ONE HEALTH
JOINT PLAN OF ACTION(2022-2026)

WORKING TOGETHER FOR
THE HEALTH OF HUMANS, ANIMALS,
PLANTS AND THE ENVIRONMENTONE HEALTH
JOINT PLAN OF ACTION(2022-2026)

WORKING TOGETHER FOR
THE HEALTH OF HUMANS, ANIMALS,
PLANTS AND THE ENVIRONMENTPUBLISHED BY

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS•UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME•WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION•WORLD ORGANISATION FOR ANIMAL HEALTH

ROME, 2022

Required citation:
FAO, UNEP WHO, and WOAH. 2022. Global Plan of Action on One Health. Towards a more comprehensive One Health, approach to global
health threats at the human-animal-environment interface. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc2289en

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iii

Acknowledgements
The Quadripartite Organizations (FAO, UNEP, WHO and WOAH) would like to express
sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the development of the One Health Joint
Plan of Action (OH JPA), specifically, the following individuals listed in alphabetical order:
The Quadripartite Senior Management: Peter Ben Embarek, Francesco Branca,
Jean-Philippe Dop, Doreen Robinson, Keith Sumption – for their guidance and support
The FAO Technical and Coordination Team: Ahmed El Idrissi and Barbara Haesler
for leading the development and drafting of the plan with continuing support andcontributions of the OH JPA coordination team: Fairouz Larfaoui, Orr Rozov,
Marion Selosse and Yu Qiu
The Quadripartite Drafting Team: Bernadette Abela-Ridder; Barbara Alessandrini;Peter Ben Embarek; Amina Benyahia; Julian Blanc; Katrin Bote; Tim Corrigan;
Aitziber Echeverria; Jeff Gilbert; Barbara Haesler; Jeff LeJeune; Cheng Liang;
James Lomax; Margarita Meldon; Leen Meulenbergs; Simone Moraes Razl;
Sophie Muset; Gillian Mylrea; Scott Newman; Johannes Refisch; Luz María de Regil;
Stephane de la Rocque; Diana Rojas Alvarez; Cristina Romanelli; Sean Shadomy;
Junxia Song; Emily Tagliaro; Katrin Taylor; Gregorio Torres; Olafur Valsson;
Maria Van Kerkhove; Sophie VonDobschuetz; Chadia Wannous; Maria Cristina Zucca
All technical experts of the four organisations at Headquarters and regional offices who
provided useful inputs and comments during the review process of the OH JPA
The Quadripartite Secretariat: Mehreen Azhar, Amina Benyahia, Julian Blanc,
Tianna Brand, Tim Corrigan, Lisa Crump, Fairouz Larfaoui, Cheng Liang, Orr Rozov,
Marion Selosse, Nadisha Sidhu, Chadia Wannous - for their support throughout thedevelopment of the OH JPA
The Quadripartite communications and operations teams, the editor, and the designteam that supported the drafting and publication process
The One Health High Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP) for their advice and valuable inputs
and comments throughout the development and review process
The United Kingdom Health Security Agency for the contribution to the development of
the theory of change of the plan
All experts from 22 countries who provided feedback on the written and online
consultations of the OH JPA

iv

Contents

Abbreviations and acronyms								viii

Executive summary										xPart 1. Setting the scene									11.1 Background											11.2 Links between the health of the environment, humans, animals and plants		

3

1.3 Health challenges require holistic and sustainable solutions				9

1.4 Implementation of One Health								101.5 Rationale												121.6 Scope												13Part 2. The action framework									152.1. Theory of change										152.2 Impact, outcomes and operational objectives						

182.3 Guiding principles										20vPart 3. Action tracks										21Action track 1: Enhancing One Health capacities to strengthen health systems		

22

Action track 2: Reducing the risks from emerging and re-emerging zoonotic
epidemics and pandemics										27Action track 3: Controlling and eliminating endemic zoonotic, neglected
tropical and vector-borne diseases								34Action track 4: Strengthening the assessment, management andcommunication of food safety risks								39Action track 5: Curbing the silent pandemic of antimicrobial resistance			

44

Action track 6: Integrating the environment into One Health					

47Part 4. Governance, implementation and monitoring					

56Governance												56Implementation, monitoring and evaluation							57Part 5. Investing in One Health								59Resource mobilization strategy									59The way forward											60Appendices											61Appendix 1: Glossary										61Appendix 2: Examples of One Health Joint Plan of Action-relevant
Quadripartite initiatives										63References												68viFigures and tables

FIGURE 1:
ONE HEALTH PROMOTES A SUSTAINABLE AND HEALTHY FUTURE THROUGHCOLLABORATION, COMMUNICATION, COORDINATIONA N D C A P A C I T Y B U I L D I N G 									 4FIGURE 2:O N E H E A L T H J O I N T P L A N O F A C T I O N T H E O R Y O F C H A N G E 				

16FIGURE 3:
T H E S I X O N E H E A L T H J O I N T P L A N O F A C T I O N T R A C K S 					

21TABLE 1:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 1 . 1 					

23TABLE 2:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 1 . 2 				

25TABLE 3:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 1 . 3 				

27TABLE 4:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 2 . 1 				

28TABLE 5:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 2 . 2 				

30TABLE 6:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 2 . 3 				

32TABLE 7:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 3 . 1 				

35

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TABLE 8:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 3 . 2 				

37TABLE 9:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 3 . 3 				

39TABLE 10:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 4 . 1 				

41TABLE 11:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 4 . 2 				

42TABLE 12:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 4 . 3 				

43TABLE 13:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 5 . 1 				

45TABLE 14:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 5 . 2 				

46TABLE 15:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 5 . 3 				

47TABLE 16:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 6 . 1 				

48TABLE 17:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 6 . 2 				

50TABLE 18:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 6 . 3 				

52TABLE 19:A C T I V I T I E S , D E L I V E R A B L E S A N D T I M E L I N E O F A C T I O N 6 . 4 				

54

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Abbreviations andacronyms
AMR			Antimicrobial resistance
COVID-19		

Coronavirus disease 2019

FAO			

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FETP			

Field Epidemiology Training Programme

FETPV		

Field Epidemiology Training Programme for Veterinarians

FTP-WEBE		
Field Training Programme for Wildlife, Environment, Biodiversity
			and Ecosystems Professionals
GAP			

Global Action PlanGARC			

Global Alliance for Rabies Control

GLLP			

Global Laboratory Leadership Programme

GSC			

Global Steering Committee

IFC			

International Finance Corporation

IHR			

International Health Regulations

IMS			

Incident Management System

JEE			

Joint External Evaluation of the IHRINFOSAN		International Food Safety Authorities Network

LMIC			

Low- and middle-income country

MERS-CoV		

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

ix

MoU			

Memorandum of understanding

MPTF			

Multi-Partner Trust Fund

NAP			

National Action Plan

NASA			

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NBW			

National Bridging Workshop

NGO			Non-governmental organization
NTD			

Neglected tropical disease

NZD			

Neglected zoonotic disease

OH JPA		One Health Joint Plan of Action

OHHLEP		

One Health High Level Expert PanelQJS			

Quadripartite Joint Secretariat

PVS			

Performance of Veterinary Services

ROI			

Return on investment

SARS			

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

SDG			

Sustainable Development Goal

TISSA			Tripartite Integrated System for Surveillance on AMR			and Antimicrobial Use
TrACCS		

Tripartite AMR country self-assessment survey

UNEP			

United Nations Environment Programme

WASH		

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

WOAH/OIE*		World Organisation for Animal Health (founded as OIE)

WHA			

World Health AssemblyWHO			

World Health Organization* The World Organisation for Animal Health has recently transitioned its acronym from OIE to WOAH. In some parts of the text andresources, the name of the Organisation mighty still be referred to as OIE or as WOAH/OIE.

x

Executive summary

The Quadripartite Organizations – the Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations (FAO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), theWorld Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH, founded as OIE), and the World HealthOrganization (WHO) – collaborate to drive the change and transformation required
to mitigate the impact of current and future health challenges at the human–animal–
plant–environment interface at global, regional and country level.
Responding to international requests to prevent future pandemics and to promote healthsustainably through the One Health approach, the Quadripartite has developed the One
Health Joint Plan of Action (2022–2026) (OH JPA).
The OH JPA outlines the commitment of the four organizations to collectively advocateand support the implementation of One Health. It builds on, complements and adds
value to existing global and regional One Health and coordination initiatives aimed atstrengthening capacity to address complex multidimensional health risks with more
resilient health systems at global, regional and national level.

Raising the bar – One Health Joint Plan of Action (OH JPA)
The desired impact of the OH JPA is a world better able to prevent, predict, detect andrespond to health threats and improve the health of humans, animals, plants and theenvironment while contributing to sustainable development. The OH JPA aims to work
towards this vision in the following way:
•
•
•
•
•

Provide a framework for action and propose a set of activities the four organizations
can offer together to advance and sustainably scale up One Health.
Provide upstream policy and legislative advice and technical assistance, to help
set national targets and priorities across the sectors for the development andimplementation of One Health legislation, initiatives and programmes.
Take stock of existing cross-sectoral global and regional initiatives around One
Health, identify and advise on synergies and overlaps, and support coordination.
Mobilize and make better use of resources across sectors, disciplines andstakeholders.
The OH JPA is guided by a theory of change and makes use of One Health principles
to strengthen collaboration, communication, capacity building and coordinationxi

equally across all sectors responsible for addressing health concerns at the human–
animal–plant–environment interface.
The OH JPA is built around six interdependent action tracks that collectively contributeto achieving sustainable health and food systems, reduced global health threats andimproved ecosystem management:
•
•
•
•
•
•

Action track 1: Enhancing One Health capacities to strengthen health systems
Action track 2: Reducing the risks from emerging and re-emerging zoonotic
epidemics and pandemics
Action track 3: Controlling and eliminating endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical andvector-borne diseases
Action track 4: Strengthening the assessment, management and communication offood safety risks
Action track 5: Curbing the silent pandemic of AMR
Action track 6: Integrating the environment into One Health

Each action track consists of a set of actions with specific activities, deliverables and atimeline to achieve the following objectives:
i.

Provide adequate guidance and tools for the effective implementation ofmultisectoral approaches to promote the health of humans, animals, plants
and ecosystems and to prevent and manage risks at the human–animal–plant–
environment interface.
ii. Reduce the risk and minimize local and global impacts of zoonotic epidemics andpandemics by understanding the linkages and drivers of emergence and spillover,adopting upstream prevention and strengthening One Health surveillance, early
warning and response systems.
iii. Reduce the burden of endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical and vector-borne diseases
by supporting countries in implementing community-centric, risk-based solutions,strengthening policy and legal frameworks from the local to the global level andacross sectors, and increasing political commitment and investment.
iv. Promote awareness, policy changes and action coordination among stakeholders toensure that humans, animals and ecosystems achieve health and remain healthy intheir interactions with and along the food supply chain.
v. Take joint action to preserve antimicrobial efficacy and ensure sustainable andequitable access to antimicrobials for responsible and prudent use in human, animaland plant health.
vi. Protect and restore biodiversity, prevent the degradation of ecosystems and the wider
environment to jointly support the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems,
underpinning sustainable development.
Lastly, the OH JPA promotes the adoption of cross-cutting principles, including systems
thinking, advocacy, public-private partnerships, governance, institutional and legal
frameworks, and traditional knowledge of local and indigenous communities, to build
connections across the six action tracks and look at shared underlying issues.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

xii

1

Part 1.
Setting the scene
1.1 Background

The Tripartite organizations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Organisation for Animal
Health (WOAH, formerly OIE) have been working together for decades to address risks at
the human–animal–environment interface.
In February 2021, the three organizations called on the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) to join the Tripartite, reaffirming the importance of theenvironmental dimension of the One Health collaboration.
Following the Twenty-seventh Tripartite Annual Executive Meeting (in March 2021),
the Tripartite and UNEP agreed to jointly develop a strategy and action plan toprevent future pandemics through the One Health approach. In March 2022, at theTwenty-eighth Tripartite Annual Executive Meeting, the four organizations signed amemorandum of understanding (MoU) to reflect a change from the Tripartite to a new
Quadripartite partnership, with UNEP as an equal partner.
The One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022–2026) (OH JPA) set out in this document isguided by the areas of One Health collaboration set out in the strategic documents of
the Tripartite (FAO, OIE and WHO, 2010; 2017), the MoU of 2018 between the Tripartite
organizations on cooperating to combat health risks at the human–animal–environment
interface and the One Health recommendations and resolutions of the various
Quadripartite governing bodies with a view to achieving public health, animal health,food safety and security, and ecosystem health. The OH JPA encompasses the priority
areas of the Tripartite workplan 20211 and provides an overarching framework for longerterm actions.
The OH JPA also builds on World Health Assembly resolution WHA74.7, which callson the Quadripartite “to build on and strengthen the existing cooperation among
WHO, FAO, WOAH and UNEP to develop options, for consideration by their respective

1
Priority areas are: 1) the reinforcement of national services in human health, animal health and food safety; 2) intelligence, early
warning and disease information systems; 3) preparedness and response to emerging, re-emerging and neglected infectious diseases; 4)antimicrobial resistance; 5) food safety; 6) dog-mediated rabies; 7) zoonotic influenza; 8) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV); 9) zoonotic tuberculosis; 10) sharing of pathogens, genetic materials and sequences; xi) communications. Overarching all
activities are: A1) the reinforcement of national services in human health, animal health and food safety; A2) coordination on research anddevelopment in the area of zoonotic pathogens; A3) vector-borne disease; A4) Rift Valley fever coordination; and A5) climate change.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

2governing bodies, including establishing a common strategy on One Health, including a
joint workplan on One Health to improve prevention, monitoring, detection, control andcontainment of zoonotic disease outbreaks” (WHA, 2021).
The OH JPA aims to guide the four organizations in working together on One Healthwith the aim of supporting their Members, Member States and State Parties in building
One Health capacities. It is not a binding policy document. It provides a framework foraction and proposes a set of activities that the four organizations can offer together toadvance and sustainably scale up One Health. The plan uses a One Health approach tostrengthen collaboration, communication, capacity building and coordination equally
across all sectors responsible for addressing health concerns at the human–animal–
plant–environment interface.
The OH JPA builds on, complements and adds value to existing global and regional One
Health and coordination initiatives aimed at strengthening capacity to address complex
multidimensional health risks with more resilient health systems at global, regional andnational level. It also considers regional specificities, national contexts and priorities,
as well as the level of progress on implementing One Health policies, strategies andinterventions.
The OH JPA is developed through a participatory process and reflects the inputs of FAO,
UNEP, WHO, WOAH and the One Health High Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP). Online
consultations with Members, Member States and State Parties were also organized tocollect feedback and suggestions.
The OH JPA will be implemented over a period of five years (2022–2026). It is intended asa living document, open to adjustment to reflect progress, new challenges and resources
made available as the Quadripartite decides.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

3

1.2 Links between the healthof the environment, humans,
animals and plants

Economic development has led to substantial improvements in the well-being of many
humans globally, but often at the expense of ecosystems, a healthy environment andthe welfare of animals. With the global human population projected to reach 8 billion
in 2023 amid unsustainable consumption and production patterns, the pressures on
our natural systems are tremendous and will continue to grow (UNDESA, 2022). The
earth’s natural resources are being used at a faster rate than they can be replenished
due to unsustainable and destructive practices and with insufficient consideration forbiodiversity or the health of surrounding ecosystems upon which our lives and wellbeing depend.
Land-use change, unsustainable agricultural production and intensification, largescale deforestation, land degradation and biodiversity loss, among other drivers, arethreatening ecosystem integrity and functions and posing increased health risks at
the human-animal-plant–environment interface, disproportionately affecting themost vulnerable communities. These risks are exacerbated by expanding urbanization,unsustainable food production and consumption patterns, including increasingly
complex food chains, poor waste management and disposal, increased trade and travel,
as well as pollution, biodiversity and climate crises.
The effects of environmental degradation and the corresponding erosion of ecosystemservices influence the relationships between health, food production and natural
systems. There is, therefore, an urgent need to reassess and transform the interactions
between humans, animals, plants and the environment they share. Balancing theseinteractions ensures human, animal and plant health and well-being, and charts the path
towards economic, environmental and social sustainability. This is critical to achieving
the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

1.2.1 One Health definition
One Health is not a new concept, but it has received renewed attention and evolved overthe past decade because of the increased frequency and severity of threats linking thehealth of humans, animals, plants and the environment. One Health calls for a holistic
and systems-based approach that recognizes the interconnection between the health ofhumans, animals, plants and the environment.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

4OHHLEP, as an independent advisory group to the Quadripartite, has issued acomprehensive definition of One Health, which the Quadripartite embraces in this OH
JPA (Adisasmito et al., 2022):
One Health is an integrated, unifying approach that aims tosustainably balance and optimize the health of humans, animals,
plants and ecosystems. It recognizes the health of humans,
domestic and wild animals, plants and the wider environment(including ecosystems) are closely linked and interdependent.
The approach mobilizes multiple sectors, disciplines andcommunities at varying levels of society to work together to foster
well-being and tackle threats to health and ecosystems, while
addressing the collective need for clean water, energy and air,safe and nutritious food, taking action on climate change, andcontributing to sustainable development.
FIGURE 1: ONE HEALTH PROMOTES A SUSTAINABLE AND HEALTHY
FUTURE THROUGH COLLABORATION, COMMUNICATION, COORDINATIONAND CAPACITY BUILDINGONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

5

1.2.2 The health of the environment
The health of the environment is a critical foundation for the health and well-being of
humans, animals and plants. Maintaining ecosystem health through the conservation ofnatural environments helps preserve biodiversity, limiting the emergence and transmissionof diseases across the animal–human–plant interface (such as the dilution effect), increases
well-being and promotes health. Environmental degradation caused by human activities
poses several health threats that are invariably complex and rooted in how humans interact
with and use the environment. The following are examples of environmental hazards thatare negatively affecting the health of humans and many other species.
•

Water, air and soil pollution can cause significant adverse health outcomes in humans,
wild and domestic animals and plants. Environmental contamination is an importantfactor in many non-infectious diseases, including cancer and respiratory illness.
Dangerous chemical substances and other pollutants can contaminate the food supply.
For example, heavy metals, such as lead or mercury, and other toxic chemicals in aquatic
ecosystems bioaccumulate in the food chain with potentially adverse impacts on humans
and animals. Similarly, air pollution from fossil fuels and other sources has demonstrably
negative impacts on human and animal health, biodiversity including plants, animals
and ecosystems and water quality, as well as productive sectors, such as agriculture andfisheries. In addition, antimicrobial waste entering the environment and water sources(including drinking water sources) via wastewater, waste, run-off and sewage risks the
spread of drug-resistant organisms and antimicrobial resistance, affecting humans,
animals and the environment in myriad ways.

