Church World Service-Asia/Paciﬁc(CWS)
10th Floor, CCT Bldg., 328 Phayathai Road,
Ratchathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies

http://www.cwsasiapaciﬁc.org/

KYOTO UNIVERSITY
Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, JAPANhttp://www.idem.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp/

MERCY Malaysia(Malaysian Medical Relief Society)
Level 2, Podium Block, City Point,
Kompleks Dayabumi, Jalan Sultan Hishamuddin
50050, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
http://www.mercy.org.my

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
Kojimachi Business Center Building, 5-3-1
Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083

Workshop on Disaster Recovery:
Used or Misused
Development Opportunity

Table of Contents

Preface

About International Environment and Disaster Management (IEDM)

2

Workshop Program

3

Salient Points of Recovery Issues

4International Environment and Disaster Management Research Field targets to reduce thegap between knowledge and practice through pro-active ﬁeld-level, community-based- Summary of Discussion Groups Governance and Institutional Issues of Recovery
Education and Learning Issues of Recovery

28

Technology and Innovations Issues of Recovery
Cross-cutting Issues of Recovery

24
32

36

Members:
Rajib Shaw
Shohei Matsuura
Md. Anwarul Abedin
Umma Habiba
Glenn FernandezTong Thi My Thi
Farah Mulyasari
Nitin Srivastava
Rajarshi Das Gupta

project implementation. The target areas are mainly developing countries in Asia, whichhave the highest population growth, and high vulnerability, due to diﬀerent types ofnatural and man-made disasters. The focus of this research ﬁeld is to learn lessons from theﬁeld experiences through eﬀective environment and disaster related project management.
Disaster issues are directly related to environmental degradation, and global climatechange. Disasters hit poor people, aﬀecting their lives, properties and livelihoods. Thus,
disaster, environment, and development are closely linked to each other, under the broadumbrella of human security. The key of environment and disaster management is theend-userʼ s participation, which are the communities, and its people. Added to this, iseducation and learning through formal/ non-formal education, and community/ familyinteractions. Working closely with the governments, non-governments (NGO/ NPO),
international organizations (United Nations and other bilateral and multilateraldevelopment agencies) and regional bodies, this research ﬁeld is developing a uniqueprocess-oriented participatory approach of environment and disaster management throughdirect involvement and ownership of the community.

Mrittika Basu

Contact
Rajib Shaw
Associate Professor
Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies KYOTO UNIVERSITY
Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, JAPANTel/ Fax: 81-75-753-5708 (Direct)
Web: http://www.iedm.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp/
E-mail: shaw.rajib.5u@kyoto-u.ac.jp
March 2013

The Role of Community Radio in Disasters

Workshop on Enhancing Disaster Resilience of
Education Sector and Communities

Workshop Program

Preface
Disaster recovery is a development opportunity. In post disaster situation, different types of resources are

DAY 1 [3rd of December 2012]

put into the affected region, which varies from technical, financial, intellectual, and community resources.

09:30

Opening: Shigeo Fujii, Dean, GSGES, Kyoto University

10:15

Emerging issues of East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: Rajib Shaw

09:45

Self introduction of Participants

10:45

Purpose and Objectives: Rajib Shaw

10:00

Photo session

11:00

Parallel Group Discussion

Group 1: Governance and Institutional Issues of Recovery

If properly used, it can change the context of risk reduction approaches, and if not, it can create different
types of additional hazards. In different countries, the post disaster recovery process changed the socioeconomic and political context of the affected region and country.
The workshop was aimed to discuss the chapters of a book on Disaster Recovery. This book will attempt

Moderator: Joy Pereira, Raportuer: Md. Abedin and Umma Habiba

to draw some of the key lessons learnt from different disaster situations, and will analyze them with the• Post-Disaster Reconstruction and Institutional Mechanisms for Risk Reduction: A Comparative Study of Three Disasters in India: V.

framework of GET [Governance Education and Technology]. The book will finally provide a framework of

Thiruppugazh• Collaborative Governance and Disaster Recovery: The National Disaster Recovery Framework (NDRF) in the US: Naim Kapucu

disaster recovery in the form of lessons learnt. Thus, the workshop objectives were:• Typhoon Morakot and institutional changes in Taiwan: Jet-Chau Wen, Shao-Yang Huang, Chi-Feng Lin, Chia-Chen Hsu, Wen-Ni Chen

• To share the recovery experiences from different recent disasters• Institutional response in education sector in Kesennuma city: Yukihiko Oikawa• To contribute and finalize the book chapter• Institution and governance related learning from the East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: Mikio IshiwatariGroup 2: Education and Learning Issues of Recovery

The participants were a small group of 30 professionals and practitioners from different disciplines with

Moderator: Manu Gupta, Raportuer: Glenn Fernandez and Tong Thi

experiences in disaster recovery. The discussion was confined to 1.5 days with group discussion under the• Role of civil society and its role in formal and informal education as a part of disaster recovery: Manu Gupta• Pakistan flood of 2010 and implications to education sector: Amir Nawaz Khan, Amjad Ali and Kamal Ahmed

four heading: governance, education, technology and cross-cutting issues. The book chapters follow the• New insights of education sector from East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: Yukiko Takeuchi and Rajib Shawsame structure.

• School Based Community Recovery in Kamaishi, Japan: Shohei Matsuura and Rajib ShawGroup 3: Technology and Innovations Issues of Recovery

The workshop was supported by JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science), Church World services

Moderator: Anshu Sharma, Raportuer: Farah Mulyasari and Nitin Srivastava(CWS) Asia-Pacific, and MERCY Malaysia. We are grateful for their generous support. This proceeding• Post-disaster Housing Reconstruction in Indonesia: Review and Lessons from Aceh (2004), Yogyakarta (2006), West Java (2009) and West
Sumatra (2009) Earthquakes: Krishna S. Pribadi, Dyah Kusumastuti, Saut Sagala, and Ramanditya Wimbardana• Application of remote sensing in coastal zone management in Tamil Nadu, India: R. Krishnamurthy, K. Chandrasekar and D. Shanmugamprovides an overview of the salient points of the chapters and the summary of the discussion. Hope, this isuseful to the readers.

• Post-Aila community recovery innovations and ecological planning: Fuad Mallick and Aminul Islam• Incorporating traditional knowledge to cope with climate change in post disaster recovery: Anshu Sharma and Sahba Chauhan• Technological and Innovative Measures to Improve Flood Disaster Recovery following Mumbai 2005 Mega-ﬂood: Kapil Gupta and Vinay Nikam

Rajib ShawGroup 4: Cross-cutting Issues of Recovery
Moderator: Juan Pulhin, Raportuer: Rajarshi Das Gupta and Mrittika Basu
• Mangrove management and cyclone risk reduction in Kutch, Gujarat: R. Parthasarathy and Mahima Gupta• Adaptive and transformative capacities of communities after disaster: the case of oil spills in Guimaras: Andrew Eusebio S. Tan and Juan
Pulhin• Environmental management and urban recovery: Akhilesh Surjan and Rajib Shaw• Integrated health care as the future of disaster recovery Japan: Kenji Isayama and Rajib Shaw
• Role of community radio in post disaster recovery: Comparative analysis of Indonesia and Japan: Junichi Hibino and Rajib Shaw
16:00

Group presentation• Group 1: Governance and Institutional Issues of Recovery• Group 2: Education and Learning Issues of Recovery

DAY 2 [4th of December 2012]
9:00 Group presentation Continued• Group 3: Technology and Innovations Issues of Recovery• Group 4: Cross-cutting Issues of Recovery
11:00

Wrap-up and discussion

Disaster
Recovery23Disaster
Recovery1

Post-Disaster Reconstruction and Institutional
Mechanisms for Risk Reduction: A Comparative

Collaborative Governance and Disaster Recovery: The National Disaster

Study of Three Disasters in India

Recovery Framework (NDRF) in the U.S.

This chapter examines the institutional
set up for reconstruction following

Gujarat earthquake, Maharashtra

7

Among three states, the EOM
mechanism in Gujarat is highly

successful because of setting up single

earthquake and Tamil Nadu Tsunami in

EOM rather than multiple EOM for

India.

reconstruction.

2

The concept of Extra-ordinary
mechanism (EOM) is discussed in thischapter which is the first and fundamental

8

In Gujarat case, the EOM is more
successful because it brought

together political executives andreconstruction issue stated by Haas, Kates

bureaucrats in the same platform throughand Bowden, 1977.

Gujarat State Disaster Management

3

Authority (GSDMA).
EOM got more attention in postdisaster reconstruction field

because it overcomes the time consuming
bureaucratic norms of policy making.

4

through mismatch between the routine
ordination, inter-departmental rivalry andestablishment of EOM mechanism

fractured politics.

opportunity created by disaster.

10

In conclusion, this chapter
focuses on the mandate, scope,structure and power of EOM that help

The issues and challenges related

to continue the disaster management

to EOM are highlighted here. It

activities even after the reconstruction

focuses the nature and structure of EOM
mechanism, longevity of EOM and theeffectiveness of EOM in the long run.

6

the failure of EOM that happened

This chapter also emphasizes on therisk reduction using the window of59This chapter further highlights

and emergent procedures, lack of co-that can be used for sustainable

The methodology used in thischapter includes both qualitativeand quantitative method covering

Naim Kapucu

V.Thiruppugazh

program was completed.

1

The concept of disaster recovery is
described in this chapter and it gives

important action points in the pre- andpost- disaster period time.

2

principles that guide a successful

recovery process. These core principles
are: individual and family empowerment,
leadership and local primacy, pre-disasterrecovery planning, public information andimportance of intergovernmental

so on.

outcomes, taken from past recovery
experiences.

8

This framework is also in line withthe “whole community” approachthat is being adopted by Federal

Hence, the collaborative governance

Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

principles in disaster recovery werefor better preparedness and in building

applied to the recent National Disaster
Recovery Framework (NDRF) in the US.

4

The NDRF discusses the coreThis chapter indicates therelationship to reach recovery goals and37

Collaborative governance is aform of governance system where

resilient communities.

