Science Technology PlanFor
Disaster Risk Reduction
Asian and Pacific Perspectives

ICSU Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (ICSU ROAP)
Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR)About This Publication
This publication is developed by Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) and representatives
with support from researchers, scientists and policy-makers in 12 countries in Asia and the Pacificregion. A call for submission was made for developing science and technology plan for disaster risk
reduction. This publication is supported by IRDR International Programme Office (IPO), International
Council for Science (ICSU) Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (ROAP), IRDR International
Centre of Excellence (ICoE)-Taipei and National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT). Thispublication is not the official voice of any country and the analysis presented in this publication is of
the author (s) mentioned for each country.

Team Members:
Pacific: Helene Jacot Des Combes
Bangladesh: Md. Anwarul Abedin
India: Kamal Kishore: Vinod Kumar SharmaIndonesia: Sugeng Triutomo, Lilik Kurniawan
Iran: Ali Ardalan,Behnam Saeedi, Mehdi Zare, Ali Darvishi, Daoud Khorasani, Kambod Amini,
Hamidreza Khankeh, Abbas Ostadtaghizadeh, Ahmad Soltani, STPDRR Advisory Group, Hasan
Azadeh, Rasoul Hajahmadi, Mona Khaleghi, Meshkat Torkamanian, Homa Yusefi, STPDRR Research
Team
Malaysia: Ir. Bibi Zarina Che Omar, Joy Jacqueline Pereira, Mohd Khairul Zain Ismail
Myanmar: Aung Myint
Nepal: Amod Mani Dixit
Pakistan: Atta-Ur Rahman
Philippines: Antonia Yulo Loyzaga, Jessica Dator Bercilla, JoeMar S. Perez, Carlos Primo David
Sri Lanka: Deepthi Wickramasinghe, GLS Senadeera
Thailand: Monthip Sriratana
Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) International Programme Office: Rajib Shaw, Lucy Lu,
Fang Lian

Please refer this publication as follow:
Shaw R., Lu L., Lian F. (2017): Science Technology Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction: Asian andPacific Perspectives, ICSU and IRDR, Beijing, China, 60 pages.

March 2017

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0
International License.

PREFACE
Role of Science and Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) has constantly evolved globallyin accordance with different international declarations from the IDNDR (International Decade of
Natural Disaster Reduction) to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA: 2005-2015) and the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR: 2015-2030). SFDRR highlighted the important roleof science and technology for disaster risk reduction in each of its priority areas, as well as emphasised
the essential presence of science and technology community to a wide range of stakeholder
engagements.

As a result of the regional initiatives in Asia, the 1st Asian Science and Technology Conference forDisaster Risk Reduction was held in Bangkok in August 2016 to understand the key issues andchallenges as well as prioritize needs and opportunities in the application of science and technology
in DRR. Following the regional conference, IRDR along with ICSU ROAP, ICoE Taipei, and NRCT
organized two workshops aiming to strengthen scientific advisory capacities in 12 Asian countries
and region and contributing to the development of science and technology plans in line with the
Sendai Framework.

The purpose of this publication is to illustrate the science and technology plan for disaster risk
reduction from the 12 countries in Asia. The publication consists of two parts: Science Technology
Plan for DRR and Country Report. The first part contains the background information of theworkshop, context and the outcome document of 1st Asian Science and Technology Conference forDisaster Risk Reduction. The second part includes the summary of science technology plan of 11
countries (Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka
and Thailand) and one region (Pacific).
This is just the beginning of a long process of engaging the science technology community and thedisaster risk reduction decision makers in a planned and meaningful way to co-implement SFDRR in
different Asia Pacific countries. We hope that this document will serve as a good reference for thedevelopment and implementation of science and technology plan for disaster risk reduction from
Asian and Pacific perspectives, and can be a reference document to share it with other disaster prone
regions of the world.

Rajib Shaw
Executive Director, IRDRTable of Contents
About ICSU Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (ICSU ROAP)

1

About Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR)

2

Context3

The 1st Asian Science and Technology Conference for DRR

5

Tentative structure for Science and Technology Plan

9

Workshop photos

11

Summary of Science Technology Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction
1. Pacific13

2. Bangladesh

17

3. India21

4. Indonesia

25

5. Iran29

6. Malaysia

33

7. Myanmar

37

8. Nepal41

9. Pakistan

45

10. Philippines

49

11. Sri Lanka

53

12. Thailand

57

ABOUT ICSU ROAP

www.icsu.org

The ICSU Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (ROAP) promotes the development of sciencethroughout Asia and the Pacific and help to strengthen the voice of developing countries scientists ininternational research programmes. ICSU ROAP supports the implementation of the ICSU Strategic
Plan II, 2012 – 2017 in the Asia – Pacific region with its:

VisionThe long-term ICSU vision is for a world where science is used for the benefit of all, excellence inscience is valued and scientific knowledge is effectively linked to policy-making. In such a world,
universal and equitable access to high quality scientific data and information is a reality and all
countries have the scientific capacity to use these and to contribute to generating the new knowledge
that is necessary to establish their own development pathways in a sustainable manner.

MissionICSU mobilizes knowledge and resources of the international science community for the benefit
of society, to:-1

Identify and address major issues of importance to science and society
Facilitate interaction amongst scientists across all disciplines and from all countries
Promote the participation of all scientists in the international scientific endeavour, regardlessof race, citizenship, language, political stance or gender
Provide independent, authoritative advice to stimulate constructive dialogue between thescientific community and governments, civil society, and the private sector

ABOUT IRDR
www.irdrinternational.org

Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) is a decade-long research programme co-sponsoredby the International Council for Science (ICSU), the International Social Science Council (ISSC), andthe United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR). It is a global, multidisciplinary approach to dealing with the challenges brought by natural disasters, mitigating theirimpacts, and improving related policy-making mechanisms. Core funding for IRDR is provided by the
China Association for Science and Technology (CAST). IRDR International Programme Office ishosted by Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth (RADI) Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Although the approaches in the sciences vary, the IRDR programme approaches the issues ofnatural and human-induced hazards and disasters from several perspectives: from the hazards to thedisasters, and from the human exposures and vulnerabilities back to the hazards. This coordinatedand multi-dimensional approach takes the IRDR programme beyond approaches that havetraditionally been undertaken.
There are three research objectives:
1. Characterization of hazard, vulnerability and risk,
2. Understanding decision making in complex and changing risk contexts,
3. Reducing risk and curbing losses through knowledge based actions.
To meet its research objectives the IRDR established four core projects, comprising working
groups of experts from diverse disciplines, to formulate new methods in addressing the shortcomingsof current disaster risk research. The projects are as follow:
 Assessment of Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (AIRDR) Disaster Loss Data (DATA)
 Forensic Investigations of Disasters (FORIN) Risk Interpretation and Action (RIA)
The key part of IRDR is its global network, which consists of:Scientific Committee (15 members): Eminent scientists from different parts of the globe
National Committees (10): Australia, Canada, China, Colombia, France, Germany, Iran,Japan, New Zealand and USA
Regional Committee (1): Latin America and Caribbean Region
ICoEs (12): Twelve International Center of Excellency located globally

The activities are coordinated by the IPO (International Programme Office) based in Beijing, China.
The legacy of the IRDR programme "would be an enhanced capacity around the world to address
hazards and make informed decisions on actions to reduce their impacts".

2

Context of
Science Technology Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction
1. Background● On March 18, 2015, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (SFDRR)
was agreed at the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in Japan,
which is one of the landmark agreements together with the Sustainable Development Goals
and the Paris Agreement.
● In Geneva in January 2016, a Science and Technology Conference was organised by theUnited Nation Offices for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) together with a wide range ofpartners, including Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) to further discuss a roadmap
defining the contribution of science and technology to the implementation of the Sendai
Framework. The Science and Technology Roadmap (draft) was produced by the science andtechnology community as well as other stakeholders shortly thereafter.
● Subsequently, the 1st Asian Science and Technology Conference for Disaster Risk
Reduction (ASTCDRR) on 23-24 of August 2016 was organised by UNISDR with support
from IRDR and other partners, which aims to discuss the key issues, challenges, needs andopportunities in the application of science in policy-making and explore the way forward for
promotion of science-policy interface for evidence-based policy-making in DRR. Most
importantly, the 1st Asia regional science and technology conference generated an outcome
document, which consists of twelve recommended actions aligning with and contributing to
the “Science and Technology Roadmap”. See the attachment of the draft outcome document.
● Following the global and regional conference, IRDR together with International Council of
Science (ICSU), the ICSU Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (ICSU ROAP), the Academyof Sciences located in Taipei and IRDR International Centre of Excellence (ICoE) Taipeiorganised the 1st Workshop to Strengthen Scientific Advisory Capacities for Disaster
Risk Reduction in Bangkok, Thailand, from 25-26 August 2016, hosted by National ResearchCouncil of Thailand (NRCT). The 1st workshop aims at strengthening scientific advisory
capacities on disaster risk management as well as enhances the interface between IRDR andpolicy platforms in charge of DRR among 12 countries, including Bangladesh, Fiji, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
● The 2nd workshop was held in January 2017, Taipei to present and further discuss the Science
Technology Plan for DRR in the respective countries, with specific targets to implement the
Sendai Framework.
2. The 1st and 2nd Workshop Outcome● Analysed the gaps and challenges in implementing science based decision-making in DRR
among the 12 countries● Shared the best practices of science based decision-making from China, Japan, Taipei, Thailandand UN-SPIDER
3

Discussed the essentials of the science technology plan for DRR in accordance with theoutcome document and briefly developed the framework of the science technology plan for
DRR● Encouraged the 12 country representatives to focus on development of a framework for theirrespective science technology plan and then present their plans in the 2nd workshop in Taipei●● After the workshops, the country representatives co-authored a publication, Science
Technology Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction.
3. Science Technology Plan for Implementation of SFDRR
Following are a few issues to be kept in mind while developing Science Technology Plan for SFDRR
implementation:● Multi stakeholder partnership: Please be reminded that Science Technology Plan is NOT
a Scientist’s plan. It needs multi stakeholder collaboration, including science community,
government, civil society, private sector, media etc.
● Focused approach: The plan does not need to include the hazard, vulnerability of thecountry, which is already part of the national DRR plan. More emphasis is required to focus
on the four priority areas of SFDRR, and looking through a science lens.
● Inclusive approach: The plan development should have a balanced mix of different
professions, stakeholders, age and gender. Link to different professional societies and science
academy is important.
● Cultural calibration: Science and its influences on society and governance are different indifferent country. Thus, there is not a single one-fit-all model for all countries. Science
technology plan needs to keep in mind the local cultural issues of the countries, and customize
accordingly.
● Dynamic evolution: DRR is an evolving subject. The science landscape is changing rapidly
over time. The plan needs to cope with the dynamic evolution of the subject as well as sciencelandscape.
● Youth voices: The whole subject of DRR is very much related to its future disciplinary
evolution. Higher education plays an important role here. It is very important to involve
young scientists, professionals and practitioners in the process to make it futuristic oriented.

4

1st Asian Science and Technology Conference for Disaster Risk Reduction:
Science-Policy dialogue for Implementation of the Sendai Framework
Conference Outcome
Introduction
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 shifts the focus from managing
disasters to managing risks. Such a shift requires a better understanding of risk in all its dimensionsof hazards, exposure and vulnerability; a disaster risk governance that ensures disaster risk is factored
into planning and development at all levels across all sectors as well as in disaster preparedness,rehabilitation, recovery and reconstruction; and cost-benefit analysis to support prioritization of
investments in disaster risk reduction (DRR) for long-term resilience.
The Sendai Framework emphasizes the role of science and technology. It calls to prioritize thedevelopment and dissemination of science-based risk knowledge, methodologies and tools, scienceand technology work on DRR through existing networks and research institutions and strengthened
interface between science and policy to support all four priority areas: understanding disaster risk;
disaster risk governance; investing in DRR for resilience; and enhancing disaster preparedness forresponse and to build back better.
A ‘Science and Technology Roadmap to Support the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster
Risk Reduction 2015-2030’1 has been agreed as the result of the United Nations Office for Disaster
Risk Reduction (UNISDR) Science and Technology Conference in January 2016. The Roadmap
includes expected outcomes, actions, and deliverables under each of the four priorities of the Sendai
Framework.
Asia has been the world’s hotspot of economic development and innovation in terms of scienceand technology over recent decades. At the same time, the region continues to be highly exposedand vulnerable to disasters. Science and technology-based DRR was a priority in the implementationof the Hyogo Framework for Action in Asia. At the 6th Asia Ministerial Conference on DRR(AMCDRR) in 2014, the Science Technology Academia Stakeholder Group made a series ofcommitments to: promote a holistic, science-based approach towards community resilience; support
the use of science and technology advancements through increased earth observation; develop course
curriculum and promote higher education in DRR; and promote community- and problem-based
implementation research.
The 1st Asian Science and Technology Conference for Disaster Risk Reduction was organized by
the Hydro and Agro Informatics Institute (HAII) of the Royal Thai Government Ministry of Scienceand Technology and UNISDR, in collaboration with UNISDR’s Asian Science Technology andAcademia Advisory Group (ASTAAG), Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR), Future Earthand other scientific organizations and networks.
The Conference brought together more than 300 senior policy-makers, practitioners, researchers
and academics, civil society and the private sector in the realm of disaster risk reduction from acrossAsia, and more widely, to discuss how to strengthen science based DRR policy development insupport of the implementation of the Sendai Framework in Asia.

