
J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
 -(
No. +*,, p. +3 -* ,**0

   *Water Flow and Nitrate Leaching in an Andisol Field
Sadao EGUCHI** National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences,
Kannondai -ῌ+ῌ-, Tsukuba, Ibaraki -*/ῌ20*.

T{)/ NO- "#ῌwC-=UV+      [~0X* "" \K]0 !|Y ^_`[ 0Xo Iz/a0X

  

/b.* 9`L  c/d"eD 0 NO- ! "#" $\;<3 fF%$)$,#%&'()* + ,ῌ

g$- #./ 0 

;<3m. Hoogmoed and Bouma, +32*!*f tF hi12  !%3 45 / NO- "#", 0 jk$ |Y6D"#/# #. 6 3 4578%5#

ῌ $9):.# ;<3=%#..*l%Hm#jkST wC! /|YX0Xo DbDWX%"  Darcy ,tIza0X*,ῌ$%&> +333 ' B"# tmn0  ?@AB5( @AC

|YX hW:'/L ( DEFG) +* mg N L + H! /* Darcy 0)/9t$0

* "" EF+D,I EF+EF

X Hasegawa and Sakayori, ,*** ; Hasegawa

J-KEF  ,**.! , L EFG).M

and Eguchi, ,**,!* , 0 \K]0/0' /N0῍ H12O34PQ5R.45

 D"#:.#hW:'0 'STU16)VWX* 6 YZ/L  4lS " .* "[0 +32/ 'H\ D78]^/_#'4) o DbDWXB"#p/ 9`L:[ $;a<!8 =>;<30'-qcde%.# \K] NO- "?"#.. @A ,**.!*#ῌwC%r%0'~s(/X* $%BC" 1bcde Takeuchi et al., ,**/ ; Dfῌo0 tm\K%BC"# 6U EF ,**/! ,=G0 $F0 $91

ltQu ¡v¢£G¤' w

ghijke4l"#a<%Hm_n$91I

$ %Iz"¢£:.#yP*  $,o;p;/ !%  ¦"9"#.

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 $91Irst'1Irst',o" Xz§/Rzw

M'Mu'N O/v%.##.*  {+ m %¥x+ m zbIw |Y"¨ 6

wCPx%%) 6U  !@A_|©(D! }ª 82~dw %«!0 "#78"#!yQR ~dw ¬­! NO- =>Rzz%IST{)UV/X*

B©®¯G¤'  ! NO- "#ῌwC%r

 ! NO- "#WX0Xo |Y%Z}

%"°9:.#±)** +EF²³´ µ-*/ῌ20*. ¶·:L¸¡¹ -ῌ+ῌ : Xz§/ t$ jk$ º»i¼ t -±$ ² +*, ¼ ,**0

20

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Z V ~      p ' ' - 3  V   ,+ 

Triticum aestivum L. e~n-1v~vw

 

 

Lolium multiﬂorum Lam. 2x     -0*+ῑ  +.**1ῑ 



3V

ZV~    ,/ m    +33/%+330 ]^ +331%+332

'a<   !"# Hydric Hapludand  !$ *%,* cm &'" ,*%-* cm &(#"

G3



3
+33/%,**, W

Wa + W

_s-* cm )*++" $,%%&%

 ; ]^-1 ¡¢£  -./012'(3 )*+,4- .5

-/3 kg N haH+ ¤+¥ '3V ¦* CῌN

6/ (#"01 +"21 6/&t _@ +3

7*8 9:ῌ345 ,**, & 6/ 678;<8=9; +":> +%, mm?;@A&<

BC$8 ;D* ,*** ; E=ῌ;D ,**, +"
FG>?@H2%* cm AI* +332  BJ
K  LCMD !$E cm D8

R= 2 +-3 kg N haH+ 3r'- y p''- ;V~§X'-(hXs VN ]^ ;VyE HIN ¨yXsῌ'-(hXs 2,.   