•

Unsafe water, poor sanitation and poor hygiene are responsible for human and animal
mortality and morbidity due to various diseases, particularly vulnerable populations in lowresource countries. Unintentional poisonings, mainly arising from excessive exposure toand inappropriate use of toxic chemicals. including pesticides present in occupational and/or domestic environments, are heavily affecting human health, particularly in low-income
countries. Exposure to mycotoxins, aflatoxins, biotoxins and waterborne pathogens isanother problem of concern affecting the health of humans, animals and plants.

•

Environmental degradation generates direct health hazards, such as extreme weather
and floods. The impacts of environmental degradation on the health and well-beingof humans and animals are compounded by the climate crisis, which can act as amultiplier of these threats, exacerbating their impact while also undermining theresilience of environmental and ecological systems through complex processes.

•

The effects of climate change on pathogens and the health status of human,domestic animals including livestock and companion animals, and wildlife may haveseveral possible outcomes. Evidence suggests that changes occurring in the naturalenvironment due to climate change are compromising feed and food security andincreasing the spread of infectious diseases, including drug-resistant infections andvector-borne diseases. With changes in temperatures and humidity levels, vector
populations may expand beyond their present geographic ranges and expose animals
and humans to diseases to which they have no natural immunity. Populations of
extremely ecosystem-useful insects, such as bees, can also be affected.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

6

1.2.3 The perpetual challenge of emerging infectious diseases
Infectious diseases are among the most significant health and security challenges theglobal community is facing. In low-income countries, infectious diseases account for morethan 60 percent of the human disease burden and are the major cause of animal disease,creating a considerable threat to the well-being of both human and animal populations.
Emerging infectious diseases may be novel or an evolution of existing pathogens thatemerge or re-emerge from humans or animals. Many have the potential to create deadly
epidemics or pandemics, as demonstrated by COVID-19. Epidemics or pandemics may
occur directly in the populations in which they emerge or following a spillover event, withsubsequent amplification and spread in the recipient host population (other than in thecase of a dead-end spillover). Trade in domestic animals, wildlife and their products, as wellas human travel, can facilitate the spread of locally emergent diseases over long distances,even between countries, resulting in wider dissemination and impact.
Most emerging infectious diseases in humans (more than 60 percent) are of zoonotic
or animal origin, with the majority of these (around 70 percent) originating in wildlife.
These threats are significantly increasing in frequency and severity over time, withtremendous long-term impacts. The COVID-19 pandemic is the latest example of amajor disease of probable animal origin. There have been many others, including Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Nipah virus disease, zoonotic influenza (H5N1,
H7N9, 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic), arbovirus diseases (such as Zika virus disease,yellow fever and chikungunya), Ebola virus disease, plague and Middle East Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS-CoV).
WHO’s 2018 Research and Development Blueprint states that the biggest risk lies in theemergence of an unknown “Disease X”, which may strike at any time (WHO, 2018b). In
2019, Disease X became COVID-19. There is a high degree of certainty that the world
will continue to face new disease threats, driven by factors such as continued population
expansion, urbanization, increased transport, land-use change, climate change,
intensification of food systems and habitat loss.
Emerging infectious diseases affecting humans, as well as domestic animals or wildlife,
threaten global health security, contribute to food insecurity and weigh on national
economies and government resources. The effects of these diseases also have widerreaching negative impacts on animal health and welfare, for example, affecting otherdisease-control efforts through the diversion of resources or through the collapseof markets and trade, with knock-on effects on animal production units and theconservation of wild animal populations.

1.2.4 The persisting burden of endemic zoonotic, neglected
tropical and vector-borne diseases
In contrast to epidemic- and pandemic-prone zoonotic diseases, endemic zoonoses(including those that are vector-borne) constitute a constant social and economic
burden. They usually do not spread fast or widely and mostly afflict human populations

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

7

living near their animals. In endemic areas, they perpetuate poverty by damaging not
only human health, but also the health and welfare of domestic and wild animals,
affecting livelihoods and food security.
Endemic zoonoses are frequently characterized as “neglected zoonotic diseases (NZDs)”,as they mainly affect poor and marginalized populations, particularly in low-income
countries. Despite their persistent circulation, they are rarely targeted by formal
surveillance systems, so their incidence and burden are greatly underestimated. This, inturn, leads to neglect by policymakers and funding agencies. This group includes somenotorious diseases, such as rabies, anthrax, brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, cysticercosis,
leptospirosis and echinococcosis.
WHO has further classified a subgroup of 20 diseases that are mainly prevalent in tropicalareas as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs).2 They threaten the health and livelihood of
more than a billion humans.
Many endemic zoonoses are transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes, midges,
sand flies, fleas and ticks, have animal reservoirs and are associated with complex
transmission cycles. They cause disease impact in diverse contexts around the world,
spanning the whole continuum from low-income to high-income countries. Examples are
Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus infection, Dengue fever, African trypanosomiasis(sleeping sickness), Lyme disease and Rift Valley fever. The epidemiology of vectorborne diseases is traditionally associated with environmental conditions, complicated byanthropological factors, which makes their control challenging.

1.2.5 The global upsurge of food and water safety hazards
Foodborne hazards have taken on new dimensions, with complex food safety challenges
emerging around the globe. Hazards, including zoonotic and non-zoonotic pathogens
and chemical contaminants, can enter the food chain at any point, from prior to harvestto the time of consumption.
Foodborne and waterborne diseases are caused when unsafe levels of pathogens,chemical contaminants and other toxins are ingested from food or water. Unsafe foodis estimated to cause 600 million cases of foodborne illnesses in humans and more than
400,000 deaths annually around the world (WHO, 2015b). The total productivity loss
associated with foodborne diseases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is
estimated to cost USD 95 billion per year, while the annual cost of treating foodborne
illnesses is estimated at USD 15 billion (World Bank, 2018).

2
Buruli ulcer, Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), dengue and chikungunya, dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease),echinococcosis, food-borne trematode infections, human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), leishmaniasis, leprosy (Hansen’sdisease), lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis), mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses, onchocerciasis (river blindness),rabies, scabies and other ectoparasitoses, schistosomiasis (bilharzia), soil-transmitted helminthiases, snakebite envenoming, taeniasis andcysticercosis, trachoma, Yaws (Endemic treponematoses) as classified by WHO (2021).

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

8Waterborne diseases are estimated to cause over 4 billion cases of diarrheal illness andnearly 2 million deaths each year around the globe (United Nations, 2014).
In addition to long-standing foodborne bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella,
new pathogens are emerging, and many kinds of food have been associated with thetransmission of disease. Pathogens and other hazards may contaminate food in theprocessing environment (Listeria monocytogenes, for example, or unsafe levels of foodadditives) or through food workers (norovirus, for instance). Chemical contaminants
may also enter the food chain prior to harvest – for example, veterinary drug residues inanimals and pesticides on plants or heavy metals through the pollution of air, water andsoil – thereby affecting human and animal health.
Food and water contamination are not just public health issues, but affect animals too.
For example, the poisoning of birds of prey can occur through pesticides used in foodsystems. Livestock can be exposed to hazards in feed and water. The contamination ofwater, for instance, may cause botulism and salmonellosis and the concentration ofheavy metals and pesticides may cause productivity losses.
A critical aspect related to the contamination of water, the environment and food isthe cross-sectoral management (or lack thereof) of waste, which spans a wide range ofmaterials, such as human and animal faecal matter, the carcasses of animals that havesuccumbed to disease or accidents, and waste from the food chain (such as condemnedfood products, milk that cannot be used because of drug withdrawal times, and byproducts that do not have a market or use). The problem is exacerbated by the lack of
One Health integration in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) management efforts.

1.2.6 The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized as a leading cause of death around theworld, with the highest burdens in low-resource settings. An estimated 4.95 million
human deaths were associated with bacterial AMR in 2019, including 1.27 million deaths
attributable to bacterial AMR (Antimicrobial resistance collaborators, 2022). AMR also
threatens the health of animals and plants grown for food, with effects on food security,
food safety and the environment.
Antimicrobials play a crucial role in the health of humans, animals and plants, as well as infood safety and food security. However, AMR is an ever-increasing and widespread threat,
driven by the overuse and misuse of antimicrobials in the human, animal and plant sectors.
There are many social and environmental factors that accelerate the emergence andspread of resistant genes and pathogens among and between humans, animals and theenvironment. These include insufficient access to health services, inadequate production
and housing, a lack of clean water, poor sanitation, waste management and hygiene,
insufficient regulatory frameworks, and a lack of awareness and education about the risksof AMR and the appropriate use of antimicrobials.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

9

1.3 Health challenges require holistic and sustainable solutions

The complexity and interconnectedness of the health challenges threatening humans,
animals, plants and the environment, where they coexist, require holistic, integrated
solutions with a systemic approach that incorporates wider structural factors, as well
as systemic prevention measures integrating the health of humans, animals, plants andthe environment.
This shift requires the embrace of One Health to move beyond the siloed approaches
still adopted by many sectors. This will enable and institutionalize intersectoral sciencebased knowledge sharing, intelligence gathering and response planning at all levelsof the relevant organizations and ensure that there are protocols for the intersectoral
alert and management of threats, as well as joint decision processes for sustainable andholistic solutions.
One Health is predicated on a systemic understanding of the interdependencies between
the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment and how these can manifest
as health threats. It enables better understanding of the root causes and drivers of
disease emergence, spread and persistence, as well as the impacts of biodiversity loss andenvironmental degradation. This is supported by conceptualizing challenges on a wider
scale and the associated sharing and integration of data and knowledge across multiple
stakeholders and disciplines.
One Health provides a more comprehensive assessment of health challenges, thereby
facilitating the development of appropriate prevention and management strategies andinclusive evidence-based policies to strengthen and develop sustainable health systems
and ecosystems. These, in turn, help to build social, ecological and economic resilience.
This thinking clearly indicates the value of integrating knowledge and perspectives frommany players into parts of the system working towards positive outcomes for humans,
animals, plants and ecosystems, while increasing investment in developing health systems
underpinned by prevention, early detection, preparedness and coordinated cross-sectoral
timely response to reduce the risk of disease emergence and future pandemics.
Healthy and sustainable agrifood systems are an integral part of the One Health vision
for a better future. Livestock and fish food systems, in particular, require targeted
attention and integrated policies given the multiple effects that the growing demandfor protein has on the animal production sector and associated systems (for example,
deforestation for the production of animal feed, the increasing scale and density ofanimals, disease emergence and land-use change).

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

10One Health is a powerful approach that can enable the achievement of health for humans,
animals, plants and the environment, as well as food and water security and safety. It can,therefore, help pave the way to achieving the SDGs, including those on poverty, hunger,
health and well-being, inequality, clean water and sanitation, work and economic growth,sustainable and responsible consumption and production, and partnerships.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

11

1.4 Implementation of One Health

The growth in support for the One Health concept has led to the establishment of several
global initiatives to adopt and advance a One Health approach to addressing global
health threats. With significant investments by funding partners, One Health initiatives
and networks are emerging worldwide, with many countries and regions encouraging
collaboration between professionals from different disciplines, working from community
to global levels across sectors and institutional divides.
Despite this widespread support and engagement, implementing One Health in practicecontinues to prove challenging. It faces technical, institutional and professional barriers,in addition to sustainability concerns, competing priorities and funding deficiencies.
The One Health concept has evolved by broadening its scope. However, environmental
considerations, socioeconomic factors in disease emergence and spread, and the cost andbenefits of One Health interventions have not been sufficiently defined or integrated into
the development and implementation of One Health interventions, policies, legislative
frameworks, strategies or programmes.
The environmental sector, which consists of areas such as natural resource management,
wildlife management and conservation, biodiversity conservation, management andsustainable use, pollution and waste management, is not always routinely incorporated into the
One Health approach and there has been limited engagement in cross-sectoral initiatives. The
role of the environmental determinants of health has not been well understood by other sectors
and there is good potential to integrate environmental considerations more consistently.
Professional segregation with limited cross-sectoral working, inadequate representationof some sectors, disjointed legislative schemes, a lack of data sharing and transparency, anabsence of multisectoral coordination mechanisms, siloed budgets and decision-making
processes, and a lack of robust regulatory frameworks, legal support, mandates and enabling
policies are additional barriers hindering the effective implementation of One Health,particularly at regional, national and sub-national level.
One Health requires continued institutionalization, supported by appropriate investments
for greater awareness among all stakeholders, cross-sectoral competencies and capacities,
joint workforce training, career pathways and opportunities, effective governance rooted intransdisciplinary and multisectoral principles and appropriate legislation, stakeholder andcommunity engagement, the integration of the concept into education in related disciplines,
and a renewed emphasis, with key interventions and collaborations at all levels, on moving
towards a more sustainable, healthier and safer world.
Notable progress in the fight against AMR, for example, as an area with established One
Health experience across disciplines, should be used as a building block in the implementationand operationalization of One Health in other areas. Proposed actions should aim to benefit
from established efforts and optimize and enhance milestones already achieved.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

12

1.5 Rationale

The COVID-19 pandemic and its profound impact on human health, society andeconomies around the world highlighted the interconnectedness between biodiversity,a healthy environment, food systems and our health, and has revealed vulnerabilities
at all levels. Assessments of these complex interactions warn us that future pandemics
will emerge more often, spread more rapidly, do more damage to the world economy
and kill more people than COVID-19, unless there is a transformative change in the
global approach to our relationship with the environment and how we tackle disease
emergence, spillovers and spread – from prevention to reaction and preparedness.
Although warnings of a pandemic arising from a previously unknown zoonotic pathogen
have been on the international radar for many years, the COVID-19 crisis has reinforced
the urgent need for an integrated, One Health approach to pandemic prevention.
The need for this transformative change is supported by increasing high-level politicalsupport for One Health to manage health threats associated with interactions between
humans, animals, plants and the environment.
In the face of the increasing number of multidimensional health, water, energy, foodsecurity and biodiversity challenges that the world is facing, a shared vision of coherent
and coordinated action on all levels is more important than ever. The Quadripartite
considers this international dynamic to be a unique opportunity to take its partnershipto a new level and stand together as a global coalition to jointly drive change andachieve the transformations required to mitigate the impact of current and future healthchallenges at global, regional and country level.
The OH JPA embraces this global vision to further strengthen a comprehensive
One Health approach and to foster the change pathways required for successful
implementation at all levels. The OH JPA is motivated by the urgent need for global
governance in One Health, in which the Quadripartite plays a leading role to reduce risks
to the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment.
The OH JPA adopts One Health with a broader perspective, adopting a systems approachto support the health of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems, while identifying andaddressing the factors underlying disease emergence, spread and persistence, and thecomplex economic, social and environmental determinants of health. By integrating theenvironmental dimension to gain a broader understanding of disease emergence andspread, as well as the role of ecosystems in disease regulation, One Health can unfold
its entire capacity. It can thereby help to address the underlying drivers of disease
emergence and ill health, improve disease prevention and preparedness, mitigate theimpacts of health risks and threats, implement sustainable solutions and promote healthfor all in a holistic manner long term.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

