2005 Achievement Report

International Project for the Efficient Use of Energy
International Project for Establishment of Infrastructure
for the Efficient Use of Energy(Promotion of Energy Efficiency and Conservationfor Buildings in ASEAN Countries)

Report on the Results

March, 2006

The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Preface
Now we are faced with the demand for two contradicting achievements. Preventing
global warming is a common problem to be solved for the entire human race andcontinued economic growth is also required at the same time. In addition, recent highcrude oil price leads to high energy price, greatly affecting the world economic.
To cope with these difficult situations, we need technologies that allow the effective useof energy, technologies that enable us to use energy without causing great damage to theenvironment, and technological innovations including developing a type of energy that
does not cause damage to the environment.
To balance the economic growth and the environmental preservation in developing
countries, we need to acknowledge the facts about the energy use and the environment
preservation measures in each target country, investigate the status of each country suchas infrastructures and customs, and provide adequate support that is well received in eachtarget country.
To perform these tasks, as the 1st phase, we supported the ASEAN energy conservation
award system for buildings for business use, performed energy conservation audits intarget buildings, and transferred energy audit measures in ten ASEAN countries in four
years from 2000. Recently, we were also active in creating the systems and the base
before officially starting the creation of databases, benchmarks and guidelines forpromoting energy conservation in buildings in ASEAN countries in the future. We
completed the first phase of activities in ten ASEAN countries in 2003fy. Based on the
results of these activities, we started a new phase of this project last year by performing
energy audits and improvement measures, and enhancing the base for promoting energy
conservation. As a valid measure for this purpose, we officially started to create thetechnical directory and create databases, benchmarks and guidelines for the buildings ineach country.
To enhance the base for performing and promoting energy conservation, we performed
follow-up investigations for the buildings for which we conducted energy audits in thepast to check the performance status of improvements we suggested and we also
performed quick energy audits in new buildings to transfer the energy audit technologies
to the engineers in each ASEAN country. This year, we performed quick energy audits in
Myanmar, Malaysia, Laos, and Viet Nam. We also held a seminar/workshop in each ofthese countries, invited people from the buildings implementing excellent energy
conservation measures in ASEAN countries other than the host country, and had thempresent the successful energy conservation examples in order to share information in the
ASEAN area and use those activities as the base for promoting energy conservation. Inthe seminar/workshops, we discussed the ideas and policies for creating the technicaldirectory as well as the databases, benchmarks and guidelines for each country like thelast year. We also introduced the advanced building assessment system in the building
industry in Japan, which is the Comprehensive Assessment System for Building
Environmental Efficiency (CASBEE) and the energy management tool (Energy
Efficiency Index management tool).
This year is the second year of phase two. We were able to achieve the above goals,
provide the direction for performing energy conservation in the new phase, and secure
the base for further energy conservation promotion activities. We are proud of theseachievements.
We hope that this project contributes to energy conservation and environment protectionin the building industry in ASEAN country and that each country will grow economicallyin an environment-friendly and sustainable manner. We hope this project will become thebridge between Japan and ASEAN countries in enhancing technological exchange andfriendship.

March 2006
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Contents
Preface
Contents

I. Overview....................................................................................................................... I-１
II. Myanmar ........................................................................................................................ II-1
1. Activity Overview.................................................................................................. II-1
2. Follow-up Energy Audit of FMI Center................................................................. II-3
2.1 Outline of FMI Center ..................................................................................... II-3
2.2 Outlined Results of the Audit in 2002 ............................................................. II-3
2.3 Follow-up of the Previous Proposals............................................................... II-4
2.4 Results of Follow-up Energy Audit ................................................................. II-7
2.5 Further Improvement and Providing Information ........................................... II-9
2.6 The Barriers for the Promotion of Energy Conservation and Measures
Against Those Problems ................................................................................ II-10
3. Follow-up Energy Audit of Pansea Orient-Express Hotel (Pansea Hotel)........... II-12
3.1 Outline of Pansea Hotel ................................................................................. II-12
3.2 Outlined Results of the Audit in 2002 ........................................................... II-12
3.3 Follow-up of the Previous Proposals............................................................. II-13
3.4 Results of Follow-up Energy Audit ............................................................... II-15
3.5 The Barriers for the Promotion of Energy Conservation andMeasures Against Those Problems................................................................ II-18
4. About the Result of the Workshop ....................................................................... II-19
4.1 Outline ........................................................................................................... II-19
4.2 Details about the Workshop........................................................................... II-19
III. Malaysia........................................................................................................................III-1
1. Activity Overview.................................................................................................III-1
2. Energy Audit of Wisma Sime Darby Building......................................................III-3
2.1 Outline of Wisma Sime Darby Building.........................................................III-3
2.2 Outline of the Audit ........................................................................................III-5
2.3 Analysis of Current Situation .........................................................................III-6
2.4 Points for Improvement and Expected Effects .............................................III-10
2.5 Other Items to be Discussed .........................................................................III-18
2.6 Summary.......................................................................................................III-21
3. About the Result of the Workshop ......................................................................III-23
3.1 Outline ..........................................................................................................III-23
3.2 Details about the Workshop..........................................................................III-23

IV. Laos............................................................................................................................... IV-1
1. Activity Overview................................................................................................. IV-1
2. Energy Audit of Lane Xang Hotel ........................................................................ IV-4
2.1 Outline of Lane Xang Hotel ...........................................................................IV-4
2.2 Outline of the Audit ........................................................................................IV-6
2.3 Details about Energy Consumption and Analysis ..........................................IV-7
2.4 Points for Improvement and Calculated Effects ...........................................IV-13
2.5 Other Related Points.....................................................................................IV-22
2.6 Summary.......................................................................................................IV-23
3. Energy Audit of Don Chan Palace Hotel ............................................................ IV-26
3.1 Outline of Don Chan Palace Hotel ...............................................................IV-26
3.2 Outline of the Audit ......................................................................................IV-28
3.3 Energy Management System ........................................................................IV-28
3.4 Details about Energy Consumption and Analysis ........................................IV-30
3.5 Points for Improvement and Calculated Effects ...........................................IV-34
3.6 Other Related Points.....................................................................................IV-46
3.7 Summary.......................................................................................................IV-48
4. About the Result of the Workshop ...................................................................... IV-49
4.1 Outline ..........................................................................................................IV-49
4.2 Details about the Workshop..........................................................................IV-49
V. Viet Nam ........................................................................................................................ V-1
1. Activity Overview.................................................................................................. V-1
2. Energy Audit of Heritage Halong Hotel................................................................. V-4
2.1 Outline of Heritage Halong Hotel....................................................................V-4
2.2 Analysis and Evaluation of Current Status ......................................................V-5
2.3 Points for Improvement and Expected Effects ..............................................V-14
2.4 Additional Proposals......................................................................................V-19
3. Follow-up Energy Audit of Hotel Nikko Hanoi................................................... V-23
3.1 Outline of Hotel Nikko Hanoi .......................................................................V-23
3.2 Outlined Results of the Audit in 2002 ...........................................................V-23
3.3 Follow-up of the Previous Proposals.............................................................V-25
3.4 Results of Follow-up Energy Audit ...............................................................V-26
3.5 Additional Proposals for Improvement..........................................................V-34
3.6 The Barriers for the Promotion of Energy Conservation, andMeasures Against Those Problems................................................................V-38
4. Follow-up Energy Audit of Lake Side Hotel ....................................................... V-40
4.1 Outline of Lake Side Hotel ............................................................................V-40
4.2 Outlined Results of the Audit in 2002 ...........................................................V-40
4.3 Follow-up of the Previous Proposals.............................................................V-41
4.4 New Proposals ...............................................................................................V-42
5. About the Result of the Workshop ....................................................................... V-47
5.1 Outline ...........................................................................................................V-47
5.2 Details about the Workshop...........................................................................V-47

VI. Reference
Reference‐1: Results of the follow-up survey and energy audit
Reference‐2: ECC Presentation in the Seminar/Workshop in each country
Reference‐3: ASEAN Presentation in the Seminar/Workshop in each country
Reference‐4: Summery/Post workshop Presentation
Ⅶ. Photographs from Seminars and Workshops

Ⅰ．Overview
The ASEAN countries have continued rapid economic development. In near future, this willlead to a rapid increase in energy consumption which will require energy to be used more
efficiently and measures to be taken against global warming.
This project has been implemented for six years since it started. The ASEAN Center for
Energy (ACE) as a partner, and relevant organizations in the ASEAN countries have
deployed more active and concrete activities. Being triggered by the energy price increasecaused by the rapid oil price increase and by the enforcement of the Kyoto protocol on
February 16, 2005, the ASEAN countries have enhanced their awareness for a reduction ofenergy consumption,
This year is the second year of phase Ⅱ, where ASEAN should promote and disseminate by
their further self-help efforts the results we have achieved before. Our main goal is tocontinue the activities of the last year and clearly identify the tangible results of the project.
In other words, we perform energy audits in various buildings in ASEAN countries, and holdseminar/workshop to share and propagate energy conservation information as we did lastyear. We also advise the ASEAN Center of Energy (ACE) to hire engineers to continue
creating the technical directory, databases, benchmarks, and guidelines which we started lastyear and have those engineers perform actual preparation work.
We have deployed the following specific activities in Myanmar, Malaysia, Laos, and VietNam:
♦ Follow-up survey for the buildings we audited in the past and quick energy audits for newbuildings
The purpose of these activities is to understand the problems in performing andpropagating improvement measures and to determine improvement measures.
♦ Preparation of the technical directory
The purpose of this activity is to enhance the possibility of application and disseminationof these technologies by sharing the information obtained through the introduction of thesuccessful cases and the technologies applicable to the ASEAN countries.
♦ Establishment of databases, benchmarks and guidelines
The purpose of this activity is to provide the numerical targets and the guidelines forpromoting energy conservation to attain those objectives. The establishment of databases
and so fourth is to be linked with ASEAN benchmarking activities deployed in the whole
ASEAN region. National University of Singapore (NUS) is at the center of ASEAN
benchmarking activities to implement systems applicable to each of the ASEAN
countries.
In addition, this project includes the activities for advising support on evaluation criteria inthe energy conservation best practice building award system implemented in the ASEAN
Ⅰ−1

countries from years ago.
We conducted investigations including energy audits, and held workshops in the abovementioned countries. Through those investigations, we (Japanese experts) checked thelearning extent of the energy audit technologies which we had transferred in the past, andgave advice and instructions to the local staff again if needed to ensure the transfer of thetechnologies and enhance the promotion of energy conservation.
In the workshops held in the ASEAN countries, we discussed the activities mentioned above.
We invited the people involved in the building sector in host country as well as the people
who had worked or worked for energy conservation best practice buildings in other ASEAN
countries, and asked them to present the details about their activities, and actual examples ofimprovement measures. Many people participated in those workshops which played a greatrole in sharing and spreading information of the energy conservation in building sector.
This year, the major activities of this project started with the inception workshop (common
to both projects for the major industry and for the energy management) in late June 2005 andthose activities ended with the summary workshop/post-workshop (common to both projectsof the major industry and the energy management) in late January 2006. Before the inception
workshop, we participated in the ASEAN energy conservation best practice building
evaluation meeting held in late May and gave some advice on the evaluation standard.
In the inception workshop, in order to enable the smooth start of the project, we explained
the details about the plans to be implemented in 2005 and determined the specific actionplans for each activity, and also confirmed the preparatory step for the field jobs. Then we
conducted the energy audits and held workshops in four countries successfully by November
2005.
From this year, the ACE hired mechanical a engineer and a system engineer to build thesystems for preparation of the technical directory as well as establishment of the database foreach country and actually had those engineers engaged in such work.
The summary workshop and post-workshop were attended by the representatives (focal
points) of the ASEAN countries. They reported the results and achievements of activities in
the four countries and discussed the preparation of the technical directory and theestablishment of national databases, benchmarks and guidelines that the ACE had been
carrying out. At the end, they discussed a project policy for the next and subsequent years.
The followings explain the actual project activities this year.
May 31 to June 3, 2005 (dispatched the experts between May 30 and June 4)
We attended the following meetings held in Phnom Penh (Cambodia) as observers:
I. 11th Evaluation Meeting of the Board of Judges
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(ASEAN Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EE&C) Best Practices Competition for
Energy Efficient Buildings, ASEAN Energy Awards 2005) (May 31 to June 1)
This is the meeting for evaluating the EE&C best practice buildings in ASEAN countries.
This EE&C building contest is supported by PROMEEC.
II. ASEAN EE&C-SSN (Energy Efficiency and Conservation Sub-sector Network) meeting(June 2 to 3)
The ASEAN EE&C best practice building evaluation meeting was attended by the judges
from ASEAN countries and selected the energy conservation best practice buildings in thefollowing four categories:
Category 1: New and Existing Building: For buildings that are five years old or younger
Winner: National Institute of Education (NIE) Campus (Singapore)
Category 2: Tropical Building: For buildings with air conditioning in 50% or less of thetotal floor area and those that are 15 years old or younger
Winner: Singapore Botanic Garden Visitor Center (Singapore)
Popa Mountain Resort (Myanmar)
Category 3: Retrofitted Building: For buildings that are reformed for energy conservationand those that are five years old or younger
Winner: Plaza BII Building (Indonesia)
Category 4: Special Submission: For special energy conservation activities in buildings andlatest energy conservation technologies
Winner: Environmental Friendly Solar Hydrogen Eco-House (Malaysia)
Two members of ECCJ attended this evaluation meeting as observers, and evaluated theapplied buildings and projects as the judges from ASEAN countries did. The evaluation
result of ECCJ members was almost the same as that of ASEAN judges. For the purpose of
the expansion of this information even in Japan, the report of National Institute of Education(NIE) Campus (Singapore), which was the winner of the Award in Category 1, was publishedon the January 2006 issue of the Japanese Energy Conservation magazine issued by the
Energy Conservation Center. It was also published on the Energy Conservation Technology
Handbook (for Business Buildings) issued by Tokyo Anti-Global Warming Network (March
2006) as a successful example in school buildings.
We also attended the annual meeting of the ASEAN Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Sub-sector Network as observers and were able to acquire the information of the energy
conservation activities which were promoted by ASEAN countries.
June 30 to July 1, 2005 (dispatched between June 29 and July 2)“Inception Workshop of on Promotion of Energy Efficiency and Conservation (PROMEEC)(Major Industry, Building and Energy Management), SOME – METI Work Program 2004–
2005”
Ⅰ−3

Place: Manila, Philippines. (This workshop is common to both projects for the majorindustry and for the energy management)
The representative of Myanmar was absent. Thirteen people, including the representatives of
the ASEAN countries and the members of the ACE and the Energy Conservation Center,
Japan (ECCJ) attended the workshop for discussion.
Opening statements (by the representatives of the host and relevant countries)
Session 1: Results of the PROMEEC project, descriptions, confirmation and discussions ofactivity policies in phase 2
Explanation of the Japanese efforts for promoting sustainable buildings andenergy conservation buildings by ECCJ members
Session 2: Presentation by the representatives of the ASEAN countries on what they learned
from the PROMEEC project and what they expected in the phase 2 of the project
Session 3: Explanation of the energy conservation successful case award systems in Japanand discussions (ECCJ)
Session 4: Final confirmation through the explanations and discussions of the program to beundertaken in 2005 and 2006 (ECCJ)
Session 5: Presentation of Japanese international cooperation for EE&C (ECCJ)
Session 6: Explanation of the multi-country training for ASEAN countries which starts thisyear (ECCJ)
Session 7: Efforts of different countries for creating the energy management systems(representatives of ASEAN countries)
August 8 to 19, 2005 (dispatched between August 7 and 20): Field job in Myanmar andMalaysia (primary)
1.

Follow-up surveys of the buildings where the energy audit was performed in the past
(only in Myanmar), and simplified energy audits for the new buildings
We investigated two buildings in Myanmar and one building in Malaysia and reported
the results of the investigation in each building.

2.

Workshop held in each country
The workshop in Myanmar was attended by 60 people and the workshop in Malaysia
was attended by 130 people. They exchanged opinions and information very actively.
The policies proposed by Japan on preparing the technical directory and the policies forthe activities to establish databases, benchmarks, and guidelines were basically accepted.
The workshop ended successfully.
(1) Energy conservation policies and programs (presented by the ASEAN countries
and Japan)
We

introducedthe“Comprehensive

Assessment

Systemfor

Building

Environmental Efficiency (CASBEE)” as the latest energy conservation activity inⅠ−4the building field in Japan.
(2) Presentation of the energy conservation successful case studies of the buildings by
the representatives of the host country and the other ASEAN countries
The cases of the buildings that won the prizes in the ASEAN EE&C best practicecompetition for buildings (ASEAN Award) mentioned above were mainlypresented.
(3) Discussion of the policy for preparation of the technical directory
To enrich the contents of the technical directory, we proposed the use of the energy
conservation successful example award system in ASEAN countries.
(4) Discussion of the policies of the activities for establishing databases, benchmarks,
and guidelines in each host country
We introduced “the Energy Efficiency Index Management Tool for Buildings”
ECCJ had developed and emphasized the importance of databases, and explained
the ideas for benchmarks.
November 7 to 18, 2005 (dispatched between November 6 and 19): Field job in Laos andViet Nam (secondary)1.

Follow-up investigation of the buildings surveyed in the past and quick energy audits of
new buildings
We conducted simplified audits on two new buildings in Laos and one new building in
Vietnam, performed follow-up energy audits on two buildings in Vietnam and reported
the results of the investigations in each building.

2.

Workshop held in each country
The workshop in Laos was attended by 54 people and the workshop in Viet Nam wasattended by 39 people. They exchanged the opinions and information very actively. The
policies proposed by Japan on preparing the technical directory and the policies for theactivities to establish databases, benchmarks, and guidelines were basically accepted.
The workshop ended successfully.
(1) Energy conservation policies and programs (presented by the ASEAN countries
and Japan)
We introduced the Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental
Efficiency (CASBEE) as the latest energy conservation activity in the building
field in Japan.
(2) Presentation of energy conservation successful case studies of buildings by the
representatives of each host country and the other ASEAN countries
The cases of the buildings that won the prizes in the ASEAN EE&C best practicecompetition for buildings (ASEAN Award) mentioned above were mainlypresented.
Ⅰ−5(3) Discussion of the policy for the technical directory
To enrich the contents of the technical directory, we proposed the use of the energy
conservation successful example award system in ASEAN countries.
(4) Discussion of the policies for the activities for establishing databases, benchmarks,
and guidelines in each host country
We introduced “the Energy Efficiency Index Management Tool for Buildings”
which ECCJ had developed, and emphasized the importance of databases, andexplained the ideas for benchmarks.
January 26 and 27, 2006: Summary workshop and post-workshop (dispatched between
January 25 and 29)“Summary Workshop and Post Workshop on Promotion of Energy Efficiency andConservation (PROMEEC) (Major Industries, Building and Energy management), SOME –METI Work Program 2005 – 2006”
Place: Bandung, Indonesia. (These workshops are common to both projects for the majorindustry and for the energy management.)
The representatives of Singapore, Myanmar, and Vietnam were absent. These workshops
were attended by 22 people including the representatives of the ASEAN countries (sevenfrom the host country, Indonesia, including observers and one from each of other countries),
five people from the ASEAN Center for Energy (ACE) and four people from the Energy
Conservation Center, Japan (ECCJ) for summarization and discussion. The ECCJ members
reported the results of the simplified energy audits and follow-up energy audits conducted in
the visited four countries. Among those four countries, the representatives of Laos andMalaysia explained their activities in the PROMEEC project and submitted proposals to the
PROMEEC project. The ACE people reported the working status of the technical directory
and the systems for the databases for buildings and we had lots of discussion about theirreport. Especially, the discussions on establishing the databases, benchmarks, and guidelines
took much time and it was confirmed that the ASEAN countries need to understand thespecific procedures to actually proceed with these tasks in the future and that this issue
should be resolved in the next workshop. We highly appreciated the achievements of thisyear's activities in the ASEAN countries. The policies on how to conduct the project in thenext and subsequent years was basically accepted by those countries.
Opening statements (by the representatives of the host and relevant countries)
Summary Workshop
Session 1: Major industries
Session 2: Buildings- Results and achievements of this year and evaluations- Status of energy conservation activities in Laos and Malaysia
Ⅰ−6

- Creation status of the technical directory and the systems for creating
databases for energy conservation- Policies on how to conduct the project in the next and subsequent years
Session 3: Energy management
Post-Workshop
Session 1: Summary of discussions in the summary workshop for each project
Session 2: Basic activity plans for the next and subsequent years
This year, as the second year of phase 2, in order to support the construction of theinfrastructure for the sustainable EE&C activities in the ASEAN countries, we deployedhigher-level activities by requesting the ASEAN countries to make further self-help efforts
and consequently had a great success this year. On the other hand, the existence of the gap
between ASEAN countries in the constitutional systems, policies, technical levels, etc is anunavoidable problem. This problem needs to be taken into consideration for the future
activity plans of the project. We believe that the ACE should continuously play the importantrole for the communications among the ASEAN countries and Japan to make them moredeeply understand each other and ASEAN should establish an appropriate system for eachcountry to be able to cooperate with each other. Through the meeting we realized that theissues to be tackled in future are clear. and understood that this was because this project isnow well known in the ASEAN countries and because the governments of the ASEAN
countries became aware of the importance of EE&C due to the rise of energy prices. Finally,
we all confirmed that this project has stepped up for successful development.
Lastly, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to the ACE, the organizations involvedin each country, and the building managers of the buildings we investigated for fullcooperation in this project.

Ⅰ−7

II. Myanmar
1. Activity Overview
In Myanmar, we carried out follow-up energy audits at FMI Building and Pansea Hotel. We also
investigated two buildings (office buildings) and held a workshop.
Participants from the International Engineering Department of the Energy Conservation
Center, Japan (ECCJ):
Yoshitaka Ushio (General Manager)
Akira Kobayashi (Technical Expert)
Hisashi Amano (Technical Expert)
Date

Schedule

Remarks

August 7 (Sunday)(JL717）Narita 11:00 → Bangkok 15:30,

Traders Hotel In(TG305) Bangkok 18:00 → Yangon 18:50

YangonAugust 8 (Monday)

Energy audit (FMI Center : Follow-up Survey)(9:00 – 16:30)

August 9 (Tuesday)

Energy audit (Pansea Hotel : Follow-up Survey)(9:00 – 11:30)

August 10 (Wednesday)

Building investigation, small workshop (MCEA
headquarters building)(9:00 – 12:00)

Building investigation (Kanbawza Bank
headquarters building)(13:30 – 16:30)

August 11 (Thursday)

Preparation for the seminar & workshop

August 12 (Friday)

Seminar & workshop(9:00 – 17:00)

We conducted follow-up surveys in FMI Center and Pansea Hotel (now called Governor's
Residence since the owner changed) for which we performed energy audits in January andFebruary 2003.
For a follow-up survey, we send a questionnaire beforehand, and ask the performance status of
the energy conservation measures recommended by Japanese experts in the past and thevoluntary improvement measures taken by the local people as well as the current energy use
status. Then we investigated the actual site.
The energy audit conducted in FMI Center was an on-the-job training (OJT) to educate theengineers and government officials that were involved in local energy conservation, which had
been conducted from earlier times. For this energy audit, 15 people from the following
organizations in Myanmar participated:
Five people from the Ministry of Industry (including Mr. Aung Kyi of Focal Point), one personfrom the Ministry of Energy, three people from the Ministry of Construction, one person from

II-1

the Ministry of Science and Technology (professor at Yangon Technological University), one
person from the Ministry of Electric Power, one person from the Yangon City Government, andthree people from FMI Building (total of 15)
An ex-professor (about 70 years old) of Yangon Technological University who was hired as aconsultant for this building and his subordinate (Maintenance Manager) were in charge of
maintaining the building and they said they were working on energy conservation. However,they were reluctant to make costly improvements such as installing measurement devices andadding ducts. Their main method seemed to improve the efficiency of existing facilities throughhuman management. This is mainly due to the cheap energy price and labor expenses supportedby the subsidy provided by the government. The unit price of the electricity contract for thisbuilding was as cheap as 25 Kyt (2.5 yen)/kWh (reference: the unit price of gasoline was 0.04
US dollars/gallon). They said the owner would not permit installing a power meter formeasuring electricity consumption of chillers since it was expensive.
Pansea Hotel was a high-class resort hotel situated in a quiet neighborhood close to embassies.
The hotel was colonial style and beautifully built (48 rooms). Since the owner changed recently,
the hotel was planned to be reformed. The reform will start next April. The reform plan
incorporated the suggestions we made two years ago. They were planning to discard a 50-liter
storage type electric water heater installed in each room and install a hot water supply system
for all rooms (we recommended a heat pump water heater with CO2 refrigerant two years ago
during the energy audit). They replaced 110 lamps used in yards and corridors (310 lamps wereused in total when including guest rooms and restaurants) from 40-W lamps to 7-W
high-efficiency lamps and lighting fixtures. They seemed to be eager in conducting energy
conservation activities.
We visited Myanmar Construction Entrepreneurs Association (MCEA) Headquarter Building,which was nominated for the Special Submission category of the ASEAN energy conservation
best practice building award (award activity supported by this project) and Kambowza Bank
Headquarter Building (won a prize in 2002), and obtained information from the staff. MCEA
Headquarter Building incorporated passive design and we discussed energy conservation inbuildings in Myanmar in a workshop manner. Kambowza Bank Headquarter Building's winningof the ASEAN energy conservation best practice building award played a great role inpromoting energy conservation activities in buildings in Myanmar. We received reports
indicating that this building was a good example for questions like "What is an energy
conservation building?" or "What is a sustainable building?".
On August 12 (Friday), we held a workshop. Sixty nine people participated including four
presenters invited from four other ASEAN countries. The workshop was successful with manyquestions and discussions.

II-2

2.

Follow-up audit of FMI Centre

2.1 Outline of FMI Centre(1) Name of building:

FMI Centre(2) Usage:

Offices and stores(3) Scale:

1 floor underground and 11 floors above groundTotal floor area … 10,953 m2(4) Age:

10 years old(5) Electric equipment:

Receiving voltage …
6.6 kV
Transformer capacity … 1,600 kVA
Generator (emergency) … 750 kVA
Elevator … 11 kW × 2 units
20 kW × 1 unit

(6) Air conditioning equipment:

Store section … Chiller 210RT (231 kW) × 1 unit
Fan coil unit (174 units)
Office section … Split type (135 units)(7) Plumbing equipment:

Storage pump … 11 kW × 2 units
Elevated tank … 29.5 m3

2.2 Outline of the Results of the Energy Audit in 2002
(1) Date of audit:

1st Survey …
2nd Survey …

(2) Audit Specialists:

The Energy Conservation Center, Japan
Technical specialists: Akira Ueda and Akira Kobayashi

Ⅱ-3

January 14 and 16, 2003
February 25, 2003

(3) Outline of the results of audit
FMI Center is a complex building of offices and stores, and the energy consumption perunit area is 1,915 MJ/m2, which is approx. 86% (2,222 MJ/m2) of the average of Japanese
office buildings.
Assuming the electric energy in the year 2000 as 100, that in 2001 and 2002 is 110 and
119, respectively, indicating an annual increase of approx. 10%.
In terms of the ratios of respective purposes of energy consumption, the ratio of energy
consumption for the heat source in Japanese office buildings is approx. 28%, while that of
FMI Center is approx. 43%, indicating that the ratio of the hear source is high.
We proposed the following three items that should be improved to save energy
consumption.
1) Increase in chilled water temperature
The temperature of chilled water at the outlet of the chiller is low even during low-loadseasons. We proposed increasing the chilled water temperature during the light-loadseasons to permit high-efficiency operation of the chiller. The reduction in theelectric energy will be 18,992 kWh, and the ratio of reduction will be 0.9% of the total
electric energy of the building as a whole.
2) Effective use of indoor ventilation (Improvement of the efficiency of separate typepackage)
The outdoor unit of the split-type air conditioner is installed in the indoor void spacewith high-temperature air intake, which seems to be the cause of low efficiency. The
efficiency of the outdoor unit should be improved by blowing down the indoor air fromabove the outdoor unit toward the outdoor unit in order to suck the low-temperature air.
The reduction in the electric energy will be 13,214 kWh, and the ratio of reduction willbe 0.6% of the total electric energy of the building as a whole.
3) Study of the possibility of installation of total heat exchanger
Intake and exhaust of air from and into the shopping zone are independent respectively,
and the cold exhausted air is not used effectively for air conditioning. Therefore,
when a total heat exchanger is installed for heat recovery, the reduction in the electricenergy will be 36,749 kWh, and the ratio of reduction will be 1.8%.
2.3 Follow-up of the Previous Proposals
Some of the aforementioned improvements proposed in 2002 have been studied andimplemented, and the result of the follow-up audit on the respective items are shown below.
(1) Increase in chilled water temperature
Based on the improvements proposed in February 2003, the temperature setting of thechilled water at the outlet has been changed from 48F (8.9°C) to 50F (10°C).
The effect of improvement was not clarified because the power consumption of the chiller
is not measured independently. Since the power consumption of the chiller is substantial
in comparison with the power consumption in the building as a whole, it is important tounderstand the power consumption also for future energy management.