NF7*8S; I"+J KL !$ , m©:oªDarcy R\V«¬RS

JQ­ ®v¬ $;©:Q­ J 82
NO- 

,, 

JN1O

BPQR

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Sakayori ,*** &TUVW  XXYU2VZ

 +33/ W 0 [R  TDR Time Domain Reﬂectometry

R\V !$ *%-* _*H-* ]^ *%+** cm

_*H+**_(X`JY2 - ZP +331 W +[R  !$ +** cm

Wa(X`JY _+** 23$

TDR b.cd2[;V , Z e !$ 3*

-* cm



'-(  L-Xs3`s2P 

NF&GOP&& Q8R + HMK 

R= 2

Y3* ]^ ++* cm Y++*

lmcnR R

f\gh1ijk2h1i- ZP h1ilmcn

!$ 3* ]^ ++* cm= 2o]3V  ^_῍Y++*HY3* H+῏
῎ Lῐqm¨HK_+**

XX K _+** !$ +** cm
3V

p

±+²

(X`JY _+**

³E

J´E L !$ 3*%++* cmq`,* cm  p J´E !$ +** cm )*}g:> +* cm, $ . cm

pqr2[;V LR Hasegawa and Sakayori, ,***

R P

« p J´E ;V ¡O +"p Jq`2 ,* cm, r] p Jq`2 +** cm 3

2[;¢ _ R J´E £P@ A !$ 3*%++* cm

WaaJsb J3*H++*  r

I* +332 ; ;D* ,*** ; E=ῌ;D ,**, =¤µ]c de JN1O P ;<8= -* NV ¬a2¥ @2¦R 

ptu\

p J´E (X`JY *.0%*.2 m- mH-!$ +** +/* ]^ ,** cm

J2gcvwxyb

z{R R  Q8|8 / - ]^ - Z Efpc
}g Jhv/R

RNO-H i8 ~l1#.

P jkl mnom>3V ^_³´³E¶whiw7*8S)\·J¸§)*·J:Ke p ©:Q­ J 
8&©:oªDarcy «¬S; ",1./ mm 2[;V )*!$ +** cm  eJy¨&P¦S; P J 8y#w3

pqr2c[ +©ª ,%. Z}g !$ +* cm c" N r"hNO-H `s t + :+**  *.*+ M NaOH 2Vu3 Q
H
-

NO

veh

i82s X3 R 3§S

6G3µ X p «¬ ºJs )* ­6s]^?zJs®¯} °¬3,- 

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S¦ !$ +** cm

2°©ª ·Jh)*·J:K p ¹\V"Jy¨)*Xd©ª10´µo¶· : ¸¹b9&,_`N&*º»¼)cDpPDmS*+**

FG, AH$IDS !78 A$,  DmP +** cm  - 





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 Dp  ! SE Dp "#$%&'( )%*)%  ! SE Dp  +,TDR -./01

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 zp@A%,)% !,B"C

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n

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  E

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^/* mm Q%

S*zp *zp ,_`    /@A0 E *^a U*zp ,:IH

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TU7V+, zp

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,/  

*@A :!

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 *@A 34LU7

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( $%&%

+- # +** mm Q%+#[,R)H /@A +** -.

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TUL,VOWV@@* Q

Molz and Remson +31* ghi,j$H)%

%%k) l>m^-* cm, m4n40

 cm YQ

 *L  +** -. -* cm*nop^F*K)%

Q  

ZU &[JF,

3* cm,0  NO-  !"%[HI%

5D6[%78qr ds,6Y9&tDu
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*.1* m- m- S,_`]^=:¨F ©

Pῌ-SurplusNFNchemFNorgHINVN

sF 

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FNchem, FNorg -. VN*)H+/*/* cm S,Y ¦F, %[H_Y *)H *.0/*.1* m- m- : 34LU7! 
*

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C*NO-ῌN+** mm X,6$HU[  F

Dp  ! SE Dp " *@A)%*)%

m³0'§ ,,., mm )

R· ¸¹^ º +*, » ,**022

 -/.2 mm


ῌ-

   !"# + $%& 1'2 mm ( & )* +, -./

ῌῌ+  0  6   +**{| -* cm  
0 }+33/'+333  ¡ ¢£ ¤B  ¥¦7)*CyzI+§s Hasegawa,+331 C¨©ª«7s¡Fig. +

