These

are two

ends

nerve

appea~

separatestrongto two-third~

as lon~lie nearthethe vas deferens

testis tapers

lies

cells'

ends

dorsalspecial setae, or papillae

The

long,

ellipsoidal

obscureTheir' proximal

are one-halfbody

as widethroughis accompanied

body-axis..

pieces,andemptiesanal

Manne;

dIameter,

and

the

two-thirds

There

63.. Ironella

caudalandas theFig,

elevateda distance

and

neck,

walL

Hab~tat:convex-conoid
in the anterior half, tapering in this part in such a fashion thatthe middle of the tail is one-,fourth as wide as the base; thence onward the tail iscylindroid to the acute terminus..
While the anterior part of the tail is ventrally
arcuate, the remainder is dorsally arcuate.
No ventral supplements
or bursa..
Nine pairs of papillae, mostly finger-shaped,
are arranged as follows: 1; 1(1)1, 1;
1, 3, The linear, tapering, rather blunt spicula somewhat exceed the anal body
diameter in length..
The spicula are supported by sigmoid accessory pieces half
as long as they themselves.
The reflexed part of the testis is nearly equal to thenec', in length; it can be seen to contain small glassy, globular spermatocytes,
which reach their full growth near the middle of the body, becoming as long as
the body is wide and two-thirds as wide as long.. At this stage they are granular,
with a large central nucleus containing a prominent nucleolus..
By division theselarge cells give rise to the granular spermatozoa,
an elongated parcel ofa dozen
or more ofwhich is usually to be seen in eachuterus of the female..
Habitat,: Sheep-dung,
Moss Vale, New South Wales, September
2, 1894. It
will be seen that this genus is similar to Cephalobus
It is equally clear that it
is generically distinct..
It is unfortunatethat no specimens of this species were
preserved, and hence no drawings can be presented,
This is all the more to be
regretted because the genus is evidently closely related not only to Cephalobus
but to one or two others of similar character.

l~ng

stout, simple. accessoryof the n:ale.

issubmedianbehmd

balsam..

insteadas the body,behindthe anus in theare about eight ventrallyasdIstance

thm-walled

inwardor less elongateda ~hortthe testIs one-h~lf,

it.

as wideintestine isa somewhat

Tail conoid from the anus.. The conspicu-

cell, two~thITds

ratherresolv-

stoutish, tapering setae are about one-fourth
as long as the
X 75°anal body diameter..
The large granular, ellipsoidal renette

.'

and

of the lateral fields isandslightly elevated.

are often
there
32 X 56 microns,thetransparent

andbecomesliningof theThe

nerve-ringvulva,
andmeasuringandthe intestine are relatively large..

is about

unknown

The

proceeds
to at least
65~\.. I M
~~ .,
3

long

cells composing

conical.

as theeggs,

gradually
expands
The
refractive

is unusuallyof the well-cutinized

the anal bodyat first is colorlessdorsallyorg?

corresponding

oesophagustheThe thin-walledof the neck, has

the somewhat

extends

close tandem
oe taiL
There

,ffJn
ing

two-thirds

rectumous, more
the

"-}[
94
i5"",,,ii4H3", Striae

cylindroid posteriorly, convex-conoid
anteends in an inconspicuous,
flattish-conoid

body diameter,

retsuDqJfl
at both9,4i:3

mnd(6! sectIOn presents three to four cells containing granules ofisa simple, narrow, straight strongly cutinized tube, ha.ving a lumen one-third as
wide

5.
/ ',2

one-thud
as wIde as the base of the neck.
by a collum two-thirds
as wide as the basesetrlOJ?

partn.. sp,i

dot-hk.erIOrlybase

thickened,The

pac~ficum"toSix relatively large, obtusely conical lips, each

papilla,277

IRONELLA

VI. Order Apodontia

83..
.'.j1 ",1! Thero

'45!

.if

is divided into two very distinct parts of about equal length,

occupying

together

9.5

striation.

beginningtherise toAPODONTIUM,POLYLAIMIA

and

body

on the tailone-third,

andis at last narrow.

coastof Peru, S. A.. Sublimate to

. 20
1'9

6~N:
2""i""

62,.

prismatolaima

1.

94...,
11,21..

.
very famt,. Body n~ked
Lips six, very tenuous, revolute,,
tube one-fourth
as wIde as the lip-region.. ,retcph(6) uc1!J
There are six obscure, flat, conical, labial
papillae,not shown in the illustration,
mnd
Labial setae minutely"
furcated"at theextremity..
Each of the three odontia is
UlOpre.
duplex, the two parts of the submedianones being of unequal size. The odontia
ump!J
are containedin a somewhat
napiform.

L a t era I wmgs
forming a shortcavity,. Odontia acute, with an outward
str.ok~; when at rest somewhat outward- mscph.
pomtmg, and blocking the entrance to thepha:ynx
Posterior part of the napiform ph '1"'
ca."lty appare~tly
lined With ex c~edin~ly
Neck cylmdrold. oe IIl'r'-ulOp
de~tIcles ,Amphlds famt, apparently
consistingof'an almost imperceptible
transverse grooveIIlUIOOel

mmut~

bMph
}!I
! dct
:
'

-

partially encircling the head,

The cylin-

i
'
,

'' I
,

1

,

:::.-.:..-:,
.-

,

~ ;;
tJYI
-

x750

"""'.

'ifJn

droid oesophagus ~s at the nerve- ring four-sevenths,
and finally three-fifths,
as widecorrespondmg
portion of the neck; its lining is prominent
occupying one:~.t~e
IT the diameter of the organ.
In the coarse, colorless musc~lature'there are

I

1

279

CHAMBERSIELLA
ORDER

278

APODONTIA,

ORDER

5~jM

SYNODONTIA
17

three glands which empty at the mouth
There is a cylindroid
cardia twosevenths as wide as the base of the neck
The thick-walled
intestine is set off by
a collum one-third as wide as the base of the neck, and becomes at once one-halfto three-fifths
as wide as the body.
Its cross-section
is composed of four to six
cells
It has a faint zig-zag lumen
Very fine, colorless, more or less polyhedral
granules of variable size are found scattered in the intestinal cells
The largestof these are one-twenty-fifth
as wide as the body
They give rise to no morethan a faint tessellation
The more or less arcuate tail of the male tapers fromin front of the anus, and is first conoid then cylindroid and two-fifths as wide asat the anus
The caudal glands are probably preanal
There are no caudal
setae.. The lateral fields are one-fourth as wide as the body, and faintly granular
The very frail, straight, slender, subacute spicula become arcuate near the tips,
and are faintly cephalated
by expansion
Their proximal extremities
appear tolie dorsad from the body-axis
The frail, simple, arcuate, slender accessory piecelies parallel to, and is two-fifths as long as, the spicula
There is a single supplementary organ opposite the posterior part of the spicula
The internal part isrefractive and more or less irregularly
cylindrical,
and bent back parallel to theventral surface
It is one-half as long as the body is wide, and one-fourthtoone-fifth as wide as long, and is probably protrusile
through the small, short,cylindrical element at the ventral surface, where there is also a single, strongly
curved seta, of considerable
size
The ejaculatoryduct is one-third as wide as
the body.
The testes are characterized
by the presence of numerous, elongatedelements, which constituteone phase in the developmentof the sperm
These
elements are apparently
two-thirds
as long as the body is wide and one-fifth toone-eighth as wide as long, and are rounded at the end
From the living nema
Habitat: Sand, Nobsca Beach, Woods Hole, below low tide
Fig. 63.
VII. Order Synodontia
936.8 12.7- 202 "'58
!to. cirri3167""
37
Chambersiellarodensn.spi'9'j./""i:i'
64
-;;f
the
six
odontia.
fochClr Only the external wallsorare cutinized
and this portion,
but not thein acid-carin~erior,stains v~ry strongly
mod mmeThe odontm are used to nibble themycelium of the fungi constituting
the food
mt
The
cells
of
the
vas
deferens
arepackedwithom! phtransparent,
homogeneous,
ellipsoidal
granules, whose maximum diameter is about onecirrilat
omd (6)
cilrt fUQID
third as great as that of the spermatozoa;
thecells of the ejaculatoryduct are packed withsimilar granules having about half as great adiameter.
The junctionof the ejaculatoryduct and the vas deferens is distinctly marked
setlat bY, the ~hange in the size of t~e granules Conset rUb"''
tamed m these cells composmg
their walls.
,
The lateral pores on the tail of Chamber siellaoe 'rodens connect with elongated,clavate cells
ph

.

'

,

d

'

locatedopposite

the

anus

in a lateralposition.

The nuclei of these cells usually lie a trifle.. alDpli
X2000 behind the anal region..
From the elevated'(UIDoe'an d consplCuOUS
vu 1va, t h e somewhat cutlnFIG 64a.Thecirriareomittedfromthe'
upper i1lustration in Older to show moreclearly the mandibles and the setae
ized large vagina leads inward and obliquely
forward.
The eggs are elongated,apparently
more or less long and slender.
The gently tapering ovary contains 50-100 ova; reflexed to near anus.

~'.

~~:.~,.:~',~
27/ 3.1.

94.1;8~i5\.

.63..

:

The

males

are

less

Hab~tat: Bark of a great variety of trees Jet q;h lat.
m many parts of the eastern United States;on "Spanish Moss,"
Miami, Florida
Flem- JIlC oe,
mmg
s so 1utlOn tGJ glycerine
jelly
This
"
genus comprises a considerable
number of lnIl
species, all with a hooked caudal extremity.
The species vary considerably
in the labial oppl

commonthan

retq;li.rubnt.

IDd

the

femal
r;jflJJ~~1D..

Clf 1JJlat

p.w
ampli
mscph
lum oe,accessories

The present

mp fOlD

spec'ies has the

oppllatoppl/llt wb!!1
rSppldsJSIlbl!!

strongest
mandibles
so far known in the oegenus.. These nemas are highly resistantto drought and cold, and may be kept on lum oe

portxll1at
suDmt
rSppl
aft
01
ropmscae
rproplllSC
q;lispdried bark for several years and then be
fully revived by soaking the bark in water.
They may be repeatedly
frozen in and alltha;vedout without
injury..
Recently
revIvedspecimens
are mostly
immature d O!Vand seem to present an empty intestinal
canal, suggesting that on the approach of ql all
untoward
conditions,they evacuatethecanal.
Not infrequently,
the lip-region of COp!!lrl .
.
revIve d specImens
appears
to exhibita'lidIII'lat.lidIllSC

IIIV rlId !!IV

lidIItr"'.

dct I'IJIIdxl rmt

allat

dct IVIIexp
por latoppl

lid IIn'
jllC dcl

clirs!!1

ro. retl
blJJ emorq'

det ren fllSt
dct rolldxt

dctretIflIrt
lid rollerd

lid IIIV
d alltiot

spl/ltd(4 )dctsplllCt J'ecnd(z}1fJ/J rhl

fJIl/lctsecnd (2;lnIl 1st

port.flx trt
rplJ/Ct....

SplJ/Ct
prill. (f)

oI/a

.

..

1st'

.. .

IIlrc.SO!!I CUIJSOlO

lid spmet

X750

accessi~lJ, :een also in the mouth opening of similarly revived Oephaopem~g IS protected during" suspended animation"by means of thisdried-;hep evacuatlOn from the oesophagus..
64b ..
Fig., 64a, P . 278' , F Ig",.'"
The na me 0 f th" IS remarkablegenus, the abundant species of which are widely
the classic work in this field of Mr . W .. E .
distr"bI Ut ed on trees, commemorates
Oh ambers throu g h w h ose un t.Ime 1y d eath science has lost one of its g reatect~ ..
.
g r aph IC
mterpreters"
i~~~like

SYNODONTIUM,
ORDER

280

SYNODONTIA

65. Synodontium
fecundum n. sp. About forty setae occur on the neck; thoseon the anterior part are about one-half, while those on the posterior part are onefourth
as long as the corresponding
portion of the neck is wide. There are six
subdistinct
lips, each with a somewhat
forward-pointing,innervated,conoidpapilla.
The pharynx is fairly well cutinized, and bears probably twelve closely
approximatedodontia, forming a distinct circlet opposite the bases of the cephalic setae; only their points are easily visible
The conoid neck become~ moredecidedly conoid near the head.
At first sight the oesopha~us appears as If com-,posed mainly of glands which extend backward to the cardIa
These glands are,howevero~tside the ~esophagus and empty near the bases of the odontia bymeans of three or four ducts.
At the nerve-ring the oesophagus is three-sevenths,
and ends pos..
and finally one-half, as wide as the corresponding
part of the ~e:k,oesoph..
teriorly in a faint, elongated, pyriform, valveless bulb.. The .hmng of th.eagus is narrow; its musculaturefine.. The thin-walled rntestrne has a falllt lumen
and is set off by a collum two-fifths as wide as the base of the neck and becomesat once one-half as wide as the body.
In cross-section
it presents
fivecells. four
The to scat-.
j(,~f Jubm
92
63
92
15--"
6.. t .~J!J
.S vnt .rll/'iJ'Ill
granules'', '} 24-- tered
._
9/ 18
19
2..6'2'
contained in the'v'_, _. t!Jl
.
.
ampli
!:S<
.. .
intestinal
cells
."
69
10.
-M-.
~1..
'.
"

~

/

'

~

-

:

'

/

__.,

,

,

--.

,

,

:.

-

'}2 1--"

pli L/~!I
all/p ren,

281

DAPTONEMA

1616

2 .:;--'<17

are

of

va~iablesize, the largest bemg one-fifteenth
as wIde as
The nuclei of the int:stinal
cells arebar pli the body.
one-seventh
to one-eighth
as wIde as the bodyat the base of the neck.
Tail conoid from theanus, but tapering faster near the anus.
The
end of the spinneret is in the form of .a hemispherical button, the three sectors of which are
eversible, so that the organ may appear t h ree5fJn

lobed

The ducts of the caudal glands are sep-arate practicallyto the spinneret pore.
There are about fifteen ventrallysub"medi~n, and about ten dorsally submedian,slender, flexible, tapering setae oneach side of the tail of the male
There is a much smaller number of setae on the
tail of the female.; The lateral fields are one..third as wide as the body.. The
granular, ellipsoidal renette cell, two-thirds
as long as the body is wide and twothirds as wide as long, is located at a distance behind the neck equal to the body
diameter.
The obscure, rather broad nerve-ringis accompanied
by distinct
and numerous nerve cells of large size, extending back to the base of the neck.
The large, elevated, conspicuous vulva leads to a conoid, rathe: muscular, cut~nized vagina accompanied by small, ellpisoidal glands.
There IS a small antenor
branch to the female sexual organs, about as long as the body is wide
The uterus
extends back to near the middle of the body.. The eggs are one and one-half to
two times as long as the body is wide and one-fourth
to one-third
as wide as
long. Numerous,
granular,spherical sperm cells, one-fifteenth
as wide as thebody, are abundant near the middle of the body, disarranging
the chain of eggs
in ~uch a way as to suggest the presence of a spermatheca.
The broad ovaryThe
tapers gradually,
and contains twenty to thirty ova arranged s~ngle .file.
egg, just before deposition,lies opposite the vulva, one-half of It bemg m thesmall anterior branch of the uterus.
The spicula are strong, somewhat slender,
sub-uniform,
and rather blunt.
Their proximal ends appear to lie ventrad fromthe body-.axis.
The two strong, well-separated
accessory pieces are one-fourth

as long as the spicula
Their uniform, blunt apophyses extend backward at anangle of ninety degrees with the spicula, and are one-half as long as the anal
body diameter
Fifty to seventy equidistant
supplementaryorgans, in the formof a series of slight undulations,extend forward in front of the anus a distancethree to four times as great as the length of the tail.
The undulations
are separated from each other by a space about equal to one-fourth the body diameter,
though they become graduallya little farther apart anteriorly.
Their elevation is slight, and every other undulation
is opposite a granular, saccate gland,
about one-third
as wide as the body.
These glands form a contiguous
seriesand seem to empty ventrally.
There is no bursa.
The ejaculatoryduct is onethird, and the testes are one-half, as wide as the body, these latter graduallytapering so that they are narrow at the extremities.
Habitat: Sand, below Bathing Beach, Woods Hole, Mass., USA..
Also
beach-sand,
Squibnocket,
Martha's
Vineyard,
Mass.,U. S.. A. Flemming
to..
glycerine jelly.. Fig.. 65, p 380.
__:..9_--}..:2:_-~~,

=~=

82:..

;; 1. 4 <oro

26Type speCies. The
66. Daptonema fissidens n. sp.. 19 28 32
32'---"
contour of the moderately
thick cuticle is crenate, the annules being separated
by refractivelines.. Toward the head end the set cph (f211.
f1]Jlj!Jf6J
J.
annules diminish in width until they elude detection.
Neck conoid; head rounded.
Here and
there on the neck occur long, slender hairs, as
long

as thoseon the head,butcolorlessand verycost llJI3xfi

much more slender..
Each of the six lips isstrengthenedby three, dark-brown,or blackish,strongly arcuate, in curved, slender, acute, cutin-.
ized ribs or teeth.
Lips capableof being ail/poturned over into the pharynx so as to form aflattish,centrally
indenteddome. From thehead backward the oesophagus narrows a little,
becoming two-thirds
as wide as the correspondmscrctr'
ing portion of the neck.
There is no very distinct cardia.
The rather thick-walled
intestine
becomes at once about half as wide as the body,and in cross-section
presents about four cells. extn
The cells contain scattered brownish granules,of variable size, the largest of which are nearly
as wide as one of the annules of the cuticle.
Thelumen of the intestine is quite narrow, and its.
.ffJ
lining somewhat refractive
Renette unknown.
The tail of the male is conoid from the anus to
the somewhat blunt terminus, which has a plain,rather blunt spinneret,armed with two setaeSpconsiderably
longer than the diameterof theterminus
The caudal glands appear to belocated in front of the anus
The brownish
spicula have been seen only in dorso-ventral(ffl
view. The accessory pieces are curved distally Il/SC

pit

spn

cph

UIlD

ac

an

X750

in the same way as the spicula, and end in minute points..
The ejaculatoryductis about one-third, the vas deferens about one-half, as wide as the body.
Habitat.: Larat, East Indies; marine
In the general form of the neck andpharynx these nemas closely resemble Monhystera,but the food habitsareORDER

282

SYNODONTIA

CRYSTALLONEMA,rob ably different, and the structure of the male differs materially f~om t~e
Pt t'-dark-colored, punctate, out-bendmg SplCs ruc ure of the male of Monhystera.,J/) (6)mT (6)
seccph(j2\pf'L /lJula; and two_c8n__~]_-=.!!~ ;-'-}.Q
52~9"?>L6.,

21

similar
speciesmarineoccurs

2L__'2,,=""'L~~::1}]'!c_--~~~o':(?)microns segset (3)3562 - 8185
52'"

at Portsmouth,

N. H,

".

~

32

A veryin the harbor~.8 --

9testes..

~and at cosc/lJ f3X6)

/

..

'\. {

Woods Hole, Mass., U. S.. A, namely Dapto-~!

nemafimbriatum, n. sp..of which the fo;rmulae fumoeII:'.
and the figure of the head end are gIven on!':this page.
The head of Daptonema fiss~dens Su/Jl1lt'"ffJ.
differs but slightly from that of D. fimbriatum.
Daptonema
is manifestly
an offshoot of Monh!stera
Probably
the eighteen refractive
labial elements are nbs attac~ed
to athin membrane
They s.ometimes appear, however, a.s If free. at
the extremities,
and if so, would function as combs m secunng
the food, which is probably cor:rbed or ~craped from the surfac~
of algae and other submarine objects
FIg. 66a, p 281 (fiss~dens),Fig 66b (fimbriatum).6/ i,l'

26

4.3

-70"

96

14

1

4.9

.. The67 CrystaUonema
juscacephalum
n. sp
...'
I
long~r cephalic setae are two-jointed..
The scattered:m~nsrcuous
p ar~nx t~e:~~c:dsetae ~re one-tenth as long as the neck is wide
OpposIte t e?
contains dark brownish gray pigment.
The consistencyof the labIal palps (:).
,
they are apodontm
remalllS un d e t e,rmined that is to say. it is uncertain whetherfi." gnp, or.'. hether they. arewith an inward stroke and capable of executin~ a ~md
a lIttle towar
more or I ess flabb y.' P al p s Neck somewhat cylmdrold, expandmg.
f m which there'.
th e h ea d Amphid with a pore near the postenor
margm,ro
Jet JiJ(6) leads inward and backward a na:Tow. d:rct
Jet cph(4J
pip J!J,with granular contents
There IS a fal~t,elongated,
more
or
less
p~riform
cardmcJiJ
pex
swelling.. Near the nerve-nng
the oeso~h#y"agus is one-half just in front of the cardIacorg.. 1amprenswelling three-fifths,
and finally two-thirds,
as wide as the corresponding
portion of thelJ.1~murph'
neck.. The musculatureof the oesophagus
is rather coarse and colorless.
Cardiac coloe
If/"lum two-fifths as wide as the body.
.The
intestine begins with a specially modIfied:,amphmsc08
segment, two-thirds as long as t~e co~re..
>ii,.
spondingbody diameter
The mtestme,trm
which has a somewhat
irregular
lumen,\ci~)
becomes one-half to two-thirds
00 750 gradually
fum 08as wide as the body.. The colorless gran.'ules in the intestinal
cells are scatteredin groups and are of variable size, thelargest granules being about as wide as one of the annules on the neck.
The
nema is strongly characterized
by the presence of mo.re or le~s angular,. d°u.bly
refractive crystalline masses, having about th~ same dmmeter.Ill every dIrect lOn,
and being about one-sixth as wide as the body.
The cryst~llm~ bodIes are onehalf to one body-widthapart and seem to lie in the longitudmal
fields. The
conoid tail tapers from the anus, but at last for a short distance is more or less

J

II

j

V

ZANEMA283

cylindroid
and one-fifth as wide as at the anus.. There are no caudal setae.
The ellipsoidal to prolate renette cell lies close behind the neck, and is one-half
as long as the body is wide and five-sixths as wide as long
The large, continuous
vulva is inconspicuous..
The medium-sizedvagina extends two-fifths the way
across the body.
There is a posterior
rudimencph ffJtary branch to the sexual organs, three times aslong as the corresponding
body diameterTheuterus is four times as long as the body is wide, andfJJ
one-sixth to one-fifth as wide as long. The elongated eggs are three times as long as the body is
wide.. The relatively
very small ovary contains
UlfC
twelve ova, which diminish rapidly in size toward
the blind end, and are arranged single file The
finely-granular,
ripe ova are three times as longanas the body is wide, and three-fourths
as wide as
long..
IIC
Habitat: Sand, below Bathing
Beach, Woods
Hole, Mass., U. S. A.. Flemming to water.
The
males of this species,
C.. fuscacephalum,arednro
unknown, but the males of two other species are If!
known to the writer.
As these two are structurally closely related to C. fuscacephalum,
it may be
X 750
msc
assumed that the spicula of C. fuscacephalum
aresimilar to those of these others, one of which is 8 3:, 5~ '~6~.
?1:? 2 7..
CrystaUonema simile n. sp.., Miami, Fla.., the anal /l'i
12 13
13
8
region of the male of which is shown in the adjacB~ ~ 6.
.:/01'.' 94:~ 2.6..
L3
13 13
15
ent illustration,
together with the dimensions of).;"""both sexes
Besides being smaller, C.. simile differs in lacking pigment at thehead end; in having relatively
slightly longer and more nearly equal cephalicsetae; in having amphids relatively larger,-three-sevenths
as wide as the head;in having the posterior oesophageal swelling almost indistinguishable;
in having
the preliminary
segment of the intestine as long as the body is wide, and theintestine
itself relatively
a little wider,-three-fourths
as wide as the body.."
Fig.. 67a, p.. 282, C. fuscacephalum;
Fig. 67b, C. simile, n. sp, type species
,3

,3,7

63

!cJ66

B7:~ 24,"{;
1
acanthU?um n.. sp.
8"?J 9
Cuticle naked.
Neck cylindroid.
It is possible that very small or broken(Ipa'fIl!J(fj)S~t 1]1.1~ (Jamembers of the submedian group of cephalic setae have
>Iiescaped notice, and that there are really three submedian(4) setae on each lip
There appear to be six lips, but thisnumber is assumed largely on the basis of the six labial
ph appendages,
shown in the illustration..
The lips are reI a(Jmphtively rather thick, and are arched together
over thesomewhat spheroidal pharynx..
Oesophagus
cylindroid..
08
The intestine becomes at once three-fourths
as wide asr;V.fflm
the body, and appears to be made up of cells of large
x750 size, so that perhaps only two appear in the cross-section..
The posterior lip of the anus is slightly raised; rectum
about as long as the anal body diameter.
The tail tapers irom a little in frontof the anus and soon is reduced to .a diameter about half as great as at the base..
Thence onward it tapers gently, so that near the terminus it has a diameter about

68.. Zanema

285

MONHYSTRIUM

284

ORDER

SYNODONTIA

one-fourth
as great as at the anus
Posterior two-fifths of the tail armed witharcuate, acute thorn-likesetae to the number of ten
short, backward-pointing,on each ventrally submedian line. No caudal glands.
The lateral fields appear
to be fully one-third as wide as the body.. The excretory pore appears to be connected with a large, ellipsoidal ampulla, nearly half as wide as the neck.. The
position of the renette cell has not been determined.
From the depressed vulva
the vagina leads slightly forward.
Beyond this fact little is known concerning
the internal organs.
As no traces of ova have been seen behind the vulva it isassumed that the organs are asymmetrical.
Habitat: Mud, tide pool, low tide, Portsmouth,
N. fl., n. S. A. The single
specimen examined contained numerous yellowish, spherical, ,crystalline
bodies,arranged in an obscurely double series, beginning at the base of the neck andending at the anus.
Whether these are natural or have been induced by the(1) the offormation
method of preservation
remains to be determined.
The peculiarities
the speappendages;
cies justifying the establishmentof a new genus are as follows:of the pharynx and of the lips with their distinct(3) forward-pointing
the absence of caudal glands;(2) the unusual size and form of the amphids;and (4) the peculiar thorn-like setae on the tail.. These, combined with the very
slender form, make it difficult to refer this specimen to any known genus.
Fig.
68, p. 283..
69a. Monhystriumtransitans n sp. Type species
Cuticle naked, except forthe setae on the head.
Lips three, more or less confluent, thick and mobile..
Pharynx double; the closed lips forming a narrow vestibule reaching one-third
the way to the base of the pharynx
Anterior chamber of the pharynx pyramidal,
the posterior more of less napiform
The lips come to a sharp edge, and are
stiffened by several refractive"plates,"
whose direction
is radial cylindroid,
but indefinite,
Oesophagus
endas if due to the folding of a cutinized membrane.
ing posteriorly
in a pyriform cardiac bulb five-sixths as wide as the base of theneck
Its lining finds expression in three longitudinallines, occupying a spaceequal to two-sevenths
the width of the whole organ.. Its musculatureis rathercoarseThere is no cardia
The thick-walled
intestine, which has a distinct,
refractive lumen, is set off from the oesophagus by a constriction
one-fourthaswide as the base of the neck, and becomes at once three-fourths
as wide as the
body.. Its cross-section
shows two cells. In contour, it is more or less crenate,
at least in alcoholic specimens, because of the pronounced nature of the intestinal
cells. These latter contain numerous
granules of rather uniform size. The
walls of the intestinal cells are refractive.
The tail is at first conoid, then cylindroid in the posterior two-fifths.
It tapers from in front of the anus to the almost
imperceptibly
swollen, more or less apiculate,. unarmed, symmetricalterminus,
which presents a profile similar to that of a swan's head
It bears a simple,
unarmed,blunt spinneret.
Only two caudal glands are to be seen; these arebroadly saccate cells, forming a close tandem in the anterior third of the tail..
The more or less finely granular longitudinal
fields are one-third as wide as the
body.. The post-cervicalrenette cell empties through the excretory pore a little
in front of the nerve-ring by means of a more or less spherical ampulla, and final
olender duct one-half as long as the body is wide, leading therefrom
to theexcretory pore.
The vulva is large and more or less elevated.
The ellipsoidal
eggs are three-fourths
as long as the body is wide and are deposited after segmentation;
it is probable that the species is viviparous,
or ovoviviparousThe
small posterior bI anch of the sexual organ is one-half as long as the body is wide.