Ⅱ-4

Since local engineers also wanted clamp-type wattmeters and recorders, we felt it
necessary to study the possibility of providing measuring instruments that can clearly help
their improvement in energy efficiency, as part of the energy-conservation technicalsupport.
In order to find the degree of effect in the operation log, the data in April 2001 iscompared with that in April 2005 after improvement. The major part of the operation log
is shown below.
2005-Apr-22
10:20

11:55

2001-Apr-30
15:05 12:13 14:02 15:44

Amb.tem 01 °C
Amb.tem 05 °C

35.3

38.3

°C

LWT 05°C

RWT 01°C

RWT 05

°C

13.2

12.4

13.4

RWT-LWT

°C

0.9

0.8

1.2

#1 % 01%#1 % 05%#2 % 01%#2 % 05

%

Com

kW

85

51

11.6

40.2

36.6

3.3

4

3.9

13.5

13.6

12.3

10.2

9.6

8.4

91

90

90

80

80

79

40.1

LWT 01

12.3

38.1

12.2

86

88

52

89

138

171

Pump

100kW*2
25l/s*2

April is the hottest season in Myanmar, and days on which the outside temperature
exceeded 40°C are picked out in both data. While the chilled water temperature at theoutlet (LWT01) before improvement is 3.3-4.0°C, that after improvement (LWT05) is
11.6-12.3°C during operation, indicating that the aim of the proposal has been understood.
However, the temperature of the returning chilled water before improvement (RWT01) is
12.3-13.6°C, and the difference between the temperatures of going and returning chilledwater (RWT-LWT) is as big as 8.4-10.2°C. While the temperature of returning chilledwater after improvement (RWT05) is 12.4-13.4°C, and the difference between thetemperatures of going and returning chilled water is as small as 0.8-1.2°C. Since theoutside temperature is considered to be the same, the cooling load is judged to be the sameand the chilled water pump is operated with the same quantity of water, which do notjustify the actual temperature difference. Since the measured temperature may notnecessarily be appropriate, we asked the engineers to check the temperature again.
We asked the engineers whether customers made complaints after the chilled watertemperature was raised, and we understood that there was no specific complaint.

Ⅱ-5

(2) Effective use of indoor ventilation (Improvement of the efficiency of separate typepackage)
In the office zone from the 5th to the 11th floors have outdoor units installed in the void
sections of respective floors, and the exhaust air from the room is discharged into thespace above the outdoor units. We proposed two years ago to blow the exhaust air fromthe upper section of the room to the outdoor units as shown in the photo.

We confirmed this time that a new duct was installed for the outdoor units on theuppermost floor as we proposed. We were told that the improvement was made because
the high temperature did not permit the package on the top floor to deliver its expected
performance, preventing sufficient cooling in the rooms. The effect of our proposal was
confirmed on the top floor, but the improvement work was not applied to the other floors
because of the high construction cost.

Ⅱ-6

(3) Examination of the possibility of installation of total heat exchanger
Intake and exhaust of air from and into the shopping zone are independent respectively,
and we calculated the effect of a total heat exchanger to be used for heat recovery from theheat and cold of the exhaust air. However, since the location of air exhaust is far awayfrom the location of air intake and simple work cannot cope with the situation, no
measures have been taken.
It is necessary to adopt this idea when constructing a new building, but implementation of
the idea for retrofit work will be physically very difficult. However, we introduced it as atechnology adopted usually in Japan.
2.4 Result of Folloe-up Audit(1) Change in electric energy
The change in electric energy from 2000 to 2004 is shown in the graph below. The
previous audit and proposal of improvement were made in 2003, and the electric energy
was reduced by 4% in 2004 as compared with that in 2003. We cannot assert that the
reduction is attributable to the decrease in the temperature of chilled water at the outlet ofthe chiller because of the absence of detailed data.
However, we can understand that the tendency of increasing energy was stopped in 2004.
Electricity Consumption
140%
120%

100%

110%

119%

121%

117%

2002

2003

2004

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
2000

2001

(2) Monthly electric energy for three years
The monthly electric energy from 2002 to 2004 is shown below. There are abnormal
values in May and June 2002, which seems to be the problem of data collection.
However, we can understand that there is no substantial difference between each monththroughout the year.

Ⅱ-7

FMI Center 2002-2004
250000kWh200000
2002
2003
2004

150000100000
50000

Ju
n
Ju
ly
Au
g
Se
p
O
ct
N
ov
D
ec

Ja
n
Fe
b
M
ar
Ap
r
M
ay

0

(3) Evaluation of energy amountThe graph below shows the difference in the energy consumption per unit area incomparison with that in Japanese office buildings and hotels. The electric energy in2004 is used as the value of FMI Centre, and the values of Japanese cases are converted
into kWh by converting the data collected by The Energy Conservation Center, Japan
using the ratio of “10.25MJ/kWh.” In comparison with Japanese office buildings, thevalue is approx. 10% lower than that of Japanese office buildings, which is understandable
because the overtime work is less and OA equipment density is low.
2

kWh/m

2

Energy Efficiency Index [kWh/m ][This Case 1kWh=10.25MJ]
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

312
212

Japan's Ｏｆｆｉｃｅaverage

191

Japan's hoteｌ
average

FMI Ceter 2004

(4) Difficulty in promotion of energy conservation in tenant building
The chief engineer pointed out the following as the factor of heavy power consumption.
Many 50W halogen lamps are used in the store zone, and they are turned on and off by
respective stores. The building management cannot control them. Furthermore, theⅡ-8lighting apparatuses and air conditioners are turned on and off freely by tenants, which isout of control as well.
The situation is the same in Japan as well, indicating the difficulty in promoting energy
conservation in tenant buildings.
2.5 Further Improvement and Provision of Information
In addition to the follow-up audit, we proposed further improvement and offered informationthat seemed to be useful.
(1) Detailed chilled water temperature control and confirmation of the accuracy oftemperature measurement
We proposed increasing the temperature of chilled water at the outlet of the chiller two
years ago, and they are making efforts in that direction. However, the temperature
setting is the same throughout the year, and the detailed operation control is notconducted. Temperature setting for every month and according to the outside
temperature is desired.
The indicated temperature of the chiller is recorded in the log, but there still remains aquestion about the recorded values as we pointed out before. It is necessary to confirm
the accuracy of the present temperature measurement.
(2) Detailed measurement
The electric energy of the building as a whole is measured at the power receiving point,
but detailed measurement thereafter is not conducted. It is necessary to understand thepower consumption of the chiller, which is the biggest energy consuming equipment inthis building, and appropriate measurement is indispensable for promotion of energy
conservation.
The engineers of the building management also want such detailed measurement, but
instruments for the measurement are not available. In order to allow the Japanese energy
conservation technical assistance to take root in respective countries, not only promotionof improvement methods but also provision of measuring instruments that clearly show
the effect are desired.
(3) CO2 concentration measuring technique for introduction of appropriate amount of outsideair
All the countries in ASEAN are located in the tropical zone, and their cooling load is veryhigh. Of all types of air conditioning equipment, the chiller consumes a large quantity ofenergy, and the ratio of the outside air load to all the cooling load is very large.
Appropriate quantity of outside air intake is the biggest point of energy conservation, but
control of the quantity of outside air is poorly implemented in the countries in ASEAN.
We had the engineers master the method of measuring the CO2 concentration, which is anindex to get the optimum quantity of outside air intake, through practice. Optimizationof the quantity of outside air and the technique to measure the CO2 concentration areimportant element techniques for energy conservation for air conditioning, and they areuseful methods as well for respective countries in ASEAN.

Ⅱ-9

The scene of measurement at FMI Centre is shown below.

2.6 The Barrier for the Promotion of Energy Conservation and Measures against Those
Problems(1) Energy cost
The electricity pricing system in Myanmar is classified into several categories according
to consumers. At FMI Centre, the rate is approx. 25K/kWh, which is approx. ¥2.5/kWh.
When the average unit price of electricity for Japanese office buildings is from ¥15/kWhto ¥20/kWh, the rate is approx. 1/6 or 1/8. The price of gasoline is 150K/L, which isapprox. ¥15/L.
The control of the unit cost of energy in conformity with the national subsidies policy ishindering the promotion of energy conservation, and adoption of an appropriate price iseffective in reduction of energy consumption.
(2) Problem of tenants
FMI Centre is a tenant building, and air conditioners are controlled and the lighting isturned on and off individually by respective tenants. Only the action taken by thebuilding management will be insufficient for promotion of energy conservation, andunderstanding and cooperation of tenets are indispensable.
The situation is the same in Japan, and enlightenment and awareness of the people in thebuilding and their cooperation are indispensable.
(3) Physical hindrance
Heat recovery by introduction of a total heat exchanger is difficult because of the physicalfactors of the existing building, but the understanding of the technology and its
incorporation into the design of a new building will lead to further energy conservation.

Ⅱ-10

Introduction of the energy conservation methods in various ways will be instrumental in
spreading the technology, and we expect that heat recovery by total heat exchangers will
be realized in Myanmar in future.

Ⅱ-11

3. Follow-up Energy Audit of Pansea Orient-Express Hotel (Pansea Hotel)
3.1 Outline of Pansea Hotel(1) Name of the building: Pansea Orient-Express Hotel(2) Use: Hotel (resort)(3) Size: Two floors below the ground and three floors above the ground, total floorarea: 7,111.1 m2: Number of guest rooms: 50(4) Age: 80 years old(5) Outline of electrical systems: Service voltage: 6.6 kV × 50 Hz, Transformer
capacity: 500 kVA
Emergency generator: 315 kVA, 3-phase 4-line 230 V(6) Outline of air-conditioning systems: Split-type air conditioners (62 units)(7) Sanitary facilities: Well pumps: 1.1 kW × 1 pump, 0.56 kW × 1 pump,underground water receiving tank: 36.4 m3,
Booster pumps: 4.1 kW × 2 pumps, 1.9 kW × 2 pumps
Storage type electric water heaters in guest rooms: 50-liter × 1.8
kW × 50 units
3.2

Outlined Results of the Audit in 2002
(1) The energy audit was carried out on January 15 and 16 in 2002.
(2) Audited by: Akira Ueda (technical expert) and Akira Kobayashi (technical expert)
from the Energy Conservation Center, Japan(3) Outlined results of the audit
1) Outlined results of the audit
The energy consumption per unit area in Pansea Hotel was 1196 MJ/㎡, which

II-12

is about one third of the average of Japanese hotels, 3278 MJ/㎡. The reasonsfor such low energy consumption are probably the superior design of thebuilding and the use of passive design that incorporates the elements of nature
to maximum for creating a comfortable environment without using air
conditioning.
2) Proposals for improvement
We explained four proposals for improvement and the CO2 water heating
system as a recommended technology.
① Switching to high-efficiency lamps and lighting fixtures
The following conventional incandescent lamps were used in guest rooms
and at the entry of guest rooms. We proposed switching these 40-W
incandescent lamps to 7-W energy saving high-efficiency lamps. The
expected effect was 23608 kWh/year.
Guest rooms: Four 40-W lighting fixtures x 50 rooms
Entry of guest rooms: Two 40-W lighting fixtures x 50 rooms
Corridors: Ten 40-W lighting fixtures② Introducing a water heating system
A 50-liter storage type electric water heater was installed in each guest
room to provide hot water. However, the temperature of hot water
decreased when hot water was poured to a bathtub. To maintain the
comfortable temperature, we proposed the employment of a larger hot
water storage tank and the introduction of a central water heating system.
③ Improving power factor
Power factor was 85%. We proposed the installation of a capacitor for
improving power factor to nearly 100%.
④ Managing water consumption
The water used in the hotel was drawn up by using two well pumps.
However, the amount of water was not measured and the water
consumption was unknown. We proposed the installation of a water meter
to measure and record the amount of water. By doing so, the operation of
the well pumps and the booster bumps can be managed and the waterleakage from pipes and pools can be detected in early stages.
3.3

Follow-up of the Previous Proposals
The proposals for improvement made in 2002 described above were all taken into
consideration.
Currently, the hotel is planned to be reformed. We were told that our proposals wereconsidered as precious advice and might be incorporated in the reform plan. The reform
construction is planned to begin in April in the next year after the coming high season.
The results of the follow-up of the previous proposals are as follows:

II-13

(1) Switching to high-efficiency lamps and lighting fixtures
The 40-W lighting fixtures at the entry of guest rooms and in corridors were
replaced by compact fluorescent lamps (7 W).

II-14

The 40-W lighting fixtures in guest rooms were not changed since aesthetic values weremore important in guest rooms.

(2) Introducing a water heating system
They were discussing whether to replace the water heaters in guest rooms to acentral electric water heating system.
(3) Improving power factor
Our proposal was not carried out yet. However, they were discussing the installationof a capacity bank to improve power factor.
(4) Managing water consumption
No water meter was installed yet. However, they were checking the size of arequired water meter and planning to propose the installation of a water meter to theowner.
3.4

Results of Follow-up Energy Audit(1) Historical development of energy consumption
The following graph shows the monthly energy consumption in five years from2001 to 2004. Energy is consumed most in November. Since the best season fortaking trips in Myanmar is November to February, the energy consumption is highin that season.

II-15

Electric ity Consumption 2 001- 2004
12 0,000
10 0,000
200 1
200 2
200 3
200 4

kWh

8 0,000
6 0,000
4 0,000
2 0,000
Dec

Nov

Oc t

Sep

Aug

July

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

Jan

0

The following graph shows the changes of energy consumption in five years. The
last energy audit was conducted at the beginning of 2003. The yearly energy
consumption is highest in 2003 and is lower in 2004.

Electric ity Consumption 2 001- 2004
88 0,000kWh86 0,000
84 0,000
82 0,000
80 0,000
78 0,000
76 0,000
74 0,000
2001

20 02

20 03

2 004

(2) Evaluations of energy consumption
The following graph shows the energy consumption per unit area in 2004 in units ofkWh. The graph also shows the comparison with other buildings. A coefficient isused to convert the MJ unit used in Japan to kWh which indicates electric energy.
The coefficient is 1 kWh ＝ 10.25 MJ.
The energy consumption of Pansea Hotel is about one third of that of Japanese
hotels. The energy consumption of FMI Center, which is an office building inYangon, is about 60% of that of Japanese hotels. This low energy consumption isprobably due to the passive design incorporating the features of climate in ASEAN
countries.

II-16

Energy Efficiency Index [kWh/m2][This case 1kWh=10.25MJ]
350

312

300
250
k
W 200
h/ 150

212

191
120

100
50
0
Japan's Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ average

Japan's
hoteｌ
average

FMI Center
2004

PanseaHotel 2004

(3) Energy consumption rates by use
Since the energy consumption rates by use in the hotel are probably not so different
from the rates of the last energy audit, the values of the last energy audit are shown
here. The percentage of energy consumption in guest rooms is about 32% and thepercentage of energy consumption in common areas is about 68%. In guest rooms,

Energy consumption rate by use
ＧＵＥＳＴ
ＲＯＯＭ
32%

ＣＯＭＭＯＮ
ＰＡＣＥ
68%

Ｓ

air conditioning takes about 19% (largest) of the entire energy consumption,lighting takes 7%, and water heating takes 4%.

II-17

3.5

The Barriers for the Promotion of Energy Conservation and Measures Against
Those Problems
Due to our previous proposals, the lamps at the entry of guest rooms and in corridors
were changed from incandescent lamps to energy saving fluorescent lamps. However, thelamps in guest rooms were not changed since aesthetic values were more important.
Although some types of energy saving fluorescent lamps can provide the kind of colorthat is normally provided by incandescent lamps, the people at the hotel probably did notwant to change the shapes of lamps.
The balance between aesthetic values and energy conservation is required. We need thebuilding owner and designers to understand the importance of energy conservation and
we need to continue promotional activities.

Energy consumption rate by use
Ｇuest Room
ＡＣ
19%

ＯＴＨＥＲＳ
25%

ＧＲ ＨＷ
4%
ＧＲ ＬＩＧＨTＩ
ＮＧ 7%
ＬＩＧＨＴＩNＧ
19%
ＰＵＭＰ ＦＡＮ
7%
4%

II-18

ＡＣ
14%

ＧＲ ＯＴＨERＳ
1%

4. About the Result of the Workshop
4.1
OutlineMr. Zamora from the ACE was the moderator. From Myanmar, the following
high-ranking officials from the related ministries participated as guests:
Gen. Than Htay: (deputy minister of the Ministry of Energy (MOE))
Lt. Col. Khin Maung Kyaw: (deputy minister of the Ministry of Industry Ⅱ)
Mr. Soe Myint: Director General of the Energy Planning Department in the Ministry ofEnergy (also a member of ASEAM SOE)
Sixty people participated in the workshop including Mr. Than Myint who was the
President of the Myanmar Engineering Society as well as high-ranking personnel fromthe architect association and the construction association. Three of us from Japan, Dr.
Weerawat and Mr. Zamora from the ACE, and four presenters from other ASEAN
countries also participated in the workshop and 69 people were present in total. We could
tell how much the Myanmar government expects of the PROMEEC project from thepeople in this workshop.
4.2

Details about the Workshop
The workshop began with Gen. Than Htay's welcome remarks and proceeded based on
the following program schedule. From ASEAN, Mr. Ayi Kyaw who was the Director of
MOE in Myanmar explained the current energy situations and energy conservation
activities in Myanmar. Successful examples of the buildings that won ASEAN EE&C
best practice building awards (facilities) were presented (Myanmar: two cases, invited
ASEAN countries (Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia (two cases): four cases).
◍ Kambawza Bank (Myanmar: Special Submission Category, Winner in 2002)◍ Popa Mountain Resort Building (Myanmar: Tropical Building Category, Winner in
2005）◍ Plaza BII Building (Indonesia：Retrofitted Building Category, Winner in 2005)◍ Bayer House Building (Philippines：New & Existing Building Category, Runner-up
in 2005)◍ Alexander Hospital Building (Singapore: Retrofitted Building Category, Runner-up
in 2002)◍ Air-conditioning Unit Equipped with Heat Pipe (Indonesia: Special Submission
Category, winner in 2004)
The presentations were very specific and interesting. We thought that energy
conservation activities for buildings in ASEAN countries partially reached a rather highlevel. The presentations by the invited guests from ASEAN countries were a great
inspiration to the Myanmar people who were about to start building the infrastructures
for rationalized use of energy.
We gave a presentation titled "Concept and Activity Towards Sustainable Building in

II-19

Japan" to introduce the CASBEE method for evaluating buildings based on
environmental performance, the energy efficiency index management tool for buildings
developed by the Energy Conservation Center, and the energy conservation best practiceaward system. We also stressed the importance of creating databases and technicaldirectory. Since there were many participants from the architect association, theconstruction association and the engineering association, we were told that ourpresentations were very valuable. Questions and answers, and discussions were
frequently exchanged in each presentation and the workshop was a success. In addition,
the workshop was featured in a local newspaper.
We realized again that through energy audits and workshops, the PROMEEC project wasa great influence on the promotion of energy conservation activities in Myanmar.
The detailed program of the workshop is as follows:
PROGRAMME OF SEMINAR ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATIONFOR BUILDING BEST PRACTICES IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
Traders Hotel, Yangon, Myanmar
8:30 AM-

9:00 AM

Registration

9:00 AM-

9:10 AM

Welcoming Remarks

1２th August

2005

H.E. General Than Htay
Deputy Minister, Ministry of Energy
9:10 AM-

9:20 AM

Opening Statement
Mr. Yoshitaka Ushio, Energy Conservation Centre, Japan (ECCJ)

9:20 AM-

9:30 AM

Opening Statement
Dr. Weerawat Chantanakome
Executive Director, ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE)

9:30 AM

10:00 AM

Photo Session and Coffee BreakSession 1
Moderator: ACE
10:00 AM-

10:15 AM

Introduction to PROMEEC Programme
Mr. Yoshitaka Ushio, General Manager, ECCJ

10:15 AM-

10:40 AM

Overview of EE&C Initiatives and Activities in Myanmar
Mr. Aye Kyaw, Ministry of Energy

10:40 AM-

11:05 AM

Concept and Activity Towards Sustainable Building in JapanMr. Yoshitaka Ushio, General Manager, ECCJ

11:05 AM-

11:30 AM

Energy Conservation Approach for Myanmar Building Industries( Kambawza Bank)Mr. Yin Htwe Thet, M.D. Central Engineering and Construction Co.,

II-20

Ltd.
11:30 AM-

11:55 AM

Energy Efficiency & Conservation(EE&C) Best Practices of Popa
Mountain Resort Building
Mr. Win Aung, Chairman, Group of Woodland Companies

11:55 AM-

12:20 PM

Energy Audit Findings at FMI Building and Pansea Hotel Building
Mr. Akira Kobayashi, Expert, ECCJ

12:20 PM-

12:40 PM

Q & A Session

12:40 PM-

2:00 PM

Lunch

Session 2
Moderator: PTM
2:00 PM-

2:25 PM

EE&C Best Practices of Plaza BII Building, Indonesia
Ms. Vincentia Ari Mutiawati

2:25 PM-

2:45 PM

EE&C Best Practices of Bayer House Building, Philippines
Mr. Irwin Angkico, Facilities Engineer

2:45 PM-

3:15 PM

EE&C Best Practices of Alexander Hospital Building, Singapore
Mr. Steward Tai, Building Energy Manager

3:15 PM-

3:45 PM

Innovation on Energy Efficient Technologies: Air-conditioning Unit
Equipped with Heat Pipe (Indonesia)
Mr. John Budi Haryanto

3:45 PM-

4:00 PM

Coffee Break

4:00 PM-

4:15 PMThe Development of a Technical Directory (Concept andMethodology)
Mr. Hisashi Amano, Expert, ECCJ

4:15 PM-

4:30 PMThe Development of a Database/ Benchmarking/ Guideline for
Buildings Concept and Methodology)
Mr. Akira Kobayashi, Expert, ECCJ

4:30 PM-

4:45 PM

Q & A Session

4:45 PM-

5:00 PM

Closing Remarks
Dr. Weerawat Chantanakome
Executive Director, ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE)

II-21

III. Malaysia
1. Activity Overview
In Malaysia, we carried out rather detailed energy audits at Wisma Sime Darby Building. We
also held a workshop as in Myanmar.
Participants from the International Engineering Department of the Energy Conservation
Center, Japan (ECCJ):
Yoshitaka Ushio (General Manager)
Hisashi Amano (Technical Expert)
Date

Activity

Remarks

August 13 (Saturday)

Amano and Ushio: (MH741) Yangon 12:15→ Kuala Lumpur 16:25

Pan Pacific Kuala

Kobayashi: (8M 331) Yangon 8:15 → Bangkok (TG 640）

Lunpur→ Narita 19:30
August 14 (Sunday)

Day-off

August 15 (Monday)

Energy audit (Wisma Sime Darby Building) (10:00 – 16:30)

August 16 (Tuesday)

Energy audit (Wisma Sime Darby Building) (9:30 – 16:30)

August 17 (Wednesday)

Preparation for the seminar & workshop and meeting with PTM
people (15：00 – 17:00)

August 18 (Thursday)

Seminar & workshop (9:00 – 16:30)

August 19 (Friday)

Reporting the results of the energy audit for PTM people andFlew overnight.

management staff of Wisma Sime Barby Building(15:00 – 17:30)

Ushio: Arrived at

Amano: Left for Phnom Penh on the morning of the 21st. Ushio: Left

Narita at 6:35 on

for Japan. Kuala Lumpur 22 :35 (JL724) →the 20th

When we arrived at the Kuala Lumpur airport, we were amazed by the scale and the ingenious
design of the terminal building. This airport was designed by a Japanese architect, Kisho
Kurokawa and built by the joint venture of Takenaka Corporation and Taisei Corporation(opened in 1998). The features of the terminal building are the large-span foundation using aspace truss as the roof structure, high ceilings, and external glass walls. The terminal building
consists of the passive design with lots of sunlight and the active design with a large-scale air
conditioner. The building won the second prize (runner-up) of the ASEAN energy conservation
best practice building award in 2004. We also saw the city filled with novel buildings including
KLCC building which is second highest in the world. We felt a big difference from Yangon
where we were three to four hours before. We also realized the importance of filling the gaps
between ASEAN countries in conducting the ASEAN PROMEEC project and also theimportance to do so.

III-1

We performed an energy audit on a 22-story office building that was built 20 years ago (Wisma
Sime Darby Office Building). Three engineers from PTM (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia: Malaysia
Energy Center) participated in the energy audit. Before the energy audit, we asked PTM toconduct an energy audit. However, the PTM people were rather passive and the audit was notconducted as scheduled. In addition, the answers to our questionnaire were unprepared, thecommunication between PTM and the people at the target building was insufficient, and thecooperation from the people at the target building for the energy audit was less than satisfactory
due to miscommunication. Therefore, it took some time for us to explain the purpose of theenergy audit to the building staff. We explained the activities of ECCJ and the PROMEEC
project using Power Point and the building staff finally understood it. After that incident, thebuilding staff cooperated with us very nicely. We collected information using the questionnairethat we previously handed out, checked all air conditioners, lifts, lightings and electric facilities
in the building, and received detailed explanations about the air conditioning facilities.
The building staff did not prepare sufficient data and the Building Automation System (BAS)was out of order. However, we used the installed measurement devices (such as a WH meter)
and the measurement devices brought by the PTM people to measure the daily electricity
consumption, temperatures and luminance. Although the meters and the BAS were installed in
the building, they were scarcely used. The building management team seemed keener onrunning the air conditioning systems to satisfy the needs of tenants to maximum. It seemed thatthe owner's policy was to minimize the maintenance cost rather than pursuing energy
conservation. This is probably the reality in ordinary buildings in Malaysia. We felt that thecheap electricity charge hindered the promotion of energy conservation in Malaysia as well.
On the last day (19th), we held the energy audit result reporting meeting. Seven people attended
the meeting. From PTM, three people participated including Ms. Azah (focal point in the
project) and four people participated from the target building including two building managers.
Before this meeting, we had a meeting with PTM engineers and created an energy conservation
improvement plan incorporating their opinions. We explained this plan at the meeting on the
19th.
On August 18 (Thursday), we held a workshop. About 130 people participated including four
presenters invited from four ASEAN countries. Many questions and answers, and discussions
were exchanged in the workshop and the workshop was a success.
Again in Malaysia, we clearly realized that the PROMEEC project had a great influence on theenergy conservation activities in Malaysia through the energy audit, the seminar, and theworkshop.

III-2

2.