Daily precipitationand the changes inthe daily averagestorage water todepths of +** and-* cm during theperiod of +33/ῌ+333.

i9_RS4J jk0hiUQlmK[\Sn :;<=>?@9opqrstnu
&FGH M1N63Ivw^9Iῌ.  ῌ- 6x2 CyzI:;<=

01234 5 56 #7 55 87>?@{|}0~ I => s

9 :;<=>?@9ABCDEFGH

$ iP  C7I3JK L M1NO-.3P O-.Q R

$  ,'- $(   :;<=

ST56UVWXI YZK [\S ]0^>?@

9_RSC`abcE*d [\S4JQef g0h

mm tT6P7  ++* cm CyEb# 1'2 cm!"s$  3* cm  ,'-ῌῌ, 3* {| ++* cm:;<=>?@
6 +** cm ¬­0® s+33/'+333  ¡ ¬­0® ¢£ ¤B   *'+** { | * ' -* cm¬ ­0®6¯S
OQ0°U±E²³´ µl¶´ C¨©ª«7s¡Fig. , Daily average pressure potentials at
depths of 3* and++* cm and volumetric water content at a depth of+** cm during theperiod of +33/ῌ+333.

ihf±²³´µ : ¶·LF ]E3 ¸ S¹º»!¼ῌῌ-Fig. -@A/&HIJKLMS&;< +333  .  ,-  ,/  P  &   D m &HIJKLM S *+**Z, *+** cm Ft  D p &;< t A8/(R tiDp, tDpSE, tnP  tnDp  77 Dp
2 + mm T X /( D p 2¡¢£SE ¤Dp¥ T X /( A2¦$ /(;<2¦$ /(T>
Cumulative amounts of the matrix ﬂow
and the preferential ﬂow across a depthof + m during and shortly after a heavy
rain event.

23

ῌῌ.

@A/ ῌ- efghijk Y3*  Y++*  77 Z, 3*   ++* cm  e  f g h i j kJ3*++* Z, 3*++* cm §(
T$ r+¨ῌ+ ῌ, ῌ-  
77 - R©ª$ «¬h­®¯°>3

Fig. .

Changes in the pressure potentials andthe hydraulic gradient during theheavy rain event shown in Fig. -.

Z, + m Tbc3;< Z, + m defg
hijk ῌ. 2lmno 2* cm 0 .
@2,*+/ cm FG pqrR=s

6

6S Z, + m dFt2uvwT =>30
 ῌ.  ? NO 6STU> >xy $,.-, mm+   !"#$ %;<z%2uvwR S>7{  =|&'  ῌ/ ()*+,- Z, + m 0 ^t SWX873 Z, 3*. /0 1 /2 )*+20 ,-cm efghijk ῌ.  @}~ 

345.r>345 2 Z, ++* cm R !

6789: ;<2 =>3

0?@A/BCDE FGHIJKLMFG NO

5!"PQR 6ST"Q2$r

66S Z, ++* cm 8

2Z, 3* cm S

U$E  ;<2 HIJKLM)*+V

 6STUY$E  ;<T?^t8@+BC *KLM2 6QS SW>3SWX-6STUY>3$$ 6

7 Z, + m  C [\ K ]
)*+TW$ ^R_`a>323

X873
Z, +** cm E3%&'  _+** ῌ/  ;<24

GH» ¼ +*, ¸ ,**0 *.00*.1+ m- m -    *.0/*.1* m- m ῌ,  ! "#$%&'% ()* +,-./01'%/234&
 _+**  5/6%7 +, 89 $%&:;<'.'%-=> ?  @A&BC K 234& _+** DB K
+,-.5EFGH&IJK LM/NOP QRST 0UVF W'/% K _+** ' >X%> YZ[ \]'^_>Q1 `a'b#&cdefT' g