13

1.6 Scope

The scope of the OH JPA is guided by the imperative for an inclusive One Healthapproach to addressing the health threats of humans, animals and plants in an
integrated manner, while promoting environment and biodiversity protection andacknowledging the broader systems benefits of cross-sectoral collaboration to achievecollective outcomes.
Specifically, the OH JPA addresses the risks and consequences of emerging zoonotic
diseases with epidemic and pandemic potential, endemic infectious diseases ofzoonotic and vector-borne origin, food and water safety hazards, AMR and the healthof the environment.
Non-zoonotic epidemics of transboundary animal diseases and their risk factors canseriously impact society, economic trade, food security, ecosystem function and thehealth and well-being of humans. Their prevention and mitigation can benefit from a
One Health approach and are comprehensively described in the Strategy of the Global
Framework for Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs) (FAO andWOAH, 2021). While these diseases and livestock and fish production systems are notspecifically addressed in the OH JPA, they are considered in the broader framework of
capacity building, coordination, systems thinking and resources across relevant technicalcomponents of the OH JPA. Plant pests and diseases are not specifically addressed
here, as they are beyond the context of the OH JPA. However, plant health in general isaddressed across the action tracks, for example, in the context of food safety, AMR, thehealth of the environment and capacity development.
The OH JPA is a technical document informed by evidence, best practices and existingguidance from the Quadripartite. It offers a set of actions with activities for the
Quadripartite to advance One Health at all levels. It also offers a set of tools, guidanceand support mechanisms that countries, international partners and non-state actors,
such as civil-society organizations, professional associations, academia and research
institutions, can draw upon for their One Health planning and implementation.
The implementation of proposed actions at the national level will need to consider
national contexts, priorities and resources. The elaboration of associated workplans atcountry level will be conducted in consultation with Members, Member States and State
Parties with a view to helping countries accelerate progress on One Health.
The OH JPA is strategically linked to and aligned with many relevant initiatives (see Box1). It should be noted that this list is not exhaustive and can be completed as appropriate.
A list of the most relevant programmes, initiatives and tools to the OH JPA can befound in appendix 2. The OH JPA will complement these initiatives while facilitating
and supporting their implementation at country, regional and global level, taking acoordinated One Health approach.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

BOX 1: THE OH JPA BUILDS AND COMPLEMENT EXISTINGAND ONGOING INITIATIVES, INCLUDING:•

Global Action Plan on AMR (WHO, 2015a)•

Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021–2030 (WHO, 2021a)•

Zero by 30: the global strategic plan to eliminate human deaths from dog-mediatedrabies by 2030 (WHO, FAO and OIE, 2018)•

Quadripartite Strategic Framework for collaboration on antimicrobial resistance(FAO, UNEP, WHO, WOAH 2022)•

Roadmap for Zoonotic Tuberculosis (WHO, FAO and OIE, 2017)•

Convention on Biological Diversity (United Nations, 1992)•

WOAH/OIE wildlife health framework (WOAH, 2021)•

Global framework for progressive control of transboundary animal diseases(GF-TADs) (FAO and WOAH, 2021)•

Preventing the next pandemic - Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain oftransmission (UNEP, 2020)•

WHO global strategy on health, environment and climate change (WHO, 2020a)•

Draft WHO Global Strategy for Food Safety (2022-2030) (WHO, 2021b)•

Joint FAO/WHO food safety monitoring framework•

International Health Regulations-Performance of Veterinary Services (IHR-PVS)
National Bridging Workshops (NBWs)•

The Tripartite operational tools of the Tripartite Zoonoses Guide(WHO, FAO and OIE, 2020)

14

15

Part 2.
The action framework
2.1. Theory of change

The theory of change for the OH JPA argues that One Health, as an integrated,
multisectoral, holistic and transdisciplinary approach, has the potential to solve thepressing health challenges described above. Effective implementation of One Health at
all levels can make significant contributions to the envisaged impact and outcomes of
the OH JPA and achieve sustainable and lasting results.
There are numerous technical, coordinative, collaborative and institutional challenges
hindering the effective implementation of One Health at the global, national andsubnational level. The OH JPA seeks to remove these barriers to enable progress on
improved health outcomes for humans, animals, plants and the environment.
The theory of change is supported by three pathways to change, which represent theareas where the four organizations have the greatest capacity to bring about significant
and sustainable change in terms of the expected medium- and long-term outcomes.
These three change pathways are:•Pathway 1: Policy, legislation, advocacy and financing – encompasses all aspects ofpolicy development, political will, enabling regulatory frameworks, investment andthe institutionalization of intersectoral governance.

•

Pathway 2: Organizational development, implementation and sectoral integration– encompasses all aspects of the implementation of One Health, including thescaling up of capacity development at regional and country level, community
engagement and mobilization for action, multisectoral coordination, collaborationand communication, and the equitable integration of sectors.

•

Pathway 3: Data, evidence and knowledge – encompasses the strengthening of thescientific evidence base, knowledge translation into data for evidence, technicaltools, protocols and guidelines, information and surveillance systems.

The OH JPA is built around six action tracks (see next section) with specific objectives
for achieving expected medium-term outcomes. Each objective is associated with theimplementation of several high-level actions, each with a set of specific activities, clear
deliverables and timeline. The action tracks are the thematic pillars of the OH JPA, so are

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ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

considered the first building block of the theory of change. The action tracks and theirhigh-level actions are mapped out across the three pathways to collectively drive change
in the outcomes of the OH JPA and contribute to the desired impact.

FIGURE 2: OVERVIEW OF THE THEORY OF CHANGE
FOR THE OH JPA
1 - PATHWAYS OF CHANGE
Pathway 1. Policy, legislation, advocacy, and financing
Pathway 2. Organisational development, implementation and sectoral integration
Pathway 3. Data, evidence and knowledge

High-level actions
AT3.2 Strengthen policy frameworks
for the control and prevention ofneglected zoonotic diseaseAT3.3 Increase political commitment andinvestment for control of neglected
zoonotic diseases

AT5.2 Reinforce global and regional initiatives to influence and support One Healthresponses to AMR
AT1.2 Generate mechanisms, tools, andcapacities to establish a One Healthcompetent workforce and to facilitate One
Health work

2 - ACTION TRACKS(AT)

AT1.3 Generate an enabling environment foreffective implementation of One HealthAT5.3 Strengthen global governance structures for AMR
AT6.1 Protect, restore and prevent
ecosystem and environmental degradation

AT6.4 Create an interoperable One Healthin-service training program for environment,
medical and veterinary sector professionals

AT1.1 Establish the foundations for One
Health capacities

AT2.3 Strengthen One Health surveillance,
early warning and response

AT4.1 Strengthen One Healthapproach in national foodcontrols systems and foodsafety coordination

AT4.2 Improve food systemdata and analysis, scientificevidence, and risk
assessment

AT4.3 Foster the adoptionof One Health approach infoodborne disease
surveillance systems andresearch

AT6.3 Integrate environmental knowledge, data and evidence in decision-marking
AT2.1 Understand drivers of emergence,
spillover and spread of zoonotic pathogens

AT2.2 Identify and prioritize evidence-based
upstream interventions for prevention of
zoonoses

AT3.1 Enable countries to implement
community-centric and risk-based solutions
to neglected zoonotic diseases

AT5.1 Strengthen country capacity andcapability to control AMR

AT6.2 Mainstream the health of the environment and ecosystems into the One Healthapproach17

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

The theory of change is underpinned by key assumptions that must exist to create anenabling environment, as well as barriers that prevent the OH JPA outcomes in the causal
pathway from being achieved. Activities contributing to high-level actions in each action
track were designed to work around these barriers.
LEGEND
5 - IMPACT
A world better able to prevent, predict, detect,and respond to health threats and improve thehealth of humans, animals, plants, and theenvironment while contributing to sustainable
development

4 - LONG-TERM OUTCOMES
Improved health of humans, animals, plants andthe environment while identifying sustainablesystem-wide One Health solutions that allow
our ecosystems to thrive in harmony
Reduced risk and impact of health threats at thehuman-animal-plant-environment interface
using a One Health approach efficiently,
effectively, and equitably

3 - MEDIUM-TERM OUTCOMES
Improved coordination, communication andalignment of One Health activities and capacity
building efforts, including in the provision oftechnical support, normative frameworks,
research, education and guidance
Organizations collaborate and synergize
effectively to build advocacy, political will andleverage investment for an evidence-based One
Health approach
Strengthened cross-sectoral capacities toco-design and implement inclusive andequitable multi-level workplans and strategies
in line with One Health principles
Improved and harmonized One Health tools,
technologies and practices that integrate data
and knowledge are developed, disseminated andutilized

Action tracks
AT1. Enhancing One Health capacities to strengthen health systems
AT2. Reducing the risks from emerging and re-emerging zoonotic
epidemics and pandemics
AT3. Controlling and eliminating endemic zoonotic, neglected tropicaland vector-borne diseases
AT4. Strengthening the assessment, management and communicationof food safety risks
AT5. Curbing the silent pandemic of AMR
AT6. Integrating the environment into One Health

Barriers
Wider socio-political context: climate crisis, emerging threats,
conflict, global hunger and inequalities
Powerful donors/stakeholders having undue influence overprioritisation and resource allocation
Limited availability and inadequate use of legal and regulatory
frameworks to support One Health practices
Poor communication: language and cultural barriers among
disciplines and sectors, and between countries
Insufficient community inclusion
Lack of cooperation between internal and external stakeholders,limited engagement with the environmental sector andprofessional segregation
Limited standardisation around One Health curricula andcompetency-based frameworks to support education of the One
Health workforce
Commercial, academic, reputational and profit motives, supersede
knowledge sharing, technology transfer and collaborative capacity
building approaches
Limited evidence of scalable, effective implementation of One
Health initiatives

Assumptions
Political will and financing is in place (and can be mobilised) at the
global, national and local levels. Funding can be mobilised flexibly
to ensure all action tracks are sufficiently funded
The four organizations and associated sectors can collaborate andharmonise their practices without territorialism, competition andsilos adversely impacting on the work
The OH JPA enhances equity and empowers stakeholders, including
civil society, disadvantaged groups and indigenous communities
Learning, innovation, and adaptation are intensified bycollaborative and cross sectoral work
The OH JPA can effectively disseminate and foster a wider
understanding of One Health approaches and concepts acrossrelevant segments of society and at all levels

Note: Three overarching pathways (1, 2 and 3) encompass the change processes linking the action tracks to the outcomes and impact.
The six action tracks can be found in the coloured wheel (see legend) and the high-level actions corresponding to each action track
are numbered in the same colour. Each high-level action sits on a line of the same colour and contributes to one or more of the threepathways, as illustrated by the shaded boxes. Collectively, all actions on the pathways contribute to the achievement of medium-term
outcomes, but there are barriers (vertical dotted line) and assumptions (blue arrow) that need to be considered to ensure success.
Achieving the medium-term outcomes paves the way for achievement of the envisaged long-term outcomes and impact.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

18

2.2 Impact, outcomes
and operational objectives

The vision (impact) of the OH JPA and its future iterations, expressed as the desired
impact within a 15-20-year timeline, is:A world better able to prevent, predict, detect and respond tohealth threats and improve the health of humans, animals,
plants and the environment while contributing to sustainable
development.
The goal is expressed in two long-term outcomes, which are expected to be achieved inalignment with the 2030 Agenda:•

Long-term outcome 1: Improved health of humans, animals, plants and theenvironment while identifying sustainable system-wide One Health solutions thatallow our ecosystems to thrive in harmony.

•Long-term outcome 2: Reduced risk and impact of health threats at the human–
animal–plant–environment interface using a One Health approach efficiently,
effectively and equitably.

To achieve these long-term outcomes, the OH JPA will accelerate action towards four key
medium-term outcomes by 2026:•

Medium-term outcome 1: Effective collaboration and synergy to build advocacy
and political will and to leverage investment for an evidence-based One Healthapproach.

•Medium-term outcome 2: Improved coordination, communication and alignmentof One Health activities and capacity-building efforts, including in the provisionof technical support, normative frameworks, research, education and guidance.

•

Medium-term outcome 3: Strengthened cross-sectoral capacity to co-design andimplement inclusive and equitable multilevel workplans and strategies in line withOne Health principles.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION•

Medium-term outcome 4: Improved and harmonized One Health tools,
technologies and practices that integrate data and knowledge are developed,
disseminated and utilized.

Operational objectives
The OH JPA sets out the following action-oriented operational objectives that areinterlinked with the goals and outcomes of the OH JPA:•

Provide a framework for collective and coordinated action to mainstream the One
Health approach at global, regional, national and community level to work towards
the vision described above.

•

Provide upstream policy and legislative advice and technical assistance to help
set national targets and priorities across the sectors for the development andimplementation of One Health legislation, initiatives and programmes.

•

Promote collaboration, learning and exchange within and between nations, sectors,
disciplines and groups of society for the collective generation of knowledge andsolutions and to promote equitable access to current and future technologies andtools.

•Take stock of existing cross-sectoral global and regional initiatives around One
Health, identify and advise on synergies and overlaps, and support coordination.

•

Mobilize and make better use of resources across sectors, disciplines andstakeholders.

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20

2.3 Guiding principles

The following guiding principles establish a set of values to guide the development andimplementation of the OH JPA at every level.
Cooperation and shared responsibility: The OH JPA emphasizes One Health as ashared responsibility and recognizes the crucial role of cooperation among countries,
regional organizations and other international organizations and stakeholders insupporting national efforts to effectively address the health threats identified in thisOH JPA. The OH JPA recognizes the expertise and abilities of these key stakeholders as
essential resources for its effective implementation, coordination and oversight.
Multisectoral action and partnership: Development and implementation of the OH
JPA at all levels requires concerted multisectoral action, with engagement by all relevant
disciplines and sectors, public and private, to address the challenges. Collaboration
across and between all stakeholders at all levels shall be fostered, guided by a sharedvision to realize the multiplicative benefits of a more comprehensive One Healthapproach and outcomes.
Gender equality: All efforts to implement the OH JPA support gender equity andwomen’s empowerment and take a gender-sensitive perspective, bearing in mind
vulnerabilities specific to each national context, consistent with the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development.
Inclusiveness and equity: The OH JPA adopts a conducive framework to enhance
inclusiveness and equity in the formulation of One Health policies, legislation andpractices. The OH JPA emphasizes the importance of addressing inclusively andrespectfully all stakeholders, including local communities and organizations. These
local stakeholders have a central role in the identification of the local challenges andin the design and implementation of locally adapted One Health solutions. The OH JPA
recognizes the need for community engagement by ensuring active participation andcommunication with the communities. Local and traditional knowledge from communities
should be recognized and mobilized in tandem with scientific knowledge and research
results generated through the various activities of the OH JPA.

21

Part 3.
Action tracks
The OH JPA is structured around six action tracks (areas of action) for addressing key
health challenges at the human–animal–plant–environment interface that require a
One Health approach. The action tracks are interdependent. They also capture a systems
approach required to reduce health threats shared by humans, animals, plants and theenvironment and contribute to achieving sustainable health and food systems, as well as
improved ecosystem management.
FIGURE 3: THE SIX OH JPA ACTION TRACKSAction track 1: Enhancing One
Health capacities to strengthen
health systems

Action track 6: Integrating theEnvironment into One Health

Action track 2: Reducing the risks
from emerging and re-emerging
zoonotic epidemics and pandemics

Action track 5: Curbing the silent
pandemic of Antimicrobial
Resistance (AMR)

Action track 3: Controlling andeliminating zoonotic, neglected
tropical and vector-borne diseases

Action track 4: Strengthening
the assessment, management andcommunication of food safety risks

The activities listed in the action tracks are what the four organizations can offer
collectively to support the mainstreaming of One Health.
Action tracks are supported by the following cross-cutting principles: i) adopting systems
thinking, ii) fostering advocacy and communication and public-private partnership(PPP), iii) enhancing governance, institutional and legal frameworks, and iv) using the
traditional knowledge of Indigenous Peoples and local communities, as appropriate.
These cross-cutting issues have been adopted to find connections between the six action
tracks and to help look at shared underlying issues.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

22

Action track 1: Enhancing One Health capacities to strengthen healthsystems
One Health collaborative capacities are needed to strengthen health systems andpromote healthy ecosystems.
The components and interrelationships of healthy ecosystems are intact, such that they
are resilient to change and stressors and allow a wide range of living beings to thrive.
Efforts are needed to promote environmental sustainability, preserve biodiversity andprevent further environmental degradation and depletion.
Functioning and effective health systems also play a critical role in the prevention
and management of infectious zoonotic and production diseases, AMR, food safety
and other hazards.
Effective One Health coordination, backed by appropriate regulatory frameworks, isneeded to dismantle existing barriers caused by professional and sectoral segregationand to implement mechanisms to: i) address issues holistically, ii) deal with complexity
and ambiguity, iii) negotiate trade-offs and identify win-win solutions, and iv) agree onpriorities, funds and collective actions (including monitoring and evaluation). Ideally, thiswould happen with the engagement of representatives of the relevant sub-systems fromall levels, including citizens. The wide engagement of people with different expertise andexperience will allow the partiality of disciplinary and sectoral knowledge to be bridged incomplex systems. The lessons of COVID-19 to build a better, more holistic and integrated
system will be taken into account in developing such One Health systems.
This action track is overarching and focuses on strengthening One Health collaborative
capacity to support global, regional and national One Health coordination for the
integrated management and regulation of issues at the animal–human–plant–
environment interface and to promote the health of humans, animals, plants andecosystems. It is cross-cutting and may affect the other action tracks. It includes thedefinition of expected One Health competencies and capacities; One Health needs
assessments; the creation of processes for agreement on desired outcomes for thehealth of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems; joint prioritization and decisionmaking taking into account human, animal, plant and environmental needs andeffects; comprehensive risk analysis at a systemic level; the development of effective
policies and legislation; and the creation of enabling environments for One Healthoperationalization. With this action track, FAO, UNEP, WHO and WOAH intend todevelop frameworks, methodologies, guidelines and tools to inform their approach to
One Health and strengthen the capacity of Members, Member States and State Parties
to implement it at regional, national and local level, also exploiting resources alreadyavailable (see Annex 2).