The taperi~g ovary is at ~rst broad, and contains numerous ova arranged for themost part smg.le fi~e. At Its blind end, it is one-eighth as wide as the base of then~ck. At then wIdest part, that is, near the middle, the spicula are one-sixth as
wIde as the corre~pond~ng portion of the body. They taper to a rather blunt point,
Jet sulJmand present a famt, stIffening element.
These osetJul..
ul'!phcolorless, rather frail spicula appear to havetheir proximal ends somewhat dorsad from the ph..
body-axis.
There is a faint, frail, slender,
arcuate accessory piece, lying parallel to the
spicula, probably consisting merely of a differ- 01
entiation of the lining of the cloaca.
Obscurepapillae occur on the middle part of the tail,near the place where it suddenly diminishes alittle in diameter.
These are probably as fol- .fub/b
submedianpair 'opposite
lows: one ventrally.
the mIddle of the spicula; three ventrally sub- mscplt
median pairs, one of them nearly anal, theother two at the beginning of the middle third
mUIpit .
and occurring one in front of the other; on~
dorsally submedian pair.
The large spermatocy~es in th~ testes are three.-fourths
to two.. pp//b
thnds as wIde as the body.
That portion of
the testis, containing
them is correspondingly
JulJl!J.
wide, but the testis tapers so as finally to be
only about on~-fourth as wide as the body.
umpk .__.
Habttat:GIll-chambersof the Land CrabG.. rUTieola, Jamaica.
ColI, Dr. C.. B.. Wilson;pit..
Westfield,
Mass
Described
from more orless shrunken alcoholic specimens, mounted inbalsam and in glycerine jelly.. May be looked
upon as a transitional
form between a free- H-10.6/42living and parasitic state.
Hence, the specificnametransitans..

While

much

reduced

and

1.1
-28

nmddslpp!(6).

mudrubmmsuu!Jd

axilmnd'.

mnddslpit
nmdrl1bm<"l!Jdsl

..-'

.'

cstb/

s~t su!JcjJh
.00

20.
4.2

'14-69
49

9~::

-)

10.3

18.5 66_M

88.4 -)

,35

36

31

42

9 mID

8~liImfl abb y, the cephalic setae still exist. Verv..
Fig.. 69afew parasitic
nemas possess cephalic setae.
b. Monhystrium
wilsoni (Baylis)..
Very narrow wings extend from the base
Each wing is expressed as a double line.. Eightof the neck to ~ear. the anus.
to ~welve ~ongItudIllal
striations
occur on each submedianfield
The long itudIllal strr~e do not anastomose,and seem to be in the outer cuticle
Lips confluent: elastIc, c~osing to a small central pore.. Pharynx of two chambers;
theanterIOr, pyr~mIdal,
the posterior
appearing roughly napiform
in profile, butreally three-~Ided a~ show.n in the illustration..
The distinct, refractive
liningAboutb~comes rapIdly t~Icker III ~he posterior half of the sccond chamber.
erghteen dupl.ex radIal refractIve ribs of small size occur in the anterior chamb rsomewhat as III Cyatholaimus;
i e., there are about six refractive radial marki:g~on each of the three lips.. These have a rather definite duplex outer end or conbeing ~ore like
tour, but are not .so definite as the" rods" of Cyatholaimus,
The cylindroid oesophagus near thefolds. ~e~k conoId; he~d c~nvex-conoid.
nerve-rmg IS two-fifths, Just III front of the pyriform cardiac swe1ling two-thirds,

I

286

ORDER

SYNODONTIA

finally two-thirds,
as wide as the corresponding
part of the neck
There are no
oesophageal
bulbs, but there is a pyriform anterior segment of the intesti~e,
set off on both sides by a distinct constriction,
in some ways resembling a cardIac
bulb
This pseudo-bulb
is three-fourths
as wide as the corresponding
portion of
the body, as measured in alcoholic specimens.
The lining of the oesophagus isa prominent feature, and its optical expression consists in three refractive lines,
occupying a space one-fourth
as wide as the entire organ.
The oesophageal
musculature
is coarse" At the cardiac constriction
there are three elements,
questionably
glands, each one-third as wide as the corresponding
portion of the
body.. There is no cardia.
The thick-walled
intestine has a very distinct refractive lumen and soon becomes five-sixths as wide as the body.
The cells composing the intestine
are about twice as long as he body is wide, and are so
arranged that each cross-section
presents practically
only two of them.
Thesecells are packed with exceedingly fine granules of more or less uniform size. The
tail is first conoid, then cylindroid in the posterior half.. It tapers from in frontof the anus; the terminus has a contour more or less resembling that of a swan's
head
The simple, unarmed, symmetrical,
blunt spinneret is half as wide as theterminus
The three, broadly saccate caudal glands form a close tandem in theanterior fourth of the tail.
Their ducts and ampullae are distinct"
There areno caudal setae
The tail, like the body, is naked
The elongated renette celllies two to four body-widths
behind the neck, and empties through a wide duct
separated from the ampulla by a constriction;
the ampulla is one-fourth as wide
as the corresponding
portion of the neck, and empties through a pore locatedhalf-way back to the nerve-ring"
The nerve-ringis accompanied
by distinct
nerve-cells arranged in groups.
From the somewhat large, more or less conspicuous vulva, the large, rather muscular, cutinized vagina leads half-way across the
body.. The straight uterus is about fourteen times as long as the body is wide,and contains ellipsoidal eggs, each about as long as the body is wide, which aredeposited after segmentation
begins,-in
fact, the species may be viviparous.
Fully-formed
embryos occur in the eggs near the vulva.
Spermatozoa,
half aswide as the body of the female, and with strong refractive nuclei, occur in the
There is a rather narrow, ventral posterior
rudimentarypart to theuterus"female sexual organ, about one and one-half times as long as the corresponding
portion of the body is wide
The ovary is nearly cylindroid, but tapers slightly,
and contains numerous ova arranged single fileToward its blind end, it sudform, in a space one to two
denly narrows, and is reflexed, or thrown into an "S"times as long as the body is wide; here it is only one-sixth as wide as the body.
The rather frail, somewhat simple, rather slender, subacute spicula are one andone-half times as long as the anal body diameterAt their widest part near the
middle, they are about one-sixth as wide as the corresponding portion of the body..
Their proximal ends appear to lie dorsad from the body-axis..
The single, frail,very slender, more or less arcuate, accessory piece is somewhat removed from the
spicula, at least from the refractive part.
Its proximal extremitylies dorsad
from the body-axis.
There are no supplementaryorgans.
About ten pairs ofpapillae occur on the tail of the male.
These are very inconspicuousand arearranged as follows: one ventral, single, and two submedian pairs just in frontof the anus; third, fourth, fifth and sixth pairs behind the anus, opposite the twoanterior caudal glands; seventh and eighth, lateral, opposite the posterior caudal
gland; ninth and tenth farther back, not so close together, averaging about twice
as far from the anus, as the seventh and eighth.
There is a rudimentarybursa;
i..e., there are submedianlongitudinalelevationsof considerable
magnitude

MONHYSTRIUM,

ASYMMETRELLA

287

beginning some distance in front of the anus and extending on to the tail to apoint opposite the posterior caudal gland.
Most of the papillae described occur
on the ventral surface of these welt-like elevations"
A Closs-section taken near
the anus clearly discloses these well-developedorgans.
The ejaculatoryduct isone-fourth,the vas deferens one-fourth,
the testis two-thirds,
as wide as thecorresponding
portion of the body.
Toward its blind end, however, the testis
tapers so as to be only one-eighth as wide as the corresponding
portion of thebody.
Spermatocytes,
occupying a considerable
portion of the length of thetestis, are one-half to two-thirds
as wide as the body, so that the testis bears
considerable
resemblance
to an ovary
The OIVJ"(J( lolJlbrubm ppUb
J"lJtJut sets/Ibm.
,.'""
deceptive appearance
created by these large'-.
spermatocytes
might easily lead to the con- oroppl
clusion that the males are hermaphrodites.
Habitat.:' Found with the preceding..
su!JmtOne is inclined to suggest that this Monph
hystrium also represents
a transitional
form mscfrom a free-living
to a parasitic
conditionoe
A careful study of such forms is destined to mt',/
throw much light on the relationshipbetween
Jimoe FUI'f/ Jbdsl , su!Jcu.t
the Laimia and Alaimia..
fullb
u~h
'. .
Although bearing considerable resemblance
to Monhystera,
this species and its close rela- I/Jfubm
tive just described seem to make a new genus
lobllsldesirable
for their reception.
The distin- set
guishing differences may be listed as follows:(1) In Monhystrium,
the pharynx is a double ph....
orchamber;moreover,the anteriorchamber
Joblis!
has a distinctly radiated structure,
mOle eas- Ibsulim
ily seen if the specimen is viewed slightly
obliquely instead of laterally, as shown in the lob.
~.
illustration"
These radial elements are stiff)
12.5 47"61-5
ening factors enabling the lips to bite more ~-~:I 17 '"'1..3/ 212.3
33
efficiently.
The margins of the lips are sharp- .1
6.1
12.
6<-.
89.
.
~., >16 u.
hcu tt mge d ges, as IS c I ear Iy sownm t h e pro file 1.5 / 22
24
33'
view in the illustration
Further study is necessary to determine whether theseorgans are odontia or onchia.
(2) The pseudo-bulb,
which is not common in(4) There is
Monhystera(3) Monhystrium
is ovoviviparousor viviparous"a pronounced
renette.
(5) There are no cephalic setae or the setae are very
weakly developed.
(6) The species is presumably
carnivorous;
the more typical
Monhysteras,
perhaps all, are vegetarian
Larvae removed fron the uterus of alcoholic specimens present differencesfrom the adults as follows: (1) The amphids are farther back(2) The pharynx
is tubular, and not in two parts..
(3) The head is more tapering.
(4) The spin(6) The pseudo-bulb
isneret is not so well defined.
(5) No wings were seen.
less conspicuous.
Fig. 6gb, on this page.
Syn.. Monhystera wilsoni Baylis"
1.3 14. 27. (?)'62t) 95. )2.5..
Lips three,
dis26
23
1.8
16
70. Asymmetrella
glabra n" Sp.14
tinct,
unequal,flat, thin
Pharynx
with a peculiar
dorsal onchium,bent inward
Oesophagus
surrounding
the posterior
two-fifthsofat right angles at the apex"
the pharynx
in the form of three,somewhatfinger-shaped
processes.
Wall ofthe pharynx
fairlywell cutinized,
especiallynear the lips on the dorsal
side,

I

288

ORDER

SYNODONTIA,ORDERSYNONCHIA

where it bends inward and forms an elbowed lip, giving to the front of the headan asymmetricalappearance;
hence, the generic name.
Neck cylindroid posteriorly, convex-conoid
anteriorly..
Amphids faintAt the base of the pharynx
there are three spherical collections of black, loosely-placed
granules (ocelli?),
one collection dorsal and two submedian,
the dorsal collection being the least
pronounced.
The cylindroid oesophagus at the nerve-ringis one-third, and finally is one-half, as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck; it has an indistinct lining, and a fine, colorless musculature.
There is a more or less hemispherical cardia, three-fifths
as wide as the base of the neck.
The thick-walled
intestine, which is set off by a constriction
one-half as wide as the base of theneck, becomes at once three-fourths
as wide as the body.. It has a faint lumen,
and its cross-section
exhibits about four cells. In all parts of the intestine thecell walls are rather distinct and optically give rise to a network
effect.
From the more or less continuous
anus the prominent,
cutinized rectum extends inward a distance three-.fourths
as greaton
as the anal body diameter.
The rather numerous, more or less.llloC yellowish granules contained in the cells of the intestine
are of:1\\ Of!variable
size, the largest being about one-thirty-fifth
as wide as
the body.
They are so arranged
as to give rise to a more or
x750
less distinct
tessellation
The lateralfields are one-fourth
as wide as the body.
The tail tapers from the anus, and is at first conoid, andthen convex-conoid
in the posterior eighth.
It is arcuate to the unarmed, moreor less symmetricalterminus.
There is a conoid, symmetricalspinneret.
In it
a compound ampulla is apparent..
Renette unknown
The female sexual organs
are probably double and symmetricallyplaced"Habitat.: Marine tap water, laboratory,
Woods Hole, Mass, n. S.. A, Flemming to glycerine jelly.
Fig. 70.

ill!

VIII. Order Synonchia
71.. Tripylium
carcinicolum(Baylis).
Cuticle naked.
Cephalic setae papilloid. Wall of the pharynx fairly thick and refractive,
and curved inward on the
inner surface of each pair of lips so as to form three 1200 biting organs, whichclose together as shown in the illustration
Pharynx cylindroid.
Neck cylindroid posteriorly,
conoid anteriorly.
Oesophagus
cylindroid,
its lining a trifle
stronger behind the pharynx for a distance equal to the length of the pharynx.
The anterior
portion of the intestineis altered so as to produce the effectof a pyriform
bulb three-fourths
as wide as the base of the neck, set off onboth sides by a constriction
At the nerve-ring,the oesophagus is two-thirds,
and finally three-fifths,
as wide as the corresponding
part of the neck.
The lining of the oesophagus finds optical expression in three refractive lines, occupying
two-fifths of the width of the organ.. There is no cardia
What appear to be
glandular cells occur opposite the cardiac constriction,-two,one on each side,
each ellipsoidal and half as wide as the neck, finely granular and with a prominent nucleus.
The thick-walled
intestine has a distinct, refractive, more or lesszig-zag lumen, and becomes at once three-fourths
as wide as the body; in crosssection it presents two cells. The cardiac collum is one-fourth
as wide as theneck
From the more or less continuous
anus, the cutinized rectum extends a
distance equal to the length of the anal body diameter.
Fine uniform granules
pack the cells of the intestine; there is a faint tessellated
effect due to the refractive nature of the cell walls.
From in front of the anus, the straight tail is first

TRIPYLIUM,

289

XY ALA

conoid, then cylindroid
in the posterior
two-fifths,
where it is one-eighthaswide as at the base.
Terminus apiculate, bearing a simple, symmetricalspinneret.
The three broadly-saccate
caudal glands are packed into the anterior
two-fifths of the tail, and empty by means of separate ducts.. Three pairs of
conoid, subacute, ventrally
submedian papilloid setae occur on the tail of thefemale, one pair near the anus, one near the middle of the tail and one at the beginning of the posterior fourth.
Midway on the tail there is a dorsally submedianpair of setae.
The finely-granularlateral fields are half as wide as the body.
There appears to be an elongated renette cell' one body-diameter
behind theneck; it is one-fifth as wide as the body.
From /!JSUllmfilSt
fplWI
ami'll
J'lJt
'/'
.
"
,'f"
';.""
the large, conspICUOUS, elevatedvulva,
thevagina, also large, ex:tends inward half way across mnrl r!Jmnnl"
su..
1'1"111the body.. Its wall is cutinized..
There is noposterior vestigial portion to the sexual organ. or:"muddsI
The straightuteruscontains
twelve or more'already liberated
embryos.
Ova are arranged m ,J ,I. ' .
setllll.
"IUuSllL1m.
.
smg 1e fil e.. Th e SImp 1e, rather
frail, slender,
uniform,
acute spicula
are arcuate
distally.. mu!p.,Vi
Ilmpn
..ph
They are three-fourths
as long as the tail, and attheir widest, about one-tenth as wide as the cor,h,hsegdsIph.
.
segSllL1lnpll',.
.
respon d mg por t IOn 0 f t h e b 0 d y. TheIr proxImal
ends seem to lie more or less dorsad from the ms~phsutsllom
body-axis..
The simple, frail, very slender, arcuppl{o!l1l
ate accessory piece is more or less obscure in alco- ppllo wom. setsuom
holic specimens.
It lies parallel to the spicula'and its proximal end appears to be dorsad from mnrlJ1~
r!J.
IfII
the body-axis..
There are three pairs of very flat,
conoid, .innervated, inconspicuous, nearly ven- amph.
mscph
tral papIllae on the tail, one at the beginning of;
the fourth fifth, and two at equal distances
lumoe
PVi
between it and the anus.. The ejaculatoryductis one-third,
the testis two-thirds,
as wide as Of!
the body,. Only the narrow blind end of the64'84.
92.3
14.
8.83,,1) 23 > 1..1mm
testis, for a distance equal to one body-diameter,
:',
31
3'
is reflexed,
In one specimen, the spicula were
6;-M
12.
18.
0,9 1m9:~Z>
more or less compound.
::~
4..1
42
19
Habitat,: Found in the gills of the Land Crabs,
Gecarcinus ruricola and Cardisoma guanhumi, Jamaica.
Collected by Dr.. Chas.
E.. Wilson, Westfield, Mass" This genus differs from Monhystera
as follows: (1)Male has caudal papillae;(2) Has a cardiac bulb or pseudo-bulb;(3) Is viviparous; (4) Is parasitic
in crabs; (5) Has three biting edges to the segments ofthe pharynx.
Fig..71..
Syn.. Monhystera carcinicola Baylis.

.

,

72. Xyala striata n. sp. Cuticle with numerous wings, especially anteriorly,
where there are sixteen, increasing to about thirty-twoon the head; behind thevulva the number is twelve, at the terminus four.
Contour dentate.
There area few cervical setae, about as long as the body is wide, occurring in groups offour; no somatic setae.
Lips thick, armed with three, mandible-likeodontiaor onchia, somewhat flap-shaped,
and apparently
very mobile.
Pharynx simple:
regular, more or less conoid, large and long, three-fourths
as wide as the head
having the form of a deep cup. There is a distinct, transverse,
cutinized raised

SYNONCHIUM,

290

ORDER

circle on the inner wall of the pharynx, dividing it into two more or less distinct
parts; nevertheless,the inner contour of the pharynx is rather regular on thewhole.
Neck cylindroid..
Oesophagus
plain, except that there is a pyriform
bulb surrounding
the pharynx, tapering gradually into the oesophagus, which is
at first two-thirds,
at the nerve-ring
one-half, and finally two-fifths, as wide as
the corresponding
portion of the neck.. There is a more or less cylindroid cardia
one-third
as wide as the base of the neck.
The thick-walled
intestine
has adistinct lumen, and becomes at once two-thirds
as wide as the body.
Cardiaccollum one-halt as wide as tile body.
The scattered,rather uniform
yellow
gran~1e s ,
.fet (ph ex:tr(JOJ mnd
fat.retcphjntd6J_'~~__]~_=_~2"___~~~L
.,
192
21
22!7 '!2"-J14..
foundmthe

fn

GAMMANEMA

291

SYNONCHIA_1c~_--lc6_=~"
1.4

17

18

droid; oesophagus somewhat
cylindroid, but presenting a more or less spheroidal
bulb about the mandibles,
At the base of the neck, the oesophagus is two-thirds
as wide as the corresponding
portion of the body,Its lining is more or less distinct; its musculaturecolorless
The rather thick-walled
intestine has a faintlumen, and becomes at once five-sixths as wide as the body.
Throughoutthemnd subm ioli fn

mnd rlsl

2.2 ~

16

cells,

are!nnr!JIIDm

apphmnddnt mndNnph::~=~---,~"-}18.. in t est i n allessthan half as wide as one of the annules.
From the continuous
anus the more orless cutinizedrectum extends inward a
distance hardly as great as the anal body
diameter.
The conoid tail tapers fromthe anus, near which, in the anterior thirdof the tail, the three ellipsoidal,
caudalglands lie in a close tandem
There arevery few, inconspicuous,
slender, tapering, acute, dorsallysubmediancaudalsetae..
Renetteunknown.
The nervering surrounds the oesophagus obliquely and is accompanied
by obscure nerve
cells. From the large, conspicuous vulva, the large, tubular, muscular, cutinized vagina extends forward a distance equal to the width of the body, where it
joins the straight uterus, which is six times as long as the body is wide and contains eggs two and one~half times as long as the body is wide, and one-third as
wide as long,-if
one may judge the size of the eggs from that of a full-grown
ovum
There is a spermathecaextending forward a distance five to six times
greater than the body diameter, the extent of which is plainly indicated by thedefinite contour of its blind end. The rather narrow, tapering ovary contains
about twenty ova arranged single file. The spicula are slender, uniform, andacute.
Their spherical proximal ends appear to lie dorsad from the body-axis
The two, separate, slender, acute, strong accessory pieces have proximal parts
that appear to envelop the spicula..
There are no pre-anal ventral supplementary organs, or special papillae.
The ej aculatory duct is one-third as wide as thebody.
The narrow, cylindroid testes finally taper to a width two-fifths as great
as that of the body..
Habitat.: Eel-grass,
Woods Hole, Mass.; also Belmar, New Jersey, U. S. A.
Sublimate to balsam.
Fig. 72.
275.15.
, , 61972) 1..j n
3,.6
34
3.'3
There are no73.. Synonchiumobtusum n. sp,. 3,,! .').5'
wings
On the lateral fields, which are about one~fourth as wide as the body,the secondary elements of the annules become scatteredand coarser, and oval
or elongated in contour.
There are two laterally submedian,irregular rows ofpores, one to two times as wide as the annules, lying along the margins of the lat-,eral fields, and separated from each other transversely
by a distance about equal
to one-fourth
the width of the body; measured in a longitudinal
direction,
thedistances between the pores are about the same, but somewhat irregular..
These
pores have a special arrangementon the tail(See illustration)
Neck cylin-

m

amph

oe

fumoe

(ph f[ipor ar fat

mlt mnd (3+2)

c3 supapplimnd

por ar fat

c3sup
an

anncllt

por cut

Jo!Jlids/(4}ioliJn Jxlfu/Jm(4Jf[illpunct cut
X 750
body under the cuticle, there are coarsely granular, spherical organs one-fourth
to one-third as wide as the body, located in the lateral fields, and separated
from each other longitudinallyby a distance about equal to the body diameter.
It is probable that the female organs are double, and symmetricallyreflexed..
8

7..

13,

44{?J.M 98.

]

6.m
, j]
.'),10< 28 )Apparently
there are only two small supple2:2 .')1'
mentary organs in front of the anus,(See illustration,
sup,.) Resembles Enoplus, from which it is distinguishable,
however, by the form of the spicula, andother organs of the male, as well as by the form of the amphids..
Habitat: Seaweed, drifted ashore, Ocean Beach, Miami, Florida, D.. S, A.
Fig.. 73.

74.. Gammanema

ferox n.. sp. Neck cylindroid,
Cuticle naked, except for thesetae on the head,
Lips joined by a membrane,
6]
25
25... variously
armed as shown in the illustration,\5>
U
Probably the twelve" spatulate"appendagesare25 6..2. 127-M939 >25.. sensory organs, lone.fd ge by their formmayju"
35 ~2iJ'2.9' 2.8ti
and position.
The pharyngeal
bulb contains
three"
apophyses,"each carrying near its summit an inward-pointing,acuteonchium,-or
perhaps it would be better to say, each of the three strong ribs of
10 5
- 16
31' j1

60''j.2

ORDER

292

GAMMANEMA,SYNONCHIA

the posterior portion of the pharynx bears one of these onchia.
The oesophagus
gradually diminishes so that at no great distance behind the head it is but little
more than half as wide as the neck, and continues thus throughout.
There is a somewhat small, hemispherical
cardia about one-third as wide as the base of the neck
The intestine becomes at once about three-fourths
as wide as the body.. In crosssection it presents four to six cells, manifestly of two different kinds, one of which,a minority, is mUlCh more distinctly
granular than the other and is more numer-.
ous in the anterior portion of the intestine than in the posterior.
The limits ofeach cell, of whichever kind, are rather clearly marked on account of the refractive nature of the cell-walls.
The cells are packed with a multitudeof fine,nearly colorless granules.
The anus is prominently
raised; the rectum is as longas the anal body diameter
The tail is conoid to the convex-conoid
terminus,
which forms a convex-conoid,
somewhat truncate spinneret of large size, in whichis the group of large ampullae of the caudal glands, which nearly fills the terminus,
its diameter being about half as great as that of the base of the taiL The large
caudal glands are located in a close tandem just behind the anus, in the anterior
two-thirds of the tailThe lateral fields are fully one-third as wide as the body,and contain cells of unusual size,-ofsuch a width as to reach nearly across thefields themselves.
These cells are not contiguous,and there are found withthem in the lateral field cells of small size. Renette unknown
From the elevated vulva the vagina leads inward half way across the body, where it joins the
single uterus, which extends backward
The ovary reaches about half way back(6)
.retJlJ({i)to the vulva and conta~ns
qJ.
set if!
six to twelve developmg
ova, of which the larger../f)...
. ph are arranged
single file
The eggs appear
to beelongated,somewhatmurph longer than the body ison(3)wide and about one-third
as wide as long. The anusms{puppif!((J.
.9J Iff
if!
of the male is prominently!
1\\~
raised.
In front of it there

f:

h

.

\
""

ms{p!J

~

\\~\

.

~h

is a ventral

seriesof sup-plementaryorgans occupying a space equal to six\\'<j!iiil--- oe to eight body-diameters
I!
If,
Ii
The hindermostof theseIii
11organs is located opposite
fj
X 750
spn
.ret
the posterior
part of the
spicula, and the penultimate
opposite the middle of the spicula, and the thirdfrom the last nearly opposite the proximal ends of the spicula; the series continues along the ventral line with a somewhat equidistantarrangement,
the total
number of supplements
being at least sixteen,
Each supplement
is a somewhat
narrow cutinized structureof small size, extending outward and backward,andits distal extremity is capable of being exserted.
These organs are not very conspicuous.
A few submedian setae are seen near the anus, one pair opposite thedistal parts of the spicula, and one or two on the bulky portion of the tail.
The
slender, uniform spicula have their proximal ends located opposite the bodyaxis. The width of the spicula is not much greater than that of the surrounding
nuclei,-in
other words, the spicula are quite slender.
They are accompanied
y/

h

.