`a' % K _+**  h

[Cijk lEmn=Z+,o ?'pqA&
DprDm  s7tu Dm  +./../ iv $7

wx(> yz{|}~Cijk$
73T> -g 5/7
(> >S' > ()* &cd-efT' > _+** - *.0/*.1* m- m -  K _+**
ῌ/Fig. /

5EF ῌ-  *+** ¡¢ *-* cmG© +** cm ¯>234&K¤ <  /  ° ῌ+ ῌ, ¡ ¢ ῌ-  0 U±U - 'w²³´µ¶·¸ ¹º ῌa ¡¢ῌb  0U±U , 'w²
³´µ¶·¸ ¹º(>¤Changes in the volumetric water contents from the soil surface to depths of+** and -* cm, and at a depth of + m
during the heavy rain event shown in
Fig. -.

% U5/7h>#

%
-- 



}G +** cm >qA&|}~ \ Darcy ''/>yz{|}~-2' gHasegawa and Sakayori, ,*** ;Hasegawa and Eguchi, ,**, qA& -ῌ./ῌ
0 S yz{|}~</' ῌ0 - /UT/0* mmjk.g 05/7> ῌ0yz{|}~¡¢+, Q>£qA&  +33/  +333
¤ y z { | } ~¥¦§¨|z  *+** cmG©£ª& + £fgyz{|}~DB
+331,**-  =Z«¬s­Qg®x¤Fig. 0Daily water drainage from a depthof + m as matrix
ﬂow and preferential ﬂow during theperiod of +33/ῌ+333.

[µ¶·«¸¹ : _` "*1iX <=º»¼ ?f

25

Darcy y(015XzDi!@ {.="|

TDR }j~[\]^(231

89 + m iX1 45 Fp!@ 467l8(
1!@9#45= V /F(01tXQ

:9 ab%<s9UX 45 F "D C@ 3" !Q=(@!X NO-

-.




;;89%<?m@ +: A 89 zp - y 89 +

5X

D]
M+

kg ha
ῌ1

Fig. 1: <0  P =89 + m % <  D #F´
: <   D: <
}j<  OS *M+**  d 89 *'+**cm :9e EX´
Annual drainage from a depth of + m asa function of annual precipitation.

+ 89 +** cm iXBC NO-Ms+=>?T$ ῌ2 fg

 '+330+33/

V=>

@ + 

;EF ,**(Gf=t;89 1./ cm %<  +331

'H89 + m IA  Q

=t89 +** cm iXBC NO-M D( Q Q=  ;EF NO-M =@=>?J3K9)C(;L<Q= V
+331

%UXBC NO-M D t ] 

;  XEFMN5X NO-MO ]

2$C@9U@!XQ=(@!X
QUP@ Z Q(uR NO-M

      -* mm

B¢S)C NO-M , M, NO-M

   /* mm   ῌ++* cm0     Kd, 89 +** cm

 !

)¡

Q(£@ 89 3*'+** V +**'
U,

¡TF

V _+** }j¤WX rd (1   +ῌ0'+ῌ. (  !@PBC NO-M D MῌKdN_+**ῌrd  ¥ ) *+ ,-./012 3# C =>?T$ ῌ2 b QQ1! NO-M ¡45 67ῌ ,**+

TF Kd"#$%&

89 +** cm %: <

:



0;



D 

=<   : <0  P >?@A ῌ1



 +.*0¦+*M- m- kgM+  ¥#)C NO-M ,}jBC NO-M D #F +331',**, §¨tq" D NO-M

Y.

:

 QZQ=(5 Q *1 ;:(ST=  B2 CDE©[45)ªY«C NO-M )¡B0 =

  : #F>=G¢ Q9UX <P@\¬5XQ=]%UHIJ : K L( PMDNOS*M+**

@!X Katou et al., +330  *1­®;

CDP=QR ῌ1  
$%& 1**'2** +33/'+333

0 #S 1-/ mm >?T Q  QUV .!W9U@!XYZ[\]^CX_` "

NO-M 

Y.)¡B Q9U@!X"#$%& 

abc#de^ ;:C=>?T$5X fg h;% +303 % +311

Q=¯9UX

iCj&' +32. CXkYZ[\]^lm (n)
op!@

K

L

S(qX= U

rU 103 +30/'+301

 1,+ +300'+31/

j 12- mm +301'+310  Q Q=% Q

 iC

<P@\¬5XQ= .