23

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Objective
Provide adequate guidance and tools for the effective implementation of multisectoral
approaches to promote the health of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems and to preventand manage risks at the human–animal–plant–environment interface.
Action 1.1. Establish the foundations for One Health capacities
This action is dedicated to assessing which One Health capacities are available andneeded and making plans to build or strengthen them to: i) tackle risks arising at thehuman–animal–plant–environment interface and ii) promote healthy ecosystems
for all. It has a focus on systems thinking, needs assessment and joint planningand prioritization. It includes activities that are intended to generate concrete
methodologies, competencies and tools for planning One Health capacity at global,
regional, national and local level.
It requires the definition of One Health capacities and competencies, an analysis of existing
gaps and the ability to design, plan and implement leadership, decision-making, strategies
and governance; sustainable frameworks, infrastructures and competencies; affordable
economic models and financial mechanisms; and monitoring and evaluation processes.
TABLE 1: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 1.1
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

1.1.1 Develop mechanisms to
support an overarching One
Health governance and legal
framework

2–3• Methodologies, tools and pilot tests for:• the identification of policy and legislative instruments
relevant to One Health, including sector-specific and crosscutting legislation relevant to this JPA and its action tracks

 • the assessment of existing frameworks, methodologies andtools and of governance and regulatory gaps
1.1.2 Define One Healthinstitutional and workforce
capacities and develop
methodologies and tools toassess national One Healthperformances and identify
needs• Definition of One Health competencies and capacities atinstitutional and individual levels• Mapping and integration of existing methodologies andtools, and new methodologies and tools and pilot tests for:• national capacities for One Health and the performance ofsystems at the human–animal–plant–environment interface• One Health competencies• workforce learning needs assessment• Support for the application of tools and assessments
provided• Identified learning needs• dentified opportunities to strengthen One Healthcoordination

 

4–5

24

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

1.1.3 Define planning• Blueprint (or planning schemes and models) applicablemechanisms for One Healthto the Quadripartite’s Members, Member States and State
coordination, including
Partiescollaborative governance• Collaborative workshops and initiatives to bringmechanisms, policies and legal
together actors from the planning of human, animalframeworks, and capacityand environmental health to develop shared One Healthbuilding strategies applicableroadmaps
at global, regional, national• Plans for joint One Health strategies, procedures and policies,
and local level
Including governance and regulatory frameworks

2–3

4–5



• Plans for One Health capacity building at regional, subregional, national and local level
1.1.4 Define processes anddevelop methodologies
for assessing countries’
vulnerabilities to One Healthchallenges, and link withappropriate evidence-based
preparedness and response
capabilities to tackle risks fromemerging and re-emerging
pathogens and diseases,
leading to improvements in
the health of humans, animals,
plants and the environment ata systems level• Mapping and integration of existing methodologies andtools, as well as new methodologies and tools and pilot tests
for:1.1.5 Design a monitoring andevaluation framework for thecontinuous improvementof the organizations’ andnational One Health actions,performance and capacities• Mapping and integration of existing methodologies andtools, as well as new methodologies, tools and pilot tests
to implement a One Health monitoring and evaluation
framework at organizational and country level

1.1.6 Establish financial needs tobuild One Health capacity at
global, regional and nationallevel• Mapping of existing One Health financial mechanisms andtheir effectiveness• Analysis of countries’ vulnerabilities – system performanceand efficiency/effectiveness monitoring and evaluation• Disease-specific networking

 

 

• Use of the monitoring and evaluation framework by the fourorganizations• Mapping of existing national funds and potential sources
related or applicable to One Health• Methodologies to develop cost-benefit analysis and/or abusiness case of the One Health operationalization  • Economic analysis and/or a business case for One Healthinvestments at global, regional, national and local level
defining financial/ investment needs, striving for balanceacross sectors
1.1.7 Develop methodologies
and tools to advocate for andpromote political prioritizationof One Health work in regional,
national and local sustainable
development strategies andplans• Develop business cases to demonstrate the costeffectiveness of the One Health approach for healthsystems• Support for political prioritization through the development of
economic case studies on One Health• Facilitate, where requested, national strategies or otherforms of political commitment (such as inclusion in SDG
implementation strategies or action plans or Voluntary
National Reviews) to support national ministers/interministerial processes and regional/subregional
processes resulting in political commitment• Written political contributions/interventions on One Healthadvocacy and promotion for regional and sub-regional forums

  

25

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Action 1.2. Generate mechanisms, tools and capacities to establish a One Healthcompetent workforce and the frameworks/processes to facilitate One Health work
This action represents One Health at work and proposes a set of activities to strengthen
the workforce, develop resources, tools, mechanisms and solutions to operationalize
it. It also builds on several existing programmes and generates competent One Healthenablers and facilitators, as well as the structures and frameworks to facilitate One
Health work in practice, so that the competent workforce will be able to mobilize
multiple and collaborative competencies towards coordinated approaches and efforts.
TABLE 2: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 1.2
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

1.2.1 Facilitate theimplementation of joint
processes and workplans for
One Health work

2–3

4–5

• Mapping of existing mechanisms and tools for One Healthoperationalization and their integration into the new guidelines• Guidelines for stakeholders to design joint processes for
One Health operationalization and collaborative workplans,
including vision integration, prioritization, negotiation, definitionof agreed outcomes and shared values, evidence needs, andcollective actions

 • Guidelines for risk assessment design• Guidelines applied by organizations• Workshops and other peer-to-peer approaches
1.2.2 Facilitate One Healthcapacity building, including
workforce development in all
relevant sectors• Mapping of existing opportunities, resources and curricula atglobal, regional and national levels• Definition of access and selection criteria and processes;
evaluation of capacity-building programmes• Mechanisms to build synergies and avoid duplication incapacity-building delivery• Competency-based frameworks, training programmes,
courses, plans and e-learning resources  • Workforce development tools• Job descriptions for One Health professionals• Simulation exercises to build and strengthen One Healthcompetencies• Monitoring and evaluation tools to assess capacity building
1.2.3 Support and promote
the next generation of
One Health practitioners,
researchers and technicalofficers• Internships, placements, mentorship schemes and acompetency framework for junior One Health practitioners,
researchers and technical officers

  

26

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

1.2.4 Develop frameworks
and mechanisms for public
participation, including
Indigenous Peoples, andtheir horizontal and vertical
integration into One Health

2–3

4–5

• Participatory methods to engage society in the One Healthculture and framework based on knowledge management,
taking into account that humans, animals, food, plants andecosystems are closely linked and interdependent• One Health knowledge management processes, expert
knowledge-sharing platforms and communities of goodpractice• Processes and guidelines for risk communication andcommunity engagement, including participatory methods
based on robust risk communication schemes, enabling
bottom-up approaches • Mechanisms and methods to integrate stakeholder knowledge• Processes, guidelines and methods used by countries
1.2.5 Promote One Healthcross-sectoral collaborationand partnerships, including
PPP• Mapping and integration of existing guidelines for partnership
implementation• Guidelines on effective partnerships (including PPP)
• Mechanisms for scientific and technical collaboration andcooperation based on the One Health approach

1.2.6 Develop operational tools • Operational guidelines and tools for science-based One
to support science-based
Health action coordination
One Health coordinated• Use of knowledge and evidence in decisions on strategic
strategic technical actions
technical actions (including One Health networks orcommunities of practice)

 

 

• Mapping of opportunities for enhanced technology transfer
and developing mechanisms to strengthen participation
1.2.7 Provide guidance on theappropriate use of integrated
One Health information,
surveillance and emergency
response systems, taking into
account humans, animals,
food, plants and ecosystems• Mapping and integration of existing resources• Guidelines for prioritization, strategic decision-making and risk
management for the effective use of One Health information
systems • Guidelines for simulation exercises

Action 1.3. Generate an enabling environment for the effective implementation of
One HealthThis action is key to ensuring that the One Health approach can be used to its fullpotential. It spans several activities, from monitoring the implementation andenforcement of regulatory frameworks to the availability of sustainable financing,from information systems to technologies and from transparency to communication– essentially all of the support structures required for One Health work to operate
effectively. This action also builds an important foundation for the other action tracks
and will facilitate the work of the four organizations and support their Members, Member
States and State Parties.

27

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTIONTABLE 3: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 1.3
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

1.3.1 Provide guidance
and tools for transparent
and trusted One Healthcollaborative governance,mechanisms, policies andregulatory frameworks• Guidelines to enable transparent information sharing to build
solid governance based on trust

1.3.2 Promote effective
communication structuresand information and datasharing systems acrossorganizations, sectors andsociety• Inventory of tools and best-practice examples

1.3.3 Generate mechanisms
for joint funding and resource
mobilization• Joint One Health funding mechanisms established1.3.4 Promote One Healthtask forces and working
groups with a clear
mandate for internal
coordination• Coordinated actions and information sharing within andbetween the organizations• Advocacy measures conducted for joint One Health strategies,
procedures and policies, including governance, mechanisms,
policies and regulatory frameworks

2–3

4–5

 

• Developed and disseminated One Health roadmaps• Effective communication structures and information sharing
systems for One Health established in the four organizations
for the benefit of internal and external audiences, including
stakeholders responsible for resource mobilization • Guidelines for implementation at national level and pilot tests• Funding mobilized to support OH JPA actions• Resource integration and sharing mechanisms defined• Guidelines for internal coordination

  
 

Action track 2: Reducing the risks from emerging and re-emerging
zoonotic epidemics and pandemics
Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic pathogens with epidemic and pandemic potential
pose a major threat to humans, animals and society through their immense health,social, economic and security impacts. Prevention, preparedness, early warning, early
detection, response and recovery to these threats require coordinated One Healthapproaches that integrate the environmental dimension to preserve biodiversity, build
resilience and ensure sustainable health, livelihoods and food systems. Cohesive andcollaborative global efforts that tackle emerging diseases at source are imperative.
This action track focuses on: i) understanding the drivers of (re-)emerging zoonotic
diseases and related processes and pathways, including ecosystem degradation, land-use
and habitat change, environmental and climatic factors, as well as harvesting, farming
and the trade of animals, wild and domestic; ii) developing risk mitigation measures,
including the maintenance of resilient healthy ecosystems, early interventions aimed
at reversing or halting environmental degradation and biodiversity loss, the regulationof farming and trade in wildlife and wild animal products, and the reduction of spilloverrisks at key animal value-chain points and wildlife–domestic animal–human interfaces,
including live animal markets (traditional markets); and iii) enhancing sustainable

28

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

and targeted One Health surveillance, early warning and response mechanisms inecosystems, targeting animal–human–environment interfaces and key animal valuechain points. The focus will be on known (re-)emerging zoonotic diseases previously
identified to have epidemic and pandemic potential, while also considering “Disease X”,
caused by a yet unknown zoonotic pathogen and with the potential to develop into afuture epidemic/pandemic.
Objective
Reduce the risk and minimize the local and global impacts of zoonotic epidemics andpandemics by understanding the linkages and drivers of emergence and spillover, adopting
upstream prevention measures and strengthening One Health surveillance, early warning andresponse systems.
Action 2.1. Understand the drivers of emergence, spillover and spread of zoonotic
pathogensThis action reviews existing knowledge of drivers, processes and pathways andestablishes baselines for monitoring purposes. It proposes targeted research to filloutstanding knowledge gaps.
Activities in this action focus on diseases and risks identified as priorities by WHO
and the priority diseases agreed by the Quadripartite (for example, as outlined in the
Tripartite workplan and the OH JPA).
TABLE 4: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 2.1
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline1

2.1.1 Develop guidance toconduct coordinated andsystematic data collection,
operational and behavioural
research and risk assessmentson the drivers, processes
and pathways for zoonotic
disease emergence, spreadand persistence, as well as tocharacterize intact resilient ecoand health systems and theireffect on disease prevention,
supporting countries in
implementation

2–3

4–5

• Mapping of existing resources• Quadripartite/OHHLEP guidance• Reports, publications• Policy papers and recommendations

  

29

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Activities

Deliverables

Timeline1

2.1.2 Develop standardized
protocols and standard
operating procedures forharmonized One Health researchand data collection to facilitate
data generation, sharing,comparison and meta-analyses• Harmonized protocols and normative standards

2.1.3 Identify drivers andindicators to monitor theirimpacts on zoonotic disease
emergence, re-emergence andspread, including those that canlead to increased interfaces
or disruptions of natural hostpathogen dynamics• Reports/publications

2.1.4 Develop a One Healthindicator framework to monitor
the health of humans, wildlife,
domestic animals, vectors andthe environment, including inintact, resilient eco- and healthsystems to establish baselines,
and support countries inmonitoring changes over time/along development gradients• Joint indicator framework developed

2.1.5 Support countries in building
science–policy interfaces toensure that scientific knowledge,
including from assessments,
syntheses and reviews, istranslated into action• Mapping of existing resources

2–3

4–5

• Dataset for pooled data analysis  • Prediction models of potential transmission scenarios
related to climate change• Policy papers/advice  • Databases on baselines and observed change• List of identified triggers for early warning• Mechanisms/agreements for information sharing
established  • Science to policy platforms• Indicators for science-based targets• Reports• Workshops  • Policy support methodologies and tools• Scenarios and models
2.1.6 Identify One Health researchgaps and priorities, develop a
research agenda and advocate
for funding to find sustainable
solutions to reduce the risk of
disease emergence• List of One Health research gaps

• List of One Health research priorities• One Health research agenda• Yearly meetings/initiatives to review and update theresearch agenda• Fundraising (individually or jointly)

  

30

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Action 2.2. Identify and prioritize targeted, evidence-based upstream interventions
to prevent the emergence, spillover and spread of zoonotic pathogens
This action identifies and prioritizes targeted, evidence-based upstream interventions
to prevent the emergence, spillover and spread of zoonotic pathogens by tackling thedrivers. Environmental drivers should be considered in health and biodiversity risks
assessments and interventions, and vice versa. The action further identifies sustainable
solutions, nature-based where applicable, that ensure the inclusion of the knowledge ofIndigenous Peoples.
TABLE 5: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 2.2
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

2.2.1 Support countries
in conducting joint One
Health risk assessments
and mapping, leading toevidence-based and targetedrisk management andcommunication• Recommendations on risk-based management measuresand communication messaging

2.2.2 Incorporate land-use
planning in health andbiodiversity risks assessment,
and vice versa• Risk assessment reports• Policies and best-practice guidelines• Harmonized protocols and normative standards• Recommendations on risk-based management measuresand communication messaging• Policies and best-practice guidelines

2–3

4–5

  

  

• Harmonized protocols and normative standards for One
Health risk assessment
2.2.3 Establish standards for the
management of ecosystemprocesses at all levels to
support resilience, including
mainstreaming habitat
degradation prevention andbiodiversity protection in foodsystems to maximize cobenefits• Mapping of existing resources

2.2.4 Engage with local
communities, including
Indigenous Peoples, to identify
sustainable solutions, naturebased where applicable, forthe prevention and control of
emerging and re-emerging
zoonotic diseases to increase
community preparedness andresilience• Reports, manuscripts, publications from research• Policies and best-practice guidelines• Harmonized protocols and normative standards• Verification through biodiversity and habitat indicator
monitoring • Policy papers, best-practice guidelines, recommendations• Harmonized protocols, questionnaires and normative
standards for main/priority topics to be covered

  

31

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)12.2.5 Conduct anthropological• Reports, manuscripts, publications from researchand participatory research to• Policy papers/advice/best-practice guidelines
identify key risky behaviours,• Harmonized protocols and normative standards
as well as acceptance andfeasibility of risk mitigation
measures, ensuring genderbased approaches andleveraging traditional
knowledge of Indigenous
Peoples and local communities
as appropriate and with priorand informed consent
2.2.6 Raise awareness among
key stakeholders about thebenefits of healthy ecosystems,
identified risk factors anddrivers, as well as solutions forrisk mitigation and spillover
prevention that are naturebased where applicable,
acceptable and sustainable• Communication strategies developed

2.2.7 Support countries in
implementing enabling,evidence-based andgender-sensitive regulatory
frameworks for the prevention
and control of zoonotic
epidemics/pandemics along
value chains, including
livestock and wildlife• Legislation review

2.2.8 Support countries inputting into action existing
global strategies on zoonotic
diseases and ensure synergy
and cohesiveness at a global,
regional, and national level• Development of regional and global strategies or the
updating of existing ones

2.2.9 Develop guidance on
economic analyses to quantify
the costs and benefits of
preventive interventions anduse the results to advocate forsustainable financing in theseinterventions• Mapping of existing resources

2.2.10 Support countries
in conducting analysis oflegislation relevant for eachsector to identify potential
gaps and issues that need tobe addressed to reduce theemergence and spillover of
diseases• Reports, manuscripts, publications from research

2–3

4–5

  