TROGOLAIMUS

293

by obscure accessory pieces.
The ejaculatoryduct is about one-third as wide as
the body, the vas deferens about half.
The testes are unusually short and broad,
only about four to six body-diameters
long, and are, at their broadest,
twothirds as wide as the body; they taper rapidly to the blind ends, which are only
about one-fourth
as wide as the body..
Habitat: Marine; coral sand, New Hebrides
Sublimate to balsam.
Fig.. 74
p.292.
-}!2 !.O~:l'I":~--_~6~!.
)2.8..
75.. Trogolaimus
uniJormis
n. sp. ',1 13" 15
16 ~ 14
Lip-region
divided into twelve parts, readily distinguishable,
though not cutinized.
The
broadly cup-shaped anterior por(6)
nd
!lFIJ
lb
tion of the pharynx is that partreferred to in the formula.
From.~SCPll
its rather
flattishbase threeapophyses extend backward close(lmph
together,near the axis of thehead, a distance about equal toamp
the depth of the open portion of msc
the pharynx, thus adding a second
chamber.
Each of these apophy- cut
ses has a small, inward-pointing
setsulJfpkspn
onchium
at its apex.
Theseonchia meet together and cross at the middle of the floor of the anterior portionof the pharynx
As usual, the apophyses serve for the attachmentof muscles,
and all that portion of the pharyngeal bulb in front of the bases of the apophyses
is different in character from the wall of the oesophagus, being more completely
fibrous and destitute of the large nuclei that occur in the oesophageal musculature.
The oesophagus
continues with the same diameter until after it passes
through the nerve ring, when it begins to expand gradually,so that finally it
is more than half as wide as the base of the neck.
In optical section the liningof the oesophagus
appears wavy.. There is no distinct cardia.. The intest ne,
which is separated from the oesophagus by a deep constriction,
becomes at once
about three-fourths
as wide as the body.. Its cross-section
probably presents
two to four cells. These contain a multitudeof minute, evenly distributed
granules.
The walls of the cells are refractive.
The lateral fields are about twofifths as wide as the body, and appear to be composed of two rows of cells..
Renette unknown.
The tail of the male is conoid from the prominently
raisedanus.
It diminishes in diameter rather slowly until near the end.. The diameter of the base of the spinneret is about one-sixth to one-eighth as great as thatof the base of the tail.
The caudal glands appear to be located in front of theanus.. In Cyatholaimus,
with which Trogolaimus may be compared, it is usuallyeasy to discover the ventral gland and excretory pore.
So far these have not been
seen in the present species.
The following is a description of the tail of a young
female: The posterior lip of the anus is distinctly raised and rather broad
The
rectum is somewhat longer than the anal body-diameter.
The tail is cylindricalto the rounded or conoid-hemisphericalterminus,
which ends in a somewhat
cylindricalspinneret,having a diameter
about one-sixth as great as that of
the base of the tail.
The length of the tail is about two and one-half times as
great as that of the anal body-diameter..
This description
is derived from a
specimen in which the sexual organs are represented
by an oval body consisting
mainly of two cells
Supplements
twenty-one,slightly elevated,
flat, similar
to those frequently
seen on the males of Chromadora.
These organs occupy a

294

ORDER

SYNONCHIA,

ORDER

MESONCHIUM,MESONCHIA

distance about three times as great as the length of the tail; the posterior ones
are a little nearer together than the anterior ones, The two hindermost
areopposite the anterior halves of the spicula, while the antepenultimate
is a little infront of the proximal ends of the spicula,
The average distance between theorgans is one and one-half to two times as great as their diameter"
No special
setae or papillae have been 'seen on the tail either in front of the anus or behind
it, The strongly developed spicula taper at both ends,
The proximal ends areslightly hooked toward the ventral side of the body, and also slightly enlarged,
so that they are distinctly
cephalated
The main portion of the frameworkofeach spiculum consists of four refractive
elements arranged in two pairs,-one
dorsal, the other ventraL
The slightly curved accessory piece leaves the surfaceof the spicula somewhat and then recurves so as to touch them again,
The ejaculatory duct is half as wide as the body.
Habitat: Mud, tide pool, low tide, Portsmouth,N" H.., u.. S" A" At first sight
this species appears to be a Cyatholaimus
but examinationshows a number ofimportantdifferences..
The pharyn:x is not striated in the same way as that of
Cyatholaimus,
nor is there a dorsal onchium,
The examination
has not revealed
the pores frequently to be seen along the borders of the lateral fields in Cyatholaimus.. Most Cyatholaimi
have a single testis,
This genus also bears a considerable resemblance
to Halichoanolaimus,
but differs in that the numerous,
minute pharyngeal
denticles of Halichoanolaimus
are lacking
Alternatingwitheach pair of the twelve amalgamatedlips there are papillae which extend an
exceedingly short distance beyond the margin of the lips" Fig. 75, p, 293
IX.

Order

Mesonchia.

por~feTum n" sp.. The thickish, colorless cuticle has on the76" Mesonchium
females three rows of round cuticular elements on the lateral fields on the males
two; similar markings arranged irregularly
occur on the v~ntral s~rface,
Setae:
half as long as the corresponding
part of the body is wide, are found scattered on
the neck.. None are seen on the body.
Rows of pores occur on the lateral fields,
one row on each side just outside the longitudinalrows of lateral markings
The
diameter of these pores is about equal to the width of two annules; the distances

reteph(4) onJJJ pplJiJ (6+6)
-""

'.

.

_2

sep~rating"o_>--~1,2,,72y'~~4.?-,~___J:'c_v2,4
21}
no tudmally43

L- ds! :'Cn_.?C_:t_lOc
:on
.1
2yl'
26

~-:.'~-_2:'c_',2 5,,. equal

12~

3 3 ~"'2,2/

of

the

them

longi-

are.

about

to the dIam~ter
pores,

LIpS

confluent, rounded, thick.
Each onchiumrid appears to be the apex of a plate whichforms one of the three faces of the pharyn'''$pn

geal cavity"

These plates are thickened at

the anterior end of the pharynx,
Pharynx
surroundedby longitudinal
muscles, which
probably serve to force the three teeth forward in a direction parallel to the axis of the head,
Neck conoid" Oesophagus
conoid, with a faint cardiac swelling, hardly to be called a bulb.
Near thenerve-ring,the oesophagus is one-half, and finally three-fifths,
as wide as thecorresponding
portion of the neck.
The lining of the oesophagus finds opticalexpression in three parallel, refractive lines
Its musculatureis rather coarse"
There is a more or less hemispherical
cardia, one-fourth
as wide as the base of
the neck.
The intestine becomes at once three-fourths
as wide as the body, its

seted!

PEPSONEMA

295

cells containing numerous granules of rather uniform size, and of about the same
diameter as the dot-like lateral, cuticular elements,
The conoid tail tapers fromin front of the anus and becomes cylindroid in the posterior third, where it isone-,seventh as wide as at the base,
The,elongatedcaudal glands, which empty
by separate ducts, are packed in the anterior half of the taiL Slender, rather
tapering setae, to the number of twelve occur on each ventrally submedian line
in front of the anus; about seven setae occur on each of the submedian lines on
the taiL The pre-anal setae are scattered through a distance about equal to thelength of the tail, and are mostly very inconspicuous,
especially anteriorly"Thelateral fields are two-sevenths
as wide as the body" The non-granular,
ellipsoidal
renette cell occurs near the cardia, and is one-third as wide as the base of the neck..
The large, rather conspicuous,elevated vulva leads into a large, conoid, muscular, more or less cutinized vagina, which extends inward half way across the body
It is probable that the prolate eggs are about as long as the body is wide, but there
is some uncertainty
about this" An unusual feature is that the ovaries arereflexed only near their blind ends,
Each contains about twenty ova, arranged
more or less single file, The tail of the male is cylindroid in the posterior twofifths, where, at its widest, it is only one-tenth as wide as at the anus,
The rather
long, slender, uniform, more or less acute, colorless spicula are straight to near
the middle, but are arcuate distally"
Their proximal ends appear to lie more orless ventrad from the body-axis
The rather strong, slender accessory piece has
an applied part one-fourth to one-third as long as the spicula; its uniform, moreor less blunt, rather slender apophysis bends and extends backward parallel tothe body-axis..
The proximal extremityof the apophysis lies dorsad from the
body-axis"
To be seen along the posterior half of the region occupied by theoblique copulatory muscles, is a pre-anal series of almost invisible ventral innervations, the distal!-ces between which are about equal to one-third the body-diameter" The space occupied by the oblique copulatory
muscles is about two andone-half times as long as the tail.
Habitat: Marine algae, Key West, Fla" U. S A. Flemming to glycerine jelly
Fig, 76, p, 294"
Anteriorly
77" Pepsonema pellucidum n, sp" Cuticle of medium thickness"
the number of the longitudinalrows of "beads"
appears fewer than near the tail,where ~here .are sometimes six ml/o (f2Jor possIbly eIght rows" Forma- Pi"tion of the cuticula like that,t
JtJ CjD~ (4)found in the genus Spilophora,

Somatic

setae

Lips

or threesix,very minute,
and

two-

oM fJif!

parted" Mouth-opening about aDlp
one-fourth as wide as the front((of the head, and leading into aminutevestibule,which
is X 750~.J!
De
nearly twice as wide as the mouth opening and very shallow.
The pointed,
cutinized apices of three inner lips come together in this vestibule; they are ofnearly equal size, the dorsal being only slightly larger than the two submedianones. It may possibly be questionable
whether this genus should not be placedin the Anaxonchia
At the base of the pharynx, there are one or two minute,onchium-likeprocesses, which are so small as to be easily overlooked,The
oesophagus continues to have the same width, or to decrease slightly, until it

ORDER MESONCHIA

296

TRISSONCHULUS

passes through the nerve-ring..
Thence onward it increases rather reg~larly,
though finally there is a tendency to form a much elongated bulb two-thIrds tothree-fourths
as wide as the base of the neck
There is a distinct though small
cardia.
The intestine begins as a tube one-half to one"third as wide as the body,but soon expands so as to become two-thirds
as wide as the body.
It presents').. the very interesting
peculiarity
of containing
in
12 54 + 12 ":~\-"?2}2
1j
2~ + 336
2
its anterior
part about a score of cells whose
-}!-.
91 12
.. staining properties indicate that a different phys14
6.7 + 14
1j

2

+
3--

28

3 7 --"'-2.8

iological

functionis discharged

in thisportionofthe intestine, possibly some gastric function.
This is in line with other anatomical observations,indicatingthat the anterior portion of the nema intestinepossesses functions
differing from those of the middle and posterior portions..
Opposite the cardiac constriction,
there are two or three bodies closely resembling
those usually seen in this position in the genus Trilobus.
The nature of theseorgans still remains problematical.
From the slightly depressed anus, the rectum, which is somewhat shorter than the anal body.-diameter,
extends inward
almost at right angles to the ventral surface.
Owing to the strong developmentof the somatic muscles, the intestine is only about one-half as wide as the body.
The tissues of the oesophagus evidently contain glands, of which the dorsal ismuch the more highly developed; from its structure,
it would be easy to supposethat the gland in the dorsal sector empties at the pharynx, but no conclusive
proof of this has been obtained..
In a similar way, it may be surmised that theglands in the submedian sectors empty into the lumen of the oesophagus in thevicinity of the nerve-ring..
The tail is at first convex-conoid in such fashion thatat the middle it is only about one-sixth as wide as at the anus; from the middle
onward it is cylindroid, expanding slightly to form the rather rounded spinneret.
The ovaries may be refiexed for a short distance near their blind ends.. The tailof the male is rather strongly ventrally
arcuate..
For a distance in front of theanus equal to about five-body-diameters,
there is found a ventral row of subequidistantinnervations
probablyamounting,in fact, to a series of supplements.. These begin near the anus, where they are only one-third as far apartas at the front end of the series.. These very inconspicuousorgans are nearlyco-extensive with the series of oblique copulatory muscles.
There are two lateral and two ventrally
submedianrows of setae on the tail, the lateral rows
lying close to the outside lateral rows of beads.
Of these lateral pairs there
are eight or nine.. Each of the two sub-ventral
rows has about twelve to foUl teen
setae" There are a few other setae scattered irregularlyon the ventral side of
the tail, as well as in the dorsally submedian positions..
Spicula much elongated,narrow, acute; guided by accessory pieces about as long as the anal body-diameter, which have, projecting backward from their middle parts, processes nearly
as long as they themselvesare. The distal ends of the spicula are obscurely
retrorsely barbed
The caudal glands seem to be located in the tail.. It appears
that sometimes the distal extremityof the anterior testis may be refiexed for ashort distance..
The posterior testis is considerably
smaller than the anterior.
Habitat.: Mud in the shallow portions of the harbor of Kingston, Jamaica..
The
name Pepsonema
is suggested by the interesting
cells found in the anterior
portion of the intestinal wall.
Such specially differentiatedcells are now known
for all parts of the nema intestine.
In general the specialized cells of the posterior part of the intestine are histologicallydifferent from the specialized cellsof the anterior portion
Fig. 77, p.. 295..

297

X. Order Aponchia.
78. TrissonchulltS oceanus n.. sp. Cuticle naked, practicallywithout marks ofany kind.
Onchia refractive,in c6ntoUl lOughly equilateral,slightly cUlved,
apparently with an outward stroke
When the mouth is slightly open, the apicesof the teeth are on a level with the surface of the head.
Neck slightly conoid,-convex-conoid
at the head.
Amphids very faint.
Inner surface of each of thesix lips armed with scores of exceedingly minute, closely set denticles
Oesophagus cylindroid, then conoid in the posterior fourth, where there is a faint cardiac
swelling, which can hardly be called a bulb.. At the nerve-ring the oesophagus is
one-half, and finally three-fifths,
as wide as the conesponding
part of the neck.
The indistinct lining is expressed by three parallellines occupying a space two-sevenths
as wide as~n(3/ fJJ(§)
the oesophagus.
There is a conoid cardia one-half
as wide as the base of the neck
The thin-waned
intestine becomes at once three-foUlths
as wide as
the body, at least when gorged.
Its cross-section
is probably made up of eight to ten cells.. Thesecells contain scatteredcolorless granules of variable size, the largest of which are one-fortiethaswide as the body.
Tail sub-cylindroid
in the anterior three-fourths
The spinneretpresents
thepeculiarityof being on the ventral sUlface of thetail some distance from the tip.
(See illustr ation)
The elongated-ellipsoidal
caudal glands,
as long as the body is wide and one-third as wide
as long, are located in front of the copulatory muscles.. They form a loose tandem,
and empty
through distinct ducts .and ampullae, the latterbeing large and filling the tail.. There are no caudal setae.
The lateral fields are one-third as wide
as the body and contain large, ellipsoidal
cells
nearly as wide as the fields themselves,
occurTingat intervals of one to three body-widths;
these areapparently
glandular,
and connect with the surface by means of pores on the lateral line.. The
excretory pore is at the lips and is directed for43,nward.. The renette cell, one neck-length
behind98.1)'2 J7~.~ "~.:~:~
217
the cardia, and as long as the neck, is granular and'
'M_79 98.5
contains a large nucleus; its duct is about as wide~.; ~.;
3.6
1..6 -"":::'1..4 >,-~:ias the cuticle is thick, and being coarsely granular,
is rather easily followed.
There is an anterior rudimentarypart to the female
sexual organs two to three body..widths long. From the continuous vulva, themedium-sized,
more or less tubular vagina leads inward two-fifths the distanceacross the body
The broad, cylindroid
ovary contains
about thirtyova,arranged single file proximally, but irregularly distally.
Tail of the male smaller
and more arcuate than that of the female, and more nearly conoid
The proximal
ends of the stoutish, tapering,rather blunt spicula appear to lie opposite thebody-axis
There is a rather frail, slender accessory piece
There is a low andmore or less obscure ventral pre-anal elevation at the anterior portion of theregion occupied by the copulatory
muscles.
This may perhaps partake of thenature of a supplementaryorgan.
On each side, in front of the anus, there are

298

ORDER

APONCBIUM

APONCBIA

three, and behind the anus four, ventrally
submedian papillae, the former separated by spaces about one and one-half times as great as the width of the body.
Of those on the tail two are in front of the spinneret pore and two behind
Of thetwo testes the anterior one is much the longer; both are narrow
The ejaculatoryduct is one-half as wide as the body, the vas deferens one-fifth to one-third.
The copulatory muscles occupy a space five times as long as the tail. The spermatozoa are more or less ellipsoidal, and one-fifteenth
to one-tenth as wide as the
body of the female,In the male, at a distance in front of the anus four to eighttimes the length of the tail there are seven clavate, long glands connecting backward with the ejaculatoryduct. These glands darken in Flemming's solutionInfront of these glands, for a distance equal to four to five times the body-diameter,
there are about seventeen spherical glands not darkening in Flemming"
These
also seem to connect with the ejaculatory
duct
Habitat: Seaweed that drifted ashore after a storm at Ocean Beach, Miami,
Florida, n, S, A, Also found in beach sand at Ocean Beach.
Flemming
toglycerine jelly,Fig" 78, p" 297"
79, Aponchium cylindricolle n sp, When the lips are closed the three on chi aalmost completely fill the pharyngeal
cavity"Extending backward and slightly
outward from the bases of the teeth are refractive
1.4 6.2 1~ ''-8~9 9;.~>19 markingsin the pharynx,
indicating
folds,2:1/
22
evidence that the cavity containing the teeth can
1.2 6. 10. H'M
93,5evertedThe pharyngeal
cavity seems to
1.9/ 21 C:2
29 ~2 8 >19.. bemerge gradually
into the lumen of the oesophagus; it probably extends backward a distance equal to the diameter of the head
Onchia of very slightly unequal size;-thedorsal perhaps smallest, the submedian ones equal.
The oesophagus continues to have the same diameter until after
it passes through the nerve-ring,when it expands to form the elongated, pyriform, posterior bulb or swelling, three-fourths
as wide.as the base of the neck.
There is a distinct, somewhat cylindroid cardia, about one-third as long as theneck is wide" The thick-walled
intestine, which is separated from the oesophagus
by a broad and deep constriction,
soon becomes three-fourths
as wide as the body.
Its cross-section would display six to eight cells, The cells of the anterior portion of the intestine for a distance twice as great as the corresponding
bodydiameter appear to be of a slightly different character from those farther back,as they almost invariably
stain somewhat differently"
The preliminary
cells ofthe intestine, namely, a transverse
series of about six cells, are undoubtedlyofa larger size than those immediately
following, and stain in a different manner;
they fail to take acid carmine stain, when the cells immediately
following stain
welL These cells are packed with granules of rather uniform size" The succeeding intestinal
cells contain numerous yellowish granules of variable size, which
are rather irregularly
disposed,
A notable feature of the intestine is the lining,which is unusually thick, and consists of two elements; an interior thin, refractive membrane surrounded by a non-staining
layer nearly as thick as that portionof the intestine containing the granules, already mentioned,
In many parts of
the intestine this lining, composed of the two above-mentioned
elements, occupies fully half the optical longitudinal
section"Anus raised, rectum somewhat
shorter than the anal body-diameter,
The tail begins to taper slowly from somelittle distance in front of the anus,
Behind the anus it tapers somewhat more
rapidly, and is conoid to the terminus,
The three saccate caudal glands form aclose tandem series in the anterior half of the tail.
The nuclei of these cells299

are sl~ng in a ~ather fine net-work of protoplasm.
The lateral fields are fully
one-th~rd as ~rde as the body:
The renette cell is not yet fully understood.
There rs a senes of rather promment cells a short distance behind the base of theneck on the ventral side of the intestine which undoubtedly
constitutes
the,pplJ!J(6)gJooil(3)"'glo

liD phpf1X.

08

ol'fJSUP"

fIJ 0l'fJSUp

on.~ ~OOQ . . . . .,0l'fJ SUp

fIl 0l'fJ

X 750

renette"In one typical specimen these cells were arranged as follows: Firstan elongated-ellipsoidal
cell, which failed to take the carmine stain but con~tai~ed a ~istinctly stained nucleo!us .in its nucleus"
This was followed by a cell
whICh stamed rather strongly, whICh m turn was followed by a pair of cells which
did not stain, except in their nuclei; these two cells were arranged side by side,
and were .the largest of the series, being nearly half as wide as the body, andnearly tWICe as long as wide" Behind this pair of cells there was a single cell

300

ORDER

APONCHIA,

ORDER

resembling the first member of the series, and behind this one or two others
arranged tandem"
This entire series occupies a dist~nce equal to, the length of
the neck.
From the raised vulva the vagina extends mward and forwardThe
outstretchedovary contains fifty or more developing
ova arranged in double
fi~e, except near the blind end, which is located near the m~ddle of the body.
The eggs are of large size, elongated, about one and one-half trmes as long as the
body is wide and about two-fifths as wide as long~n all those t.hus far. seen thespherical nucleus is of unusually large size, There IS no .posterror rudlmenta~ybranch to the sexual organs,Well-developed
accessory pIeces surround the distal ends of the spicula"With them a median piece extends along the. spiculaand appears to end opposite the body-axis, near the base of the apophysIs.
The
karyokinesisof the spermatocytes
shows the arrangementof the chromosomes
in spireme threads, something very uncommon in nemas,
Habitat: Larat, East Indies.
MarineFig" 79, p. 299
XI. Order Triplonchia.
Cuticle naked as in the case of nearly
13. "'54'"
98. 12.. all Tr iplonchs,
Cylindroid
neck
3~
33
28
endinginacon25 1.8 15. "-M
97.
2
34 4,42 '" 37 1 ... vex-conoid
head.
°"
Amphids
more or less protrusile, projecting considerably in all specimens killed with Flemming's
solution(See illust;a:ion)
In some respec~s, the amphids are remInISCent of those of certam
Mermithidae
Oesophagus
mainlycylindroid,
but finally expanding to form a pyriformbulb
nearly two-thirds as wide as the base of the neck,and having a rather indistinct valve one-sixth .113
unwide as itself,
The lining of the oesopha!!;us is
not a very distinct feature"
There is no very
distinct cardia,
The intestine becomes at oncex 750
nd about two-thirds
as wide as the body,. The cells
trm
contain numerous refractive
spherical granules, the largest of which are about
one-sixth as wide as the body, the smallest of which are very much smaller,
These granules are packed so closely together as to obscure the details of thehistological structure of the intestine,
Anus continuous;rectum slightly refractive" The lateral fields 'have not been clearly seen, but appear to be about onefourth as wide as the body,
Renette unknown,
The nerve-ring surrounds theoesophagus squarely, and there are numerous nerve cells close together., both infront of the nerve-,ring and behind it, filling the greater part of the cavIty of theneck. From the slightly raised vulva the distinctly cutinized vagina leads backward a distance nearly equal to half the corresponding
body diameter;
it thenjoins the single uterus, which extends first backward, then forward.
This latter,when empty, appears to be about two-fifths as wide as the body" The end of
the posterior ovary lies about one to two body-widths
behind the vulva
Natheing is known concerning the size and form of the eggs,. There is a cell locatedabout as far behind the base of the neck as this latter is behind the antelior
extremity, which attra.cts attention
on account of its somewhat peculiar ap~ear..
ance" It presses the intestine to one side, and has a distinct nucleus, wIth aI

TRIPLONCHIUM,TRIPLONCHIA301

APHELENCHULUS

refractive nucleolus"
Possibly this cell is the renette cell. The tail of the maleis a little more strongly developed than that of his mate,
No pre-anal supplements, though there appear to be one or two obscure papillae just in front of theanus,
There are very obscure, straight accessory pieces; these may be little
more than thickeningsof the wall of the cloaca,
The ejaculatoryduct is twofifths, the vas deferens about two-thirds,
as wide as the body" In glycerine speCimens the spermatocytes
are distinctly
refractive,
ellipsoidal bodies, about one,.
sixth as long as the body is wide. The dorsa-ventral
view of the amphids is very
instructive.
As seen in glycerine preparations
fixed with Flemming's
solution,
the external amphids appear as tubular protrusileorgans, arcuate in form, andthree to four times as long as wide, They may be protruded
for at least half
their length"
Their outer surface is of a refractive character,and there appears
to be a slightly refractive core. At the extremity they are almost imperceptibly
expanded,somewhat hemisphericalin form, with the terminal
surface muchthinner and less refractive than the lateral.
They appear to slide in an iJ?ner tube
located in the head, which is also cutinized"
This tube extends inward and backward, and ends opposite the base of the pharynx, and is therefore arcuate likethe amphid itself" Tubes leading back from the external amphid may be traced
at least half way to the nerve-ring"
The inner elements of the tube are refractive, and are seen to lie more or less paralJel to the body-axis, but as yet have notbeen connected up with any internal cellular structure.,
There are comparatively
few ova in the ovary, perhaps about a dozen in all, arranged somewhat irregularly.
Habitat: Humus, Plummer's Island, Potomac River, near the District of Columbia, u., S. A. Fig, 80, p. 300"
81. Aphelenchulus mollis n sp, Cuticle thin, naked; the wings, extending fromthe neck to n~ar ~he ter~inusand beari~g about twelve,
on mr< Q[I"'" reglIJ
very fine, 10n~Itudlllal stna e, are hardly raIse~ at ,alL con
' I!:
!mt~
'
tour, very mmutely crenate"
The head, wh,ch IS more or_
.j' '
i]JR
..
less rounded in the adult, is sub-truncate
in the young, and l1/lJon\\~ msc on
II ~:i\'ii\.\\_the region
is sometimes
set off by an almost
imperceptible}(i1~'\U. . : ,
.1
broad, shallow constriction.
The spear is nearly vestigial, fXlOsom """ Jum oeprobably ne~rly functionless,and ma~ act merely as a tube
JlJ
through whrch the food passes, It IS not clear what the a'fl .. ~(;"motive force in deglutition
is, as the usual oesophageal"bUlbOU S pump is absent..
Oesophagus
cYlindrOidor faintly

-

~

ji
~
E
/
~
l 1
"

,

,

.

i

!.

,

,,,

".

..

.

,

,

.

,'

.. ",n''''''

cephaloboid,,

In the larvae opposite the excretory pore are,

to be seen two successive breaks in the lining of the oesophagus, which are probably vestiges of a bulb
At first, theoesophagus is two-fifths, near the nerve ring one-h alf, and:5.nally one-fourth,as wide as the corresponding
portion of
the neck; the lining is SUbdistr ' llC t, t he m usculature fine a nd,colorless..

dia.

,

There

The

is no car-oesophagus

,

1.1
,_

8.9_14.

9 /18

,

,

2..1

"y
28

93.~ .1..
17",changes
gradually
into the,.
.
h 1
In t es t me , as In ' A peen-,

1.1,

8.6_'2.

2'1 1 / 18' Uppe1 Fig-Adult-M"
2. 2 ~

male"',

95.~ 1
1.4 ..

~Y

~.

~

(,n

on 'F

..

~.,0J1

~~
V
.

.

rot

/

'

"

.. 'rm".,Lower Figs-Adult

n'"

cd

><760

"

female.

Ch us
I n th e 1arvae, th e
thick-walled
intestine
gradually
becomes three-fifths
as wide as the body.
Its lining is refractive
and in cross-section,
it presents one to two cells only,
which alternatewith each other as in some Rhabdites"
The anus is con-

ONCHIUM,
ORDER

302

XII.
tinuous, the rectum inconspicuousand about as long as the anal body diameter.
The nuclei of the intestinal
cells are clear, and have twice the diameter of thelargest intestinal
granules, and present a nucleolus.
The cells of the intestine
are usually packed with granules of variable size, the largest of which are oneninth as wide as the body and are so arranged as to give rise to a more or lessdistinct tessellated
effect.
Tail of the adult, as shown in the illustration.
The
tail of a larva is more or less cylindroid, but slightly conoid and at the end bluntly
roundedand almost imperceptibly
apiculate.
There are no caudal glands.
Oppositethe base of the oesophagus,\ 11 . 01
there are two to three nuclei similar to
those often found in the genera TylenJJil chus a nd APhe lenchus, and probably having the same function,
namely, that ofsalivary glands.. The long renette, which_Su!J[JJt appears to be sometimes
on the right,
.

.

,

,

Ir'
'.

sometimes on the left, extends back along
the lateral field a long distance;
it hasurmt
been followed for three-fourths
the lengthof the body.
The nerve-ringis accom01 panied by rather
obscure nerve cells.
Only the blind end of the tapering ovaryis refiexed.
The vulva is large and conX.750
spicuous, and is somewhat elevated, espe-

cially in front.
The straight uterus contains ellipsoidal to elongated eggs, which
are about as long as the body is wide, measuring forty by twenty-five microns.
They begin segmenting before deposition.
Habitat.: Found at Falls Church, Va., U. S. A, parasitic
in a wood-boring
beetle, determinedby Mr.. F. C. Craighead
as Cyllene pieta Drury..
Sixteenthousand larvae and a few adult females were found in one beetle.
Both maleand female beetle are infested, usually with only a few female parasites ;-at least
such is the condition in the month of May.. Of fourteen female insects, threewere infested; of twelve males, seven were infested.
As a rule, only a few adultfemales of Aphelenehulus
mollis occur in one host, about one to eight.. Twoliving adult males of Aphelenehulus
mollis were found in the castings of beetles
taken from infested logs. These are the only adult males so far seen.. Thisfinding may indicate that the females are fertilized before entering the host..
The parasites are found in the thorax of the beetle, as well as the abdomen.
Fig.