Energy audit of Wisma Sime Darby Building

2.1 Outline of Wisma Sime Darby Building
1)

Name of building:Wisma Sime Darby Building2)

Address:
JALAN RAJA LAUT, 50350
KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA

3)

Usage:
Office (tenant building)4)

Scale:
1 floor underground and 22 floors above
groundReference: Fig.2.1-1 Configuration ofstandard floor
Total floor area … 54,856.09 m2
Working area …
44,546.54 m2(Parking lot: 1-6 floors in west building)Age:
20 years old

5)
6)

Central monitoring/control system of thebuilding:
Building Automation System (BAS)Photo 2.1-1
Wisma Sime Darby building

7)

Electric equipment:
Receiving voltage …
11 kV
Transformer capacity …
1,500 kVA × 5 units; 1,250 kVA × 1 unit
Distribution system …
3-phase, 4-wire (400/230 V)
Reference: Fig.2.1-2 Receiving/distributing system diagram
Elevators:
For people …
33.7 kW × 4 units
22.17 kW × 6 units
For car park …
22.5 kW × 2 units
For baggage …
33.7 kW × 1 unit
For firefighting … 22.5 kW × 1 unit
Lighting apparatus …
40 W × 3 tubes/unit (integral with air conditioning
port) × approx. 5,300 units
Reference: Photo 2.1-3 Lighting apparatus and air conditioner jet exhaust8)

Air conditioning equipment:
Water cooling package unit (WCPU) (with 10 Hp fan) …
26.1 kW × 39 units, 29.8 kW × 3 units, 37.3 kW × 1 unit
Cooling tower × 4 units
Cooling water pump …
37.3 kW × 6 units
Reference: Fig.2.1-3 Air conditioning (WCPU) system diagram
Air cooling package unit … 41 kW × 2 units, 14.9 kW × 5 units, 7.5 kW × 2 units
Air cooling chiller …
37.5 kW × 2 units

9)

Hygienic equipment:
Service water pump …

14.9 kW × 2 units

Ⅲ−3Lavatory ventilation fan …

44.8 kW, 29.8 kW, 26.1 kW × 1 unit each
Ｎ
Ea
block
Ea
ｓｔｓｔ blockWest block
Rental office

Machineroom

Rental office

Core
zone

Corridor
廊下

Machineroom

Corridor
Rental office

Core
zone

Rental officeFig.2.1-1 Configuration of standard floor

T4

T5

Generator for
emergency #2

offEmergency #2

Air con.
East block

TenantT1

T3

Air con.
West block

T2

MOF

off

G

T6

Fig.2.1-2 Receiving/distributing system diagram

Ⅲ−4

off

Generator for
emergency #1

MOF

MOF；Meter of finance
MOF

AM

Mechanical powerand etc.
Emergency #1

TNB

G

Core
zone

Cooling tower
Stand-byCondenser pump

Supply air

Cooling water
10Hp fan

Return air

East block WCPU
1set/floor×20

West block WCPU
2sets/floor× 15

Fig.2.1-3 Air conditioning (WCPU) system diagram

Supply air mouth for air conditionig

Lighting apparatus

Photo 2.1-3 Lighting apparatus and air conditioner supply air mouth

2.2 Outline of the Audit
1)

Date of audit:

August 15 (Mon.)-16 (Tue.), 2005

2)

Persons in charge of building:Amiruddin Haja Abu, Building Executive
Amiruddin Mohd Nadzri, Building Executive

3)

Joint audit specialists:
Ptm (Malaysia Energy Center)
Muhd, Muhtzam Moor Din
Technical Assistant, Energy Industry & Sustainable Development Division
Two other people

4)

Steps of audit(1) Delivery of advance questionnaire(2) Interview (contents of questionnaire and ancillary matters)(3) Survey of building facilities(4) Collection and analysis of data

Ⅲ−5(5) Report of simple audit(6) Audit report
3.3 Analysis of Current Situation(1) Power consumption

700,000
650,000
600,000
550,000
500,000
450,000
400,000

pr
.
M
ay
Ju
ne
Ju
ly
A
ug
.
Se
p.
Oc
t.
No
v.
De
c.

2003
2005

A

ar
.

.

M

Ja
n

.

2002
2004

Fe
b

Power(kWh)1) Monthly consumption (2002-2005)

Month

Fig.2.3-1 Monthly power consumption

Similar patterns are repeated every year, and the power consumption minimum in
February, while a large quantity of power is consumed from July to October. Since theannual temperature in KUALA LUMPUR is almost constant, other elements (thenumber of working days and so on) seem to be the cause of the change.

Power(kWh/month)

2) Change in annual base
The annual power consumption is shown graphically by showing the average ofmonthly consumption.

620,000
600,000
580,000
560,000
540,000
520,000
500,000
480,000
2002

2003

2004

2005

Year
Fig.2.3-2 Change in monthly power consumption

According to the graph, the power consumption is increasing every year by 3.4-6%.
The graph below shows the correlation between the tenant occupation rate (2002-2005)
and power consumption.

Ⅲ−6

Power consumption(kWh/month)

620,000
600,000
580,000

y = 1E+06x - 452696

560,000

2

R = 0.9556

540,000
520,000
0.77 0.78 0.79

0.8

0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85

Occupancy
Fig.2.3-3 Correlation between power consumption and tenant occupation rate

According to the graph, power consumption has a correlation with the tenant occupation
rate. However, the constant term of the approximation formula is negative, whichmeans that the tenant occupation rate is one of the factors but there exist some otherfactors that are attributable to the increase of power consumption. Although thosefactors were not revealed in this audit, these factors should be pursued as the power
consumption management elements.
3) Comparison with other buildings in Malaysia
The figure below shows the scatter diagram of total floor area and power consumptionof 59 buildings in Malaysia, to which the data of the Darby building (7,013,356 kWh in2004) is added. (the Darby building is plotted in a red mark.)
This building is almost on the average line, and the energy consumption of the building
is an average. The average value is 124.9 kWh/m2, while the value of the Darbybuilding is 127.8 kWh/m2, and the ratio is 1.023.

Power consumption(kWh)18,000,000
16,000,000
14,000,000
k 12,000,000
W 10,000,000
h/ 8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,0000

y = 124.9x
R2 = 0.8673

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000120000(m2) 2)Gross area(mFig.2.3-4 Power consumption per unit total floor area
(Comparison with data on 59 buildings in Malaysia)

The figure below shows the scatter diagram of net floor area (air-conditioned area) andpower consumption of the 47 buildings and the Darby building. The average value per

Ⅲ−7net floor area of the 47 buildings is 169.31 kWh/m2, while that of the Darby building is157.4 kWh/m2, which is 93% of the average.
According to these data as well, the energy consumption of the Darby building is almost
an average.

Power consumption(kWh)18,000,000

y = 169.31x
R2 = 0.9295

16,000,000
14,000,000

12,000,000k
W 10,000,000
h/ 8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0
0

20000

40000

60000

80000

1000001200002(m2)
Net area(m)

Fig.2.3-5 Power consumption per unit working floor area
(Comparison with data on 47 buildings in Malaysia)

4) Estimation of power consumption of respective equipments
The energy consumption of respective equipments is calculated based on themechanical drawings of the Darby building and the operating condition of respective
equipments. Empirical values are used for part of estimation, and the values shown
below are approximate.

Chiller plant

7% 5%

Pumps and fan
49%

25%

13%

Wisma Sime Darby

13%
26%
12%

Lighting and Plags
Mechinary except
for air conditioning
others13%
36%

Japanese OfficeFig.2.3-6 Power consumption of respective equipments

The circle graph shows the 49% and 25% of power is consumed for heating/cooling andlighting respectively in this building and these are the target equipment for the energy
conservation.
(2) Water consumption
1) Trends of consumption

Ⅲ−8

3

(m /month)

Water consumption

The monthly averages of water consumption from 2000 are shown graphically below.

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

Set time limit
in water flushing

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Year
Fig.2.3-7 Change in water consumption

Water consumption has been reduced recently. Reduction in consumption was realized
by setting the flushing time in the toilets in 2004.
2) Correlation between power consumption and water consumption
The water consumption is originally dependent on the tenant occupation rate. The
power consumption is also dependent on the tenant occupation rate. Therefore, there
must be some correlation between them. The correlation diagram is shown below.

500
400
300

3

(m /monnth)

Water consumption

600

200
100
0
400,000

450,000

500,000

550,000

600,000

650,000

700,000

Power consumption(kWh/month)Fig.2.3-8 Correlation between power consumption and water consumption

As shown above, however, there was no correlation between the two. Since there is acorrelation between the power consumption and the occupation rate, the water
consumption is not dependent on the occupation rate. There was no correlation in thedata collected after the improvement of the water flushing system in the toilets.
In other words, water is used irrespective of the tenants, indicating that the water is used
for some purposes other than the original purpose. We requested the investigation of thereasons and the improvement of water consumption control based on the result.

Ⅲ−9

2.4 Points for Improvement and Expected Effects

Measures have been taken for energy conservation for the Darby building unlike other buildingsthat are also 20 years old. Some examples of the measures are shown below.
(1) Air conditioning system• Special window glass, in which a plastic is sandwiched, is adopted to reduce thesolar radiation.
• The cold air supply system is simple and the loss is small.
• The cooling tower is clean and maintained well.
• The building automation system (BAS) is installed.
(2) Power distribution system• A watt-hour meter is installed for each transformer.
• The power factor is improved by the capacitor bank on the secondary side of thetransformer.
(3) Others• The recent energy conservation techniques such as computer control of elevators,
improvement of lavatory flushing, etc. are adopted.
However, for further energy conservation we propose the following improvement measures.
(1) Improvement of air conditioning operation (improvement of water cooling package unit
（WCPU) operation)
The air conditioners are constantly operated according to the set rating irrespective of theseason, weather or tenant occupation rate, which causes the waste of electricity shown
below.
Capacity of equipment in general has many inevitable margins, including design margin,
the difference between the necessary capacity and the planned, excessive estimation ofvarious losses.

Load, Capacity

In addition, there is supply surplus caused by load fluctuation. The situation is shown
schematically. The initial adjustment of the installed capacity is for minimizing thecapacity margin, while the load control of the equipment following the load fluctuation isfor minimizing the supply surplus. The latter needs a costly complicated system ingeneral, and the former is comparatively easy.

Margin loss (Design Margin)
Difference between
actual operation capacity
and required capacity

Constant running atlabeled capaticy

Actula load
Surplustime
Fig.2.4-1 Structure of waste generation

Ⅲ−10

1) Control of equipment capacity of WCPU
When the 25 Hp WCPU is taken as an example, the combination of the three operation
units (5 Hp, 10 Hp, and 10 Hp) shown below can change the cooling capacity of
WCPU.
Table 2.4-1 Control of WCPU capacity

Unit1
5hp
on
on
off
on

case1
case2
case3
case4

Unit 2
10hp
off
on
on
on

Unit 3
10hp
off
off
on
on

adjusted
capacity
5hp
15hp
20hp
25hp

In other words, it is possible to operate by setting the appropriate cooling capacity according to
the degree of the load. The figure shown below is the conceptual figure which explains that the
proposed operation can be realized by the system which combines the indoor temperature andthe control system of BAS.

Return air
5hp 10hp 10hp

T

T

T

d

U1

U2

U3

Fresh air

Fan

Supply air

Control unit

Office spaceBAS
Fig.2.4-2 Control of WCPU capacity

The capacity of the WCPU is planned to be increased to 40 Hp. However, the WCPU
will not need 40 Hp at all times. Capacity control will become more important for
further energy conservation.
2) Control of fan capacity
The air volume of fans is controlled by the damper. As shown in the figure, thedamper control is not efficient. Even if the air volume is reduced to 80%, the shaft
power of the motor will be reduced only by 2%.

Ⅲ−11

Shaft power(%)

120
100

Damper80
Suction damper

60
40
Ideal curve

20
0
0

20

60

40

Air Flow(%)

80

100

Fig.2.4-3 Comparison of various air volume control methods

Adoption of the following methods to control the capacity can ensure energy
conservation.
a. Reduction of diameter of fan impeller
It is effective in controlling the surplus capacity up to 80%. Based on “affinity
law” of fans, the air volume is proportional to the third power of the diameter of
impeller, while the necessary shaft power is proportional to the fifth power of thediameter of impeller. Therefore, the energy conservation effect will be approx. 1.5th
power the reduction in the air volume.
b. Change of pulley ratio (in the case of belt drive type)
The number of revolutions of fans is controlled by changing the pulley ratio.

d2

d1

PulleyMoto

Fan
Pulley ratio = d1
d2

Power =

d1
d2

3

Fig.2.4-4 Air volume control by changing pulley ratio

When the number of revolutions is controlled, the power consumption changes at therate of the third power of the number of fan revolutions. Therefore, the power
consumption is proportional to the third power of the pulley ratio. This method isless expensive for investment cost than controlling the number of revolutions by aninverter. Adoption of this method should be taken into consideration for inverter
control.

Ⅲ−12

c. Control of the number of revolutions by inverter control
In this method, the power frequency of the motor is changed to control the numberof revolutions. Since continuous control is possible, this method permits easy
management. However, the pay-back period of the investment of the inverter is aproblem for the owner’s decision.
3) Trial computation of energy conservation effect
The equivalent annual working days used for trial computation of the effect is set at 280
days/year, assuming the weekly working days is 5.5 days/week and taking holidays into
consideration as well. This value is also applied to the trail computation of other items
mentioned later.
a. Control of equipment capacity of WCPU
Estimation condition: The 25 Hp WCPU is operated at the capacity rate of 20 Hp
for 2h/d within the low-load time zone. In other words, the 5 Hp unit is stopped.
Annual power saving:
5 Hp (= 3.73 kW) × 39 units × 2 h/d × 280 days/year = 81,354 kWh/yb. Control of fan capacity
Estimation condition: The air volume is supposed to be reduced to 80% by damper
control in one system (14 units) in the West block, which is to be changed to thecontrol of the number of revolutions by the inverter.
The rate of power consumption with an 80% load factor is shown in Fig.3.4-3 when
the damper control is 98% and the inverter control is 58%. The operation hour is
10 h/d.
Table 2.4-2 Energy conservation by fan capacity control

Power

Power

Applicable Power consumption
Flow control
rate
kW
units
98%
7.301
14 286,199 kWh /year
Damper control
Speed control by INV
58%
4.321
14 169,383 kWh /year
Improvement40%
2.98
116,816 kWh /year
Power rate to labeled value is at 80% load factor
The pay-back after introduction of inverters is calculated on a trial basis.
Supposing the unit cost of a 7.5 kW inverter for the 10 Hp fan is approx. 10 kRM($3k) and the unit cost of power is 0.272 MR/kWh according to the actual dataobtained from the Darby building, the amount of money per fan after power saving
will be as follows:
2.98 kW × 10 h/d × 280 d/y × 0.272 MR/kWh = 8,344 kWh/y × 0.272 MR/kWh= 2,270 MR/y
Number of pay-back years = Investment/Saved power = 10 kRM/2.27 kMR = 4.4 yc. Summary of the effects of proposals
The above calculations are summarized in the table below.

Ⅲ−13Table 2.4-3

Result of trial computation of energy conservation
by improvement of air conditioner operation

Item
WCPU's unit control
Fan's speed control
total

Energy saving
Cutting down of bills
81,354 kWh/year
22,128 RM/year
116,816 kWh/year
31,774 RM/year
198,170 kWh/year
53,902 RM/year(2) Reduction in the number of units in operation by improvement of transformer load factor
1) Survey of load factor and reduction of the number of transformers in operation
The primary side of the transformer for power distribution is provided with thevoltmeter, ammeter, and integrating wattmeter. The load factor of the transformer isobtained from the readings of those meters. The load factors of T4-T6 are as low as
approx. 10%, and the combination rearrangement of these transformer loads is possible.

Load factorr(%)

80
60
40

Low load factor

20
0
T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

Transformer No

Fig.2.4-5 Load factor of transformer

Apparent power(kVA)

Since T4 and T6 are provided for emergency, they are grouped as emergency
transformers, and the load on T5 is shifted to T3 whose load factor is comparatively
small. The six transformers can be reduced to four transformers in this way.

1,000
800

Shifting of loads

600
400
200
0
T1

T2

T3
T4
Transformer No

T5

T6

Fig.2.4-6 Use of four transformers by load shifting

By the load shifting shown above, the load factor will be improved as shown in the tablebelow.

Ⅲ−14

Table 2.4-4 Result of calculation of transformer loss

6-transformer system( as it is)
4-transformer system( Proposal)
Current App. power L. facter
Current App. power L. facter
A
kVA
%
A
kVA
kVA
%
857
57
45
857
57
45
1,500
857
57
45
857
57
45
1,500
572
38
38
724
48
30
1,500
191
15
20
381
30
10
1,250
152
10
App.
Power:
Apparent
power
8
1,500
10
191
13 L. Facter: Load factor
1,500Transformer Capacity

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6

Combination of transformer loads can reduce the loss of the group of transformers as awhole.

Loss at 50% load factor(1,500KVA)

Amorphousecore

Ultra highefficiency
typeHigh efficacy
type

Load loss
No-load loss

Low-loss
type

12,00010,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0

30years old

Loss(W)

2) Trial consumption of effect
The progress of improvement for reduction in the transformer loss is remarkable, andthe present transformer loss is 30% of the products made 30 years ago as shown below(in the case of 50% load factor).

Fig.2.4-7 Change of transformer loss

The Darby building was established 20 years ago, and it is considered that the low-loss
type transformers were adopted. The loss data used for trial computation is shown
below.
Table 2.4-5 Load loss and no-load loss of low-loss type transformer

Capacity ofNo-load
Load loss
loss(W)(W)
transformer
1500kVA T1〜3,5,6
2,380
15,9102,130
13,9001250kVA T4
Respective losses are calculated from the formulae shown below.
No-load loss = No-load loss × 24h/d × 365days/year
Load loss= Load loss × (Load factor)2 × 10h/d × 280days/year
Total loss
= No-load loss + Load loss

Ⅲ−15

The result of trial computation is shown below.
Table 2.4-6 Reduction in transformer loss
SystemNo load loss Load loss
Total loss
Improve
kWh/y
kWh/y
kWh/y
kWh/y

6 trans.
4 trans.

122,903
81,20537,657
43,100160,559
124,305

Base
36,254

The annual reduction in transformer loss is 36,254 kWh/year (9,861 kRM/year).
(3) Lighting apparatus
1) Proposal for change in lighting apparatus and use of Hf
The intensity of illumination in the passageway is as low as 150-200 LX. The lighting
apparatus are composed of 40 W × 3 tubes with covers. The beam of light from theequipment is scattered, which is desirable for ensuring uniform intensity of illuminationof the lighting space as a whole. However, it is disadvantageous to ensure required
intensity of illumination on the working surface of a desk.
In terms of energy conservation, we propose the two-tube illumination method with areflection plate without covers.
40w ×3 tubes
with C &C stabilizer

36w ×2 tubes(Energy saving type)with C &C stabilizer

Flux
Flux
Covered with a plastics plate
If the cover is not clean, the brightness is
reduced.

32w ×2 tubes(High frequency)with Inv. stabilizer

Reflection plate
Change to Hf tube

Remove the cover andfix a reflection plateFig.2.4-8 Sketch drawing of proposed improvement of lighting method

In that case, the number of tubes can be reduced from three to two by improving theLighting apparatus efficiency (= lumen output from lighting apparatus/ lumen output oflighting source) by elimination of the transmission loss of the cover and improving theutilization factor (lumen of light cast on the working surface/lumen of light of lightsource). However, consideration is necessary because the intensity of vertical
illumination decreases. The table below compares the characteristics of respective
fluorescent lamps.

Ⅲ−16Table 2.4-7 Characteristics of respective fluorescent lamps
Category
Fluorecent lamp
GeneralEnergy saving typeHigh frequency

[W]

Colar
Flux of
Efficenecy
renderiglight[W][lm] [lm/W]

40
36
32

43
39
35

Lamp
power

Input
power

3,000
3,000
3,200

69.8
76.9
91.4

61
61
88

Life
[h]
12,00012,00012,000

The Hf (high frequency operation lamps) will permit further energy conservation.
Furthermore, use of the INV. stabilizer permits addition of various luminance control
functions (daylight utilization control, initial luminance control, presence-in-room
detection control, and so on).
2) Trial computation of effectTrail computation is carried out with respect to Proposal 1: Change to 36 W × 2 tubes(energy-conservation lamp) and Proposal 2: 32 W × 2 tubes (Hf lamp).
The changeable lighting apparatus are assumed to be approx. 80% of the whole lighting
apparatus, and the number of apparatuses is assumed to be 4,000.
The lighting hour is 10 hours × 280 days/year.
The power consumption by lighting apparatuses is calculated according to the values
shown in Table 3.4-7.
The result of trail computation carried out under the above conditions is shown in thetable below.
Table 2.4-8 Result of trial computation after improvement

Lighting apparatus
Power/apparatus
As it is. 40W*3tubes, C&C stabilizer
129 W
Proposal 1 36W*2tubes( Energy saving type)
78 W
Proposal 2 32W*2tubes( Hf tube)
70 W

Power consumption
1,444,800 kWh/y873,600 kWh/y784,000 kWh/y

The cost reduction effect is shown below.
Proposal 1: 571,200 kWh/y (155,360 RM/y)
Proposal 2: 660,800 kWh/y (179,738 RM/y)(4) Utilization of building automation system
1)

BAS and PDCA cycle
The BAS is considered to be a control system. In addition, its use as a data collection
system is also desired. The first step for promotion of energy conservation is tounderstand the present situation of energy consumption. The flow of energy from thegeneration, through the conveyance, to the consumption should be understoodquantitatively, and the utilization conditions of the applicable building should beunderstood simultaneously. Furthermore, it is desirable to understand respective
elements separately for each year, month, time and usage (heat source, air conditioner,
lighting plug outlet, elevator, and so on). If we can understand the actual condition of
the use, such as the quantity, location, and method of use of energy, we can makeⅢ−17

improvements by establishing a goal of reducing energy consumption. Furthermore,
analysis of the increase and decrease in energy consumption with respect to the change
in utilization conditions will be able to establish an optimum operation condition and aheat-source optimizing operation plan for energy conservation. The following two
points are necessary for that purpose.
1 Installation of flow-meters, thermometers, ammeters, voltmeters, watt-hour meters,○
power-factor meters, and various other meters.
2 Arrangement and graphical expression of obtained values○

After the above efforts, the present situation of energy consumption will be clearly
understood for the first time and you will be able to obtain the judgment data for know
how to promote energy conservation activities. The BAS has all the functions necessary
for the above, and the BAS should be used sufficiently. Once the data were provided
by the BAS, next the energy management should be implemented. The key of energy
management is to control a smooth PDCA management cycle as shown below.

Plan : To find theloss and waste of energy consumption

and find countermeasures to minimize them.

Do : Carry out the countermeasures
Energy Audit

Check : Evaluate the result
Action : Reform the process
ActionImproving through PDCA cycle

Fig.2.4-9 PDCA cycle

What is important here is to understand the situation of progress, and the BAS datasystem is to be used effectively here as well.
2) Trial computation of effectAccording to the statistical data collected in Japan, approx. 5% energy conservation wasachieved by systematic energy conservation activities based on the data. The value isconsidered to be the result of effective use of the BAS.
Annual power consumption × 5% = 7,013,356 kWh/y × 5%
= 350,668 kWh/y (95,362 RM/y)
2.5 Other Items to be Discussed(1) In-house distribution loss (voltage drop and distribution loss)
The distribution loss W in the environment of in-house distribution system (small
inductance of distribution system and comparatively large power factor) is represented by

Ⅲ−18the formula shown below. (Refer to data 1.)
W=∆V/V×P/cosΦ = Voltage drop rate × Apparent power
Where ∆V: voltage drop, V: line voltage, P: load power, cosФ: power factor.
Since ∆V/V shows the voltage drop rate and P/cosФ shows the apparent power, thedistribution loss is the product of the voltage drop rate and apparent power (subject to thepower factor).
According to the reading of the voltmeter, the outgoing voltage of the transformer is 450 V,
and the reading of the voltmeter of the motor control panel, a load end, was 400 V.
Since incorrect calibration of the voltmeter is conceivable, the voltmeter should be checked
first.
If this voltage drop is correct, the following will hold:
Voltage drop rate = ∆V/V = 50 V/400 = 12.5%
The above equation shows that slightly more than 10% of the power supplied to the load islost in the distribution section, which cannot be ignored. Therefore, measures should betaken first to reduce the voltage drop. The goal is to reduce the voltage drop to approx.
5%.
It is also recommended to renew the WCPU and examine the possibility of installing acapacitor for power factor improvement. The power factor improvement for loads is to be
conducted as an additional work when loads are renewed.
(2) Installation of water saving disk
The water saving disc is recommended by the Waterworks Department (Japan). Wheninstalled in a faucet of a built-in disk type, the water saving disk can save a maximum of
approx. 6 liters of water per minutes.
As shown in the figure below, the lower section of the water saving disk is bigger than thatof an ordinary disk.

Water saving disk

Ordinary disk

Water saving disk

Water saving disk plate is bigger thanordinary one.
*The disk is not applicable to single lever type tap.

Fig.2.5-1 Structure of water saving disk

Ⅲ−19

Discharged water volume(L/min)The effect of the water saving disk according to the opening of the faucet is shown in the graphbelow. As shown there, the performance is the same as that of an ordinary disk when thefaucet is fully open, but the water saving disk exhibits its effect when the opening is 180 degrees
or less.

Ordinary disk

Water saving disk
fully open
Turning -on tap(degree)
Fig.2.5-2 Characteristics of water saving disk

(3) Improvement of electric energy measuring instruments
Watt-hour meters are necessary for more detailed examination of energy conservation by
specifying the equipment. You should study the possibility of introduction of commercial
watt-hour meters with a recording function sold by some measuring instrument
manufacturers. Recent watt-hour meters are equipped with functions that enable themeasurement of higher harmonics, distortion factor and other various electric data, and that
also enable analysis by direct input of the data to a personal computer. The photo below
shows a watt-hour meter of Company H, priced at approx. ¥400,000 and provided withfunctions that are used in general. Other measuring instrument manufacturers also provide
with the models with similar functions.
You can purchase and use jointly with some cooperative companies. It should be borne inmind that such an instrument is essential for energy conservation activities.

Fig.2.5-3 Watt-hour meter with recording function

Ⅲ−20

2.6 Summary(1) Proposed improvement items and result of trial computation of effect
The contents of “3.4 Proposed improvement items and effect of improvement” aresummarized in the table below.
Table 2.6-1 Proposed items and result of trial computation of effectNo

Recommendation

1

Improvement of operation of
Air conditioning
Improvement of load factor oftansformer

2
3

Energy conservation
kWh/year

Improvement of lighting system

Subtotal
4

Further improvement by theeffective usage of "BAS"
Total

Ratio
%

Maney saving
RM/year198,170

2.8

53,90236,2540.5

9,861

571,200

8.1

155,360

805,624

11.4

219,123

350,668

5.0

95,361

1,156,292

16.4

314,484(2) Other comments (advice)“3.5 Other matters to examine” are itemized. These matters should be examined
simultaneously with the above-mentioned proposed improvement items.
1 Investigation of voltage drop in trunk line and corrective measures○
2 Examination of the possibility of adoption of water saving disk○
3 Improvement of metering system○
Recommendation of watt-hour meter with recording function
Replacement and calibration of defective meters

Ⅲ−21

Data 1

Power loss in distribution system

The figure below shows the case where a capacitor for improvement of the power factor of the
distribution system. The red lines show the condition before improvement of the power factor,
and the blue lines show the condition after improvement of the power factor.

Cable impedance: r >> x

SourceIa2
Capacitor current

Ic

φ２

φ１
Ia2

Ia1

Load

Effective current: Ie

Ic

Ia1

M

Apparent current

Ia1

Reactive current

Improved

Ia2I

The current (green) of the capacitor for improvement of power factor compensates the reactive
power component of the current component of the load. The current in the cable changes from
Ia1 to Ia2 in this way, reducing the value. From another point of view, the power factor changes
from cosΦ1 to cosΦ2, showing improvement.
Since Ia2 is smaller than Ia1, the voltage drop in the cable reduces accordingly. When the
inductance (x component) of the cable can be ignored, the voltage effect in the distribution
system will be as shown below.
∆V = r × Ia
Therefore, the voltage drop reduces because of the improvement of the power factor.
The relationship between the voltage drop and loss W in the distribution system is represented
by the formula shown below , which can be obtained after simple calculation.
∆VP
W = V × cosΦ
where ∆V: voltage drop, V: line voltage, P: load power, and cosΦ: power factor.