1

https://www.unisdr.org/files/45270_unisdrscienceandtechnologyroadmap.pdf

5

Actions for Science and Technology-based DRR in Asia
The following recommended actions align with and contribute to the global ‘Science andTechnology Roadmap”. They take due consideration of the forthcoming Asian Ministerial Conference
on Disaster Risk Reduction in November 2016 and one of its expected main outcomes, the Asia
Regional Plan for Implementation of the Sendai Framework.
Priority 1 – Understanding Disaster Risk
1. Enhance disaster loss and damage accounting, national and local disaster risk assessment andcommunication of disaster risk, with a specific focus on urban risks.
This should be done through: data standardization; appropriate and robust methodologies andtools; building the capacities of both the scientific community for dynamic research andinnovation to cope with fast changing context of hazards and vulnerabilities, and DRR
practitioners to apply such methods; and promoting the role of mass media, civil society andpeople working with communities to translate scientific information into understandable andaccessible risk information. A Multi-hazard, multi-scale, multi-stakeholder, and multi-facet
approach and participatory process should be a standard.
2. Use space and disaster risk mapping technologies and strengthen the capacity for using thesetechnologies for improved understanding of disaster risks at global, national and local level.
3. Strengthen regional exchange on disaster risk information and science in order to better
understand complex disaster risks including risks of transboundary, cascading and compounddisasters.
Priority 2 – Disaster Risk Governance
4. Strengthen science-policy-practice nexus at all levels (national, local, transboundary andregional) through: increased dialogue and networking among scientists, policy makers andpractitioners; better evidence to inform decision making and proactive involvement of thescience and technology community in regional, national and local platforms for DRR. Support
these platforms to be multi-stakeholder partnerships, particularly including the private sector,
civil society, media and communities at-risk to deliver science-based solutions andtechnological user-friendly tools and methods to reduce disaster risk and strengthen resilience.
5. Develop inter-disciplinary national science and technology plans to support implementationof the Sendai Framework. This includes actions by academia/universities to develop their own
disaster risk management plans.
6. Enhance collaboration between local governments, academia and other partners to promotelocal communities’’ knowledge and traditions and to sustain and replicate many good practices
that exist locally for science-based decision making.

6

Priority 3 – Invest in DRR for Resilience
1. Make DRR an area of focus within education including networking between universities. Jointly
develop research and higher education programmes that contribute to the building of resilient
communities and societies. Promote knowledge broker education and training programmes
to help close the gap between disaster risk science and people including through community
networks such as faith-based organizations
2. Ensure risk-sensitive investments. Enhance the role of the science and technology community
in building public private partnerships for the purpose of reducing vulnerabilities ofcommunities and ecosystems-at-risk, preventing risks and building resilience of criticalinfrastructure, essential services as well as emerging industries.
3. Develop young professionals in the field of multi-disciplinary disaster risk reduction. In
particular, more women and girls should be engaged in DRR research and a gender marker
should be a key element of many aspects of such enquiry.
Priority 4 – Enhance disaster preparedness for effective response and to Build Back Better
4. Promote the role of inter-disciplinary science and technology in effective pre-disaster planning,
preparedness, response, rehabilitation, recovery and reconstruction to build back better.
Promote the combination of traditional knowledge and modern science. Enhance regional
cooperation, particularly for preparedness, response and build back better in transboundary
disasters.
5. Develop an efficient and effective cooperation among the science community and businesssector by utilizing the advancements of the fast developing information and communication
technology (ICT) including big data.
6. Research into innovative solutions to promote the whole-of-society engagement; innovative
financial mechanisms to maximize social capital for DRR (such as a disaster resilience fund toprovide urgently needed resources to disaster affected communities for quick recovery), andto help the business sector shift towards sustainable and resilient development pathway.
The Way Forward
This Outcome Document will be shared at the 2016 AMCDRR. Participants of the conference will
also share the document with relevant governments, organizations, communities and otherstakeholders to promote the implementation of the recommended actions.
Asia’s science, technology and academia community agreed to hold an Asian Science andTechnology Conference for Disaster Risk Reduction every two years in advance of the AMCDRR sothat science and technology influences the implementation and monitoring of the Asia Regional Planfor Implementation of the Sendai Framework. The 2nd Asian Science and Technology Conference
for DRR will be hosted by the National Commission for DRR of China in 2018.
To prepare for the Asian Science and Technology Conference on DRR, progress of science andtechnology in DRR will be mapped periodically in different countries in terms of: i) science and7technology as part of decision making; ii) investment in science and technology including strengthening
the capacity of academic and research institutions; and iii) how science and technology links to people.
This should be done through multi-stakeholder consultations and in close cooperation with national
platforms for DRR. Review of progress in implementing recommended actions from previous
conferences will also be an important part of each biennial conference.
The UNISDR Asia Science Technology Academia Advisory Group (ASTAAG) could be utilized asa key resource to strengthen regional networking and to provide advice and insight to boost national
science and technology capacities. As part of this role, ASTAAG should disseminate the successful
applications of science and technology in mitigating risks from different types of hazards including
flood, earthquake, drought, health and other climate related hazards showcased at this conference.

8

Tentative Framework of Science Technology Plan for Implementation of
SFDRRFollowing is a tentative structure of the Science Technology Plan. The summary version of thecountry/region level Science Technology Plan is presented from Page 13 onward.
1. Background (2 pages)– Science technology for public policy– Evidence based decision-making– Review of application of science and technology in DRR– Linking science technology plan to the SFDRR, the Sustainable Development Goals
and the Paris agreement
2. Context of the Plan (4 pages)– Summary of National Science Technology Plan (if available)•
Background, rational, goal and strategies•
Strategic actions•
Implementation framework•
Performance Monitoring and Evaluation– Summary of National DRR Plan (if SFDRR implementation plan is available, pleasefocus on that)• HFA (if the plan is before SFDRR) or SFDRR priority of actions• Role of science and technology mentioned in the DRR Plan
• Financial mechanism– Science technology status• Countries who have conducted science technology mapping with the status
report, can refer to the key findings there
3. Purpose and key objectives (0.5 page)– This section needs to focus on specific purposes and key objectives of the Scienceand Technology Plan. The actions identified in the section 4 (under SFDRR) needs tobe linked to the objectives mentioned here.
4. Specific actions under SFDRR priorities (4 pages)– Refer to the Global Road Map of Science Technology in DRR. There are 39 specificactions and 7 outcomes of the road map.
– Refer to the Outcome document of the 1st Asia Science Technology conference.
There are 12 specific actions under the four priority areas of SFDRR.
– Identify through a consultative process which actions are more crucial for yourcountry perspective, keeping in mind the national science technology plan and DRR
plan.
– Refer to The Asia Science Technology Status for Disaster Risk Reduction White
Paper, and consider the indicators under three key issues:oScience in decision-makingoInvestment in science and technologyoScience link to people

95. Implementation framework (2 pages)– Institutions, networks and partnerships: This section needs to describe the key roles
and responsibilities of the institutions responsible for the implementation of the plan.
The key resource institution(s) need to be identified along with partnerorganisations. A network of institutions and organisations are required to facilitate
the implementation of the science technology plan.
6. Key challenges to overcome (1 page)
Annex
Please add any other relevant information / website/ resources in this section

10

Workshop Photos
1st Workshop in Bangkok, August 25-26, 2016

2nd Workshop in Taipei, January 16-17, 201711

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PLAN
For Disaster Risk Reduction
11 Countries and 1 Region (Pacific)

12

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

PACIFIC

1. BACKGROUND1PACIFICThe Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 mentions the need
to use science and technology in several paragraphs. The need to more routinely use
science and technology in DRR in the region was also highlighted in the outcome
statement of the 2016 Pacific Regional Platform for Disaster Risk Management.
However, Pacific Island Countries do not currently have national Science andtechnology Plans, although some of them are in the process of developing one.
Moreover, some of the Pacific Island Countries may be too small for a National Scienceand technology plan to be relevant to them. As a result, a regional plan may benecessary to support the Science and Technology priorities identified by thesecountries.
It is important to note that this document is a draft of the final plan that will be
reviewed, amended and finalised by the Pacific STAG when it will be established. As aresult, some of the actions presented in section 4 may be changed or removed in the
final version.

2. CONTEXT OF THE PLAN
Each Pacific Island Country has a National DRM plan, and some countries have a
Joint National Action Plan integrating climate change and DRM. In addition to theseplans, there is also a regional framework in the Pacific. The Framework for Resilient
Development in the Pacific 2017-2030, an Integrated Approach to Address Climate
Change and Disaster Risk Management (FRDP) does not focus only on DRR but is an
integrated framework for both climate change and disaster risk management, twomajor issues for the development of Pacific Island Countries. The FRDP proposes
voluntary guidelines for the Pacific islands region over three goals: Strengthened
Integrated Adaptation and Risk Reduction to Enhance Resilience to Climate Change
and Disasters, Low Carbon Development, and Strengthened Disaster Preparedness,
Response and Recovery (SPC et al., 2016, p. 3). The FRDP is expected to support theimplementation of commitments PICs have made under the different international
agreements, including the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.
There is thus a significant alignment between both regional and global frameworks.
Individually, Pacific Island Countries have limited resources to develop, access andimplement science and technology-based solutions for DRR. As a result, science andtechnology projects are often conducted either at regional level by regionalorganisations (The Pacific Community (SPC), The Secretariat of the Pacific Regional
Environment Programme (SPREP), The University of the South Pacific (USP)) or underbilateral projects with partners from outside the region, mostly from Australia and
New Zealand.
There is a significant potential for research and development of science andtechnology-based solutions for DRR in the Pacific Island Countries. Beside theexamples provided above, research and academic institutions from Australia and New
Zealand are also working with Pacific Island Countries on DRR. However, most of theresearch is project-based and the findings are not always widely shared and applied.
Similarly, although Damage and Losses assessments are conducted after emergencies
1

Author: Helene Jacot Des Combes, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji

13

The purpose of this plan is to support the implementation of both the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the FRDP in the Pacific Island Countries
to reduce their risks and make them more resilient to disasters and climate change. In
order to achieve this purpose, the following key objectives have been identified:• Improve and standardise the collection of data and analysis of risk factors suchas gender, age, land rights, human mobility and socio-economic status to help better
understand the risks faced by Pacific Island Countries.
• Develop and implement user-friendly multi hazard early warning systems andmechanisms for disseminating warnings at national and local levels in a reliable andtimely manner.
• Routinely use relevant Science and Technology to reduce risks from bothnatural and anthropogenic origins, in particular climate change impacts. The use of
traditional knowledge, ecosystem services and innovative solutions which were
rigorously assessed will be selected to provide the most cost-effective protection.
• Improve the dissemination of information and knowledge both within theregion to support awareness of the population and decision making and outside theregion to the global DRR and scientific communities.

4. SPECIFIC ACTIONS UNDER SFDRR PRIORITIESThis section presents some examples of specific actions that could be conductedunder each of the SFDRR priorities.
Priority 1: Understanding Disaster Risk
1.
2.
3.

4.

Develop standardized post-disaster data collection tools and proceduresfor the different PICTs and for different hazards.
Standardized collection of baseline data for vulnerability assessment. In
many cases, the information is collected but not stored in accessible
databases, thus limiting the sharing of this information.
Use disaster risk mapping technologies and strengthen the capacity forusing these technologies for improved understanding of disaster risks atregional, national and local level.
Validate traditional knowledge skills and practices and integrate it, whenrelevant, in disaster risk reduction plans.

14

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

3. PURPOSE AND KEY OBJECTIVESPACIFICand disasters in the region, the information collected is not always analysed in a DRR
context to try and limit losses caused by future disasters.

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

PACIFIC

Priority 2 – Disaster Risk Governance
1.

2.

Strengthen science-policy-practice nexus at all levels (regional, national andlocal) through: increased dialogue and networking among scientists, policy
makers and practitioners; better evidence to inform decision making andproactive involvement of the science and technology community inregional, national and local platforms for DRR.
Support the integration of climate change projection into risk plans. Manyrisks in the PICs are altered by climate change impacts, either directly
through the impacts of climate change on natural hazards or through anincrease in the vulnerability of Pacific communities.

Priority 3 – Invest in DRR for Resiliencea).
b).

Develop accredited qualifications in tertiary education (TVET certificatesand university degrees) to professionalise the Resilience field.
Develop partnerships between the scientific community and the private
sector to develop innovative and/or specific solutions for the Pacific.

Priority 4 – Enhance disaster preparedness for effective response and to Build
Back Better
1.
2.

3.

15

Promote multi-hazard early warning systems with improved climate information,
aerial and spatial data, emergency response services and communication to end
users.
Include science into decision-making for resettlement process. Although somescientific disciplines are currently included in the resettlement process, theinclusion of other disciplines, especially social sciences and humanities should be
improved.
Support capacity building to ensure the inclusion of all community groups,
including the most vulnerable ones into all phases of decision-making for effective
pre-disaster planning, preparedness, response, rehabilitation, recovery andreconstruction to build back better.

The implementation of the framework will be decided and finalised by the Pacific
Science and Technology Advisory Group (PSTAG) that is currently being established.
According to the PSTAG TOR, yet to be finalised, the principal goal of the PSTAG is
to provide the scientific and technical expertise to the Pacific Island Countries andTerritories for the implementation of the Sendai Framework and the FRDP. The
PSTAG is a voluntary group whose membership is not limited and will include
representatives from institutions of the region, including academia, regionalorganisations such as SPC and SPREP, and UN agencies, and individual experts fromoutside the region but with documented interest in the region.
The PSTAG will have strong links with the Pacific Resilience Partnership (PRP),
which will coordinate and facilitate the partnerships required to implement the FRDP.
The PRP will bring together the climate change and disaster risk management
communities of practice, along with other partners (for example, government
representatives from ministries of finance and planning, relevant sectors and private
sector and civil society stakeholders). The PRP will, therefore, include a broad rangeof all stakeholders with common interests but also some distinct concerns.