8Ia, p.. 301; Fig.. 8Ib.
82. Iotonchium

imperfeetum.4(Biitsehli)303

DORYLLIUM

TRIPLONCHIA

nom. novo(?J

1.6(1) I!),,,

14.

'!I",

".-88.25

92.

"--!:.V

1..8..

Striae fine; contour entire.
Head abruptly truncate, set off by expansion.
Spear
exceedingly minute, eight microns long, about one-fourth to one-fifth as long as
the head is wide, simple, plain, apparently
not bulbed; in the male, the spear isdifficult to see, being reduced to a mere point.
Neck conoid; amphids?
Intestine very transparent;
anus indistinct
Tail of the female conical from the vulva,
acute.
Excretory
duct single, much coiled.
Ovary outstretchedforward; eggs
somewhat longer than body is wide, half as wide as long, deposited after segmentation.
Spicula L-form, tapering,
cephalated
by constriction,
considerably
longer than the anal body-diameter;accessory pieces none; bursa well-developed,
springing from considerably
in front of the spicula and extending
somewhatbeyond the terminus.
Habitat: In rotting fungi, Germany.
Syn.. Tylenehus imperfectus Btsli.

Order Axonchia.27

83.. Onchium

ocellatumn.. sp7.2

19.

.7 /18

1.8

ytS2:

1.8

90.

12>

1

.. Cuticle thin, thetransverse striae almost impossible of resolution..
Except for the cephalic setae
the cuticle is naked
Spear hollow, brownish, very thin-walled.
Though th~yellowish, solid, refractive
eye-spots are sublateralin position, they are rather
near together.
The specimens thus far examined do not enable one to make aclear distinction
between the oesophagus
and the intestine.
Connected
withthe posterior part of the oesoph- set f{Jh (41alll h.
umph..
agus are large glandular
cells,
probably three in number, judg-.
ing by the number of nuclei.. These OC
structures
seem to be homologous
oewith those found in a similar posi- 08
tion in Tylenchus
and Aphelen!umoe
chus, but their actual connectionampwith the lumen of the oesophagus X 750
is problematical,
as no connecting duct has been seen. The p exbest interpretation
seems to be to consider these structures
as a part of the oesophagus, but it is entirely possible that nrf) r
the oesophagus ends just in front of these glands.
The thickwalled intestine, which has a very distinct, refractive
zig- oe.
zag lumen, becomes almost at once three-fourths
as wide as
the body.
From the elevated anus, the prominent, cutinized(It)
rectumextends
inwarda distanceequal to the anal body!J!oe
diameter.
The cells of the intestine contain numerous somewhat variable yellowish granules, the largest of which are dct ren
one-sixteenth
as wide as the body.. The conoid tail is arcuate.
Caudal glands have not been clearly deciphered,
but they !J!.
probably lie behind the anus in the anterior half of the tailin a loose tandem
They are narrow and elongated.
The dct renelongated, granular renette cell, twice as long as the bodyis wide, and about one-third
as wide as long, is locatedsix to eight body-widths
behind the neck
The single,
refiexed sexual organ' extends forward; the accompanying
formula, correct for the larvae, does not pretend to indicate the true form of the developed organ.
Males unknown.
Habitat.: Clean "white"marine sand, in five feet of water, X500
from a cove near the entrance to Buzzard's
Bay, Mass.., u.. S.. A..,"sea-grass,"
Key West, Florida.
Fig.. 83.
84. Doryllium uniforme n. sp
Cuticle naked, very minutely transversely
striated.
Neck conoid
Spear minute, dorylaimoid,
but with a distinct, somewhat
refractive
posterior swollen part.. The oesophagus continues with ~light variations until it joins the pineapple-shaped
cardiac bulb, which is two-thirds
aswide as the base of the neck and is separated from the preceding portion of theoesophageal
tube by a constriction
This bulb contains, among other things,
a spherical nucleus with a distinct nucleolus, presumably
indicating
the existence here of glands like those of Dorylaimus.
The narrow intestine joins the
middle of the posterior surface of the bulb, and becomes at once about two-fifths

304

ORDER

LEPTONCHUS,

AXONCHIA

as wide as the body; its cross-section
would present
only about two cells.
These
cells containscatteredyellowish
granulesof uniform
size
From
the inconspicuous
anus the rectum
extends
a distancelonger than the anal body-diameter..
The pre-rectum
is about four times as long as the corresponding
body-diameter,3
jut.4
9.5 19.
distillrrgffi .
mscon-31'" 97. 9.. an~ is readily
1
29
3,31
26
gUlshed from the rest of
.4
I

12.
24

19.
2~

-j.[":'
96.
2
24
"';

by differ82., the intestineences
in structurei-it

appears more transparent
and more nearly col01less..
Renette unknown
There seem to be very faint indications of the presence of a lateral wing
The lateralfields are about one-fifth to one-fourth as wide as the
body.. From the rather
inconspicuous
vulva, thevagina, which is well cutinized, extends inward andIInbackward half way across the body, where it joins the
single uterus which extends backward.
The reflexed
urilrmovary reaches half way back to the vulva, and con-tains ten to twenty ova arranged for the most part single file. There is an ante..
rior rudimentarybranch to the uterus which is a little longer than the corresponding body-diameter.
Eggs unknown; judging from the full-grown ova they
are about as long as the body is wide and about half as wide as longSingle male
supplement
two body..diametersin front of the anus, four times as far away as
the anal pair..
Habitat.: Brackish soil on the banks of a marine estuary, Los Patos, California,
n. S A. Differs from Dorylaimus
in the form of the spear, and the oesophagus.
Most species of Dorylaimus
have two ovaries
Differs also in the reduced number of supplementaryorgans j-outside
the anal pair, there is only one.. Differs
in material respects also from Tylencholaimus,
to which it may be compared..
Fig 84.
15'58,1~.7 . 7.~: ~~.
99 1..
i:~ 2..5''34'22
Cuticle naked,
85. Leptonchus granulosus n.. sp.
3"
its transverse
striae resolvablewith difficulty into exceedingly
minute dots
One of the inner striae seems to correspond to about four of the outer.
Cuticlealso possessed of inconspicuous
longitudinal
striaeNeckpplffi!'conoid.
Amphids broad, faint, somewhat
stirrup-shaped,
their anterior contours opposite the labial constriction.
The Iboesophagus begins as a tube about one-fourth as wide as therr;tonbase of the head, and continues to have this diameter untilon
it finally expands to form the clavate or elongated pyriform
cardiac swelling, which is about one-half as wide as the baseof the neck.
There is an inconspicuous
conoid cardia about
one-third as wide as the body.
The oesophagus is therefore
essentiallytubularthroughout
most of its length.
It is,
however, a trifle wider near the middle, in the neighborhoodof the nerve-ring, usually behind it, and at this point there
appears to be a slight alterationin the lining, suggesting in the faintest possible
manner vestiges of a median bulb; at its widest part, however, the slender partof the oesophageal tube is not more than one-foUlth to one-fifth as wide as thecorresponding
portion of the neck.
At its narrowest part, just in front of the~ardiac swelling, it is about half as wide as it is at its widest part
The liningof the oesophagus is not a conspicuous feature
The intestine, which becomesat once fully three-fourths
as wide as the body, is made up of cells of such a size

305

AXONCHIUM

that its cross-section
presents but two of them.
These cells are packed with
granules of variable size, the largest having a diameter one-eighth
as great asthat of the body, while the smallest are very minute.
The tail begins to taperfrom some distance in front of the anus.
There are a few inconspicuous
papillaenear the posterior
extremityof the tail of the female.
The pre.-rectum
is ofmost unusual length, extending to a little beyond the flexure of the anterior
ovary, and hence occupying about half the length of the body.
It is set off fromthe front portion of the intestinal tube by a distinct constriction,and differs also
in structure.
The lateral fields are about one-third as wide as the body.. The
ventral fields appear to be wider than the lateral,-nearly
half as wide as the body,at least appearances
half way between the vulva and the anus give rise to thismeaSUlement.
The traces of the excretory pore are difficult to observe, but they
are uniform in the different specimens, and as no other similar "break"in thecuticle is to be deciphered it seems impossible that the single "break"oppositethe nerve-ring can be anything but an excretory pore.
No indications
are seenof the existence of an internal structure
connecting with thispore, but the neck, especially the posterior portion of it in front umphof the cardiac swelling, is occupied by elongated structures,
which may be of a glandular nature and connected with themscon
onaforesaid' "pore."
The slightly elevated vulva is a transverse slit about one-fourth as long as the body is wide. Radi-.
ating from its ends are four muscles passing to the submedianOilfields. The vagina leads about halfway across the body.. The
reflexed ovaries reach about three-fourths
the distance back to
the vulva, and contain a dozen or more developingova,
arranged somewhat irregularly..
The elongated eggs are three
to four times as long as the body is wide, and about one-fourth
d1t
to one-fifth as wide as long.
H abilat.: Soil about willow trees, Arlington Farm, Va., opposite the city of Washington,
D. C, U. S. A.. Fig.. 85, p.. 304.
.2

6.7

34.

55'"

31
86.. Axonchium amplicolle n.. sp. .6 (,,) 9 2.8
Cuticle naked.
The two portionsof the Ibffi)
oesophagus are separated by a constriction,
as shown in the figure; both parts cylindricaL Lining of the oesophagus well...developed, but more or less obscured by thewell mar~ed, rather coarse, colorless musculature in the posterior part.. Salivary glandsin the posterior part of the oesophagus as in
Dorylaimus,
one gland emptying into the un
lumen near the anterior
portionof thelarger cylindroid
half of the oesophagus,
the others farther
back.
Anus subcon- ppl

988 .22..
1,'.7

nr
Oil

tinuous; the rectum prominentand cutinized, and one and one-third times as longas the anal body-diameter.
The anal mus- x 750
cles are clearly disclosed.
The pre-rectum
is five times as long as the anal bodydiameter, and set off by a definite but faint constriction.
The cells of the intestine contain nu~erous,
colorless granules of variable size, the largest of which
are one-twenty-fifth
as wide as the body.. Tail of the adult female as shown in
the illustration.
In the youngest larvae, however, the tail is cylindroid
in the

306

ORDER

posterior half, and in this part, about one-third as wide as at the anus, the ter,minus being rounded,
The coarsely granular lateral fields are one-fourthtoone-sixth as wide as the body" Renette problematicaL
From the small, inconspicuous, faintly elevated vulva, the rather weak, non-cutinizedvagina leads
inward two-fifths the distance across the body.
The elongated eggs are threetimes as long as wide and twice as long as the body is wide
The tapering ovary
reaches about half way back to the vulva, and contains about twenty ova, thelargest of which are arranged single file, while the others a~e arranged irregularl~"
Habitat: Soil about the roots of Luca da Persia, BrazIL
The part of BrazIlfrom which the plants came is unknown.
The soil examined was removed fromthe roots after they were imported into the United States,
It is probable thatthe species is syngonic"
Another tropical species, originally described by ~~.ewriter under the name of Dorylaimus longicollis, from about banana roots, FIJI,
possibly also belongs to this genus
Fig, 86, p" 305.
1.5

10.3

16.8

307

CAMPYDORAAXONCHIA

10''48,10

83.

1.

14
16
17
13>
I'"
Cuticlenaked.
87, Onchulella ocellata n" sp" 12
Striae almost impossible of resolution
Spear solid, refractive
and apparently"structureless"throughout"
The two yellowish ocelli are wide apart, theirlenses colorless,
The oesophagus is at first about one-half, near the nerve ringtwo-fifths,
and finally five-sixths,
as wide as the corresponding
portion of theneck; the anterior part is cylindroid,
the posterior p.art more. or less obscure.
The oesophageal
region seems to be largely filled wIth a sen.es of elonga~ed,
clavate glands, some granular and some not, and hence of two kInds" . T~e hllldermost of these is the largest, and with reference to the oesophagus Ires m muchThere4) the same way as the larger salivary gland of Tylenchus"is also a large spherical nucleus in this gland, as in Tylenchus.
on This is the only one of the granular cells having a large conspicuThe non-granularcells are smaller; two or three
on ous nucleus,of them present nuclei,
The measurements
given in the formulafor the base of the oesophagus really refer to the posterior limits
oeof these glands,
Just in front of the ocelli there are two lateral,external.
elliptical,
cuticular
elements,
two-thirds
as long asamp",
the corr~sponding
diameter of the neck, and one-third as wide
Vln amp/i x750 as long, These connect backward, by means of ducts, and it
seems probable that they are connected with one of the two kinds of glandular
cells contained in the neck.
The lining of the oesophagus is indistinct,
its musculature fine and colorless
No cardia has been seen. The thick-walled
intestine, which has a distinct, refractive,
ziz-zag lining, becomes at once five.,sixths
as wide as the body" The anterior lip of the anus is more or less elevated.
The
inconspicuous
rectum is about three-fourths
as long,as the anal body-diameter;
anal muscles are dimly to be seen. The cells of the intestine, of which only two
to three would be presented in cross-,section, are packed with colorless granulesof variable size the largest of which are one-fifteenth
as wide as the body" Thearcuate tail ta~ers from the anus to the terminus,
and presents a spinneretabout one-sixth as wide as its baseCaudal glands tandem in front half of tail.
No caudal setae,
Renette unknown,
From the somewhat depressed vulva, themore or less cutinized vagina extends inward three-fifths the distance across thebody" An ovum, apparently
full-grown and about to enter the uterus, is twice
as long as the body is wide, and one-third as wide as long.
Habitat: Eel-grass,
Biscayne Bay, Miami, Florida, U" S" A. Flemming toglycerine jelly.
Only one specimen-that,a shrunken one-seen,Fig. 87.

XIII.

Order Anaxonchia.612.2 33.

!~56

85.

4.2
2,8'""-.6 '" Cuticle naked.
88, Campydora demonstransn,
sp, 1,] /34~
Eight longitudinal
striations
exist throughout
the length of the body,
In certain parts, especially along the neck, the longitudinal
striae are more marked
than elsewhere, attaining
almost the magnitudeof wings.
There appear to befour such "wings,"
but an exact count has not yet been made,Neck conoid,
There are six rounded, somewhat flat, partly confluent lips, bearing two circletsof labial papillae, as shown in the illustration.
These are plainly innervated,
and are of the sort commonly seen in Dorylaimus,
The inner circlet has six
members; the outer circlet twelve, i,e" six pairs"
The six slender structures
extending forward around the mouth, the inner circlet, may also end in organs
having the natureof papillae, but if so, they are of a different
characterfrom the outer papillae,
Base of the solid onchium axial, onor nearly so, the apex however, bent considerably to the dorsal
OInp/iside, The onchium may be protruded by means of longitudinal muscles composing the pharyngeal
bulb" Lining of the pI1
posterior portion of the pharynx considerably
less refractive,cutoe
The oesophagus has about the same relative diameter until it
it~1,

fin~lly e~pands. suddenly t~ fo:m the some~hat~~-

C ' 11bcut

elon~ated, msc"=_.' .~
cyIrndroid cardIac bulb, WhICh IS fully five-sIxths as wIde as.
~ra!
:: .,, ,"the corresponding
portion of the neck, and contains a rather
faint, elongated,
three-parted
valve occupying
about half x750v af/Jmt
the optical longitudinal
sectionThis caI'diac bulb has a peculiar formationinthat the valve extends very nearly from end to end of the bulb and is manifestly
triquetrous,
so that by the contractionof the radial muscles, the bulb can bethrown into the form of a chamber.
Lining of the oesophagus unusually distinct,
The central oesophageal tube, when seen in optical section presents each of its
walls with a double contour, and the lumen has about the same width as the
thickness of the walls
The entire width of this tube is considerably
greaterthan the thickness of the cuticle, and is about equal to one-twelfth
the diameter of the middle of the neck.
The intestine becomes at once about five-sixths
as wide as the body.
There is a comparatively
distinct,
broad, low cardia,
The walls of the intestine
are comparatively
thick., Its cross-section
would
probablypresent
two to four cells. These cells contain doubly-refractive,
spherical, scattered granules of variable size, the largest of which have a diameter one-tenth as great as that of the body, the smallest being very much smaller"
When seen with crossed Nicols, these granules show a prominent St" Andrew's
cross,All the granules appear to be of the same character;their walls, seen in
optical section, present a double contour..
Behind the base of the neck fora distance about equal to one body-diameter,
the granules are few in number
and small in size, Elsewhere, they are about equally distributed,
or perhaps alittle less abundant
toward the posterior
end. The tail is conoid from near
the anus, and the cuticle becomes thicker on the posterior extremity
and morestrongly
striated"
In young specimens
it expands laterally
to form wings,
which appear quite distinctly
striatedwhen viewed dorso-ventrally"
From
the conspicuous,depressed
anus, the strongly
refractive,
cutinized
rectumis considerably
longer than the anal body-diameter"
Excretory pore depressed
and rather conspicuous,
From it, the cutinized duct can be distinctly
seenleading inward.
From the depressed somewhat circular vulva, the cutinized
' '

'

~I
.

. ,
:' ' ., .

ORDER

308

vagina leads inward nearly half way across the body, where it joins the single
uterus, which apparently
extends forward.
The ovary extends backward past
the vulva.
Nothing is known concerning the size and form of the eggs
Habitat.: About the roots of citrus trees, Corfu, Greece.. Fig.. 88, p;. 304(1.1)15.

89 Catalaimus'acuminatus
cle traversed by exceedingly

n.. sp 1.9)/19
fine transverse

plX
amp

on

ph

DC

I

1,.-1
amp

orer
basph

:;'':
da ;:~.
..- From

l,..,.
..

' ',
~,: ,
._-~.
,...,

..,'

.'

b' ! oesophagus

some

"53:'

93.

..

\

I1

,

presents
little22.

13>2.2 Naked cuti18 19
2.4
striae.
Lips when closed exhibiting
about a dozen folds which
sepp!J(/{J)are barely visible with thehighest powers.
Onchium
ampll.l arcuate,
slender,long,spear-like..
Eye-spots.oc two, lateral,
refractive,
colorless,glistening.
'f,"..
~ J'fJt r:rtJ Near the beginning of the'pharyngeal
tube, each of
i!X 750
the three sectors of the"longitudinallines of yellowish pigment.

distancebehindthe nerve-ring,the oesoph-

agus continues to have the same diameter throughoutthej remainder
spn.
of its length
There is a flattish conoid cardia,
:.

oe

De

12.

309

BOLBELLAANAXONCHIA

dozen very long and very slender cervical setae, those toward the head end
being nearly twice as long as the cephalic setae,-moreof them than are shownin the illustra~ion
Glandular
tissue exists in the oesophagus,
the granularbranches of whIch may be seen more particularly
between the oesophageal bulbs:
a duct appears to lead to the pharynx.
A cross-sectionof the intestine would
present four to six cells. In the female, from the more or less continuous anus.
of which, however, the posterior lip is slightly elevated, the inconspicuous
rectum extends inward a distance equal to the anal body-diameter
A nanow renette cell exists two to three body widths behind the cardia on the ventral side.
The slightl~ elevated vulva is of medium size, and leads to a large tubular vagina,
at first at Ilght angles to the ventral surface and then leading obliquely forward.
The wall of the vagina is well cutinized.
Each branch of the two-.homed uterus
is about one and one-half times as long as the body is wide.
Two eggs havebeen seen in a uterus at one time, each about twice as long as the body is wide..
The spherical spermatozoa
existing in the uterus are about one-sixteenth
as wideas the body.. The broad, more or less cylindroid ovaries extend two-fifths theway back to the vulva, and contain eight to ten countable ova arranged for themost part irregularly..
The two supplementaryorgans of Bolbella, like the similar organs of Eurystoma,
are connected with large glands, one to each supplement.. One of these glands is very well shown in the illustration
at gl S1tp d'.

-,,~about one-third as wide as the base of the neck.
Lining of the oesophagus apparently wavy, occupying one-third of the optical section.
The intestine,
which
becomes at once three-fourths
as wide as the body, is made up of cells of large
size, at least some of the cells are of very large size,-of such a size that probably
two only would be required to build a circumference.
Whether there are othersmaller cells scattered among these larger cells remains to be determined..
Thelarge cells are packed with nearly colorless granules of rather uniform size, having a width about half as great as the thickness of the body wall. While the anus
is depressed, its posterior lip is slightly raised.
Rectum about as long as theanal body-diameter.
The nema tapers gradually from a considerable
distancein front of the anus.
Near the anus, it begins to taper more rapidly, so that at
the middle of the tail, the diameter is only about half as great as at the anus;
thence onward, the tail is nearly cylindroid and ends in an elongated spinneret..
No distinct traces of caudal glands are to be seen in the base of the tail; hence
it is assumed that they are located in front of the anus.
Obscure indications
have been seen of their presence half as far in front of the anus as the terminus
is behind it.. The lateral fields have not been distinctly
seen.. The location of
the renette cell remains undetermined.
This description
is derived from ayoung female, and all that can be said is that the ovaries are probably double
and r eflexed.
Habitat:. Marine mud and sand, Noumea, New Caledonia, and Biscayne Bay,
Fla., u.. S.. A Other species of this genus occur in the Indian Ocean and in the
Mediterranean
Sea.. Fig. 89
90.. Bolbella tenuidens n. sp. Transverse
striae excessively fine, more readily
seen in the sub cuticle with high powers under fav-.
are.44 8.9 19.5 "'44'''~}29orable conditions.
Longitudinal
striations".36 14 _,,224
12
present
throughout
the length of the body
Body
10
wall massive,
occupying
one-third
the radius.
As.5
9.. 19.
-;[93. }27 ..
4
15 1,,1
2 ';\, 1.5
comparedwith related
species the anteriorchamber of the pharynx
is somewhat
more foreshortened
There
are two to three

wt 1umDe

FIG. 90.
-

nd OJ/;oex225

Bolbella tenuidens.

on set. cp!J(f(})
Detailsof thepharynx!,reshown X 1500 on the followmg
page.

There

.int

SUpd

aTe otheI

speciesof Bolbella

dctf!icol crdd{tqIsupThe gland is long and unicellularand its nucleus is shown at ncl gl.. A natural
suppositionis that these two supplements
are cup-shaped
organs attachable
bysuction.
The supposition
appears, at first thought, to find support in the existence of the" anchors," which are manipulated
by special muscles..
It is rather
difficult to harmonize
this theory with the existence of such large glands, somuch so that one feels inclined to give up all idea that suction plays any partin the functioningof these organs.
The so..called cups of the supplementsareORDER310
to a considerable
nmph.rnst

THOONCHUS

ANAXONCHIA

extentprotrusile,
just as in Eurystoma..
The males of Bol..
.setcph (/0) bella seem to be considerably
less common than:
the females.
Habitat: Sand, Bathing Beach, Woods Hole,Mass, D.. S.. A. Flemming to glycerine jelly..
Sublimate
to balsam
Resembles
Symplocostoma Bastian,but differs materiallyin thestructureof the posterior part of the oesoph..
agus, as well as in the absence of eye.-spots.
The males of Symplocostoma
have no supIii plements
The strongly tapering neck of Bolbella results.

phon. '1Ildxt in a head of small size. Notwithstandingits
small size, one is immediately struck by its

lL{strongresemblance

to the head of Eurystoma..

on.V/limdtt~~telo11~~~n:;~~~~e:c:~a~~;::~'

I
nmpli

'"

\

L
'

1~:r ~

ent form, though here also, as in Eurystoma,
located on the dorsal side of the lateral lines..
While the pharynx is divided into two more or
,

"ph

'

or:

I

\ \
on.ruomsn.ft
x1500 less distinct chambers, the division line is notmarked by transverserows of denticles.
Fig.. 90a, p.. 309; Fig.. 90b.

91. Thoonchus jerox n. sp. Striae resolvable with difficulty..
The thin, colorless lips are arched over the pharynx as in Oncholaimus,
but the minute flaps
often seen on the tips of the lips of Oncholaimus
1.4 8.5 22.
appear

rate,

to

be

absentmuch reduced..

the midstof shallow

in thisspecies,or atLabialpapillaelocateddepressions

A~phids"'63'"

any

/12

14

16

~.~

~.:

5
2~~

in

faint"/

9~.~>2 2 om

18

-1t:8 ~9'~'~ > 2 1u

Pharynx denticulate
The oesophagus
has thesame diameter throughout
its anterior half, after which it begins slowly to expand
and finally is two-thirds
as wide as the base of the neck
There is a distinct,
bluntly convex-conoid
cardia, nearly half as wide as the base of the neck.
The
intestine, which is separated from the oesophagus by a deep constriction,
becomes
at once three-fourths
as wide as the body.
It is rather thin walled and in crosssection presents about six cells. These cells contain scattered,yellowish granules of variable sizes, so arranged as to give rise to an obscure tessellated
effect.
The largest granules have a diameter nearly equal to the thickness of the body
walL Posterior lip of the anus strongly elevated.
Rectum equal in length tothe anal body-diameter..
Renette elongated,located a little distance behindthe cardia.
The lateral fields appear to be rather narrow; they are characterized by the presence in them of numerous, rather.,.scattered,yellowish granules,
which are more numerous toward the edges of the field, and which, therefore,
define the fields more distinctly
than is usually the case. At the base of thehead, the fields are seen to widen out and terminate
in a rounded contour; themargin of this contour marks the position of the amphids..
The granules foundalong the lateral fields appear also in longitudinalrows outside these fields.
Thus, on either side of the lateral fields, there is a single distinct row of these
granules; on the submedian line, another very distinct assemblage of granules,consisting of several irregular rows. Then comes another scattered faint row;then a ventral or sub-ventral
assemblage consisting of several rows. There isthus produced on the neck as well as elsewhere quite a distinct longitudinal311"striping"whose presence is indicatedmainly by the arrangementof thesel?inute yellowish granules..
The stout tail diminishes rapidly from the posterior
IIp of the anus, so that at the middle it has a diameter about two-thirds as great
as at the base; thence onward it is nearly cylindroid to the rounded terminus.
The caudal glands are located in a tandem series considerably
in front of theanus; the hindermost
being about four times as far from the anus as the terminus
The two anterior glands are close together and are nearly as far in frontof the hindermost as this latter is in front of the anus.
From the elevated vulva,
the vagina extends inward half way across the body.
The ovaries reach about
one-third the distance back to the vulva in specimens that contain three eggs
in the uterus.
Eggs elongated, about twice as long as the body is wide and about
one-third as wide as long. Each of the two uteri may contain three eggs at one
time.
Tail of the male more strongly arcuate than that of his mate.
Clavatecaudal glands about as long as the body is wide and about one-third as wide as
long, arranged some distance apart in a tandem series.. When the body of themale is closely coiled, the ventral surface toward the posterior
end becomes
corrugated in a definite way for some distance in front of the anus, suggestingthat this area may be systematicallyinnervatedand serve the purpose of a ven-.
tral series of about two dozen subequidistant
supplementaryorgans.
These
corrugations
are apparently
innervated,but no distinct corresponding
breaksor openings have been seen in the cuticle.
On the ventral side at a distancein front of the anus three times as great as the length of the tail, there is anelevated supplementaryorgan in the form of a transverse
ridge.. This occurs
in the midst of the corrugations
just described,-at
least, it appears that thecorrugations
extend beyond it, although they are not quite so close together
or so marked in this region.
This supplementaryorgan begins near the sub..
median lines and extends across the ventral region.
Its internal structurehas
not been satisfactorily
elucidated.
It appears probablethat the cuticle on
msc som~he. ventral line l/J (6)IS III terrupted,
but even this is ({Xnot clearly
es- PtablishedThison ds!
swelling has twoto threetimes
sp
on subm snst
the width of thecorrugations
andSp
nmp f(JIloccursat thesame position on
nc
08
three
different
male specimens,
x750
,ql
cdL_.
Cextn
so there can be
no doubt about its being a distinct supplementary
structure
Opposite themiddle of the spicula, also, there is a pair of subventral
supplementary
papillae,accompaniedby slender subventral
setae in the rear.
There are a few shortdelicate setae on the tail, especially on the submedian lines, but also in front of
the anus for some distance,
where they are longer,-more
nearly the size of
those on the anterior extremity
About a dozen pairs of copulatory
muscles
occur in the ventrally submedian region, in a space four to five times as long as
the taiL Testes relatively
smalL
Habitat: Open-ocean
beach-sand,South California.
Bay City, Huntington
Beach US.. A. Fig.. 91.