Ⅲ−22

3. About the Result of the Workshop
3.1
Outline
The workshop started at 9 a.m at Hotel Pan Pacific Kuala Lunpur. Ms. Azah of PTM was
the moderator. The following VIPs participated as the guests of Malaysia side:
Mr. Teo Yen Hua (Deputy Secretary General, Ministry of Energy, Water andCommunications)Dr. Syed Hamzah Syed Othman (Chairman, PTM)
Dr. Anua Abdl Rahman (CEO, PTM)
In addition to the above guests, we had 130 participants including the people fromgovernment agencies, universities, architect offices, and the building industry. Two of us
from Japan, Dr. Weerawat and Mr. Zamora from the ACE, and four presenters from other
ASEAN countries also attended the seminar and the workshop.
3.2

Details about the Workshop
The workshop began with Dr. Weerawat's welcoming remarks from the ACE, the speechof the representative of the ECCJ, and Mr. Teo Yen Hua's opening remarks. The
workshop proceeded according to the following program schedule. The guests left theworkshop before its end. However, most of other participants stayed all day. Dr. Hassan
Ibrahim (ex-Executive Director of the ACE) of the Energy Commission gave the firstpresentation on "EE Regulation and Incentive". Two people from Malaysia and four
invited guests from other ASEAN countries presented the successful examples of energy
conservation buildings (The buildings that won ASEAN energy conservation bestpractice building awards). All the presentations were specific and easy to understand.
◍ Telekom HQ (Malaysia: New and Existing Building Category, Runner-up in 2005)◍ Low Energy Office Building: Min. of Energy, Water & Communications◍ National Institute of Education Building (Singapore: New and Existing Building
Category, Winner in 2005)◍ Plaza BII Building (Indonesia: Retrofitted Building Category, Winner in 2005)◍ 6750 Office Tower Building (Philippines: Retrofitted Building Category, 1st
Runner-up in 2004)◍ EGCO Tower (Thailand: New and Existing Building Category, 1stRunner-up in
2000)
Same as presented before in Myanmar, ECCJ gave presentations to introduce the Japan’s
advance systems technologies such as the CASBEE method for evaluating buildings
based on environmental efficiency, the energy Efficiency management tool for buildings
developed by the Energy Conservation Center, and the award system for the excellent
energy conservation practice. We also stressed the importance of creating databases andtechnical directory.
All the presentations were very valuable and so many questions and answers were
exchanged that the moderator had to put an end to them. Many questions regarding
CASBEE were made even after the workshop by the people of universities and architect
III-23

offices. That was probably because Malaysia was planning to develop similar systems.
We were highly praised in regard to the energy consumption rate tool for buildings by theengineers who designed facilities. Through these questions and answers, we felt that theenergy conservation activities in building sector in Malaysia have already reached quite
high level.

III-24

IV. Laos
1. Activity Overview
In Laos (Vientiane), we carried out energy audits at two hotels which were Lane Xang Hoteland Don Chan Palace. We also held a workshop.
The following gives the ECCJ participants and task records.
Participants from the International Engineering Department of the Energy Conservation
Center, Japan (ECCJ):
Yoshitaka Ushio (General Manager)
Akira Kobayashi (Technical Expert)
Hisashi Amano (Technical Expert)
Task records
Date

Description

ECCJ staffs

November 6 (Sunday)

Traveling: Narita (11:00)→Hanoi→Vientiane (19:35)

Ushio and Amano

November 7 (Monday)

Energy conservation audit at Lane Xang Hotel

Ushio and Amano

November 8 (Tuesday)

Energy conservation audit at Lane Xang Hotel

November 9 (Wednesday) Energy conservation audit at Don Chan Palace
November 10 (Thursday)

Gathering audit results and reporting to the people
involved

November 11 (Friday)

Seminar and workshop

Ushio, Amano,
and Kobayashi

November 12 (Saturday)

Traveling: Vientiane (20:20)→Hanoi (21:25)

Ushio, Amano,
and Kobayashi

The energy audit at Lane Xang Hotel was an OJT. From Laos, 15 people participated the energy
audits including Mr. Khamso Kouphskham (Ministry of Industry and Handcrafts (MIH)), people
from government agencies such as EDL (Electricity du Laos) under MIH, the Ministry of
Education, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Security, the Prime Minister Office, people
from National University of Lao, and the staffs of the hotels where we were going to perform anenergy audit. The energy audit began with greetings from Mr. Khamso who was a focal point in
Laos for the PROMEEC project. We (ECCJ) briefly explained the procedure for the energy
audit and stressed on the importance of collecting data and information. Then we checked theanswers to the questionnaire we handed out in advance. Since the energy audit was also an OJT,
we explained the purpose of each question in detail as much as possible.
The hotel was built 43 years ago and was very old. We asked the hotel staff to explain the details
about energy consumption in the building as well as the details about the reforms that were done
before.

IV-1

After the confirmation of the answers of the questionnaire, the hotel manager showed us thefacilities and we thoroughly investigated the situations of the electricity room, air conditioners,
pumps and lightings. There were no special facilities since the hotel was rather old. We noticed
some problems in regard to maintenance of the instruments such as a failed ammeter at theoutput side of a transformer. Staying this hotel, we were also able to check the quality of theenvironments such as air ventilation in meeting rooms, air conditioning environment, andindoor lighting environment, etc. The participants exchanged questions and answers regarding
the energy audit and we ended the first day. All the participants were very enthusiastic and the
OJT was performed as planned.
Next day, we conducted an energy audit at Don Chan Palace with almost the same members thatparticipated in the energy audit at Lane Xang Hotel. At Don Chan Palace, the engineer, whoalways participated in the PROMEEC project activities in Laos, mainly responded to the audit.
The energy audit was conducted based on the prepared questionnaire and the engineer's detailed
explanation. However, since the engineer only started working in this hotel two months before,
energy conservation activities just began including the creation of the maintenance system forfacilities and the collection of energy data. Therefore, the submitted energy data wereinsufficient. The engineer showed us part of the manual he was creating for promoting energy
conservation. The manual was being prepared based on the experiences and knowledge hegathered through developed countries’ supporting activities such as the PROMEEC project, etc.
After that, we surveyed the air conditioning facilities, the heat supply facilities, and the electricfacilities such as transformers, and studied the details about the facilities and the status how thefacilities were used. This building is an international meeting place with the largest hotel facilityin Laos. Although there were no high-tech facilities, air conditioning and water heating facilities
were superb. In this building, the floor area for exhibition halls and conference halls was larger
than that of guest rooms. Only 30 to 40% of the facilities were used since the hotel opened only
a year ago. Therefore, we felt that a large issue in terms of energy conservation was how tomanage the energy use based on the usage rate of each department. After we checked thefacilities, we exchanged questions and answers. Then the energy audit of the building as well as
an OJT in Laos ended. Lastly, one of the participants commented that more engineers in Laosneeded to experience energy audits like this one.
On November 10, we held a meeting to report the results of energy audits (two hotels). Thirteen
people from Laos attended including the building managers and engineers of both hotels and thegovernment officials who attended the OJT. We tried to let them learn the methods of energy
audits as much as possible and explained analysis methods such as how to calculate the amountof saved energy in detail rather than the details about the proposals for improvement. For details
about the results of the energy audits, see the next chapter.

IV-2

We also held a workshop to promote and propagate energy conservation activities in thebuildings in Laos and 64 people participated. It was a good opportunity for us since we could
exchange views and information in regard to promoting energy conservation in the buildings in
Laos.

IV-3

2. Energy Audit of Lane Xang Hotel
2.1
Outline of Lane Xang Hotel
1) Name of the building: Lane Xang Hotel
2) Location: Fa Ngum Road, Vientiane Lao PDR. P.O. Box: 280
3) Use: Hotel, conference hall4) Size: Five floors above the groundNumber of guest rooms: 72 (see Figure 4.1−1 "Structure Outline" andFigure 4.1−2 "Rates of Floor Areas by Use" forreference)2
Total floor area: 9,852 m (hotel building)
The floor area of bars and pools is unknown since thebuilding drawing was not available.
Air-conditioned area: 7,823 m2
5)

Age: 43 years old

Photograph 2.1−1 Lane Xang Hotel
6)

7)

9)

Outline of electrical systems
Service voltage: 11 ｋV, Transformer capacity: 1,000 kVA (hotel facility)
400-V low voltage power reception (bars and pools)（ see Figure 4.1 − 2 "Outline of the Power Receiving andDistribution System" for reference)
Elevators: 4
Lighting load: 24.978 kW (2.54 W/m2)
Outline of air-conditioning systems
Air cooled room air conditioners (split type)
2.6 kW: 6 units, 5.3 kW: 145 units, 7.0 kW: 6 units, 9.7 kW: 19 units, 12.9 kW: 2
units
Sanitary facilities

IV-4

Lift pumps: 2.6 kW × 5 units, Water supply pumps: 2.6 kW × 4 units
Water heating facilities: Electric heaters and boilers (for guest rooms): 3 kW
Laundry facility10) Overall status of the hotel
Although this hotel was run by the government, it was managed by the privatecompany.
The five-story hotel was old and it was built 43 years ago. Some of the facilities
were reformed during that time. The second and third floors were guest rooms, andthe first and fifth floors were equipped with restraints, halls and meeting rooms. The
fourth floor was not available since it was under modification (guest rooms andreception rooms).
In the ball room on the first floor, the seminar and workshop of the PROMEEC
project (Main industry) were held last year (2004).
11) Energy management
Four electricians and nine people including mechanical engineers are engaged in thecontrol and maintenance of the equipment and facilities. However, energy
management was not yet implemented to the overall organization level.
The following improvement measures were implemented so far:
① Incandescent lamps were replaced by energy saving compact fluorescentlamps.
② The water heaters in guest rooms were renewed (changed to electric heaters
and boilers).
③ The air conditioners were changed from the window type to the split type andthe capacity of the air conditioners was reduced from 24,000 Btu to 18,000 Btu.
④ The daily energy consumption was now recorded (from two years ago).

Snack BarStore
Laundry

Pool

Pool
house

KitchenN
Guest RoomCorridor
Guest Room

Guest Room
2〜3F

Corridor
Guest Room

96

Figure 2.1−1

IV-5

Structure Outline

Stair

26

Gu es t Ro om
18%

Lob by & Co rrido r
35%

5%

Co nferen ce Roo m
Res tau ran t
Utility, Others

29%

13%

Figure 2.1−3

Rates of Floor Areas by Use

From Power Companies
400V

400V

11kV
MOF

MOF

400V

MOF

MOF

Swimming
Pool -1

Swimming
Pool -2

1,000kVA

Snack Bar
Hotel

Figure 2.1−3
2.2

Outline of the Power Receiving and Distribution System

Outline of the Audit
1) Date of audit: November 7 (Monday), 2005
2) Building staff: Names unknown3) Audit steps① Transmission of a questionnaire in advance② Interview (based on the questionnaire and in regard to other related items)③ Checking of the facilities in the building④ Collection and analysis of data
⑤ Brief reporting of the audit⑥ Audit report (document)

IV-6

Photograph 2.2−1 Snap photo During the Audit
Details about Energy Consumption and Analysis(1) Electric Energy Consumption
1) Monthly Electric Energy Consumption (2003 and 2004)
We calculate the monthly electric energy consumption of two years and create abar graph.
2003

200

2004

150
100
50

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sep.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

0
Jan.

Power Consumption(MWh/month)

2.3

Month

Figure 2.3−1 Monthly Electric Energy Consumption

IV-7

2

Power Intensity (kWh/m )2) Yearly changes of the electric energy intensity

Lane-Xang Hotel 2003
Lane-Xang Hotel 2004
Don Chan Palace 2005

20
15
10
5
0

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Month

Figure 2.3−2Yearly Changes of the Monthly Electric Energy Consumption

The above graph shows the monthly electric power consumption of Lane Xang
Hotel and that of Don Chan Palace Hotel we also audited. Since the monthly
changes of both hotels are almost the same, the electricity was consumed
mainly for air conditioning based on temperature changes. Compared with theone in 2003, the electric energy intensity apparently decreases from June in
2004. This is probably due to the decrease in usage rate mainly caused by thereform of the fourth floor.
3) Comparison of the Power consumption among the Hotels in Laos
We compare the electric energy intensity of the hotels in the city of Vientiane
including Lao Plaza Hotel we audited in 2003.

2(kWh/m )Power Intensity

250
200
150
100
50
0
Don Chan
PalaceFigure 2.3−4

Lane Xang
Hotel

Lao Plaza
Hotel

Comparison of Electric Energy Consumption Rates (in Vientiane City)

The energy intensity of Lane Xang Hotel and the one of Don Chan Palace arelower than the rate of Lao Plaza Hotel. This is probably because the fourth andfifth floors of Lane Xang Hotel were being reformed and the occupancy rate of
IV-8the facilities in Don Chan Palace was low since the hotel was new.
4) Estimated electric energy consumption by user
We calculate the rate of energy consumed by each use based on drawings andthe operation status of facilities. The calculated values should be used only forreference since some of the data is derived from experiences.

Air con13%

13%

Heat Transit
12%

28%

8%

Hot Water Supply
50%

Lighting & Plug
Mechanical power

15%

22%

Others10% 0%a) Electricity Use in Lane Xang Hotel
Figure 2.3−5

19%
10%

b) Energy Use in a Japanese HotelElectric Energy Consumption by Use

Since this hotel is equipped with room air conditioners, there is no facility ofheat conveyance. When we include this facility as part of the air conditioning
system, the rate of energy used for air conditioning is almost the same as inJapan. Other elements also do not differ from the rates of Japan except for therate of energy used for lightings which is smaller than that of Japan.
As the pie chart describes that the hotel uses 50% of electric energy for coldheat source and 15% for lightings. These areas are the first target of energy
conservation.

IV-95) Analysis of electric energy consumption
Fig.2.3-6 shows the relationship between the energy consumption by air
conditioning and the outdoor air temperature since the amount of energy
consumed by air conditioning is much higher than the others.

Power Consumption(kWh/month)

200,000
150,000
100,000
2003
2004
Line (2004)(2004)
線形

2

50,000R = 0.7971

0
20.0

22.0

24.0

26.0

28.0

30.0

Temp (℃）

Figure 2.3−6

Relationship Between the Electric Energy Consumption andthe Outdoor Air Temperature

In the data of 2004, the correlation coefficient of the temperature and theelectric energy consumption is very high, R2 = 0.7971. We may need toinvestigate further what this high correlation coefficient means.
(2) Water consumption
1) Trend of consumption
The amount of supplied water is measured for each purpose (hotel building(guest rooms), swimming pools, and cooking and snack bar). The following
table shows the total water supply of the year 2004.
Table 2.3−1 Tap Water Supply Amount
Usage
Hotel Building
Swimming Pool
Cooking & Snackbar
Total

IV-10

Supply33,4772,190
3,094
38,761

Ratio
86%
6%
8%
100%

4,000
3,000
2,000

3

(m /month)

1,000

A

pr
.
M
ay
Ju
ne
Ju
ly
A
ug
.
Se
p.
Oc
t.
No
v.
De
c.

.

M

Fe
b

Ja
n

ar
.

0
.

Water Consumption

Eighty six percent of water was used for the hotel building. The water wasprobably used for baths and toilets in guest rooms. The water used for cooking
was rather small, 8%. The graphs show the monthly water supply in 2004 by
use.

Month

Swimming Pool

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

pr
.
M
ay
Ju
ne
Ju
ly
A
ug
.
Se
p.
Oc
t.
No
v.
De
c.

A

ar
.
M

.

Ja
n

.

Cooking & Snackbar

FebWater Consumption(m3/Month)Figure 2.3−7 Water Supply Amount (Hotel Building) (2004)

Month

Figure 2.3−8 Water Supply Amount (Swimming Pools, and Cooking and Snack Bar) (2004)

IV-11

6,000
4,000
2,000

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sep.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

0
Jan.

LPG Supply (kg/month)(3) Gas consumption
The gas supply amount between January and October in 2005 is as follows:

Month/2005

Figure 2.3−9

Gas Supply AmountGas was most used between May and August.
(4) Correlation between different types of energy consumption
The following table consists of the data we acquired and the temperature data. The
table shows the correlation coefficients of different elements of monthly
consumption.
Table 2.3−2

power

Water

Correlation Between Different Types of Energy Consumption

Hotel Buil.
Hotel Buil.
1
Pool-1
0.64
Pool-2-0.10
Hotel Buil.
0.52
Pool
-0.40
Cooking
0.29
LPG
-0.20
Temp.
0.89

power
Pool-1
1
0.62
0.10
-0.48
-0.23
-0.51
0.60

Pool-2

Hotel Buil.

1
-0.34
-0.09
-0.71
-0.65
-0.21

1
0.25
0.76
0.55
0.46

Water
Pool

1
0.17
0.99
-0.46

Cooking

1
0.81
0.33

LPG

1
-0.28

Temp.

1

Correlation coefficients are marked with colors when an absolute value is greaterthan 0.5.
We detected some characteristics based on the above correlation coefficients.
① The electric energy consumption of the hotel building is closely correlated withthe temperature and it is also correlated with the electric energy consumption ofpool 1 and the supplied water consumption for the hotel building, which isprobably due to the water consumption in baths and toilets in guest rooms.
② The supplied water consumption for the hotel is correlated with the supplied
water consumption and LPG consumption for cooking, and the electric energy
consumption for the hotel.

IV-12

③ The gas (LPG) consumption is correlated with the supplied water consumptionof pools and inversely correlated with the electric energy consumption.
④ The gas and supplied water consumption is not affected by the temperature
unlike the electric energy consumption.
The conclusions are as follows:
The factors that may be strongly related with each type of energy consumption are
as follows:
Electric energy: Air conditioning in the public space in the hotel
Water:
Use of baths and toilets in guest rooms
Gas (LPG):
Use of pools and cooking
Points for Improvement and Calculated Effects(1) Optimizing the temperature settings of air conditioners
1) Set room temperatures and consumed electric power
The initial temperature setting for air conditioners was 16°C which was too low.
This is probably because the room-service staffs tend to set the temperature of
air conditioners to too low temperature to satisfy guests.
However, 16°C is too low and the room temperature does not usually stay at
16°C. The following graphs show the operating status of air conditioners
depending on the temperature settings:

Power Comsumption
Full load runnning Never be dowen
Never down to theto Set-up Temp.
Room Temp.
set-up temperaturePower, Temp.

Power, Temp.

2.4

Power Comsumption
Full load runnning Reached at
Room Temp.
Set-up Temp.
Set-up Temp..
On/Off runnning

Set-up Temperaturre.
SW ON

SW ON

Time

a) When the setting is 16°C
Figure 2.4−1

t

Time

b) When the setting is 25°C

Operating Status of Air Conditioners Depending on Temperature Settings

When the temperature setting is 16°C, the air conditioner runs with the
maximum capacity to reach the set-up temperature. However, the room
temperature stays at a certain level because the heat invaded from doors andwindows become more than the cooling capacity of the air conditioner. Since
the set temperature is never reached, the air conditioner continues to run fully.
When the temperature setting is 25°C, the room temperature reaches 25°C insome time. After that, the air conditioner will continue on/off operation
IV-13

according to the room temperature. This means the consumed electric energy is
reduced.
When we assume the cooling capacity of an air conditioner in a guest room is
18,000 Btu and the COP is 2.5, the rated electric energy consumption is asfollows:
18,000 Btu × 2.9307 × 10-4 kWh/ Btu / 2.5＝ 2.11 kW
When we assume the air conditioner runs seven hours continuously per day(expected run time), the electric power consumption for both temperature
settings is calculated as follows:
When the temperature setting is 16°C: 2.11 kW × 7 h ＝ 14.77 kWh/dWhen the temperature setting is 25°C: 2.11 kW × 0.5 h ＋ 1.05 kW × 6.5 h＝ 7.91 kWh/d(We assume the room temperature reaches the set temperature in 30 minutes
and the air conditioner is automatically turned on and off every 30 minutes.)
This is the effect that can be obtained by standardizing the temperature settingof air conditioners as a rule of room make service in guest rooms.
2) Calculation of effects
We calculate the yearly effects assuming air conditioners are run with the initial
temperature setting in 15 rooms (30% of the occupied rooms when the averageoccupancy rate of guest rooms is 70%).
To calculate the amount of energy conservation, we use the value calculated
above.
Improvement per guest room: 14.77 kWh/d−7.91 kWh/d ＝ 6.86 kWh/d
We assume 15 rooms are not improved: 6.86 kWh/d × 15 rooms = 109.7
kWh/dYearly energy conservation: 109.7 kWh/d × 365 d ＝ 40,050 kWh/year
The ratio of energy conservation to the total electric energy consumption is asfollows:
40,050 kWh/year / 1,280,200 = 0.031

IV-14

(2) Lighting control using human body sensors
1) Outline of the operation
The purpose of lighting is to illuminate the areas where people work and toease the working except for special cases such as crime prevention. Therefore,
energy conservation is achieved by turning off or dimming lights when there
are no people. Human body sensors automatically perform this function. The
figure shows how a human body sensor works.

Figure 2.4−2Lighting Control Using a Human Body Sensor

When the door opens, the sensor detects a human being and turns on the light.
Main applications for human body sensors are in toilets and staircases. One
example is to turn on half number of the lamps at regular time and turn on all
the lamps when a human body is detected. You can install a human body sensor
in a working area to prevent missing of turn-off lights, for example. This kindof light turn-on/off system with a human body sensor is also installed in
kitchens in some cases for hygiene reasons.
2) Calculation of effects
We calculate the effects of controlling the lights in toilets as an example.
Let's assume we want to install human body sensors in four toilets. Fifty
percent of the lamps (5 W, 8 lamps) should be turned off when there are nopeople. We assume half of the lamps are turned off for 50% of the time.
Amount of energy conservation per day: 5 W × 8 lamps × 12 hours/day ×
4 toilets ＝ 1,920 W/dYearly energy conservation: 1,920 W/d × 365 d/year ＝ 700.8 kWh/year
The ratio of the yearly energy conservation to the total electric energy
consumption is as follows:
700.8 kWh/year / 1,280,200 = 0.005

IV-15

(3) Decreasing the solar heat gain load1) Solar heat gain load
In the regions at low latitude, the sun is high and the direct sunlight from south
windows is easily prevented using eaves and sleeve walls. However, somemeasures must be taken to prevent the sunlight to the roof and the direct
sunlight when the sun is low in position in early mornings or early evenings.
The following graph shows the design solar gain in summer in Naha city which
is located at the lowest latitude in Japan (close to the latitude of Vientiane)(referring to "Calculation method for the Maximum Design Heat Load" by The
Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning and Hygienic Engineers of Japan).

Horizontal Plane

Solar Gain (kcal/m 2 h)

1000

Vertical Plane facing East
Vertical Plane
Plaen facing
facing West
West

800
600
400
200
0
4

6

8

Figure 2.4−3

10

12
T ime

14

16

18

20

Solar heat gain Status in Summer (in Naha City)

The maximum horizontal solar heat gain is about 800 kcal/m2h and the
maximum vertical solar heat gain due to the morning sun or the evening sun isabout 600 kcal/m2h. To minimize the solar heat gain due to the morning sun
and the evening sun, buildings should be built by avoiding the openings andwindows in the east and west. The hotel was built in this way.
Here, we discuss the heat load from the roof, which is the main heat load forthe fifth floor.
We have data regarding the temperature rise on the ground surface caused bysolar heat gain in relation to the temperature rise on the roof.
The following graph shows the changes of the temperature rise caused by solar
heat gain depending on the status of the ground.

IV-16

Surface
temp. – ambient
temp.( °C)
Sarface temp.−anvient
temp.(℃）

July,
Tokyo
July,Aug.
Aug. inin Tolyo
dry land21〜２５℃

concrete

lawn

1１℃

wet landtime

Figure 2.4−4 Temperature Rise on the Ground Surface Caused by Solar heat radiation
The condition of the roof is similar to concrete or dry soil. Therefore, thetemperature of the roof is raised up to the ambient temperature plus 20 to 25°C.
When we assume the daytime temperature of Vientiane is 35°C, thetemperature of roof tiles is 60°C. The heat transferred to the inside of thebuilding through the ceiling of the fifth floor as transfer heat.
To reduce the amount of transfer heat, the roof system should be improved toreduce the temperature rise (growing plants on the roof, applying heat-resisting
paint, etc.) or the heat insulation of the roof should be improved The first
option is recently tested in many cities of Japan. Now, we consider the second
option of enhancing the heat resistance of the roof.
The following figure shows a sample structure designed to calculate the heatload of the roof and the ceilings. Although this roof system might differ fromthe actual one of this building, it is shown as the example to calculate the effectof heat resistance.

Sun
Open Air

35℃

20mm
60℃

Roof Tile
Free Air
Styrofoam Boad (Heat Insulator)

t=20mmCeiling Boad
Room

Figure 2.4−5

20mm

30℃

Structure Model for Calculating the Heat Resistance of
IV-17

the Roof and the Ceiling
The solar heat entering the roof goes through the roof and the ceiling materials,
and reaches the ceiling surface. After that, the heat raises the indoor
temperature by convection.
We assume the temperature of the roof is To, the temperature of the ceilingsurface is Tc, the indoor temperature is Tr, the overall heat transfer coefficientis K (kcal/m2h°C), and the heat transfer rate from the ceiling surface throughnatural convection is αi (kcal/m2h°C). The following formula is established inregard to the heat flow:
K × (To − Tc) ＝ αi × (Tc − Tr)
The overall heat transfer coefficient is a constant that is determined from thematerials and the structure of the ceiling. The following table shows the related
constants used for the calculation.
Table 2.4−1 Constants for Calculating the Heat Load
Thermal Conductivity
Roof Tile
Styrofoam Boad
Laminated Woodmh℃/kcal
0.86
0.032
0.16

Heat Transfer Coeffcient kcal/m2h℃
Roof
20
αo
5.3
Ceilingαi

When we use the model, the overall heat transfer coefficient K1 is as follows
when there is no heat insulation material:
K1 =1 / (1 / αo + tr / λr + Ra + tc / λc)= 1 / (1 / 20 + 0.02 / 0.86 + 0.08 + 0.02 / 0.16) ＝ 3.594
Here, tr is the thickness of the roof and tc is the thickness of the ceiling. λr
and λc are thermal conductivity coefficients. Ra is the thermal resistance of
air and we assume it to be 0.08 m2h/ kcal. Other values are mentioned in theabove table.
When the temperature of the roof is 60°C and the heat transfer rate of theceiling surface is αi ＝ 5.3 kcal/m2h°C, the temperature of the ceilingsurface is about 42°C and the amount of transfer heat is 64 kcal/m2h.
When we insert polystyrene foam heat insulation, the overall heat transfer
coefficient K2 is as follows:
K2 = 1 / (1 / 20 + 0.02 / 0.86 + 0.08 + 0.020 / 0.032 + 0.02 / 0.16) ＝ 0.944
The temperature of the ceiling surface is about 35°C and the amount of transfer
heat is 27 kcal/m2h.
By inserting a heat insulation material, the transfer heat is reduced to 27 / 64 =0.42 (42%). This value is the amount of energy conservation for air
conditioning systems.

IV-182) Calculation of effects
In this section, we think about controlling the room temperature to 30°C withthe above conditions (To ＝ 60°C).
For the room temperature, we assume 30°C (in average), which is rather high,in the consideration that the fifth floor is used only about five times a month.
First, we assume the roof temperature is 60°C and the applicable hours are five
hours to make it simple to calculate the daily heat load.
Since the amount of transfer heat without heat insulation materials is 64
kcal/m2h and the amount of transfer heat with heat insulation materials is 27
kcal/m2h, the amount of energy conservation is 37 kcal/m2h. Since the roof areaof the fifth floor is 1,512 m2:
Improvement per hour: 37 kcal/m2h × 1,512 m2 ＝ 55,944 kcal/hAssuming COP =2.5 for air conditioning, the electric energy to be reduced (Es)is as follows:
Es = 55,944 kcal/h × 1.163 Wh/kcal / 2.5 / 1,000 = 18.92 kW
We multiply this value by (5 hours × 365 days) as the length of equivalent solar
heat gain of one year.
Amount of yearly energy conservation: 18.92 kW × 5 h × 365 d ＝ 34,522
kWh/year
The ratio of the energy conservation to the total electric energy consumption is34,522 kWh / 1,280200 kWh ＝ 0.0270.
(3) Organizing the power receiving system
At the time of the audit, the hotel received power through multiple power lines (onesystem of 11 kV and three systems of 400 V). Two measures for efficient supply ofelectric power are as follows:① Power should be sent in high voltage up to the point close to the requiredload.
② Invalid power should be reduced by increasing the power factor.
The purpose of these measures is to reduce the current that runs through the powerlines and reduce the ohm loss (I2R) generated there. From this point of view, the400-V power receiving systems are inefficient. It is more energy saving to provide
electricity from the secondary transformer for receiving power in the building. In
addition, the loss in the transformers for power distribution and the power lines canbe reduced by installing a low voltage capacitor for improving the power factor.
The following figure shows an improved single-line diagram.