6. KEY CHALLENGES TO OVERCOME
One key challenge to overcome is funding. The issue is not only the amount offunds necessary to achieve the objectives of the plan but it is also the current structureof the funding. At present, funding is available through direct budget support or is
project-based and does not always support science and technology. The result is aseries of uncoordinated outcomes, using different approaches, methodologies andstandards, making it difficult to compare the outcomes and replicate the goodpractices.
Another key challenge is human resources. Although there are projects currently
running to develop the capacity of not only disaster managers but also stakeholders
from different sectors to professionalise the DRR field, and more generally the
resilience sector, it will take time for these projects to achieve their goals. Technicalexpertise is also limited and technology transfer is required. However, combined withthe limited human resources presented above, the use of technology may be limitedin the region due to maintenance issues.
Finally, the integration of DRM and climate change that took place in some PICs
and is now supported at the regional level by the FRDP is currently generating areorganisation of the resilience sector in the region. New partnerships are being
developed and new organisations, such as the PSTAG, established. It may take time
for the benefits of this new structure to be significant.

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SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

PACIFIC

5. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORKSCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLANBANGLADESH

1.

BACKGROUND1BANGLADESH

The role of science and technology in providing evidence for policy is gaining
prominence, with demand growing for multidisciplinary enquiry to address thecomplex and inter-related problems of climate change, disasters and sustainable
development. The growing demand for a more prominent and effective role forscience and technology in providing evidence for policy, with the international
community recognizing that successful disaster risk reduction (DRR) depends on it.
The application of science and technology can substantially reduce losses of lives andproperty, as is illustrated by several studies. For examples, in Bangladesh, a national
flood warning system provides warnings up to 10 days ahead to millions of villagers,
helping them defend against the regular flooding and preserve household assets.
Studies indicate savings of about US$40 for every dollar invested.
However, there is recognition that the current international DRR framework is notmeeting set targets in all regions or countries and lack of scientific evidence and uptakeof evidence may be causes. So, the decisions regarding DRR must be taken based on
the evidences to make risk reduction strategies more effective in national andinternational level. Several science-policy negotiations and multilateral dialogues
contributed to the post-2015 framework for DRR, which identified the need to bringscience and technology into the policy and planning mainstream in order to achieve
more effective risk reduction (Chatterjee et al. 2015). The more recent Sendai
Framework for DRR 2015–2030 recognizes the importance of science and technology
in all of its priority action areas, and subsequent global and regional forums andconferences have reconfirmed science and technology’s importance.
The greater use of science and technology including the natural and social sciences
and the applied fields such as environment, health, agriculture, water and engineering
helps to reduce the disaster risks and losses. In line with this, the linkage between
science and technology plan and SFDRR is essential as science and technology areaccelerants of progress. They create new insights and methods, solve old problems,and establish higher standards and better evidence based policies. Investment indisaster risk reduction requires evidence based risk management methods and its
proper way of application during emergency.

2. CONTEXT OF THE PLAN
Science and technology has become not only a way of life, but has now been
identified as an instrument of change. The bloom of science and technology in the lastcentury have radically changed the face of the earth and impacted on transportationand communication, trade and commerce, education and learning, and agriculture andindustry, health and medicine, environment and ecosystem etc. In fact, thesedevelopments brought in a new world order. In order to use science and technology
as a vehicle for development, the government needs to adopt a science and technology
policy reflecting the commitments of the politicians and legislators for effective use ofscience and technology in improving the living conditions of people and theirenvironment. Beside the political commitment, the bureaucrats, administrators,
financial managers, scientists, technologists, planners, people involved in thecommunication media and all concerned sectors of the population including people at1

Author: Md. Anwarul Abedin, Bangladesh Agricultural University

17

In Bangladesh, the National Science and Technology Plan (NSTP) is designed tocontribute to the achievement of the country's development objectives through theeffective application of science and technology for development. Therefore, theGovernment of Bangladesh considers it appropriate to formulate a revised national
science and technology policy. Therefore, the prime objective of the reviewed NSTP
is to ensure application(s) of science, technology and innovation (ST&I) for achieving
sustainable economic growth with due attention to employment generation, poverty
alleviation, gender equity and environmental sustainability.

4. SPECIFIC ACTIONS UNDER SFDRR PRIORITIESIn Bangladesh, although, a number of actions have been taken through various
plans, policies, and acts, however, contrasting with SFDRR, the following activities havebeen pointed out that need to be considered for successful risk reduction and toachieve sustainable development global to local level.
Priority 1: Understanding Disaster Risk
•
•
•
•
•

Develop methods, models and tools including spatial for national risk
assessments and monitor changes in disaster risk and risk profiling.
Promote real time and near real time access to reliable data and use of
information and communications technology.
Integrate traditional, indigenous and local knowledge and practices in disasterrisk reduction.
Promote intergenerational partnership between scientists, policy makers,
private sectors and community leaders.
Develop partnerships between science and technology community and thedisaster risk management institutes and agencies.

18

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

3. PURPOSE AND KEY OBJECTIVESBANGLADESH

the grass-root level have not only to appreciate the role of science and technology,
but also to have a clear understanding about effective application and management ofscience and technology for development. It is now generally realized that the inherent
strength of a nation lies in the skills of its people which can be acquired and enhanced
through the practice of science and technology in every field. The promotion ofscientific knowledge and development of technology, through their increasing
application, create the necessary conditions for socio-economic development of acountry.
Currently, Bangladesh has several laws, policies and regulations on disaster risk
reduction. However, the appropriate role and responsibilities of science andtechnology in DRR related decision- making, policy formulation and implementation
processes is still not clearly defined and/or negligible. In order to use science andtechnology as a vehicle for development, the government needs to adopt a scienceand technology plan and policy practice reflecting the commitments of the politicians
and legislators for effective use of science and technology in improving the living
conditions of people and their environment.

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLANBANGLADESH

•
•
•

•

Adopt a multi-hazard approach that integrates lessons learned, includingfrom trans-boundary and biological and technological hazards.
Develop inter-disciplinary national science and technology plans to support
implementation of the Sendai Framework by targeting disaster risk
management plans of academia/universities
Enhance collaboration between local governments, academia and otherpartners to promote local communities’’ knowledge and traditions and tosustain and replicate many good practices that exist locally for science-based
decision making.
Establish and strengthen link between science technology and academia (STA)
institutions and network to the related governmental, regional andinternational organizations.

Priority 3: Investing in DRR for Resilience
•
•

•
•
•
•

Science based DRR needs to be promoted through investment in public andprivate R&D institutions/universities.
Investment for data generation and management, preparing hazard, risk andvulnerability maps, developing GIS databases, incorporating disaster risk
knowledge in formal and non-formal education needs to be increased both at
local and national level.
Investment is necessary to strengthen science–society–governance interfaces
so that scientific innovation can be adapted by local people and implemented
efficiently.
Non-formal education and training for local people should also be promoted
Investment in academic institutions to promote disaster preparedness,
response, recovery and risk reduction related formal and non-formal
education, training, research and development
Investment on scientific validation of the indigenous knowledge is crucial

Priority 4: Enhancing Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response, andto “Build Back Better” in Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction••••

Develop an efficient and effective cooperation among the science communityand business sector by utilizing the advancements of the fast developing
information and communication technology (ICT) including big data.
Incorporate build back better in insurance policies.
Institutionalize effective recovery and reconstruction as strategies to reducerisks and promote resilient development.
Promote science based decision-making for resettlement processes.

5. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK
There is a need of national science and technology plan (NSTP) for integrating all
science and technology issues with the objective of enhancing sustainable development
by disaster risk reduction. Now, it needs to be stressed that S&T inputs are necessaryfor enhancing the development activities of all the economic sectors. Important items
necessary for the success of S&T based sectoral development are: sectoral & subsectoral policies, policy instruments, infrastructures, production facilities, researchfacilities, S&T manpower and related institutions. It is envisaged that sectoral plan and19

There are some challenges to implement the science and technology plan indisaster risk reduction in Bangladesh. These are as follows:i) The status of science and technology for disaster risk reduction has
contributed to the paradigm shift from disaster response to risk reduction,and to resilience building. However, it is crucial to examine the current levelof application and acceptance in the disaster risk reduction community,
although, the scientific knowledge and technological tools available, especiallypolicy makers in the governments.
ii) It is further challenging to assess the strengths and weaknesses of existingknowledge and approaches generated in the social sciences for making thepolitical and economic case of investment in disaster risk reduction.
iii) Identifying the opportunities and solutions for bridging existing gaps inresearch and overcoming is a challenge for further increasing politicalcommitment, economic investment and social demand for disaster risk
reduction.
iv) To overcome the challenges, a set of practical recommendations should be
included to bridge the existing gaps identified in knowledge and research on
disaster risk reduction, its application is vital by disaster risk reduction
community, especially policy and decision makers.
20

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

6. KEY CHALLENGES TO OVERCOMEBANGLADESH

policies would consider intra-sectoral issues related to integration of S&T issues(infrastructure, production and research facilities) to enhance development ofrespective sectors. Multistakeholder’s collaboration, partnership and mutual
ownership of the problem and solution are also important to implement the scienceand technology both at the national and local levels. Moreover, it should be done inclose cooperation with UNISDR partners, both individual experts and institutions inthe science and technological communities to foster the science and technology plan.
The diagram illustrates the implementation framework of STP in Bangladesh context.

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

INDIA

Context1

INDIA

As we pursue the implementation of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
with a renewed vigour, it is important to optimize the application of scientific andtechnological capacities to the maximum extent possible. This not only entails
development of new scientific and technological research programmes but also
optimizing the application of existing capabilities. Science, technology and research
have brought a deeper understanding of disaster risks and ‘how to’ reduce them.
However, there are gaps in translating this scientific information into evidence andscience-based policy making. There is also the need for the research community toformulate applicable methodologies and tools that respond to real-world challenges
and facilitate the shift from disaster management to disaster risk management.
There is often a time lag between the availability of scientific and technologicalcapability and its on-the-ground application. For example, mobile computing has beenaround for more than a decade, yet few post-disaster damage assessments make fulluse of the technology to come up with quick, rigorous and geo-referenced disasterrisk assessments. While application lags, new scientific work also often lacks focus anda problem-solving orientation. If we were to optimize the application of science andtechnology during the period of implementation of Sendai Framework, fresh thinking
will be required in terms of science-application interface.
In this regard, five key guiding principles are proposed for promoting application ofscience and technology for and disaster risk reduction.
GUIDING PRINCIPLE ONE: Sharper problem definition (from disaster
reduction perspective) helps galvanize scientific efforts and leads to tangible
progressMany parts of the world have made progress in reducing mortality from disasters.
This is particularly true of weather and climate related disasters.



A major contributing factor for the above progress is application of science andtechnology in weather and climate prediction: cyclone warning has improved
immensely; seasonal climate prediction has also improved significantly. Improved
lead time and accuracy of cyclone warning has not only saved lives but also reduced
economic losses by supporting better targeting of evacuation measures.

One of the reasons we have made progress in the above-mentioned areas is that
there has been a clear articulation of demand from the disaster risk management
community. This has galvanized the efforts of multiple institutions to focus on
certain well-defined problems. For example, in just over a decade we have seentangible results in India in terms of reduction in mortality from disasters.

1

Authors: Vinod Sharma, Professor, Disaster Management, Indian Institute of Public Administration;
Kamal Kishore, Member, National Disaster Management Authority

21

GUIDING PRINCIPLE TWO: Needcomprehensive disaster risk reductionformulti-disciplinary

work

for



A lot of the applications, however, are biased towards studying hazards. There are
relatively few examples of studying the interaction between hazards and current
and future exposure (population, property and economic activity), and vulnerability.
This will require multi-disciplinary effort.

In order to support such multi-disciplinary work, there needs to be much greater
cooperation between universities and technical institutions across the country as
well as transnationally. Capacities of some of the universities and technicalinstitutions can be utilized regionally and globally.

GUIDING PRINCIPLE THREE: Develop Global Public Good, Optimise the Useof Global Capacities


Many institutions in different parts of the region have excess capacities that canbenefit other countries with marginal increase in costs. For example, the ASEAN
Specialized Meteorological Centre based in Singapore produces seasonal climate
forecast products that are useful to the national meteorological services in theentire region to use as an input to producing their own regional forecasts.

Similarly, in the western hemisphere, the International Research Institute (IRI) for
Climate and Society at the Earth Institute at Columbia University Research has
focused on seasonal Climate Prediction (particularly El Nino Southern Oscillation)
for the last twenty years. This has yielded specific societal benefits globally. The IRI
produces seasonal forecasts for many different regions of the world. These are
picked up by national meteorological services for developing nationally specificapplications. The IRI also provides free access to a data library – a global public
good – that compiles raw climate, geophysical, health and agriculture data fromnumerous providers and formats into a common framework that makes powerfulcross-disciplinary research and analysis possible.

GUIDING PRINCIPLE FOUR: Technical and Scientific Institutions/ Universities
should engage with local disaster issues
The scientific and technical institutions need to focus on specific disaster related
problems in their immediate environments. For example: universities in coastal
towns may focus on solutions for cyclone and tsunami risk reduction; institutions
in mountain areas may study Glacial Lake Outburst Floods. The tertiary education
system should proactively encourage universities to work on issues of local
relevance.