9This study denotes the limitation of
NDRF because it is a comprehensive

document and cannot be used as aboth public and private entities are

stand-alone tool. It needs to be further

involved in collective and consensus-

supported with additional operational andoriented decision making that is utilized

training tools.

and applied to managing disasters thatprovides catastrophic effects.

5

The conditions and importanceof collaborative governance areemphasized with detailed study cases.

610

In conclusion, the study
emphasizes the role of federal

government who can take lead indeveloping and improving existing federal
level guidelines and plans for disasterrecovery.

NDRF is a comprehensive documentthat is aiming to enhance thecapacity of communities to not only speed

respondents ranged from chief minister toup the recovery process, but also to makevillage leader.

it more effective.
Disaster
Recovery45Disaster
Recovery1

Typhoon Morakot and Institutional Changes in

Institution and Governance Related learning from the East Japan

TaiwanEarthquake and Tsunami

This chapter examines themodification of institutional set upthat happened through the catastrophic
disaster typhoon Morakot in Taiwan in
2009.

2

It highlights the nature of thedevastating typhoon Morakot, its

causes and impacts in southern region of
Taiwan.

3

Jet-Chau Wen, Shao-Yang Huang, Chi-Feng Lin,

Mikio Ishiwatari

Chia- Chen Hsu, Wen-Ni Chendisaster prevention system effectively.

6This chapter highlights the amended
Disaster Prevention and Protection

1

This chapter focuses on the propose
practical institutional and governancemechanisms of quick recovery fordeveloping countries and development

Act that includes several articles thatagencies by examining practices in the East

mainly depict the way of implementing theJapan Earthquake and Tsunami (EJET).

disaster management activities.

7

This chapter also indicates theshortcomings of the Disaster2

management with the private sector.

may contribute to prompt recovery of theaffected areas.

Fire Agency (NFA) under Ministry

activities in Taiwan.

emergency medical service. So, there
was a misconception of the local people

8

Typhoon Morakot, Executive Yuan of

It is found from this chapter thatJapan has established various

schemes for the recovery process. For
example, in case of emergency response,that NFA was used only for national fireManagement” which is in charge ofrelief goods, evacuation shelters, andadministration affairs.

supervising central and local governments

construction of transition shelters are

to execute disaster prevention andconducted and managed by the Ministry of

response plans.

Health, Labor and Welfare.

94This chapter highlights that typhoon
Morakot has triggered the idea of

NFA to be replaced by National Disaster
Prevention and Protection Agency (NDPPA)
through the Disaster Prevention andProtection Act.

5

It further states that NDPPA will be
used as a professional institution inThis chapter point outs the function
and the actors of the Disaster

Prevention and Protection Office.

10

In term of rehabilitation in Japan,
public infrastructures and agricultural

facilities are managed by Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure, Tourism and Transport

In conclusion, this chapter(MLIT), and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry

denotes that typhoon Morakot

and Fisheries (MAFF).

not only amended some acts, but also

dealing with future disasters and gives

changed the disaster management system.

emphasize on the role of local governments

It also helped in reducing many issues

who have to establish Disaster Prevention

and tasks that were overlapping among

and Protection Bureaus for operating

different institutions.

57This chapter states that themobilization of expert teams

through national networks can foster the

Taiwan had established “Office of Disaster4

arrange pre-agreements in various areas
mass media, public utilities and waste

features of Japanese governance system3

private partnerships. In rehabilitation

works, for example, the governments can

how institutional and legislative

to implement the disaster management

It also mentions that after the disaster

It also gives emphasis on the public-

including medical, logistics, transportation,

Prevention and Protection Act that hinder

for fire prevention, disaster rescue and

6

Therefore, this chapter examines

It reveals that in Taiwan, the Nationalof Interior was previously responsible

government to the local government.

rehabilitation work.

8

It also highlights that thestructural measure such as seismic

reinforcement of infrastructure can reducerehabilitation costs after the disaster.

9

In terms of disaster recovery, thisstudy recommends several measures

for the developing countries to strengthen
their capacity for prompt recovery.

10

In conclusion, this study
suggests that advance financial

arrangements, such as public-private
partnership, mobilization of expert teams

This chapter points out thethrough national networks and structural

importance of the advanced financial

measures, prior to disasters are necessary

agreement for rehabilitation costs thatfor prompt recovery.

are mainly allocated through the central
Disaster
Recovery67Disaster
Recovery1Institutional Response in Education Sector in

Civil Society and Its Role in Formal and Informal Education as a Part of

Kesennuma City

Disaster Recovery

This chapter mainly focuses on natureand dimension of massive disaster of

East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (EJET)

Yukihiko Oikawa

6

After earthquake and tsunami,
many schoolyards became sites for

temporary housing facilities, hence theManu Gupta

1

Schools and school children often

SEEDS in collaboration with the Municipal

bear the greatest impact of disasters.

Council of Port Blair, India specifically to

The loss of precious young lives througheducate citizens who had been traumatizedand how educational institutes have beenremaining schoolyards are utilized by two

the destruction of schools in disasters hasby the Tsunami, was first of its kind in theimplementing strategies for recoveringor three school on sharing basis.

fueled public outcry for safety in schools.

country.

7

2

4schools and education from that disaster.

2

It also talks about Kesennuma in
Miyagi Prefecture is located in the

To restart schools and education,
supplying school lunch was one of themost important factors that Kesennuma

The key to a successful disasterrecovery is strengthening resilienceby way of recognizing and strengthening

The role of external agencies is tocreate enabling environments thatstrengthen communityʼs understanding

northeast of Japan that affected by massive

city government had to take measures to,communityʼs traditional coping

and application of their natural

disaster of EJET on March 11, 2011.

with the help of Board of Education (BoE).

mechanisms rooted in their culture andenvironments and find technological

Initially, the city was able to provide 3

environments.

solutions that help remove impedance is3

Kesennuma had huge damages inhuman lives, houses, transport,

education, industries and so on. More than
1400 victims including 260 missing persons
and 100 dead persons to the disaster.

4

8

Kesennuma BoE started providing
transport for student from theirresidence to school with the help ofMinistry of Education, city government and

The massive earthquake of Magnitude
9.0 and consequence of tsunami

creates devastation on 3 elementary
schools, 1 junior school, 1 high school andbus companies for the new academic year.

93

understanding and applicable.
Here are examples of civil societyʼs
involvement in the disaster recoveryof the education sector.

3-aand civil society organizations increating widespread ownership, capacity

Myanmar, SEEDS implemented

and transparency at local levels.

a school safety project to enhance

After disaster, Kesennuma BoE took

the capacity of local schools to cope

initiatives to give financial support

with natural disasters. To reach out to“unreachable” schools and provide accessto timely and appropriate knowledge andThis chapter describes the caseaid covers learning materials, lunch andinformation, SEEDS conceived Mobile

study of damage and experiences oftransport fare. They also offered grant forKnowledge Resource Centres. These mobile

orphaned students in lump-sum payments.

centres have been able to overcome

post disaster period of time.

Partnerships between governments

Following Typhoon Nargis in

who were affected by the disaster. Thisdifferent school in Kesennuma during and5

mutually accountable relationships are

as part of recovery process to students

1 kindergarten etc.

5

types of lunch; full, semi and only milk.

10physical and location barriers to benefit
Finally, education sector ofcommunities that are often at very highKesennuma is trying to establish

risks.

recovery process through participation andcollaboration among multistakeholders.

3-b

The project of establishing a
Citizensʼ Resource Centre by
Disaster
Recovery89Disaster
Recovery1

New Insights of Education Sector from East

School Based Community Recovery in Kamaishi, Japan

Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

Generally, schools have disaster
preparedness manuals. However,these manuals focus only on studentsʼ

Yukiko Takeuchi and Rajib Shaw3

How schools are affected bynatural hazards depends onthe characteristics of the local area.

Shohei Matsuura and Rajib Shaw

1

The concept of “School-Centered

up in the former JHS premises and discussions

Community Building“ promoted by thehave been held on ways to implement the school

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Scienceand Technology (MEXT) for school recovery has

centered recovery concept in Toni.

safety within the school premises.

Therefore, it is necessary to customize

They usually do not address issues likedisaster prevention education in the local

transferring students to another school

context. Not only should the teachers andnecessary, (2) retrofitting schools to improvein case of severe infrastructure damages;

students become familiar with the visible

their functions as evacuation center and hub forthat the new school should (1) incorporate theimpacts on the school of injury to or death

physical environment, they should also

disaster management, (3) making school building

unique history and culture at the same timeof teachers; how classes will be conductedknow the history and the current social

eco-friendly and (4) making schools multi-

preserve the DRR awareness of students andif the school is used as evacuation site for

networks in and around the area. The

functional public facilities to become the center ofteachers; (2) design of the building be simple andcommunities.

(3) be recovered on prerequisite that it will be

an extended time; etc.

social infrastructure was very important in2four main pillars, which are: (1) securing safetyof schools and relocating them to safe areas as

and will be in the restoration and revival of2disaster experience it might be

the Tohoku area.

reconstructed) from the damages of EJET. In doing

difficult for schools to take effective
measures in disaster preparedness.
However, based on the experience of EJET,
which damaged 6,284 public schools and4

Through survey/analysis and after
consultations with the School Construction

Consultative Committee of Toni, it was determined

opened to the entire community.

It is assumed that without priormutual assistance and relief during EJET

6

The unique feature of the concept is theidea to combine multiple public facilities orservices with schools that will be rehabilitated (or7The strength of Toni primarily lies in its
strong community linkage, determination in

education and high DRR awareness. However, EJET

so, it is expected that the new schools will become

had shaken the school ‒ community linkage andDisaster prevention education for

central hubs for community interaction that will

lessons are now reviewed to further strengthen

the staff of a school is carried out by

help rebuild community ties which was weakened

DRR measures.

incorporating it into the teacher training

left 733 students and teachers died or are

to ensure safety of students during

missing, lessons need to be extracted on

emergencies. Teachers become important

why some schools had difficulty learning

actors who bind school and communityfrom past disasters and did not prepare

together, serving as a leading figure in thesufficiently.

disaster prevention education.

because of the effects of EJET.