;L<@! Q Q=% / 
M
-

NO

5X

(_.K@!

S Q(£BC NO-M D P=¥#>?T$Q= ῌ2 b  V *19M-a +b°±)C NO`,=ac#C

XBC NO-M D #F-! B##F*1ab +,.<st=uf%UX

Q=(5 " *19 )C NO-M ,iCj

:ab-.XQ= v/Twx

BC NO-M D L²t.³Yp. %g c;l » +*, ¼ Z,**0^26
!

/H "0,1 3  &)*+ m  NO--N  ,1* kg N ha+"#$% &'()* + m

%,
)* + m NO-

  NO- 
- .*/0123+ῌ+ ef ', [.\s[1\ ]XY W!453!6789:;<=>?@3 NO--N  (h1  Zῌ,^ ) $%A2B3 NO- 6%,( +C
 !

@01

 

"DEA2,  F N *+

'A,h',( ( C*NO-ῌNchemdh1

D C NO-ῌN Z)* +** cm  -. mg NO- JῌKL

N L+^  +./ -+ Z/* mg N L+^ 01 

M NOEPQA23 7R@S ?T!

&%, W!0,  h1)

UTVW!XY'DE!6 Z[-\ ]^* +** cm 3 D NO--N  -0 mg N L+ @

GHI

-X_ `a NO

6bcῌd73ef NO- J?@3!`>?7

S  D&@01 1 NO--N U ,1* kg N ha+SurplusNchemNOEPQ Darcy ]+C389:;<=

+,1*0 kg N ha+ /ih,( ( ., mg N

@3 g'h,3A2i`3 j0, k

L+ V *` d +., - .h1%,( !67NOEPQ Darcy ]

`i /i "noE/ NO- h,W+C389:;<=@3ia NOEPQ!Kh17 Sno Kn

A2 XY NO- JῌKLM cῌd

0,y0 *`1/ )h,

3Rl7@3

h,3/¡i/A2i`3 h/h ¢£-/ 

NO--N 

mnopq Z+33/  . r +,  s,**,  +,r +1 ^

ῌ+ F  t 3 =uv9wv

xyUz

N {! FNchem |<}uS(&7 Uz~+'¤¥<1d(*`1Knb ZNishio
et al., ,**,^  nopq/iA23 ~ 2¦3¡.* /i Kn3§¨A3"no SurplusNchem =

uv9wvx 7/01` =uv9wvx

ῌ2¤¥<13 Za^ {)* Z1./ cm^ /i6h© 1 ! Z3 4 ª l  «^
 5  ) * z p Z[-\ ]^ Zb^ )* + m 3
 NO-     ¬ Za^­® z p  ¬ ®
¯*° Z- ±6^ { N ~ªh ¯ /i² X N ³,** ῍,** ´  7  -* s -/ kg N
ha+ F ¬ Zb^  C )
* +** cm /iµ¶·h1
  !   NO-   M)* 3*s+** 1 +**s++* cm  NO- 
Kd  NO- ¸89_+** )* +** cm ?T! rd )* +** cm ¹º:  ¬

Fig. 2

Changes in (a) penetration depth of water, zp,
starting from the fertilized depth of 1./ cm, and(b) liquid phase concentration of NO- at a depthof + m.

 t? N T VN 7|<}uS&H
no%,p HIN (.*/011+ SurplusNchem  +,1*0 kg N ha
#

@3
h

D ,** kg N ha+ GHUz $%no7´µ¶·¦¸¹ : 9:;57p" ]6º»¼ 

ῑῌ+Table +\

27]^p" K+33/  .  +, _,**,  +,  +1 _L

Nitrogen balance on the soil surface during the period of +, April +33/ to +1 December,**,4
FNchem(kg N ha<+)FNorg(kg N ha<+)VN(kg N ha<+)HIN