GUIDING PRINCIPLE FIVE: Create Space for Dialogue Between Users andProducers of Scientific and Technical Knowledge

There is also need for a more structured dialogue between scientists and disasterrisk managers to maximize the utilization of existing scientific and technological
22

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

Progress has also been made in application of space-based technologies,
particularly with regards to mapping of landslides, glacial lakes, as well as GPS
studies for seismic research.

INDIA



SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

INDIA

capabilities. For example, it is only in recent years that meteorologists and seasonal
climate forecasters have begun to sit in the same room when seasonal climate
forecasts are released. The producers and users of scientific information need tocome together both at the policy and operational levels.
A broad-based consultative process at the country level that embodies the guiding
principles outlined above can lead to science and technology for SFDRR in eachcountry. Such a plan will be ambitious in its scope and yet will be fully cognizant ofpractical realities in each country.

Discussion on Application of Science and Technology for DRR at the
AMCDRR
India has always pursued the application of science and technology for disaster risk
reduction with a sense of purpose and urgency. This has led to specific risk reduction
outcomes in the form of reduction in mortality, particularly from hydrometeorological disasters. At the Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk
Reduction held in New Delhi from 3-5 November 2016, India hosted a Featured Eventon this theme. The session brought together experts from across the region todeliberate on the urgent need for a stronger science-policy interface towards sciencebased policy development in DRR.
The event recognized various capacity constraints across levels that affect theutilization of science and technology. Regional cooperation is limited similarly throughcapacity differentiations between countries. Definitions of hazards and risks are notalways regionally aligned, making reporting and assessment difficult. At the local level
as well, science and technology is not yet sufficiently mainstreamed. Information isoften difficult to understand and interpret and thus not accessible to groups outsideof the science and technology field. Institutions are failing to overcome this gap
through facilitating conversations between local communities and science andtechnology experts and linking them to systems.
The way forward
Disaster risk reduction related problems need sharper definition to galvanize
scientific efforts that lead to progress. Initiatives to reduce disaster must be evidencebased and globally scalable, with appropriate resources mobilized. Coherence should
be fostered. DRR must be collaborative between governments, stakeholders and IGOs.
Science and technology can then be utilized in a way that are not politically aligned orgeographically contained.
There needs to be a deeper understanding of how science and technology caneffectively address disaster risk at the local level. Stakeholders should establish
channels through which information can move with ease strengthening collaboration.
It was agreed that information must be mainstreamed. There needs to be shift in thelanguage used by science and technology experts so that information can become
accessible to all stakeholders and on all levels. A more coherent approach to science23

Science and technology needs to be more incorporated into regional and nationalbased DRR networks. This will lead to a better understanding of disasters in the region.
Such actions should include development of technology that is shared, accessible, andanalysed under a shared umbrella of understanding.
The event identified the need for a stronger context analysis and more explicit
definition of the challenges that science and technology can help address. A ‘global
public good’ of science-informed DRR should be encouraged as a norm to optimize
the use of global capacities. This will involve technical and scientific institutions anduniversities engaging on local disaster issues. This will facilitate dialogue between users
and producers of scientific knowledge for DRR.
The key conclusions of the featured event and other insights drawn from pastexperience will form a basis for India’s efforts towards maximizing the utilization of
S&T capacities for disaster risk reduction.

24

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

The featured event recognized the strong need to continue innovative science andtechnology research. Communication channels need to be further developed.
Information needs to be more readily accessible and easy to understand to benefit atrisk communities. The impact of a stronger science-policy nexus needs to extend
positively into communities. This nexus must pay greater attention to a peoplecentred focus if it is to prevent and reduce disaster risk.

INDIA

and technology that addresses disaster risk will in turn make policy making easier andmore effective in its implementation.

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

INDONESIA

1. BACKGROUND1INDONESIA

Indonesia’s Law No. 24/2007 on Disaster Management has been the basis of disastermanagement in Indonesia. The issuance of Law has triggered a paradigm shift-oriented
disaster management into risk reduction.
The development of science and technology is a major prerequisite in thedevelopment of DRR plans in Indonesia. DRR action plans in Indonesia used evidencebased to set priorities and targets. Disaster Risk Assessment has been carried out
based on data and methods that can be justified scientifically. Reducing disaster risk
and increasing the resilience of the government, local government and communities infacing disaster are the mandate of the National Development Plan 2015-2019 in thefield of disaster management. Indonesia has prepared road map of National DRR Plan
until 2030, to incorporated SFDRR framework into National DRR programs.

2. CONTEXT OF THE PLAN
1. Summary National Science and Technology Plan
Technology plays an important role in strengthening DRR system in Indonesia.
Improvement of science and technology will directly increase the capacity a country
to cope with disasters and climate change. Therefore the development of technology
in the field of disaster and climate change becomes an important issue for Indonesia.
There are two main focuses in accordance with disaster context, which are Land andForest Fire and Hydro-meteorological hazards.
2. Summary of National Disaster Reduction Plan
In the National mid-term Development Plan 2015-2019, disaster management anddisaster risk reduction are driven as part of its issue. Regarding national and global, as
well as local needs for disaster risk reduction, science and technology utilization has
been considered to respond the national development strategic objectives. Which are:a. Internalization of disaster risk reduction within the framework of sustainable
development at the Central and in other regions;b. The reduction of disaster vulnerability; andc. Increase disaster management capability.
3. Science and technology for DRR Status
The use of science and technology for comprehensive and integrated disastermanagement requires human resources and financial support. Budget for thedevelopment of science and technology is not explicitly mentioned instead of thebudget is dependent with each program supporting disaster management. Based on
disaster management law, management of disaster has to be taken into account by
multi sectors.
The development of science and technology are provided through ministries andinstitutions, such as Meteorology and Geophysics Agency, Geological Agency, Ministryof Public Works and others.

1

Authors: Lilik Kurniawan, BNPB; Sugeng Triutomo, DRRI

25

4. SPECIFIC ACTIONS UNDER SFDRR PRIORITIES
These are National Action Plan paired with expected outcomes of SFDRR. The
National plan is categorized into short-term (2016-2018), medium term (by 2020) andlong term.
Priority I (2016-2018)a. the availability of general risk assessment for multi hazards
b. the availability of hazard, vulnerability, exposure and capacity assessment basedon science and technology
c. local knowledge for understanding risk are collected and disseminatedd. damage and losses record and report as basis for risk prediction
e. the use of risk assessment as a policy consideration and DRR investment
f. information access insurance for people in disaster prone area
g. government and local government has fully understood the risk and proactively
involve on risk management and climate change adaptation.
Priority II (2016-2018)a. sectoral planning assessment has adopted DRR perspective
b. DRR sensitive sectoral development process and observationc. Local Development Plan are started to integrate DRR viewd. the forming of coordination and cooperation among stakeholders
e. all local government have DRR and DM policies
f. implementation of minimum service standard on disaster managementg. establishment of more derivative and legal policies on DRR
h. disaster risk assessment and mapping on 50% areas
i. availability of incentive and disincentive system on DRR sensitive allegiance,
evaluation and development planning report.
j. establishment of coherence and synergy among agency on DRR, CCA and SDG’s
programk. enforce joint monitoring and risk assessment on multi hazard in ASEAN and Asia
Pacific Region.

26

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

SFDRR emphasizes the role of science and technology in DRR. It calls to prioritize
the development and dissemination of science based risk knowledge, methodologies
and tools, science and technology work on DRR through existing networks andresearch institutions and strengthening interface between science and policy tosupport all four priority areas.
The purpose and key objectives is implement national DRR movement that ispeople-centred, comprehensive, fair, sustainable and exercise good risk governancesupported by science and technology and local wisdom. Also clarify and assign roles
and responsibilities in DRR for government and other stakeholders at all levels withutilize DRR as part of the national development strategy and international diplomacyof the country.

INDONESIA

3. PURPOSE AND KEY OBJECTIVESSCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

INDONESIA

Priority III (2016-2018)a. availability of policies to enhance budget on DRR and resilience program
b. increase of actual DRR budget in key sectors
c. structural resilience improvement of critical public facility, especially school andhospitald. increase of social protection, education and health coverage for people lived on
disaster prone areae. increase DRR and preparedness training program for people
f. integrating DRR to monetary and fiscal instrument and also elaborate risk sharing
and transfer
g. increase of business resilience on climate related disaster and other extreme
conditionh. promote DRR coherence implementation on system, sector and organization.
Priority IV (2016-2018)a. availability of regulation, plan and program on disaster preparedness
improvement for all local government
b. availability on instrument, tools, mechanism, protocol, procedures, standards on
local preparedness program.
c. formed cooperation among government, private sectors and community on
disaster preparedness
d. availability of multi hazard EWS focused on community
e. development of community and local government preparedness program
f. availability of physical preparedness facility such as shelterg. availability of guideline on disaster recovery preparedness
h. increase of recovery coordination (procedure and financing)

5. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORKThe implementation of science technology plan in DRR is using multi-disciplinary
approaches. Thus, it is not only BNPB responsibility to implement the action plan.
Depends on the priority, each line ministry has responsibility to provide the service
to the people. The DM policy and strategy has acknowledged the importance ofmultidisciplinary and multi stakeholder approaches in implementing DRR in grass rootlevel.
Here are the examples of science technology action points that involving otherministries.
a. Construction of infiltration wells and or bio-pores in domestic and commercial
districts (by Ministry of Public Works)b. Construction of earthquake safe building (by Ministry of Public Works)
c. Availability of plants or building for protect tsunami (Min. of Marine)
d. Revitalization of dikes, ponds and reservoirs (Min. Public Works)
e. Restoration of peat-lands (Peat Restoration Agency)
f. Vegetative conservation of watersheds prone to landslides (Ministry of Forestry
and Environment)27

6. KEY CHALLENGES TO OVERCOME
There are some challenges in DRR to overcome in Indonesia, which as follows:a. Implementation disaster management in the local level
b. Resilience city and resilience villagec. Relation between other programs on National Action Plan of DRR
d. The HFA2 and SDG will serve as reference in formulating Indonesia’s Resilience
City Indicators
e. Synchronization between DRR, CCA and Spatial Planningf. Strengthening research and knowledge management, including public awarenessg. Encourage community participation and public-private partnership in DRR and
CCA
h. Enhancing institutional capacity building of local government to support
community resilience for disaster risk management, in formulating and implementing
local and community plans for DRR and CCA.
i. Conducted Law Enforcement.

28

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

There is forum called “Higher Education Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction (FPTPRB) which was established on 2008 and Indonesia Disaster Expert Association (IABI)
established on 2014, both were conducted Annual Scientific Meeting on Disaster Risk
Reduction.
The result of the meeting will be dedicated to the Government in order tostrengthen national capability in disaster risk reduction.

INDONESIA

Other Institutions
BNPB has conducted some research cooperation with universities in Indonesia for
identification of major hazards, such as:- Earthquake with Bandung Institute of Technology- Tsunami with Syiah Kuala University- Flood with Diponegoro University- Drought with Udayana University- Volcano Eruption with UPN Yogyakarta- Land and Forest Fire with Bogor Agricultural University- Abration and Extreme Wave with Andalas University- Climate Extreme with Indonesia University- Industrial Accident with ITS Surabaya- Epidemic and Disease with Airlangga University- Flash Flood with Hasanuddin University- Landslides with Gadjah Mada University

1. BACKGROUND1IRAN

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

IRAN

Disasters destroy our lives, societies, and livelihood. In Iran, during only in onequarter of a century ended to 2015, natural disasters have caused over 73 thousand
deaths, 42 million people affected, and 20 billion USD economic damage. There arehazardous events that are becoming more frequent or sever as a result of changing
climate. Global community pays increasing attention to the disaster risk reduction(DRR) and its intermediate outcome, i.e., resilience. Science is essential in DRR efforts.
According to the former head of UNISDR, “a resilient planet needs robust science fordisaster risk reduction”. This statement is supported by many strong evidence andbest practices around the world. As a result of scientific research, we are able toassess and map earthquake risks, forecast floods, detect tsunami waves, prevent
infectious disease outbreaks with vaccination, evaluate impacts of DRR measures,
effectively communicate disaster risk to communities, etc. Similarly, there is strong
evidence of science contribution in reducing risk of disasters in Iranian community. Inline with global initiatives and the Asia regional plan, I.R.Iran has taken an initiative todevelop the national Science and Technology Plan for DRR (STPDRR) to support
implementation of SFDRR under the auspices of I.R.Iran National Disaster
Management Organization (NDMO) and in collaboration with stakeholders fromacademia, public and private organizations, and civil societies.

2. CONTEXT OF THE PLAN
According to Iranian 1404 Perspective Document, the I.R.Iran will be the first in
the region including in terms of science and technology. This approach has resulted ina national movement coordinated by the Commission of Science and Technology
Information System (CSTIS) and Vice President Office for Science and Technology inline with the 5th Development Plan (2010–15), the Comprehensive Scientific Plan, andunder guidance of Science and Technology General Policies decreed by Supreme
Leader. Science and technology have been well addressed by the highest level of policy
making in Iran. The Science and Technology General Policies was decreed by theSupreme Leader in line with the implementation of Clause 1 of Article 110 of Iran'sConstitution, and after consultation with the country's Expediency Discernment
Council of the System. The Comprehensive Scientific Plan has been developed andendorsed by the Higher Council of Cultural Revolution in 2010, in collaboration withVice President Office for Science and Technology, MSRT, MoHME, Ministry of
Education, and Islamic Parliament. Prediction and forecasting of earthquake and flood,and strengthening of civil defense are explicitly mentioned in the plan but as level 2priority. Science and technology have been well addressed in National Disaster
Management Act in articles 4, 5, 8.