IV-19

From Power Company
11kV

existing part

MOF

additional part
400V

SC

1,000kVA

Hotel
Snack Bar
Figure 2.4−6

Swimming
Swimming
Pool-1Pool-1

Swimming
Pool-2

Proposed Single-Line Diagram

Here, we describe the load status of the 1000-kVA transformer for receiving power.
We need to estimate the daily load curve since it is not available. We assume theload factor (＝ maximum electric power/average electric power) is 2. Based on thereceived electric energy in 2004, the maximum received electric power is 409 kW.
We assume the power factor is 80%. The apparent electric power transformed by
the transformer is 500 kVA and the demand factor (maximum electric
power/transformer rating) is 50%. Since the demand factor is rather low, thetransformer can take the electric power from the 400-V power receiving systems
without problems. Note that improving the power factor to reduce the power
distribution loss or the loss in transformers is an inexpensive and easy way to saveenergy.
We cannot calculate the effect of this measure. However, the measure can beapplied without problems and we hope the hotel takes this measure as part of theenergy conservation activities.
(4) About energy management
The first step for the energy conservation is measuring. For this step, the hotelcollected and managed daily data and monthly data. The next step is to use(analyze) the collected data and utilize these data for the energy conservation to
expand the activity. We have some comments on this.
1) Acquiring the daily load curve and points for improvement
Every activity has the proper timing to execute it. To determine the timing, youneed the daily load curve which indicates the timing when the related electric
power is required.
Basically, you can create a daily load curve by recording the indications of awatt-hour meter every hour. However, the indications may be rough andIV-20

Power Consumption

include errors.
A watt-hour meter is the best measuring equipment to get the daily load.
However, you can also check the rotation speed of the disk of a watt-hourmeter and estimate the daily load curve based on the current values as analternative method (see the appendix for details).
The following graph is an example daily load curve of the hotel.

100
80
60
40
20
1

3

5

7

9

11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Time

Figure 2.4−7

Example Daily Load Curve

From this daily load curve, you can consider cutting back the peak electric
power, optimizing the electric power consumption in the nighttime and thedaytime, reducing the preparation and clean-up time for banquets, etc. as theissues to be addressed for energy conservation.
2) Analyzing energy
You determine the energy consumption and water consumption by use, andanalyze the relationship between the consumption and the results of particular
use and the relationship with other types of energy consumption.
For example, you can investigate the relationship between the electric power
consumption in guest rooms and the number of guests or the relationshipbetween the electric power consumption and the water consumption.
By this analysis, you can determine the optimal values to be kept, set up thestandards, and build an energy management system.
3) Expanding the energy management activities to all the groups in the hotel
The energy consumption in conference halls greatly differs from that of guest
rooms. The energy consumption in kitchens and laundries is also special.
Therefore, to achieve a highly accurate energy management, the energy
consumption information in each department is required. In another hotel, theelectric energy of guest rooms on each floor is measured and managed.
The all-group-involved energy conservation activity is achieved through thecooperation from the staffs of each applicable department. To enable thisactivity, decision making and policies set by the top management may be

IV-21

required since each department must cooperate with each other.
In addition, results may need to be presented in concrete manner. That is why
the measurement system is important.
When the effects are realized, the PDCA cycle works efficiently, which is abarometer for the promotion of activities. The PDCA cycle is an essential
process for enhancement of the activities. The PDCA cycle is shown below.

Plan: To find the loss and waste of energy

consumption
and find countermeasures to minimize them.
zSet purpose and goals
zCreate control standards
zImprovement plan programs

Perform improvements

Do: Carry out the countermeasures

Plan

Energy A ud

zDetect and eliminate waste
zPerform plan programszAdvertise, educate, and train(Obtain current
status)Check: Evaluate the result

zManage electric power
consumption rates

zObtain consumption by use
zObtain efficiency ofzManage progress
zObtain improvement effects
zMeasure and record

facilities

Action : Reform the process

Review
ActionzReview control standards
zReview plan programs

Verify effects

Improving through PDCA cycle
Figure 2.4−8 PDCA Cycle
3) Calculation of effects
According to the Japanese statistics, approx. 5% energy conservation in
average is achieved by performing organized energy conservation activities
based on data. We use this value as the effect of the improved energy
management.
Annual electric energy consumption × 5% ＝ 1,280,200 kWh/year × 5%
＝ 64,010 kWh/year
2.5

Other Related Points
1) Installing a watt-hour meter
In order to pursue further energy conservation with specific devices, an energy
manager requires measurement devices for investigations. We recommend awatt-hour meter with a recording feature.
The suitable watt-hour meters are available from measurement manufacturers
and the devices allow you to enter data directly into a personal computer andanalyze the data. The watt-hour meters are equipped with features to makedifferent kinds of measurements such as higher harmonics and distortion rates.
The following figure shows the watt-hour meter manufactured by H company
IV-22and it costs about 400,000 yen.

Figure 2.5−1 Watt-hour meter with a Recording Feature2) Ventilation in the meeting rooms (air ventilation performance and energy
conservation)
Intake of excess external air increases the heat load of air conditioning and it
must be optimized. To evaluate the external air intake, there is a general
method of measuring the CO2 concentration in energy conservation audits. We
performed this measure as an OJT.
After about two hours since the beginning of a meeting, we measured the CO2
concentration in the meeting room. The result was 1,400 ppm. The CO2
concentration with adequate external air intake is about 800 ppm. The
measured value exceeds this value. The standard CO2 concentration set for thebuilding management laws of Japan is 1000 ppm. The measured value exceeds
this value as well. However, 1000 ppm is not an absolute limit. The CO2
concentration should follow the indoor environment standards and judgments
in Laos. If Lane Xang Hotel employs the Japanese standard, they need to takein more external air and improvements are required. More air ventilation meansincreased energy when passive air conditioning is not available. This is aproblem from the view point of energy conservation.
The important thing is to clarify your purpose. Energy cut by ignoring the
purpose is not energy conservation. Energy conservation should be performed
after fulfilling the standards for the set purpose. The indoor environment
standard to be satisfied in this hotel should be based on the management policyof the hotel. Energy conservation is not just about reducing energy
consumption.
2.6

Summary

IV-23

(1) Points for improvement and the results of calculated effects
The following table summarizes the contents of Section 2.4, "Points for
Improvement and Calculated Effects".
Table 2.6−1
No
1
2
3

Points for Improvement and the Results of Calculated Effects

Recommendation

Energy conservation
kWh/year

Raising Set-up Temperature of
Room A.C
Installing of Human Sensor(Example: on Toilet)
Reducing of Solar Gain throughRoof
Subtotal

4

Further improvement by the effective
Energy Management
Total

Money saving
k Kips/year

Ratio
%

40,0503.1

33,081

701

0.05

579

34,5222.70

28,51575,273

5.9

62,17564,0105.052,872

139,283

10.9

115,048

Note: Conversion is made assuming 826 Kips/kWh.
In addition to the items in the above table, we also proposed the following:① Unify the receiving power systems to the high voltage receiving system andinstall a low voltage capacitor.
(2) Other comments (advice)
The summary of Section 4.5, "Other Related Points" is as follows. We hope you
will
consider them as well as the above points for improvement.
① We recommend a full system of measurements and the preparation of watt-hourmeters with a recording feature.
② The air ventilation in meeting rooms may need to be improved.

IV-24

Appendix Measuring the Electric Power Using a Watt-Hour Meter
Here, we explain how to measure electric power using a watt-hour meter for supplied
electric power.
The photograph shows a watt-hour meter for supplied electric power for measuring theelectric power for pools.

Circular Plate

Figure 2.A−1 Watt-Hour Meter for Supplied Electric Power
Usually, there is a disk with a black mark rotating near the display which shows electricenergy. The specifications of the meter are written near the disk.
In the specifications of the watt-hour meter, check "21.6 Wh/r" (circled). This indicates thedisk needs 21.6 Wh of electric energy to make a full turn. Therefore, you measure therotation speed of the disk to measure the electric power at that time.
To measure the rotation speed of the disk, use the black mark on the disk. You can use any
kind of method to measure the speed. For example, you can measure the length of time
taken before the disk turns ten times. If the time is 90 seconds, you convert the length oftime to the rotation count per hour as follows:
10 turns × 60 seconds × 60 minutes / 90 seconds (measured value) ＝400 turns/hour
In this case, the electric energy consumption is calculated as follows:
21.6 Wh/r × 400 r/h ＝ 8.64 kW
You can find a similar indication on other watt-hour meters. Use the found value. In somecases, the unit is reversed like "1.5 r/kWh". In this case, you need to use a reciprocal
number like "1/1.5 r/kWh ＝ 667 Wh/r" and calculate in the same manner for the rest.

IV-25

3. Energy Audit of Don Chan Palace Hotel
3.1
Outline of Don Chan Palace Hotel
1) Name of the building: Don Chan Palace
2) Owner: Sum Holding Co., Ltd. Malaysia
3) Location: Unit 6, Piawat Village, Sisattanak District, Vientiane Lao PDR
4) Use: Hotel and conference hall5) Size: Fourteen floors above the groundNumber of guest rooms: 218 (see Figure 3.1−1 "Structure Outline" for reference): Total floor area: 33,000 m2: Air-conditioned area: 29,700 m2（The parking lot was outside the building and
not air-conditioned.)6) Age: One year old (opened in January 2005)

Photograph 3.1−1 Don Chan Palace
7)8)Outline of electrical systems: Service voltage: 22 kV, Transformer capacity: 1,000
kVA × 2 units, 800 kVA × 2 units, Power distribution method: 3-phase, 4-line (380
V/230 V)(see Figure 3.1−2 "Outline of the Power Receiving and Distribution
System" for reference)
Elevators: 5
Escalators: 11 kW × 2 units
Lighting load: 218.7 kW (6.63 W/m2)
Emergency generator: 890 kW
Outline of air-conditioning systems (see Figure 3.1 − 3 "Outline of the Air
Conditioning System" for reference)
Water-cooled chillers: 315 kW × 3 units, Cooling towers: 15 kW × 3 units,
Cooling water pumps: 45 kW × 4 units, Cooled water pumps: 45 kW × 4 units
AHUs: 40 units (193.7 kW), FCUs: 558 units (52.8 kW)
Hot water pumps: 3 kW × 4 units, 2.2 kW × 4 units, 1.5 kW × 4 units

IV-26

9)

Sanitary facilities: Lift pumps: 15 kW × 4 units, 4 kW × 2 units
Water heating boilers (diesel oil): 2 units
Laundry facility

112
56
Guest room

48

20
44
24

Hall

Meeting
Rooms

88

1〜14F

1〜3F

N

Figure 3.1−1

Structure Outline

From Power
Company
Metering Out Fit

MOF

G

Tr1

800kVA

Tr2

Wh

800kVA

Tr3

1,000kV

Tr4

Wh

Wh

1,000kV
Wh

600kvar

800kvar

300kvar

270kvar#1Chiller
Pump, Coolingtower#2Chiller#3Chiller

19 distribution lines
Light, AHU, others

10 distribution lines
light, AHU, others

Figure 3.1−2

Outline of the Power Receiving and Distribution System

IV-27

Cooling-tower
Condenser Pump
Chiller
Chilling Water Pump
FCU
Out Air

Supply Air
AHU

Figure 3.1−3

Outline of the Air Conditioning System

3.2

Outline of the Audit
1) Date of audit: November 9 (Thursday), 2005
2) Building staff: Mr. Bounthong Keovongsa (Chief of the Engineering Department)
3) Audit steps① Transmission of a questionnaire in advance② Interview (based on the questionnaire and in regard to other related items)③ Checking of the facilities in the building④ Collection and analysis of data
⑤ Brief reporting of the audit⑥ Audit report (document)

3.3

Energy Management System
1) Outline
Mr. Bounthong, the Chief Engineer, was a leading person in the field of energy
conservation for buildings and he always participated in the PROMEEC project inLaos.
He started to work in this hotel only two months ago and he was still working on
creating the maintenance system for facilities and the system for collecting energy
data. Therefore, the submitted energy data was insufficient.
At the seminar which was held two days after the audit, Mr. Bounthong presented a
specific guideline for the energy conservation activities to be conducted at Don
Chan Palace Hotel. Part of the guideline is shown below. The guideline shows thecontrol values for the illuminance of lightings.

IV-28

Typical Recommended Footcandle Values
Dining areas
Cashier ………………………………….. 50
Intimate type - Light environment ……………………… over 10
Subdued environment …………………. Under 3
For cleaning …………………………….. 30
Leisure type - Light environment ……………………… over 30
Subdued environment …………………. Under 15

Auditorium (Variable on dimmers)
Assembly only ……………………………….. 0 to 50
Exhibitions …………………………………… 30 to 80
Dancing …………………………………........ 2 to 10
Bars and Cocktail Lounges(Intimate) …………………………………....... under 4
Bathrooms
Mirror ……………………………………………… 40
General …………………………………………… 15
Bedrooms
Reading (Books, magazines, newspapers) …… 50
Writing ……………………………………………... 50
Make-up* ………………………………………….. 30
General ……………………………………………. 10
Corridors and stairs …………………………. 5 to 20

Figure 3.3−1

Dining areas
Quick service type - Bright surroundings ……………………. 100
Normal surroundings …………………... 50
Entrance Foyer ……………………….. 30
Front office …………………………….. 50
Kitchen : Work station areas ………….. 30 to 50
Inspecting, checking, pricing ………….. 70
General, non-work station …………….. 10 to 30

Part of the Guideline (Control Standard for Lightings)

In addition to managing lightings, Mr. Bounthong created action plans for energy
conservation activities and specific management activities for guest rooms, thekitchen and the laundry.
The building was an international meeting place with the largest hotel facility in
Laos. Although the building had no high-tech facilities, it was fully equipped with
air conditioning and water heating facilities. The floor area for exhibition halls andconference halls was especially large. The following graph shows the rates of floor
areas by use.
10%
9%

28%

6%
11%
9%

Figure 3.3−2

27%

Guest Room
Loby & Corridor
Conference Room
Restaurant
Restrant
OfficeUtility
Pool & others

Rates of Floor Areas by Use

IV-29

2)

Organization chart
The hotel had sufficient staff and an adequate organization as shown below.
Chief Engineer
Secretary

Storekeeper
Asst
Chief Engineer

ElectricalSupervisor

Air Cond
Supervisor

MechanicalSupervisor

Electrician
3menbers

Mechanist
3menbers

Figure 3.3−2

ElectricalSupervisor

Air Cond Man
2menbers

PlumberSupervisor

Electrician
4menbers

Carpenter
Supervisor

Plumber
2menbers

Carpenter3menbers

Organization Chart for Managing Facilities

Details about Energy Consumption and Analysis(1) Electric energy consumption
1) Monthly changes (January to October in 2005)
We calculate the monthly averages of the yearly electric energy consumption
and create a bar graph.
500
400
300
200
100
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sep.

Aug.

Jul.

Jun.

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

0
Jan.

Power
PowerConsumption
onsumption
(MWh)
(MWh)

3.4

Asst
Chief Engineer

MonthFigure 3.4−1

Changes of Monthly Electric Energy Consumption

IV-30

2) Yearly changes of the electric power consumption rate

Lane-Xang Hotel 2003
Lane-Xang Hotel 2004
Don Chan Palace 2005

20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00

Ja
n.
Fe
b.
M
ar
.
Ap
r.
M
ay
Ju
n.
Ju
l.
Au
g.
Se
p.
O
ct
.
No
v.
De
c.

Power Index (kWh/m2)

Trends of Power Index

Month

Figure 3.4−2

Yearly Changes of the Electric Power Consumption Rate

We divide the electric energy consumed each month by the total floor area anddetermine the electric power consumption rate.
We present the rate of Don Chan Palace Hotel along with the rate of Lane Xang
Hotel we audited at the same time. Since the monthly changes of electric power
consumption of both hotels almost match, the electric energy was consumed mainly
for air conditioning based on temperature changes. However, the rate of Don Chan
Palace drops greatly in May and June.
3) Comparison of Hotels in Laos
We compare the electric power consumption rate (divided by total floor area)of Don Chan Palace Hotel, Lane Xang Hotel, and Lao Plaza Hotel we audited
in 2003.

IV-31

Power Intensity(kWh/year m2)

250
200
150
100
50
0
Don Chan
PalaceFigure 3.4−4

Lane Xang
Hotel

Lao Plaza
Hotel

Electric Energy Consumed per Unit Floor Area

The intensity of Don Chan Palace and Lane Xang Hotel are lower than that of
Lao Plaza Hotel. This is probably due to the fact that the facilities of the hotels
were underused (the fourth and fifth floors of Lane Xang Hotel were beingreformed).
4) Estimated electric energy consumption by user
We calculate the rate of energy consumed by each user based on drawings andthe operation status of facilities. The calculated values should be used only forreference since some of the data is derived from experiences.

13%

11%
Heat Source
36%

13%

28%

8%

Heat Transfer
Hot Water Supply
Lighting・Plug

20%
1%
a)

19%

Mechanical Power
OthersOtheres

Electricity Users in Don Chan Palace
Figure 3.4−4

22%

b)

19%
10%

Energy Users in a Japanese HotelElectric Energy Consumption by User

The left pie chart shows that 49% of electricity is used for cold heat source and
25% is used for lightings in Don Chan Palace. These areas are the target ofenergy conservation.
The energy for water heating is rather small since Don Chan Palace used an
oil-fired water heating system. We could not obtain the amount of energy
IV-32

derived from fuel since the amount of fuel was not measured at the time.

Power Consumption(kWh/month)

5) Analysis of electric energy consumption
We create a graph showing the relationship between the energy consumption by
air conditioning and the outdoor air temperature since the amount of energy
consumed by air conditioning is excessively high.

y = 19.494x - 215.82
R2 = 0.2626

450
400
350
300
250
200
20.0

22.0

24.0

26.0

28.0

30.0

Temperature(°C)
Temparature(℃）

Figure 3.4−5

Relationship Between the Electric Energy Consumption
and the Outdoor Air Temperature

Although the correlation coefficient (R2) is still low, it indicates the energy
consumption depends on the outdoor air temperature.
We investigated other elements as well. We checked the correlation between
the water consumption or the number of banquets and the energy consumption,and both correlation coefficients are low. We performed a multiple regression
analysis by adding the number of banquets to the outdoor air temperature. The
correlation coefficient is R2=0.2365 and correlation is not improved. We needmore data to obtain a full analysis.
(2) Water consumption
1) Trend of consumption
We chart the monthly averages of water consumption in 2005.

IV-33

10,000

3(m /month)

Water Consumption

15,000

5,000

Dec

Nov

Oct

Sept

Aug

July

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

Jan

0
Month

Figure 3.4−6

Changes of Water Consumption

Number of Banquet
Function(Nos/month)2) Correlation between electric energy consumption and water consumption
Generally, water consumption depends on the number of guests and the numberof events. We acquired the number of banquets and checked the correlation
with the water consumption.

8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0

5,000

10,00015,000Water
Water Consumpption(m3/month)consumption (m3/mounth)Figure 3.4−7

Correlation Between the Number of Banquets and the Water Consumption

The dots that are not in correlation, come from the data of January when the
hotel began operation. Those dots can be eliminated as irregularities. Since we
can see a clear correlation, the number of banquets can be used as an index toindirectly show the water consumption.
3.5

Points for Improvement and Calculated Effects(1) Cooling water temperature setting for turbo chillers
Although the hotel probably expected future expansions, the existing facilities were
excessive and only one chiller was running currently. On the day of the audit, theload of air conditioning was small. Judging from the consumed electric power, evenone chiller was excessive and the chiller was needed only partially. From thisIV-34

incident, we thought the partial operation of facilities was a key to energy
conservation.
As shown in the following graph, in Laos, the summer temperature and the wintertemperature differs about 7°C. Therefore, the operation of turbo chillers should takethe variance in the load of air conditioning into consideration for different seasons.

Temperature(°C) )
Temparatur（℃

40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sep.

Aug.

Jul.

Jun.

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

0.0

Month

Figure 3.5−1

Yearly Temperature Changes in Vientiane

The following conditions are required to increase the COP during the operation ofturbo chillers:・ The load factor (= performance rate) must be large.
・ The temperature of cooling water must be low.
・ The temperature of chilled water must be high as much as possible.
The reduction in consumed electric power is determined as follows:
Total power ＝ power of cooling water pumps ＋ power of cooling towers ＋
power of chillers
Therefore, all the devices must be taken into consideration. Generally, turbo chillers
with speed control produce less total power if no cooling tower is controlled.
However, the total power is smaller by controlling the number of cooling towers if
turbo chillers are equipped only with suction vane control.
1) Energy conservation by increasing the temperature of chilled water
The following graph shows the relationship among the temperature of coolingwater, the temperature of chilled water, and the required motor power(equivalent to consumed electric power).

IV-35

Condition:
Chiller Output is constant (100%).

Motor Power (%)

100
96
92

Inlet Temp.
of Cooling Water (℃)

81

Outlet Temp. of Chiller (℃)

Figure 3.5−2

Relationship Among the Temperature of Cooling Water, the Temperature ofchilled Water, and the Motor Output (Turbo Chiller)

You can see that the electric power consumption can be reduced by increasing
the temperature of chilled water when the load is small.
The following photograph shows the panel display indicating the operation
status of a turbo chiller.

Photograph 3.5−1 Chiller Panel Display
The panel display indicates that the inlet temperature of chilled water is 12.2°C
and the outlet temperature is 9.0°C. The outlet temperature is set rather high toIV-36

enable an energy saved operation when the load is small. When the outlet
temperature is changed from 7°C to 9°C, energy is saved by about 4%.
2) Energy conservation by changing the temperature of cooling water
The performance of a cooling tower greatly changes depending on the wet bulb
temperature.
We do not have data on the wet bulb temperature. However, the wet bulb
temperature is as follows when we assume the humidity is 80% in summer and
60% in winter:
Table 3.5−1

Dry Bulb Temperature and Wet Bulb Temperature
Summer
Winter

D.B
29℃
22℃

R.H
80%
60%

W.B
26℃
17℃

The following graph shows the relationship between the wet bulb temperatureand the temperature of cooling water in a cooling tower:

Outlet Temperature(℃)

35
30
25
⊿ｔ＝5℃
⊿ｔ＝4℃
⊿ｔ＝3℃

20
15
8

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Wet Bulb Temperature

Figure 3.5−3 Relationship Between the Wet Bulb Temperature andthe Cooling Water Temperature in a Cooling Tower
As the graph shows, cooling water of about 26°C can be obtained when the wet
bulb temperature is 17°C in a cooling tower with the same performance. Thisway, the cooling performance increases by about 12% (= 1−81%/92%) and the
motor output can be reduced.
You can specify different temperature settings for cooling water for summer
and winter. The efficiency of chillers can be improved in winter when the load
is small by specifying the winter pattern that sets the outlet temperature forchillers to a rather high temperature.

IV-37

2) Calculation of effects
We calculate the effect of decreasing the temperature of cooling water from
32°C to 26°C in the winter mode operation. When we assume the consumed
electric power is rated 315 kW when the temperature of chilled water is 7°C,
saved energy is as follows when Figure 3.5−2 is applied:
Energy is saved by 4% by setting the chiller outlet temperature to 9°C.
Energy is saved by 12% by changing the cooling water temperature from
32°C to 26°C.
When the chillers are run in the winter mode for four months, the amount ofsaved energy is as follows:
315 kW × (1−4%) × 12% ＝ 36.29 kW
Assuming the equivalent operation period per day is 8 hours, the amount ofsaved energy in four months is as follows:
36.29 kW × 8 h/d × 30 d/month × 4 m ＝ 34,836 kWh
The ratio of saved energy to total electric energy consumption is 34,836
kWh/3,722,400 kWh = 0.0093.
(2) Improving the low load operation of transformers
1) Improving the load factor of transformers (reducing the number of runningtransformers)
The load of transformers is low in the current operation.
Since the received electric energy is about 310 MWh/month, the average
electric energy consumption per day is 10 MWh/d.
The maximum electric energy is as follows when we assume the load factor (＝average electric energy/maximum electric energy) is 0.5:
10 MWh / (24 h × 0.5) = 833 kW
The total capacity of transformers is 3,600 kVA with two transformers of 1,000
kVA and two transformers of 800 kVA.
Since the distribution system is equipped with a low voltage capacitor, theapparent power of transformers is about 850 kVA when the power factor is
improved. Therefore, the demand factor of transformers is probably as follows
in average:
850 kVA/3,600 kVA ＝ 24％
Transformers can be reduced without load loss by using one transformer of
1,000 kVA and one transformer of 800 kVA, and saving other transformers asstandby transformers.
2) Calculation of effects
Assuming the transformers in the hotel are equivalent to high-efficiency
transformers, the loss characteristics of the transformers are as follows basedIV-38

on the catalog of Mitsubishi Electric. Since the catalog does not contain data on
800-kVA transformers, the data on 750-kVA transformers is shown here.
Table 3.5−2

Loss Characteristics of Transformers (Load Loss and No Load Loss)
750kVA 1,000kVA
1,030
7,564
1,245
8,795

Tr. Capacity
No load loss (W)Load loss (W)Load of Trans.
(kVA)

Load of Trans.
(kVA)

In the following graphs, the daily load of each transformer is simplified. We
assume the load is constant between 6:00 to 22:00 and the load is zero in therest. Since the average daily electric energy consumption is 10 MWh/d, theconsumed electric power in the set time period is 625 kW. One transformer
takes 300 kVA and the other transformer takes 400 kVA since the capacity ofthe transformers differs. See the following graphs. In the improved example,
Tr2 and Tr4 are removed from the system.

Tr3/Tr4:200kVA
Tr1/Tr2:150kVA

6:00

22:00

Time

Tr3:400kVA

Tr1:300kVA

6:00

As it is22:00
Improving

Figure 3.5−4

Daily Load Status of Transformers

Each loss is calculated as follows:
No load loss ＝ No load loss × 24 h/d × 365 d/year
Load loss ＝ Load loss × (Load factor)2 × 10 h/d × 280 days/year
Total loss ＝ No load loss ＋ load loss
The result of the calculated loss reduction per day is shown below:
Table 3.5−4

Amount of Reduced Transformer Loss

No load loss Load loss

As it isImproved

kWh/d
412.512206.256

kWh/d
12.6582
25.3165

Total loss

Improving

kWh/d
425.2
231.6

kWh/d
Base
193.6

The yearly reduced loss is as follows:
193.6 kWh × 365 d ＝ 70,663 kWh/year (58,368k kips/year)
The ratio of the reduced loss to the consumed electric energy is as follows:

IV-39

Time

70,663 kWh/3,722,400 kWh = 0.0190(3) Decreasing the solar radiation load1) Solar radiation load
Some part of solar radiation coming through glass windows is reflected by the
glass, some part is absorbed by the glass, and the rest enters inside. The
absorbed solar radiation increases the temperature of the glass and some of theheat enters inside through radiation and convection and becomes solar radiationload. Solar radiation also enters the ground and the reflected element indirectly
enters inside. The solar radiation also increases the ambient temperature andenters inside as transfer heat load.
Now we consider cooling load. Generally, the solar radiation load is large andthe transfer heat load is small during the day. However, in the regions at low
latitude like Vientiane, the solar radiation load is smaller compared to Japan.
Let's assume the solar radiation load from a window located in the southwest
which is in the length of a building. When we calculate the solar radiation load
per day based on the latitude and the position of the sun, the solar radiationload is about 2,000 kcal/m2 in winter, 1,000 kcal/m2 in seasons other thanwinter and summer, and negligible in summer since the sun is at the top.
The transfer heat load is proportional to the difference between the outdoor air
temperature and the indoor temperature. When we take Naha in Japan, which is
closest to Vientiane in terms of climate conditions (the highest temperature in
the day is 32°C), as a replacement of Vientiane, the transfer heat load is 300 to
400 kcal/m2 in a room with 26°C room temperature through a white curtain. As
you can see, the solar radiation load through glass windows is 2,300 kcal/m2 inwinter and 1,000 kcal/m2 in summer, which is unexpectedly small because thesolar radiation is small since the sun is high in summer.
Another element is the ground which receives global solar radiation. The
sunlight that enters the surface of the ground is about 7,000 kcal/m2 and it
increases the temperature of the surface. When the sunlight is reflected, it
enters inside.
To prevent the increase of the temperature, place lawn and create ponds toreduce the ascension of heat from the surface.
The following graph shows the rise of the temperature caused by solar radiation
depending on the condition of the ground.

