J. Plasma Fusion Res. SERIES, Vol.5 (2002) 370-372

Stimulated Cold Fusion by Positronium Atoms
EMAMI Zahra(P.P.R.C) I.A.U. State University, School of Science,Physics. Dept Rahnamaii. Ave, Mashad. IRAN

(Received: ll December 2001 / Accepted: 19 August 2002)

Abstract
The feasibility of the method introduced in this paper (stimulated cold fusion by positronium atoms)
relied on the subtles of the state-of-the art that through a reciprocal approach one could keep the Plasmacold (the lower the plasma temperature the least the plasma problems engaged) and far from complexities
involved. Then feeding process of the plasma to proceed fusion reactions leading to self-sustained
situation is running through a prefusion reaction by means of positronium exotic atoms annihilation inplasma media.

Obviously without the needs of powerful lasers and giant magnet for heating plasmas to proceed
thermonuclear fusion, two cold light atomic hydrogen rH fuse together whilst an amount of energy about
100 eV i.e. 106 K starting energy to overcome mutual electrostatic repulsion of two atoms would supply
by pair annihilation process.

Keywords:
cold plasma, pair annihilation, ignition temperature, plasma confinement

2 Gold Plasma's, Specifications

1. Introduction
The needs for a vicegerent of fossil fuels, havemade the controlled thermonuclear, the most outstanding

and Characteristics
Noticeably the temperature in cold plasmachallenges the man had ever been faced. The investiga-

compared with those of hot plasmas dragged drasticallytion grounds on these topics have gone through new

down (about 0.01 eV) so that:(a)- The plasmas, partially ionized.
(b)- Because of high enough inertia the ions constitutehistorical era of physics since the first quarter of the 20fr
century, which plasma physics devised by Langmuir,experiments, i.e., that branch of physics which governs
to almost about 99 Vo of the universe as a whole.
It was thereafter that the plasma physics settled
down in the heart of controlled thermonuclear reactions,which the challenge included:

the positive grounds of the plasma.

(c)- The electrons would follow the ions movements tokeep the plasma neutral (so the plasma approximation
nj = ne and V .E + 0 hold true) [l ].
(d)- The polarization drifts vanishes, and the particles doi) High temperature plasma, ii) Plasma conflnement andnot move so fast in response to the external fields.
(e)- Then in cold plasmas the plasma oscillations wouldignition temperature, iii) The costs.
It is based upon these complexities that goals of breeding the cold plasma seemed reasonably capable to solve
the power plants easier although as introduced by anumber of researchers in brief its outlook have not been
nicely efficient.

be the electron oscillation around their equilibrium position with the plasma frequency [2].

(f)- The propagating waves through plasma are necessarily pure electromagnetic waves [2].

Corresponding author's e-mail: zahra_sh_emami@yahoo.com
370@2002 by The Japan Society of Plasma
Science and Nuclear Fusion ResearchEmami 2., Stimulated Cold Fusion bv Positronium Atoms(g)- For electrons a single osillation in the form ofLangmuir oscillation within finite wave number occurs

3. Stimulated Cold Fusion by PositroniumAtoms

t3l.

The Moun catalyzed cold fustion as suggested
theoretically by Frank and Sakharov in the 1940s whichexperimentally bore evidence by Alvarez and Colleague[7], as stated, were too slow to generate useful energy
capable to proceed fusion reaction.
In this paper a crucial approach introduced with the(h)- In above mentioned situation in a usual laboratory
plasma for instance (Hydrogen with n=1010 cm-3, and B=I kG) , the dielectric constant increased incredibly
higher than thert of vacuum and in turn the electrostatic
fields due to particles could greatly shield the appliedexternal fields [4].
(i)- A dielectric tensor for the cold plasma should betaken into account, so as concluded transeverse and longitudinal motions as below:

compensation of failures thus far, using a relevant
stimulus, applied on cold plasma.

4. Exotic Positronium Atoms

0F As usual plasma with bigger dielectric constantcould commonly shield alternating fields, while a

The positronium atom (thus forms only when apositive lepton replaces a single nucleon namely aproton), which treated as light isotop of hydrogen, inturn is the lightest of all known new atoms, without anucleus, which the center of mass does not coincidewith either instead lies in between them. Interest in

plasma with small e and Le shield DC fields [5].

positronium atoms chiefly comes from the fact that their(k)- In cold plasma based upon low mobility of charged
particles, the lluid dynamics approximation (with theplasma composed of two or more interpenetrating fluids,

characteristics are appreciably influenced by theirf e" e'' e'' \t= 1tyt"rt".)