1

Authors: Ali Ardalan, National STPDRR Technical Focal Point; Behnam Saeedi, NDMO Focal Point
for STPDRR; Mehdi Zare, Ali Darvishi, Daoud Khorasani, Kambod Amini, Hamidreza Khankeh, Abbas
Ostadtaghizadeh, Ahmad Soltani, STPDRR Advisory Group; Eng. Hasan Azadeh, Eng. Rasoul
Hajahmadi, Dr Mona Khaleghi, Dr Meshkat Torkamanian, Dr Homa Yusefi, STPDRR Research Team29

4. SPECIFIC ACTIONS UNDER SFDRR PRIORITIESPriority 1: Understanding Disaster Risk
Expected outcome 1. Disaster risk knowledge is developed.
Priority actionsa) Strengthen spatial data infrastructure along with related national
database and processes to record and monitor information on hazards’ exposure
and impacts, vulnerability and capacity statusb) Develop methods, models and tools for multi-hazards risk assessment
using spatial and space technologies from one hand and community-based approaches
from other handc) Conduct regular multi-hazards risk assessment and mapping to understandand monitor changes in disaster risk at national and local levelsd) Strengthen solution-driven disaster research capacities including human,
technical, financial and institutional to produce and synthesize prioritized scientificevidence related to DRRe) Promote integrated and multi-disciplinary research that bridges social andnatural sciences and uses both quantitative and qualitative data. Promotion offollowing research areas are suggested: ethics; psychosocial determinants of risk
perception and understanding; traditional, indigenous and local knowledge andpractices; insurance, social protection and safety nets.
Expected outcome 2. Disaster risk knowledge is disseminated, accessed andunderstood.
Priority actionsa) Develop breakthrough technologies to disseminate disaster risk
information and knowledge to public. Development of innovative public
education methods, and promotion of information and communication technology
and social media are needed.
b) Enhance public-policy-science interface and partnership including private
sector and community leaders, and through establishment of networks,
institutionalization of science advisory groups, and involvement of end users ofscience in the earliest stages of research and technology development.
c) Integrate risk assessments into disaster risk management across all sectors
and all levels.

30

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

The I.R.Iran Science and Technology Plan for DRR (STPDRR) in line with the
SFDRR 2015-30, aims to strengthen science-based policy making and practice ofdisaster risk reduction in the country. Specifically, the STPDRR:• Determines the DRR priority areas and needs that require science andtechnology support• Develops strategies and actions that strengthen science and technology sector
to be useful and usable in DRR policy making and practice• Develop strategies and actions that enhance capacities of all stakeholders(governmental, public, and private) to effectively use the science and technology)

IRAN

3. PURPOSE AND KEY OBJECTIVESSCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

IRAN

Expected outcome 3. Disaster risk knowledge is used for informed decisionmaking and translated to action.
Priority actionsa)Develop and endorse standards and accreditation systems fordisaster risk management based on scientific evidence to ensurethat scientific data and information are used in policy making and practiceof disaster risk reduction and resilience building.
b)
Develop and endorse research utilization protocols including
appropriate incentives to ensure that design and implementation ofdisaster risk reduction research are solution-driven and the results are led
to proven use.
c)Capacity building on knowledge translation and use for both thescience community and the policy and decision makers to ensure
they collaborate on effective and efficient design and conduct of appliedresearch to facilitate use of results
Priority 2 – Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance to Manage Disaster Risk
Expected outcomes 1. Disaster risk science is used in inform policy and decision-making
within and across all sectors at all levels.
Priority actions
a)
b)
c)
d)

Strengthen engagement of science in coordination platforms fordisaster risk reduction at national and provincial levels
Promote research for providing better evidence on good risk
governance solutions while involving all sectors, considering their needs,
concerns and capacities.
Ensure disaster risk management authorities are capable of using
scientific evidences and applications of appropriate technologies
Promote science-policy-practice dialogue through increased dialogue,
networking, and sharing best practices of science-based solutions and userfriendly technologies. Collaboration between local governments and local
academia, institutes and other partners should be promoted.

Priority 3 – Invest in DRR for Resilience
Expected outcomes 1. Scientific evidence supports investment on DRR for resilienceand provides policy and decision-making options.
Priority actionsa).
Provide funding and resources to research community to produce betterscientific evidence and technologies for disaster risk reduction toward resilience.
Incentives and cooperation with commercial sector is recommended. Following
priority research areas are suggested: risk transfer, information andcommunication technologies, space technologies, seismic network, multi-hazards
early warning systems, monitoring, forecast and prediction systems, building
codes, climate adjusted structures, people-cantered initiatives, public education,and simulation educational methods.

31

b)

e)

Priority 4 – Enhance disaster preparedness for effective response and to Build
Back Better in Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
Expected outcomes 1. Research supports policy and decision-making in preparedness,
response, rehabilitation, recovery and reconstruction phases.
Priority actionsa)
Research into innovative solutions for priority areas such as multi-hazards
early warning systems, decision support systems, and response financial
mechanisms, vulnerable groups, etc.
b)
Conduct and use research to develop and evaluate policies, protocols,
guidelines and plans on preparedness, national disaster scenarios, response
operations, rehabilitation, recovery, and rehabilitationc)
Support rapid research during and after disasters through establishmentof rapid grants.

5. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORKThe current draft of STPDRR that is being developed under auspices of National
Disaster Management Organizations, is planned to be submitted to “Coordination
Council of Disaster Management” and “Higher Council of Disaster Management” forendorsement and decree to all national stakeholders. The plan has an all-hazard, riskbased, problem-solving approach. It is a strategic document and has a fifteen-year
duration with a planned review to be carried out in the fifth year of implementation.
The review will determine progress on implementation and facilitate course
correction as needed to ensure relevance and flexibility in changing circumstances.
Progress will be monitored on an annual basis and report back to “National Platformfor Disaster Risk Reduction”.

6. KEY CHALLENGES TO OVERCOME
Key challenges include coordination among stakeholders from different sectors andbackground. However, “National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction” would
facilitate this coordination.

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SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

d)

IRAN

c)

Promote disaster economy research to provide robust evidence on risksensitive investments including cost-benefit analysis of disaster risk reduction
measures. The results need to be widely disseminated among policy and decisionmaker.
Integrate disaster risk reduction in higher education studies. Joint andinterdisciplinary research and educational programs should be given high priority.
Knowledge broker education and training programs are needed to help close thegap between disaster risk science and end-users.
Establish research and development units in national and provincial disastermanagement organizations to facilitate bridging science and policy and close thedistance between research and practice.
Promote inter-disciplinary science and technology cooperation
including all stakeholders (governmental organizations, public institutes, businesssector, research and academia).

1. BACKGROUND1

MALAYSIASCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

MALAYSIA

On 26 August 2015, the Malaysian Cabinet agreed to establish the National Disaster
Management Agency (NADMA Malaysia) to be the new focal point for disastermanagement, as a successor to the Disaster Management Division, under the aegis of
the National Security Council (MKN), Prime Minister’s Department, to meet national
needs and to overlook current disaster scenario and address future challenges(Malaysia, 2016a). Further to this, the Government through NADMA Malaysia iscurrently in the midst of strengthening the policy, regulatory, and institutionalframework of DRM. Initially, the discussion tended towards the establishment of anact for disaster management. However, NADMA Malaysia is more inclined to focus
on disaster risk reduction (DRR) instead of disaster management as it will complement
all related acts in the country being implemented by the respective Ministries. In early
2016, a comprehensive Disaster Risk Reduction bill was drafted covering DRR fromfive aspects; prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Oncegazetted, the bill is expected to address gaps in DRM, enhance resilience and ensure
effective and faster response to affected areas. On 4 August 2016, the proposal forthe establishment of a Scientific Expert Panel (SEP) for Disaster Risk Reduction waspresented by NADMA Malaysia to the National Science Council, which was chairedby the Honourable Prime Minister of Malaysia. The proposal was approved and theScientific Expert Panel, which will be co-chaired by the Science Advisor to the Prime
Minister of Malaysia and the Director General of NADMA, has since been
institutionalized to support NADMA Malaysia. The Panel will serve to harness scienceand technology for preventing disasters and complement the National Platform on
Disaster Risk Reduction and Action Plan (MyDRR), which is now under the aegis of
NADMA Malaysia.
The integration of DRR into the overall national development plan, particularly in
the Eleventh Malaysian Plan (RMK-11), which is covering the period from 2016 to
2020, has earmarked a transition for the country, from disaster management towards
disaster risk management. The emphasis is now on disaster risk management (DRM)by strengthening the preparedness, response as well as recovery from disasters in the
country. With support from the technical agencies such as the Malaysian
Meteorological Department, Drainage and Irrigation Department, Minerals andGeoscience Department, Public Works Department, and Town and Country Planning
Department, Malaysia has geared to improve the quality of science and technology
solutions especially for local level development projects in the future, as outlined by
SFDRR (Malaysia, 2016b). A website is operational as the main platform to channel
information to the public. The integrated one-stop centre for early warning anddissemination of information is channelled through e-Bencana Portal(http://portalbencana.ndcc.gov.my/portal), a website which is maintained and managed
by the National Disaster Management Centre (NDCC), a department under the aegisof NADMA Malaysia. In 2010, Malaysia launched the National Policy on Climate
Change (NPCC) to mainstream and provide a framework for the country’s various
activities in this area. The establishment of a National Green Technology and Climate
1

Authors: Ir. Bibi Zarina Che Omar, National Disaster Management Agency, Prime Minister’s
Department, Malaysia; Mohd Khairul Zain Ismail, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia’s Southeast Asia
Disaster Prevention Research Initiative; Prof. Joy Jacqueline Pereira, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia’sSoutheast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative.

33

Previously, the Disaster Management Division based at the National Security
Council of the Prime Minister’s Department (MKN) was entrusted with the
responsibility of ensuring the effectiveness of the disaster management mechanismsthat have been put in place, as mandated by MKN Directive 20. In order to strengthen
the collection of actions that are being undertaken in the country, the National
Security Council formalised the National Platform and Action Plan on Disaster Risk
Reduction (MyDRR) in 2013. This process involved expanding the array of
stakeholders to include policy-makers and practitioners from government,
universities, non-governmental organisations as well as representatives from theprivate sector, to take ownership of disaster risk reduction and maintain thecontinuum between prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery tosupport the country’s aspiration for sustainable development. Since its establishment,
NADMA Malaysia spearheads the National Platform to address disaster related issues.

3. PURPOSE AND KEY OBJECTIVES
PurposeThe main purpose of the Science Technology Plan is to expand the array of scienceand technology organisations and promote public-private partnership to takeownership in marshalling science and technology for SFDRR implementation.
Among the key objectives are as follow:
a. To identify and deliver science and technology in a holistic manner and explicitly
across the disaster management cycle;
b. To coordinate mechanisms for national science and technology for effective
scientific knowledge transfer;c. To strengthen networking of all multi-stakeholder at sub-national level in
implementing local level solutions.

4. SPECIFIC ACTIONS UNDER SFDRR PRIORITIESPriority 1: Understanding Disaster Risk
1. Enhanced capacity of science at the local level particularly in detection,
projection and provision of innovative solutions for slow onset and emerging
hazards due to climate change

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SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

2. CONTEXT OF THE PLAN

MALAYSIA

Change Council (NGTCCC) in January 2010 has earmarked a history for the country
towards integrating DRR and CCA into developmental programmes especially at local
and national levels. The Council chaired by the Prime Minister of Malaysia, aims toprovide support for the NPCC and National Adaptation Roadmap. Through these
initiatives, there are potential instruments for converging DRR and CCA within the
National Adaptation Roadmap and MyDRR, especially through institutionalarrangements for both initiatives (Pereira, 2015).