SurplusN(kg N ha<+)SurplusNchem(kg N ha<+)Sweet cornChinese cabbage
Winter crops/Bare soil

+-.+
+/-+
*

1.
+*-3
*

1/3
++./*3

*4.1
*402
*4**

+*/2
+13+
*

32.
1/,
*

Total

,21-

+++-

,.++

*4.1

,2.3

+1*0

;  ` f ¡¢£0./¤ a?b c ./ +33/+330
TU +331+332  a%¥' ¦§1/¨©ª©%£0. «d.=¬­® g¤
FNchem  N, FNorg  N, VN ?-efg N, HIN  N I ¯°N SurplusN ± N h="i² N, SurplusNchem  N h="i² N %]=¤

ῑῌ,

 NO--N W j C kj C*

Table , Measured (C) and estimated (C*) concentrations of NO--N in the soil water4
CNO--NC*NO--N

C*NO--Nchem+** cm(mg N L<+)+/* cm(mg N L<+),** cm(mg N L<+)(mg N L<+)(mg N L<+)

-.

-/

,,

2-

/*

M +** cm j +33/  .  +/ _,**,  +,  ,2 _ [l³j¤ M
+/* TU ,** cm j +331  0  +0 _,**,  +,  ,2 _ [l³j¤
C*NO-ῌN TU C*NO-ῌNchem  NO-< ..l" 345A f ±
/ TU !"6./78 kj¤        !"
)*+



1

I<i1=ῌ>?%@/jAA eW 1jῌBCkDEIZlml no jAOP  

# $ %&'( 

,%

  -./0 " 1/  2%3456./78  9:;

NO-< %="/> ῌ ""

?

@A!"#BC !

DE$%%FG& HI. 

J ' () Kcarbon sequestrationL A0"A *MN OP '+, I - Q. 

/R 0S1TUVWX

Y2Z 3[/ % J()'"B4/A!" %\." <ijAG>A@ !" %\= /g.
eW  IxI18y%./g !
z n{ |KL }~./F

GH  ) * 1/ M
+m

NoO.PxZlFG;

HA NO-<]H%Q>" A '" I R %="A n{ ;H%S=" FGHg%J
Tῌ="U> Vq

FGH'"gh*;

NO-< W2A!" !" 1/ XTU# f
A NO"_ `a%b"/> 9c:deW2

FGHA NO-<]HTr=sP ;Itp uJHvw<-]6R78 ,^" .. :d !" fH q YTUZ[A.ῌ ῍ ῐ ῏ ῎
57XY#p"FG;!"  []HTr=`a%;It="!"A0SZ ] +*, ¼ =,**0>28ῐ

Iq JrK῏

sKtLῌ\u        !"#$%& ' ()*+,-./0  1
  !"#$%234567
89:

v =,**,> : M7Nw?@AOx

OyKBCPyZQz{|RZIJK
0SZ 23 : +/῍,..
T} =+311> : ~UE+,BCy =ῌ>K ]#. A+. pp. +῍+0 VyY W]^(K!"!" y!"X =,**.> : Y\ +/ Z#yPK pp. +2῍,. !"K

ῌ ῒ ῑ ῍;<ῌ

Katou, H., Clothier, B.E. and Green, S.R. (+330) : Anion =,**+> : ?@ABCD

EFGHIJK LM .1 : 0.
;<ῌ

transport

involvingcompetitive

adsorption

during transient water ﬂow in an Andisol. Soil =,**,> : ?@A0N

O!P"#$QRK LM .2 : -.

Sci. Soc. Am. J., 0* : +-02῍+-1/.

[\ῌ%&'ῌK

 =+303> : ST(U%&' =+32.> : ST(UVWX0HYZBCVWX0HYO\!*O)[\!*IJK ST(+],-.

IJiE+,+]^ =] + .> iK  .* : --1῍-.-.

pp. +῍++0 ST(U+ ]^(KHasegawa, S. (+331) : Evaluation of rainfall inﬁltra-

Molz, F. J. and Remson, I. (+31*) : Extraction termtion characteristics in a volcanic ash soil by timemodels of soil moisture use by transpiring plants.

domain reﬂectometry method. Hydrol. Earth

Water Resour. Res., 0 : +-.0῍+-/0.