3

The concept also looks into longer termissues such as low birth, aging communities

8

There are also opportunities to receive
support from community basedorganizations and NGO/NPOs for rehabilitationand for schools to take an important role inand recovery as well as funds with special

revitalizing communities through interactions

preference. On the other hand, the process

among different age groups and possibly

beyond recovery into community building should

attracting new students to the new schools.

be considered simultaneously to tackle chronic

4

issues such as population drainage.
However, actual implementation of theconcept has not been witnessed on the

ground due to difficulties in coming up with
community consensus, delays in finalizing new

9

In conclusion, it is recommended that the
new should be promptly rebuilt, but at thesame time, longer visions of giving the schools aland use planning and coordination among relatedrole as hub for community interaction should be

local government departments.

considered simultaneously. For this, it is important

5

for the community to be willing to support the
The case study focuses on Toni District ofschools and for local government to provide

Kamaishi in which both elementary school

institutional arrangement in order to prevent too(ES) and junior high school (JHS) were destroyed

much burden on the schools.

by EJET. Temporary school buildings are now set
Disaster
Recovery10

11Disaster
Recovery1

Post Disaster Housing Reconstruction in Indonesia: Review and Lessons
Implication of Flood-2010 On Education Sector In

from Aceh (2004), Yogyakarta (2006), West Java (2009), and West

Pakistan

Sumatera (2009) Earthquake

The Floods 2010 are declared to be
the worst since 1929 in Pakistan. It has

been estimated that the education sector

Amir Nawaz Khan, Amjad Ali and Kamal Ahme

6

Reconstruction of affected buildings
is undertaken using a two-step

approach: first being the immediate

Krishna S. Pribadi, Dyah Kusumastuti, Saut Sagala, Ramanditya Wimbardana

1

Past earthquake experiences inlook at factors such as: financing scheme,

Aceh, Yogyakarta, West Java, andhousing construction, and house location.

West Sumatera showed that most ofhas been one of the seriously affectedrehabilitation in the short-term (6-12the casualties and economic losses aresectors as a consequence of Floods 2010.

months) and long-term reconstruction.

due to damages of engineered and non-2

Affected institutions are only 6.2
percent of the total institutions in the

country and 12 percent of the institutions
are in the flood affected districts.

3

Educational buildings in majority of
the flood affected areas were used as

shelter for flood survivors.

4

7

engineered structures.
Total reconstruction costs are
estimated to be PKR 42,906.58 million(US$ 504.8 million).

8

has proved lack of effectiveness due toan opportunity that should belarge numbers of organization.

education through improved design of

The extent of damage, especiallydevelopment of teachers and strengthening

for the most vulnerable group as

the district education offices for improvedby the fact that 1.6 million children havebeen affected because the schools weredamaged or because schools were being

service delivery.

9

the stakeholdersʼ coordination, which

was involved in housing reconstruction,

availed to improve access to higher quality

The Education Departments at the3

The awareness and perception of thehouse builders and house owners

needs to be strengthened, which isimportant to influence the decision making

Based on the provided case studies,

The reconstruction strategy provides

learning spaces, laboratories, capacity

a consequence can clearly be observed

2

7

process in investing for safer housing.

8

Disaster education for better
earthquake risk perception shouldbe implemented in order that mitigation
efforts can be accepted at both national

Reestablishing housing is a criticalfactor in the recovery processes,

which enhance communitiesʼ capacities indifferent aspects.

and local levels.

9

Combined efforts and coordinationof multi-stakeholders (government,

agencies, construction developers

4

Challenges of housing reconstruction

and personnel, and community) areare identified, which is not only in thedetermining to the improvement

often-limited capacity in the technical orof building performance in futureneed to play a leading role in the planningengineering aspects of the reconstruction

earthquakes.

overview, children under 18 who wereand implementation of recovery anditself.

affected counted 8.6 million.

reconstruction of the education system.

used as shelters. To provide an broader

5

Floods did not result so much inprovincial and district levels will10

To foster the reconstruction of

5

Reviewing the past earthquake
experiences and challenges in the10

Policies in better projectdelivery systems, mechanisms

for providing adequate supervision andpost-disaster housing reconstruction

technical advices - more down-to-earthof Build Back Smarter (BBS) is being

programs is important to be able totraining and capacity building mechanism

were extended for a few days up to Eid-

implemented in the affected areas, which

identify the problems and strategic issues- financing and incentives systems,

ul-Fitr (although some provinces, such as

focuses mainly on the cost optimization of

to be addressed in the future.

supported by appropriate technology

Punjab, had announced the extension of

the multi hazard reconstruction.

loss of school hours, with the only

exception being that summer vacations

summer vacations up to Eid-ul-Fitr even
before the occurrence of floods).

the affected areas, the approach

6

approaches are needed for better postTo achieve sustainable post-disasterdisaster housing reconstruction programs

recovery activities, one needs tofor achieving earthquake safer housing.
Disaster
Recovery12

13Disaster
Recovery1

Coastal Zone Management in Tamil Nadu, India– Challenges and Innovations

The concept of Integrated Coastal
Zone Management (ICZM) involves

the community decision-making process, in
relation to local, regional, and international
goals, focusing on the interactions between
human activities and resource demands isneeded on the ground.

2

5

Tsunami and storm surges wave
modeling found to be a useful toolfor understanding the past events andsimulation for future forecasts.

6

Addressing the high population
concentration and unsustainable

Coastal pollution is one of thecontinues despite several awareness

important environmental factors,

measures.

security of coastal communities in urban
center houses (Chennai, India example).

7

which is 20% of countryʼs land massand houses 30 million people. The coast

would allow the community to recovercyclones, hurricanes and storm surges

from the disasters.

damage.

2

Pre Aila scenario ‒ no adequate
response planning andother coastal communities.

Trans-boundary issues such as sharingof freshwater resources, affect theprovide science-based information.

3

The trends of coastal inundation,
storm intensity, poor planning,

engineering structures along the coast(showcased by Tamil Nadu example).

4

identified with design modifications

engaged, salinity issues were overcome

Habitat (DRH) was introduced byand the final shape of the DRH was

UNDP to strengthen the houses andvulnerability in ICZM.

a response to reduce the loss of assets
to poor communities, and to ensure thecentered approach found to be

The day to day problems were

The concept of Disaster Resilient

infrastructure of an entire village. It was

108

on site, different stakeholders were

support the quantitative assessment onMore science-based people

a stakeholdersʼ workshop to identify the
structures.

situation in such areas.

and spatial analysis are proven toreconnaissance visit with workshop

involving the local people, followed byskills of the community and design thefrom these events, had compounded theBoth the combination of field survey

The process included aregulations, and the inexperience of

ecosystem as natural barrier (showcased by
Tamil Nadu example).

7

construction, and implementation of

to the coastal fisheries and the use of thisthe construction of harbor and other coastal

involves communityʼs indigenous

knowledge with technical aid, and makes

A dedicated national effort was required tovs. shoreline erosion. Although9

It is a bottom up approach as itmechanism and participation of local

Coastal engineering structures

anthropogenic cause shoreline erosion is

6

run. This would also allow them to help

coastal dwellers to prepare for and recoveraccepted that the most important

structure into a cyclone shelter, andminimize the destruction caused. Thisis vulnerable to unprecedented tropicalmangrove ecosystems, which in turn linked

to tsunami, it has been confirmed andDRH ensured conversion of each

populationʼs livelihood and shelter unmet.

to be addressed and emphasized.

the construction structure can protect

5Lack of multi-institutional cooperationtech such as remote sensing and field

8

Bangladesh has 700 km long coastline,

the community self-sustaining in the longits implementation are identified and need

distribution, coastal morphology changes).

1

agencies, restoration of vulnerable

community to development ICZM plan andof coastal ecosystem (mangroves, species

Fuad Mallick and Aminul Islam

implementation from disaster management

The combination of the use of high-skills could support quantitative assessment

4

R.R. Krisnamurthy, K. Chandrasekar, and D. Shanmugam

utilization of coastal resources still

which affect the quality and livelihood

3

Post-Aila Community Recovery Innovations and Ecological Planningsustainability of the measure.

realized.

9

DRH instilled confident in people andbrought new developments of thelivelihood of the people, still shaping up
and facing challenges ahead.

successful in ICZM and its application needs
to be widely encouraged.
Disaster
Recovery14

15

Disaster
Recovery1

Incorporating Traditional Knowledge to Cope

Technological and Innovative Measures to Improve Flood Disasterwith Climate Change in Post Disaster Recovery

Recovery Following Mumbai 2005 Mega-Flood

Anshu Sharma and Sahba Chauhan

Kapil Gupta and Vinay Nikam

1

4

Traditional knowledge isa) community leaders set an example

recognized due to its strength, local

by using this technology, b) community

contextualization, and appropriateness,

involvement in construction of shelter, c)leading to highly customized usage overextreme climatic conditions, d) availability

experienced a severe flood on 26th Julyspecific authority for restoration of Mithi

generation.

of local materials at no cost, and e) good2005 with 944 mm rain during the 24 hours,

river and rainwater harvesting compulsory.

design for safety and comfort.

causing death of 419 people, inundation of2

The study of the effectiveness of
local multi-stakeholder action as

an enabling factor for mainstreaming
DRR-CCA in post disaster program isnecessitated.

3

6change agents, their participation

through knowledge tools and theirstrategic actions as an institution, as

and communication system, and damage

flood in Leh, 2010, an approach of

to buildings.

social aspect of the affected community

inadequate drainage system, intensive

capitalize on existing traditional

reclamation, urbanization and decrease in

wisdom since it has been tested overprogram towards linking DRR and CCA

environment and culture.

this sector in future.

4

Linkage with local stakeholders
including governments, academia

the coastal mangrove system.

3

Mechanism; Institutional mechanisms

have been strengthened with creation of

5

Emergency control center has
been upgraded with enhanced

communication and computer systems,
and emergency supplies.

6

Installation of 30 Automatic weather
stations consisting of tripping bucket

rain gauges, audible alarm, resulting
in enhanced response mechanism andjudicious deployment of resources.