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

MALAYSIA

2. Organised a National Conference on Science and Technology for DRR in
every year. The Conference will be organised by NADMA Malaysia and coorganised with Office of the Science Advisor of the Prime Minister and
SEADPRI-UKM, as a stock-taking for the advancement of S&T in the country
3. Continuation of Series of National Workshop on SFDRR in every year, sothat the sustainability of knowledge and update on SFDRR at the global level
could be transmitted to all agencies and stakeholders
Priority 2: Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance to Manage Disaster
Risk
4. Institutionalisation of the National Scientific Expert Panel for Disaster Risk
Reduction to harness science and technology for preventing climate induced
disasters and supporting NADMA Malaysia
5. Development of protocols for multi-hazard assessments, information sharing,risk communication, disaster databases development, stakeholder involvement
and community engagement at the local level
6. Publication of National Risk Register as a tool for government in preparing fordisaster response
Priority 3: Investing in DRR for Resilience
7. Establishment of a foundation to mobilise financial resources and technicalassistance for targeted transmission of science and technology in disaster risk
reduction via public-private participation
Priority 4: Enhancing Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response, and to“Build Back Better” in Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
8. Sub-national satellite networks of science and technology organisations
comprising several local authorities as well as other key stakeholders including
the community that share context and area specific multi-disciplinary
information, which are linked to the national level
9. Community disaster resilience plans anchored by the local authority with thesupport of key stakeholders that is contextualised, area specific, routinely
updated based on projected climate impacts with hazard-specific preparedness
and emergency response measures

5. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORKThe proposed stakeholders to implement those actions as per listed below:• National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA Malaysia)
The agency has taken a full responsibility of ensuring the effectiveness of the disastermanagement mechanisms in the country. The newly established Agency is now anational focal point for DRR in the country.
• Office of the Science Advisor to the Prime Minister of Malaysia (OSA)
Malaysia is one of the few countries that have an Office of the Science Advisor to
the Prime Minister. The functions of the Office include advising the Prime Minister
directly on prioritising the role of S&T for national development; Strengthening the35

The following issues have been highlighted to advance science and technology fordisaster risk reduction in Malaysia:
a. Identification and delivery of science and technology in a holistic manner andexplicitly across the disaster management cycle targeting prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, response and recovery, involving multiple technical departments andother stakeholders;b. Institutionalisation of strong coordination mechanisms for national science andtechnology organisations with means to effectively transfer scientific knowledge tolocal authorities and collate local data that is relevant to all aspects of disastermanagement;c. Expansion of the array of science and technology organisations to include
policy-makers and practitioners from governments, universities, non-governmentalorganizations, as well as representatives from the private sector to take ownership inmarshalling science and technology for disaster risk reduction;d. Nurturing of networking among researchers, academics, government agencies
and the private sector at the sub-national level in order to strengthen implementationof multi-stakeholder local level solutions;e. Establishment of an entity that is dedicated to foster private participation tomobilise resources and transmit science and technology for disaster risk reduction ona sustainable basis;
f. Revision of various regulations, policies, guidelines, standards, procedures andearly warning in view of climate extreme events;
g. Fostering a multi-hazards approach as well as context and area specific disasterrisk reduction as the first step to climate change adaptation.
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SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

6. KEY CHALLENGES TO OVERCOME

MALAYSIA

Investment for R&D; Reinforcing the human capital for S&T; Encouraging S&T based
innovation in business; and Promoting Science Diplomacy.
• Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology (MIGHT)
The Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology (MIGHT) is anagency under the Prime Minister’s Department of Malaysia, to support the Science
Advisor to the Prime Minister and leverage on the multi-disciplinary and interministerial synergies from both the industry and Government.
• Central Bank of Malaysia (Bank Negara Malaysia)
Central Bank of Malaysia or known as Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) can play agreater role in ensuring the implementation of those actions is well in place. The BNM
can play a greater role by providing a platform and bridging the linkages between
government and insurances and re-insurance companies and association in Malaysia,
especially in relation to DRR.
• Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI-UKM)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia’s Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research
Initiative (SEADPRI-UKM) has been in operation since June 2008. The Centre
addresses crucial challenges on disaster risk reduction in Malaysia and the region.
• MERCY Malaysia
A world well-known NGO that is based in Malaysia aimed to provide a platform
for Malaysians to unite and take their role in the international humanitarian arena,
especially during post-disaster recovery processes.

1. BACKGROUND1MYANMARSCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

MYANMAR

Myanmar is exposed to multiple natural hazards which include Cyclone, Storm
surge, Floods, Landslide, Earthquake, Tsunami, Drought, Fire and Forest Fire. Its
coastal regions are exposed to cyclones, storm surges and tsunamis while major partsof the country are at risk from earthquakes and fires. The rainfall-induced flooding isa recurring Phenomenon across the country while some parts of the country are
exposed to landslide and drought risks. Myanmar is one of the most vulnerable
countries in Asia due to the topographic and geographic situation. The country is
exposed to a wide range of natural hazards, triggering different types of small scale tolarge-scale disasters across the country’s territory. Myanmar is committed to various
global and regional Frameworks and Declarations on Disaster Management andDisaster Risk Reduction along with 168 other countries, Myanmar has endorsed the
Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA-2005 -2015), SFDRR (2015-2030), an active
participant in the Asian Ministerial Conferences on DRR (AMCDRR), the ASEAN
Committee on Disaster Management (ACDM). Myanmar have already signed in
AADMER, Regulatory Framework for DRR-NAS (National Awareness Strategy),Standing Order (2009), DM Law (2013), DM Rules and regulations (2015). Myanmar
Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction MAPDRR (2012) has already existed andcurrently the New Government of Myanmar has embarked upon formulation of the
New MAPDRR with the overall objective of risk reduction and enhancing resilience.
It is formulated through a 34-member government led Task Force named ‘New
MAPDRR Task Force’. The Task Force, headed by the Relief and Resettlement
Department, will steer the overall process and report to the National Disaster
Management Committee (NDMC) through the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief andResettlement as the Secretariat of NDMC.

2. CONTEXT OF THE PLAN
The key landmark in recent years was the Cyclone Nargis of 2008, which changed
the disaster risk reduction landscape of the country. Myanmar Engineering Society, a
key professional and technical body has been advising the government in different
capacities to develop technical guidelines formation and human resource development.
In recent days, the universities and research institutions have been increasingly taking
interests in contributing to the disaster risk reduction field. The newly established
Disaster Management Training Centre (DMTC) provides a unique opportunity ofcollaboration with science technology academia sector. Currently, the New Myanmar
Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction with the overall objective is to seek technicalinputs as well as engage wider range of stakeholders in drafting of the New MAPDRR,
the Task Force has decided to constitute Technical Working Groups (TWGs)
including lead and co-lead Government departments, Academic, Institution,
INGO,NGO and other technical organizations composing four TWGs such as (1)Assessing disaster and extreme events risk in Myanmar, (2) Strengthening disaster risk
governance to reduce and manage disaster risk, (3) Mainstreaming disaster risk
reduction for resilience development in Myanmar and (4) Creating public awarenessand Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and resilience
rehabilitation and reconstruction in Myanmar. Besides, there is a newly formed
National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) under the Ministry of Science and1

Author: Aung Myint, Myanmar Engineering Society

37

The objectives of the Science and Technology Plan in Myanmar are–
- To carry out research and development works for national economic and social
development- To utilize natural resources so as to develop the national economy, and raise theliving standard of the people- To distribute the results of research and development works in industrial andagricultural sectors to enhance the production- To plan and carry out human resources development so as to get specialists andprofessionals in science and technology- To analyse and test raw materials and finished products, to implement quality
control and standardization of industrial products- To coordinate research, development and use of atomic energy

4. SPECIFIC ACTIONS UNDER SFDRR PRIORITIESThe importance of science and technology is emerged in Myanmar where is
exposed to a wide range of natural hazards, triggering different types of small scale tolarge-scale disasters across the country’s territory. Under such circumstances, thecollective consensus among academician in the Republic of Union of Myanmar (herein
after “the country”) are made during the High level meeting on integration of scienceand technology into research of disaster risk reduction (DRR) in Myanmar which wasorganized by SEEDS Asia in cooperation with MES under Myanmar Consortium for
Capacity Development for Disaster Management (MCCDDM) Project on 7th
October, 2016 at the Conference Room, Myanmar Engineering Society.
Priority 1: Understanding Disaster Risk
1.
2.
3.

Enhance disaster loss and damage accounting, national and local disaster risk assessment andcommunication of disaster risk (through mobile application, ICT, hub portal and platform),with a specific focus on urban risks.
Use space and disaster risk mapping technologies and strengthen the capacity for using thesetechnologies for improved understanding of disaster risks at global, national and local level.
Strengthen regional exchange on disaster risk information and science in order to better
understand complex disaster risks including risks of trans boundary, cascading and compounddisasters.

38

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

3. PURPOSE AND KEY OBJECTIVESMYANMAR

Technology, which develops science, based national level spatial planning. (e.g., drones
to assess the conditions of landslides). MES is implementing science and technology
activities cooperated with different stakeholders such as developing Seismic Zone Map
of Myanmar and hazard maps with Myanmar Earthquake Committee and updating of
the Myanmar National Building codes in cooperation with Ministry of Construction
and UNHABITAT.

Priority 2: Disaster Risk Governance
4.

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

MYANMAR5.

6.

Strengthen science‐policy‐practice nexus at all levels (national, local, trans boundary andregional) through: increased dialogue and networking among scientists, policy makers andpractitioners through formulation of comprehensive human resources (HR) plan for scienceand technology application and training capacity building, better evidence to inform decision
making and proactive involvement of the science and technology community in regional,
national and local platforms for DRR. Support these platforms to be multi‐ stakeholder
partnerships, particularly including the private sector, civil society, media and communities at‐
risk to deliver science‐based solutions and technological user‐friendly tools and methods toreduce disaster risk and strengthen resilience. Disaster Management Training Centre in
Myanmar can take an important role to be a hub to collect good practices existed at local
level to national level on science‐based decision making for DRR in the country.
Develop inter‐disciplinary national science and technology plans to support implementationof the Sendai actions by academia/universities to develop their own disaster risk management
plans.
Enhance collaboration between local governments, academia and other partners to promotelocal communities knowledge and traditions and to sustain and replicate many good practices
that exist locally for science‐based decision making.

Priority 3: Invest in DRR for Resilience

7. Make DRR an area of focus within education including networking between universities. Jointly

8.

9.

develop research and higher education programmes (including government officials andpractitioners) that contribute to the building of resilient communities and societies. Promoteknowledge broker education and training programmes to help close the gap between disasterrisk science and people including through community networks such as faith ‐ basedorganizations. Organized annual DRR conference on training‐research-action, develop specificprovision for research budget and conduct innovative sector‐based research on importanteconomic and social issues.
Ensure risk‐sensitive investments. Enhance the role of the science and technology community
in building public private partnerships for the purpose of reducing vulnerabilities ofcommunities and ecosystems ‐ at ‐ risk, preventing risks and building resilience of criticalinfrastructure, essential services as well as emerging industries.
Develop young professionals in the field of multi ‐disciplinary disaster risk reduction. In
particular, more women and girls should be engaged in DRR research and a gender marker
should be a key element of many aspects of such enquiry.

Priority 4: Enhance disaster preparedness for effective response and to Build
Back Better

10. Promote the role of inter ‐disciplinary science and technology in effective pre ‐ disasterplanning, preparedness, response, rehabilitation, recovery and reconstruction to build backbetter. Review effectiveness of existing guidelines and provide scientific and technical inputs
and updating based on the past disaster experience. In post disaster recovery forum, engage
science and technology community to provide expert inputs along with government,
development practitioners, civil society and practitioners. Promote the combination of
traditional knowledge and modern science. Enhance regional cooperation, particularly for
preparedness, response and build back better in trans boundary disasters.
11. Develop an efficient and effective cooperation among the science community and businesssector by utilizing the advancements of the fast developing information and communication
technology (ICT) including big data.
12. Research into innovative solutions to promote the whole‐of‐society engagement; innovative
financial mechanisms to maximize social capital for DRR (such as a disaster resilience fund toprovide urgently needed resources to disaster affected communities for quick recovery), andto help the business sector shift towards sustainable and resilient development pathway.

39

5. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORKOne of the key challenges of science and technology is to link people with open data. In several
cases, different ministries have their own data set, and there are strong barriers of inter-ministerial orinter-departmental collaboration, which prohibits common data/ information to be shared with thepeople and communities. There needs to be a single central level research institution, which will conduct
technical as well as policy research to support the government decision making. It needs a proper
investment mechanism from the national government, both from the science and technology ministry
as well as ministry related to disaster risk reduction. There needs to be greater focus on researchbased higher education in the universities. Some universities can do research on national issues as well
as local issues, especially focusing on local hazards. The universities in Myanmar are undergoing
restriction for becoming semi-autonomous bodies. Although a full transition would take more time, itwould provide better opportunities for the universities to undertake partnership with private sectors,
external donor agencies for seeking research investments.

40

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

6. KEY CHALLENGES TO OVERCOME

MYANMARThe following are the way forward of Science and Technology Plan in Myanmar which is based on
the discussions and inputs of High Level Workshop participants (64 in total: 5 from government, 42
academics from 14 universities, 6 from technical institutes and 11 from civil society organizations) and
Signatories by Director General of Alternative Education Department, Ministry of Education , Director
General of Research and Innovation Department (Former Ministry of Science and Technology) and
President of Myanmar Engineering Society. The participants agreed on the specific following actions:1) It is recognized and emphasized the importance of both natural sciences and social sciences in
reducing disaster risks in the country.
2) It is required to strengthen capacities of the science technology academia communities in termsof disaster risk reduction both at the national and local levels in the country.
3) It is required to enhance the networking both at regional, national and local level for better
utilization of scientific innovations and higher education in the country.
4) It is required at the national level, science‐policy‐practice nexus is important. To enhance that,science and technology community needs to take part in the national platform proactively. National
level science and technology plan needs to be developed, which should support the implementation of
SFDRR in the country.
5) It is recommended at local level; a stronger collaboration of local governments and local resource
institutes is envisaged. To enhance the process, Disaster Management Training Centre can take animportant role to be a hub to collect good practices existing at the local level to National level on
science‐based decision making for DRR in the country.
6) It is recommended that the science technology community should develop multi‐stakeholder
partnership along with private sectors, civil society and media to deliver science based solutions andprovide implementation based technological user friendly tools and methods.
7) It is required to nature the young professionals in the multi‐disciplinary field of disaster risk
reduction. Therefore, higher education is highly recommended and for that disaster risk reduction
academic field needs a disciplinary evolution through networking of universities, Disaster Management
Training Centre and strengthening as well as upgrading university curriculum.
8) It is recommended that the Republic of Union of Myanmar to consider disaster risk reduction as
one of the prioritized area of research. Establishing Society for Promoting Science and Technology canbe established which supports research initiatives, strengthening the network among academicians andlinkage with communities.
9) It is recommended to hold annual meetings on science and technology in DRR between
academicians and multi-stakeholders including government officials, other decision makers and DRR
practitioners at DMTC.
10) It is recommended to establish an innovation fund for disaster risk reduction research, which
will be managed through a multi-stakeholder partnership along with the concerned ministries.
11) Periodic collection of good practice repository on application of science and technology in DRR
in Myanmar

1. BACKGROUND1NEPALSCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

NEPAL

Nepal is a least developed landlocked country with a population of over 28 million;
GDP per capita is 762 US$ which is contributed about equally by agriculture, tourism
and remittances. Nepal faces a multitude Natural hazards such as floods, debris flow,
landslides, wild and settlement fire, hail storms, cold and heat waves, epidemics, etc.
due to the extremes of topography, relief, rainfall and river flows along six large river
basin some of which originate in Tibet and cross over the Himalayas cutting some ofthe deepest gorges in the world. The country has a long history of destructive
earthquakes, the latest one being the Gorkha earthquake that took a toll of over 9,000
lives, cause injury to over 20 thousand people, destroyed more than 800,000 houses
causing a total monitory loss equivalent to over 8 billion US Dollar.
Nepal started developing scientific understanding of natural hazards and risk only
after the 1988 Udaypur earthquake and the 1993 floods in south-central Nepal. Thiseffort received a big boost after the advent of the UN-declared and universally
implemented IDNDR, HFA 2005-2015, and SFDRR. The country developed andenacted the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management (NSDRM) in line withthe stipulations of HFA 2005-2015, which is being updated to tune it in line with the
SFDRR.
Nepal has been an active participant in the global initiatives on DRR, Climate
Change Adaptation processes, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Paris
Agreement since the inception of these global movements and campaigns. The Nepal
Science and Technology Plan for Implementation of SFDRR (NSTPDRR) should be
looked at in close link with these global efforts concept and Nepal’s commitments.