312

ORDER

ANAXONCHIA

.3

12.

3.1

5~"\1

ANONCHOLAIMUS,
98.4

5
5
5 ~.. 4>")54,, Cuticle naked except
92, Trilepta guttata n" sp.3
for the cephalic and cervical setae.
Lips probably three, and double, rather thick
and well-developed,
When closed the pharynx
appears as if longitudinallyribbed,This appearance,
however, may be due to the folding of the rather
massive lips, which close together and form a vestibule nearly one-half as longas the remainder of the pharynx
Neck cylindroid,
The cylindroid oesophagus
near the nerve-ring is one-half, and also finally one-half, as wide as the base of
the neck; its musculature
is fine and its lining indistinct
There is an indistinct
cardia one-third as wide as the base of the neck,
The thick-walled
intestine,
set off by a collum two-fifths as wide as the neck, and presenting
a faint lumen,
becomes at once two-thirds
as wide as the body, and in cross-section
is madeup of but few cells containing scattered to numerous, small, more or less uniform,
yellowish granules,
Neither spinneret nor caudal glands have been distinctly
seen. The lateral fields are one-fourth as wide as the body,
Renette unknown,
From the raised anus the tail diminishes rather suddenly, then tapers gently tothe middle, where it is about one-half as wide as at the base; thence onward it iscylindroid to the terminus, which is one-third as wide as the base of the tail.
The two simple, slender, rather frail and more or less tapering, acute to sub-acutespicula are arcuate or somewhat bent, and are one and one-half times as longp,et SlIbm
set lbset Jat as t~e anal body-diameter.
Viewed in profile theirproxImal ends appear to he dorsad from the body1./fI''~
axis,. The inc onsPicuoUS accessory piece lies paral .
lb

on\I!

~

~

ph,:'<,

' ''

,,

,, ,

~

Beach,

1\

~

leI

to

the

spicula..

There

are

no

supplementary,,organs.

The ejaculator?,duct is one-third,

the vas/:f'mur ph~,deferens
one-half, as wIde as the body.. The cyli
{j indroid testis is one-half as wide as the body, evenamp at its rounded, blind end, Oblong, fusiform, chromatin masses are to be seen in the sperm cells
fum oe Habitat,: Sand, below low-tide
mark Bathing
Woods Hole, Mass.., U. S.. A

Sublimate
.8

7.8

17.

fo balsam.

Fig. 92,

14'60,14 98....

93,. Anoncholaimus
mobilis n, Sp'?y171623
u736"'The
cuticle isso very thin that it wrinkles on the inside of the curve when the body bends,
Though there are no true wings, there is a faint, clear wing-space about one-eighth
as wide as the body,
The thin, fiat lips resemble those of Oncholaimus
Thereis a vestigial dorsal onchium opposite the bases of the cephalicsetae,-faintly
shown in the illustration
The neck is cylindroid
In the oesophagus near thebase of the pharynx there are scattered yellowish granules,
The oesophagus is alittle wider at both ends than elsewhere
Near the pharynx it is two-thirds,
atthe nerve-ring two-fifths, and finally three-fifths,
as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck
It has a distinct, refractive,
apparently
corrugatedlining;among its radial muscles there is more or less of yellow pigmented matter, which
occurs in straightish
radial lines,
There are at least two submedian glands inthe tissues of the oesophagus, emptying at the pharynx,
The thick-walled
intestine is set off by a constriction
half as wide as the neck, and has a faint ziz-zag
lumen; it becomes at once two-thirds
as wide as the body, and in cross-section
presents about ten to twelve cells, There are numerous yellow granules of vari.
able size in the cells of the intestine, the largest being one-thirtieth
as wide as
the body; owing to their arrangement
there is a faint tessellated
effect,From
the anus, the posterior lip of which is elevated, the rather prominent
rectumextends a distance one and one-fourth times as great as the anal body-diameter..

313

ONCHULUS

The convex-conoid
tail tapers from the anus to the spinneret. which is armed
with submedian setae.. The caudal gland~ lie in front of the ~nus, There are
no c.audal setae,
The lateral fields areppl practically
two-fifths as wIde as the body and contain large
Anoncholaimus
has eight cervi, UInpli cellular elements,
cal glands, six emptying into the anterior part ofthe pharynx opposite the bases of the setae and two
smaller, a little farther back, on the dorsally sublateral lines, The granular contents of the ductsof these glands, increased slightly in volume forma prominent feature of the head,
These am~ullae
move back and forth during the various movements
Hence.thes~ecific name "mobilis,'"7500f the h~adoe
The cervIcal glands he behmd the nerve-ring, since.
.
then ducts have been followed backward to behind the nerve-ring
There arealso ducts of gl~nds to be seen in the ventrally submedian sectors of the oesophagus
The pynform renette cell, which lies a very short distance behind thebase of the neck, empties through a rather distinct ampulla twice as far back as
the base of the pharynx
The narrow nerve-ring is accompanied by large distinct
nerve cells arranged in groups.. From the rather large and conspicuous,
more orless elevated vulva, the large muscular, non-cutinizedvagina leads inward to
the two straig~t uteri.
The eggs are twice as long as the body is wide, and two
Judging by their size when empty, the uteri
and one-half tImes ~s long as wide.
ar~ adapted to receIve one egg at a time, possibly two.. The posterior ovary isa. httle the smaller; both are more or less cylindroid, finally tapering, of medium
SIze, and reach three-fourths
the distance back to the vulva.
The ova in them
are arranged single file., An ovum about to enter the oviduct is two to threetimes as long as the bOdy. is wide, and about one-fourth as wide as long"
Habttat,: S~a-weed, SqUlbnocket, Martha's Vineyard, Mass, U. S.. A; Bathing
B~ach, Wood s Hole, Mass.., U. S. A,; not common,
Examined living, in water.
FIg.. 93,11:

94,. Onchulus

longicaudatus

n

sp,

2.1

8.3

16/

17

18.
23

1q3,7
24

64
l'

1.

1"" Cuticle

naked

except for the setae on the head; its striae very difficult of resolution,
Whetherthe onchium is hollow and perforated remains uncertain
ppfJb((i)
but seems probable..
Neck subcylindroid..
The cylin: Jb",~\
droid oesophagus is at the nerve-ring
three-fifths,
and vstbl..~finally three-fourths,
as wide as the corresponding'porondsI
tion of the neck.
Throughout
its length, the colorless,//1
coarse musculature
is interspersedwith granular, glandular tissues, as in Oncholaimus, making it seem probable mscthat the pharyngeal
outlets are similar, but no duct has
been definitely established in the dorsal onchium
There umpli
is a cylindroid cardia, about one-third as wide as the Debase of the neck
Scattered setae having a length equal
to the breadth of two annules occur on the tail.
There
The description
is derived from a single young specimen~re n~ caudal glands,
m wluch the vulva was not yet developed.
The immature ovaries reached twothirds the way back to the location of the future vulva.
Habitat,: Soil about the roots of living plants imported from Brazil into theUnited States.
Flemming to glycerine jelly
Fig.. 94

f#

ORDER ANAXONCHIA

314

L

6.(?)17YPSILON,a'~1,1

9?>24M

15
Possibly ~he
95. Digitonchus
unifOrmis n. Sp. :9 15. i,iJ
2.
.
transverse
striae are resolvable
into exceedingly
mmute markmgs,.
CutIclenaked except for the cephalic setae,
Lips three, possibly very faintly double.
on

,rpfl

6J .

jiJ(3JOnchium spear-like, solid. Anteriorly,
the neck is convexconoid.
The oesophagus
ha6 not been well seen but
1",po appears to be more or less cylindroid;.
its diameteratse(;(6Jthe base is about half as great a~ that of the base of theneck.
Its lining is sub distinct,
Its colorless musculature
msc fine in texture.
The more or less thick-walled
intestine,~ X750 which has a faint lumen, becomes at once half as wide as'

the body" Cardiac collum one-third as wide as the base of t~e neck.
From themore or less elevated anus, the prominent,
cutinized rectum IS about as long as
the anal body-diameter,
The conoid, arcuate tail tapers from the anus to therather simple spinneret.
The rather broadly saccate caudal glands are packed
behind the anus in the anterior third of the tail; they emp~y by separate ducts.
The lateral fields are one-third as wide as the body,. Renette unknown..
Thenerve-ringis accompanied
by obscure nerve cells, From the more or less continuous,inconspicuous
vulva,
the vagina extends inward
thr~e:fifths
thedistanceacross the body.. It is muscularand more or less cutmized.
The
medium-sized,
tapering ovaries reach half way back to the vulva.
Habitat,: Beach sand, Squibnocket,
Martha's Vineyard, Mass, U. S. A. Flemming to glycerine jelly.
Fig,. 95
1

74

11

Y

>2,

..

~~.6
96,. Y psilon exile n. sp ':~ 2y' 2.:1 '2.6
There are a verycervical setae about half as long as the neck is wide,. Three flat,
minuteconfluent lips bear a circlet of six forward-pointingorsomewhat spreading papillae around the mouth opening
Thoughthere are six nerves, one to each papilla, they are not preciselyfewequidistant, but seem to be arranged in ~h.ree,somewha~ distinct POI,jpairs, Pharynx relatively strongl:J:'"cU~Illlzed. In optIcal contour,

the anterior

end of the onchmm

IS more or less crescent-shaped; this cup-shaped head is fixed obliquely on the strong,straight element that forms the main portion of the dorsal wall

oe!l~

1/;

IumoB
X750

sfJ!I

of the pharynx,
The head of the onchium is yellowish in color.
The neck IS
cylindroid posteriorly,
convex-conoid
anteriorly.
The ?esop?agus, .narrow ~nd
more or less cephaloboid in form, ends in a somewhat cylmdroid cardIac swellmg,
two-sevenths
as long as the neck, and three-fifths
as wide as the base of ~heneck.
At the nerve-ring, the oesophagus is one-third, just in front of the cardIac
swelling also one-third,
as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck.
Thelining of the oesophagus is rather prominent,.
The colorless musculatureof theoesophagus is of fine texture; in it, traces of oesophageal glands have ?een seen.
There is a distinct
refractive,
cylindroid
cardia, two"sevenths
as wIde as thebase of the neck.
The intestine, which is thick-walled
and has a faint, zig-zag
lumen gradually becomes three-fourths
as wide as the body.. The cardiac collum i: one-third
as wide as the body,. The anus is elevated, and the rectumis one and one-fourth times as long as the anal body-diameter.,
The intestinal
cells are packed with pearly granules, such as are often seen in Aphelenchus;
the largest of these are one-eighth as wide as the body.
These granules tend to
be larger posteriorly
than anteriorly,
and sometimes appear t~ be polYhedr~L
The posterior part of the body tapers from in front of the anus, IS at first conoId
then convex-conoid,
and ends in a spinneret one-sixth as wide as the base of

GONIONCHUS

315

the tail.
The ellipsoidal to broadly saccate caudal glands are packed in a close
tandem behind and opposite to the anus in the anterior three-fifthsof the tail.
Their large, distinct ampullae are two-sevenths
as long as the taiL There are
one or two slender setae at the middle of the tail, and near the terminus.
The
lateral fields are about one-fourth
as wide as the body
The much elongatedrenette cell lies about one body-width behind the neck., The frail, strongly arcuate, rather slender, tapering, subacute spicula are cephalated ,bya constriction
on the ventral side in such fashion that the proximal ends appear to be more orless barbed,
The simple, frail, very slender, arcuate accessory piece is one-thirdas long as the spicula and presents a faint apophysis; its proximal end, like thoseof the spicula, lies dorsad from the body-axis.
At first it is parallel to the spicula,then recedes and bends away at an angle of ninety degrees,
There are three
faint and minute supplementaryorgans in front of the anus, occupying a space
one and one-half times as long as the body-diameter,-little
more than innervations
The posterior of these is opposite the distal ends of the spicula.
The
distance between the first and second is equal to two-thirds,
that between thesecond and third, to one-half, the body-diameter.
At the posterior end of the
middle fifth of the tail there is a somewhat raised small area supplied with two
sub ventral nerve endings.
Habitat,: Coarse sand, Beach, Devil's Island, Woods Hole, Mass, U.. S,. A. The
sexual organs are difficult to decipher on account of the granules in the intestine.
It does not seem advisable to refer this species to Acmaeolaimus
Filipjev,
The
following
differences
may be noted:(1) The cuticle is coarsely
striated..
(2) The cephalic setae are in one circlet only,(3) The amphids are not" split."(4) The pharynx is not open.. (5) The dorsal organ is "Y"-shaped.
Possibly
the Filipjevian
specimen might have been referred to Camacolaimus
de Man.
Fig 96, p, 314.
97. Gonionchus villosus n, sp. Annules separated by strongly refractive lines,
Neck conoid iil the anterior half.. About twice as far froni the anterior extremity
as the amphids are four submedian groups of hairs, which are longer than the
cephalic setae.. These groups consist of three each, arranged one in front of theother, the members being separated bya distance equal to the width of one of
the annules..
Similar submedian long and slender hairs occur throughout
thelength of the body and are so numerous as to con- sotqJ!d/(})./lJ(fjJ
stitute a very striking feature,
The amphids at.
,,'fonJsufJm(2)first appear "0 "-shaped;
in reality,
however,i/zthey are spiraL
The terminal
flaps are hinged to p,un
the lips, and the anterior portion of each lip appar-

ently is hinged to the main portion of the wall of ump!J
the head, which is itself unusually thin.
Onchiaapparently
more or less plate-like..
The oesophagus continues to have the same diameter until
after it passes through the nerve-ring; thereafter,
it expands very little so that finally it is about
two-thirds as wide as the base of the neck.
There
is

a distinct

conoidcardia,havinga base

about

00
i

s~'/;so,rfJqJll
./(4!

x 750

LL_.!~~--_2~c___~~~616

26/ ,,' 26

29

~->d
4..
2.

1~

~2_n2Ec:.M!.'

84,4)"

2 1/ ,,) 2 2
one-third as wide as the base of the neckThe 1.2
2 4~.
2."9intestine becomes at once about two-thirds
as wide as the body.
It is rather
thick-walled,
and its cross-section
would present
about four to six cells.
The lining of the intestineis refractive,
so tha,t the lumen is readily followed; in fact it is a rather striking feature"
The cells contain scattered
yel-

316

ORDER

ANAXONCHIA

lowish granules of variable size, arranged irregularly,
The posterior lip of theanus is slightly raised,
Rectum only about two-thirds as long as the anal bodydiameter,
The tail is conoid in such fashion that, at a distance from the anus
equal to eight times the anal body-diameter,
it has a diameter about one-fourth
as great as at the anus,
The remainder of the tail has been lost hom the specimen from which the description
was drawn and is therefore of unknown form;
hence the dimensions given in theformula
must be interpreted accordingly,
The
tail is just as distinctly
striated as the body,
The lateral fields are about onethird as wide as the body,
It is probable that the renette is located at a distancebehind the base of the neck about equal to two body-diameters,
At this point
there is an elongated structure somewhat longer than the body is wide and about
one-fifth as wide as it is long, which bears a general resemblance
to a renette
cell. From the slightly elevated vulva} the vagina extends inward and forward,
The tapering ovary ends somewhat in front of the cardia where it is about onefourth as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck,
The eggs are about
three times as long as the body is wide, and about one-fourth
as wide as long,
There is a small posterior rudimentarybranch to the sexual organs, extending
back from the vulva a distance equal to two to three body-diametersThis
has been seen to contain spermatozoa
and may function as a spermatheca.
ThE\
presence of caudal glands remains problematical
Unfortunately,also, in thecase of the only male specimen available, the tail is broken, but that portion ofit remaining is about two-thirds
as long as the neck
It tapers a little more
rapidly at first than it does farther back,-in
fact, toward the terminus, it must
be very nearly cylindroid,
It seems probable that caudal glands are present,
but there is some doubt about this
There are no special supplements,
papillaeor setae on the male,
The long and slender hairs found on the body occur also
on the tail, and are there equally long and slender so far as observed,
The
proximal ends of the acute, slender spicula present the peculiarityof being
separated from the remainder of the spicula by straight shafts, having a length
somewhatgreater than that of the cephalic portions"
The cephalic portion,
together with this shaft constitutes
about one-fourth of the spiculum; the remaining portion of the spiculum is uniformly arcuate, and tapers regularly to the subacute terminus,
The proximal ends of the spicula lie toward the dorsal side of
the body,
There are inconspicuous
accessory pieces arranged parallel to andclose by the spicula, and which are about half as long as these latter,
The ejaculatory duct is one-third, and the vas deferens about one-half, as wide as the body.
Developmentof the spermatozoa
in the two testes presents rather marked contrasts,
From the blind end of the anterior testis, lying near the base of the neck,the spermatozoa
develop regularly and form spermatocytes
half as wide as thebody, which develop into spermatozoa with nuclei that stain prominentlyThe
blind end of the posterior testis contains spermatocytes
which, for a short dist~ance, resemble thos.e already described, but they do not form large spermatocytes
They neverthelessdevelop into spermatozoa
having the character justdescribed,
At a distance in front of the anus about equal to the length of thetail, there are three glands on each side of the body, arranged tandem"
These
glands are accessory to the male organs,
Each is more or less homogeneous anteriorly, and granular posteriorly,
the granules not retaining carmine stain, as do
the nucleus and the anterior parts,
The ducts of these glands lead backward to
the cloaca"
Habitat,:' Mud, tide pool, near low tide mark, Portsmouth,
New Ham1Jshire,
U, S, A., Fig" 97, p, 315,

XANTHODORA

317

98, Xanthodora nudasp
The striae of the yellow, naked cuticle have then"a?pearanceof a series of hoops that are considerably
wider on the neck, espeCIally toward the head" The anterior half of the neck is convex-conoid
theconvexity
increasing
steadily
toward the head" From the point wher~ thestriae cease on the head, the cuticle diminishes
8 ~,~ 1.6,:9 20':1-~,~4-95
so that opposite the
ig 2
21
23
'1,8>22"" very rapidly in thickness,dorsaltooth,
it
is
not
more
than one-thirdasn,
1.4 20.6
JtT 9 3thick as a little farther back; thence onward, it
2 ~ 3'5' 38'':3 '?I' :9 >2.""is thin to a point half way between the circlet of". of the mouth opening,setae and ~he aXIS
At this point, the hard cuticle ceases
and there IS a very minute, faint groove encircling the lip-region
The lips comet~gether so as to ~orm a vestibule having a width about one-third as great as the~Iameter of the cIrclet of setae
The tissues of the lips apparently
reach back alIttle farther than the apex of the dorsal tooth, and their limits are rather easily
noted on account of the fact that they attract
carmine stain more than the~urrounding
tissues do., The lip-region
appears to be longitudinallystriatedmternally"and pr?bably
to consist of about a dozen elements folded together.
When the mout~ IS open and the onchium thrust forward, the labial region is~een to be practICally continuous and entire on its anterior margin, from which
It follows that any striations
appearing when the mouth is closed are due tofoldin"gs of the lip-region,
When the mouth is open and the lips expanded, theamphIds become more nearly circular"
When the lips are closed the vestibule
widens out but little in front of the dorsal tooth, whose apex lie~ in the axis of
the vestibule"
The pharynx is surrounded by muscles which appertain particularly to it, as is indicated by the fact that they are separated from the oesophagus by a broad but fairly distinct constriction,.
The oesophagus continues tohave the same diameter until near the nerve-ring, where it diminishes somewhat

i~ diameter"tImes rather

Very soon after passing through the nerve-ring,it enlarges, some-,
suddenly, to form the elongated posterior three-fifthsof the organ

This enlarged ~art averages tob~ about
i/J (26J .
three-fifths as wIde as the correspondmg por- Jet Cfltion of the neck, and contains a massive lining, which, when viewed in optical section, mlO"p.,i/J
occupies one-fifthof the diameter,This
enlarged portion of the oesophagus is divided SUO-CUl..
into three regions by breaks in its radial musculature,of which one region comprisesJll!t som
nearly the whole of the anterior half" Theother two parts are of subequal size

J<~1)
.._JU
<l

onds!
umpli

set

Though COfJ,

the lining of the oesophagus is quite distinct'
in the narrow portion, it is considerably
less 1umoe
so in the wider portion, and ceases a shortdistance in front of the posterior end of the ump
oesophagus
Cardiac collum less than one--,(J,
third as wide as the base of the neckFor a Sp..'!.,"X750
short distance, the intestine is composed of small cells differing from those whichmake up its main part,
These cells stain more strongly with carmine and contain nuclei of relatively larger size, This region probably may be regarded as asort of cardia
The intestine becomes almost at once two-fifths as wide as thebody,
Its cross-section
would present about eight cells, The cells are packed

I

ANAXONCHIUM,

318

ORDER

319

BOLBOLAIMUS

ANAXONCHIA
52'K

with numerous yellowish granules..
In the body cavity at the cardiac collum,
there are three ellipsoidal groups of cells, two dorsally submedian and one ventral or nearly so. These groups contain eight to ten nuclei, and one of them isseen to be connected to a distinct, refractive
strand, extending forward along
the surface of the oesophagus..
These groups of cells have their nuclei close
together and seem to have a general membrane covering them.. In addition tothese groups of cells, there are two other granular bodies, ventrally submedian,each containing
a single, strongly staining nucleus, and a second body which
does not stain so strongly.
The structure of these latter is suggestive of that of
the ordinary renette cell, but their connections have not been made out. Rectum somewhat longer than the anal body diameter.
The three caudal glands
are arranged in a close tandem in front of, opposite to and behind the anus..
Each is a large cell with a protoplasmic
network, in the midst of which the single
nucleus is slung.
The lateral fields are about one fourth as wide as the body andare composed of two ranges of cells with a space between them, in which lie
nuclei belonging to cells of a different group.
Renette unknown
From theslightly raised anus, the arcuate tail is conoid to the terminus,
which has adiameter about one third to one half as great as that of the base of the taiL
From the very slightly elevated vulva, the well cutinized vagina extends fully
half way across the body.
The ovaries reach half way back to the vulva andcontain ten to fifteen ova arranged, for the most part, single file. The moderately thin-shelled
eggs are twice as long as the body is wide and one-third as
wide as long.. They occur in the uteri one at a time.
The spermatozoa
in theuterus are one-seventh
as wide as the body.
The conoid, arcuate tail of themale begins to taper from a short distance in front of the anus.
The six supplementaryorgans occupy a distance equal to the length of the tail.
The posterior supplement
is nearly opposite the posterior thirds of the spicula; thesecond, third and fourth succeed each other without
intervening
spaces, insuch a way that the third and fourth are pretty nearly opposite the proximal
ends of the spicula.
The fifth is separated by a greater space from the fourth,and the sixth is about as far from the fifth as the fifth is from the fourth..
The
fifth and sixth are of smaller size than the others, the inconspicuous
sixth being
the smallest of all. Their apices are more transparent
than the other portions"
An unusual feature is the presence of nerve endings between the organs.
Itis possible that nearer the anus still than any described, there is another inconspicuous organ of somewhat the same character.
The strongly arcuate, somewhat acute, yellowish spicula are about twice as long as the anal body-diameter.
They appear to be widest in the middle and to taper both ways.. The
cephalated
portion of the spicula are cut off obliquely.
The proximal ends lie
a little to the dorsal side of the body-axis.
The accessory pieces are for themain portion of their length not very conspicuous.
Surrounding
the distal
ends of the spicula, however, there is a rather prominent
portion which must
be reckoned a portion of the accessory apparatus.
Oblique copulatory
muscles are present for a distance twice as great as the space occupied by the supplementaryorgans.
The ejaculatoryduct is about one-third,
and the vas
deferens a little more than one-third,
as wide as tho body.. It remains uncertain whether there is one testis or two, but the evidence seems to favor the
supposition that there is one only, and that its blind end lies about as far behindthe base of the neck as the nerve-ring is in front of it.
Habitat: Larat, East Indies.
Marine.
Fig.. 98, p.. 317"

1.6
7,6-,---17.1
90" '7.
24 ~'19711..
Cuticle thin99" .!1naxonchi1lm litarium n.. 8p. ?d2.."'+-'23"
but considerably
thicker near the head.
Striae resolvable with difficulty int~
dot-like elements, which are close together on the body, more distant on thehead.
The striae are altered on the lateral fields so as to give rise to a ladder-likepattern, with the "rungs" very close together.
Cephalic setae two-jointed.
No
por~s are seen ~n the cuti~le; nevertheless, they may have been present and escaped
notICe. The hps are thIck and double.
In the single male specimen examinedthe. conical branches of the lips end in minute setae, each about as long as th~
labIal setae, and terminating
in a "blob, "-thislatter hardly an artefact.
Dorsal onchium opposed on the ventral side by several irregularly
arrangedsma!ldenticles, among which probably
two submedianones dominate.
App~rently
somewhatsimilar denticles
occur
lU!!
')
set JUIU.
spbehindand abovethe dorsal
onchium"
Amphids peculiar, large,
faint.
The plain oesophagus,
near onthe nerve..ring is one-half, and finally three-fourths,
as wide as the i/z
"sl!
on w

corresponding

portion of the neck.

P\

Its lining appears
corrugated;
its
umpn
Of!r
colorless musculature
is more or lesscoarse, but there seem to be no indiI,
Ii DC
cations of the presence of glands. JURi"/' ;/and there is no distinct cardia.
Th~
spn
thin..wall~dintestine,
wh ich has' a trm
rrrather famt, though distinctly
visi.
~JJ
ble lumen, becomes at once half as X 750..Sf!tspn
wide as the body, and in cross-section
would present foul' to six cells. Cardiac
collum one-half as wide as the neck.
The cells of the intestine contain scatteredyellow granules of variable size, having a diameter about equal to the width of
two annules of the cuticle.. The tail tapers from the anus and is at first conoid
then cylindroid in the posterior third, where it is about o~e-fourth as wide as at
the anus.. A few, rather small, tapering, subacute setae occur on the taiL The
la~eral fields are a~out one-third as .wide as the body" The non-granularellipsOIdal renette cell hes only a short dIstance behind the neck, and is three-fourths
as long as the body is wide, and one-third as wide as long. The rather pronounced
clavate amp~lla .empties through the distinct pore lying close to its anterior end.
The n~rve-rmg IS accompanied
by obscure nerve cells.. The yellowish spicula
are gmded by ~wo separate, strong, rather wide, more or less arcuate, somewhat
shoe-shaped
pIeces near the anus, with a single median piece between and behindthem.
Ej aculatory duct one-fourth, testis two-thirds,
as wide as the corresponding portion of the body.
Habitat,: Marine; Belmar, N. J., n. S.. A" below low tide mark in beach sand,F~male unkn~\Vn.
Anaxonchiumbears considerable
resemblanc~
to Cyatholalmus, but dIffers, among other ways, in the almost obsolete amphid (?) the
refiexed testis, and in the large ntrmber of small supplementaryorgans.
Fi~. 99.
,

II

"

II

{(f

...