Chitale committee (2006) gave
recommendations with thebackground of 2005 mega flood : detailed
contour map of all watersheds, restoration

7

Other measures included a decision
support system for mitigating Urban

Flooding for Mumbai, Standard Operating

and the private sector is useful for creatingof the Mithi river, stream gauging,

Procedure. This allows better insight into

There is a need to address thea local buy-in for the approach, which will

installation of automatic rain gauges by

rainfall variation over the city development

integration of DRR and CCA at

help in its sustainability in the long term.

the IMD, regular maintenance and desiltingof design curves for future drainage worksof the existing drains, removal of theand construction of innovative structures

Information is the key to all the

obstructions and provision of additionalon the river.

approaches, and the ability ofgated outfalls/pumping stations andthe district level; since this level is best
suited to bring about upward filteredtransformation.

5

8

because of: increasing population,

informal settlements and obsolete andgenerations and is best suited to the local

processes are going to be critical to address

2

Enhancement of Flood Response

laden with disaster management software,
Mumbai is susceptible to floods

Post disaster recovery programs must

enablers for shift in long term recovery
and mainstreaming them in development

spread in 437 square kilometers. It

107 low lying areas, collapse of transport

combination of both technical as well as

7with about 12 million population

After the cloudburst and flash

was adopted.
The impact of consolidation of local

Mumbai is an economic based city,

9

local populations to create and access

The main factors for the survival

information, to disseminate it to the largerof shelter in the remote desert

community, and to use it to influence theareas construction technology and forpolicy environment is the ultimate goal of

dissemination to other communities inlocal action on DRR CCA.

holding ponds.

the larger region of Rajasthan, India, are:
Disaster
Recovery16

17Disaster
Recovery1Integrated Healthcare as the Future of Disaster
Recovery Potential in Tohoku Region

Disaster recovery is not just about
rebuilding of infrastructure in affectedareas but is also about the rehabilitation

6

Regional comprehensive support
centers providing consultation,

comprehensive long term care insurance
claims and welfare services like sports

people.

and recreation in the community centre
helped disaster victims from these cities to

Psychological support mechanisms
are recognized as essential elements

to build community resilience and forstrengthening and sustaining health andemergency response system.

3

7

For the cities under this study
depopulation, aging and increased

The paper aims to delineate the role ofand also provided shelter to many fishermenmangroves along Kachchh coast fromduring tropical cyclones. The evidences from theprotection service perspective and emphasizes

field and damage assessments however need tocollective action amongst all stakeholders tobe supported by detailed ecological studies.

support the effective management and restorationof mangrove resources.

2

Kachchh district of Gujarat is consideredhighly susceptible to various natural

disasters such as earthquakes, cyclones, storms
and tsunamis by state level disaster agency.

6

Two major modes of initiatives have beentaken up for mangrove conservationand management in the state: 1) by The State
Government and NGOs and 2) by the Industries.

7

Governmentʼs REMAG (Restoration of

Meteorological data of the region points out that

more vulnerable to disasters. These require

number of cyclone hitting Kachchh has increased

Mental and behavioral healththe communities to be self-sufficientsince 1990. Historical records show severe cycloniccommunity based approach but lack of motivation,

should be integrated together

without depending on the government.

events in the year 1998 and 1999 over Arabiansense of ownership and incentives along with

Sea that made landfall at the coast of Kachchhchanging mangrove-livelihood linkages amongst

8

claiming hundreds of lives and loss of property.

the newer generations pose challenges towards

education and training and needs moreadvanced research.

Policy measures supporting social ties
including family units and community

participation should be emphasized to

The medical facilities collapse
significantly after a disaster like after

1995 earthquake in Japan where medicalbuildings collapsed, malnutrition andstress engulfed people followed by difficult
medical issues like pneumonia.

5

overcome the trauma.

1

medical expenses make the community

in assessments and services, disaster

4

R. Parthasarathy and Mahima Gupta

Kenji Isayama and Rajib Shawand transforming the lives of affected2

Mangrove Management and Cyclone Risk Reduction in Kachchh, Gujarat

lower mental stress.

9

meetings along with its collaboration

with local residents in Kamaishi city,
Health promotion managers establishedby Kesennuma City Mayor and the familymangroves has emerged from the fieldstudies along the coastal villages of the district

After a disaster, healthcare teams

Historically, Kachchh had an extensive mangrove

must provide support in the acuteecosystem which had changed over time due tophase and in the chronic phase volunteers

various development activities as well as naturalfrom NPOs/NGOs must provide help

disasters and anthropogenic interactions.

normal.

10

A shift is necessary in thehealthcare system from focusingon public health nurses to members of

support system executed by Natori City

health promotion team in communities andwhen combined together will help the local

enhancing community health care systems.

residents in affected communities.

mangrove regeneration through community
Convincing evidences on the role ofin the aftermath of these cyclonic events.

disaster victims to revive their life toLife support centers and weekly area

3

4Mangroves) project attempted to introduce

participatory management of mangroves through

During 1999 to 2007, mangrove coverdecreased from 854 sq.km to 672 sq.km out

participation.

8

Industries as a part of their social
responsibility have recently undertaken

mangrove regeneration activities with community
participation.

9

Taking into account the changing
approaches and attitudes of community

towards natural resources the component ofcommunity based management of mangrovesof which less than 20% is dense and rest is sparseneeds to be revisited and a management

or open.

strategy integrating all the stakeholders such as

5State Government agencies like State DisasterCoastal communities perceive thatManagement Authority, Ecological Commission

mangroves reduce the velocity of cyclonic

and Pollution Control Board, , NGOs, Industries

wind and distribute water among the channels

and local community needs to be evolved.

and creeks, thus reducing the level of inundation

Disaster
Recovery18

19

Disaster
Recovery1Role of Community Radio in Post Disaster
Recovery: Comparative Analysis of Japan and

Adaptive and Transformative Capacities of Communities After Disaster:Indonesia

The Case of oil Spill in Guimaras, Philippines

Community radio helps instrengthening disaster preparedness

and facilitates disaster management in local
communities.

2

East Japan Earthquake, illustrates thelimitations of disaster radio stations that are

7

Information network like COMBINE
helps in transmitting information to

Similarly, social networking sites can also be
used for interactive communications.

8

Philippines in 2006 affected thelivelihood, environmental integrity andinstitutional arrangements of the local
communities and needs regular follow up.

3coastal clean-up, alternative

Outside intervention were ineffective
and useless among the communityʼ

in the disaster recovery phase, best
knowledge and proper consultation with

There is a need for manuals providing

4communities under this study isfair and their dependence on economic
than to demographic structure andIn Japan, 3 radio stations haveprovide guidelines and information to theinterconnectivity to higher levels.

been established after a year of thestaffs.

10

Funds and licenses for the secured

5s existing situation after the spill. Hence,the participants should be strictly observed
The adaptive capacity of the three

temporary emergency FM and it should also

information.

8

still going on.

well-being and stability is higher

will provide them with all the necessaryannual educational campaign regarding
spill is regularly carried out.

Recovery efforts mainly addressed

an established procedure to start aliving in the temporary households which

been formed, committees/bodies

are created by the local government andrestoration of degraded environment andgeographic and organizational borders.

for a community radio for the evacuees still

After the spill, legislations haveorganizations that provide continuous

characteristic of community radio likeoccurrence of the disaster showing the need7

and communication on the hazard andin disaster affected areas across the92

There is an urgent need for

Public participation is a defined

evident from the case studies of Indonesia.

management plan, sustainable

alternative livelihood and a transparent

the community.
The oil spill in the Guimaras province,

livelihoods, education, information

support to the community radio stations

but absence of public participation has been

A workable disaster preparedness

imbibed, institutionalized and accepted byradio helps in the development

Minamisoma Saigai FM in Tohoku region

pollution such as oil spill present a6policy making mechanism needs to beon the current status of Merapi Volcano.

effectively.

socioeconomic impacts of industrial

disaster management authorities.

villagers living in and around Mount Merapi

process and carrying out recovery activities

Adverse environmental andsignificant challenge for governance andIn the recovery period, emergencyarea, ensuring public participation in the1government, with programming limited toprovided by local authorities.

of a shared recovery plan for the local

A.E.S. Tan & J.M. Pulhin

primarily driven and centered on the local

collecting, transmitting and sharing

victims.

5

Minamisanriku Saigai FM, after Greattransmitting disaster related information

for boosting up the mental status of disaster

4

6

Community radio is a medium of

disaster related information and is also used3

Junichi Hibino and Rajib Shaw

Transformative capacity, decisions
or actions made in the course of oil

to derive decisions and actions.

9

Networks and linkages and collective
effort for drawing support to action

should be harnessed and enhanced.

10

Indigenous knowledge andmanagement of water resources

based on research and development should

spill, reveal the inadequacy in knowledge

be sustainably practiced to address oil spill

stations is a pre requisite and the role ofand management of the community but

in future.

emergency community radio needs to be

exposed the community to experience andconsidered urgently in the Disaster Risk

empowered them to respond to future

Reduction framework.

perturbations.

operation of the temporary radio

Disaster
Recovery20

21

Disaster
Recovery1

Environmental Management and Urban
RecoveryEnvironmental management is a pre-components. Use of hazard resistantrequirement for reducing risk frommaterials, innovative designs, and amajor disasters and towards swift recovery.

2

Akhilesh Surjan and Rajib Shaw

holistic approach to community hazard
risk can greatly reduce the infrastructure

Statistical indicators are assumed
to provide a powerful basis forcomparative analysis and developmentof systematic knowledge base in therecovery phase and provide a quantitative

vulnerability.

7

Livelihood recovery, though in ayoung and experimental stage,

involves provisioning, protection andbasis for developing more generalizedpromotion. Flexibility, contextual

understanding.

knowledge and a long term commitment is3

required to strengthen livelihoods against
Kobe disaster recovery showednotable spatial disparities with boththe concentration of damage and longterm trends in population shifts.

4

Along with temporary shelters andassurance to local governance,

After Kobe earthquake, the sectoralemphasize the environmental recovery

shift towards a more service oriented

which is essential to reduce the risk ofof long term changes in Japanese economy.
After the Aceh earthquake in 2004,
it became evident that Participatory

approach is effective in mass scale housing
reconstruction in post disaster recovery
and an effective organizational structure
and process helps in ensuring public
participation.