• Community engagement strategies developed• Risk communication and awareness materials targeted at
different audiences and communication channels• Communication training for policymakers

 • Harmonized protocols and normative standards • Cross-border/regional meetings or workshops to develop/
harmonize action plans  • Guidance, reports, manuscripts, publications from research• Policy briefs and recommendations  • Policy briefs and recommendations• Evidence base to sustain and support the reinforcement ofpublic policies framework

 

32

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Action 2.3. Strengthen national, regional and global One Health surveillance, early
warning and response systems
This action aims to ensure the timely detection of emerging and re-emerging zoonotic
diseases through sustainable and targeted One Health surveillance and early warning, toestablish triggers for action and to develop evidence-based decision-support tools.
TABLE 6: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 2.3
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

2.3.1 Develop operational tools andresources to conduct targeted One
Health surveillance at human-animalecosystem interfaces and a mechanism
for multisectoral data sharing, per
Quadripartite/OHHLEP guidance, supported
by robust regulatory frameworks• Mapping of existing resources

2.3.2 Develop guidance on progressive
control and management pathways
that apply a One Health approach instrengthening biosecurity for existing andpotentially re-emerging zoonotic diseases(such as zoonotic influenza viruses,
MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Rift
Valley fever) and support countries with
implementation• Mapping of existing resources

2.3.3 Develop and maintain country
capacity for managing biohazards
according to applicable international
standards, regulations and legal
frameworks (International Air Transport
Association, Nagoya Protocol, International
Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for
Food and Agriculture, Pandemic Influenza
Preparedness Framework, etc.), including
good biosecurity, the safe storage andtransport of infectious substances and thesharing of genetic resources, pathogens,vaccines and medicines using the Accessand Benefit Sharing system• Workshops/training

2.3.4 Develop a pathogen monitoring
framework for wildlife and the environment,
including in wildlife habitats, on farming
and trade routes and along the wild meatand products value chain, and support
countries with implementation• Monitoring framework

2–3

4–5

• Quadripartite/OHHLEP guidance and tools• Surveillance reports• Disease notifications• Health certification  • Dashboards and maps depicting theepidemiological disease situation• Quadripartite/OHHLEP guidance• Health certification• Assessed improvement of progressive disease
control  • Harmonized protocols and normative standards  • Databases on baselines and observed change• List of identified triggers for action• Policy papers, best-practice guidelines,
recommendations• Harmonized protocols and normative standards

  

33

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)12.3.5 Support countries in conducting
pathogen surveillance at the human–
animal–environment interface throughtechnical networks to support predictive
epidemic intelligence, including themonitoring of trends in pathogen mutationand evolution and microbial diversity inwildlife, as well as the prediction or spillover
potential of novel zoonotic pathogens• Forecasts and early warning reports

2.3.6 Build collaborative predictive
epidemic intelligence systems (at national,
regional and global level) to identify highrisk interfaces and hotspots for spillover,incorporating relevant environmental
and climate data and data on theestablishment of reservoirs and vector
species in new geographic areas• Mapping of existing resources

2–3

4–5

• Reports, manuscripts, publications from research• Risk assessment reports• Policy briefs and recommendations for risk
mitigation  • Strengthened lab and epi (epidemiology)
networks• Cross-border/regional meetings or workshops
to share information and provide collaborative
analysis• Forecasts and early warning reports• Reports, manuscripts, publications from research  • Risk assessment reports• Policy briefs and recommendations for risk
mitigation

2.3.7 Use pandemic risk assessment
approaches (such as WHO’s Tool for
Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment –TIPRA, molecular risk assessment, or FAO’s
EMPRES-i Genetic Module) to proactively
identify pre-pandemic vaccine candidates
for existing zoonotic pathogens to inform
vaccine production• Mapping of existing resources

2.3.8 Leverage innovations and newtechnologies in disease surveillance, rapid
response and control• New technologies/technological solutions• Reports, manuscripts, publications from research• Risk assessment reports• Policy briefs and recommendations for risk
mitigation  • New diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics• Technology transfer• Innovative approaches (for example,
for surveillance, diagnostics, advanced
characterization, testing algorithms, etc.)• Technology transfer hubs set up• Quality-assured manufacturing capacity tosupport sustainable and greater equitable
access to medical and other countermeasuresfor disease control (across humans, animals andecosystems)  ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

34

Action track 3: Controlling and eliminating endemic zoonotic,
neglected tropical and vector-borne diseases
Communities bearing the greatest burdens of endemic zoonotic, neglected tropicaland vector-borne diseases are almost always those with little political influence orresource. To develop effective control plans, therefore, it is essential to build awarenessand demand for services from affected communities by understanding their attitudes
and knowledge, especially about animals and the environment, and to boost theircapacity. To ensure sustainability, countries should be supported and encouraged toown these community-centric strategies and to allocate sufficient domestic resources
to the challenge. Reducing the burden of these diseases has clear long-term benefits
for communities, animals and the environment, as well as for the broader economy,
improving livelihoods, health equity and social cohesion. Increasing capacity to detectendemic zoonotic, neglected tropical and vector-borne diseases also increases thelikelihood of early detection of pathogens with epidemic or pandemic potential.
Endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical and vector-borne diseases may be concentrated
in certain localities. Resource allocation is very limited and data on the real burdenof disease are scarce and unreliable. Mis- and under-diagnosis is common due to thelack of easy-to-use, locally available or technically adequate diagnostic tools, while
information-gathering and surveillance rarely address human–animal–environment
relationships beyond animals of production value. There are already many surveillance
tools, agreed standards, data sources, legislation and policies that apply to the control
of endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical and vector-borne diseases. Many of these canbe strengthened, for example, in the area of mandatory reporting, and integrated into
all sectors as relevant, avoiding duplication and redundancy. The new Road Map for
Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021–2030 (WHO, 2021) also calls for the intensification ofcross-cutting approaches and aims to address key gaps, especially in disease surveillance,
diagnostics, monitoring and evaluation, access and logistics, advocacy and funding.
This action track addresses the challenges outlined above, building on existing measuresand integrating them into the strengthening of broader systems, to provide numerous
opportunities for endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical and vector-borne disease-control
activities with a One Health approach.
Objective
Reduce the burden of endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical and vector-borne diseases by
supporting countries in implementing community-centric, risk-based solutions, strengthening
policy and legal frameworks from the local to the global level and across sectors, andincreasing political commitment and investment.

35

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Action 3.1 Enable countries to develop and implement community-centric andrisk-based solutions to endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical and vector-borne
disease control using a One Health approach involving all relevant stakeholders.
This action aims to promote the implementation of control measures by building
awareness and demand for control of endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical and vectorborne diseases from within communities and among stakeholders in relevant sectors.
Key areas for development are data surveillance, management and information sharing,the implementation of control activities, stakeholder training, (risk) communication andcommunity engagement.
Ideally, the epidemiology of endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical and vector-borne
diseases at local level should be well understood and affected communities engaged in
the design and implementation of surveillance and data management systems, outbreak
response, training and communication. Drivers of and disincentives to participation need
to be understood and addressed in order to create trust and ensure sustained action.
This action builds resilient animal and human populations to better withstand infectious
diseases by supporting countries in implementing a community-centric, One Healthapproach that engages stakeholders beyond the health sectors, spanning educators, local
government, experts in WASH services, waste management, agriculture, food safety,
climatology and biodiversity, in addition to urban developers, indigenous, communityand city leaders and media representatives.
TABLE 7: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 3.1
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

3.1.1 Provide integrated guidance
and resources to countries tohelp build capacity and resilience,
empower communities andincrease engagement andawareness of endemic zoonotic,
neglected tropical and vectorborne disease prevention,
diagnosis, control and treatment

2–3

4–5

• Guidance and resource material on risk communicationand community engagement for integrated community
awareness and behavioural change• On request, integrated multisectoral training ofprofessionals, paraprofessionals and laboratory staff
working on the health of humans, animals and/or theenvironment• Resources and support for campaigns to mobilize
communities to address endemic zoonotic, neglected
tropical and vector-borne diseases

  

36

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

3.1.2 Provide countries with
operational tools and resources
for integrated multisectoral
surveillance and mapping ofrisk areas for endemic zoonotic,
neglected tropical and vectorborne diseases and their vectors
from national to local level

2–3

4–5

• Tools to create national risk maps that detect at-risk
communities and risk areas• Guidance on the surveillance of endemic zoonotic,
neglected tropical and vector-borne diseases• Diagnostic needs ideally defined as target productprofiles• Advocate for diagnostic tools and reporting mechanisms
accessible at community level  • Support the strengthening of laboratory capacity acrossthe different sectors, including enhanced exchange andnetworks
3.1.3 Support countries in providing
access to quality vaccines,
medicines and basic WASH
services, agricultural water
use and waste management,
including animal waste andcarcass disposal, and the trainingof communities across sectors
to address endemic zoonotic,
neglected tropical and vectorborne diseases• Professional and community awareness raised acrosssectors

3.1.4 Strengthen information,awareness and control of vectorand rodent-borne diseases andtheir specific threat to urban
centres• Global risk assessment, mapping, prediction andforecasting• Access to quality vaccines, medicines and effective
supply chains• Advocate for the integration of endemic zoonotic,
neglected tropical and vector-borne diseases and(Agri-)WASH and waste management activities atcommunity level  • On request WASH training• Guidance on biosecurity and the safe disposal of animal
waste and carcasses• Control strategies for priority diseases strengthened, as
identified by countries• Validated guidance and training for rodent control
programmes• Support community engagement and mobilization invector control• National and regional networks to support training andeducation developed and promoted• Enhance vector surveillance and monitoring andevaluation• Support integrated vector management, particularly forthe prevention and control of vector-borne diseases• Support Global Vector Control Response 2017–2030 (WHO,2017a)• Support the Global Integrated Arbovirus Initiative

  

37

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Action 3.2. Ensure the harmonized application of One Health principles at all levels
by implementing practical measures to strengthen local, national, regional andglobal policy frameworks for the control and prevention of endemic zoonotic,
neglected tropical and vector-borne diseases.
This action aims to strengthen and harmonize all relevant protocols on control
programmes, data, surveillance and information sharing, as well as legal and policy
frameworks related to the prevention and control of endemic zoonotic, neglected tropicaland vector-borne diseases in a One Health context. This requires operationalizing
integrated surveillance systems, capacity building, control and risk management
practices and prevention planning at global, national, regional and local level.
Activities supporting this action help to deliver more systematic, vertically integrated
and centralized data collection across sectors to improve knowledge about the burdenof disease, identify risk groups, target actions, increase efficiency, improve diagnostics,
identify research gaps, increase the awareness and expertise of healthcare providers, andraise awareness.
TABLE 8: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 3.2
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

3.2.1 Support countries to include• Guidance on endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical andendemic zoonotic, neglected
vector-borne disease integration in One Health platforms
tropical and vector-borne diseases
and strategic plans at national and sub-national levels
when establishing national One• Facilitated dialogue and coordination between national
Health mechanisms and One
stakeholders and improved awareness of synergies
Health disease-control strategic
across sectors
plans• Advocate for the integration of endemic zoonotic,
neglected tropical and vector-borne disease control innational strategies, plans and programmes on the healthof animals, humans and the environment, cascaded into
sub-national strategies if relevant
3.2.2 Support countries instrengthening disease reportingand integrated data collection,
information sharing and outbreak
response to build multisectoral,
One Health coordinated national
surveillance and risk management
capacity, grounded in appropriate
regulatory frameworks, andencourage notification to andalignment with regional and global
frameworks and existing priority
disease programmes

2–3

4–5

  

• Support countries in collecting and reporting
disaggregated data on endemic zoonotic, neglected
tropical and vector-borne diseases as relevant• Guidance for standardized indicators and tools,
harmonized protocols with data shared across sectors ina timely manner• Countries trained in the usage of the Surveillanceand Information Sharing Operational Tool (SIS-OT)
to establish or strengthen coordinated One Healthsurveillance and information sharing systems• Support coordinated surveillance reports, policies andprogrammes• Cross-disease data analysis and visualization• Guidance on the surveillance of endemic zoonotic,
neglected tropical and vector-borne diseases

  

38

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)13.2.3 Provide resources andsupport to countries for linking
and integrating single sector andspecialized disease programmes
and health information systems

2–3

4–5

• Countries guided and supported in collecting andreporting disaggregated data on endemic zoonotic,
neglected tropical and vector-borne diseases, as
relevant• Countries collect and report disaggregated data on
endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical and vector-borne
diseases as relevant  • Opportunities identified for joint usage of infrastructure
and logistics, broadening the scope of already existing
networks (such as cold-chains, control programmes andvaccination campaigns)
3.2.4 Provide resources and support • Countries supported in establishing WOAH-endorsed
to countries for implementing
national control programmes for identified priority
proven disease-control strategies
diseases, for example, for rabies
as, for example, proposed by Zero
• Advocate the use of tools, services and guidanceby 30: the Global Strategic Plan
provided by international expert groups and networks,
to Eliminate Human Deaths fromsuch as the United Against Rabies Forum working groups
Dog Mediated Rabies by 2030
• Increased the uptake and use of available education(WHO, FAO and OIE, 2018), as a way
material and resources, such as the Open WHO One
of operationalizing a One Health
Health Rabies course
approach• Facilitate communication between stakeholders
and partners, use of synergies (such as partnershipmapping)  Action 3.3. Increase political commitment and investment in the control ofendemic zoonotic, neglected tropical and vector-borne diseases, by advocating
for and demonstrating the value of a One Health approach.
This action aims to establish a common vision between the Quadripartite, affected
countries and territories, local governments, cities and other stakeholders to increase
political commitment and investment in endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical andvector-borne disease control and prevention using a One Health approach. Agencies
and countries should draw on the many existing strategies for disease control andelimination to ensure messaging and advocacy is consistent and effective.
The action ensures accountability for actions, be they global, national or local, removes
barriers to progress and creates strong partnerships and networks as a basis forsustainable, long-lasting action.

39

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTIONTABLE 9: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 3.3
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

3.3.1 Leverage the use and• Common vision for advocacy and political engagement
implementation of already existing• Shared targets, consistent messaging
capacity evaluation tools and• Uptake of WHO’s Ending the neglect to attain theroadmaps at all levels to accelerate
Sustainable Development Goals. One Health: approachcontrol of endemic zoonotic,
for action against neglected tropical diseases 2021neglected tropical and vector2030 guide (WHO, 2022)
borne diseases (WHO, 2017a; 2021a;
2021c; WHO, FAO and OIE, 2017; 2018)
3.3.2 Promote country ownershipand galvanize international
collaboration to support One Healthpolicies and legislation for endemic
zoonotic, neglected tropical andvector-borne diseases

2–3

4–5

  

• One Health including endemic zoonotic, neglected
tropical and vector-borne diseases inserted in highpolitical agendas• Use of economic case studies to leverage theimportance of endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical andvector-borne diseases by demonstrating its impacts• Best-practice guidance for sustainable control
programmes of endemic zoonotic, neglected tropicaland vector-borne diseases • Where applicable, encourage indemnity payments forloss of animals or animal products
3.3.3 Build evidence base for One
Health approach in reducing
disease burden and socioeconomic
impact of endemic zoonotic,
neglected tropical and vectorborne diseases across relevant
sectors, from global to national
levels• Identified drivers of endemic zoonotic, neglected tropicaland vector-borne diseases, as well as the underlying
sociocultural and economic reasons for diseasetransmission, data gaps and needs

3.3.4 Support countries to build
the investment case and develop
sustainable financing andgovernance mechanisms forcost-effective endemic zoonotic,
neglected tropical and vectorborne diseases control throughimplementation of One Healthprinciples• Guidance to build investment case

• Animal and human global burden of disease studies • Endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical and vector-borne
diseases impact database• Showcase examples/pilots and recommendations on
best practices• Advocate for country buy-in and investment in national
plans for endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical andvector-borne disease programmes 

Action track 4: Strengthening the assessment, management andcommunication of food safety risks​
Food and the complex systems involved in the pathways from production to
consumption sit at the nexus of the human–animal–plant–environment interface.
The ways in which food is produced may not only affect the safety of the final product,
but also the health and welfare of animals, the health of plants and the contaminationof the environment. Reciprocally, the environment of food production and the healthONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

40

of animals and the contamination of plants may impact food safety. This closeinterconnectivity means a One Health approach is critical to addressing food safety, andfood safety is critical to promoting One Health.
This action track builds on the WHO Global Strategy for Food Safety 2022–2030 (WHO,2021b) and the joint FAO–WHO coordination framework being developed to support
the implementation of FAO (FAO, 2021a) and WHO (WHA, 2020) food safety strategies
at global, regional and national level. The action track builds on this momentum
to advocate for food safety and support the implementation of both FAO and WHO
strategies under the One Health approach without interfering with their governance andstructures.
The action track will systematically and holistically aim to mainstream a One Healthapproach in food safety efforts from a food systems perspective with specific actions
to address the risks to animal, environment and human health and food safety in thecontinuum from production to consumption. It is both complementary to and synergisticwith the other action tracks, notably: food and live animals are subject to contamination
or infection from the environment (action track 6), foodborne bacteria are becoming
more resistant to antimicrobials (action track 5), some foodborne infections are new andemerging (action track 2), while others (such as cysticercosis, echinococcosis, foodborne
trematodiases) are neglected, underlining the need for integrated health approaches(action track 3).
Objective
Promote awareness, policy changes and action coordination among stakeholders to ensurethat humans, animals and ecosystems achieve health and remain healthy in their interactions
with and along the food supply chain.
Action 4.1. Strengthen the One Health approach in national food control systems
and food safety coordination
Strengthening national food safety systems begins with establishing or improving criticalinfrastructure and components of food control systems, including food safety legislation,
standards and guidelines, laboratory capacity, food control activities and emergency
preparedness and response capacity.
This action aims to promote One Health for food safety coordination and set out how
the four partner organizations will assist countries in establishing, implementing
and strengthening national food control systems by evaluating and improving key
components that will help to reduce the risks associated with unsafe food, ensuring
food authenticity and enhancing fair and safe trade in food, including strengthening
countries’ – especially LMICs’ – sanitary and phytosanitary capacity.