IV-40

Surfacetemp.
– ambient temp.(°C)
sarface
temp.−anvient
temp.(℃）

July,
July,Aug.
Aug.ininTokyo
Tolyo

dry land

21℃

concrete
10℃
lawn

wet landtime
Figure 3.5−5

Effects of Lawn and Ponds

By using lawn to prevent the reflection of sunlight, the temperature of external
walls (at the peak) is decreased by about 10°C and the temperature is decreased
by 15°C on the wet ground.
The exterior of the conference building on the corridor side was a parking lot
with concrete floor. Therefore, the heat caused by the reflection of sunlightmust have been very high. The temperature of concrete floor is the atmospherictemperature plus 21°C. This is the data in Tokyo. The temperature of concrete
floor must be much higher in Vientiane. When we assume the temperature in
the day time is 35°C and the temperature of glass windows rises by 25°C due tosolar radiation, the actual temperature of glass windows is 60°C. When wetouched a window on the day of the audit, it felt like 50 to 60°C.
When we assume the temperature of glass is 60°C, the indoor temperature is
26°C, and the heat transfer rate of the internal side of the glass (αi) is 10
kcal/m2 h°C, the entered heat due to convection is as follows:
Qc = αi × (Tg − Tr) = 10 × (60 − 26) = 340 kcal/m2 h2) Countermeasures
To reduce solar radiation, lawn can be placed or ponds can be created to reduce
the temperature of the surface that is raised by absorbing heat as shown in thegraph. The above graph indicates that the temperature can be reduced to 11°C
(lawn) or 5°C (wet ground).
Another method that can be applied to all types of radiation load is external
blinds. External blinds are more effective in reducing heat load compared toindoor blinds. The following table shows the effects in terms of irradiation
IV-41

invasion rates.
Table 3.5−5

Irradiation Invasion Rates of Windows
Nothing

Sigle-plate Glass(3mm)0.88Lace Curtain Inner Shades Outer Shades

0.56

0.46

0.19

Shades that are as effective as blinds (such as bamboo blinds) installed outside
windows are also very helpful. By using shades, the amount of entered solar
radiation is reduced to one fourth.
3) Calculation of effects
We calculate the reduction in heat load and electric power for air conditioning
in the corridors of the conference building when we place lawn and installbamboo shades to cut heat and reduce the temperature rise by 15°C. Since thetemperature of glass reaches 45°C, the heat capacity of convection is asfollows:
Qc = 10 × (45 − 26) = 190 kcal/m2hThis indicates the reduction of 340−190 ＝ 150 kcal/m2h.
We assume the applicable hours per day is 8 hours and the total applicable days
per year is 200 days. When we take the windows on the first floor in theconference building, the yearly reduction in cooling load is as follows:
Qd ＝ 150 kcal/m2h × 8 h × 200 d × 68 m × 2 m＝ 32,640.4 Mcal/year (= 37,960 kWh/year)
When we assume air conditioning using an air conditioning system of COP = 4,
the saved energy is as follows:
Qd ＝ 37,960 kWh/4 = 9,490 kWh/year (7,839k kips/year)(4) Optimizing the temperature settings of air conditioners
We often saw this problem during the audits of other hotels. Since the problem may
be related to this hotel as well, we mention it here.
1) Set room temperatures and consumed electric power
The initial temperature setting for air conditioners was 16°C which was thelowest. This is probably the room make service staff set the temperature of air
conditioners to the lowest to please guests.
However, 16°C is too low and the room temperature does not usually stay at
16°C. The following graphs show the operating status of air conditioners
depending on the temperature settings:

IV-42

Power, Temp.

Power, Temp.

Power Comsumption
Full load runnning Never
Never bebe down
dowen
Room Temp.

to Set-up
Set-upTemp.
Temp.
to

Power Comsumption
Full load runnning Reached at
Room Temp.
Set-up Temp.
Set-up Temp..
On/Off runnning
On/Offrunning

Set-upSet-up Temperaturre.
Temperature.
SW ON

SW ON

Time

a) When the setting is 16°C
Figure 3.5−6

t

Time

b) When the setting is 25°C

Operating Status of Air Conditioners Depending on Temperature Settings

When the temperature setting is 16°C, the air conditioner runs with the
maximum output to reach the set temperature. However, the room temperature
stays at a certain level because the heat coming from doors and windows
increases in relation to the capacity of the air conditioner. Since the set
temperature is never reached, the air conditioner continues to run fully.
When the temperature setting is 25°C, the room temperature reaches 25°C after
a while. After that, the air conditioner runs according to the room temperature.
This means the output of air conditioning is reduced. Let's assume that the air
conditioner runs with 50% output to make the matter simple.
When the capacity of an air conditioner in a guest room is 18,000 Btu and weassume the air conditioner runs seven hours continuously per day (expected runtime), the electric power consumption for both temperature settings is
calculated as follows:
When the temperature setting is 16°C: 18,000 Btu × 7 h ＝ 126,000 Btu/dWhen the temperature setting is 25°C:
18,000 Btu × 0.5 h＋9,000 Btu ×
6.5 h ＝ 67,500 Btu/d(We assume the room temperature reaches the set temperature in 30 minutes
and the air conditioner is automatically turned on and off after that as needed.)This is the effect that can be obtained by standardizing the temperature settingof air conditioners as a rule of room make service in guest rooms.
2) Calculation of effects
We calculate the yearly effects assuming air conditioners are run with the initial
temperature setting in 25 rooms (30% when the average occupancy rate ofguest rooms is 40%).
As mentioned above, the reduction in the air conditioner output is as follows:
Reduction per guest room: 126,000 Btu−67,500 Btu/d ＝ 58,500 Btu/dElectric power consumption in 25 rooms: 58,500 Btu/d × 25 rooms =1,426,500 Btu /dIV-43

We convert the above value to saved electric power Es assuming the total
performance coefficient (COP) of chillers as 4.
Es = 1,426,500 Btu/d × 2.930711 × 10-4 kWh/Btu/4/1,000 ＝ 107.2 kWh/dYearly: 107.2 kWh/d × 365 d ＝ 39,111 kWh/year
The ratio of the saved electric energy to the total electric energy consumption is
as follows:
39,111 kWh/year / 3,722,400 kWh/year = 0.0105(5) About energy management
To perform energy management, many measurement tools with integrating metersmust be installed to measure the amount of used electricity, gas, heavy oil, andkerosene. For this purpose, the Building Energy Management System (BEMS) isavailable. Advanced buildings employ this system.
1) Measuring and managing electric power, and introducing the BEMS
We thought a hotel as large as Don Chan Palace had a system like BEMS.
However, we could not see it. We hope the hotel considers introducing the
BEMS to enable integrated energy management.
In the BEMS, measurement tools are installed on the distribution board in theelectricity room, turbo chillers, boilers, and other devices.
The collected data is sent to the central system and managed there. See thefollowing example.
Central Station

Interface(Intelligent
Controller)

Automatic
Control Panel

RemoteStationAutomatic
Control Panel

RemoteStationRemoteStationKey BoxControl
Panel

Power
Panel

SensorPanel
RecieverSensorElevator
Chiller Pump

Air conditioner

Receive and Sub
StationElectric Power
Facility

Pump

Fan

Heat Source
Control

Air Conditioning
Control

Air-con, Sanitary
Facilities Control

Figure 3.5−7

Example BEMS

IV-44

Card Reader

Elevator

Alarm System

By identifying where and how energy is used and how much of it is used, you
can set a goal for reduction in energy consumption and make improvements.
You can also set the conditions for the optimized operation for energy
conservation and the plans for the optimized operation of heat sources byanalyzing the increase and decrease of energy consumption depending on thechanges in usage status.
For this purpose, the following two points are required:① Installation of measurement devices such as flow meters, thermometers,
ammeters, voltmeters, watt-hour meters, and power factor meters② Organizing and charting the obtained measurements
The BEMS is an integrated management system with the above features.
2) Developing energy management activities
The floor rate of conference halls is rather large in Don Chan Palace. Theenergy consumption of conference halls is quite different from that of guest
rooms. In addition, kitchens and laundries have different energy consumption
as well. Therefore, to achieve a highly accurate energy management, the energy
consumption information in each department is required. In another hotel, theelectric energy of guest rooms on each floor is measured and managed. The
electric energy consumption should be obtained in the energy management
system (BEMS) mentioned before. The obtained data can be used as the basefor the hotel-wide activities and the effects of energy management promoted by
Mr. Bounthong will be put into figures. When the effects are realized, thePDCA cycle works efficiently, which is a barometer for the promotion ofactivities.
The PDCA cycle is a mandatory process for powerful activities. The PDCA
cycle is shown below.

IV-45

Plan: To find the loss and waste of energy

consumption
and find countermeasures to minimize them.
zSet purpose and goals
zCreate control standards
zImprovement plan programs

Perform improvements

Do: Carry out the countermeasures

Plan

Energy A ud

zDetect and eliminate waste
zPerform plan programszAdvertise, educate, and train(Obtain current
status)Check: Evaluate the result

zManageelectric
consumption rates

power

zObtain consumption by use
zObtain efficiency ofzManage progress
zObtain improvement effects
zMeasure and record

facilities

Action : Reform the process

Review

ActionzReview control standards
zReview plan programs

Verify effects

Improving through PDCA cycle

Figure 3.5−8 PDCA Cycle
3) Calculation of effects
According to the Japanese statistics, 5% energy conservation is possible byperforming organized energy conservation activities based on data. We use thisvalue as the effect of creating the BEMS.
Annual electric energy consumption × 5% ＝ 3,722,400 kWh/year × 5% ＝186,120 kWh/year (153,735k kips/year)
3.6

Other Related Points
1) Installing a watt-hour meter
To detect devices with problems and pursue further energy conservation, an energy
manager requires measurement devices for investigations. We recommend awatt-hour meter with a recording feature.
Commercial watt-hour meters are available from measurement manufacturers andthe devices allow you to enter data directly into a personal computer and analyze
the data. Watt-hour meters are equipped with features to make different kinds ofmeasurements such as higher harmonics and distortion rates. The following figure
shows a watt-hour meter manufactured by H company and it costs about 400,000
yen.

IV-46

Figure 3.5−9 Watt-hour meter with a Recording Feature
2)

Managing chillers through managing trends
We noticed some slime in the water at the bottom of a cooling tower. It could be a
problem.
General problems that occur in a cooling water circulation system are: ①
Corrosion, ② Scale, and ③ Slime. Since the facility was new (less than one
year old), the problem may not be apparent. However, slime may be generated in
the cooling water pipes. So care must be taken. We recommend slime control agentsand anti-corrosion agents as well as controlling the water quality by checking PH,
conductivity, and chloride ions.
To detect deterioration in early stages, the hotel should set control values for theoutlet temperature and the inlet temperature of cooling water and cooled water
displayed on the turbo chiller panel and check the measurements continuously.

3)

Ventilating air in meeting rooms (air ventilation performance and energy
conservation)
Taking in excess external air increases the heat load of air conditioning and it must
be optimized. To evaluate the external air intake, there is a general method of
measuring the CO2 concentration.
After about two hours since the beginning of a meeting, we measured the CO2
concentration in the meeting room. The result was 1,200 ppm. The CO2
concentration with adequate external air intake is about 800 ppm. The measured
value exceeds this value. The standard CO2 concentration set for the building
management laws of Japan is 1000 ppm. The measured value exceeds this value as
well. However, 1000 ppm is not an absolute limit. The CO2 concentration should
follow the indoor environment standards and judgments in Laos. If Don Chan
Palace employs the Japanese standard, they need to take in more external air andimprovements are required. More air ventilation means increased energy when

IV-47

passive air conditioning is not available. This is a problem from the view point ofenergy conservation.
The important thing is to clarify your purpose. Energy cut by ignoring the purpose is
not energy conservation. Energy conservation should be performed after fulfillingthe standards for the set purpose. The indoor environment standard to be satisfied inthis hotel should be based on the management policy of the hotel. Energy
conservation is not just about reducing energy consumption. Energy conservation is
not just about reducing energy consumption.
3.7

Summary(1) Points for improvement and the results of calculated effects
The following table summarizes the contents of Section 3.5, "Points for
Improvement and Calculated Effects".
Table 3.7−1
No
1
2
3
4

Points for Improvement and the Results of Calculated Effects

Recommendation

Energy conservation
kWh/year

Lowering of condensing water
temp. in light load season
Improvement of load factor oftansformers
Decreasing of solar gain withlawn and/or shades
Raising set-uptemparature ofroom A.C unit
Subtotal

4

Further improvement by theeffective usage of "BEMS"
Total

Ratio
%

Maney saving
k Kips/year

32,5690.9

26,97670,663

1.9

58,368

9,490

0.3

7,839

39,111

1.1

32,306

119,264

3.2

98,512

186,120

5.0

153,735

305,384

8.2

252,248

Note: Conversion is made assuming 826 Kips/kWh.
(2) Other comments (advice)
The summary of Section 3.6, "Other Related Points" is as follows. We hope you
consider them as well as the above points for improvement.
① We recommend a full system of measurements and the preparation of watt-hourmeters with a recording feature.
② The status of facilities should be monitored through checking the chronologicalchanges.
③ The air ventilation in meeting rooms may need to be improved.

IV-48

4. About the Result of the Workshop
4.1
Outline
The workshop was held at the hall of Don Chan Palace. The agenda is as described
below. Mr. Zamora of ACE served as the moderator and a total of 54 people participatedfrom the government and the private sector of Lao PDR including Mr. Houmphone
Bulyaphol (Director-General of Ministry of Industry and Handcraft (MIH) and ASEAN
SOE Leader for Lao PDR) and Mr. Khamso Kouphokham (Deputy Chief of Electricity
Management Division of MIH). It was a big seminar/workshop having, in addition, 3participants from Japan (Ushio, Amano and Kobayashi,), another 3 from Ace (Dr.
Weerawat Chantanakome, Mr. Christopher G. Zamora and Mr. Ivan Ismed) and 4
presenters from ASEAN countries (Mr. Reynaldo Baura (BII Building, Indonesia), Mr.
Faizul Ramdan (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia), Mr. Jose Hilario (ENMAP, Philippines) and Mr.
Steward Tai (Alexander Hospital, Singapore)).
4.2

Details about the Workshop
At the beginning of the seminar/workshop, Mr. Houmphone Bulyaphol(Director-General of MIH and also the leader of ASEAN SOE) gave welcome remarks.
In the remarks, he mentioned that the promotion of energy conservation was very
important for Laos heavily depending on the import of oil and that this PROMEEC
project provided the country with very effective means of leaning advanced energy
conservation technologies of Japan and other ASEAN countries and therefore they werevery grateful for the cooperation of the government of Japan (METI).
This was followed by opening statements by Dr. Weerawat of ACE and therepresentative of ECCJ and then, the workshop proceeded in accordance with thefollowing program.
The titles of the respective presentations (presenters in the parentheses) are given below.
Please see the attached material for details.
(1) Overview of ASEAN energy efficiency and conservation programs and activities(Dr. Weerawat Chantanakome)(2) Energy efficiency and conservation initiatives and activities in Lao PDR (Mr.
Khamoso Kouphokham)(3) Concept of and initiatives for Sustainable Buildings in Japan (Ushio)(4) Activities for promotion of energy efficiency and conservation in Don Chan Palace
Hotel, an energy efficient building recognized as a best practice building in Laos
(Mr. Bounthong Keovongsa: Chief of Engineering Dept.)(5) Energy conservation best practice building in Indonesia: Plaza BII Building (Mr.
Reynaldo Baura, Manager of Plaza BII)
(6) Energy conservation best practice buildings in Malaysia (Mr. Faizul Ramdan, Exertof Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM))

IV -49

Introduction of energy conservation efforts and measures implemented in 3
buildings in Malaysia that won an energy conservation best practice building award
in the past.
(7) Energy conservation best practice buildings in Philippines (Mr. Jose Hilario, Energy
Management Association of Philippines)
Introduction of energy conservation efforts and measures implemented in 3
buildings in Philippines that won an energy conservation best practice building
award in the past.
(8) Energy conservation best practice building in Singapore ; Alexandra Hospital
Building (Mr. Steward Tai, Building Facility Manager)(9) Proposal for preparation of Energy Conservation Technical Directory (TD) (Amano,technical expert and Mr. Ivan Ismed)(10) Development of unit energy consumption management tools in Japan (Kobayashi,technical expert)
In the presentation by Japanese delegates, titled “Concept and initiatives for Sustainable
Buildings in Japan”, as in the Workshop held in Myanmar and Malaysia, CASBEE (thecomprehensive assessment system for building environmental efficiency), a system oflabeling buildings in terms of environmental performance, advanced management toolsof unit energy consumption for buildings that are being developed in the Energy
Conservation Center and the system of recognizing energy conservation good practicebuildings were introduced and the importance of development of database and technicaldirectory (TD) was emphasized. In the current seminar, a sample of Technical Directoryfor Energy Efficiency and Conservation (TD) that is in the process of preparation at ACE
was shown and the progress status in preparation was explained.
All presentations were very meaningful and most of the participants stayed until the endof the program to listen attentively to all presentations. Many questions and answers
were actively exchanged and the enthusiastic and positive attitude on the part of thegovernment was apparent. It appears that in the country earning foreign currencies byexport of electric power and importing fossil energy, the rising energy prices has asignificant impact on the government policy. For the presentation in English, asimultaneous interpreter for Laotian language was employed so that participants could
understand the presentation very well and it actually contributed to the smoothproceeding of the program.

IV -50SEMINAR ON PROMOTION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATIONFOR BUILDINGS IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
Lane Xang Hotel, Vientiane, Lao PDR
11 November 2005TENTATIVE PROGRAMME
8.30

-

9.00

Registration

9.00

-

9.10

Welcome Remarks
Mr. Houmphone Bulyaphol
Director-General, Ministry of Industry and Handicrafts and SOE Leader for
Lao PDR

9.10

-

9.20

Opening Statement
Mr. Yoshitaka Ushio
General Manager, Energy Conservation Centre, Japan (ECCJ)

9.20

-

9.30

Opening Statement
Dr. Weerawat Chantanakome
Executive Director, ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE)

9.30

-

10.00

Photo Session and Coffee BreakSession 1: EE&C BEST PRACTICES (Moderator: ACE)
10.00

-

10.15

Overview of ASEAN EE&C Programmes
Mr. Christopher G. Zamora, Manager, ACE

10.15

-

10.45

Overview of EE&C Initiatives and Activities in Lao PDR
Mr. Khamso Kouphokham, MIH

10.45

-

11.15

Concept and Initiatives Towards Sustainable Buildings in JapanMr. Yoshitaka Ushio, General Manager, ECCJ

11.15

-

11:45

Energy Efficiency & Conservation Best Practices of Lao Plaza Hotel
Building, Lao PDR

11:45

-

12.15

Energy Efficiency & Conservation Best Practices of Plaza BII Building,Indonesia
Mr. Reynaldo Baura

12.15

-

12.30

Q&A

12.30

-

14.00

LUNCH

14.00

-

14.30

Energy Efficiency & Conservation Best Practices in Malaysia
Mr. Faizul Ramdan, Pusat Tenaga Malaysia

IV -51

14.30-15.00

EE&C Best Practices of Selected Buildings in the Philippines
Mr. Jose Hilario, ENMAP, Philippines

15.00

-

15.30

EE&C Best Practices of Alexander Hospital Building, Singapore
Steward Tai, Building Facility Manager

15.30

-

15.45

Q&A

15.45

-

16.00

COFFEE BREAK

SESSION 2 : THE WAY FORWARD (MODERATOR – ACE)
16.00

-

16.15

Development of a Technical Directory (Proposal for Further Step)
Mr. Hisashi Amano, Expert, ECCJ

16.15

-

16.30

Development of a Database/ Benchmarking/ Guideline for Buildings:
Advanced Energy Management Tool for Buildings in Japan
Mr. Akira Kobayashi, Expert, ECCJ

16.30

-

16.45

Q & A Session

16.45

-

17.00

Closing Remarks

IV -52

V. Viet Nam
1. Activity Overview
In Viet Nam, we conducted an energy audit of Heritage Halong Hotel (Halong Bay) andfollow-up audits of Hotel Nikko Hanoi and Lake Side Hotel. In Viet Nam, too, we held aseminar/workshop at Hanoi Horison Hotel as in other audit venues.
Participants from International Engineering Department
Yoshitaka Ushio (General Manger)
Akira Kobayashi (Technical Expert)
Hisashi Amano (Technical Expert)
Schedule
Date
November 12

Activity
Moved from Vientiane(20:20) → Hanoi (21:25)

Participant
Ushio/Amano/
Kobayashi

November 14 (Mon.) –Energy audit of Heritage Halong Hotel

Ushio/Amano/

15 (Tue.)Rounding up of and reporting on results

Kobayashi

November 16 (Wed.)

Follow-up energy audit of Hotel Nikko Hanoi

Ushio/Amano/
Kobayashi

November 17 (Thu.)
November 18 (Fri.)

Follow-up energy audit of Lake Side Hotel

Ushio/Amano/

Rounding up of and reporting on results

Kobayashi

Seminar/Workshop

Ushio/Amano/
Kobayashi

November 19 (Sat.)

Left for home: Hanoi (0:10) → Narita (6:40)

Ushio/Amano/
Kobayashi

Hanoi is the capital city and the center of politics and culture of Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.
The city has a population of about 3 million (83 million people in the entire country). In thesuburbs of the city, many foreign-invested plants and factories are being built, which tells thatthe country’s economic development is advancing with great speed. In this rapidly growing Viet
Nam, hotels are in great demand and thus many new hotels are being constructed. In themeantime, due to the rises in energy costs, the electric power rate will be increased in the next
year. Public awareness of energy efficiency and conservation is enhanced. Our activities in
Hanoi this time were developed under such circumstances.
We conducted an energy audit of Heritage Halong Hotel, a hotel owned by Ministry of Industry(MOI), located in Halong Bay about 3 hours and a half drive from Hanoi, which is one of themost famous scenic spots in Viet Nam and designated as a World Heritage site, on November 14

V-1

(Mon.) and 15 (Tue.). From the government of Viet Nam, Mr. Le Tuan Phong of MOI and 3other people participated in the audit. On the part of the hotel, Mr. Dinh Tho Tiep, General
Manager and Maintenance Manger responded. Based on the questionnaire delivered to them inadvance, we conducted an energy audit through gaining energy information.
In this hotel, what lie in the way of promoting energy efficiency and conservation are the lack of
employees’ awareness and insufficient funds for investments in energy conservation. Regarding
the measure to cope with the former, we were explained that energy conservation targets wereset for respective sections and bonuses would be granted for the attained goals. In addition, as a
new measure, an electric power meter is installed on each floor to help them understand thewasteful use of electricity in guest rooms. As regards the latter hurdle, although proposals areprepared to seek high-level decision, they say, it is difficult to gain approval because the hotel isa state-run company. However, we were impressed by the willingness and motivation of GM,
the top management of the hotel. Detailed information and the results of the energy audit of thehotel are mentioned below. The current unit energy consumption is as low as 901MJ/m2/yr and
it is very reasonable level when it is taken in account that this hotel is located in a sightseeing
area and therefore the time that guests spend in hotel is much shorter than those in hotels inurban areas. We closed our activities in the hotel, by making a presentation on the results of theaudit.
Through exchanging the questions and answers on energy efficiency and conservation with the
manager and staff members of the hotel in a sightseeing resort that is registered as a world
heritage site and expected to be further developed in the future, we actually felt that people’s
awareness of energy conservation was improving also in this venue due to the hikes in energy
prices.
In early morning of the next day, we moved to Hanoi to carry out a follow-up audit in two
locations. First of all, we took time in auditing Hotel Nikko Hanoi for which many
improvements had been suggested in the previous audit. In this audit, Mr. Phong of MOI, 4
people from Institute of Energy and 4 people from the hotel participated. Utilizing thequestionnaire delivered to them in advance, we heard their explanation on how the hotel
addressed the improvements that had been pointed out 3 years ago. Then, in order to check theirefforts on the proposed improvements and to find new points for improvement, we toured thefacilities. They were ready and positive for our audit and provided us with all information andmaterial that we requested A detailed report on the audit is given in the subsequent chapter. We
had an impression that the awareness of energy efficiency and conservation was improving inthis hotel due to the price increase of electric power rate. Next day, we reported on the results ofthe energy audit of the previous day in Hotel Nikko Honoi.
We visited Lake Side Hotel, another hotel on which we conducted an energy audit 3 years ago,

V-2

and conducted a hearing with them on the post-audit condition. Although we could not havesufficient questions and answers, because the person who was in charge of the building
maintenance 3 years ago had already retired, we toured the facilities and made suggestions for
improvement, such as adjustment of the cooling water temperature of chillers, the use ofhigh-efficiency lighting lumps, etc. .
In addition, we held a workshop in Hanoi Horison Hotel with the purpose of promoting anddisseminating energy efficiency and conservation in buildings in Viet Nam. 47 people (39participants on the part of Viet Nam) participated in the workshop. This workshop served as aplace for exchanging useful opinions and information on the promotion of energy efficiency andconservation in buildings in Viet Nam.

V-3

2. Energy Audit of Heritage Halong Hotel
2.1 Outline of Heritage Halong Hotel
1) Name of the building: Heritage Halong Hotel

2)
3)

4)
5)

6)
7)

Use: Hotel
Size: One floor below the ground and eight floors above the ground, Total floorarea: 10,487 ｍ2
Number of guest rooms in the hotel: 101, Two restaurants, One club,
One large meeting room, One small meeting room, Pool, Spa, Tennis
court
Built: 1995 (ten years old)
Outline of electrical systems: Service voltage: 35 KV, Transformers: 560 kVA ×
2 units, 400-V 4-line type
Generator: 500 kVA × 1 unit (for emergency)
Elevators: 11 kW × 2 units
The power of guest rooms was turned on by turning the key tag.
No BEMS (Building Energy Management System) was installed.
Outline of air-conditioning systems: Split type × 141 units
Sanitary facilities
a. Water supply facility: Elevated water tankb. Hot water supply: Individual electric water heaters in guest rooms: 1.5 kW
× 30 L to 2.5 kW × 50 L
c. Laundry facility: Two dryers were run by LPG. Other dryers were

V-4

d.

Analysis and Evaluation of Current Status(1) Monthly electric energy
The following graph shows the monthly electric energy consumption in 2003
and 2004. After April 2003, the electric energy consumption decreased probably
because the number of guests dropped due to SARS. The level of electric energy
consumption in 2004 is probably the usual pattern. Electric energy consumption
was high from June to August where the temperature was high.

2003,2004 Electricity consumption

2003y
2004y

120000100000
80000
kWh

2.2

electrically run.
Kitchen: The heat source was LPG.

60000
40000
20000
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec(2) Monthly water consumption
The following graph shows the water consumption in 2003 and 2004. As
mentioned above, the water consumption decreased after April 2003 probably
due to SARS. Since the air conditioning system consisted of the split type air
conditioners, the water consumption was not affected by air conditioning.
Basically, the variation in monthly water consumption is due to the variation in
the number of guests.

V-5

2003,2004 Water Consumption

2003y
2004y

6000
5000

m3

4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec(3) Changes of electric energy consumption in five years
The following graph and table show the changes of electric energy consumption
in five years from 2000 to 2004. The electric energy consumption steadily
increased every year. The average percentage of annual increase in four years is
18.5% and the electric energy consumption in 2004 is 174% of that of 2000.
Since the average operation rate of the hotel in 2004 was 62％, the electricenergy consumption will probably continue to increase.
Electricity Consumption [kWh]1,200,000
1,000,000
kWh

800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
2000

2001

2002
year

kWh

%

2000y

552,440

100%

2001y

703,420

127%

2002y

879,833

159%

2003y

901,050

163%

2004y

961,710

174%

V-6

2003

2004

(4) Electric energy consumption in different time zones
The electric power charge system in Viet Nam was based on time zones. The
correspondence between the time zones and the charges is shown below:
Time zone

Charge (VND/kWh)

Normal Time

6：00−18：00

1,600High Time

18：00−22：00

2,400

Low Time

22：00-6：00

800

The following graph and table show the electric energy consumption based ontime zones in September and October in 2005 and their rates.
In the normal time between 6:00 to 18:00, the hotel used 53 to 55% of the total
electric energy. The hotel used 23 to 25% between 18:00 to 22:00 with thehighest cost. To decrease the cost of electric energy, reducing the electric energy
between 18:00 and 22:00 is effective.

kWh

Daily Electricity Consumption

Sep-05
Oct-05

80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
6-18:Nor.