6

8

disaster recovery phase should also

economy can be considered an acceleration

5

future shocks.

future disasters.

9

Disaster recovery is a gateway foraddressing development deficits andcalls for realistic planning.

10

The need for a systematic
framework covering environmentand social aspects for measuring disasterrecovery at the community scale is utmost
felt and it should provide guidance for use

Infrastructure recovery in a longof statistical data, facilitate comparisonsterm involves repair, replacement

and should show the ways to achieve

and reestablishment of infrastructure

recovery as well as prepare for future risks.
Disaster
Recovery22

23

Disaster
RecoveryDiscussion Group 1

GovernanceA study on Typhoon Morakot and institutional changes in Taiwan was introduced in which typhoon
Morakot became the trigger for the National Fire Agency (NFA) to be replaced by the National
Disaster Prevention and Protection Agency (NDPPA) through the evolution of Disaster Prevention andProtection Act (DPPA). The newly established DPPA includes several articles that mainly depict theway of implementing the disaster management activities and also gives emphasize on the role of local
governments who have to establish Disaster Prevention and Protection Bureaus for operating disasterprevention and recovery system effectively.

● Group Moderator:
Joy Jacqueline Pereira, Deputy Director, Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Malaysia,
Anwarul Abedin, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto● Group Members:
V. Thiruppugazh, Chief Executive Oﬃcer, Gujarat State Disaster management Authority,
Government of Gujarat, India
Naim Kapucu, School of Public Administration, University of Central Florida, USA
Chia-Chen Hsu, Researcher, Research Centre for Soil & Water Resources and Natural Disaster Prevention,
National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, Taiwan
Mikio Ishiwatari, Visiting Senior Advisor, Japan International Cooperation Agency, and Disaster Prevention andManagement Oﬃcial of World Bank, Japan
Yukihiko Oikawa, Guidance Counselor and Deputy Secretary, School Education Division, Kesennuma City Boardof Education, Japan
Anwarul Abedin, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
Umma Habiba, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University

1, Overview
Governance and Institutional Issues of Recovery is one of the key issues that provide the tools for decisionmakers and community leaders to facilitate good policies and strategies, appropriate institutional andlegislative systems at national level to grass root level for the designing of effective recovery plans andprograms. Five case studies that focus on governance issues in disaster recovery process were discussed.
A study on Post-Disaster Reconstruction and Institutional Mechanisms for Risk Reduction was discussed,
where a comparative study of three disasters in India that highlighted a institutional set up named Extra
Ordinary Mechanism (EOM) for reconstruction followed in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu aftermathof earthquake and tsunami disaster was conducted. EOM was successful in Gujarat, because it brought
together political executives and bureaucrats in the same platform through Gujarat State Disaster
Management Authority (GSDMA). This study further identified that the success and failure depends on the
mandate, scope, powers, structure and nature of the EOM.
Collaborative governance and disaster recovery was discussed with an example on the National Disaster
Recovery Framework (NDRF) in the U.S. which addressed that collaborative governance is a form ofgoverning where both public and private entities are involved in collective and consensus-oriented
decision making that is being utilized and applied to managing catastrophic disaster effects. NDRF is a
flexible structure that is currently being utilized as a resource which can help engage various stakeholders
with each other in the recovery process. Discussions revealed that implementation of NDRF require joint
training and common understanding of stakeholders.

Learning from the East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (EJET) that aimed to propose practical institutionaland governance mechanisms of quick recovery for developing countries and development agencies was
also discussed. An example from the EJET affected area was given where roads and devastated areas wereable to reopen in a week because of robust measures prepared from normal times. It was suggested that(i) advance financial arrangements: clear cost sharing between local and central governments, (ii) prioragreements with private sector, (iii) mobilization of expert teams through national networks and (iv)structural measures to prevent fatal damages etc. are necessary to prompt disaster recovery at normal
times.
A study on Institutional response in education sector in Kesennuma city was discussed where it depicted
the nature and dimension of massive disaster of EJET, and how educational institutes have implemented
strategies for recovering schools and education from that disaster. This study also mentioned that
supplying of school lunch was one of the major disaster recovery approaches in Kesennuma city.
Furthermore, it also denoted that Kesennuma city board of education started transport for student fromliving place to school and gave financial support to the students who suffered most by the disaster.

2, Common Issues:i. Institutional transformation
Introduction of new mechanisms: Regarding governance perspective, the common issues discussed by
the group members are as follows: Gujarat State Disaster management Authority introduced new extra
ordinary mechanism just after Gujarat earthquake 2001. This extra ordinary mechanism is usually set up in
the aftermath of disaster to coordination and speedup reconstruction process・Leadership at the highest level - political will, commitment and political culture play an important rolefor good governance・Avoiding ad-hoc/Short-term arrangements ‒ very limited; hence permanent arrangement - preserve
institutional memory;
・Cabinet Resolution to Revision of legislation (streamlining of functions to reduce overlap): After typhoon
Morakot in Taiwan has changed the idea of National Fire Agency (NFA) replaced by National Disaster
Prevention and Protection Agency (NDPPA) through the Disaster Prevention and Protection Act
・Develop comprehensive mandate - reconstruction planning, capacity building, monitoring, reportingii. Decision and Policy Making
・Legislation / Policies always top-down but space made for collaboration/stakeholder input
・Relief phase: tends to be top-down ‒ reconstruction phase more collaborative
・Nature and structure of mechanism: enables active participation of key-stakeholders
・Reconstruction policies need wider consultation
・Enhanced Fiscal Management
Disaster
Recovery24

25

DisasterDiscussion Group 1

Governance

RecoveryMorakot in 2009. It is now used as a professional institution in dealing with future disasters and gives
emphasize on the role of local governments who have to establish Disaster Prevention and Protection
Bureaus for operating disaster prevention system effectively.
On the other hand, in terms of misused opportunity:(1) After tsunami at Tamil Nadu in 2004, the State Government of Tamil Nadu took disaster recovery
program through relocation of fishermen community in inland without taking account of their occupation.
The relocated fisherman faced problem to catch fish because the sea was so far from their new place.

・Facilitate participation of external players (donors/funders)

They argued that, in order to be able to fish, they would need to stay on the beach at all times and keep

・Measures to strengthen future capacity for sustainable risk reduction

a watch on the movements in the sea, ready to launch their boats at a momentʼs notice and rush after apassing school of fish. But the governmental decision impeded the relocated fisherman to continue theiriii. Stakeholder Engagement

jobs. So, this example appeared as a misused opportunity.

・Enhance stakeholder engagement(2) Historically, Japan has suffered severe damage from tsunamis, storm surges, ocean waves, and other・Provide options to the community for meaning full participation

natural phenomena. To endure with tsunami, they established dike that are designed to withstand・Trade-offs: between consultation, speed and quality of resources

the largest of the predicted tsunami heights and storm surge levels. But in March, 2011 the East Japan・Developing schools as safe evacuation centers with adequate facilities

Earthquake and tsunami (EJET), however, the height of the tsunami far exceeded predictions. This tsunami
swept over this dike before destroying it, leaving a path of death and destruction across the community.

Besides these common issues, the discussion group further mentioned the gaps that hinder achievements

In many cases the tsunami was twice the height of the dikes. Therefore latest EJET proved that height offor better governance in disaster recovery that include:

tsunami dyke is not sufficient enough to project from natural disaster to make safety. This can be misused

・Pre-disaster governance conditions:

opportunity to promote a false safety.

・Social, economical, political and cultural conditions of the country;
・Governance structure / political regime;
・Pre-disaster policy context; cultural context
・Level of capacity
・Perception of safety / Level of awareness

5, Way forward
While discussing the role of governance in disaster recovery process, the following issues came as
discussing point for future task.
・Integration of budget into the governance, as proper financial system is the key element to run the3, Suggestions and measures for issues raised

disaster recovery process effectively and more efficiently.
・Inclusion of vulnerable and special needs groups, gender, children, elderly and disable etc. in

The recommendations came from the group members are summarized below:

governance mechanisms for disaster recovery. Special groups are truly vulnerable at the time of disastera, Integration of financial and budgetary systems into governance for disaster recovery

recovery process. Hence, special groups should be kept in mind in governance mechanisms for disasterb, Need for capacity building targeted to appropriate levels of government and stakeholder groups

recovery.

c, Clarification of the concept of sustainability and resilience in the context of governance systems for・Involvement of community people is crucial in governance mechanism as community people take thedisaster recovery

lead first into the disaster recovery process. Furthermore, without participation of community people it isd, Inclusion of vulnerable and special needs groups, gender, children etc. in governance mechanisms for

bit difficult to achieve the goal of good governance in disaster recovery.

disaster recovery

・It is also necessary to incorporate pre-disaster governance conditions.

4, Specific cases (Used and misused opportunities)
In the group discussion, used and misused opportunities of disaster recovery that determines the
success or failure of good governance were raised. In terms of used opportunities:(1) Setting up of permanent mechanism: i.e. extra ordinary mechanism (EOM) was successful in Gujarat
because single EOM rather than multiple EOM for reconstruction after Gujarat earthquake in 2001 was set
up. It brought together political executives and bureaucrats in the same platform through Gujarat State
Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA) that continued disaster management activities with budgetary
support.
(2) In Taiwan, National Disaster Prevention and Protection Authority (NDPPA) evolved after Typhoon
Disaster
Recovery26

27

Disaster
RecoveryDiscussion Group 2

Education and Leaning
Issues of Recovery

Lessons gained from past recovery mistakes can be utilized in order to inform future DRR efforts inthe education sector. However, since recovery from recent mega-disasters like the 2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake and Tsunami and the 2011 East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami is still on going, it might still
be too early to list all the recovery lessons from large-scale events that can be useful for the education
sector. Research needs to be continued in the next few years in order to benefit from the recovery
experiences. It is expected that there will be numerous issues needed for both short and long-term
educational recovery. The shifting role of schools as center in the community recovery process might● Group moderator:
Manu Gupta, Chairperson, Asian Disaster Reduction Response Network (ADRRN) / Director, SEEDS India● Group members:
Amir Nawaz Khan, Dean, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
Yukiko Takeuchi, Associate Professor, Inter-Graduate School Program for Sustainable Development andSurvivable Societies, Kyoto University, Japan
Takako Izumi, General Manager for Operations, MERCY Malaysia
Takayuki Nakamura, Kyoto University
Shohei Matsuura, Researcher, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
Glenn Fernandez, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
Tong Thi My Thi,, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University

need to be investigated further. A future possibility in educational recovery is the multi-functional schoolmodel, where schools are positioned at the center of community recovery and combined with other public
facilities, as what is being attempted in the case of Kamaishi City in Japan.