2. CONTEXT OF THE PLAN
The proposed National Science and Technology Policy on DRR will have relevance,
as well as conceptual and operational coherence with more than ten relevant legal
Acts, including the following:
1. Natural Calamities (Relief) Act, 1982;
2. Local Self Governance Act, 1999;
3. Nepal Building Act, 2055 (1998):
4. Nepal Town Development Act, 2045 (1998)
5. Nepal Academy of Science and Technology Act, 1991
One of the key policies to provide oversight and guidance to the Science andTechnology Plan will be the existing National Science policy 2005. With a vision ofdevelopment and use of science and technology for enhancing living standards of
Nepalese and with an overarching objective to enhance Science and Technology
capacities for national development, the Policy has the following stated specificobjectives:• Planned development of science and technology and its mainstreaming into
different development sectors including poverty reduction, environmental protection
and preservation, etc.
• Promote national and international collaboration for bringing in andcontextualization of S/T knowledge available globally
1

Author: Amod Mani Dixit, NSET/ IRDR IoCE, Kathmandu, Nepal, with inputs from Nepal
Reconstructive Authority (NRA)

41

The purpose of Nepal DRR Science and Technology Plan (NSTPDRR) would be todevelop a road map which would be compatible with the Nepal Governments’ Policy
on Science and Technology, for an effective implementation of the SFDRR in the bestinterest of Nepal by duly integrating the links among DRR, CCA, and SDGs andenvironmental protection ambitions of the country, by mobilizing all human,
institutional and policy resources available in the country by articulating the roles andresponsibilities of the different DRR stakeholders in the country.
Key objective of the Plan would be to provide overarching guidance and stimulus
for the use of science and technology in achieving vulnerability and risk reduction
against natural hazards and serve as a strong component of the overall science andtechnology Plan of Nepal to promoting overall national development.
The proposed plan should have the following as indicators for implementation:• Extent of use of Science in decision-making• Extent of budgetary Investment in science and technology• Number of programs that evidences improved linkage of Science andTechnologies in solving the problems felt by vulnerable people in Nepal.

4. SPECIFIC ACTIONS UNDER SFDRR PRIORITIES
Although the priority activities are yet to be defined by the planning process, thefollowing six activities are apparent and proposed as priority actions:SFDRR Priority 1. Understanding Disaster Risk:a) Assess the current state of the knowledge on data and information on disasterrisks, the needs and opportunity of DRR, and the corresponding expected outcomesof the SFDRR as applicable for Nepal, including the Strength, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, and threats that define the present-day situation of the four major
42

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

3. PURPOSE AND KEY OBJECTIVES

NEPAL• Human resources development• Promote high quality S/T education from primary to tertiary education
Another instrument to influence the proposed Science and Technology Plan would
be the National Building Code, 1994 and the Building Act in 1998. Although mademandatory for urban areas, enforcement of the building code has been slow over theyears. After the Gorkha earthquake of 2015, Government of Nepal has made thenational building code mandatory for all urban and rural areas of Nepal. The proposedscience plan should help such bold and far-reaching decision of the government.
The proposed NSTPDRR has to be in relevance with the following main global andregional initiatives and conclusions:
1. SFDRR Recommendations
2. The Global Road Map of Science Technology in DRR, organized by ISDR in
January 2016 stipulates 39 specific actions and 7 outcomes that every country should
consider to incorporate into the national science and technology plan for the
implementation of SFDRR.
3. The 1st Asia Science Technology conference held in Bangkok in 2016 advanced
12 specific actions under the four priority areas of SFDRR.
The national science and technology plan has to identify, through a consultative
process, those actions that are crucial for Nepal, keeping naturally in mind the national
science and technology policy and the NSDRM stipulations.

stakeholders of DRR in Nepal – the national and local governments, the private sectorbusinesses, the academia and the civil society organizations involved in DRR.
SFDRR Priority 2. Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance to Manage Disaster Risk:
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

NEPALa) Develop a comprehensive 15-years DRR road map for Nepal, both for disasterrisk reduction and for disaster preparedness for likely residual risks. The Road Map
should be compatible with Nepal’s commitments to the international covenants on
CCA, SDG, environmental preservation, use of natural resources, and also theeconomic development goals of Nepal. Hazard–specific programs for DRR andresilience enhancement for earthquake, landslide, cloud burst/floods and debris flow,
and other forms of human-induced and natural hazards, covering both extensive riskhazards and intensive risk hazards, that are well coordinated with the economic
development initiatives of the country and the people of Nepal,b) Develop a system of organizational structure and implementation mechanismthat would lead, motivate, distribute responsibilities, and coordinate the works ofdifferent stakeholders. The system should be able to monitor and evaluate theprogress and update the plan, redefine the priorities and introduce any mid-course
corrections, for achieving the DRR Road map, define the roles and responsibilities
including a system of reward and punishments for all stakeholders engaged in aspects
of DRR and DP.
c) Create modus operandi (standard operating procedures or SOP), legislations
and policies, and integration mechanism with economic development priorities, policy
and regulations, guidelines, ensuring that the knowledge, finances and governancecollectively reached to the last miles,
SFDRR Priority 3. Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience:a) Develop capacities and knowledge management capabilities at central as well as
local levels, especially at the last mile level so as to ensure that the policy decisions are
based on scientific evidence and that the policy implementation is strongly assisted by
the science and technology based standards, qualities, procedures.
SFDRR Priority 4. Enhancing Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response, and to Build
Back Better in Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstructiona)Ensure that people and the government are best prepared for the residual risk
for identified hazards, and there is enough capacity at all levels in understanding,planning, implementing DRR and for BBB post disaster events, to contain the disaster
impact to an acceptable level of risks.

5. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK
Planning
IRDR has asked NSET (ICoE/IRDR) to initiate, coordinate and facilitate thedevelopment of a draft of the Science and Technology Plan for Nepal. At the requestof NSET, The Nepal Reconstruction Authority designated a senior representative toattend the 2nd Workshop to Strengthen Scientific Advisory Capacities for DRR, 1617 January 2017, Taipei.
NSET proposes to develop a draft of the plan by the combined effort and wisdomof four group of experienced persons: 1) Central Level Government Agencies (suchas the Ministry of Urban Development, Ministry of Local development, Department of
43

The plan development is proposed to take in the following steps to collect theplanned activities:
1. A Kick-Off workshop will culminate the informal person-to-person contact the
Coordinator will undertake with the potential plan contributors from the central andlocal government institutions, academic institutions, NGOs and professional societies
and the interested private sector organizations such as the real state dealers andbuilding contractors. Representatives will be selected in consultation with byrecommendation from the agencies as well on individual standings.
2. A series of Thematic Consultative workshops will be organized to first stocktaking (through SWOT analysis) and collective identification of the plan activities for
SFDRR implementation at household (family), municipal, provincial and at central
government levels.
3. Writing the Draft Plan: NSET will write the draft Plan based on the outcomeof the workshop and other researches.
4. An End Line Workshop will be organized with participation of all plan
contributing organizations and related individuals for discussing the draft Plan. NSET
will incorporate all the suggestions and critiques received fro the workshop to write
the final plan, which will be submitted to the concerned Government Agency and IRDR
for further action.
Time LineWe propose the following Time line:
1. Preparatory works, Fund raising, Literature Review etc. – Feb 2017 to April 2017
2. Kick Off Workshop – End of May 2017
3. Thematic Workshops – June-August 2017
4. End-line Workshop – September 2017
5. Submission of Final Draft – End September 2017.

6. KEY CHALLENGES TO OVERCOME
Main challenge is the lack of resources to conduct the planning process and theseries of thematic as well as the Kick-off and End-line workshops.
Another challenge is to overcome the possibility of involvement of the government
agencies because of their engagement with the forthcoming elections. The thirdchallenge may be the disturbances in regular flow of activities and businesses becauseof potential political unrest.

44

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

Identification of the Plan Activities and Plan Development

NEPAL

Architecture, Department of Mines and Geology, Department of Urban Development
and Building Construction etc., 2) Local level government agencies such as themunicipalities and the Village, 3) Representatives of the academic
institutions ,engineering faculties of Nepal’s universities including private engineeringcolleges, 4) Private sector businesses institutions, and 5) professional societies and civilsociety organizations that are working in aspects of disaster risk reduction and disaster
preparedness.

1. BACKGROUND1PAKISTANSCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

PAKISTAN

Pakistan has a long history of wide range of natural and human-induced disasters. The
climate change has exacerbated the extreme weather events. Almost every year the impacts
of disastrous events put extra pressure on the country meagre budget. In Pakistan, the scienceand technology is also contributing to disaster risk reduction (DRR). Nevertheless, thedevastating 2005 earthquake was a turning point to restructure the disaster risk management
system. In this regard, national disaster management authority (NDMA), a focal body was
assigned a task to implement DRR policies, strategies and programs. The implementation on
National Disaster Management Plan is in full swing. Globally, several countries have developed
S&T policy and plan, which reflect the country vision in addressing S&T as key pillars indevelopment planning, research, strategies formulations and DRR planning. Pakistan is one of
the countries, who has developed Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP) in 2012
with a vision of well-defined road-map and put the country on course for achieving excellencein all sectors of modern Science and Technology.
In follow-up of post HFA, in March 2015 the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction(SFDRR; 2015-2030) was developed. The member countries agreed in the 3rd UN World
conference on DRR to shift from managing disasters to managing risks. In Geneva, during
January 2016, the UNISDR together with partner organizations including IRDR has organized
Science and Technology Conference to prepare roadmap and discussed how to mainstream
Science and Technology (S&T) in implementation of Sendai Framework, the S&T Roadmap
was developed. The SFDRR has specifically highlighted the role of S&T in managing risks andinsisted on mainstreaming science-based evidences and application of S&T in risk knowledge,
techniques and models and obtaining science-based information from research institutions andexpanding linkages between science and policy. It calls for support in all four priority areas:
understanding disaster risk; disaster risk governance; investing in DRR for resilience; andenhancing disaster preparedness for response and to build back better.

2. CONTEXT OF THE PLAN
In Pakistan, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) is planning for national
science, technology and innovation plan. The aim is to coordinate and implement
national science and technology policy; promote and coordinate research activities
and utilize research findings. Administratively, the division is also responsible to lookafter the National Science Council (NSC), Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (PCSIR), the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and the Space andUpper Atmospheric Research Commission (SUPARCO). The STIP insisted toencourage the use of ozone friendly technologies, phase out the use of ozone depleting
substances and use of renewable energy sources is in-line with the Paris agreement.
SFDRR also calls the scientific community for looking into the risk through sciencelens and to bridge the effective linkages between Science, Technology, decision-makers
and practice. The application and mainstreaming of latest state-of-the-art S&T in
managing risk and collective wisdom for various dimensions of multi-hazards, spatial
extent of exposure and risk governance. The use of remotely sensed data, real-time
digital data, evidence-based digital cum social data and the application of GeoInformation technology are some of glimpses of latest tools and techniques that need
to be infused while managing risk. However, to make it cost-effective and more action
oriented, centre of excellences need to be built at regional level to train and built
capacities of young scientists.
1

Author: Atta-ur Rahman, University of Peshawar, Pakistan

45

3. PURPOSE AND KEY OBJECTIVES

4. SPECIFIC ACTIONS UNDER SFDRR PRIORITIESThis section discusses the specific action under each SFDRR priority area and its
reflections in the National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP; 2012-2022) andNational Science, Technology and Innovations Policy (STIP).
Priority 1: Understanding Disaster Risk
1. In NDMA, a full-fledged section is responsible for maintaining and keeping
record of all type of digital spatial databases, attribute data, satellite images andevent-wise extent of damages to various sectors.
2. The application of space born data for multi-hazard risk assessment is gaining
importance. In this regard, NDMA in consultation with SUPARCO andUNSPIDER is providing space born data to organizations and institutions
working on DRR.
3. The NDMA has recently developed guidelines for conducting MHVRA studies.
For each hazard, a detailed scientific models/methodologies have beensuggested.
4. To avoid repetition in research study of same area, it is binding onorganization/institutions to submit both soft and hard copy of the project to
NDMA for record and sharing the same with other research organizations for
reducing the cost and time of activity.