..

lOOa,. Bolbolaimus pellucidus n. sp. Type species.. Naked except for the setaeon the head; possibly there are very inconspicuous
wings.. Lips subdistinct
theMargin of the lip-region serrated b; theregion elast~c a~d finely subdivided..
forward proJectlOn of about fifteen papillae (?) with minute bristles outside theserrations.
The appearance
is as if each papilla is armed with a pair of minute

320

ORDER

ANAXONCHIA

BOLBOLAIMUS,

bristles very difficult to see. Onchium capable of being protruded past the lips.
Opposite the onchium is a pseudo~onchium,somewhat smaller, and more distinctly visible in some attitudes of the pharynx than in others..
Amphids exceedingly inconspicuous,
nearly circular, a little the wider transversely,
apparently
circularbutreallyconsistingofspiralsofonewindslightly
openbehind.
At.
the nerve-ring,the oesophagus is three-fifths,
just in front of the cardiac bulb
one-half, and finally five-sixths,
as wide as the base of the neck.
This lattermeasurement
is that of the elongated,
ellipsoidal
cardiac bulb.
The rather
prominent,
apparently
corrugated lining of the oesophagus is distinctly visible.
.
ThemusculatureJetcplJ(6)cst /JSto
setfM6) 1.9 6.6 12.9 "-46.6-~ ?)f.
/'becomes coarse nearI""25/2.:.§:
28
onsubm ~onds! ~

on

.J

>Ii
flN

21
2.4

7.2
24/

13.7
2.:1

"-M
25

91..6 )
f'I U

iJffiplJ I;;:ture of the cardiac
.

coe

the
There

cardiacbulb.
is a transverse

12 ndivisionbulb nearof thethe middle.

muscu-

Theoe wall of the intestine is of variable thickness; thelumen is distinct..
Gradually the intestine becomes
Jumoe two-thirds to three-fourths
as wide as the body; its
rpn
mscoe
I!J
x750
cross-section would present five to six cells.. Often
the lumen of the intestine presents the appearance of having certain cells bulging
inward.
Cardiac collum one-sixth
as wide as the neck.
From the more orless elevated anus, the cutinized rectum extends inward for a distance fivesixths as great as the body-diameter.
From the anus, the tail is conoid to therather blunt terminus..
The long, simple spinneretis in its basal part onethird as wide as the base of the taiL The broadly saccate caudal glands form
a loose tandem behind the anus in the anterior half of the tail; they empty
through separate ducts and ampullae, the latter elongated.
The lateral fields
are one-third to two-fifths as wide as the body.
The ellipsoidal, non-granular
renette cell lies close behind the neck, and is two-thirds
as long as the bodyis wide and two-thirds
as wide as long. The ampulla is one-thirdas long as
the neck is wide, and three-fourths
as wide as long
The nerve-ringis accompanied by obscure nerve cells
From the small, inconspicuous,
rather continuous vulva, the small tubular vagina extends inward one-third the distance acrossthe body.. Its inner wall is cutinized, so that its rectangularfurcation is plainly
to be seen
The ellipsoidal eggs are one and one-half times as long as the bodyis wide and appear to begin segmentation
before being deposited
One or two
at a time occur in the uteri, which are five times as long as the body is wide.
The somewhat narrow, tapering ovaries contain about a dozen ova arranged
single file for the most part, but irregularly
near the blind end
The faint,
acute, tapering, stoutish spicula are colorless and one and one-half times as longas the anal body-diameter.
They are so located that their proximal ends appear
to be opposite the body-axis.
The simple, strong, separate
accessory pieces
are somewhat slender.
They are yellow and quite as conspicuous
as the spicula
Their applied parts are two-thirds
as long as the spicula, from which they
recede a little
Their proximal ends appear to lie dorsad from the body-axis.
The six, very small and inconspicuous,equidistant
supplementaryorgans occupy
a distance somewhat less than the length of the tailThe last is opposite theproximal parts of the spicula.
The spaces bet;een
them are about equal tohalf the body-diameter
They hardly disturb the ventral contour of the body..
Possibly there is also one near the anus
They are papilloid and have but slightelevation..
The ejaculatoryduct is one-half, the vas deferens one-half, and
dct

I

I,'i

ACANTHONCHUS

321

the testes two-thirds,
as wide as the corresponding
portion of the body, but thetestes taper so that at their blind ends they are only one-half as wide as the body.
The various regions of the male sexual organs are separated from each other- by
narrower channels.
After synapsis, the spermatozoa
grow and become granular.
Habitat.: Sand, below low tide mark, Belmar, N.. J., n. S A. Sublimate
tobalsam.
Fig. 100a, p.. 320..
b.. Bolbolaimus punctatus n.. sp ~j---i'b+l---~':!;~~--}h'>16.. Striae resolvable
into rows of dots, of which about every third row is a trifle coarser, thus indicating the real width of the annules
Labial papillae six, setose, about one-thirdas long as the cephalic setae.
Around the mouth, there are fine, longitudinal
striations
due to foldings in the vestibule..
The punctate walls of the pharynx
are well-cutinized
There are two very small ventrally
submedian projecting
onchia opposite the dorsal onchium.
The oesophagus
near the nerve-ringistwo-fifths, just in front of the cardiac bulb a little more than two-fifths,
andfinally three-fourths,
as wide as the base of the neck.
This latter measurement
is the diameter of the somewhat elongated cardiac bulb, which is two-sevenths
as long as the neck.
There is an obscure, elongated, two-parted valve in the cardiac swelling, one-third as wide as the swelling j'et cph.fetio10
Jet SlJom.
itself.
The cardiac valve is divided into three~.
parts, corresponding
to breaks in the muscula- onJuom
Jetsubcph.
ture, the anterior part inconspicuous,
the other
two

each

occupyingnearlyone-halfthelengthp ex

on dsJof the bulb.. The thick-walled
intestine becomesat once three-fifths
as wide as the bodyIts phdotphcross-section
would present three to four cells,
containing
scatteredgranules of variable siz,e,oj/;oethe largest of which are about one-twenty-fifth
as wide as the body.
Cardiac collum one-fourth
as wide as the base of the neck.
From the con- .rpooetinuous, inconspicuous
anus, the rectum extends inward a distance two-thirds
as great as the anal body-diameter.
The conoid tail tapers from the anus to theblunt, conoid, symmetrical,
unarmed spinneretThe broadly saccate caudal
glands lie behind and opposite the anus in the anterior half of the tailMeasured near the neck, the lateral fields are one-fourth
as wide as the body.
The ellipsoidal,
non-granular
renette cell, one body-widthbehind the neck, is
one-half as long as the body is wide and five-sixths as wide as longFrom thesmall, inconspicuous,continuous vulva, the rather weak vagina extends inward
two-fifths the distance across the body.
The elongated eggs are as long as the
body is wide and three-fourths
as wide as long, and are packed three to five ineach uterus at once
The tapering ovaries contain about twenty ova arranged
single file..
Habitat.:' Marine sand, Nobsca Beach, Woods Hole, Mass, U. S. A. Flemming
to glycerine jelly.
Fig.. 100b..
lOL Acanthonchus
viviparus n. sp.. There are distinct wings, whose presence
is indicated by about four to six longitudinal
striations,resolvable, at least theouter ones, into rows of dots.. The wings extend from near the head to near
the tail.
Neck conoid
Setae two- (or three-) jointed
The lip-region appears
to be divided into twelve parts, or into six parts, each of which is double.
Themouth cavity is cyathiform
and shallow when the lips are closed and is entered

322

ORDER

ANAXONCHIA

ACANTHONCHUS,

through a narrow ~estibule..
The cavity itself is very small, and a good deal
wider than it is high when the lips are closed.
In fact, when the lips are closed
they appear to form a depression on the front of the head, so that their interior
margins actually rest on the dorsal tooth and on the base of the pharynx..
Thepharynx actually continues to twice the depth indicated in the formula, thoughwhen the mouth is closed this posterior portion appears to be very similar tothe lumen of the oesophagus"
The oesophagus
swells a little in the anterior
third, then diminishes almost imperceptibly,and finally swells toward the posterior extremity
where it is two-thirds
as wide as the base of the neck.
The
thick-walled
intestine
becomes at once two.-thirds
as wide as the body, andexpands so as soon to be three-fourths
to four-fifths as wide as the body.
Itscross-section
would probably present about eight cells. The elongated ventral
gland lies im"'48,,0 ~23.
ppl//J((jj.
set £lJ!d/(}j 4 7hI?:
15277~ 3
41
26 >16,"
mediately

ondsl 17.~
ph

The

81

~

15.

.>:;: .3:1
lateral"-~.. . ?!? >13..

fields33 ~27
are

about

be-

hind the cardiac
constriction"

one-third

as wideas the body, and are composed mainly of adouble row of very prominent ellipsoidal cells,
da which in the females at least, may be mostpex
clearly seen in the region of the neck.
From
08
Ifl.
X 750 the slightly raised vulva, the vagina leads
inward about half way across the body.
The uteri are generally about one andone-half times as long as the neck, and contain numerous developing
eggs orembryos.
The ovaries are reflexed for a distance about twice as great as the
body-diameter,and contain a dozen or more ova arranged in several series.
This
species is viviparo]ls.
Tail of the male is very much like that of the female, butmore arcuate..
Its terminus has a diameter one-fifth as great as the diameterof the base of the taiL The equidistant
supplements
are of unequal size, thosemore distant from the anus being much the larger.
The first is opposite the proximal ends of the spicula and is very minute.
It is visible mainly on account of
the refractive
nature of the material of which it is composed..
The second isabout twice as far from the anus as the first and of about the same size.. The
third, which is three times as far from the anus as the first, is very much larger,
having a length half as great as the body-diameter;
its internal walls are brownand strongly lined and refractive..
It is somewhat curved and passes inward
and forward; its plOximal portion is slightly cephalated..
The fourth of theseorgans is more than four times as far from the anus as the first, and is more than
twice as long as the third, having a length approximately
equal to the bodydiameter.
Its internal walls are strongly cutinized, and it is a very prominent
feature, almost as much so as the spicula.
Where it passes through the cuticle,
its point is curved backward;
thence inward, it is somewhat sigmoid, enlarging
all the time, so that its proximal portion is about one-fifth as wide as the corresponding
portion of the body.
The slightly arcuate, rather uniform spicula
are somewhat longer than the anal body-diameter.
Their proximal ends are notdistinctly
cephalated..
Parallel to the spicula, and extending inward from theprominently
raised anus for a distance three-fourths
the length of the sp'icula,
are the accessory pieces, whose distal extremities
are two to three times as wide
as the spicula, but which decrease in size internally.
They are considerably
more prominent
than the spicula.
The ejaculatoryduct is about half as wide
as the body.

323

XENONEMA

Habitat: Marine mud, San Pedro, California. Possibly another species exists
at Woods Hole, Mass", U. S. A. Sublimate to balsam. Fig.. 101, p.. 322..
}~~_--~~_T}~C2~6~c2~ (,}29 : 3~73

~9~? >95." .

2Striae resolvablewith high powers into rows of dots or elongated markings which are altered somewhat on the lateral field, where there is a wing extending from near the base of
the neck to the base of the taiL There are setae on all parts of the body, butthey do not appear to be very numerous.
Pharynx apparently
consisting of acavity whose walls are folded and which is capable of being opened outward.
The oesophagus continues to have the same diameter until near the posterior
end, where it contracts slightly and then expands to form the pyriform cardiac
bulb, four-fifths to five-sixths as wide as the base of the neck.
There is no cardia. The intestine at first is only one-fourth as wide as the oesophagealbulb.
Its cross-section presents about four or five cells; that those next the oesuphagus
are physiologicallydifferent from those following is shown by the way in which
they stain.
The intestine soon enlarges so that its maximum diameter is twice
as great as that presented near the bulb, but nowhere does the intestine become
more than about half as wide as the body.
Its cells contain a few yellowish or
brownish granules of variable size, the largest of which have a diameter about
equal to the distance between two striae of the cuticle, the smallest being notmore than one-tenth as wide; otherwise, the cells of the intestine are very transparent so that their nuclei can readily be seen. These latter are of large sizeand each presents a distinct nucleolus; the average diameter of one of these nuclei
is rather more than double the distance between two successive striations.
The
anus is elevated; the rectum is two and one-half to three times as long as the anal
body-diameter..
Immediately
behind the anus, the tail diminishes abruptly indiameter, and in this region for a short distance near the anus on the ventral surface, the striationsof the cuticle are much less conspicuous.
The location of
the excretory pore and the ventral gland remains uncertain,
but it appears possible that the latter lies a short distance in front of the cardiac bulb.. The
lf1teral fields are about one-fourth as wide as the body, corresponding
approximately in width, at least in the anterior part of the body, with the alterationsin the transverse
striae which exist along the sides of the body.
The tail isconical from a short distance behind the anus
Behind orumph
the anus, the tail diminishes so rapidly in diameter, espe[/londs!
cially on the ventral side, that it becomes almost at once
102. Xenonema

obesumonly about two-thirds
onward,it is conicaL

n.. sp.

as wide as at the anus; thence
The three caudal glands are located

unn

ffJn

UJ.

~

x750
in a tandem series in front of the anus From the enor- Of!
mously developed vulva, the vagina leads inward and forward at an angle offorty-fivedegrees with the body-axis a distance equal to the span of eight toten striae.
The walls of the vagina are brownish, thick, and highly refractive.
There is a single uterus connected with two short ovaries, each containing three
to four ova. This entire system of organs is clustered near the vulva and occupies a distance about five times as great as the average body-diameter"The
size and nature of the eggs remains to be discovered..
Overhanging
the vulva isa flap.-Jike expansion of the cuticle which adds much to the ventral prominence
Tissues of the body-wall are contained also in the cavity of this peculiar expansion of the cuticle.
Owing to the peculiar developmentin this region, thediameter of the body here is more than twice the average body-diameter.
in fact

324

ORDER

ANAXONCHIAMICROMICRON,

these structuresare so very peculiar as to suggest abnormality,
but as there isno evidence of any disease or malformationin the single, very transparent
specimen examined,
it seems best to regard it as the normal form of a veryexceptional species.
Habitat.: Salt River, Jamaica, in six inches of water.
Fig.. 102, p" 323.
1.8

10

y

16.

88..
...> ..8..

"""."'''.''.'''''.''.

103.. Amphispirarotundicephalan. sp. 3
47
-!:J
49
3
Contourplain, or exceedingly
finely crenate.
Apparently
there are ve~y faint s~bcephalic setae near the base of the" cuirasse."
At t~e mouth openmg of the ~mgle
specimen examined there are three punctate sphencal elements, as shown m theillustration
The significance of these remains problematical;
while they may
possibly be fixation products,
such a suppos~ti?nis doubtfuL
Neck con?id..
The oesophagus retains the same diameter untIl It expands to form the flattIshpyriform cardiac bulb, which has a faint valve one-third as wide as itself~here
appears to be an almost imperceptible
break in the musculaturenear the mIddleof the oesophagus, and a corrresponding
very slight swelling
The thick-walled
intestine has a faint lumen and soon becomes one-half as wide as tb.e correspond;/(3/

fIl'Il
,

".Y

,

..p/l

ing portionof the body.

Itscross-section

pre-sents few cells.. From the apparently
continuous anus the prominent
rectum extends a
umpli distance equal to the anal body-diameter.
The
scattered
to rather numerous,
spherical granump ules found in the cells of the intestine are ofvariablesize, the largest
being one-thirtysixth as wide as the body
Tail arcuate, co08
spn
X750 noid, ending in a spinneret one-third as wide as
its base.. The broadly truncate caudal glands are located opposite to and behind
the anus in the anterior third of the tailThe lateral fields are one-third as
wide as the body.
What appears to be the renette cell is located about threebody-widths
behind the neck; it is one-third as long as the body is wide and onehalf as wide as long.. The location of the excretory pore remains unknown.
Nerve-ring oblique..
From the location of the rudimentary
sexual organs in the
single young specimen seen it seems probable that they will develop to be double
and symmetricallyreflexed
Habitat: Soil, Arlington
Farm, opposite the Districtof Columbia, D.. S. A.
Flem~ing
to glycerine jelly.. This species almost seems out of place in the
habitat in which it was discovered, as it is most closely related to marine forms..
Fig 103.
12

78

13.8

-M"

923,

104. Micromicron cephalatum n sp
2.'8 37"ili8"~'3.4)7..
Neck short,cylindroid.
There seems little doubt that the mouth cavity is armed with asingle, dorsal tooth, which can be placed so closely against the dorsal wall of thepharynx as to be difficult of detection, although the tooth itself is of consider~ble
magnitude.
It appears to have an acute apex, located opposite to or a lIttle
behind the labial constriction.
Oesophagus cylindroid, ending behind in a prolate or pyriform cardiac bulb four-fifths as wide as the base of the neck
Cardiafaint.
The intestine,
which joins the middle of the posterior
surface of the
cardiac bulb, is at first about one-third as wide as the neck'
It widens out gradually so as to become about half as wide as the body, and its cross-se.ction would
appear to be composed of about six to eight cells containing yellowIsh granulesof rather uniform size.. The lateral fields are about one-fourth
as wide as the

MESODORUS

325

body
Just behind the base of the neck, there are ce1ls which stain a little morestrongly than the adjacent structures,-possibly
renette cells
The tail of themale is conoid to the terminus, where it has a width one-fourth
as great as atits base
The caudal glands seem to be located in the base of the tail.
The presence of a series of ventral supplementaryorgans is indicated by corrugations
occurring in the cuticle on the ventral surface when the posterior extremityisincurved.
This series extends from the anus forward a distance about equal
to twice the length of the tail, and must be composed of about
IIJr6!
twenty elements
Each probably consists of an inconspicuous'
modification of th!, ordinary cuticle, in the midst of which there phl
is a nerve ending.
In front of the anus on the ventrally submedian lines there are series of setae, each seta being nearly one11)
De
third as long as the body is wide. There is one of these setae
1J~(
ffJn
750
in front of the anus on each side, a second pair nearly opposite
the proximal ends of the spicula, and so on. Similar setae occur on the anterior
two-thirdsof the tail on the submedian lines
When seen in profile, the spicula
appear at the middle to be about one-third as wide as the body
They taper
rapidly to the acute distal extremities
The proximal ends are slightly arcuate
in a ventral direction.
Near the proximal extremities
there is a break in theframework on the ventral side. The framework of the spicula is rather frail,
considering the size of the spicula themselves
Muscular fibers appear to pass£Tom the inner free end of the accessory piece backward to the ventral surfaceof the anterior portion of the tflil
Habitat.: Punta Arenas, Pacific Coast of Costa Rica.
The intestine contained
a considerable
number of diatoms
Sublimate to balsam.
Fig 104.

105..

Mesodoruscylindricollisn.sp.

.8
'1,3

4.5
17

7.9
'..:2

'!.oM
95 1
19 ?\1:7>18"Nakedcuticle

traversedby exceedingly
fine, plain tr ansverse striae.
Neck cylindroid.
In
certain aspects, the amphids appear to consist of one circlet within another,
but are in reality ttue spir also No doubt the papillae surrounding
the mouth
opening correspond with folds in the lip-region; these, however, are so very mimite as to be difficult of resolution.
From the base of the onchium backward, thepharynx is narrow and tapering,and joins the lumen of the oesophagus in an
indefinite way at a point distant from the anterior extr!'mity nearly equal to thediameter of the front of the head.
From behind the pharyng!'al
swelling, th!'6esophagus continues with about the same diameter until it expands to form th!'rather obscurely pyriform cardiac bulb, which is fully three-fourths
as wide as
the base of the neck,and
contains a relatively
large S(!{;qN/4,J (]2) .f(f{;Jb(6)though rather simple valvular apparatus,
having a diam"eter half as great as that of the bulb itself.. This valve
is about twice as long as wide.
The relatively narrow.
intestine joins the middle of the posterior surface of the ph"amphcardiac bulb and soon enlarges so as to be two-fifths aswide as the body.

There is no distinct cardia

In cross- s(f{;sa

SfKI

section, the intestine presents six to eight cells. The lateral fields are about
one-fourth
as wide as the body
Nothing is known concerning the renette or
the excretory pore
The nerve-ringsurrounds
the oesophagus squarely.
The
tail of the male is strongly arcuate and conoid from the prominently
raised anus.
The terminus
is blunt and bears a simple spinneretThe caudal glands arepacked together in the anterior third of the tail, extending a little in front of the326

ANAXONCHIA

ORDER

POLYSIGMA,anus.
The twenty-five
supplements
are rather simple and when the body iscurved, take on the form of semi-cylindroid,transverse
elevations, the distance
between them increasing anteriorly.
There are two opposite the spicula and athird a short distance in front of the proximal ends'of the spicula; and then fora distance equal to four times the length of the tail, the organs are separated by
spaces not greater than their own width.
Thence forward, the organs are separated by wider spaces, and occasionally
one of the series appears to be missing.
The two anterior ones are separated by a distance about twice as great as thewidth of one of the organs.. The entire series occupies a distance about eighttimes as long as the tail.
No special papillae or setae have been seen on the
tail end, either in front of the anus or behind it.. The proximal ends of the strongly
arcuate,slender-looking
spicula appear to lie nearly opposite the body-axis.
Apparently
connecting the cephalic expansions with the anus are slightly curved,
refractive lines, indicating that the spicula may be broader than would appear
from an examinationof only the more striking portions of the framework.
Accessories parallel to, and two-fifths
as long as the spicula.
Ejaculatoryduct onethird as wide as the body.. The blind end of the testis is about half as wide as
the body.
Habitat.: Mud, tide pool, Portsmouth,
N.. H, U. S.. A, near low tide mark.
This genus resembles Onyx
Fig.. 105, p.. 325.
106.. Polysigma
uniformen.. sp. Cuticle, if striatedat all, very finely so.
Body naked except for the setae on the head.
Lips minute, more or less confluent, relatively
thick, six and double, or possibly twelve.
Near the nerve-ringand just in front of the cardiac bulb, the oesophagus is one-half,
and finally
three-fourths,
as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck, this latter figure
being the measurementof the pyriform cardiac bulb.
The refractive
lining is
one-twentieth
as wide as the oesophagus.
In the posterior half of the oesoph-

dctf!i .
0 sup Ol'flsnst

0 SUp Ol'fl rIxt....

spm\ '. \',~\int\ \\\\ \i \\ \;-~1

I

vi~;

Sp

0 set

..
;:~:::)..)
i:,~;:i~::::c':nR~dnrcun

.8
H

4.5
12

4.
.7
1.:..... L3

8.1
1",""
6.8
1,,1

12'63,1~
L5

9~'1? 193..

agus, there are pigment granules in
the fine-textured
musculature.
The
two elongated masses of brown pigment granules begin suddenly at the
middle of the cardiac bulb and end
suddenly near the middle of the neck.
There are quite prominent, pigmented
submedian glands in the oseophagus,
but apparently
no dorsal one.. The
thick-walled
intestine,
which has afaint lumen, becomes at once half as
wide as the body, and in cross-section
would present
three to four cells..

~~E:\;~~~l;~~:n~~~~~EoJ~~~~~~!J1cd!
><750

neck,
The medium-sized
nerve-ringis accompanied
by distinct nerve cells, not very definitely grouped.
From themore or less elevated vulva, the fairly-well cutinized vagina extends inward half327

way across the body.
The eggs are probably about three times as long as the
body is wide.. The broad, tapering ovaries, which contain about ten ova arranged
mostly in single file,-but:,..

irregularly near the blind
end,-reachabout

setcph(4)'-pp1(1J+6)
.

amp!J
.'

""'"

half

ump!J
way back to the vulva
The tail of the male is/~conoid to the spinneret,on dSlwhich is nearly one-third
as wide as the base of the
gl?tail itself.
The slig~tly
yellowish,
rather strong,spn
subslender,
ratheracute X 750
spicula appear to have their slightly expanded proximal extremities nearly opposite the body-axis.
There are seventy-six yellowish, refractive
supplementaryorgans in two subventral
rows of thirty-eight
each. They are sub equidistant,but somewhat wider apart anteriorly..
They appear to be more or less protrusile.
Ejaculatoryduct one-third
to two-fifths,
the testis one-half, as wide as thebody.
The testis is cylindroid, but tapers near its blind end.
Habitat.: Marine mud, twenty-five fathoms deep, Woods Hole, Mass., U.. S.. A
Fig.. 106a, p. 326; Fig.. 106b.
:f

27 , 5 7

"..}(

95.

107.. Alaimonema
multicinctum
n. sp. L;',,) ;5'1].'i4~'i4?21..
Striae over1500 to the millimeter,
resolvable with difficulty into very exceedingly fine dotlike elements.
Cephalic and sub cephalic setae sixteen, in four sets of four.
Cervical setae scattered, the first four to eight larger than the cephalic setae, theothers smaller..
Somatic setae scattered, inconspicuous,
about one-sixth as longas the body is wide.. In two series on the borders of the lateral fields, every
setcplt
am11
Jet subcplt twenty to thirty annules throughout
the nema,.

6LM
L4 ,~ 9~'4) 3 11..
H

ALAIMONEMA

on.'\.