41

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTIONTABLE 10: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 4.1
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)
1

2–3

4–5

4.1.1 Develop a One Health frameworkfor food safety, capturing the pathways
and connections in food safety activities
that lead to positive and negative healthoutcomes in humans, animals and theenvironment –throughout the food supply
chain• Framework and indicators

4.1.2 Support countries in conducting abaseline assessment of their food control
system, particularly on critical elementsthat affect human, animals, plants and thehealth of the environment• Food control systems assessed, taking into
account the adoption of the One Healthapproach

4.1.3 Provide technical supporting tools(checklists, legal frameworks evaluations,etc.) and strengthen capacity building
for countries in the development offood control systems and regulatory
frameworks that incorporate more
systematically the regulatory frameworks
under a One Health approach• Tools, policy briefs and training materials
developed

4.1.4 Provide guidance for the
management of food safety risks
according to a One Health approach• Technical guidance (scientific risk synthesis
and risk assessment materials) developed andpublished  

4.1.5 Support countries in incorporating or
strengthening the One Health approachin food safety incident and emergency
response plans• Increased participation in the International
Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN)
among Members, Member States and State
Parties

  



  

• Support for the development of National Foodsafety emergency and response plans, taking
into consideration the One Health approach
4.1.6 Provide scientific and technicalassistance with the aim of enhancing theparticipation of countries in the standardsetting work of the Codex Alimentarius
Commission and relevant work of the
WOAH and facilitate its implementation
through a multisectoral, coordinatedapproach  • Scientific and technical support provided tocountries to improve their participation instandard-setting organizations

4.1.7 Employ a global food safety campaign • World Food Safety Day, highlighting theto sensitize and educate about the useinterconnectedness of food safety and Oneof the One Health approach in this area
Health, reaches its targeted audienceamong different stakeholders• World Food Day reaches its targeted audience• Specific communication campaigns developed
to address food safety under One Health

  

  

42

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Action 4.2. Utilize and improve food systems data and analysis, scientificevidence and risk assessment in developing policy and making integrated risk
management decisions
The collection, utilization and interpretation of data are the foundation for building
evidence-based food safety systems. This action aims to help countries utilize foodsystems information and approaches, scientific evidence and risk assessment to thegreatest extent feasible in developing policy and legislation, in making risk management
decisions to reduce the burden of foodborne diseases and ensure safer food, and inallocating resources to strengthen national food safety systems.
TABLE 11: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 4.2
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

4.2.1 Develop/update guidelines
and innovative approaches on
best practice in adopting One
Health concepts into food safety
risk analyses• Guidelines, tools developed for incorporating broader One
Health concepts into food safety risk analyses

2–3

4–5

  

4.2.2 Provide technical• Training courses, materials and webinars held forsupport and develop training
multisectoral food safety risk analysis
programmes to ensure all• Train-the-trainer programmes
countries can conduct food safety
risk analysis under a One Healthapproach and through a foodsystems lens  

4.2.3 Support countries instrengthening their capacity
to identify and evaluate newand emerging food safetyissues, including those arisingat the human–animal–plant–
environment interface• Training courses and workshops on risk assessment
conducted and policy advice generated for emerging
food safety risks, in particular, those arising from thehuman–animal–plant–environment interface  

4.2.4 Support countries in
exploring new communication
channels to emphasize thecentral role of food safety acrossthe entire food system and inoperational and governancedecision-making at nationaland other levels, and to guideadequate food safety investment• Communication strategy that takes into consideration the
different goals and stakeholders

  

43

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Action 4.3. Foster the adoption of the One Health approach in national foodborne
disease surveillance systems and research for the detection and monitoring of
foodborne disease and food contamination
Without knowing the incidence and burden of disease associated with hazard/foodcombinations, the prioritization of mitigation actions will be difficult and food safety
improvements will be suboptimal. Data on disease occurrence and the burden of
foodborne hazards, combined with knowledge of chemical, microbiological and physicalsource attribution, will be crucial in assessing the costs and benefits of current and novel
control measures. Thus, an effective surveillance system to address foodborne diseases
requires the integration of human and animal disease surveillance with environmental
and food monitoring.
This action aims to strengthen integrated surveillance for foodborne pathogens andfood contaminants at the human–animal–plant–environment interface, adopting a One
Health approach. This will allow countries to detect, prevent and respond to food-related
public health issues more effectively.
TABLE 12: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 4.3
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

4.3.1 Support countries instrengthening legislation andprogrammes for foodborne
disease monitoring andsurveillance, including thesurveillance of antimicrobialresistant foodborne pathogens

2–3

4–5

• Guidance provided on integrated foodborne disease
surveillance• Guidance provided on the surveillance of antimicrobial
resistance in foodborne pathogens• Guidance provided on linking contamination in foods withanimal disease data and human illnesses  

4.3.2 Manage databases and tools • Food safety databases open for public (feed byto collect, improve access to andstakeholders)interpret relevant food safety data • Capacity building programmes developed for food safety
and other information, including
data collection and management
water, food and wildlife meat  

4.3.3 Support countries instrengthening surveillancesystems for estimating andsharing data on the burden of
foodborne illness and attributing
illnesses to specific food sources,
to better target prevention andcontrol measures under a One
Health approach• Scientific advice provided on cost-effective food safety
risk management based on public health burden  

4.3.4 Enhance One Health-related
research on the transmission offoodborne pathogens and foodcontaminants at the human–
animal–plant–environment
interface• Scientific advice provided on the transmission andcontrol of certain emerging and re-emerging foodborne
pathogens and food contaminants at human–animal–environment interface• Support provided on strengthening laboratory capacity• Support provided on surveillance and epidemiologicalinvestigation of foodborne cases and outbreaks
considering the human–animal–plant–environment
interface  ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

44

Action track 5: Curbing the silent pandemic of AMR
AMR poses a major global threat across the human, animal, plant, food andenvironmental sectors. Limiting the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens anddeterminants is critical to preserving our ability to treat diseases in humans, animals
and plants, reduce food safety and security risks, protect the environment and maintainprogress towards the SDGs, including those on poverty, hunger, health and wellbeing, inequality, clean water and sanitation, work and economic growth, responsible
consumption and production, and partnerships.
Because AMR has multiple drivers and needs to be tackled on many fronts, a One Healthapproach is essential to ensure that all sectors and stakeholders communicate and work
effectively together.
Building on the momentum of greater collaboration, the Quadripartite has developed aStrategic Framework for collaboration on AMR (WHO, FAO, OIE and UNEP, 2022). This
Framework reflects the joint work of the four organizations to advance a One Healthresponse to AMR. It broadly supports the implementation of the five pillars of the
Global Action Plan on AMR (WHO, 2015a) and strengthens global AMR governance. A
forthcoming joint workplan sets out how the organizations will collaborate to deliver
the vision of the Framework. This workplan focuses on activities undertaken by the fourorganizations collaboratively and complements the individual organizations’ existing
workplans and budgets.
The objectives and activities of action track 5 are aligned with the Strategic Framework
for collaboration on AMR and its joint workplan. Embedding the joint workplan in the
OH JPA will ensure AMR-related activities and investment are coherent and synergizedacross other areas of Quadripartite One Health collaboration and foster lesson learning
among other groups, including on communication and information systems.
Objective
Take joint action to preserve antimicrobial efficacy and ensure sustainable and equitable
access to antimicrobials for responsible and prudent use in human, animal and plant health.
Action 5.1. Strengthen the capacity and knowledge of countries to prioritize andimplement context-specific collaborative One Health work to control AMR inpolicy, legislation and practiceThis action supports AMR control at country level, ensuring inter-agency coordination,technical support and capacity development. With Quadripartite support, countryowned, sustainable One Health governance ensures effective and balanced national AMR
responses.

45

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTIONTABLE 13: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 5.1
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

5.1.1 Support balanced, functional,
well-represented national interagency coordination mechanisms,
and One Health approaches to
AMR National Action Plan (NAP)
implementation• LMICs supported in implementing One Healthapproaches to AMR in line with the AMR Multi-Partner
Trust Fund (MPTF) results matrix

5.1.2 Provide technical support andcapacity development activities forcountries in targeted areas• Guidance for countries on integrated surveillance of
AMR/antimicrobial use developed

2–3

4–5

  

• Capacity development and actions on environment
within sector policy and global partnershipstrengthened• Guidance on multisectoral/One Health AMR governanceat national level updated• Guidance to include AMR in the UN Sustainable
Development Cooperation Framework disseminatedand support provided to countries with implementation• One Health assessment tool for AMR-relevant legislation
finalized and piloted• Tailored strategies and materials for awareness andcampaigns on AMR developed and shared, including forWorld Antimicrobial Awareness Week  • Countries supported in developing their own monitoringand evaluation approaches• Evidence base for social, gender, environmental andeconomic assessments of AMR impact developed andstrengthened• Capacity development support to MPTF countrysupported programmes on priority environmental
activities in NAP
5.1.3 Ensure effective managementof the AMR MPTF

• MPTF country and global programmes effectively
supported• Effective lesson learning and knowledge management  Action 5.2. Reinforce global and regional initiatives and programmes to influenceand support One Health responses to AMRThis action supports coordination mechanisms and activities aimed at mobilizing
demonstrated political engagement and resourcing at the global and regional level tosupport AMR control at country level.

46

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTIONTABLE 14: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 5.2
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

5.2.1 Coordinate the global One
Health response to AMR

2–3

4–5

• Effective coordination and support provided by the
Quadripartite Joint Secretariat (QJS) to promote One
Health/AMR response across the four organizations• Global promotion, advocacy and political engagement
conducted• Coordination and monitoring of the workplan
implemented  • Coordination and inter-agency engagement andpartnership fostered• MPTF effectively managed and expanded
5.2.2 Develop and update
standards and technical advice on
global best practice• Investment case advocated for and built to support AMR
financing• Enhanced collaboration with governments, development
partners and other stakeholders to mainstream theinvestment case findings into strategies and operational
plans at all levels• Harmonized guidance by the four organizations on theuse of antimicrobials in different sectors  • Support provided to medicines regulatory authorities• Repository of tools and e-learning materials developed
and updated on a regular basis• Understanding of the relationships between gender,
equity and AMR strengthened
5.2.3 Support global advocacy
efforts• Joint AMR awareness activities across the One Healthspectrum planned and implemented, including World
Antimicrobial Awareness Week
• Global advocacy on addressing AMR in the environment(including high-level political events)

5.2.4 Develop a prioritized research
agenda to provide direction forinvestment• Evidence gaps/research questions at the interface
between humans, animals, plants and the environment
mapped• Research questions to inform policy identified andprioritized

5.2.5 Conduct monitoring andevaluation and reporting of the
Global Action Plan on AMR• Tripartite biennial global report on AMR (under the
Global Action Plan (GAP) monitoring and evaluation
framework) to monitor progress of the GAP produced
and disseminated• Annual Tripartite AMR country self-assessment survey(TrACCS) conducted and results disseminated

  
 

  

• Tripartite Integrated System for Surveillance on AMR
and Antimicrobial Use (TISSA) platform establishedand operationalized
5.2.6 Strengthen regional
collaboration on AMR• Regional coordination and provision of technical support
for NAP implementation to countries ensured• Engagement with regional political and economic
groups conducted• Advocacy and communication activities undertaken• Regional partnerships fostered

  

47

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Action 5.3. Strengthen global AMR governance structures.
Through this action, the four organizations provide support to the interrelated structures
to strengthen accountability for and global governance of AMR: i) the Global LeadersGroup on AMR, which performs a global advisory and advocacy role, with the primaryobjective of maintaining the urgency of and public support for political momentum
behind and visibility of the AMR challenge on the global agenda; ii) a multi-stakeholder
partnership platform to facilitate stakeholder engagement on AMR that includes membersof the Quadripartite organizations, United Nations agencies, interested governments, civilsociety organizations, the private sector and academia; and iii) an Independent Panel on
Evidence for Action on AMR.
TABLE 15: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 5.3
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

5.3.1 Support the interrelated
structures to strengthen
accountability for and global
governance of AMR

2–3

4–5

• Secretariat service provided by the QJS to the Global
Leaders Group on AMR• Regular meetings of the Global Leaders Group held
• Global Leaders Group action plan is monitored• Technical advisory groups supported• Establishment and operation of the multi-stakeholder
partnership platform on AMR supported by the QJS  • Establishment and operation of the Independent Panel on
Evidence for Action on AMR supported

Action track 6: Integrating the environment into One Health
There is increasing recognition that the health of humans, domestic and wild animals,
plants and the environment are closely linked and interdependent. Every form ofenvironmental degradation has direct or indirect negative consequences for human andanimal health. The effects of air, water and soil pollution on human and animal healthare well documented. For example, biological and chemical pollutants in wastewaterand the run-off from livestock farms enhance the propagation of antimicrobial-resistantgenes in the environment. Land-use change driven by agricultural, industrial andurban expansion leads not only to the unprecedented degradation of natural habitats,threats to ecosystem integrity and food security, deforestation and an alarming loss of
biodiversity, but also drives the emergence and spread of disease and provides pathways
for the spillover of emerging pathogens between domestic animals, wildlife and humans.
In addition to air pollution of the indoor or outdoor environment by chemical, physicalor biological agents, freshwater and ocean pollution leads to the accumulation of toxic
chemicals, heavy metals and microplastics in the human food chain, causing adverse
health outcomes in humans and domestic and wild animals.

48

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

These and many other negative consequences of human activity are compounded byclimate change, which only multiplies these threats, exacerbating their impact andundermining the resilience of environmental and ecological systems.
To prevent and mitigate these threats, the biodiversity conservation, environmental, publichealth and animal health/veterinary sectors need to understand these interlinkages, speakwith one voice and implement One Health in a harmonized approach. The mandates andpriorities of the environmental sector need to be fully integrated into the One Healthapproach, including by integrating environmental data into One Health decision-making,fostering a better understanding of environmental issues in the One Health communityand boosting the capacity of the environmental sector and institutions to have an equal
voice at the One Health table and in decision-making.
Objective
Protect and restore biodiversity, prevent the degradation of ecosystems and the wider
environment to jointly support the health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems,
underpinning sustainable development.
Action 6.1. Protect, restore and prevent the degradation of ecosystems and thewider environment
This action enumerates a series of activities that can be jointly implemented by thefour organizations, in partnership with other entities, to help protect the environment
and prevent its further degradation. The activities are intended to promote a sharedand better understanding of the health threats posed by unhealthy environments towildlife, livestock and people, to collaboratively engage in partnerships with civil society,the private sector and other stakeholder groups, and to adopt policies, legislationand practices that promote the sustainable management of nature, ensure healthy
ecosystems and communities and prevent encroachment by urban centres or agriculture/
farms.
TABLE 16: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 6.1
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

6.1.1 Identify and quantify the main
anthropogenic factors leading toenvironmental degradation thatnegatively impact the health ofecosystems, animals, plants andpeople• Knowledge products on the interlinkages between thehealth of the environment, ecosystems, animals, plants
and people are used to support policymaking

2–3

4–5

  

49

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)
1

2–3

4–5

6.1.2 Enhance private-sector andnon-governmental organization(NGO) engagement in sustainable
natural resource management,
restoration activities and bestpractices, including climatesmart and environmentally soundhealthcare• The private sector and non-conservation-oriented
NGOs are measurably contributing to halting thedegradation of the environment and to promoting its
conservation and restoration

6.1.3 Promote the transition towards
sustainable, climate-smart,agroecological approaches tosustainable agriculture, aquaculture
livestock production and non-timber
forest products, including throughregulation, to reduce risks to thehealth of the environment, animals,
plants and people• Toolkits, policy guidance, economic analyses and othertools to reduce agricultural intensification and increase
agroecological approaches are developed

6.1.4 Jointly promote the importanceof enhancing the integrity of all
ecosystems and the services they
provide to support healthy andresilient populations of all species• Preparing joint publications, seminars and policy
dialogues/debates involving all relevant sectors at alllevels (including decision makers)  

6.1.5 Support the development andadoption of policies and legislation
to protect the rights of Indigenous
Peoples and local communities tosustainably use and trade in natural
resources• Develop legal guidance and cross-sectoral policy
impact analyses to support policy development toprotect the rights of Indigenous Peoples and local
communities  