2, Common issues
The discussion group agreed that education recovery has been given a high priority after a disaster
anywhere in the world. Standards for education continuity, such as those prepared by the Inter-Agency
Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE), are already prepared, but are difficult to follow due to lackof resources and local know-how. In some cases, there are shortages of qualified construction manpower.
As a result resumption of classes can be grossly behind target as school reconstruction takes time.
Sustainability is also a common issue among the case studies. After external assistance stops flowing in,disaster recovery slows down or even stops. One bottleneck identified in the recovery process for schools

1, Overview

is the loss of community ties due to displaced people. Affected families are forced to evacuate to other

Disasters affect education systems and infrastructures. For example, 6,284 public schools were damaged

relocate to other places, keeping students from the respective schools. If the community ties continue

and 733 students and teachers died or are still missing due to the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake andTsunami (MEXT, 2011 in Takeuchi and Shaw, 2013). In the 2010 Pakistan Floods, the education of 1.6
million students was affected either by the destruction of schools or by the extended use of schools as
evacuation shelters (Khan et al., 2013). The 2001 earthquake in Gujarat, India devastated 1,884 schoolbuildings and 5,950 classrooms and a total of 971 school children and 31 teachers were killed, while
1,051 students and 95 teachers were seriously injured (Gupta, 2013). Given the extent of damages andcasualties caused by disasters, there is a strong need for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction (DRR) in
the education sector through strengthening school facilities against various natural hazards and throughplaces for weeks, and in worst cases, families cannot return to their original communities but need toto be weakened, recovery of school as well as communities becomes very challenging. In addition,interventions conducted by external agencies without community participation leave the communities
disempowered and this also affects the sustainability of recovery efforts.

3, Suggestions and measures for issues raised
It is recognized that limitations and constraints in the post-disaster situation should not become excusesfor the provision of education that is below acceptable standards. To address the issue of lack of resources

the incorporation of DRR concepts and lessons into the school curriculum.

and sustainability, one possible solution would be to engage the local NGOs and businesses in school

In the aftermath of disasters, disaster recovery can be an opportunity for building disaster-resistant,recovery and development. Instead, reliance on local resources and initiatives should be encouraged assafe, and accessible schools and for introducing or enhancing disaster prevention education. This meansthat aside from fixing what was destroyed by the disaster, recovery should also address the things that
already needed improvement even before the disaster. One of the keys to a successful disaster recovery
is strengthening resilience by way of recognizing and strengthening communityʼs traditional coping
mechanisms rooted in their culture and environments (Gupta, 2013). Stakeholders and actors fromoutside the education sector have contributed toward this end. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) haveand community recovery. Overdependence on external assistance should be avoided for sustainable
observed in the success story of community danran, which provided welfare services in the post-Hanshin
Awaji Earthquake, and the bousai fukushi (bokomi) communities, which are self-organized community
associations for disaster reduction and social welfare centered around elementary schools. Both danranand bokomi are examples from Kobe City. If the local community has ownership of the recovery process,they will be more dedicated to continue exerting support for recovery initiatives for a longer period oftime, if not indefinitely.

engaged in learning and education with disaster-affected communities. CSOs have also collaborated withlocal governments for timely the resumption of education services by providing the necessary resources,
especially for people in remote areas where external support is inadequate. In the case of Pakistan after
the 2010 floods, it is suggested that local departments of education should lead the recovery process incollaboration with local government, CSOs, and other organizations.
Disaster
Recovery28

29

Disaster
RecoveryDiscussion Group 2

Education and Learning
Issues of Recovery

5, Way forward
・There is a need to analyze bad experiences in disaster recovery in the education sector, not just goodpractices. Investigating bad experiences will provide a list of things to avoid in the future as well as
facilitate establishing benchmarks for actions necessary for recovery in various disaster situations.
・Recovery of the education sector should not just be about schools but should also take into
consideration other aspects of the community, like building community ties, looking after thepsychological health of the disaster victims and addressing other chronic community issues like gender

4, Specific cases (Used and misused opportunities)balance in school enrolment. These examples point to the need for a more holistic approach that can

Used opportunities in education disaster recovery include training of teachers as role models for thebased community recovery requires additional evidence-based studies as this new concept is now being

have long-term impacts not just to the school, but also to the entire community. Effectiveness of school-

students and community residents in the recovery process. It was found that many teachers in Japan with

implemented.

their high sense of responsibility sometimes function beyond their given responsibility as educators to・Community participation in education recovery process has been recognized as important, but there is

being protectors of their students during emergencies. Teachers also connect the school with the outside

still no clear guidance on how members of the community, like the PTA (Parents-Teachers Association),world (e.g., a vice principal of an elementary school in Kessenuma has been disseminating lessons learned

local universities, local businesses, NGOs, religious organizations, the different age groups, etc. can takefrom EJET). Practitioners on the ground have a chance of directly observing the recovery process andpart in the process. Documentation and reporting of the roles and responsibilities of community members

sharing them to others who need this kind of information, like other places prone to the same natural

as well as the arrangements or protocols governing their participation in successful recovery experiences

hazards. However, because teachers usually are overwhelmed with many responsibilities and expectations

need to be conducted.

from the community, a support system, such as in examining workload of teachers to avoid having them・Monitoring and evaluation of education was not raised in any of the case studies presented in the groupover-fatigued by additional duties in the recovery as well as pre-disaster period should be put in place.

(most likely because recovery is still on-going). As this exercise can provide important inputs that canbe used in the future and in other places, monitoring and evaluation should be given consideration in

Making schools to become hubs which interlink resources that are needed to revitalize communities, can be

subsequent research.

another used development opportunity. As seen in the Kamaishi example, public facilities such as childrenʼ

・Recovery lessons for the education sector need to be revisited after several years or when new lessons

s daycare center, public library, community center and DRR facilities can be centered on the school to serveare picked from new disasters to keep the recovery lessons updated and relevant.

and facilitate community ties. This consolidated approach can also address other chronic issues, such as

・Other issues not covered by the case studies are budgeting and human resourcing in disaster recovery

aging population and lack of safe highlands, to realize more efficient and effective use of limited resourcesin the education sector.

available to the community.
Mobile Knowledge Resource Centres is another used development opportunity in education disasterrecovery. These mobile centres have been able to overcome physical and location barriers to benefit
communities that are often at very high risks from natural disasters. Support based on innovative ideas
from external agencies (e.g., civil society, community based organizations, NGO/NPOs) can strengthencommunity capacity, facilitate disaster recovery and contribute to sustainable development.
Misused opportunities in education disaster recovery, on the other hand, include not giving priority to
infrastructure rebuilding, which resulted to high dropout rates, as in the case of Pakistan after the 2010
floods. There is also the case of not taking a multi-hazard approach in school reconstruction. Because of thisearthquake-retrofitted schools that are not resistant to hydrometeorological and other geological hazards
are built in new locations such as coastal areas where they are exposed to storm surges and tsunami. In thiscase, in trying to address one hazard, the school has become exposed to other hazards.
Lastly, the over-standardization of disaster prevention education may become the trigger for misused
opportunities in school recovery. There should be room for customization to better take measures to
unexpected disasters and incorporating more of the local context in planning school recovery. Rigidity in theform or content of disaster prevention education should not come in the way of teaching the students how
to make their own decision and protect themselves and others when faced with disasters and emergencies.
Disaster
Recovery30

31Disaster
RecoveryDiscussion Group 3

Technology andInnovations Issues of
Recovery● Group Moderator: Prof. Anshu Sharma, Saferworld

as a decision support system with incorporating stakeholderʼs perception and field data. This concept hashelped considerably the community in effective coastal management in Tamil Nadu, India.
The next discussion was on new innovation named the Disaster Resilient Habitat (DRH) in Bangladesh
after the Aila Super Cyclone. The DRH aims to strengthen the houses and infrastructure of an entire village
as a response to reduce the loss of assets to poor communities as well as to ensure the sustainability ofthe measure. The DRH ensured the conversion of each structure into a cyclone shelter and minimize theup approach as it involves the communityʼs indigenous knowledge with technical aid and ultimately

Fuad Mallick, Department of Architecture, BRAC University, Bangladesh
M. Aminul Islam, Sustainable Development, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Bangladesh
Kapil Gupta, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India

makes the community self-sustaining in the longer run.
A technological and innovative measure to improve flood disaster recovery based on post-2005 Mumbai
Flood was discussed next. A flood early warning tool is developed, where the rain gauges have been

Krishna S. Pribadi, Center for Disaster Mitigation, Institute Technology Bandung, Indonesia

programmed to relay the rainfall intensity in real time through LAN to the city disaster emergency control

R.R. Krishnamurty, University of Madras Arts and Science College, India

room. This information is periodically uploaded to the prominent website, which could easily be accessed

Norazam Ab Samah, Mercy Malaysia

by the public.