\uSyst. Sci., + : -*-῍-+,.
Hasegawa, S. and Eguchi, S. (,**,) : Soil water conditions and ﬂow characteristics in the subsoil of a
volcanic ash soil : Findings from monitoringvῌsKtLῌT =,***> : QJ+^BCQz{_y `B/Py[aKbM ,*2 : 0-῍1+.
Nishio, T., Li, X. and Komada, M. (,**,) : Comparison

from +331 to +333. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., .2 : ,,1῍of fate of nitrogen applied to . di#erent kinds of,-0.

soils with particular reference to denitriﬁcation.

Hasegawa, S. and Sakayori, T. (,***) : Monitoring ofSoil Sci. Plant Nutr., .2 : -*1῍-+-.

matrix ﬂow and bypass ﬂow through the subsoil

cῌ ῌd=eῌ%ῌ=

in a volcanic ash soil. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., .0 :=+332> : 6f7 0gh@_yR

K  03 : -20῍-3..

00+῍01+.
Hoogmoed, W.B. and Bouma, J. (+32*) : A simulation
model for predicting inﬁltration into cracked
clay soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., .. : ./2῍.0+.

/_

0ῌ12



Ki¡j =,**.> : ¢£¤yPkl¥¦§¨©mKª7yn +1 : +0῍,/.
Takeuchi, M., Itahashi, S. and Saito, M. (,**/) : A

3 =,**/> : 456`ab*c7

water quality analysis system to evaluate the89de:fK ;<=>g ῌ h?@AB

impact of agricultural activities on N outﬂow inCῌ!"6`Dibj,klmOb*kl

river basins in Japan. Science in China Ser. C., .2,mEi F0Gnop pp. 2*῍3. H

supp. I : +**῍+*3.

ΐ῎«¬­®¯ =NO-°> !*y±oOQR²CJpe ¥ ?@A(q³ 
0rO´ysOµ¶l·c¸¹)Oº 0d NO-° ´tO»ud NO-° "#  : ij#7klmpVXY]st

+m  Darcy  !"#$%&'() *+ ,-./0 12345
:
-

9 NO

:
-

A0BCDEFGH I NO+ m 6 789 NO-: ;<=>?@JKILMNOP QRS NO-: TUVW XYRSZ[\Q]^I_CXYS` Q *+% NO-: X a
IbcQ] de\ fWgh Qij#7k lmno_pV NO-: qrῌ
stuv wx yz]S{|ῌ}Q] d\~, : ,**/ , +,  +/ ~, : ,**0 , +  ,, 29

6f L ¸ ¹ +*, º »,**0¼

30  !"#$ :

yhzX

 
 !

=|} + m

q eH  % + m   :

2{=(



"#$%&'(' )* +,-./01&(23 456

~ U2q eHP :% + m 

~

U*



2x

*

28 = % + m

 ~ U 3  8.* cm w*" 

7*3 +,-./01&" 893 :0;
<=>?@A*&B3   8CDE

U

yhzX 2= ( =" P83 

 :

~

2 * D 3 % + m 9w}*8

2| De* O

F(GH I( JK ' )*93 L0

 26f^WXTa%&3 |}MND OPQR * ( JK

62eH"(( :8" (

STUV-WXY!Z[H*\]*=^X
V_`!ZTa bL Ta cd
eH 

2%&'(  )*+,- :456*92D

H¢£¤3 ( 6f¥¦

' P23  ¡§¨ ( ©ª£« c¬­2 :6fg !Zhi[H jklFm3 nL
TK o pqrlF" nL "sPtT"(% + m O* :©ª) ¬­ 3 ®¯}2% ,*°-* cm 'u8( v9[H2j(3 |}6±@¥¦ ²(2F&'  ®¯

= 3  tw^XV_`Pt*x *=

} 3 ³;3 ´E 7*F&3 ±@¥¦ 3 §µ_`

98&(¶ ·_`¶}g* EF&