6.1.6 Support the development oflegal, sustainable, resilient andinclusive wildlife-based economies
while managing the risks ofunregulated and illegal wildlife
farming and trade• Evidence of support to sustainable national andregional wildlife economy strategies

6.1.7 Support and link activities to
Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs), National Biodiversity
Strategies and Action Plans(NBSAPs) and other commitments
under multilateral environmental
agreements (MEAs) and HealthNational Adaptation Plan (H-NAP)
commitments made by national
governments to address climatechange and environmental
degradation• Evidence of support to the integration of One Healthconsiderations in national reporting obligations such as
NDCs and NBSAPs

6.1.8 Convene relevant sectors tofacilitate integrated land- andsea-use planning that incorporates
human, animal and environmental
co-benefits and yields sustainable
land and water management• Guidance developed on land- and sea-use plans thattake health and environment into account



 

  

 

• Good practice guidance for conducting multistakeholder, integrated land- and sea-use planning
processes produced based on lessons learned

  

50

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

6.1.9 Develop and promote theimplementation of joint guidelines
for the environmentally soundmanagement of public health,
medical and veterinary operations
and their waste• Evidence of support for the development, adoption andimplementation of joint guidelines

6.1.10 Promote, inform and support
the sound management ofchemicals and waste, including
wastewater, and the prevention,
reduction and control of pollution
into air, water and soil, in order tominimize threats to the health ofecosystems, animals, plants andpeople• Guidelines and plans for the sound management ofchemicals and waste

2–3

4–5

 

 

Action 6.2. Mainstream the health of the environment and ecosystems into the
One Health approachThis action seeks to integrate the mandates, priorities, functions and knowledge of theforestry, wildlife, biodiversity, natural resource management and environmental sectors
into One Health in an effort to promote and support the development of One Healthpolicies, plans and actions that are more inclusive of environmental knowledge, data andrisk factors.
TABLE 17: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 6.2
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

6.2.1 Map the evidence on thesocioeconomic impacts ofenvironmental degradation(including land-use change,
biodiversity loss, pollution andwaste, and climate change)• Special reports developed, such as technical reports andpolicy briefs

6.2.2 Map out, review andrevise existing tools with a view
to improving multisectoralcollaboration (such as IHRPVS, NBWs and the Tripartite
operational tools under the
Tripartite Zoonoses Guide (WHO,FAO and OIE, 2020)) to ensure thatenvironmental considerations arewell integrated, and develop new
tools to support the integration of
the environmental aspects of One
Health, as needed• New tools are developed and existing tools are revised tointegrate environmental aspects• Scientific platform established to collate scientificpublications addressing this topic• Governing bodies of Tripartite organizations take action
in line with the evidence provided to address drivers ofenvironmental degradation

2–3





4–5

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ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

6.2.3 Identify incentives
and co-benefits, and raiseawareness of the central role ofthe environmental sector, theimportance of its participation andits role in One Health

2–3

4–5

• Awareness and communication plan established by the
Quadripartite to support the mainstreaming/integrationof environmental considerations into One Health• Targeted communications and tools to support the
integration of the environmental sector into One Health• Coordinated communication campaigns among thepartners  • Editorials and other articles published and disseminatedthrough various media outlets
6.2.4 Develop and implement
mechanisms and partnerships toreview and ensure the integrationof ecosystem health and theenvironment into One Healthpolicies and programmes andensure equity among sectors andgroups on One Health platforms at
all levels• Support the establishment of multi-stakeholder
partnership platforms

6.2.5 Support the review, update
and implementation of relevant
national plans, policies, legislationand programmes to integrate
all dimensions of One Health,including those on biodiversity, theenvironment and climate change• Support the review of country-level One Healthcoordination mechanisms• Quadripartite coordination mechanisms established• Best practices/guidelines developed for the systematic
inclusion of the environmental sector into One Healthplatforms and policies• Template/checklist developed to support the review
of national plans and policies to adjust-adapt-include
environmental considerations

  

  

• Lessons learned on the implementation of relevant
projects is documented

6.2.6 Support the implementation • Progress reports on the uptake and implementation ofaction plansof the Convention on Biological
Diversity Global Action Plan on• Workshops organized at country level to support
Biodiversity and Health, related
implementation when required
action plans and operationalframeworks



6.2.7 Support the integrationof health and environment
considerations, including risks,
into the impact assessments andperformance standards of theInternational Finance Corporation(IFC) and other financial
institutions• Revised impact assessments and performancestandards of the IFC and other financial institutions,taking into account environmental considerations

 

6.2.8 Communicate to decision
makers at all levels the importanceand economic value of a healthy
environment to promote healthy
and resilient societies andeconomies• Joint communications strategy and implementation plan
• Development of communications materials• Policy briefs• Policy dialogue on environment, biodiversity and healthapproaches• Joint statements targeting/tailored to policymakers• Joint communication campaigns

 

52

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)16.2.9 Promote national-level
recognition of the human right toa clean, healthy and sustainable
environment (as unanimously
approved by the United Nations
Human Rights Council in October
2021)• Joint advocacy strategy and implementation plan

6.2.10 Promote the adoptionof climate-smart andenvironmentally sound healthsystems• Waste management standards for human and animal/
plant health and research operations

2–3

4–5

• Advocacy briefs  • Health workforce interventions• Energy interventions• Water, sanitation and healthcare waste interventions• Infrastructure, technology and product interventions  • Tools to assist healthcare (animal and human) facilities
assess their resilience to climate change and pollution
threats

Action 6.3. Integrate environmental knowledge, data and evidence into One
Health decision-making
Environment sector-sourced data and evidence are integrated at all levels of decisionmaking to protect biodiversity and the wider environment, promote sustainable
development and identify and mitigate health threats.
TABLE 18: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 6.3
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

6.3.1 Map interoperability between
health, animal disease andenvironmental databases andinformation systems• Mapping of existing databases for (human and animal)
health and environmental data, including existing links
and degree of interoperability

6.3.2 Establish linkages between
disease databases andenvironmental databases tosupport risk modelling, shared
information and informed/
science-based decision andpolicymaking• Relevant databases are connected through application
programming interfaces and data can be analysed in aholistic way

6.3.3 Develop joint information
management systems andanalytical tools integrating
ecosystem, environmental, animaland human health knowledge anddata• New Information Management System platform
integrating ecosystem, animal and human health data
and knowledge• Environmental data are directly accessible from healthdatabases, and vice and versa, facilitating analysis andrisk modelling studies• Agreement between contributing organizations• Results generated by analytical tools used by decision
makers

2–3







4–5

53

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

6.3.4 Develop appropriate
mechanisms/guidelines to ensure
the participation of indigenous
and local communities including
their traditional knowledge to
guide One Health decisionmaking• Production of a formal mechanism or guidelines toinclude traditional knowledge into One Health decisionmaking

6.3.5 Establish partnerships with
universities and research centres
to fill knowledge gaps and monitor
environmental impacts on health(both positive and negative)• Research agenda is developed and financed

6.3.6 Translate environmental
knowledge and data to improvepolicies and legislation andpropose practical solutions toprevent and mitigate healththreats at the interfaces• Production of practical guidelines to prevent and mitigate
specific health threats

6.3.7 Develop a One Health needs
assessment toolkit to evaluate
interoperability, mechanisms andworking relationships between
sectors at country level• Updated NBW tool produced, integrating environmental
sector• New evidence is produced and disseminated, including topolicymakers• Development of public and animal health policies
integrating environmental data into their programmes

2–3

4–5







• Support provided to countries to conduct NBW roadmaps
integrating the environmental sector• Support provided so NBW roadmaps are included innational health plans• The Tripartite Zoonoses Guide operational tools (Joint
Risk Assessment, Multisectoral Coordination Mechanism,and Surveillance and Information Sharing) integrate theenvironmental sector into guidelines and implementation
6.3.8 Engage with citizen scienceon data collection for monitoring
the health of the environment to
inform action• Crowdsourced data contribute to surveillance andmonitoring systems globally

Action 6.4. Create an interoperable One Health academic and in-service training
programmes for environmental, medical, agricultural and veterinary sector
professionals
This action aims to: i) strengthen the capacity of natural resource management andenvironmental sector professionals and institutions to participate in an interoperable
way with human and animal professionals to address zoonoses, AMR and food safety
threats and to support One Health policies, legislation and interventions; ii) strengthen
the capacity of medical and animal health/veterinary sector professionals andinstitutions to integrate environmental considerations, participate interoperably withenvironmental professionals, address linkages between health and the environment,
and support One Health policies, legislation and interventions; and iii) jointly/
simultaneously strengthen the capacity of medical, veterinary and environment sector
professionals to influence decision-making on health and development and ensure all
sectors are adequately equipped to collaborate and integrate the priorities of all sectors.

54

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTIONTABLE 19: ACTIVITIES, DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE OF ACTION 6.4
Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

6.4.1 Develop advocacy training
and tools for environmental
decision makers andprofessionals to influence
decision makers in other sectors• Advocacy training and tools developed and used byrelevant sectors

6.4.2 Develop and roll out anational environment sector
needs assessment tool tobenchmark institutional
and individual capacity toparticipate interoperably
in all aspects of One Healthin support of Field Training
Programme for Wildlife,
Environment, Biodiversity andEcosystems Professionals (FTPWEBE)• National environment sector needs assessment developed

6.4.3 Develop an interoperable
One Health training course(FTP-WEBE) for in-service
professionals – a complement
to the Field Epidemiology
Training Programme (FETP),
Field Epidemiology Training
Programme for Veterinarians(FETPV) and Field Epidemiology
and Laboratory Training
Programme (FELTP) – targeting
professionals in ministries
responsible for natural resource
management (wildlife,
biodiversity, ecosystems,
environment), climate and otherenvironmental issues• Interoperable environmental sector One Health training
modules and course developed

2–3

4–5

  

• Support provided to undertake national, sub-regional and/or regional environmental sector needs assessments• Support to develop sub-regional and/or regional
environment sector capacity development
implementation plans (by Regional Economic
Commissions)  • Interoperable environmental sector One Health training
delivered on biodiversity, ecosystems and wildlife• Environment sector professionals understand how tocontribute to One Health at national and subnational level• Environment sector has the capacity to influence One
Health policy and identify and implement environmental
sector priorities as part of national and subnational One
Health programmes • National One Health policies and priorities reflect the
mandates and interests of environment ministries and are
expanded beyond zoonoses, AMR and food safety

6.4.4 Develop and ensure the• At least three training modules are developed that include
inclusion of training for inthe environment (biodiversity and ecosystem health) andservice medical, public healthits importance and interlinkages
and veterinary professionals• One Health collaboration across sectors and interfaces
on the importance of and• The impact of diseases on wildlife populations andinterlinkages between biodiversity
conservationconservation, links between
health and the environment,
how environmental destruction
contributes to disease
emergence, and the importanceof integrating the environment
sector into One Healthcollaborations

  

55

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Activities

Deliverables

Timeline (years)1

6.4.5 Ensure that systems thinking
is a core module for academic
and in-service One Healthprofessionals• Systems thinking is integrated into core modules in One
Health undergraduate and graduate degrees, training
courses and certificates for medical, veterinary andenvironment sector undergraduate and graduate school
candidates

6.4.6 Support the developmentof core modules on environment,
biodiversity and ecosystem
health in the medical, veterinary
and public health academic
curricula and research agendas• Core modules developed on environment, biodiversity
and ecosystem health to be included in One Healthundergraduate and graduate degrees, training courses
and certificates for medical, veterinary and environment
sector undergraduate and graduate school candidates

2–3

4–5

  

  

6.4.7 Support faculty training and • Core modules developed on public health in
the development of core modules
environmental academic curricula in One Healthon public health in environmental
undergraduate and graduate degrees, training courses
academic curriculaand certificates for medical, veterinary and environment
sector undergraduate and graduate school candidates  

6.4.8 Develop a One Healthintroductory course that can bedelivered simultaneously to inservice professionals from all One
Health sectors (health, animal
health, environment) and serves
as a prerequisite to FETP, FETPV
and FTP-WEBE training • Joint training modules developed and delivered to inservice professionals• FETP, FETPV and FTP-WEBE endorse this joint introductory
One Health course as a prerequisite

56

Part 4. Governance,
implementation andmonitoring
Governance

The proposed global governance structure considers the requirements for achieving theimpact and long-term outcomes of the OH JPA, as well as the medium- and immediateshort-term outcomes. It should ensure the provision of platforms and opportunities toengage all relevant stakeholders, mobilize action and resources and address the complex
challenges outlined in the action tracks. The principle of governance is to build on
the existing mechanisms and avoid creating unnecessary and complex structures. The
governance of the OH JPA will be as follows:
•
•

•
•

The Quadripartite executives are accountable for the implementation of the OH
JPA and will provide leadership and oversight of its implementation, ensuring theengagement of their regional, sub-regional and country offices, as relevant.
The executives, in consultation with senior Quadripartite representatives and theSecretariat, will be responsible for making or facilitating all programmatic, financial
and resource decisions related to delivering the OH JPA based on pre-agreed
workplans. The implementation arrangements will be kept under review and revised
periodically by the Quadripartite Secretariat.
The organization that acts as the rotating annual chair of the Quadripartite willlead the coordination of the implementation of the OH JPA and report to the
Quadripartite Executive Annual Meeting on progress.
The governance of the OH JPA will be supported as follows:• The four organizations will coordinate the implementation of the OH JPA
through the Quadripartite Secretariat.
• The OHHLEP will play an advisory role to senior Quadripartite management(executives and senior representatives) and to the Quadripartite Secretariat, toensure science-based implementation and updates to the OH JPA with evidence,
data and knowledge generated.
• Similar structures will be considered at the regional/sub-regional level to ensure
effective implementation of the OH JPA at country level.
• The four organizations may seek to engage other stakeholders for input andadvice to support the implementation of OH JPA, as needed.
• The four organizations will establish dialogue with countries to support the

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

57

acceleration of One Health progress by providing practical action, tools andsupport mechanisms that countries can draw on for their One Health planningand implementation.

Implementation, monitoringand evaluation

•

•
•

•

•
•

The OH JPA will be supported by an implementation framework with workplans at
global, regional and country level to translate the objectives and high-level actions
and activities described in the OH JPA into context-specific activities at all levels,with the four organizations contributing to implementation within their capacities,
competencies and available resources. The goal of the implementation plan is togenerate impact at country level.
A joint process will be established to develop the implementation framework in
consultation with the Quadripartite regional coordination mechanisms and theirrespective Members.
The OH JPA aims to engage wider stakeholders, including NGOs, CSOs, the private
sector and academia, on particular themes and activities of the OH JPA and to help
with advocacy and maintaining the urgency, public support, political momentum
and visibility of the One Health approach. This may include organizing regularconsultation forums and high-level conferences at appropriate milestones in theimplementation of the OH JPA.
The Quadripartite regional coordination mechanisms, where they exist, mirror therole of the global Secretariat at regional level, focusing on facilitating advocacy andoperationalizing One Health at a regional and country level. A key responsibility of
the regional coordination will be to link the OH JPA to a workplan at the regional andcountry level, with clear roles and responsibilities for each partner.
The Quadripartite will develop a monitoring and evaluation framework with targets
and indicators that are relevant to the selected deliverables of each action track tomeasure and facilitate reporting on OH JPA progress for its initial duration of five years.
The targets of the OH JPA will be linked to reflect their contribution to attaining therelevant targets of the SDGs.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION••

Implementation at country level may be linked to United Nations Sustainable
Development Framework implementation under the United Nations Resident
Coordinator System and guided by the One Health guideline developed by the
Quadripartite for this purpose.
A One Health toolkit will be developed that incorporates various existing tools, aswell as new ones that will further support the implementation of the OH JPA.

58

59

Part 5.
Investing in One HealthResource mobilization strategy

Significant, sustainable and streamlined financing is critical and will be necessary to put
the OH JPA into action, fostering greater efficiency and coalition building to support
countries in operationalizing One Health at scale. The Quadripartite foresees working
with a wide range of actors, as funding partners are required to enable an integrated
package of global goods and technical support to countries, and leveraging longer-term
and more sustainable financial investments to ensure One Health outcomes.
The approach to resource mobilization will be harmonized across the Quadripartite
resource mobilization task team, to ensure strong coordination and oversight. To
facilitate this, a joint approach is proposed, whereby resource partnerships are called foralong key lines of the OH JPA and provide integrated support. The joint approach will
govern resource mobilization endeavours and avoid fragmentation of effort.
The Quadripartite resource mobilization strategy will take into account the current
ecosystem of existing instruments, building on a combination of elements that may include
one or more financial mechanisms, financing sources and in-kind contributions, lead
agents or intermediaries, beneficiaries or principal stakeholders. Existing multi-donor/partner trust funds will be pursued to help expand the One Health portfolio in LMICs andincentivize and facilitate coordinated technical support. Potential new mechanisms will be
explored where gaps exist.
In line with the framework, the Quadripartite will preferentially pursue unearmarked
funding that enables the flexibility, predictability, efficiency and effectiveness of One
Health operations, particularly at national level and in LMICs.
Beyond funding for Quadripartite action, it will be necessary to leverage longer-term
investments for countries to sustain One Health action and this will take the form ofvarious partnerships and financial flows (state institutions, international financial
institutions and non-state actors, including the private sector). The Quadripartite’s work
to ensure a solid return on investment for One Health will be critical in this regard.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION60

The way forward

The Quadripartite stands ready to engage in coordinated dialogue with interested
partners to further detail its needs and advocate for resource mobilization, as outlined.