Farah Mulyasari, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
Nitin Srivastava, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University

Finally, the experience in tapping the indigenous knowledge of community in tropical desert of Rajasthan
and mountain desert of Leh, India to cope with climate change was shared. The traditional wisdom

1, Overview

based on local practices, such as weather forecasting, water harvesting, snow capture, as well innovative

Disaster recovery has the potential to be used to reduce the risk of future disasters by building resiliencein people and by reducing their exposure to hazard risks. Increasingly, there is evidence of good examples
of how this can be achieved through the use of technology and innovation. A modern technology such
as Earth Observation (EO) products and services offer innovative and comprehensive solutions that canaddress critical information needs for mapping and monitoring risks. Innovative technologies are criticaland essential tools for disaster risk reduction and management (including recovery), which are more
widely available and accessible than they were even a few years ago. They have become powerful andaccessible tools that can lead to the protection of lives, assets and contribute in achieving development
needs. However, disaster recovery plans must not neglect on capitalizing the existing traditional wisdom,
since it has been tested over generations and may be better suited to the local environment and culture.
Technology and innovations should be introduced where necessary, but in minimalistic ways, so as to
add value to the traditional systems and make them more resilient in the face of new threats of disasters.
Therefore, the use of modern technology and indigenous innovations has to be balanced to build holistic
community resilience for sustainable recovery and development.
The discussions from the Technology and Innovations Issues of Recovery group ranged from the review
and lessons of post-disaster housing reconstruction from Aceh, Yogyakarta, West-Java and WestSumatera Earthquakes in Indonesia; challenges and innovations of coastal zone management in Tamil
Nadu, India, post-Aila community recovery innovations and ecological planning in Bangladesh, the useof technological and innovative measures to improve flood disaster recovery following 2005 Mega-flood
Mumbai in India to incorporating traditional knowledge to cope with climate change in post disasterrecovery in Rajasthan and Leh, India.
An ex-post review of the past experiences and challenges in post-disaster housing reconstruction afterwaspresented. The study reveals three main conclusions such as firstly, in terms of institutional approach; thegovernance issues depend on the scale of the disaster. Secondly, a strategic technical input and approachin implementing safer housing reconstruction are needed for achieving “build back better”. Thirdly,
a community driven approach in reconstruction is important, but it has to suit and tailor to the local
customs.

India. The ICZM concept has blended the use of remote sensing and spatial analysis tool (GIS) technology

destruction caused, which would allow the community to recover from the disaster. The DRH is a bottom-● Group Members:

earthquakes in Aceh (2004), Yogyakarta (2006), West-Java (2009), and West-Sumatera (2009)

Another discussion was on the concept of Integrated Costal Zone Management (ICZM) in Tamil Nadu,

practices such as artificial glaciers and local climate knowledge management are noteworthy to preserve.
These show that post-disaster recovery programs must capitalize on existing traditional wisdom, which
may contain innovative ideas since it has been tested over generations and is best suited to the local
context.

2, Common issues
Although the discussion groupelaborated upon the different cases
from their study areas, there were

INFORMINGCOMBINED KNOWLEDGE OF

APPROPRIATEEDUCATION

PROFESSIONALSTECHNOLOGY

related issues that form common
goals and strategies, which can be+

COMMUNITY

employed for recovery.
1, Appropriate technology
interventions - These interventions
must be derived from appropriate

SUSTAINABLE RECOVERY

choice of technology and its
application should be at small scale, labor intensive, energy efficient, environmentally sound and can becontrolled locally.
2, Improvement in community resilience ‒ An increase in communityʼs resilience would have a positiveeffect on the recovery process of the community. Therefore measures to increase the resilience of thecommunity should be proposed and adopted.
3, Combined knowledge of professionals and community ‒ The indigenous knowledge is not always thecost-effective or sustainable solution. The same is true for the professional solution which may not be
locally contextualized. Therefore, the indigenous wisdom from the community should be amalgamatedwith professional knowledge to devise just and applicable solutions for disaster recovery.
4, Informing education ‒ The appropriate solutions for disaster recovery and the related information

Disaster
Recovery32

33

Disaster
RecoveryDiscussion Group 3

Technology and Innovations
Issues of Recovery

during the four monsoon months on prominent websites as means of wider public outreach. Throughthe aforementioned example, a user friendly modern technology innovation could address the risk
communication issue of sophisticated ones.

4, Specific cases (Used and misused opportunities)● Used Opportunities:
・Resilient housing and habitat:should be made available to all the stakeholders. This can also be useful for other disaster affected
communities to learn and apply the solutions. This can be achieved through ʻinforming educationʼ
through various platforms, such as education sector, mass media and social media.

In the cases of cyclone in coastal Bangladesh and Barmer-Leh ﬂash ﬂoods, the housing provision has
been utilized as an opportunity to provide the resilient habitat as well. This ensures communities to beresilient and at the same time the recovery can be accelerated to provide livelihood and shelter.
・Institutionalizing and decision support system:

also that the next disaster is dealt with increased resilience.

In the cases of Aceh post disaster housing reconstruction with regards to coastal zone managementin Chennai and urban ﬂoods in Mumbai, the opportunity to institutionalize the technology andinnovations has been utilized and converted into a decision support system for better use by thecommunity and the government. This allows input for community driven reconstruction and judicious
deployment of resources.

3, Suggestions and measures for issues raised

・Imposed Appropriate Technology:

The four issues are culminated into a concept of sustainable recovery through the just use of technology
and innovations (see Figure １). There is need to apply three fold strategy including all the above said
issues to achieve sustainable recovery which will ensure that not only the disaster recovery is quick, but

Mainstreaming and risk communication of technology and innovations in disaster recovery are the main
issues raised during the discussion. So far, the examples of technology and innovations applied in the● Misused Opportunities:
The pre-fabricated housing was imposed on the victims of Leh ﬂoods in 2010 in India, and more
importantly an opportunity to improve upon and innovate the vernacular architecture techniques was

discussion, such as the Disaster Resilient Habitat (DRH) of post-Aila Super Cyclone in Bangladesh andlost.

the incorporation of traditional local climate knowledge management in Rajasthan and Leh, India are

・Top-down Non-contextualized approach:part of the recovery process, yet have not been mainstreamed in future policies. In the future, these

The housing reconstruction after disasters fail to include the local contextual issues - social, cultural,environmental, and non-user friendly contextualized. This was evident in Aceh reconstruction
phase, where many international organizations tried to implement the housing solutions from theirearlier experiences to a new location with diﬀerent context. For example, construction of permanentaccommodation for the victims, fails to consider issue of environmental sanitation.

innovations have to be mainstreamed in all sectors and at all levels. Current situation denote towards
the imperatives of creating and animating the disaster risk management concepts and processes in thelocal environment. Responding to above issue, technology and innovations in disaster recovery as partof disaster management is strongly suggested to be consciously and deliberately fused or mainstreamedin the local development planning processes. Reviewing the case of the concept of DRH, it provides
the opportunity in adopting in the national development planning of Bangladesh. Since the country
is prone to storm surges and cyclones, a disaster resilient habitat could be manifested in the national
development process and budget, and translated into the real actions and resilience activities at the local
level (cities and villages). The DRH may transfer this concept to the building regulation, policy, and planby strengthening and conversing the houses and other important infrastructure (schools) into family
and community cyclone shelters development. These elevated constructions allow the community safety
as well as secured livelihoods, where they could still protect themselves and the space underneath tobring in cattle(s) if a cyclone warning is issued. Mainstreaming this concept into development planningand budget will considerably help other coastal communities, who face the same post-cyclone disasterrecovery issue.

5, Way forward・Mainstreaming the above technologies and innovations in all sectors and at all levels, as well as
institutionalizing them.
・Community knowledge is not fully utilized to the potential and should be upgraded with the help oftechnology and innovation
・Low cost technology should be made available to the public for wider impact
・Multi-stakeholder approach would enhance the effectiveness of the technological innovation throughfocused strategies.

In terms of risk communication, the conveying process of the use of modern ways of technology can adopt
a user-friendly communication interface. This shows in the case of Mumbai Flood 2005. The Municipalof Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) had already initiated the procurement and completed theinstallation of 30 automatic weather stations by June 2006. The weather station included tipping bucket
rain gauges that is capable of giving rainfall data every minute and an audible alarm at preset rainfall
intensity values (in this case when the rainfall exceeded 40 mm/hr). The weather stations are linked tothe central control room via internet, whereas the MCGM officials monitor the updated rainfall every 15
minutes from each location and issue alerts from the central control room. This has enabled the MCGM toissue warnings to the public through mass media and display the appropriate information on the internet
Disaster
Recovery34

35

Disaster
RecoveryDiscussion Group 4

Cross-cutting Issuesof Recovery● Group Moderator: Prof. J. M. Pulhin, Professor and Dean, University of the Philippines● Group Members:
Rajib Shaw, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan
Akhilesh Surjan, Inter-Graduate School Program for Sustainable Development and Survivable Societies, Kyoto
University, Japan
R. Parthasarathy, Faculty of Planning and Public Policy, CEPT University, Ahmadabad, India
Syamsidik, Syiah Kula University, Indonesia
Junʼichi Hibino, Radio FMYY, Japan
Rajarshi Das Gupta, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University

Mrittika Basu, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University

watching programs together with the local government. On the other hand, housing recovery initiatives in Banda Aceh
was proved to be very challenging because of the absence of a comprehensive recovery plan and recovery approaches
were found to be unconsolidated with minimal community acceptance due to lack of good partnerships. On a concluding
note, mainstreaming environmental recovery proved to be an integral part of urban recovery.
A paper on integrated healthcare system in Japan was explained with a brief background of how psychological isolationof certain groups of the aging community is impacting emergency services. From the present experience it is observedthat even in non-emergency cases, mental isolation of aged people is affecting the emergency services. To address
this problem, a new approach of integrated healthcare system, which aims to build community network by combining
conventional healthcare system with non-conventional health care system with the concept of self-help and mutual
health care system amongst the community was recommended. It was concluded that good social network coupled withan environment that offers to build good mental health may strengthen communityʼs coping capacity to disasters. Somegood examples of integrated health care system are currently being documented from the recovery experience of EJET.
・A unique experience in operating the community radio for disaster response and recovery process was shared in this
discussion. In the post disaster period, it helps minimize the challenges in providing accurate and essential information
to the victims and in recovery phase, provides opportunities for victims to participate in radio activities and share theirexperiences. Apart from that, community radio establishes two-way communication between the aid providers andvictims and raises awareness of the community regarding recovery plans of the national government and local NGOs. In
case of EJET, 20 temporary emergency radio stations were set up in Tohoku, however, despite of being managed by thecommunity, some radio stations were subjected to censorship of the local government. Others have faced challenges
in continuing their activities because of the non-renewal of broadcasting license. Experience of community radio in
Indonesia was also reported. It was mentioned that almost 800 such radio stations are in operation, but majority of these

1, Overview

functions as ʻhobby radiosʼ and do not necessarily fulfill the requirements of the essential functioning of community radio.