I\/e' e., eri I

constituent, i.e, electrons and positrons which in form apositronium only a positron captured by an electron in
an electron plasma.
Positronium the lightest Hydrogen's isotopes,

one for each species) together with fluid equations ofmotion, conservation of energy ( the equation of thefluid continuity) stress tensor and diamagnetic diagnos-

together with its properties that Quantum,

tic tests with thermodynamically imposed problems in a
rarefied consideration are to be taken into account.
(l)- The ignition temperature, which forwards the fusion

electrodynamics, confirmed and only its ground state yet

been found, with a reduced mass half of atomic
hydrogen, but the latter 920 times heavier. The distance
between stable pair in the form of positronium is twice

reaction as a self-sustained plasma, responsible for thecompensation <>f the energy losses and that of liberationin plasmas, in turn depend on three factors: i) On plasma
density, ii) Composition and iii) The volume.
Obviously, in cold plasma there are no technical limitingcases applicable to neither of those triplet problem. Igni-the Bohr radius in hydrogen atom,with an ionization

tion temperature is controlable through the size ofconservation in a singlet or triplet yemission [8].

plasma vessel and the plasma density itself, the higher
the density of tle plasma the lower is the ignition tem-

The singlet or triplet Y-quanta in turn exerts
radiation pressures about hundreds thousand of

potential half that of the latter (i.e., 6.8 eV) andextremely short lifetime about 10-7-10-10 s.
In vacuum with an urgent annihilation positronium

gives off T-quanta under general physical laws ofperature.

afinospheres on plasrna as though powerful laser beams(m)-In cold plasma, the physical size of container exerts
no limiting criteria because of the slow motion of theparticles and krw energy losses through the collision of
those particles to the surface of container, then theplasma vessel could sized as permissibly that technicallimitations applied.

being applied to the plasma, could heat and confine
plasma. As the l rays applied forces on plasma, tend todeviate the dielectric constants inside hieher thanable 1 someproperty(n)- Last but not least it is believed that cross section of

SymbolSpin state

double (D-D) reactions versus kinetic temperatuer are
maximun, so if the escape of the radiation from plasma
prevented the ignition temperature of the (D-T) reaction
is about one tenth of that of (D-D) reaction [6].

es ofType of state
Two singlet
Triplet
SP,tP,

Quantum numberTT
J=0

J=1

Proper lifetime

l.25x1O-'"s1.4x1O's

2576

av

Annihilation type7o Share371

t't

F;mamiZ., Stimulated Cold Fusion by Positronium Atoms

5. Conclusion and Remarks
The problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion
reaction, apart from its complicated technologicale-(a)(b)

e'Photons

problems, posed the plasma requirements such as theleast temperature to fuse hydrogen atoms together,longterm confinement of plasmas, the cross section ofreactions,... etc. In approach devised, although aglimpse have put on here, its main theoreticale-interpretation would ask detailes of the arts of newatoms together with physico - chemical features of thee-phenomenon.

The practical facets of investigation left aside(c)because it needs more experimental evidence. The mostoutstanding privilege urgently evoked is: i) The energy
released in pair's annihilation tends to increase theenergy of fusible atoms and ii) The urgent occurrencesof annihilation in nanosecond fraction of time would
exclude the confinement problems of reaction. To clear

Fig. 1 a. Decay of para positronium
b. Decay of ortho positronium
c. Feynman scheme for pair annihilation

the details of process a number of experimental
evidences in the field is necessary.

Hope that this quite promising method of probing
into the matter eventually could over views the poweroutside the beam, based upon the plasma acts like a
convex lens both in singlets or triplets yJets as the sameplants. The Modeling of the process is in current now.

way that laser pondermotive force acts on plasmas [9].

References

In the normal mode of pair annihilation[]

instantaneously the energy amount about 2x0.51 MeV(2x5x10e K) would be produced associated with the pairrest mass in the from y rays. Obviously the stimulationof the plasma by means of induced y emission into themedia is more efficient if the y rays could carry highenough energy above that of pair rest mass reasonably
by electrons positrons being recirculated in a microtron

F. Chen, Introduction to plasma physics (plenumpress, 1974) p. 66.

[2] Wolfgang Baumjohann, Basic space plasma physics (imperial College press, 1966) p.202.
WolfgangBaumjohann Basic space plasma physics[3](imperial college press, 1966) p.227.
[4] The same [1] references, p.49.
[5] The same [1] references, p.50.
[6] The same [1] references, p.281.
[7] J. Rafelski and Steven E. Jones, Sci. Am. J. Phys.
7, 66 (1987).

accelerator before annihilation take place. This canproceed more successfully if one uses Ring storage(LEP - CERN, which currently used to create weaklyinteracting particles) in a rarefied scheme, to accelerate
the pairs up to energies capable, to stimulate nuclear
fusion plasmas, relevantly (although in rather head- on
collision LEP designed to operate with the e- , e* beamsof up to 90 GeV with fixed e target and an e* beam of32 GeY relativistic particles hitting on stationary target
giving 8". = 2x20 GeV) [10].

[8] Physics of the 20th centary History and Outlook(Mir publisher, Moscow 1987) p. 147.

[9] The same [1] reference, p.258.
[0] Nuclear and Particle physics, source Book
(McGraw-Hill Book, Sciences series 1988) p.432.

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