Key actions
•
•
•
•

•

Review the current ecosystem of funding and financing options for One Health workat global, regional and country level.
Based on the review, agree on a joint approach.
Proactively engage with a wide variety of partners (state and non-state) though key
events, dialogue and consultations, matching joint strategic interests with the OH JPA.
Explore options to establish closer working arrangements and synergies throughstructures such as the World Bank. Here, work on the return on investment will
be key to demonstrating the financial and holistic value of pursuing a One Healthapproach.
Adopt a consolidated resource mobilization strategy.

61

Appendices

Appendix 1: Glossary

Term

Description

Agrifood system

The entire range of actors and their interlinked value-adding activities involved in the production,
aggregation, processing, distribution, consumption and disposal of food products that originate
from agriculture, forestry or fisheries, as well as food industries and the broader economic,
societal and natural environments in which they are embedded.

Antimicrobials

Antimicrobials are agents used to prevent, control and treat infectious diseases in humans,
animals and plants. They include antibiotics, fungicides, antiviral agents and parasiticides.
Disinfectants, antiseptics, other pharmaceuticals and natural products may also haveantimicrobial properties.

Antimicrobial
resistance

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites nolonger respond to antimicrobial agents. As a result of drug resistance, antibiotics and other
antimicrobial agents become ineffective and infections become difficult or impossible to treat,increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death.

Biodiversity

The variability of living organisms from any source, including, among other things, terrestrial
ecosystems and marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which
they are part; it includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.

Ecosystem

A dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and their non-living
environment, interacting as a functional unit in a particular physical environment. Ecosystems
may be small and simple, like an isolated pond, or large and complex, like a specific tropicalrainforest or a coral reef in tropical seas.

(The) Environment

The natural world or physical surroundings in general, either as a whole or within a particulargeographical area.

Environmental
degradation

The deterioration in environmental quality from ambient concentrations of pollutants and otheractivities and processes, such as improper land use and natural disasters.

Environmental
determinants ofhealthExternal environmental factors, not related to behaviour, at global, regional, national and local
level, which influence the health status of humans and animals, including physical, chemicaland biological factors.

Environmental
healthThe branch of public health concerned with studying and regulating factors in the environmentthat affect human health and disease and those with alleviating detrimental effects; often
attributive; (also) the general condition of the natural environment.

Health of theenvironment

The extent to which the environment is able to function, maintain biological and chemical
processes, adapt to change or cope with the impacts of human activity.

Ecosystem health

The extent to which an ecosystem (or group of ecosystems) is able to function, maintain ecologicaland evolutionary processes, adapt to change and cope with the impacts of human activity.

Emerging
infectious disease(EID)

A disease that has either has appeared and affected a population for the first time, or has
existed previously, but is rapidly spreading, either in terms of the number of individuals getting
infected, or to new geographical areas.

Endemic infectious
diseaseAn infectious disease that occurs frequently in a specific population or geographical area,
often in cycles, and may remain there indefinitely.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

62

Term

Description

Epidemic infectious
diseaseAn outbreak of a disease that spreads quickly and affects one or more populations at thesame time in a small geographic area.

Food safety

Assurance that food will not cause adverse health effects to the consumer when it is prepared
and/or eaten according to its intended use.

Food security

When all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe andnutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Food systems

Complex and multidimensional webs of activities, resources and actors involving the
production, processing, handling, preparation, storage, distribution, marketing, access,purchase, consumption and loss and waste of food, as well as the outputs of these activities,
including social, economic and environmental outcomes.

Global healthsecurity

For the purpose of this document, global health security considers all activities required, bothproactive and reactive, to minimize the impact of global health threats that endanger thehealth of humans, animals, plants and their environment across geographical regions andinternational boundaries.

Health system

A system consisting of all organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is topromote, restore or maintain health.

Integrated vector
management

A rational decision-making process to optimize the use of resources for vector control.

Naturalenvironment

All living and non-living things that occur naturally in a particular region where human impact
is kept under a certain limited level.

Neglected tropicaldiseases (NTDs)

Ancient diseases of poverty that impose a devastating human, social and economic burden on
more than 1 billion people worldwide, predominantly among the most vulnerable, marginalized
populations in tropical and subtropical areas. The NTDs currently prioritized by WHO are a diverse setof 20 diseases and disease groups, namely, Buruli ulcer, Chagas disease, dengue and chikungunya,dracunculiasis, echinococcosis, foodborne trematodiases, human African trypanosomiasis,leishmaniasis, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis and other deep
mycoses, onchocerciasis, rabies, scabies and other ectoparasitoses, schistosomiasis, soiltransmitted helminthiases, snakebite envenoming, taeniasis/cysticercosis, trachoma and yaws.

Pandemic

An outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area (such as multiple countries
or continents) and typically affects a significant proportion of the population.

System approach

Based on the principle that everything is interrelated and interdependent. A system
is composed of related, dependent and interacting elements that, jointly, produce a
unified whole. Adopting this approach, a system and its subsystems are studied in theirinterrelationships rather than in isolation and the system outputs are considered to be
produced through joint efforts of subsystems. In a systems approach, attention is paid to theoverall effectiveness of the system rather than the effectiveness of subsystems.

Transboundary
animal diseases(TADs)

Epidemic diseases that are highly contagious or transmissible and have the potential forvery rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, causing serious socioeconomic andpossibly public health consequences; their control/management, including exclusion, requires
cooperation between several countries.

VectorAn insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected individual toa susceptible individual or its food or immediate surroundings.

Vector-borne
diseases

Illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by vectors.

Waterborne
diseases

Illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by water.

Zoonoses (zoonotic
diseases)

Infectious diseases that can be spread between animals and humans, by food, water, fomites
or vectors.

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

63

Appendix 2: Examples of OH JPA-relevant
Quadripartite initiatives

Action track (AT)and action

Examples of existing, relevant programmes/activities/initiatives

AT 1, action 1• Tripartite Zoonoses Guide: Operational tools and approaches for zoonotic diseases(WHO, FAO & OIE, 2020)• Multisectoral Preparedness Coordination Framework: Best practices, case studies and key
elements of advancing multisectoral coordination for health emergency preparedness andhealth security (WHO, 2020b)• International Health Regulations (2005): IHR monitoring and evaluation framework (WHO,2018)• WOAH Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) Pathway• WHO benchmarks for IHR capacities (WHO, 2019)• IHR-PVS NBWs (WOAH, n.d.b)• National Action Planning for Health Security• Global Strategic Preparedness Network• Strategic toolkit for assessing risks: a comprehensive toolkit for all-hazard health emergency
risk assessment (WHO, 2021d)• WOAH• OHHLEP portfolio of key issues, knowledge and evidence gaps and evidence-based
recommendations for global, regional, national and local action (WHO, 2021e)• UNEP/WHO/Africa Institute Environmental Observatories for the Sound Management ofChemicals in Africa• Tools, methodologies, frameworks and reports on pollution, environment and health.
Examples from UNEP include: Implementation Plan “Towards a Pollution-free Planet” (UNEP,
2019) and Towards a Pollution-Free Planet: background report (UNEP, 2017). Information andresources are available at Beat Pollution.
• Reports on impacts of pollution and actions to prevent them. Examples include: Air Pollution
and Development in Africa: Impacts on Health, the Economy and Human Capital (UNEP,
2021a); Actions on Air Quality: A Global Summary of Policies and Programmes to Reduce
Air Pollution (UNEP, 2021b); Synthesis Report on the Environmental and Health Impacts ofPesticides and Fertilizers and Ways to Minimize Them (UNEP, 2022a); and Environmental
Dimensions of Antimicrobial Resistance – Summary for Policymakers (UNEP, 2022b).
• Compendium of WHO and other United Nations guidance on health and environment (WHO,2021f)• Inter-agency mechanisms on environment and health at the global, regional, subregionaland national level (interministerial regional forums, regional issue-based inter-agency
coalitions, national interministerial committees, etc.)• One Health Operational framework for strengthening human, animal and environmental
public health systems at their interface (World Bank, 2018)• National One Health platforms

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

64

Action track (AT)and action

Examples of existing, relevant programmes/activities/initiatives

AT 1, action 2• WOAH strengthening capabilities for veterinary epidemiology and biosurveillance: Tripartite
One Health Field Epidemiology Competency Framework; competency guidelines; curricula
guidelines; continuing education model and guidelines; mentorship programmes; guidelines
for evaluation certification• FETP and FETPV• Global Laboratory Leadership Programme (GLLP) and other laboratory training programmes• Training Programmes in Epidemiology and Public Health Intervention Network (TEPHINET)• WHO One Health Tool
• One Health University Networks• Multidisciplinary research consortia (Prezode, DeepVzn, etc.)• Respective FAO/WOAH/WHO/UNEP training academies/platforms and programmes• WOAH PVS Pathway (WOAH, n.d.a)• SDG 17.14.1 methodology to measure mechanisms for policy coherence on sustainable
development (UNEP, n.d)
• Public Health Officers Training Laboratorium (PHOLab – Italian G20 Presidency)• WOAH/OIE PPP handbook (OIE, 2019a)• WOAH• OHHLEP portfolio of key issues, knowledge and evidence gaps and evidence-based
recommendations for global, regional, national and local action (WHO, 2021e)• WOAH Twinning Programme

AT 1, action 3• One Health platforms• WHO Hub for pandemic and epidemic intelligence• Legal technical assistance programmes of respective organizations (such as the UNEP
Montevideo Programme for the development and periodic review of environmental law, andrelated platforms such as LEAP; OIE PVS Pathway)• Financial/funding mechanisms

AT 2, action 1• Existing risk analysis/assessment guidance, such as FAO’s guidance on a value-chain
approach to animal disease risk management (FAO, 2011a) and technical guidelines on rapid
risk assessment for animal health threats (FAO, 2021b)• Tripartite Zoonoses Guide: Operational tools and approaches for zoonotic diseases (WHO,FAO and OIE, 2020)• Existing research agendas (WHO Blueprint; STAR-IDAZ International Research Consortium on
Animal Health)AT 2 action 2• Existing risk analysis/assessment guidance, such as FAO’s guidance on a value-chain
approach to animal disease risk management (FAO, 2011a) and technical guidelines on rapid
risk assessment for animal health threats (FAO, 2021b)• Tripartite Zoonoses Guide Joint Risk Assessment (WHO, WOAH/OIE and FAO, 2020)• Tripartite Zoonoses Guide Joint Risk Assessment country reports

ONE HEALTH JOINT PLAN OF ACTION

Action track (AT)and action

Examples of existing, relevant programmes/activities/initiatives

AT 2, action 3• Tripartite Zoonoses Guide Surveillance and Information Sharing Operational Tool country
reports

65• Disease information systems (FAO’s EMPRES-i; WOAH’s WAHIS; WHO’s Event Information
System)• WHO Hub for pandemic and epidemic intelligence• One Health Intelligence Scoping Study reports• Existing progressive management pathways (PMPs) (FMD-PCP Progressive Control Pathway
for Foot-and-Mouth Disease; aquaculture PMP; Global Alliance for Rabies Control, or SARE)• FAO capacity assessment reports (laboratory mapping tool, surveillance evaluation tool)• PVS and joint external evaluation reports• Risk assessments performed by the Quadripartite or individually• Forecasts and alerts (such as those by FAO on Rift Valley fever and avian influenza) (see, forexample, FAO 2019a; 2021d)
AT 3, action 1• Handbook and posters from Tripartite Asia on taenia as material for education andawareness• Combining preventive chemotherapy programmes in humans with pig treatment andvaccination for taeniasis• Taenia mapping tools• Taenia diagnostics in pigs as a proxy for human infection

AT 3, action 2• IHR-PVS bridging workshops (WOAH, n.d.b)• Rabies SARE assessment• Tripartite Zoonoses Guide: A Tripartite Guide to Addressing Zoonotic Diseases in Countries(WHO, FAO and OIE, 2019)• Generalized One Health Framework (Ghai et al., 2021)• INFOSAN encouraging Member States to designate emergency contact and focal points andto promote rapid information sharing, partnership and collaboration to strengthen capacity
to manage food safety emergencies, including outbreaks of foodborne zoonotic diseases

AT 3, action 3• IHR-PVS Bridging Workshops (bringing stakeholders together to identify and raise awarenessabout common areas, support joint planning to increase commitment and identify
synergies) (WOAH, n.d.b)• WASH toolkit: WASH and health working together – a “how-to” guide for NTD programmes• Generalized One Health Framework (Ghai et al., 2021)

AT 4, action 1• Draft WHO Global Strategy for Food Safety 2022–2030 (WHO, 2021b)• FAO/WHO Food Control Assessment Tool
• WOAH PVS Pathway tools• Codex Alimentarius Commission

AT 4, action 2• WHO foodborne diseases surveillance manual (WHO, 2017b)• WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code (OIE, 2019)• WOAH Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines (OIE, 2013)• WHO Guide to healthy food markets (WHO, 2006)• AMR GAP (WHO, 2015a)

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Action track (AT)and action

Examples of existing, relevant programmes/activities/initiatives

AT 4, action 3•

Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG)•

Estimating the burden of foodborne diseases: A practical handbook for countries (WHO,2021g)•WHO foodborne diseases surveillance manual (WHO, 2017b)•

WHO International Health Regulation (2005) (WHO, 2018)•

Strategic Framework on AMR and joint workplan (WHO, FAO, OIE and UNEP, 2022)•

GAP on AMR (WHO, 2015a)•

AMR MPTF Results Matrix•

FAO Action Plan on AMR 2021–2025 (FAO, 2021c)•

OIE Strategy on Antimicrobial Resistance and the Prudent Use of Antimicrobials (OIE, 2016)•

Strategic Framework on AMR and joint workplan (WHO, FAO, OIE and UNEP, 2022)•

GAP on AMR (WHO, 2015a)•

FAO Action Plan on AMR 2021–2025 (FAO, 2021c)•

OIE Strategy on Antimicrobial Resistance and the Prudent Use of Antimicrobials (OIE, 2016)•

Strategic Framework on AMR and joint workplan (WHO, FAO, OIE and UNEP, 2022)•

GAP on AMR (WHO, 2015a)•

Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance report (IACG, 2019)•

Wildlife corridor projects•

RED++ initiative•

Devonshire Initiative•

Preventing Zoonotic Disease Emergence (Prezode)•International Alliance Against Health Risks in Wildlife Trade•

WOAH Wildlife Health Framework•

Sustainable Wildlife Management Programme (consortium)•

UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration•

MEAs and Flyway partnerships•

Collaborative Partnership on Sustainable Wildlife Management•

IHR-PVS NBWs (WOAH, n.d.b)•

Guidance on Integrating Biodiversity Considerations into One Health Approaches (CBD,
2017)

•

Emerging Infectious Diseases Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Project for China•

National wildlife and environmental health capacity assessment tools•

FAO Biodiversity Mainstreaming Platform•

Nature for Health project (Consortium)

AT 5, action 1

AT 5, action 2

AT 5, action 3

AT 6, action 1

AT 6, action 2

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67

Action track (AT)and action

Examples of existing, relevant programmes/activities/initiatives

AT 6, action 3•

National Wildlife Health Information Systems (such as Brazil’s SISS-GEO)•

Climate anomaly forecasting for early warning systems, such as the World MeteorologicalOrganization and the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA);
Colombia’s climate and health bulletin•

EMPRES-i•

Epidemic Intelligence from Open Sources (EIOS A)•

WAHIS and WAHIS Wild•

Economic and Social Research Institute and open-source Global Information System tools•

Global Biodiversity Information Facility•

iNaturalist database•

World Environment Situation Room•

UN Biodiversity Lab•

Environmental Observatories for the Sound Management of Chemicals in Africa(ChemoObs) (including risk calculators and costs of inaction calculators)•

Analytical contributions to Common Country Assessments as part of United Nations
Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework preparation•

Compendium of WHO and other UN guidance on health and environment (WHO, 2021f)•

Regional interministerial forums on health and environment (Asia Pacific Forum on
Health and Environment, European Environment and Health Ministerial Process, African
Interministerial Conference on Environment and Health)•FT-WEBE and FETP•

FETPV and In-Service Applied Veterinary Epidemiology Training (ISAVET)•

Needs Assessment and impact assessment tools, for example for national wildlife healthprogrammes and country assessments of environmental health services (currently being
piloted)•FAO Virtual Learning Center training courses•

Introductory One Health Training course (7 technical modules) – FAO Regional Office for
Asia and the Pacific Virtual Learning Center•

Global Framework for Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs)•

FAO manuals on highly pathogenic avian influenza (FAO, 2013a; 2013b; FAO and OIE, 2008),
bats (FAO, 2011b) and other technical subjects (see, for example, FAO, 2019b; 2021e; 2021f)•

WHO/WOAH One Health workforce initiative•

WOAH/OIE National Focal Point for Wildlife training cycles and manuals•

The Tripartite One Health FETP Competency Framework

AT 6, action 4

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