サマルカンドの伝統的パン文化の保護
無形文化遺産の情報の提供方法の研究

Conservation of traditional bread culture in Samarkand
Information provision of intangible heritage
エニケエワ カミーラ
ENIKEEVA KAMILLA
１． Introduction（１）BackgroundUzbekistan has a rich culture, abundant tangible andintangible heritage. However, most of the information
related to cultural heritage is mainly focused on tangible
heritage. No information platform provides information
about local intangible cultural heritage (ICH): themeaning of the elements and places where those elements
can be seen or experienced. Information about cultural
heritage in Uzbekistan, especially ICH is limited to both
local people and international visitors.
（2）Statement of the problem
The problems to be addressed through this study are
the lack of information related to ICH in information
sources such as guidebooks and the lack of research
about traditional breadmaking culture Samarkand.
（3）Research methodology
The research methods are literature review,comparative study of collected information fromguidebooks and interviews, interviews with local bakers,observation.
２． Bread as Intangible Cultural Heritage（１）Food as Cultural Heritage
Food, cuisine, and culinary traditions are consideredbasic elements of the culture, but compared to otherheritage examples, the elements are both tangible andintangible. There are 23 elements in the “Representative
List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity”
related to “food”, “food customs”, “food preparations”,“food processing”. Three of them relate to breadmaking.
（2）Bread culture as Intangible Culture Heritage
Intangible meanings of three bread culture examples
were identified by the literature review. In Armenia,
intangible aspects (IA) of lavash are skills of making andbaking lavash, the process itself where Armenian people
share traditions, songs, and rituals. There are a lot ofrituals and traditions in Armenia associated withtraditional bread-lavash. IA of bread in Azerbaijan, Iran,Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey are traditions and
学位論文梗概集 2021

beliefs related to bread, the set of traditional knowledge
views, skills, and rituals related to preparation, baking,storing, using, and sharing. Besides that, flatbread andbakeries are considered sacred by local communities inthose countries. IE of bread culture in Malta areknowledge and skills of baking Il-Ftira, its social function
to bring people together, and symbolic meaning ofsustenance.
（3）Bread culture in Uzbekistan
In Uzbekistan, there are also traditions, rituals, beliefs
associated with traditional bread. It is also consideredsacred and has the symbolic meaning of consent,generosity, and hospitality. However, research andinformation about intangible meanings of Uzbek
traditional bread are limited.
３． Analysis of information from guidebooks
related to traditional Uzbek bread（１）Introduction
Information related to traditional Uzbek bread andbread culture was collected from five guidebooks. All
collected information was divided into 2 groups: images
and text. In total, 26 images and 77 sentences werecollected.
（2）Analysis of images from guidebooks related totraditional bread
From analyzing collected images they were divided
into 4 categories: “Outward appearance”, “Scenery”,“Location”, and “Instrument”. Most of the images(82.8%) belong to “Outward appearance” (41.4%) and“Scenery” (41.4%). Less information was found about“Location” – 6.9% and “Instrument” – 10.3%.
（3）Analysis of text from guidebooks related totraditional bread
The collected text was divided into 16 categories. Most
information collected from five guidebooks belongs tocategories: "Outward appearance", "Significance of breadfor local communities", "Way of eating". Information
about "Way of preparing", "Location", "Taste", "Scenery","Instruments", "Smell" and "Legends" is limited. No

information was found about traditions, rituals, beliefs
associated with bread, and information about traditionalbakeries.
４． Traditional breadmaking in Samarkand（１）General information about traditional bread
General information was collected from literaturereview and interviews with local bakers in Samarkand.
Information about bakers and traditional bakeries is alsomentioned in Chapter 4 because nowadays traditionalbakeries play a significant role in maintaining the breadbaking tradition and for safeguarding bread culture.
（2）Traditional bread in social and cultural context
In Chapter 4, the role of traditional bread in social andcultural contexts is discussed. Uzbek people use flatbreadin their daily life not only for nutritional but also forsocial and cultural purposes, sharing the values of thebread within their communities. Many people share it on
special days, occasions, both cultural and social. There
are a lot of traditions, beliefs, and superstitions related tobread in the Uzbek community which are explained are
Chapter 4.
（3）Process of baking traditional bread and related
skills
The skills of flatbread making, baking, storing, sharing
are transmitted from generation to generation. Process ofbaking traditional bread was observed, photos and videosof the baking process were collected. Moreover, eachstep of the process is explained in Chapter 4.
（3）Instruments
Information and photos of the instruments used for
traditional bread making were collected and explained in
4.4. of Chapter 4.
５． Cultural mapping as a tool of providing
information about ICH（１）Introduction to cultural mapping
Cultural mapping is mainly used for cultural planning
to identify cultural assets of the community, manage
those assets, and integrate them into local planning. In
Chapter 5, the possibility of using cultural mapping forproviding information about ICH and its general design
are discussed.
（2）Comparison of information related to Uzbek
traditional breadmaking collected from guidebooks
and interviews
Information from guidebooks and interviews arecompared to understand all existing categories of
information related to bread culture. For each categorytype(s) of information was chosen. For example, for“Outward appearance” – text, images, videos, for “Taste”
or “Smell” – text, visitor’s commentaries.
（3）The general design of cultural map as a tool for
information provision
The author discusses three layers of the digital cultural
map to provide interactive information about ICH. The
first layer will consist of images and short videos of theelement to attract attention to the element. The second
layer will consist of a map of the places where theelement can be seen or experienced with detailed
information about each place. The third layer will consistof all possible digital types of information to provide
detailed information about the element.
６． Conclusion and Outcome
Intangible aspects of bread culture are skills, process ofbaking, traditions, beliefs associated with bread, and its
meaning in cultural and social contexts for localcommunities. However, information sources such as
guidebooks provide limited information about ICH.
Cultural mapping can be used as a tool for providing
information about ICH and help to safeguard the ICH
elements by raising awareness about the elements. Threelayers of the digital cultural map will provide full
information and involve people to experience the ICH
elements and share their thoughts and opinions.

Abstract:
The paper analyses the possibility of using the cultural map as a tool for providing information about intangible cultural
heritage to safeguard traditional bread culture in Samarkand. Moreover, information related to the Uzbek bread culture
provided in five guidebooks is analyzed and compared with information from interviews with local bakers in Samarkand.
Results show that information of intangible heritage is limited in guidebooks, and a new way of providing theinformation is needed. The author discusses how a cultural map can be used as a tool for providing information, thegeneral design of its three layers.

Summaries of Academic Theses 20211

学位論文梗概集 2020