18-22:High

22-6:Low

Total

6-18:Nor.

18-22:High

22-6:Low

Total

Sep-05

55%

23%

22%

100%

Oct-05

53%

25%

21%

100%

(5) Electric energy consumption by user
The hotel installed watt-hour meters on each floor of guest rooms to measureand manage energy. The following graph shows the electric energy of each floor
in 13 days in November 2005. We can determine whether electric energy wasused effectively when we can determine the operation status of each floor.
However, we could not obtain the operation status data.

V-7

Power Consumption (kWh/13days)

Power Consumption of Each Floor
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2nd
Floor

3rd
Floor

4th
Floor

5th
Floor

6th
Floor

7th
Floor

8th
Floor

By determining the total electric energy consumption and the one on each floorof guest rooms, we can calculate the percentage of electric energy used in guest
rooms and the percentage of electric energy used elsewhere. The result is shownin the pie chart. 39% of electric power was used in guest rooms and 61% wasused elsewhere.

Shares of Electric Usage

Guest room
39%

Others61%(6) Evaluating energy consumption
1) Evaluating electric power consumption rate (comparison with other hotels
in Viet Nam)
We use the electric energy in 2004 to calculate the energy consumption perunit area and compare it with the values of other hotels. The electric energy
per unit area in this hotel was 91.7 kWh/m2. When the value is converted
using the conversion coefficient of 9.83 MJ/kWh, the electric energy is 901
MJ/m2.

V-8

Electricity：2004

961,710

kWh/m2

GFA

10487.5m2

EEI(2004:kWh)91.7

kWh/m2

kWh→ＭＪ

9.83

MJ/kWh

EE(2004:MJ)

901

MJ/m2

We have the data of seven hotels in Viet Nam. We create a graph plotting
the total floor area as the horizontal axis and the annual electric energy
consumption as the vertical axis. Heritage Halong Hotel comes just below
the average line. When we create a graph plotting the total floor area as thehorizontal axis and the electric energy per m2 as the vertical axis, Heritage
Halong Hotel shows the least value. This indicates that Heritage Halong
Hotel is an energy saving hotel with less energy consumption.
However, the other hotels we used for comparison are not always the resort
hotels like Heritage Halong Hotel and the number of hotels is limited. We
may need to collect more data and make comparison.

kWh/yVietnam 7 Hotels Electricity
18,000,000
16,000,000
14,000,000
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0y = 292.97x - 1E+06
R 2 = 0.9833

0

10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
GFA[m2]

kWh/m2/y

Ele c tricity inte n city [kWh / m2 ]3 0 0.0
2 5 0.0
2 0 0.0
1 5 0.0
1 0 0.0
5 0.0
0.0
0

1 0,0 0 0 20 ,0 0 0 30 ,0 0 0 40 ,0 0 0 5 0 ,0 00 60 ,0 0 0
GFA[m2 ]V-9

Since we have the monthly data of two hotels in Hanoi, we compare the monthly
electric energy consumption per m2 of Heritage Halong Hotel and that of thetwo hotels in Hanoi. He-7 indicates Heritage Halong Hotel. The trend ofmonthly changes seems the same for all three hotels probably because all ofthem are in the area of the same climate.

Hanoi 2Hotel & Heritage Halong
25 .0

kWh /m2

20 .0
Ha-1
Ha-2
He- 7

15 .0
10 .0
5 .0

Dec

Nov

Oc t

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

Jan

0 .0

2) Evaluating electric power consumption rate (comparison with Japanese
hotels)Since we have little data on the hotels in Viet Nam, we compare the data of
Heritage Halong Hotel with that of Japanese hotels. Before we makecomparison, we present a graph showing the monthly average temperaturein Tokyo and Hanoi.

Monthly Average
Average Temperature
Tenperature
Monthly

25 .0
20 .0

Tokyo
Tokyo
Hanoi
HaNn oi

15 .0
10 .0

De

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Ju n

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

5 .0
0 .0
Jan

℃

35 .0
30 .0

The following graph shows the electric power consumption rates by use of
the buildings in Japan added with the electric power consumption rate of
Heritage Halong Hotel. The average of Japanese hotels is 3,217 MJ/m2

V-10

while the value of Heritage Halong Hotel is 901 MJ/ｍ2, which is less than
one third of the Japanese average. The Japanese average is calculated basedon the values of the hotels in the cities in Japan. Although the energy
consumption by use differs greatly between such Japanese hotels and aresort hotel like Heritage Halong Hotel, you can see that Heritage Halong
Hotel is run with a very low electric power consumption rate.

Energy Ef fic iency Inde x (1kWh= 9.83MJ) [MJ/m2]
0
1 000
20 00
300 0
4 000
Gove rnme nt ｏｆｆｉｃｅs

1 498

Schools

1510

Assembly halls

213 1

Of fice bu ildings

2225
2 987

Supermarkets

321 7

Hote ls
901

Heritage Halon g
Hospitals

3431

Department
storesDepartmen
t stors

344 3(6) Assuming the electric energy consumption by user
1) Daily electric energy consumption
The following graph shows the hourly electric energy consumption in eachtime zone and the daily average electric energy consumption calculated
from the electric energy data based on time zones in September and October
2005.
The hourly electric energy consumption is 100 kWh/h in the normal costzone (6 a.m. to 6 p.m.), 128 to 143 kWh/h in the high cost zone (6 p.m. to
10 p.m.), and 60 kWh/h in the low cost zone (10 p.m. to 6 a.m.). Electricenergy is used mostly in the high cost zone. Since this time zone is the peak
operation time of the hotel, it may be inevitable. However, reducing theelectric energy in this time zone is effective in reducing cost.
The table also shows that the daily electric energy is about 2,200 kWh
ranging between 2,196 and 2,248 kWh.

V-11

Hour

12

4

8

24

6am-6pm6pm-10pm 10pm-6am

Total

2005 Sep

34,81014,89013,97063,67029days

1,200

513

482

2,196

kWh/h

100

128

60

91

2005 Oct

37,06017,75014,87069,68031days

1,195

573

480

2,248

kWh/h

100

143

60

94

2) Electric energy consumption in guest rooms
The following table shows the assumed electric energy consumption per
guest room based on the facilities in a standard guest room and theoccupancy rate of guest rooms. When we assume that each room is usedeight hours a day and the occupancy rate of 101 guest rooms is 0.63, thedaily electric energy used in guest rooms is 839.5 kWh, which is 38% of thetotal electric energy consumption of the hotel which is 2200 kWh. Thisvalue almost matches the measured value (39%) indicated before.
Total Guest Room 1Day
1 Guest Room

1 Guest Room
1649 W
101 Rooms
166.6 kWh

Occupancy rate

0.63

Sub Total

104.9 kW1,649 W
8 h
13.2 kWh

8 h
Total

839.5 kWh3) Electric energy consumption by user
We have the electric energy consumption data in guest rooms mentioned
before and assume the amount of electric energy consumed for otherpurposes in the following tables. As this table shows, 37% of electric energy
is used for guest rooms. The next highest user is restaurants and the kitchen,and the third highest user is the laundry. According to our interview, thelaundry was continuously run for long hours and most of the facilities in thelaundry including the steam generator were run by electricity. We suggest
the reduction of operation hours since it can be done. The details about thesuggestion are described later.
Among the facilities in guest rooms, air conditioners use the largest electric

V-12

energy, 21% of the electric energy consumption in the hotel.
The values regarding guest rooms in the following table almost match themeasured values. The value of the "Club, Office and Massage room" section
was measured. It was 252 kWh in September and 305 kWh in October. The
average is 279 kWh. Therefore, the estimated value, 270 kWh, is anappropriate value.
However, the measured values were not available in other systems and wecannot determine whether the estimated electric energy values wereadequate for those systems. We hope that the hotel will make moremeasurements in the future.
1Guest Room : 8Hours Average
W

Num

W

Load Ratio

W

Incandescent lamp

40

5

200

0.8

160

Fluorescent lamp

26

3

78

0.8

62.4

36

1

36

0.8

28.8

10

1

10

0.8

8

Lamp Total

259.2

AC

1920

1

1920

0.5

960

Hot Water

2000

1

2000

0.2

400

TV

53

1

53

0.3

15.9

Refrigerator

70

1

70

0.2

14

Total

4367
kWh/d

1649
%

Lamp

132

6%

AC

489

21%

Hot Water

204

9%

TV

8

0%

Refrigerator

7

0%

839

37%

Guest RoomTotal

V-13

Installed capacity Load Ratio
OP Hour kWh/d
kW
%
kW
h
kWh/d
Guest Room
167
0.63 105
8
839
Lobby
15
0.5
8
24
180
Restaurant, Kitchen50
0.5 2515375
Club, Office, Mas
90
0.5 45
6
270
Meeting Room
30
0.2
6
6
36
Laundry50
0.3 1520300
Machine room, ELV
20
0.3
6
24
144
Staff Rooms & Others
20
0.3
6
24
144
1 Day Total
442
215
2,288
2.3

%
37%
8%
16%
12%
2%
13%
6%
6%
100%

Points for Improvement and Expected Effects
The status of energy consumption is mentioned before. This section describes thepoints for improvement and the amount of expected effects based on the field tour andthe energy data investigation.
(1) Improving the lights in guest rooms
Incandescent lamps were used in guest rooms as shown in the photographs. By
replacing those incandescent lamps with high-efficiency lamps, electric power
can be reduced.

V-14

The following table shows the amount of expected effects of the improvement.
By replacing 40-W incandescent lamps with 7-W fluorescent lamps, 24,528kWhelectric energy consumption can be reduced annually.
Incandescent lamp

40W

5Num

200W

0.8

160W

High Efficiency Lamp

7W

5Num

35W

0.8

28W

Difference
Energy Saving/room

132W
132W
101Room
13.3kW

Occupancy rate

0.63
8.4kW
8h

Energy Saving/day

67.2 kWh/d
365d

Energy Saving/year

24,526kWh/y(2) Replacing incandescent lamps in other areas
Incandescent lamps were also used in corridors, external walls, and restaurants.
By replacing those incandescent lamps with high-efficiency lamps, electric
power can be reduced.

V-15

The following table shows the amount of expected effects of the improvement.
This improvement can reduce 10,407 kWh annually.
Save
Corridor

40W

8Num

7W

33W

12h

3.168kWh/d

Wall

40

48

7

33

12

19.008kWh/dRestaurant

40

16

7

33

12

6.336kWh/d

Total

28.512kWh/d

1 Year365

d10,407kWh/y(3) Linking air conditioners with key tags
The power of the guest rooms in this hotel was linked with key tags and thepower was turned on when a key tag was inserted. However, the power of air
conditioners was not included in the system and it was always turned on. Unlessa guest stops the air conditioner, the air conditioner keeps running even after theguest leaves the room. This may often happen when guests leave their rooms togo outside or dine out. The electric energy consumed by air conditioners in guest
rooms is assumed to occupy 21% of the total electric energy consumption as
mentioned in the previous table, which is a large value.
By linking air conditioners with key tags, energy is not wasted when guests

V-16

leave their rooms. When we assume air conditioners stop for two hours, theamount of electric energy that can be saved hotel-wide is 44,592 kWh as shownin the table.

AC

1920 W

Load Ratio

0.5

1 Guest Room

960 W
101 Rooms
96.96 kWh

Occupancy rate

0.63

Sub Total

61.085 kW

Saving Time

2h

Total

122.17 kWh/d
365 d

1 Year

44,592 kWh/y

V-17

(4)

Improving the maintenance of refrigerators
As shown in the photograph, frost was accumulated in the refrigerators in guest
rooms, greatly reducing the cooling efficiency. Since refrigerators were notlinked with the key tag system, they always ran in all the rooms. Although theelectric energy consumed by each refrigerator is small, we can expect someeffect if all the refrigerators in the hotel are improved. When we assume the rateof the effect of the improvement to be 0.2 and calculate, 826 kWh can be
reduced annually by improving the maintenance of the refrigerators.

Refrigerator

70

Load Ratio

0.2

Efficiency Recover

1Year

W

14

W

8

h/d

112

Wh

101

Rooms

11.3

kWh

0.2
2.26

kWh/d

365

d

826

kWh/y

(5) Summary of points for improvement
The following table shows the four points for improvement and the amount of
expected effects. The four points allow reduction of 80,350 kWh electric energy,
which is 8.4% of the total electric energy in the hotel. The reduction in cost is117,846,824 VND.
kWh/y

VND

1Improvement of Guest Room Lamps

24,526

2.6%

35,970,803

2Improvement of Incandescent Lamps

10,4071.1%

15,263,424

3AC synchronized with key Tag system

44,592

4.6%

65,401,459

826

0.1%

1,211,138

Total Saving

80,3508.4%

117,846,824

2004 Electricity Consumption

961,710

4Improvement of Refrigerator Maintenance1,467VND/kWh

V-18

1,410,508,000

2.4Additional Proposals(1) Introducing a water heating system
In this hotel, an electric storage type water heater was used in each guest room tosupply hot water. The specifications of the water heaters are as follows and there
were several different grades.
1500 W × 30 L: 70 units, 1500 W × 50 L: 20 units, 2500 W × 30 L: 30 units,
2500 W × 50 L: 30 units
The general manager told us that they were considering replacing these
individual electric water heaters with a central water heating system operated bygas or oil. Here, we compare the running cost in case of electricity and LPG.
The following table shows that the cost per 1-kcal electricity is 1.8 VND
assuming the average electric power cost per hour is 1,467 VND/kWh and theefficiency of an electric water heater is 0.95. When we assume the unit price of
LPG per kilogram is 13,000 VND and the boiler efficiency is 0.65, the cost per
1-kcal LPG is 1.67 VND. When we compare the unit prices, LPG is cheaper by
about 7%. However, this value is not so attractive. The unit price may decrease
more when the fuel is oil instead of LPG. However, replacing the current
individual water heaters with a central water heating system requires installing
hot water supply pipes all over the hotel, and it is a very large construction job.
If the purpose is to reduce energy cost, a central water heating system is notrecommended due to the number of years required to recover the investment.
However, guests will be more satisfied with a central water heating system thatsets no limit in the amount of hot water supply compared to the individual water
heaters with limited amount of hot water and this helps the hotel to be higher
graded. A central water heating system is meaningful if the purpose is to satisfy
guests. However, installing new pipes will be difficult considering they takespace. We reviewed part of the document regarding the introduction of a central
water heating system. The document contained only the running cost when using
oil as the fuel and the hotel did not seem to have considered the details about therequired construction work and the cost for it. We hope the hotel will carefully
examine the details about the construction work and the cost.
kcal

VND/kcal

Eff

VND/kcal/Eff

Electricity

1kWh

860

1,467VND/kWh

1.71

0.95

1.80

Electricity

1kWh

860

2,400VND/kWh

2.79

0.95

2.94

Electricity

1kWh

860

800VND/kWh

0.93

0.95

0.98

LPG

1kg

11990

13,000VND/kg

1.08

0.70

1.55

LPG

1kg

11990

13,000VND/kg

1.08

0.65

1.67

(2) Changing the operation of the laundry
The laundry operated 16 hours or sometimes 24 hours a day continuously.

V-19

Except for the dryers that used LPG as the fuel, most facilities including
washing machines, dehydrators and irons were working by electricity, and thetotal electric power consumption exceeded 50 kW. The laundry probably needs
to respond to the requests of guests. However, we recommend the operation
avoiding the peak hours of the electric power cost as much as possible. As
shown in the graph below, the peak hours are 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. We recommendthat these peak hours should be used as the break as much as possible.
We are not certain about the operation status since we could not obtain thehourly electric power data. Like the meters that were installed on each floor to
manage energy, we recommend that such meters should be installed in thelaundry as well to manage the electric power consumption of each time zone. We
asked the laundry manager to record the electric energy of each time zone. We
recommend that the laundry staffs voluntarily manage the electric energy
consumption and create a system where the management results are reflected

V-20

Ele ctricity Cost
30
20
15
10
5

0

0

0

0

0

0

:0

:0

:0

:0

:0

:0

15

17

19

21

23

00
9:

0

00
7:

13

00
5:

:0

00
3:

11

00

0

1:

* 100VND

25

1 Day Management
Electricity

E

kWh/d

Water

W

m3/d

Electricity Cost

Ec

VND/d

Water Cost

Wc

VND/d

Occupied Room

Or

room

Guest NumberGnperson

E.. Consumption Index

E/Or

kWh/d/room

W. Consumption Index

W/Or

m3/d/room

W. Consumption Index

W/Gn

m3/d/person

E.. Cost Index

Ec/Or

VND/room

W. Cost Index

Wc/Or

VND/room

V-21

(3) More measurements
In this hotel, the total electric energy consumption was measured and detailed
measurements were also conducted by installing watt-meters on each floor of
guest rooms. However, the electric energy of major parts of the hotel, such as thelaundry and the restaurants mentioned above, was not measured. To reduce
electric energy, the management need to know how much electric energy is used
first. We recommend more detailed measurements for further energy
conservation.
To effectively use the measured data, it is important to analyze the data interms of energy conservation. We recommend that the hotel should actively
participate in energy conservation trainings held in Viet Nam and learn themethods.
As for water consumption, it was not measured daily although water meters
were installed. We recommend that the hotel should incorporate the recording of
measurements in daily tasks to obtain the daily water consumption like electricenergy.
(4) Managing energy
Advanced hotels determine and analyze the relationship between the daily
occupancy rate of guest rooms and the energy consumption as energy
management. Heritage Halong Hotel should learn from those examples andperform a higher level of the energy management.
An example of analyzing energy consumption, water consumption, andoccupancy rate of guest rooms is as follows.

1 Day Management
Electricity

E

kWh/d

Water

W

m3/d

Electricity Cost

Ec

VND/d

Water Cost

Wc

VND/d

Occupied Room

Or

room

Guest NumberGnperson

E.. Consumption Index

E/Or

kWh/d/room

W. Consumption Index

W/Or

m3/d/room

W. Consumption Index

W/Gn

m3/d/person

E.. Cost Index

Ec/Or

VND/room

W. Cost Index

Wc/Or

VND/room

V-22

3. Follow-up Energy Audit of Hotel Nikko Hanoi
3.1
Outline of Hotel Nikko Hanoi(1) Name of the building: Hotel Nikko Hanoi(2) Use: Hotel (260 rooms)(3) Size: One floor below the ground and 17 floors above the ground: Total floor area: 29,164 m2(4) Age: Six years old(5) Outline of electrical systems: Service voltage: 10 kV, Transformer capacity: 1500
kVA × 2 units,Generators: 810 kVA × 2 units (water cooled)
Elevators: 18 kW × 3 units, service elevator: 18 kW ×
1 unit(6) Outline of air-conditioning systems: Turbo chillers: 300 RT (199 kW) × 3 units,
Air conditioners + fan-coil unit systems(7) Sanitary facilities: Steam boilers (diesel oil): 8 kg/cm2 × 2400 kg/h × 2 units,
Receiving water tanks: 225 m3 × 2 units (city water, well),Lift pumps: 30 kW × 2 units, Elevated water tank: 100 m3
3.2

Outlined Results of the Audit in 2002
(1) Date of energy audit: First audit: January 7 and 9, 2003
Second audit: February 18, 2003
(2) Audited by:

Akira Ueda (technical expert) and Akira Kobayashi (technicalexpert) from the Energy Conservation Center, Japan(3) Outlined results of the diagnosis
The energy consumption per unit area in Hotel Nikko Hanoi was 3,248 MJ/m2,
which is almost the same as the average of Japanese hotels, 3278 MJ/ m2. The hotel

V-23

was designed by a Japanese architect office and many of the guests were Japanese.
That may be the reason for the similarity.
The electric energy had increased by about 10% every year in three years, assuming
the electric energy of 2000 was 100. The electric energy of 2001 was 112 and theelectric energy consumption of 2002 was 122. The main factor in the increased totalenergy consumption is probably the increase of the annual average operation ratefrom 31.9％ to 48.3% to 68.5%.
When we calculate the rates of energy consumption by use, the energy rate of hot
water supply and steam is about 12% for Japanese hotels while the rate is nearly
doubled for Hotel Nikko Hanoi, which is 26%. This indicates that the managementof boilers which produces hot water and steam is the key point.
We proposed the following six items as the points for improved energy
conservation.
(1) Improving the chilled water temperature
The outlet temperature of chilled water of chillers was low even in seasons
with light load. We suggested that they should increase the temperature ofchilled water in light load seasons to achieve highly efficient operation ofchillers. The expected reduction in electric energy was 50,561 kWh and thepercentage of reduction was 0.8％ of the total electric energy of the building.
(2) Changing chilled water pumps to the variable flow rate type
There were three secondary pumps for chilled and hot water. The number ofpumps to be used was controlled based on the return flow rate of chilled andhot water. By adding inverter control, the pump power could be reduced
further.
The expected reduction in electric energy was 278,444 kWh and the percentageof reduction was 4.6％ of the total electric energy of the building.
(3) Improving the boiler fuel air ratio
There were two oil-fired steam boilers. Since they did not measure the fuel air
ratio to control the operation, we thought the fuel air ratio was excessive. We
suggested that they should measure the fuel air ratio and run the boilers in
optimum condition. We assumed the fuel air ratio was 1.5 at the time. If thehotel improved it to 1.2, the expected reduction in oil consumption was 18,992
liters and the percentage of reduction was 3.0% of the total oil amount used forboilers.
(4) Switching to high-efficiency lamps and lighting fixtures
Although most lamps were changed to high-efficiency lighting fixtures, old
fixtures were used in guest rooms and corridors of the guest room floors. We
suggested that they should replace them. The expected reduction in electricenergy was 46,154 kWh and the percentage of reduction was 0.8% of the total
electric energy of the building.
(5) Improving the heat insulation of steam pipes and valves
V-24

Some of steam pipes, valves, and flanges were not heat-insulated. There wasenergy loss due to heat radiation and we suggested the applicable parts shouldbe heat-insulated. The expected reduction in oil consumption was 17,062 liters
and the percentage of the reduction was 2.7% of the oil consumption of boilers.
(6) Recovering heat from the cooling water of generators
Diesel generators were contributing to the reduction in electric power cost
since they were run during the time period of high electric power cost.
However, the waste heat was not effectively used. Therefore, we suggested thatthey should use the waste heat of generators to preheat hot water supply. The
expected reduction in oil consumption was 20,265 liters and the percentage ofreduction was 3.2%.
3.3

Follow-up of the Previous Proposals
Some of the proposals in 2002 mentioned above were considered and executed. The
following describes the result of the follow-up of the previous proposals.
(1) Improving the chilled water temperature
We suggested the improvement of the temperature of chilled water during the first
audit in January 2003. During the second audit in February, the ex-chief engineer
reported that the improvement reduced electric energy.
However, the new chief engineer did not know about the improvement very well.
The temperature of chilled water was not raised any more. The temperature settingof chilled water on the operation panel of chillers was 7°C and it was the same
throughout the year. The operation management records showed the temperature ofchilled water changed between 7 and 10°C. We were not sure whether the recorded
temperatures were correct. However, we suggested the same improvement again.
(2) Changing chilled water pumps to the variable flow rate type
They accepted our improvement proposal and installed a Variable Speed Drive(VSD) in March 2003 to perform variable control.
(3) Improving the boiler fuel air ratio
Our suggestion was not executed since there was no device to measure the fuel air
ratio and they did not ask external measurement companies to measure the fuel air
ratio. They were not aware that the key point in managing the operation of boilers
was the fuel air ratio. We suggested the same proposal again.
(4) Switching to high-efficiency lamps and lighting fixtures
Previously, we suggested the incandescent lamps in guest rooms and corridors on
the guest room floors should be changed to high-efficiency compact lamps. The

V-25

lamps in the common areas such as corridors were replaced. However, theconventional incandescent lamps were still used in guest rooms because of aesthetic
values.
(5) Improving the heat insulation of steam pipes and valves
We suggested this proposal during the first audit in 2003 and they quickly applied
the proposal before the second audit.
(6) Recovering heat from the cooling water of generators
In 2003, diesel generators were run during the time periods (18:00 to 22:00) withthe high electric power cost to reduce electric power cost. That is why we suggested
that they should recover the heat from the generators. However, their methodchanged due to backup and maintenance problems of the generators after the chiefengineer changed. Generators were run only in emergencies at the time of ourfollow-up. Our proposal became ineffective.
(7) Summary of the follow-up of the previous proposals
The following table lists the results of the above follow-up:

3

Improvement proposals made in 2002
Improvement of the chilled watertemperature
Change of cooled and hot water pumps tothe variable flow rate type
Improvement of the boiler fuel air ratio

4

Switching to high-efficiency lamps

Partly yes

56Heat insulation of steam valves
Heat recovery from cooling water ofgenerators

Yes
Notapplicable

3.4

Results of Follow-up Energy Audit(1) Changes of operation rate
It is well known that the energy consumption in hotels is greatly affected by theoperation rate of the hotels. The following graph shows the annual average
operation rate from 2000 to 2005 of Hotel Nikko Hanoi.
The operation rate drops in 2003 because of SARS. The operation rate is recoveredfrom the influence in 2004 and returned to the level of 2002 before SARS. The
operation rate of 2005 is not yet fully determined. However, it is higher than that of

1
2

V-26

No
Yes
No

Execution status
Not performed. The same
proposal was made again.
A VSD was introduced.
Not performed. The same
proposal was made again.
Executed in common areasand not executed in guest
rooms.
Executed.
The operation method ofgenerators was changed.

2004. Since the ASEAN summit is scheduled in Hanoi in 2006, the operation rate is
expected to rise more in 2006.

%

Occupancy
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
2000

2001

2002

2003

20 04

2005

(2) Changes of electric energy consumption
The following graph shows the monthly electric energy consumption from 2002 to
the middle of 2005.
As mentioned in the previous section, the electric energy drops from April 2003
because of SARS. The monthly energy consumption tells that much energy isconsumed between May and September. This is probably much energy is required
for air conditioning in the hot season.

Nikko Hanoi Monthly Electricity Consumption
700000600000kWh500000
2005ｙ
2004ｙ
2003ｙ
2002ｙ

4000003000002000001000000Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun.

Jul.

Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec(3) Changes of energy consumption in five years
The hotel used steam for hot water supply, heating, humidifying, and laundry. To

V-27

generate steam, the hotel had an oil-fired steam boiler. The hotel also used LPG-forthe kitchen. The total energy and electric power is converted to MJ values using thefollowing conversion units and the status of total energy and electric power since2000 is shown in the following graph.
Electric energy: 1 kWh ＝ 9.83 MJ
Oil:
1 liter ＝ 38.93 MJ
LPG:
1 liter ＝ 27.61 MJ
The influence of SARS in 2003 is clearly seen in the total energy values.

Yearly Total Energy [MJ]
10 0,000 ,000

MJ

8 0,000 ,000
LPG
Oil
Electricity

6 0,000 ,000
4 0,000 ,000
2 0,000 ,000

y
04
20

03

y
20

02

y
20

01

y
20

00
20

y

0

(4) Energy consumption rates by energy resource
The following pie chart shows the energy consumption rates by energy resource in
2004.
Electric power is 67%, oil is 30%, and LPG is 3%. These values are not very
different from the 2002 values where electric energy is 66%, oil is 31%, and LPG is3%.