"

are round,j j on(3) there
as the annules.

pore-likemarkings,

twice

as wideThe two rows of pores opposite
the lateral fields are removed from each other by
a distance about equal to three-fifths
the bodydiameter..
There are no lips. The simple, more orx750 less triquetrous
pharynx is so small as to be very
easily overlooked.
The three very small onchia are more or less equal in size.
Their forward-pointing,acute apices are about opposite the anterior borders of
the amphids.
The oesophagus is at first three-fifths,
near the nerve-ring and in
front of the cardiac bulb two-sevenths,
and finally three-fourths,
as wide as thecorresponding portion of the neck.
The pyriform cardiac bulb contains a more orless spheroidal,
simple valve, two-sevenths
as wide as the bulb itself.. The oesophagus has a sub distinct, narrow lining, and a fine musculature.
The intestine,
which has a more or less thick wall and a faint lumen, soon becomes half as wide
as the body. In cross-section it presents but few cells. The cardiac collum is onefourth as wide as the base of the neck.
The widest of the variable, colorless granules found scattered in the intestinal cells are twice as wide as one of the annules..
The longitudinal fields are three-fifths as wide as the body.. The tail is conoid fromthe rather prominently
raised anus.. The large, rather frail, tapering, somewhat
blunt spicula, at their widest parts, near the proximal ends, are one-fourthaswide as the corresponding
portion of the body.
There is a rather frail, slenderaccessory piece:
The elevated,"campanulate,"subequidistant
supplementaryorgans begin opposite the proximal parts of the spicula and are stationed at a

I
I

328

ORDER ANAXONCHIA
from

distance
diameter

each

The

organsasymmetricaL
forward.

organsof Chromadora.

fifths, as widevaryingfrom

one-sixth

nearlyas highas theyareEachfartherfilled withotheris connectedTheysomewhatThe

ejaculatory

granular

pplIn

In"

ocellatu8

minute;of one,arewide,internal,

entire

body-

and

more

or

are

refractive

piece,

a little

duct is one-half, the vas deferens
portionof theone-third

male

as wide.6 10.5 26.
2A~::...I1.9

sexualcylindroid
neckin its anterior.~ conoid

three-

organsas the body,-M_45 95.
3 0\19 >26..

the cuticle is also longitudinallylesssupplementary

Beach, Woods Hole, Mass.., U. S.. A.

n.. sponwhatto one,the well-developed

spermatocytes,

having a distinctectosarc
Habitat.: Beach sand, Bathing
to water. Fig.. 107, p.. 327.
108.. Cophonchus
striae exceedingly

anresemble

A considerable

as the body..

spherical

with

COPHONCHUS,

striatedis almostimperceptibly
part..
Cuticlerelatively

is

and

Flemming

Transverse

The someconvexthick :er

Pll on the head.. A fewshort setae occur here and there on
the neck
There appear to be three somewhat confluent.

oe lips with papillaeon theiroutermargins,
probablytothe number of six. There are two dark-brown dorsally

amp!/
set

submedianeye-spots and opposite them in the ventral
portion of the oesophagus
a linear collectionof pigoc mented granules, from which there also extends backwardomp
II
1\\ a line of scattered
granules.
Similar granules
occur
spn
'OmOethroughout
the oesophagus in groups ofa score or more.
Spear-likeonchium very slightly sigmoid.
It is probablethat the pharynx
extends back to opposite therowofcephalic setae. The cuticle on the anterior
surface of the head, as far back as the cephalic setae or a little farther, reminds
one of the coveringon the head in Thoracostoma, but the thickening is less pronounced, and the cuticle here is not materially different in color or texture fromthat elsewhere on the body. Where the cuticle reaches its maximum thickness,near the lips, it is three to four times as thick as elsewhere on the body.
Fromthis point backward to near the base of the head, it gradually grows thinner
The oesophagus continues to have the same diameter until after it passes throughthe nerve-ring;
there it begins to enlarge, so that finally it is two-fifths as wide
as thebaseof the neckThe

intestine, set off by

a deepconstriction,

becomes

at once about two-thirds
as wide as the body Its cross-section
would present
four to six cells packed with minute granules
The conoid cardia is one-fourth
as wide as the corresponding portion of the body. The renette cell is about
half as wide as the body, and is located on the ventral side just in front of the
cardia; its pyriform ampulla is one-fifth as wide as the corresponding
portion of
the neck.
The lateral fields appear to be about one-third as wide as the body,and to contain numerous, rather small, scattered nuclei.
The nerve-ringsurrounds the oesophagus squarely.
Tail of the male conoid in the anterior fourfifths; thence cylindroid for a short distance to the almost imperceptibly
swollenterminus.
The caudal glands are apparently
located opposite to and a little
behind the anus, and present the peculiaritythat one of them, the one on 'theventral side, has a separate duct leading to the separate smaller ampulla in theslightly enlarged spinneret, while the other two have their ducts parallel andclose together and appear to join in a single, much larger ampulla opposite thesmaller one
From these ampullae, minute ducts lead backward to the poreof the spinneret, which presents a minute, conoid depression on the terminus
Supplementaryorgan tubular, of about the same diameter as the spicula, extend-

ISONEMELLA

329

ing first inward, then directly forward.
It is about one-third as long as the corresponding
body-diameter
Its outlet is opposite the middle of the spicula.
There appear to be some obscure papillae on the tail, evidenced by almost imperceptible ventral elevations..
Mention may be made of one of these near the
beginning of the middle third, and another near the beginning of the posterior
third.
Spicula slender, uniform, acute, one and one-half times as long as thetail, and five to six times as long as the anal body-diameter.
Their proximal
ends are cephalated
by expansion.
They are accompanied,both in front andbehind, at their distal extremities,
by accessory pieces two-thirds
as long as theanal body-diameter.
The ejaculatoryduct is one-fourth
as wide as the body,and extends forward to near the middle of the body, where it joins the testes.
Habitat.: Shoal in Kingston Harbor, Jamaica, in about one foot of water..
Thisgenus bears a very considerable
resemblance
to Digitonchus.
Fig. 108, p. 328.
.4

12.8 27.

Y

90.4

26 29
28
2.1> 13",
109.. Isonemellaacuta n.. sp..'Y
Body-wall
thick
and muscular; in the middle of the single specimen seen it takes up about threefifths of the radius..
There are a few exceedingly minute setae to be seen on
the tail; otherwise than these, and those shown in the illustration,no others are
known.
There appear to be three lips, but they are so small and so thoroughly
amalgamatedthat it is very difficult to decide on their structure, and it is possible
The mouth opening~hat there is n? division of the margin of the mouth into lips
IS nearly as wIde as the front end of the head. Between the thin lips there is avery short vestibule,whose limits are marked by the presence of an internal
refractive structure on the inner wall of the pharynx very near the margin of thelips. It is impossible to say from the observations
so far made whether thisrefractive marking is a circular affair or whether it is dis- SIlU/O/
onds!
continuous and represents special thickenings on the inner
{}
ump
nfJ
surface of the three componentsof the lip-region.
The
l"
umpn
buspn
result of this thickening
is a sudden, but very slight narrowing of the vestibule..
The very short vestibule, there- oe
lOse
fore, begins nearly as wide as the front of the head, widens
cut
out posteriorly
and then soon suddenly narrows to thebeginning of the pharynx proper..
At its base this lat- .sub-cut
ter tapers
to join the lumen of the oesophagus
At (XffJfOm
first ~ight it appea~s that, .with the exception of the abovend
Oilmentroned, excessIvely mmute, cutinized processes at theompbase of the vestibule,the pharynx does not present any omp
feature suggestive of a particular
armature,
but there is spn><750
neverthelessa minute, forward-pointing
ventral (?) onchium of small size. The
walls of the pharynx, though distinctly outlined by the refractive nature of
the cuticle, are very thin throughout
The lip-region
stains more strongly
than any of the succeeding tissues of the head, or of the anterior part of theneck. All ~hat :r:ortio~ ?f the lip-region in front of the middle of the pharynx
takes part III thIs stammg,
and the posterior
contour of the stained portion
extends outward and backward from the front part of the pharynx.. Behind
this stained portion, indicated in the illustration,
there are two elongated"cavi..
ties," beginning opposite the middle of the pharynx and ending a little behindthe eye-spots, one dorsal and one ventral, and the outer contour of the head
opposite these" cavities"
is very slightly elevated, in the single specimen so far
examined.
When viewed in profile these" cavities"
have a size and contour

330

ORDER

ANAXONCHIA

somewhat similar to that of the pharynx
The amphids, difficult to observe,
have a somewhat elongated, inward, refractive extension, as shown in the illustration"
Eye-spots
colorless or slightly yellow.
There are rather inconspicuous collections of golden brown pigment granules in the anterior portion of theoesophagus..
This latter continues with much the same diameter for some distance, but gradually enlarges..
After it passes through the nerve-ring it is twofifths as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck, and it finally becomes
three-fifths
as wide as the base of the neckIts radial musculature
is very
strongly marked in the posterior half, reminding one to some extent of t~e oesophagus in Bolbella
The nerve cells both before and behind the nerve-rmg are an
unusually prominent feature
A little more than half way from the head to thenerve-ring the foremost of these cells occur as two lateral ellipsoidal granularcells half as wide as long, and having a length one-third as great as the corresponding width of the neck.. Almost on a level with these is a ventral cell,and
immediately
behind them are other lateral cells of somewhat smaller size, andthence onward the neck is packed with cells of the same character, which gradually become globular and continue behind the nerve-ringand cease a1:Jout half
way between the nerve-ring and the cardia
There is a collection of similar cells
in front of and behind the anus.
The cardia is convex-conoid
and about onethird as wide as the corresponding
portion of the body.
The intestine becomesat once about two- to three-fifths
as wide as the body.
The anus is almost
continuous,though the posterior
lip is very slightly raised.
The refractive,
narrow rectum is about one and one-half times as long as the anal body-diameter.
The tail begins to taper from a little in front of the anus, and tapers at much thesame rate behind the anus, in such a fashion that at its middle the diameter isabout one-third as great as at its base; thence onward, it tapers but little andends in a terminus about one-fourth
as wide as its baseCaudal glands appear
to be located in the base of the taiL The renette cell is located just behind thebase of the neck
The lateral fields appear to be about one-half as wide as thebody, and are characterized
by a succession of groups of cells, which are larger
than usually seen in these regions.
These groups contain dozens of nuclei packed
rather closely together.
The groups do not seem to be very regularly arranged,
but succeed each other with intervals between them that are shorter than thelength of the groups.
The groups are of rather uneven size, and are most con..
spicuous between the neck and the anus.
Habitat.: Larat, East Indies.
Marine..
Fig. 109, p. 329.
.7 ;.6. 9. (~:-70. 92.7> 1.6..
.
110. Synonema braziliense n sp. 1.3/ 1.';
1..c1 1.8
12
CutIcle naked
except for the setae at the anterior end.. Mouth depressed..
Lips sub distinct,
flat, rather thin, fairly developed, flap-like; lip-region apparently
twelve-ribbed,
closing nearly together over the rather small pharynx, which may be reckoned
to extend at least a short distance behind the base of the dorsal onchiumThe
oesophagus near the nerve-ring is one-half, just in front of the cardiac bulb onehalf, and finally three-fourths,
as wide as the base of the neck.
This lattermeasurement
represents
the diameter of the valveless, pyriform cardiac bulb.
The musculatureof the oesophagus is colorless, with no indication of the presence of glands
There is a cylindroid cardia one-third to two-fifths as wide as
the base of the neck, and two-thirds as long as the body is wide. The thick-walled
intestine
which has a distinct, refractive lining, becomes at once three-fourths
as wide a~ the body, and in cross-section would present about four cells.. Cardiac
collum one-half as wide as the neck.
From the more or less depressed anus, theSYNONEMA,ANTICYCLUS

331

p:ominent
cutinized rectum e~tends inward a distance equal to the anal bodyAnal muscles a:e dImly to be se~n
The intestinal cells have conspicdIameter".
:-r°us nucleI, and as there IS an almost entIre absence of granules, the intestine
IS very transparent.
Tail arcuate,
conoid.. The three saccate caudal glands
form a close tandem in the anterior half of the tail' , the y. or" .
empty through separate ducts and ampullae.
No caudal'
setae are to be seen.
The lateral fields have not been
ump/iclearly seen; they are probably one-third as wide as the
body and composed mainly of two rows of cells.. The
ontfslgranular renette cell is three times as long as the body is
spnwide and one-sixth as wide as long. It is placed from two
to six body-widths
behind the neck, and seems to be Comx750
posed of about six ellipsoidal,
granular cells, arranged more or less in pairs.
The excretory pore is two-fifths the way back to the nerve-ring;
there is noampulla.
The nerve-ringis accompanied
by distinct nerve cells arrangedingroups.. The following descriptionof the sexual organs is derived from animmature
specimen:
The tubular,
muscular,more or less cutinizedvagina~xtends obliquely forward two-thirds
the distance across the body, where it
Joins the straight uterus, which is about twice as long as the body is wide.
Ova
prolate; the maturest six to eight being arranged single file, the others irregularly,-about
thirty in alL Ovary medium-sized
and tapering
Male unknown
Habitat.: Algae, near lighthouse,
Bahia, BraziL
Sublimate
to balsam.
The
multicellular
renette is highly peculiar.
Fig" 110"
IlL Anticyclus exilis n.. sp
Cephalic setae sixteen, sub cephalic four; cuticle
otherwise naked.. The rather thin lips, apparently
six in number, arch together
over the pharynx, somewhat as in Oncholaimus..
According to the state of themuscularcontractionin the li p s , the head is2~-4j2
.5
4.1
8.2
85
I} I}
14
23
1:1> 22.. slightly convex on the front surface, 6r slightly
c~ncave
Margins of the amphids strongly refrac.3 3.7 7.7-1<-" 86.
~:1

10/

13

1.; »Ie! 3 >29.. tIve, so that their contours are exceedingly distinct.. At first, the oesophagus
has a diameter
fully two-thirds
as great as that of the corresponding
portion of the neck andit retains this diameter :-rntil after it passes through the nerve-ring;
about half
way between the nerve-rmg and the intestine, it begins to expand, and continues
to do so very gradually,so that finally it is about three-fourths
as wide as thebase of the neck.
The anterior cells of the intestine are more transparent
andotherwise different in appearance
from those which succeed, and it not infre..
quently happens that they present a strong resemblance
to the oesophagus
so that the real position of the cardiac constriction
is likely to be mistaken'.
The intestine is at first about two-thirds
as wide as the body.
It soon, how..
ever, becomes three-fourths
to four-fifths as wide as the body, and is composedof rather massive cells, so that the lumen is narrow.
Its cross-section
probably presents about six cells.. These contain numerous granules
rather uniform in size and so arranged as to give rise to an indistinct
tessell~tion
From
the inconspicuous
anus, the rectum, which has about the same length as theanal body-diameter,
extends inward and forward.
The lateral fields are one~hird as wide as the body.
Renette unknown; it is possible that the renette cell
IS unusuallysmall and located near the cardiac constriction..
The tail of thefemale is supposed to be like that 6f the male described below, but there is

332

ORDER

ANAXONCHIA

CROCONEMA

uncertainty
on this point, as all the female specimens so far examined havelacked the posterior portion of the tail;-the
portion present has the same form
as the corresponding
portion of the tail of the male,
From the inconspicuous
vulva, the vagina leads inward and probably slightly forward"
The eggs ~reabout three to four times as long as the body is wide and about one-fourth as wide
as long, The tail of the male IS conoid in the anterior fourth in such fashionthat at the beginning of the second fourth, its diameter is about one-third as great
as at the anus; thence onward, it tapers much less rapidly, and in the posterior
half hardly tapers at all, the diameter for a considerable distance in front of theterminus being no greater than that of the thickness of the body-wal,LThere
is present behind the anus a collection of cells which bear some resemblance
to caudal glands, but whether they really are caudal glands and empty ~h~ougha spinneretat the terminus
remains uncertain"
The seventeen
eqmdlstant
supplementaryorgans are rounded, low, conoid papillae separated by distances
about equal to their own diameters,
and occupy a distance 'from two to threetimes as great as the corresponding
body-diameter.
These organs appear to be
innervated,but they at times closely resemble mere transverse
corrugationsof the cuticle"
Behind the anus, at least when the tail is in curved, there arefolds in the cuticle that present a very similar appearance to those just describedas supplementaryorgans, occurring in front of the anus; these are confined to
the wide and muscular portion of the tail, and do not extend, as a rule, as far
backward as the corresponding
appearancesin front of the anus extend forward"
Spicula somewhat longer than t~e anal. body-diam~t?r,
set,f{J!J/I/
sctmtsubm..
'.
more strongly arcuate toward their proximal extremities
thepI/ than near the anus" They extend about two-thirds
distance across the body and then curve around toward
There extend from the proximal
ends
r!JcplL the body-axis"..

toward the anus nearly straight refractive elements thatpossibly indicate that the spicula are much wider
in the middle than at either extremity"
The spicula areaccompaniedby accessory pieces which extend inward£.
...'
iuolOe from the anus pretty nearly at right angles and end near
the body-axis.
The ejaculatoryduct is two-fifths as wide as the body.. Posterior testis much the smaller"
Habitat,: Bath Tub Springs, Jamaica, near Salt River,
These are salt springs
having about body temperature"
Fig" 111.
amp

may
. oe

0

6

11'6 9112. Cr oconema cinctum n, sp.-~'3 -%~(;H - - -{~ - JJH )124n. Cuticle thicktransparent,
yellow, composed of about 500 annules impartingto the contourof the body throughout
a distinctly
crenate appearance,and bearing numerous
short, stiff, slightly curved bristles, having a length somewhat greater than its
own thickness,
The cuticle of the head seems to consist of a single, somewhat
hemisphericalhelmet-like piece.
In all, there must be at least six irregular longitudinal rows of setae on the "helmet,"but it seems impossible to pick out any
single circlet of these setae that particularly
merit the term cephalic setae,
The spreading setae on the neck curve backward,
Both here and toward thetail end, these setae are shorter than near the middle of the body where they
are tapering, acute, nearly twice as long as the cuticle is thick and have a baseone-fourth as wide as the distance between two successive annules of the cuticle"
When the mouth is closed, the tips of the lips are bunched at the middle of thefront of the head" There appear to be about twelve of these tips.
The pharynx

333

is abo~t one-eighth
as wide as the base of the head and is fairly well filled by
the apIces of t~e teeth"
Two of these onchia (?)
have been distinctlyseen,
a dorsal one whICh extends to the base of the lips and has a subacuteconicalr~fractive apex, and whose base is about one-eighth as wide as the corre~pondin~dIameter of the head, and a larger submedian
one with a conical refractive
apex, and having a base somewhat wider than that of the dorsal'
one"its Thislatter has a length somewhat greater than the width of the amphids andbaselies near the center of the head and rather behind the middle of th~ pharyngeal.
bulb
The pharynx
is strongly
umph
on
. /!J
set/phcutinized, and manifestly
extends
backward through the greater partof the region surroundedby theIilJp!J"helmet.,The rather
obscure"change from pharynx to oesophagus takes place suddenly
alongphtwo loci which extend obliquely
outwardand forwardfrom thelumen of the oesophagus,Theoesophagus retains the same diameter until after it passes throughthe nerve-ring;soon after that it
begins to enlarge
graduallyindiameter, so that finally it is three..
fourths as wide as the base of the X 750
msc somtfm sumspnneck,
The intestine is at first very narrow, about one-fifth as wide as the body,and for a short distance has a different structure from the portion that follows"
Possibly this first part should be considered a cardia,
In this cardiac portion
there are no cells containing
granulesImmediately
behind the "cardiac';
portion, the intestineis half as wide as the body and would present eight toten cells in cross-section"
The cells contain brownish granules of uniform size,
so arranged as to give rise to a distinct tessellation..
The intestine is moder~tely thick-walled.
From the raised anus, the strongly cutinized rectum, which
IS somewhat
longer than the anal body-diameter,
extends inward and thenalmost directly forward, so that it joins the intestine considerably
ventrad fromthe body-axis..
The tail is arcuate-conoid,
and presents the peculiarity
thatthe annules of the cuticle cease in front of the middle; thence onward, the cuticle
is considerably
thicker and is traversedby radial markings,
which pass outward and a little backward and give to the surface of this portion of the taila distinctly
punctate
appearance,
which, however,is less marked than thesimilar appearance
on the head" The caudal glands are arranged tandem immediately in front of the anus, extending from the end of the intestine proper toa little behind the anus,
There is apparently
a small renette
cell immediately
behind the oesophagus.
The nerve-ringsurrounds
the oesophagus
obliquely..
From the slightly elevated, rather inconspicuous
vulva the vagina
extends nearly half way across the body" The ovaries reach more than half~ay back to the vulva, and contain a dozen to twenty developing ova, arranged
Irregularly,
Habitat:' Sand and marine algae, in surf, shore of small island off Port RoyalJamaica.
Fig 112.
'

334

ORDE.RANAXONCHIA

RHINEMA

113. Nudora lineata n.. sp. Cuticle two to three times as thick at the h~ad
end as elsewhere; more or 18ss like that of Desmodora,
but with longitudinal
striae somewhat like those of Monoposthia.
The annules increase in width,and are more accentuated,
toward the head.
Each of the ten longitudinalwings
appears to comprise a series of "V "-like markings on the anterior portion of
the body, which are reversed on the posterior..
Following the senate ~ontourof the head it is discovered that this reversal takes place not far behmd theneck.
There seem to be twelve, subdistinct,
more or less conoid, minute, bluntlabial elements.
The labial papmae are more or less setose, one seta between
each pair of labial elements..
Limits of the pharynx rendered very definite on
account of the elongated pharyngeal
swelling
Anterior part of the pharynx
cyathiform,
posteriortriquetrous-tubular..
Posteriorpart of the neck cylinJ(f{;/!J((jJs(f{;/!J(6J q;!lr(4J ~2- _l~d~.
'.
j) I.!' 23

Iii~
ph

.

'0

- -

~9_27

..J~) >176u
I 5,,)

droid,

anterior

convex-co-

noid..
The amphidsappear/li.~2- _l:~-!",- - - 2[- -90 >148u to be cylindroid depressions
3 4 - ~ 27
on 2~ 2 9 ~about as deep as the cuticle

is thick.
In front of the wide annule bearing the amphids,
there is another!;tbout as wide as those on the neck,
TIlSC
which, however, does not thin out on its anterior edge,
sfHI as do the regular annules. Following this annule comesthe lip-region,
which in contra-distinction
takes a carmine stain.. The elon.gated, pharyngeal bulb, one-half as wide as the neck, is set off from the remainderof the oesophagus by a constriction..
The oesophagus is at first one-third, near
the nerve-ring one-third, preceding the cardiac bulb one-third, and finally fivesixths, as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck
The cardiac bulb iscylindroid and makes up one-third of the oesophagus
Its musculature
is coarseand colorless.
The oesophageal
tube expands suddenly to form the cardiac
bulb, which is divided into two main parts by a break in its musculature.
There
are smaller breaks, also, near each end. The lining of the oesophagus appears
to occupy one-sixthof its width.
The rather thin-walled,
narrow intestine
becomes at once one-fifth as wide as the body.
At the cardiac constriction
theintestine
joins the center of the posterior
surface of the oesophageal
bulb..
Minute granules are scatteredin the intestinal
cells. The conoid tail, on which
there are obscure longitudinal
striae, tapers from the anus to the non-striated,
simple, symmetricalspinneret.
The broadly saccate caudal glands form a close
tandem in the anterior half of the tail.
Slender caudal setae occur on the tailend, both preanal and postanal, three to four ventrally submedian,and three tofour dorsally submedian,just in front of as well as behind the anus, about one
and one-half body-widths
apart, and shorter on the male than on the female..
The rather broad ovary tapers near its blind end. The flattish ova are arranged
for the most part single file
The spicula are frail, very slender, mostly uniform,
but finally tapering and acute.. Their proximal ends appear to lie about opposite
the body-axis.
The yellow accessory pieces are somewhat
longer than the
spicula..
They are arcuate and stoutish, and their proximal ends appear to lie
somewhat dorsad from the body-axis..
There are two obscure supplementaryorgans, the anterior of which is located at a distance in front of the anus equal
to one and one-half body-diameters,
the posterior being opposite the middle ofthe spicula.
These consist 9fslightelevations
further accentuatedby smallalterationsin about three consecutive
annules.
Habitat.: Sand, below low tide mark, Hull, Massachusetts,
U. S.. A. Fig.. 113.

335

114.. Rhinema retrorsum n.. sp. Cuticle thick, interrupted
at twelve places so
as to form exceedingly
distinct longitudinal
wings, which when brought into
focus give a somewhat"
fishbone" -like effect.. The annules and their modifications give a retrorse appearance
to the entire cuticle, but in reality the striae
are retrorse in the posterior part of the body, and the reverse in the anterior part..
Some of the cuticular markings cease in front of the anus on the male and are
not continued on the tail, so that the tail has a somewhat unusual appearance.
There are submedianlongitudinal
striations
extendingto the middle of the
tail
Neck for the most part cylindroid.
Opposite the dorsal tooth there
is a distinct junction with the cuticle of the lip-region indicated by an almost
imperceptible
constriction
encircling
the head.. In front of this constriction
there are two others, close together, connected with the lip-region.
Lips withoutward-curved
api-2~ _1~/li(6J l'ef1lb
J!1~ >11.. q;ose(f,.:."2:J'~'ces,
surroundinga 1:2:
28 ~=--3.. 3..7 22.
O.
cya th I f '.orm cavIty
32... ~9~Jc7,2"ondrlbUJ/!J.11,,- >12"2.)) - 35- 3:8 - - ~=36-2.8""
havinga diameter
nmph

J

about

three-fifths

as greatas thatof thefrontof murph

the head, and a depth not more than half thatamount..
Into the midst of this shallow cavity the bIb
dor~al ~nchium projects
Sometimes, however, this ph.
cavity IS deeper, namely, when the dorsal tooth iswithdrawn

to a greater extent.

Then the cavity

cn1J~

.

_spn

'arpn

is about half as wide as the head, and about as deep
750 oil/. 11m
ul-p.'ifJn
as wid~, and the lip-region is manifestly
more closely folded.
Onchium faintly
spear-lrke.
Muscles of the pharynx
of an entirely
different characterfrom
those of the oesophagus, which begins as a tube about half as wide as the corresponding portion of the neck, and continues to have this diameter until after
it passes through the nerve-ring,
thereafter
expanding
gradually,
but finally
Romewhat faster, so that at the end it becomes two-thirds
as wide as the baseof ~he neck.
The posterior swelling is of such a character that one might speakof It as a bulb.. There is no very distinct cardia.
Renette unknown.
Vaginareaching half way across the body.. Mature ova at the flexure, ready to enter
the uterus, are one and one-half times as long as the body is wide and about half
as wide as long, with nuclei one-third as broad as themselves.
The narrow ovaries are more or less cylindroid and contain comparatively
few ova, apparently
arrangedmore or less single file.. Anus of the male distinctly
raised.
Tailarcuate and conoid to the naked terminus, which has a length about equal tothat of five of the preceding annules..
Position of the caudal glands doubtful
but it seems quite possible that they are located in the base of the taiL Ther~
are a few inconspicuous
hairs on the smooth terminus that are not shown in theillustration,of which two have been seen in the ventrally
submedian position,
having a length about two-thirds
as great as the corresponding
diameter of the~erominus: No supplementsor special papillae or setae have been seen, though
It IS possIble that very small setae may have escaped observation..
The slenderslightly arcuate, rather uniform spicula have their proximal ends almost imper~
ceptibly cephalated
by expansion.
The uniform proximal three-fourthsof thespicula, when viewed in profile appear to have approximately
the width of oneof the adjacentannules.
In the distal fourths the spicula taper to an acutepoint.
There is a single, nearly straightbut slightly"-shaped accessory
piece, two-thirds as long as the spicula, which is acute at S"its distal extremity
and capable of protrusion to a certain extent
It is fully as wide as the spicula

336

ORDER

ANAXONCHIAPTYCHOLAIMELLUS

Its proximal half curves away from the spicula and then recurves, and is connected with the ventral part of the body-wall a short distance behind the anusby means of oblique muscles.
Habitat:. Coral sand. New Hebrides
This genus differs from Chromadora,
Spilophoraand Euchr~madorain the possession of distinct circular amphids,
and also in the possession of twelve longitudinal cuticular costae.
In this latter
respect it resembles Monoposthia,
but here the spicula are double, and there
are no supplementaryorgans or swellings.
The lip-region and pharynx also present contrasts with any of the above genera.
The striking differences are: (1)The continuationof the pharynx in its narrow part as a definite well lined posterior chamber, ending definitely opposite the point where the pharyngeal
bulb
is separated from the oesophagus by a distinct constriction.
(2) By the form of
the lips, which; instead of being soft and internally folded so as to give rise toabout twelve refractive ribs, or folds, are more strongly built, cutinized and out..
wardly recurved,
and are only six in number..
(3) -M-Fig.. 114, p.. 335..
15 . 97'16.6.; 4, .~

115.. Iotadorus punctulatus n. sp ('!3~,"-M...

80
65 ;'-;":5'9>.4.. Striae of thenaked cuticle resolvable into rows of dots, which are modified a little on thelateral fields, where there are distinguishable
two longitudinalrows of markings
close together on each side of the lateral line, at least toward the anterior extremity and on the neck
The neck is cylindroid
There are probably four or six
short and inconspicuous
cephalic setae in the midst of the labial constriction.
There are twelve lips of the character usually found in the genus Cyatholaimus,
but smaller, and in such a position in the specimen examined that it is impossible to make out the details, except that when the mouth is open about twelve
papilla-likelips of small size are to be seen toward the margin of the head.
Behind the pharyngeal
bulb the oesophagus
is about one-half as wide as thebase of the head
It continues to have this diameter until after it passes through/J/IJ
00//J the nerve-ring, when it expands to form the pyriform cardiac.
bulb, which contains a distinct but simple valvularapparatus.
(UJO
The intestinejoins the middle of the posterior
surface of theph cardiac bulb, and is at that point only about one-fourth
as wide
as
the
base
of
the
neck;
it
gradually
widensout
soastobecomeoehalf as wide as the body.. It would present fe'Y cells in crossrpn
750
section, perhaps only two. The renette cell is about one-third
as wide as the body, and fully twice as long as wide, and lies a short distancebehind the base of the neck.. The tail of the male is conoid in the anterior threefourths; thence onward it tapers more rapidly to the minute spinneret..
The
posterior fourth of the tail is more finely striated than the remainder.
Caudal-setae few, minute, and scattered.
The proximal ends of the uniform spicula arebent over toward the ventral side of the body.
The spicula are of very peculiar
form, the proximal halves being much more strongly arcuate than the distal
halvesAt the distal extremity
each spiculum is bifurcated,
one fork, theanterior, being rudimentary,
while the other, the posterior, is somewhat S-shaped
and acute distally.
The finger-shaped
apophysis of the accessory extends backward nearly parallel to the body-axis.
The apophysis is nearly as strongly cutinized as the spicula themselves,and has a length nearly equal to that of the anal
body-diameter.
The apoPhysis is nearly twice as wide as the spicula, whichhave a width about equal to that of three of the adjacent annules of the cuticle.
Ejaculatoryduct about one-third as wide as the body; vas deferens about half..
Habitat.: Punta Arenas, Pacific coast of Costa Rica.
Marine.
Fig.. 115.