The spectrum of the discussions from the ʻCross-cutting Issues of Recoveryʼ group extended from mangrove management

2, Commonalities and Differencesin Kutchh, India, oil spills in Guimaras, Philippines, environmental management and urban recovery from the post disaster
experiences of Kobe (Japan) and Banda Aceh (Indonesia), integrated healthcare system in Japan to a comparative analysisof role of community radio in disaster recovery in Indonesia and Japan.

Even though the entire group discussion revolved around various different topics, there were some common issues, whichmight be inferred when viewed over a broader perspective. At first, the issue of unavailability of baseline information
for the vulnerable areas before disasters was highlighted. In fact, it was prominent in case of mangroves degradation in・A case study from the western most state of Gujarat in India that is prominently facing cyclones since 1999 was

Kutchh, urban recovery case in Banda Aceh and also in the case of oil spill in the Philippines. Absence of clear road map

presented and found that degradation of mangrove forests is increasing the disaster risks. Following the 2001 earthquake

for recovery process provided the major hindrance in these particular cases. Another commonality was the effectivenessin Gujarat, a great amount of industrial and infrastructural investment has been taken place that promoted developmentof community participation in disaster recovery process, which proved to be significant in determining the success andalong the coasts. The local government lately realized the environmental cost of mangroves and promoted regeneration

failure of recovery. In all the cases, especially in the case of community based mangrove management and poor socialof mangroves, however, the regeneration areas are very small compared to what has been lost during the coastal

networking leading to poor transformative capacities of communities in oil spill events, a need for better community

infrastructural development. Since the community dependence on mangrove has reduced significantly, they are no longer

participation was envisaged. Absence or inadequacy of linkage among different sectors such as government, industry andinterested in protecting the mangroves; hence the future of the coastal mangroves remains at stake. At this juncture, thecommunity has been another common hindrance addressed by the majority of the case studies. On the other hand, urban

need of a comprehensive mangrove management plan and consolidated local level actions was envisaged.

recovery experience from Kobe highlighted the effectiveness of community self-help groups in the recovery process.

・Secondly, a study on the adaptive and transformative capacities of communities after a manmade disaster in form of oil

・On a different note, since the majority of the discussions addressed coastal issues and hazards, the common feature

spills in Guimaras, Philippines in 2006, which damaged the marine environment and severely affected the livelihood of theof poor and weak implementation of laws, by laws and acts in land use planning and coastal zone regulations was

local communities, was discussed. The oil spill demanded a massive cleanup drive; however, inadequate and insufficient

highlighted, particularly in the developing countries such as India, Indonesia and the Philippines. In majority of cases,

technology posed as the major hindrance leading to stagnation of oil in coastal water for months. The study mainly

despite of existing legislative arrangement, coastal zone regulation are not being followed properly. In this regard, striking

focused on the assessment of the adaptive capacity of the local households through an adaptive capacity index whichsimilarities between the mangrove degradation in Gujarat and the oil spill event in the Philippines was observed. Oil-spill

indicates that the households, aside from the loss of livelihood, are fairly adaptable to the oil spill event. The external

in Philippines, which was a human induced disaster, raises concerns of similar threats that might occur in the Indian coasts

support played an important role following the oil spill; however, it was informed that the transformative capacities ofdue to rapid industrialization. Poor implementation of coastal zone regulation is not only destroying the mangroves, but

the local communities did not improve due to lack of attention to the livelihood issues, lack of good governance and poor

also mounting risk of oil spills and water pollution in the coastal areas of Gujarat. Lastly, common linkage on livelihood infunctioning of the social networks.

issues regarding urban growth, coastal resources management and oil spill events was identified. Finally, it was concluded

・Two interesting case studies on urban recovery in Kobe (Japan) and Banda Aceh (Indonesia) was put forward in thisworkshop that highlighted the fact that even though there are substantial investments during the response phase, thethat there exists the need of mainstreaming environmental recovery as a component of disaster recovery to reduce
vulnerability from future disasters.

long term recovery is often overlooked. In some cases, recovery has regenerated vulnerability observed in the past, and・While addressing the differences amongst the discussed studies, it was observed that there exist differences or diversity

therefore, reducing vulnerabilities from the pre-disaster to post disaster recovery phase was emphasized. In case of

in local context which calls for different disaster recovery approaches. Particularly, the political process influences disasterurban recovery, community and local government partnership plays an important role which was a case from the Kobe

management and post disaster recovery. For example, In Aceh, during 2005-2009, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction wereexperience where such kind of self-help groups applied themselves to impart training, organize mock drills and town

greatly affected by the decentralization and such conditions differ from one area to others. On the other hand, different

Disaster
Recovery36

37

Disaster
RecoveryDiscussion Group 4

Cross-cutting Issues of
Recoverypollution- which appeared, in some places, as misused development opportunity.
・The oil spill event in Philippines in 2006 was instrumental for legislating an important policy in form of “The Oil Pollution
Compensation Act of 2007” which actually addresses the economic concerns of the victims. This was referred as theused opportunities from the Philippines. On the other hand, even though the external funding was available, the central
key issue of sustainable livelihood was not addressed during the recovery from the oil spill which was cited as misused
development opportunity.
・In case of Environmental Management and Urban Recovery, some general cases were highlighted where disasters have
impacted positively in better preparedness and formulation of Disaster Management Authority. For example, In India, after

local government has different priority settings. It was also highlighted that the response mechanism amongst countries

1999 cyclone & earthquake in 2001- DRR Institutionalization picked up very well including DRM Act, DDMA and Guidelines

and various level of government (local, provincial and federal) varies significantly according to their long term and short-on specific hazards etc. These were investment for better recovery and can be referred as used opportunities. On the otherterm priority.

hand, it also pointed out that external funding in case of Indonesia damaged the social capital which may be inferred as

3, Suggestions and Measures for Issues Raised

・In case of the role of community radio in Disaster Recovery it was observed that following the East Japan Earthquake andmisused opportunity.

In the first case of Mangrove Management and cyclone risk reduction in Kutchh, Gujarat, the key issue was to identify
the priorities of a developing nation that is whether the local government should promote development or conserve
vulnerable coastal ecosystems. It was reported that such priority settings is different and varies significantly between theprovincial government and the federal government, the key issue remains with this is how to minimize these gaps andTsunami, decision making for recovery was done by all stakeholders regardless of gender, generations, employment anddegree of affected people, which typically appears as used opportunity. However, communityʼs dissatisfaction of the overcensorship by local government over broadcasted contents revealed that the local government, in some cases, did notreflect community needs in the reconstruction process, which can be considered as misused opportunity.

also formulate the methodology to find the balance between economic development and natural resource conservation.

・Finally, in case of Integrated Health care approach, it was inferred that the existing ambulance services in fire department

Secondly, how the local wisdom can be effectively involved for sensitive ecosystem management in case of Gujarat.

is a used opportunity to diversify the fire department services which simultaneously takes care of the medical emergency.

Finally, it was suggested to the author that amidst of the rapid development and urbanization in coastal areas all over the

However, it requires further fine-tuning and judicial use of emergency resources.

world, some good examples of coastal urbanization in sensitive areas may be documents and cited as guidelines.
・In the Environmental Management and Urban Recovery case study, the key issue was to find out the minimum
threshold time to start recovery process for which the local context varies significantly. An enquiry was made whether thestabilization and scattering of population in the post disaster period in Kobe necessarily relates to recovery process or asa natural phenomena observed in similar kind of urban areas. On the other hand, it was mentioned in the discussion that
there was much delay in mobilizing the recovery process in case of Aceh. In this regard, a point came out about the timing

5, Way forward
The group discussion on cross-cutting issues of recovery addressed various dimensions of recovery processes spread
across different countries. It was difficult to identify a common point of departure; however, the members highlighted
some key issues pertaining to future disaster response and recovery as follows:of the disaster which coincides with the decentralization process in Indonesia and also Aceh is a place where there was 20a, Need of integration of different stakeholders such as community, government and NGOs in formulating disasteryears of civil war which might have affected the recovery process. In this regard the role of Kechamathan Development

recovery plan and translating them to local level actions.

Program (KDP) was discussed, a nationwide village level institution formed by the World Bank, which was instrumental forb, Need for judicial arrangements of emergency resources and external aids with respect to economic and social welldecentralized disaster recovery in Banda Aceh.

being of the affected community in disaster recovery.

・Related to the Integrated Health Management in Japan, it was highlighted that fire service which also provides thec, Disaster Recovery should not be regenerating vulnerable conditions in the past, but should be an opportunity for

emergency medical support is very much unique; however, it was enquired whether strong social network under the

improving coping mechanisms to future disaster risks. Also, environmental management should be given priority in the

proposed Integrated Health care system can really be an alternative to the trained professionals which the fire department

recovery processes.

offers. It was opinioned that such initiatives require training of manpower at community level and training may beprovided by the Resident Associations through trained officials with proper certification. So, in that case, each communityd, Proper emphasis should be given to carry out disaster recovery and welfare simultaneously and the momentum should

will have some trained people who shall be available during an ordinary medical emergency.

be maintained for effective development of the society.

・The last paper on the Role of community radio in post disaster recovery largely revolved around the gaps between thee, Local-level wisdom for intrinsic ecosystem management should be harnessed.

community members and the local government in operating the community radio. It was suggested that the effective
measures to reduce the gap between the Local government and community need to be identified. Also, there were somespecific comments that the social media such as Facebook can be an effective platform for information interchange
amongst the community members and other stakeholders.

4, Used and misused opportunities
In case of mangrove management in Kutchh, it was observed that since the earthquake in 2001 and consequent cyclones
in the Gulf of Kutchh, both the government and industries realized the importance of mangroves which the author citedas used opportunity, on the contrary, unplanned industrial and coastal infrastructural development after the earthquake
in 2001 have not only led to depletion of mangroves but have also caused concerns on resources like water and marine

Disaster
Recovery38

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Disaster

Related publications

RecoveryRecovery lessons in the education sector

Book on disaster recovery anddevelopment (2013, Forthcoming)

Post disaster school recovery

Role of Community Radio in post disasterrecovery in Natori city

Book on post disaster recovery from
East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

40

Tohoku Research 1