2004 Energy Ratio
LPG
3.3%
Oil
30.1%
Electricit
y
66.6%
V-28

(5) Evaluations of electric energy
The electric energy consumption of Hotel Nikko Hanoi in 2004 is compared withthe electric energy consumption of other hotels in Viet Nam. The data was acquiredin different years depending on the hotel. The following graph shows therelationship between the total floor areas and the annual electric energy of sevenhotels including Hotel Nikko Hanoi. Although the sources of data are limited, Hotel
Nikko Hanoi is located below the average line indicating the hotel is more energy
saving than the average hotels in Viet Nam.

kWh/yVietnam 7 Hotels Electricity
18,000,000
16,000,000
14,000,000
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0y = 293.39x - 1E+06
2
R = 0.9844

0

10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
GFA[m2]

The following graph shows the annual electric energy per unit area (the annual
electric energy is the vertical axis). The value of Hotel Nikko Hanoi is 211
kWh/m2.

kWh/m2/ yElectric ity inte ncity [kWh /m2]
30 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.05 0.0
0.0
010,0 00 20,0 00 30,0 00 40 ,000 50 ,000 60 ,000
GFA[m2]V-29

Since the number of hotels that can be compared in Viet Nam is small, we compare
the value of Hotel Nikko Hanoi with the average value of Japanese hotels. The
following graph shows the average temperature of each month in Hanoi and Tokyo.
MonthlyMonthly Average Temperature
Tenperature

℃

35 .0
30 .0
25 .0
20 .0

TokyouTokyo
Hanoi
HaNnoi

15 .0
10 .0

De

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Ju n

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

Jan

5 .0
0 .0

The average value of Japanese hotels is 3,217 MJ/m2 while the value of Hotel
Nikko Hanoi is 3,115 MJ/m2, which is a little smaller than the Japanese average.

Energy Ef fic iency Inde x (1kWh= 9.83MJ) [MJ/m2]
0
1 000
20 00
300 0
4 000
Gove rnme nt ｏｆｆｉｃｅs

1 498

Schools

1510

Assembly halls

213 1

Of fice bu ildings

2225
2 987

Supermarkets
Hote ls

321 7

Nikko Hanoi

3 ,115

Hospitals

3431

Department
storesDepartmen
t stors

344 3(6) Changes of water consumption
The following graph shows the monthly water consumption from 2002 to the
middle of 2005.
Due to the influence of SARS, the water consumption clearly drops in 2003. The

V-30

water consumption increase in 2004 and 2005 indicates that guests came back to thehotel. The water consumption is large between April and September probably
because more cooling water was required for more air conditioning.

Nikko Hanoi Monthly Water Consumption
18000
16000
14000

m3

12000

2005ｙ
2004ｙ
2003ｙ
2002ｙ

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
J an. Feb. Mar. Apr. May J un. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec(7) Relationship among operation rate, energy consumption, and water consumption
We were able to obtain the data on the operation rate, energy consumption, andwater consumption of the hotel. The following graph shows the rate of changes
assuming 2000 as the basis.
Water consumption has the strongest correlation with operation rate. Energy
consumption is less correlated with operation rate probably because of the large
basic energy consumption in the hotel that is not related with the number of guests.
Oil consumption is decreasing probably because generators are now used only for
emergencies. The generators used to be run during the peak hours of electric power.
5 Year Chang
3.00
2.50

Occupancy
Energy Total
Electricity
oil
LPG
Water

2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50

V-31

y
20

05

y
20

04

y
03
20

20

02

y
20

01

y
00
20

y

0.00

(8) Energy consumption rates by user
We calculate the energy consumption for each user and describe the rates in a pie
chart. When the rates of Hotel Nikko Hanoi are compared with the average valuesof Japanese hotels, the section of hot water supply and steam is very large.
The graph indicates that the point for improvement in the hotel is hot water supply
and steam, which means how to run boilers.
Hotel Nikko Hanoi 2004

Ｏther
3%
Power
10%
Lighting andOutlets
14%

Heat Source
26%

Heat delivery
16%
Hot water,Steam31%

Hotel in Japan Average

Ｏther
5%
Power
13%

Heat Source
36%

Lighting andOutlets
23%
Hot water,Steam
12%

V-32

Heat
delivery11%Hotel Nikko Hanoi

Hotel in Japan Average

0

10

20

30
26

Heat Source
Heat delivery

11

Hot water ,Steam

12

10

Power
3

36

16
31
14

Lighting and Outlets

Ｏther

40

23

13

5

(9) Voluntary improvements
The chief engineer, Mr. BIEN BANAO had been working in the hotel since 2003
and he said he had been conducting the following energy conservation
improvements. Energy data was managed appropriately and his energy management
was at a high level.
① A circulation system was created for overblown water of pools to reduce water
consumption.
② An opening was made in the external walls of the cooling towers to improve
efficiency. The exhaust duct was improved since it was affecting the cooling
towers badly.

③ The schedules for starting and stopping air conditioners and exhaust fans werereviewed in detail and improved.

V-33

3.5

Additional Proposals for Improvement
The following describes the proposals for improvement that were suggested previously
and not executed in the follow-up energy audit and some additional proposals.
(1) Improving the chilled water temperature【Current status】
The chillers were run with the outlet temperature of chilled water being set to 7°C
throughout the year.

【Proposal for improvement】
Raise the outlet temperature of chilled water during the seasons with less coolingload to run the chillers efficiently.
【Calculated effects】
Seasons with less cooling load: Six months including January to March and October
to December
Outlet temperature of chilled water: Current: 7°C Improved: 10°C
Percentage of saving when the outlet temperature of chilled water is improved: 7%
Average load factor: 80%
Chiller power: 209 kW
Average electric energy cost: 0.09 $/kWh
Calculations
Reduction in electric energy
209 × 0.8 × 24 × 30 × 6 ＝ 722,304 kWh
722,304 × 0.07 = 50,561 kWh
Reduction in cost
50,561 × 0.09 = 4,702 $/y
Percentage of energy reduction
Note that 1 kWh is equal to 9.83 MJ.
50,561 kWh = 497,017 MJ
Total energy consumption in 2004 ＝ 90,837,476 MJ
497,017 ÷ 90,837,476 = 0.0055 → 0.55%

V-34

The following table summarizes the above calculations:
Seasons of low cooling load

6 months

Chilled water outlet temperature
Saving rate

7 → 10 ℃
7%Power of chiller

209 kW

Average load factor

80 %Reduced power consumption

50,561 kWh

Reduced power consumption

497,017 MJ

Reduced Rate per Total Energy

0.55 %

Unit Cost

0.09 $/kWh

Reduced cost

4,702 $/y2004 Energy Consumption

90,837,476 MJ(2) Managing and improving the boiler fuel air ratio【Current status】
Two oil-fired boilers were run. However, the boilers were run without measuringand managing the fuel air ratio.

【Proposal for improvement】
Measure the fuel air ratio and run the boilers at an adequate ratio.
【Calculated effects】
Current fuel air ratio: 1.5 (assumed value)
Target fuel air ratio: 1.2
Difference between the current and target fuel air ratios: 0.3
Exhaust gas temperature: 200°C (assumed value)
Percentage of reduction in oil due to the improvement: 3.0%
Oil consumption in 2004: 702,160 L

V-35

Calculations
Reduction in oil consumption
702,160 × 0.03 = 21,065 L
Reduction in cost
Unit price of oil: 0.25 $/L
21,065 × 0.25 = 5,266 $/y
Percentage of energy reduction
1 L ＝ 38.937 MJ/L
21,065 × 38.937 = 820,200 MJ
Total energy consumption in 2004: 90,837,476 MJ
Percentage of reduction: 820,200 ÷ 90,837,476 = 0.009 → 0.9%
The following table summarizes the above calculations:
Current air ratio (Assumed )1.5

Target air ratio

1.2

Reduction rate after improvement

3.0 %Yearly oil consumption for boiler [2004]

702,160 l

Reduced oil consumption

21,065 l

Reduced oil consumption

820,200 MJ

Reduced Rate per Total Energy

0.90 %

Unit Cost

0.25 $/l

Reduced cost

5,266 $/y2004 Energy Consumption

90,837,476 MJ(3) Automatically cleaning the cooling water tubes in chillers【Current status】
The cooling water tubes in chillers were not cleaned.
【Proposal for improvement】
Automatically clean the cooling water tubes.
【Calculated effects】
Annual electric energy of chillers:
1,809,937 kWh (assumed value)
Percentage of the effect of the improvement: 3.0%
Reduction in electric energy
1,809,937 × 0.03 = 54,296 kWh
Reduction in cost
54,296 × 0.09 = 4,702 $/y
Percentage of energy reduction
54,296 × 9.83 = 533,750 MJ
533,750 ÷ 90,837,476 = 0.0059 → 0.59％

V-36

The following table summarizes the above calculations:
Chiller Electricity Consumption

1,809,937 kWh

Saving rate

3%

Reduced power consumption

54,298 kWh

Reduced power consumption

533,750 MJ

Reduced Rate per Total Energy

0.59 %

Unit Cost

0.09 $/kWh

Reduced cost

5,050 $/y2004 Energy Consumption

90,837,476 MJ(4) Heating water using the heat recovered from the laundry room (introduction of aheat pump water heater)
The laundry room was always hot since lots of steam was used. We introduce a heatpump water heater to use the hot temperature in the laundry room as the heat source
so the laundry room can be cooled and heat can be recovered at the same time.
This water heater uses CO2 refrigerant to enable hot water supply. To recover heatin the laundry room, you need to place an outdoor unit, which is usually placedoutside, in the laundry room (to cool the laundry room). This water heater isbecoming popular in Japan. However, it is not known in Viet Nam. The following
photograph shows the components of a heat pump water heater.

Hot water storage unit

Heat pump unit
Electric
power (1)Bathroom remotecontroller

Hot
water
valve

Hot water supply

Hot water
exchange

Kitchen remotecontroller
Compressor

Heat pump unit

Heat
absorption
from air (2)CO2refrigerantcycle

Air heat exchange

Expansion
valve

Water
heating

Pump

Water supply

Hot water
storage unit

(5) Suggesting detailed measuring
The electric energy was measured by using the watt-hour meter for supplied electric
power. No meter was installed in the later systems and the electric energy
consumption per user or per device was not measured.
The largest user of electric energy in this hotel was chillers. Therefore, the electricenergy consumed by the chillers should be measured at least.
The following figure shows an image of detailed measuring.

V-37

Watt-Hour Meter(6) Summary of proposals for improvement
The following table lists the proposals for improvement mentioned so far. The three
items will reduce 2% of total energy consumption.

No
1

Theme
Improvementof

ChilledElectricity

Oil

Rate

[kWh]

[L]

[%]

Water

Temperature

50,561

2 Improvement of Air Ratio of Boiler
3 Automatic Condenser Cleaning
4

Remarks

0.55
21,065 0.90

54,2980.59
NewLaundry Heat Makes Hot Water

Technology

5 Improving of Measuring System
Total
3.6

2.04

The Barriers for the Promotion of Energy Conservation, and Measures Against
Those Problems(1) Propagation of technologies
The improvement of the boiler fuel air ratio was included in the previous proposals
for improvement and never performed. Boilers consumed 30% of the energy used in
the hotel. The energy consumption of the boilers is excessive compared to theenergy consumption by use in Japanese hotels.

V-38

Building managers did not know that the key to energy management of boilers was
the management of fuel air ratio and the exhaust gas needed to be analyzed to
manage the fuel air ratio.
Propagation of basic knowledge about energy conservation and easy access tomeasuring companies are mandatory for wider spread of energy conservation
activities. We hope that necessary technologies will be well spread in Viet Nam in
the future.
(2) Importance of aesthetic values
The lamps in common areas such as corridors were replaced by high-efficiency
lamps. However, the incandescent lamps in guest rooms were still used for aesthetic
values. Since the lamps themselves were not designed to be artistic, we want torecommend high-efficiency lamps if the function is the same. However, it wasdifficult to persuade the hotel staff to accept high-efficiency lamps at the moment.
We hope that the designers and the manager will be more aware of the need forenergy conservation.
(3) Transfer of technologies
Since the chief engineer changed, the previous proposals for improvement were notpassed on correctly to the successor. This kind of thing happens very often.
However, the know-hows for energy conservation should not be kept to specificindividuals but need to be communicated correctly to the people involved.
To achieve this goal, the technical databases and technical directory for ASEAN
countries should be completed as soon as possible.

V-39

4. Follow-up Energy Audit of Lake Side Hotel
4.1
Outline of Lake Side Hotel(1) Name of the building: Lake Side Hotel(2) Use: Hotel (76 guest rooms)(3) Size: Five floors above the ground and nofloors below the ground: Total floor area: 6,981.1 m2(4) Age: 10 years old(5) Outline of electrical systems: Service
voltage: 20 kVTransformer capacity: 1,000 kVA
Generator (for emergency): 800 kVA
Elevators: 10.2 kW × 2 units(6) Outline of air-conditioning systems:
写真１ LAKE SIDE HOTEL
Chillers: 74 kW × 3 units(fan-coil units)(7) Sanitary facilities (water heating systems): Solar panels (96 panels) + electricboiler: 162 kW,
Hot water storage tanks: About 5,400
L × 4 units
4.2

Outlined Results of the Audit in 2002
(1) Date of energy audit: First audit: January 8 and 9, 2003
Second audit: February 17 and 19, 2003
(2) Diagnosed by: Akira Ueda (technical expert) and Akira Kobayashi (technicalexpert) from the Energy Conservation Center, Japan(3) Outlined results of the diagnosis
1) Energy consumption by use
・ The peak electric energy consumption month (about 80 MWh/month)
was either June or July. The least electric energy consumption month(about 40 MWh/month) was either February or November.
・ The annual electric energy consumption dropped from 890 MWh(2000) to 830 MWh (2002).
Since the operation rate of the hotel increased from 75% to 90% in theabove period, the reduction was due to the energy conservation
activities.
・ The percentage of consumed electric power in calorie was 85% and thepercentage of consumed LPG (for the kitchen) in calorie was 15%.
・ The maximum user of energy was heat conveyance from heat sources,
which was 53%. The next highest user was outlets for lamps, which
was 26%.
V-40

Since solar panels were used to heat water, the energy for water heating
was less than 4%, which is very low.
・ The average unit price of electric power was 0.18 $/kWh which was
twice as high as that of H hotel in the same city.
The reason for this high unit price needs to be investigated and a better
contract should be considered.
・ The water consumption rate (rate of water consumption per floor area)
was 5.12 m3/m2 and it was about 1.5 times of that of H hotel. The
employees should be more aware of water conservation.
2) Proposals for improvement
・ Improving the temperature of hot water supply: The temperature of hot
water supply should be decreased from current 80°C to 60°C todecrease the heat radiation loss in pipes.
・ Employing another heat source for heating water: The heat source forsecondary heating should be changed from electricity to LPG.
・ Managing electric energy: Creating a system for measuring theconsumed electric energy is recommended.
4.3

Follow-up of the Previous Proposals
We visited the hotel and performed a follow-up energy audit between 8:30 and 11:30
on November 17. From the hotel, Mr. Pham Thanh Hai (Front Office Manager of
Lake Side Hotel) and one more person received us.
The building manager who received us for the previous energy audit was not with the
hotel anymore and the details about the previous energy audit and our last proposals
were not passed on sufficiently.
(1) Performance status of the previous proposals
1) Decreasing the temperature of hot water supply
The hotel reduced the temperature from 80°C to 60°C as we suggested.
However, guests requested hotter water so the hotel supplied 70°C hot water
which is 10°C colder than the original temperature.
2) Employing another heat source for heating water (switching from electricity
to LPG)
Not performed. This is probably because an investment for a new facility isrequired.
We suggested this idea to reduce the cost since the unit price of electric
power was high at 0.18 $/kWh. However, the unit price was about 1,100
VSD/kWh at the time of the follow-up audit which was similar to that ofother hotels. Therefore, the effect of switching to LPG is smaller. However,electric power is generally costly and it should not be used for secondary

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heating of hot water.
3) Managing electric energy
We were not able to confirm this.
New Proposals
1) Adjusting the temperature of cooled water of chillers
The hotel staff told us that the temperature of cooled water supplied by chillers
was 6°C in summer and warmer in winter. Since the temperature decreases in
winter in Hanoi, the chillers can be run with less load in winter. By increasing
the outlet temperature of cooled water, the efficiency of chillers increases,
resulting in energy conservation. The graph shows the relationship between theoutlet temperature of cooled water and the electric energy consumed bycompressors.

P ower for c om pres s or (% )4.4

Condition:
Chilled water tem p. differenc e 5 ℃

105
100
95
90
85
80
5

6

7

8

9

10

Chilled water tem p. （℃）

Figure 1

Relationship Between the Temperature of Cooled Water ofa Turbo Chiller and the Required Input of a Compressor (%)
For example, if the temperature of output cooled water is increased from 6°C to
8°C, about 8% of energy can be saved.
2)

High-efficiency lamps
A great deal of energy can be saved by replacing general incandescent lamps
with compact fluorescent lamps with edison screw bases. The features of acompact fluorescent lamp with edison screw base are as follows:
・ The electric power consumption is one fourth or one fifth of an incandescentlamp with the same luminance.
Example: The electric power consumed by a compact fluorescent lampwith edison screw base is 8 W compared to a 40-W incandescentlamp, and 13 W compared to a 60-W incandescent lamp.

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・ The life of a compact fluorescent lamp with edison screw base is six times
longer than that of an incandescent lamp. The life of an ordinary
incandescent lamp is 1,000 hours while the life of a fluorescent lamp is
6,000 hours. If a lamp is lit six hours every day, you need to replace an
incandescent lamp every six months while you only need to replace afluorescent lamp every three years.
・ You do not need to change lighting fixtures to use fluorescent lamps withedison screw bases.
・ You can choose fluorescent lamps with edison screw bases from thedaylight color type, white daylight color type, and incandescent light color
type.
・ The heating value is small since the electric energy consumption is small.
You need to be aware of the following points when you decide to use
fluorescent lamps with edison screw bases:
・ A fluorescent lamp weighs heavier than an incandescent lamp.
・ A fluorescent lamp is more expensive, about 11 times more.
3)

Measuring electric energy
As mentioned in the previous audit, the first step to energy conservation ismeasuring. The monthly data of consumed electric energy is the most basic. To
perform energy conservation activities, the daily electric energy consumption
and the daily load curve must also be obtained. Although measuring using
dedicated watt-hour meters and installing demand meters are the best way, themeters in a substation are also adequate to make measurements with sufficientaccuracy. The procedures are shown below.
・ Measuring daily electric energy consumption
At the power reception point, there is a watt-hour meter installed by a powercompany. You read the indication of the watt-hour meter at the specified
time every day and subtract the value of the day before from the value of the
day to easily obtain the daily electric energy consumption.
An example record form is shown below.
Table 1

Received Electric Power Management Table

Receivingpowerdayly
daily report
2005
Receiving
powerreport Apr.
Apr.
2005
Voltage Current P. Factor Acc.power Power
day
V
A
%
kWh
kWh
1(Fri)①＝②−①
2(Sat)②＝③−②
3(Sun)③＝④−③
4(Mon)
④
＝⑤−④

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Power Consumption

・ Obtaining daily load curve
There is appropriate timing for energy conservation activities. To determinethat timing, check the time of target electric energy consumption on thedaily load curve. The following graph shows an example daily load curve of
the hotel.

100
80
60
40
20
1

3

5

7

9

11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Time

Figure 2

Example Daily Load Curve

From this daily load curve, you can consider cutting back the peak electric
power, optimizing the electric power consumption in the nighttime and thedaytime, and reducing the preparation and cleanup of banquets as the issues
to be addressed for energy conservation.
Basically, you can create a daily load curve by recording the indications of awatt-hour meter every hour. However, the indications may be rough andinclude errors.
Using a watt-hour meter is the best way to make measurements. You canalso read the current values every hour and calculate the electric energy.
To determine the electric energy P, use P ＝ 1.73 × service voltage ×current × power factor. If a power factor meter is available, use the readings.
If you do not have a power factor meter, consider the power factor to beabout 0.9. This assumption may be a little coarse but sufficient for our
purpose.
You can also ask outside electricians to make measurements. In that case,select the month with the highest electric energy consumption and ask theelectrician to measure more than one week continuously.
4)

Installing water saving disks
The previous energy audit revealed that the tap water consumption was larger
compared to that of other hotels.
You need to investigate the cause. If water leakage is the cause, it is very

V-44

uneconomical.
The most simple solution to saving water is the use of water saving disks. A
water saving disk is a tool recommended by the Japanese Waterworks Bureau forsaving water. You install a water saving disk inside a faucet to replace a built-in
disk to save about six liters of water per minute at maximum.
As you can see in the following figure, the bottom part of a water saving disk islarger than that of an ordinary disk.

Water saving disk

Ordinary disk

Water saving disk

Water saving disk plate is bigger thanordinary one.
*The disk is not applicable to single lever type tap.

Figure 3

Structure of a Water Saving Disk

Discharged water volume(L/min)The following graph shows the effect of a water saving disk in relation to the
opening of a tap.

Ordinary disk

Water saving disk
fully open
Turning -on tap(degree)
Figure 4

Characteristics of a Water Saving Disk

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When a water saving disk is fully open, it allows the same amount of water to go
through as an ordinary disk. If the water saving disk is open less than 180
degrees, the water saving effect takes place.
However, as explained in Figure 3, you cannot use a water saving disk in asingle lever type tap.

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5. About the Result of the Workshop
5.1
Outline
The workshop was held at Harison Hotel in Hanoi. The agenda is as described below. Mr.
Zamora of ACE acted as the moderator and there were a total of 39 participants on thepart of Viet Nam, including Mr. Vu Van Thai (Deputy Director-General of Ministry ofIndustry (MOI) and ASEAN SOE Leader for Viet Nam), Mr. Le Tuan Phong (Official of
Science and Technology Department of MIO), Dr. Pham Hoan Luong (Hanoi Universityof Technology) and Mr. Huynh Kim Tuoc (The Energy Conservation Center in Ho Chi
Minh City). The workshop had also 3 presenters from ASEAN (Mr. Jhon Budi Haryanto(Indonesia), Mr. Amado DE Juses (United Architects in Philippines) and Dr. Vorasun
Branakarn (Chulalongkorn University, Thailand)), 2 from Ace (Mr. Christopher G. Zaｍ
ora and Mr. Ivan Ismed) and 3 from Japan in addition.
5.2

Details about the Seminar/Workshop
The seminar/workshop began with welcome remarks by Mr. Vu Van Thai, Deputy
Director-General of Ministry of Industry (MOI) and ASEAN SOE Leader for Viet Nam.
In the remarks, he mentioned that legislative preparations were in progress under theenergy conservation decree and energy efficiency and conservation initiatives were
proactively exercised through the provision of training and education, theimplementation of energy audits, etc. and that the country was ready to learn Japan’s
energy conservation technologies through the PROMEEC project and also thankful forthe cooperation of the government of Japan (METI).
This was followed by opening statements by a representative from ECCJ (Ushio) and Mr.
Chris Zamora of ACE that included explanation on the PROMEEC project and the
purpose of this seminar/workshop. The seminar/workshop proceeded in accordance withthe following program. The titles of the respective presentations (presenters in theparentheses) are given below. Please see the attached material for details.
(1) Energy efficiency and conservation activities and promotion in Viet Nam (Mr. Le
Tuan Phong)(2) Concept and initiatives for Sustainable Buildings in Japan (Mr. Ushio)(3) Energy efficiency and conservation training programs provided in Viet Nam (Dr.
Pham Hoan Luong: Hanoi University of Technology)(4) Activities for promotion of energy efficiency and conservation in Viet Nam (Mr.
Huynh Kim Tuoe, Energy Conservation Center in Ho Chi Ming City)(5) Energy efficiency and conservation best practice buildings in Thailand (Dr.
Soontorn Booyatikarn, Chulalogkorn University)(6) Energy efficiency and conservation best practice buildings in Indonesia (Mr. Jhon
Budi Haryanto)(7) Energy efficiency and conservation best practice buildings in Philippines (Mr.

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Amado de Jesus, United Architects of Philippines (UAP))(8) Proposal for preparation of Energy Conservation Technical Directory (TD) (Amano,technical expert)(9) Development of unit energy consumption management tools in Japan (Kobayashi,technical expert)
In the presentation by Japanese delegates, titled “Concept and initiatives for Energy
Efficiency and Conservation /Environmental Issues in the area of buildings in Japan”, asin the Workshop held in Laos , CASBEE(the comprehensive assessment system forbuilding environmental efficiency), a system of rating buildings in terms ofenvironmental performance, advanced management tools of unit energy consumption forbuildings that are being developed in the Energy Conservation Center and the system ofrecognizing energy conservation good practice buildings were introduced and theimportance of development of database and technical directory (TD) was emphasized. In
the current seminar, a sample of Technical Directory for Energy Efficiency andConservation (TD) that is in the process of preparation at ACE was shown and theprogress status in preparation was explained.
The greatest obstacle lying in the way of promoting energy efficiency and conservationin Viet Nam consists of the building owners’ lack of awareness of energy conservationand the resulting lack of funds and the shortage of technical experts in energy
conservation. In this respect, the current seminar/workshop that had a detailed
presentation on human resource development plans for prompting energy conservation inViet Nam left a special impression on us. Therefore it was very regrettable that a half ofthe participants from Viet Nam left after lunch although all of them stayed until noon.
However, all participants from the hotels subject to audit this time stayed through the lastlistening attentively to presentations. We felt this difference in attitude came from thedifference of the awareness of the importance of energy conservation.
The 3 presentations made by delegates of other ASEAN countries were based on very
specific actual instances and therefore easy-to-understand for local participants as thosemade in the workshop in Laos. In addition, these presentations must have impressed
local participants with the high level of ASEAN energy conservation activities in the areaof buildings.
We are confident that participants from Viet Nam are quite content with our activities inViet Nam including this seminar/workshop where we could introduce advanced energy
efficiency and conservation technologies and promotion activities of Japan and ASEAN
member countries.

V-48

SEMINAR ON PROMOTION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATIONFOR BUILDINGS IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
Press Center, Hanoi, Vietnam
18 November 2005TENTATIVE PROGRAMME
8.30

-

9.00

Registration

9.00

-

9.10

Welcome Remarks
Mr. Vu Van Thai,
ASEAN SOE Leader for Vietnam
Ministry of Industry

9.10

-

9.20

Opening Statement
Mr. Yoshitaka Ushio
General Manager, Energy Conservation Centre, Japan (ECCJ)

9.20

-

9.30

Opening Statement
Mr. Christopher G. Zamora, Manager, ACE
Executive Director, ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE)

9.30

-

10.00

Photo Session and Coffee BreakSession 1: Policy and EE&C Best Practices (Moderator: ACE)
10.00

-

10.15

Overview of ASEAN EE&C Programmes
Mr. Christopher G. Zamora, Manager, ACE

10.15

-

10.30

Overview of EE&C Initiatives and Activities in Vietnam
Mr. Phong Le Tuan, Expert, Ministry of Industry

10.30

-

11.00

Concept and Initiatives Towards Sustainable Buildings in JapanMr. Yoshitaka Ushio, General Manager, ECCJ

11.00

-

11.30

Training on energy efficiency and conservation in Vietnam
Dr. PHAM Hoang Luong, Hanoi University of Technology

11:30

12:00

Energy Efficiency & Conservation Best Practices in Vietnam
Mr. Huynh Kim Tuoc, Energy Conservation Center of Hochiminh City

12:00

-

12:30

Energy Efficiency & Conservation Best Practices in Thai Buildings
Dr. Vorasun Buranakarn, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand

12.30
14.00

-

14.00

LUNCH

14.30

Energy Efficiency & Conservation Best Practices in Indonesian
Buildings, Mr. John Budi Haryanto

14.30

-

15.00

Energy Efficiency & Conservation Best Practices in Philippine Buildings
Mr. Amado de Jesus

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15.00-15.15

Question and Answer

15.15

-

15.30

COFFEE BREAK

SESSION 2 : THE WAY FORWARD (MODERATOR – ACE)
15.30

-

15.50

Development of a Technical Directory (Proposal for Further Step)
Mr. Hisashi Amano, Expert, ECCJ

15.50

-

16.20

Development of a Database/ Benchmarking/ Guideline for Buildings:
Advanced Energy Management Tool for Buildings in Japan
Mr. Akira Kobayashi, Expert, ECCJ & Ms. Maureen Balamiento, ACE
Database Staff,

16.20

-

16.45

Q & A Session

16.45

-

17.00

Closing Remarks

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