337

116. Ptycholaimellus
carinatus n.. sp. Cuticle rather thin and naked, resolvablenear the anterior extremity
into elements which are interrupted
on the lateralfields. Near the middle of the body, the division line between the annules isresolvable into dotlike elements; these are interrupted
by two prominent
lateralwings.
These wings begin near the head and end behind the middle of the tailand near the middle of the body occupy a space about equal to the width of on~of the annules.
Neck

the

head

~~ -~

/2,3

conoid;pro-

2:5:2 ~,~':.:

32~'" 1.:2-

43 -.20,->1522

89.6.?:~. 8.8+ 16. 'Ly/2~-- 3:'2-7-£::4.4 ~2:9 >13u...'

set q;1J(4J.

cstj!J
trus ile , andconnected with the anterior margin of the cervical cuticle by a thin, flexible membrane. on dsJ
When the mouth is closed, it is surrounded by.ltwelve folds in the lip-region, which come ompll
together

and

form

a striated,somewhat

j!J

nIJ

l"

set

tubu-

lar vestibule,having a length about equal to a1
omp
the width of two of the adjacent annulesof the
cuticle.
The lip-region
stains strongly with tl70 .
oecarmine,and is a very striking
featureinstainedspecimens
The lips arch together spn
X 750
over the somewhat spheroidal
anterior portion of the pharynx, which is about
one-third as wide as the front of the head and contains the strongly cutinizedapex of the massive dorsal onchium, which has, passing backward from it, distinct refractive extensions that gradually merge into the structures of the oesophagus
The narrow portion of the pharynx merges gradually into the lumen of
the oesophagus..
The pharyngeal
swelling contains special muscles for the operation of the lips and dorsal onchium; these are much more strongly developedon the dorsal side, and the pharyngeal
swelling presents the peculiarityof being
widest near its anterior part, and tapering gradually nearly half way to the nervering, where the diameter has been so reduced as to be one-thirdthat of thecorresponding
portion of the neck.. The oesophagus continues to hav\) this width
until after it passes through the nerve-ring,where it enlarges rather graduallyfor a short distance, and then more rapidly to form the clavate, or elongatedpyriform, strongly developed cardiac bulb, which occupies the posterior threesevenths of the neck, and becomes three-fourths
as wide as the base of the neck.
This bulb is divided into two approximately
equal parts by a transverse divisionof the musculatureand its valvular apparatus
is correspondingly
divided.
This
latter consists essentiallyin a plain expansion of the lining of the oesophagus,
which is in its widest part, about one-third as wide as the bulb.
There is no distinct cardia.. The intestine joins the middle of the posterior surface of the cardiac bulb, and at this point is only one-fifth as wide as the neck.
It graduallywidens out so as to become half as wide as the body and then diminishes again
to give place to the enormously
developed renette cell, behind which it again
becomes about half as wide as the body.
The intestine is rather thin-walled,its
cross-section
presenting
about four to six cells containing
scatteredyellowish
granules of variable size, the largest of which have a diameter nearly as great as
the width of one of the adjacent annules of the cuticle..
From the slightly raisedanus, the rectum extends inward a distance equal to the anal body diameter.
The lateral fields are fully one-third as wide as the body.
The renette cell, twothirds to three-fourths
as long as the neck, is clavate, and at its widest part half

, ",~~-~,-"-.,,--,-,~~-,---,,,,,~'"~O:;"""'-"-==-~":='-0:=.
--~~--"~-4~~"

338

ORDER

ACTINONEMA,ANAXONCHIA

as wide as the body,
It contains a single nucleus, which is swung centrally inthe protoplasmic
network,
The renette cell has two spherical ellipsoidal companion cells in the rear" The excretory pore lies at the base of the lips, and isconnected with the elongated, fusiform ampulla by means of a duct which extends
from the base of the lips to nearly opposite the base of the pharynx,
Sometimes the ampulla is much elongated, and one-fourth as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck, reaching nearly to the nerve-ring,
The tail begins to taperfrom far in front of the anus, and tapers at about the same rate for some little
distance behind the anus, then tapers more rapidly for a short distance,
andthen finally tapers graduallyto the terminus
The caudal glands are locatedin the base of the tail.
The vulva is massive and yet does not project muchbeyond the main ventral contour.
It is prominent
on account of a depression
which surrounds
it
From the vulva the large vagina leads inward half way
across the body" The tapering, reflexed ovaries reach half way back to the vulva
and contain upwards of ten ova arranged single file
The prolate eggs are nearly
as long as the body is wide and have been seen in the uterus one at a time,The
distance between the wings on the cuticle, near the anus of the male, is about
equal to the width of two of the annules,
The tapering, yellowish spicuJa are
more strongly arcuate in their proximal halves than elsewhere,
At their widest
part they are about one-sixth as wide as the corresponding
portion of the body.
Their prQximal ends, when viewed laterally,
appear to lie opposite the body..
axis. An indistinct
refractive line passes from the proximal ends of the spicula
to the distal ends, indicating that the spicula may be wider than would be judged
by a considerationof only the main portion of their framework.
The accessory
pieces are one-half as long as the spicula and in the main parallel to them andare arranged in comparatively
close contact"
Near the anus, however, the framework of the accessory pieces bends away from the spicula,
Each accessory pieceends in an acute protrusile point, which is rather suddenly and rather markedly
bent forward
The spicula present the same arcuate appearancesat their tips
as do the accessory pieces" Both the ejaculatoryduct and vas deferens are about
one-third
as wide as the corresponding
portion of the body"
Habitat,: Larat, East Indies
Marine; apparently
very common,
Sublimate
to balsam.
Fig" 116, p" 337" An examinationof sloughed cuticle of the headgave equally satisfactoryevidence of the existence of joints in the setae,
117" Aetinonema paehydermatumn" 8P Cuticle naked, very thick, occupying
one-half the radius as measured at the base of the neck.
Annules alike except
they grow narrower
toward1!J!3I .35 8,6 -'6:
~5~'~ ~'->83mm thatthe extremities,
especially the head:s - 2,,4 -3 3- - 4,2 - 25
on?
85 ,,9.. end; resolvable with difficulty into
.35 9.2 _16,
~)[
nmph

1:- -2:4 - -2.7 - -2:9" ~2,5>

rod-likemarkings,-with

lessdiffi-

culty on the anterior half of the body" The prominent wings, beginspn ning on the neck, end near the middle of the taiL As there are deep,
narrow grooves between the annules, the contour of the body is irregx750
ularly crenate"
Head set off by contraction
and a deep constriction, subtruncate;mouth more or less depressed,
The lip-region is one-half as highas wide, and appears to be composed of three fairly well developed, rounded, subdistinct lips, which are set off by constriction
This lip-region appears as if
protrudingfrom within the thick cuticle, and stains in carmine while the cuticle
remains quite colorlessOn the lips there are no obvious signs of a cuticle
The

339

RHIPS

pharynx is very small and inconspicuous,or even absent apparently,
There seems
to exist, however, a minute, more or less arcuate dorsal onchium, to be seen inbalsam specimens only when exserted
The neck is conoid, the head convexconoid.
Amphids nearly straighttransverse
slits, four-fifths
as long as thecorresponding
diameter of the head, and apparently
eight times as long as wide,
One of the foremost annules appears to be more or less dislocated;-that
is tosay, the regular succession of the fore-most annules is somewhat disturbed
by

x750

Spthe presence of the amphids, which are otherwise almost'' invisible"
Oesophagus more or less conoid, but decidedly
clavate posteriorly"
N ear the head it is two-fifths, near'~ the nerve-ring
about one-fourth,and finally one-half, aswide as the corresponding
portion of the neck., There isno distinct cardia,
The rather thin-walled intestine, whichbecomes at once two-fifths as wide as the body, has a disI
tinct lumen"
Its cross-section
presents four to six cells"
j Cardiac collum one-fifth as wide as the body
From the

~'

'

f\'i
cut",,;,

,

\

Dn

sp

,'A.,DCdepressed anus the prominent cutinized rectum is one andone-fourth
times as long as the anal body-diameter..
Thecells of the intestine contain numerous, very fine, colorless granules,
The conoid, subarcuate
tail tapers from in front of the anus to the simple, unarmed, convex-conoid,
rather blunt spinneret"
The ellipsoidal
caudal glands are small
and inconspicuous,
more or less unsymmetrical,
and apparently
lie in a close tandem opposite the anus,
The elongatedto fusiform, granular renette cell lies
behind the neck a distance equal to one and one-half body-diameters;
it is aslong as the body is wide and one-fifth as wide as long
Female sexual organs
double"
The tapering ovaries are of moderate size and extend half way back to
the vulva,
They contain few ova arranged for the most part single file, The
simple, strong, tapering, rather stout spicula are at their widest part about onesixth as wide as long, Their proximal ends appear to lie more or less opposite
the body-axis
The simple, rather frail, slender accessory piece is about twothirds as long as the spicula
There are no supplementsor special papillae
Hab~tat,: "Seagrass,"
shoal, two miles off Key West, Florida, U.
S" A" Fig" 117,
cut

i'"'

9

118, Rhips

ornata

n

6..

12.

sp, i-3---2-2:)--ij;

21
19
'53'

3

90.
mm

1.9~>L5 Cuticle

thick,

more or less crenate"
Striae resolvable into rod-like markings,.feW~changing so as to produce a basketwork-like
effect on the neck"On the posterior
half of the body on each lateral field each 011
annule presents two forward-pointing,"V "-shaped marks of om
unequaJ size, the ventral being the larger; these are inconspicuous, but are less so posteriorly.
These markings occur also on da
the anterior half of the body, but are there reversed,
On a par qmp
with the celphalic setae, and just in front of the ends of theamphids, there are four sublateral]
special scales, or short] Y.750

contour"more or less conical horns, about half as long as the setae,

Ij!i

.roo

(ppl Fig. 118;.).

What function is associated with these peculiar appendages
is unknown.
Lipsvery minute, apparently
six and double"
The neck has the peculiarityof diminishing more rapidly from the middle forward for a short distance.
The dorsal
onch~um is opposed by one or two very minute ventrally submedian onesThe
oesophagus is conoid, though there is a more or less pronounced
clavate cardiac
swelling
At the nerve-ring, the oesophagus is one-half, and finally three-fourths,

340

ORDER

ABBREVIATIONSANAXONCHIA

as wide as the corresponding
portion of the neck
The rather prominent liningof the oesophagus finds expression in about three parallel refractive lines, occu-

pying a space equal to two-fifths its width..

USED IN ILLUSTRATIONSFrequently the abbreviations are combinedJ thus: set trm, seta terminalis, terminal hair; sel f.,-phdxt subl, seta eephaliea dextT'a sublatemlis, right sublateral cephalic seta.

rph.ffJ

The.flib-cutfine musculature
is more or less pigmented.
There
is a decided thickeningof the lining in the cardiac
swelling.
There is no cardia.
The thin-walled
intestine presents a faint lumen, and becomes at

cae!

once three-fifths as wide as the body.

RlSC..-.

Cardiac col-11>_,

lum one-fourth
as wide as the neck
From themore or less continuous
anus, the inconspicuous
osup..
rectum leads inward a distance one and one-fourth
times as great as the anal body-diameter.
The
postanal region has the appearanceof lacking one ffJ.
of the regular striae.
Colorless granules of variable size are scattered in the intestinal cellsThelargest of them are about half as wide as one of the .ffJ'
annules.
The conoid, subarcuate
tail tapers fromin front of the anus to the convex-conoid
spinneret.
DC..
Apparently,
the caudal glands lie in the anterior
third of the taiL Though the renette has not beenclearly seen, it appears to lie two body-widths
un.
behind the neck, to be elongated and twice as longas the body is wide.
The large, elevated, conspicuous vulva, occupying twenty-five to thirty annulesof the cuticle, leads to a medium-sizedvagina.
The female sexual organs aredouble and symmetricallyreflexed.
The eggs are probably rather large, sincean ovum which has not yet entered the uterus, but appears to be mature, isthree times as long as the body is wide.
Spherical,
granularspermatozoa,.9 7.3. 14.
-M:" 90. 1 2
one-half as wide as theTi---'-rt-2--'x-=;;:; 2-0->
body, were seen in theuterus.
Spiculatwo-jointed,
as shown in the illusde.
tration.
A mature
specimen
was seen in which the
spiculawere lacking,suggestingthat possibly
they
are lost at the time of copulation..
See adjacent illustra0 SlIp
tion.. Accessory pieces, two in front of the spicula andtwo behind, with an additional
median one behind,mi'that is to say, five in all. The ventral, longitudinal
optical section, about twenty-fiveannules in front of theanus, is such that the subcuticle appears more or less as
if retrorsely
serrate.
This alterationin the annules is
co-extensive with the oblique copulatory
muscles, so that no doubt these structures must be regarded as indicating
the presence of supplementaryorgans.
Habitat.: Marine mud, Ocean Beach, Florida,
U. S. A. Fig. 11Sa, p. 339;
Figs 11Sb and G..
Uc, accessory.
ai, afferental, wlng
amp, ampul1~
amph, amphld
an, anus, anal
anak, anakinesis,
anaphaseann, annu.leant, antenor
an'1fs, a~us
aptc, aplCulum
apnd, appendage
apph, apophysisar, area, field
asp, aspect, view
ast, aster
axil, axil, axillaryax, axis, axisAas, basebirefr, birefringent
bIb, bulb, bulbous
bTS, bursa, bUIsal

B

C al,cav,lime,cavIty~alcaleous
cd, edl, tail, caudal
cer, celatin, ceratinous
cerv, cervicalchrm, color, chromatio
chrmt, chromatinchr,sm, chromosome
chrt, chromatincir, cinus, cirriel, cell, cellularcle, cloaca, cloacal
clv, cleavage, cleft
cntr, centrosome
col, collum, constrictioncom, commissure
camp, companion
constr, constriction
cop, copulatory
corp, body, thing, COIpUS
cost, costa, rib, costal
eph, cephalum,
cephalic
cpl, hair, capillarycrd, cardia, cardiac
crib, sieve, meshcrp, corpus, body, thing
crv, neck, cervicalcryst, CIystal, crystalline
cst; costa, rib, costRI
cut, cuticle, cuticularcutn, cutin, cutinous
eytp, cytoplasm. et, ductdep, deposit, depositeddi'ast, diaster
dir, directrix,
guide
dnt, tooth, dental
dntel, denticle, little toothdsc, disc, discoid
dsl, dorsal, dorsad
dst, distal, far, farther
dxt, light, right-handDf, efferent. 'elast, elastic spring, s;:dngy
elev, elevation
elmt, element, component
emb, embryo, embryoniceq, equator,
equatorial
ex, excreta, excretoryp,excretory poreexextn, extension, extended
extnl, external
extT, exterior, outerEab, fn, framework. fa.se, fascicle.finr, fibre, fibrous
fl,x, flexUI'e

F

fr, !ront, frontal
frt, fertile, ~ertilized[urc, fUIoatIOn, forkedg

G aml,' g laaIDndet eglandular,g{Jlot, glottis, glottoid"(lub, gubernaculum,
guide,
cessory pieceand, gonad
gng, ganglion
grn, granule, granularac~,

R ach, rachis,

1m,ing,immatureingested
int, intestine, intestinal
intnl, internal, inner
intr, interior
Jnc,junction,po.st, posterior
pp, ppl, papilla, papillate
prerct, prerectum
prm, primary, firstprok, pIokinesis, prophase
prtph, protophyte
prtz, protozoon
prx, proxima, proximal
pseudon, pseudonchiumpunct, point, bead, dot
pyl, pylorus, pyloric

junctionalI{ ar, karyokinetic

figureL

linelac, lacuna, pit, depressionlam, lamina, plate, laminate
lat, lateral, lateradlb, lip, labial
Ins, lens (of eye)lob, lobe, lobate
longt, longitudinallrv, larva, larval
lngt .sec, longitudinal
sectionlum, lumen, luminal
Maj,major, the larger
mat, maturemar'{], margin, edge, marginal
md, middle, medianmesok, mesokinesis,
mesophasemetak, metakinesis,
metaphase
mierph, microphyte
micr z, microzoon
min, minor, the lesser
mit, mitosis, mitosis-figure
mnd, mandibl€, jaw, mandibula
monast, monaster
msc, muscle, muscular
mUT, wall, mural

N n~~~~ucleus, nuclear
nema, nema, nematoden r, nerve-ringnrv. nerve
nud, naked
eye, ocularoe, oesophagus,
oesophageal
on, onchium, tooth, spear
oneh, onchium, spear, onchial
oeyt, oocyteor, mouth, oralOtg, organ
OTg?, organ in doubt, doubtfulas, ostium
OV,ovum, egg
ovr, ovary, ovarianOc,.

p P;dr ~~~~asite, parasitic

pet, pectoralpelt, peculiar, remarkablepgm, pigment, pigmented
ph, pharynx, pharyngeal
phs, phase, state, condition
pigm, pigment, pigmented
pIp, palp
plr, po],;rpnct, point, dot, punctatepar, pore

341

axial

strand1cpt, receptacle,sack
ret, rectum, rectal
red, reduction, reduced
reg, region
rem, lost, discardedren, renette, ventral gland
res, resv, reservoir
ret, reticulum, reticularrot, r otif er
rtr, retrorse, reversed
rtrct, retractor,
retracting
rud, rudiment,
rudimentaryal, saliva, salivary
sb,sub'.se, scale,scalysec, section, cross-section
secnd, second, secondaryseg, segment, segmented.sem, semen, seminal
set, seta, setaceous
8nst, left, left-hand
80m, soma, body, somatic
8p, spiculum, spicula.sphnc, sphincter.spir, spireme, spit alspm, sperm, spermatozoa
spmet, spermatocyte.pmtd, spermatid
8pn, spinneret
spndl, spindle
spthc, spermathecasq, scale, squamulest, stoma, mouth, pore.str, stria, striatedsub, sub, nearly, almost
suM. subdorsal
8ubl, sublateralsubm, submediansub.st, substance,
mattersubv, subventral
sup, supplement,
supplementarysut, sutureS

Tb, tube, tubularteg, shell, tegument
telek, telekinesis,
telephasete.l, tessellation
tr ans, transvel setrm, end, blind end, terminal
ttrd, tetrad, four-foldtum, tumo!', swelling, swollen

ut,uterus, uterine

V vesselvag, vagina, vaginalvalv, valve, valvularvas, vesselvas def, v del, vas deferens
vesic, vesicle, vesicularvlv, vulva
vnt, ventral, ventrad
vst, vestige, vestigial
vstbl, vestibule, vestibular
vstg, vestige, vestigialzon,zone, zonal

INDEX

INDEX
page

page
carotJ::onchus

A VIVIparus

321

acanthurum
ZanemaActinonema
pachydermatum
acuminatus
Catalaimus .
acuta
Isonemella.
aeq uale
Litiniumaequalis
Dactylaimus
Alaimellacinctatruncata..
Alaimonema
multicinctum,
americanum
Rhabdocoma. ...
Amphispirarotundicephalaamplicolle
Axanchium..

283
338
308
329
234
250
233
.234
327
252
324
305

Anaxonchium
Iitorium. ..
Anoncholaimus
mobilis....
Anticyathus
tenuicaudatus,
Anticyclus
exilis.....
Antomicron
pellucidum..
Aphelenchulus
mollis.
. .
Apodontium
pacificum.
Aponchiumcylindricolle
Asymmetrella
glahra....
attenuatum
Ceramonema
a ureusProtrellus'
Axonchium
amplicolle

319
312
245
331
241
301
277
298
287
264
256
305

Blattophila

sphaerolaima

Bolbella
ten uidens
Bolbinium
brevicolle.
Bolbolaimus
pellucid uspunctatus
Bolbonema
brevi colle
braziliense
Synonema.
brevicolle
Bolbinium
Bolbonema
Stilbonema
brevicoIIis
Hyalaimus

271
'

308
240
319
321
264
330
"
..
.

238

cad~~~~Is~Ians
Campylaimus
inequalis..
.....,..
carcinicolum(Baylis)Tripylium
carinatus
Ptycholaimellus

Catalaimus
acuminatus
Catanema
exile.

240
264
242

307
232
288

.

337
".

308
271

page

cephalata
Pseudolella
Xennella.
cephalatum
Micromicron
Cephalobellus
pa pilliger.. ..
Cephalobium
microbivorum
Ceramonema
attenuatum
Cham bersiellarodens. ..
Choronema
simplexcinctaAlaimella
Leptonemeiia
Cinctonema
tenue
cinctum
Croconema.
Rhynchonem~.
Coinonemapunctatum.

268
233
324
245
270
264
278
238
233
244
244
.

259

Colpurella
fontinalis.
Cophonchus
ocellatus
Croconema
cinctum
Cr ystallonema
fuscacephalum
simileCyartonema
flexile...
cylindricolle
Apanchiumcylindrico]]js
Mesodorus."
cylindricum
Triplonchium
Cynurauniformis. .
Cytolaimium
exile

257
328
332
282
283
242
298
325
3CO
262
251

Dactylaimus
aeq ualis
Daptonema
fimbriatum
fissidens
DasynemasexaIineatum
demonstransCampydora
Dideltamaculatum
Digitonchus
uniformis"..
,......"
Dorylaimus
Dujardinlongicollis
Doryllium
uniforme
exile

Catanema

Cytolaimium. "IIlium...
... ..
Po]ylaimium
Ypsilonexilis
Anticyclus.
Linhomoella
Schistodera
fecundum
Synodontium
ferox
Gammanema
Tho6nchusfimbriatum
Daptonema

332
260

.

250
282
281
253
307
252
314
306
303
271
251
261
274
314
331
254
231
280
291
310
282

342

page
fissidens
Daptonema
flexileCyartonema
Rhadinema
fontinalis
Colpurella. ..
fuscacephalum
Crystallonema

281
242
256
257
282

Gammanema
ferox
glabraAsymmetrella
Gonionchus

291
287

villosus ,,315

granulifera
Pseudolella
granulosus
Leptonchus.
guttata
Trilepta .
guttatus
Nannolaimus

H

268
304
312
255

alanonchus

maCIUIus
HalinemaspinosumheteruI us
Myolaimus

266
267

.

274

Hyalaimus
brevicollis

238

I lIium

exile.....
imperfectum(Biit~chli)
Iotanchium.
inequalis
Campylaimus
Ianemaocellatum
Iotadorus
punctulatus
Iotalaimus

striatus,,

Iotonchium
imperfectum
Ironellaprismatolaima
Isolaimium
papiIIatum
Isonemella
acuta

L

(ButschIi).

aimellalongicauda
Laxonema
majum..,.
Leptogastrella
pellucida.
Leptonchus
granulosus..
Leptonemella
cinctalinea taNudora.
..
Linhomoellaexilis.,
LitiniumaequaleLitonema
nudum,
litorium
Anaxonchium
Omicronema
Litotesminutalongicauda
Laimella.
.
longicaudatus
Onchulus
longicollis
Dorylaimus
Dujardin.

261
302
232
235
336
239
302
277

macruI'um
RhabdocI)ma
rnaCIurus
Halanonchus
maculatum
DideltamajuroLaxonema
M:argonema
ringens..
Mesodoms
cylindricolIis.
Mesonchium
poriferum,.
micI'obivorum
Cephalobium.
Micromicron
cephalatum
minutaLitotes
mobilisAnoncholaimusmo]]jsAphelenchulus
Monhystriumtransitans
wilsoni.. ...
multicihctum
Alaimonema.
Myctolaimus
pel! ucid us.
Myolaimus
heteruI us

252
266
252
243
248
325
294
270
324
230
312
301
284
285
327
276
274

Nannolaimus
guttatus
Nemanema
simplex
Nemel!aocella ta
N eurellasimplexnuda
Xanthodora
Nudolalineatanudum
Litonema
Zalonema

255
230
236
246
317
334
237
272

258
329
261
243
249
304
244
334
254
234
237
319
265

0 beX~~onema
obtusum
Synonchiumocean us
Trissonchulus
ocella ta
NemellaOnchulellaocellatum
Ianema.
Onchium
ocellatus
Cophonchus
Omicronema
litorium
Onchium
ocellatum
Onchulellaocellata
Onchulus
longicaudatus,
ornata
Rhips

323
.

290
297
236
306
235
303
328
265

313
306

pachydelmata
Tycnodora..
pachydermatum
Actinonema.

striata.
prismatolaima
IroneIla
ProtreIl us
aurens".
Pseudolella
cephalata.
granuIifera,.
Pseudonchus
rotundicephalus
Ptycholaimellus
carinatus
punctatum
Coinonemapunctatus
Bolbolaimus
punctulatus
Iotadorus
Pycnolaimus
pygmaeus
pygmaeus
Pycnolaimus
retIOl'Sum
Rhinema,Rhabdocoma
americanummacr urum
Rhadinema
flexileRhinemaretrorsum
Rhips
ornata..
Rhynchone':"~cinctum
lingens
Margonema
IodensChambersiella.
rotundicephala
Amphispira.
rotundicepha]us
Pseudonchus

303
306
313
339

230
261

pacificum
Apodontium
papillatum
Isolaimium
papiIIiger
Cephalohellus
pellucid a
Leptogastrella
pellucidum
Antomicron
Pepsonema
pellucidus
Bolbolaimus
Myctolaimus
Pepsonema
pellucidum
perfectum
Xinema..
Polylaimium
exile..
Polysigma
uniforme
poriferum
1\fesonchium,
Porocoma

231
338

S exilis"..
chistodeI

343
page
277
258
245
249
241
295
319
276
295
263
274
326
294
236
277
256
268
268
273
337
259
321
336
258

tencinctonema
tenuicaudatus
Anticyathus
tenuidens
BolbeIla.
Tho6nchus
ferax.. .
transitans
Monhystrium.
Trilepta
guttata.
Triplonchiu~
cylindl'icum
Tripylium
carcinicolum(Baylis)..
Trissonchulus
oceanus. ..
Trogolaimus
uniformis
truncata
Alaimella
Tycnodora
pachyder mata

page
267
242
236
289
247
239
250
280
290
330
244
245
308
310
284
312
300
288
297
293
234
231

258

uniforme
DorylIium.
Polysigma
uniformis

335

Digitonchus"
Trogolaimus

262
314
293
315

256

Villosus
Gonionchus
vi vi parus
Acanthonchus

335

Wilsoni

Cynura.

252
252

339
260
248
278
324
273

a

sexa]ineatum
DasynemasimileCr ystallonema
simplex
Choronema
Nemanema
Neurella.
sphaerolaima
BIattophiIa

spinosum
Halinema.
Stilbonema
brevicolle
striata
Porocoma
Xyala..
Zygonemeii~
striatus
Iotalaimus
Xenolaimus
Synodontium
fecundum.
Synonchiumobtusum
Synonemabraziliense

231
253

.

Monhystrium

303
326

321
285

Xanthodora
nuda
Xennella
cephalata.
Xenolaimus
striatus.
Xenonema
obesum,Xinemaperfectum
Xyala
striata289

ypsilon
exile

314

317
233
250
323
263

283
238
230
246
271

zalonema
nudum
Zanemaacanthurum
Zygonemellastriata272
283
247