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SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

3.2 Key Objectives of Science Technology DRR Plan
i. To enhance the use and application of science and technology in DRR.
ii. To bridge the Science-Technology, scientists, practitioners, civil society andcommunity in reducing disaster risk.
iii. To encourage young professionals to undertake research on multi-hazards andintegrated risk reduction strategies.
iv. To take into account all the global protocols, standards and in line with thecountry legal framework while formulating ST DRR Plan.
v. To enhance disaster resilience using science and technology and reduce
disaster risks, vulnerabilities.
vi. To enhance ST based DRR capacities of institutions, human and material
sources for mitigation, prevention, preparedness, response and recovery.

PAKISTAN

3.1 Purpose of Science Technology DRR Plan
The purpose is to formulate Science Technology Disaster Risk Reduction Plan for
implementation of Sendai Framework as a central pillar of national planning, researchand developmental strategy in reducing disaster risk.

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

PAKISTAN

5. In the Higher Educational Institutions, plagiarism software is widely used by
the scientific community for assessing the ethical issues and copyright.
However, the uses of such plagiarism software is lacking in line agencies.
6. The STIP highlighted bridging partnerships between science and technology
community and the disaster risk management institutions and agencies.
7. The application of S&T in DRR and strengthen real-time extreme weather
events, rainfall, snowfall and establishment of real-time sensor-based gauging
stations for enhancing the forecasting and early warning system in the country.
8. The NDMA is in process of preparing hazard based expert group to provide
policy guidelines and help in decision making process.
9. The setting of indicators and standard to measure the progress in S&T isidentified as one of the key policy action in STIP. The Pakistan Environmental
Protection Act 1997 provides legal framework for standards /protocols tomonitor the air, water and land pollution. NDMA has also developed standard
guidelines for MHVRA.
Priority 2: Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance to Manage Disaster
Risk
1. The use of space borne data, real-time digital data, evidence-based digital cum
social data and the application of Geo-Information technology are some of
glimpses of latest tools / techniques to be infused while managing risk.
However, to make it cost-effective and more action oriented, centre of
excellences need to be opened at regional level to train and built capacities ofyoung scientists.
2. STIP Action 32a, establish close linkages between industries and R&D
institutions/ universities and incentives for scientists working on industryrelated projects.
3. NDMP Intervention-5, promote training, education and awareness in relation
to disaster management. NDMP Intervention-6, Strengthen awarenessprogram on disaster risk reduction at local level
4. STIP Action 17, Access to scientific, engineering and technical higher education
to be increased by enhancing the existing facilities and establish new research
centresPriority 3: Investing in DRR for Resilience
1. The STIP stresses to effectively use remote sensing data in environment,
agriculture, DRR, hydrology, meteorology and satellite-aided search andrescue operations. Similarly, monitoring climate change with space born data
can help prevent losses due to natural disasters.
2. The crucial role of space technology in forecasting, dissemination of early
warning, emergency response planning, evacuation route, identification of
emergency shelter and disaster relief have also been elaborated in STIP.
3. The NDMP has also focused on strengthening and establishment ofspecialized high/Medium Range Forecasting Centres with Appurtenant
Facilities has given high priority. Similarly, the establishment of New weather
Doppler Radar Stations at critical location will be installed for forecasting
extreme weather events and enhancing effectiveness of early warning system.
47

Priority 4: Enhancing Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response, and to“Build Back Better” in Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

The ministry of Science & Technology and the Climate Change Division are the key
government line agencies to implement the Science Technology DRR Plan in
implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In the climate
Change division, the role and set-up of National Disaster Management Authority is ofvital nature. This is the organization which are more dedicated to implement the
Science Technology DRR plan at national, provincial and district level.

6. KEY CHALLENGES TO OVERCOME
The expected major challenges in implementing ST DRR plan includes:i. Lack of financial capabilities in implementing science technology DRR planii. Expansion and installation of additional met stations, Automatic Weather
Observation System and automated gauging stations
iii. Installation of RADAR system to cope with Coastal Extreme HydroMeteorological Event and control centre for networking and early warning
iv. Little attention has been given to apply Science and Technology in DRR
v. Limited DRR experts and research scientists to apply S&T in DRR
vi. Establishment of a Seismic Intensity Reporting System for data compilation anddisseminationvii. Installation of Advanced Multi-hazard forecasting and early warning system
viii. Devise and enforce land use regulations and Building Codes and byelaws

48

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

5. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORKPAKISTAN

1. There is need to invest and develop systemic mechanisms for trained humanresource for implementing the national policies and strategies. The major
challenge being faced by Pakistan is the lack of science-based DRR experts andapplication of advanced S&T to devise a comprehensive system ofpreparedness, forecasting/prediction of extreme events, effective multi-hazard
early warning system, state-of-the-art emergency response mechanism,
monitoring, archiving data and dissemination of information.
2. In Pakistan, Flood Forecasting Division (FFD), undertake Weather & Flood
Forecasts (WFF) through a Network of weather RADAR, Real-Time
Telemetric system for Rainfall and Discharge, Weather Satellite coverage and
WMO network. Doppler weather RADARs are required to effective cater theentire country and to furnish the most accurate and quantified weather andflood forecasting at the regional level.
3. Pakistan has yet to go a long way to develop its own tools and researchmethods for multi-risk assessments, state-of-the-art core competencies in
DRR and cost benefit analysis. At the university level, so far very few
universities have started graduation and research in DRR.

1. BACKGROUND1

PHILIPPINESSCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

PHILIPPINESThe National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) of thePhilippines is a fulfilment of the requirements of Republic Act No. 10121, otherwise
known as the Philippine DRRM Act of 2010. The NDRRMP covers four distinct
thematic areas, namely, (1) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, (2) Disaster
Preparedness; (3) Disaster Response; and (4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery.
The NDRRMP is the implementation guide for the National Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Framework (NDRRMF) which aims for a “safer, adaptive and disaster
resilient Filipino communities toward sustainable development” (NDRRMP, 2011). To
achieve this goal, the four DRRM thematic areas must be addressed with particularfocus on disaster prevention and mitigation and preparedness. The plan puts apremium on, “Competency and science-based capacity building activities alongside thenurturing of continuous learning through knowledge development and management ofgood DRRM practices on the ground” (NDRRMP,2011).

2. CONTEXT OF THE PLAN
The NDRMMP mandates the preparation of national plans for each thematic area.
The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) has assumed this operational
mandate as the institution coordinating disaster prevention and mitigation amongst
national line agencies. As of the moment, there is no National Disaster Prevention
and Mitigation Plan yet. However, the science and technology agenda for DRR isreflected in the recently released DOST documents: the DOST Plan 2017-2022 andthe Harmonized National Research and Development Agenda (HNDRA) of 20172022.

3. PURPOSE AND KEY OBJECTIVES
The overall goal or purpose of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation under the
NDRRMP is to avoid hazards and mitigate their impacts by reducing vulnerabilities andexposure and enhancing capacities of communities to reduce their own risks and copewith the impacts of all hazards. DOST, as the coordinating agency for the thematicarea, aimed for science-based information on weather, climate change and geologicalhazards to ensure the country’s survival and future in an era of extreme and rapidlychanging climate.

4. SPECIFIC ACTIONS UNDER SFDRR PRIORITIESBased on the internal documents of the DOST and related agencies, its contribution
to the SFDRR goals and targets have been incorporated into the DOST Plan for 20172022 (DOST,2016) and into Sections l, ll and V of the Harmonized National Researchand Development Agenda prepared in 2016 (HNDRA, 2016). Using DOST’s plans ofaction, the researchers used the SFDRR Science and Technology Roadmap to classify
the elements of the plan. It is important to note that the DOST initiated a similar
planning process in 2016. These do not have specific budget alignments for SFDRR
compliance.
1

Authors: Antonia Yulo Loyzaga and Jessica Dator Bercilla, Manila Observatory; JoeMar S. Perez,
NDRRMC-OCD; Carlos Primo David, DOST-PCIEERD; Philippines.

49

50

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

2.1 Support a stronger involvement and use of science to inform policy and decisionmaking within and across all sectors at all levels• (1) Technical Advisory Services for Geologic and Geophysical Phenomena;(2) Fault Finder App; (3) Deployment of Early Warning Systems in DisasterProne Areas; (4) Promotion of Culture of Science (5) Science and Technology
Education for Ordinary Citizens (6) S&T Regional Alliance of Universities for
Inclusive National Development (STRAND); (7) Providing municipal level risk
assessment and incident reporting and visualization; (8) (Psychosocial)
adaptation capacity of communities

PHILIPPINES

Priority 1: Understanding Disaster Risk
1.1. Assess and update the current state of data, scientific and local and indigenous
knowledge and technical expertise availability on disaster risks reduction and fill
the gaps with new knowledge.
• Flood models of major river basins in the country and the mapping of stormsurge vulnerable areas have been pursued.
1.2. Synthesize, produce and disseminate scientific evidence in a timely andaccessible manner that responds to the knowledge needs of policy-makers andpractitioners.
• (1) Automated weather stations and automated rain gauges and establish a
Monitoring and Troubleshooting Team (MaTT) (2) Scientific Earth
Observation Micro-Satellite (DIWATA program),
1.3. Ensure that scientific data and information support are used in monitoring andreviewing progress towards disaster risk reduction and resilience building.
• (1) Project HYDROMET (Emergency Distribution of hydrometeorologicaldevices in hart-hit areas in the Philippines) in 18 major river basins; (2)Enhancing Philippine Landslide Hazard Maps with LiDAR and High Resolution
Imageries for 36 priority provinces; (3) Disaster Management using Web GIS
initiative; (4) Weather Information-integration for System Enhancement(NOAH-WISE)
1.4. Build capacity to ensure that all sectors and countries have access to,understand and can use scientific information for better informed decisionmaking• (1) Monitoring of susceptible areas and data on landslide hazard are madeavailable online; (2) A Flood Information Network (FloodNet); (3)Development and Deployment of EWS for Deep-Seated Catastrophic
Landslides; (4) A strategic communication intervention for the NOAH
Program; (5) ROGER (Robust and Rapidly Deployable GSM based stations
and backhaul for Emergency response); (6) Technical Advisory Services for
Geologic and Geophysical Phenomena; (7) Development of Real-time
Physico-chemical Monitoring Network; (8) Ground Deformation Monitoring
and R&D of Active Volcanoes.
Priority 2: Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance to Manage Disaster
Risk

Priority 3: Investing in DRR for Resilience

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

PHILIPPINES

3.1. Provide scientific evidence to enable decision-making of policy options forinvestment and development planning• (1)Development of Spatial Models for Comprehensive Land Use Planning; (2)Turnover of Flood/Hazard/Resource Vulnerability Maps to LGUs (3) use ofadvanced and emerging technologies; (4) Intervention models to reduceprevalence of infectious diseases; (5) Research on Climate change relateddisease, impact of climate change on health, emerging diseases related toclimate change; (6) Industries enabled by state-of the-art R&D facilities,
technologies and science-based policies, moving up the value chain andattracting foreign direct investments
Priority 4: Enhancing Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response, and to“Build Back Better” in Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
4.1. Identify and respond to the needs of policy- and decision-makers at all levelfor scientific data and information to strengthen preparedness and to “Build
Back Better in Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction to reduce losses
and impact on the most vulnerable communities• (1) Establishing and upgrading disaster risk reduction facilities;(2)
Improvement of Weather Prediction and Information for Disaster Prevention(3) Volcano, Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Preparedness and Risk
Reduction; (4) Providing hazards analyses through the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) partner-agencies of the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST); (5) Establishing andmaintaining exposure datasets from the Philippine Statistics Authority and theDSWD Listahanan; (6) Develop and enhance predictive analytics and maps
for situational awareness and visualization. (7) Enhancing Cytogenetic
Biological Dosimetry Capabilities of the Philippines for Nuclear Incident
Preparedness Establishment of Real-time Environmental Radiation Monitoring
System; (8) ReliefOps. Ph – a multi-stage and multi-user decision support
system for disaster preparedness and response; (9) Virtual OpCen whereusers can view and download information; (10) Develop post-disastersolutions to access health care services, e.g., maternal, new-born and childhealth, sexual and reproductive health, food security, nutrition, housing,education; (11) Emergency food development.

5. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORKIn the absence of a National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Plan, these plans
are now incorporated in the DOST Plan for 2017-2022 and the Harmonized National
Research and Development Agenda. Implementation is primarily led by theinstitutions under the DOST and also participated in by line agencies with specificscience and technology objectives that contribute to the DRR goals of the country.

51

6. KEY CHALLENGES TO OVERCOME
The possible challenges facing the development of a science and technology planfor the implementation of SFDRR are as follows:i.
Lack of financial capabilities in implementing science technology DRR planii. Expansion and installation of additional met stations, Automatic Weather Observation
System and automated gauging stations
iii. Installation of RADAR system to cope with Coastal Extreme Hydro-Meteorological
Event and control centre for networking and early warning
iv. Little attention has been given to apply Science and Technology in DRR
v. Limited DRR experts and research scientists to apply S&T in DRR
vi. Establishment of a Seismic Intensity Reporting System for data compilation anddisseminationvii. Installation of Advanced Multi-hazard forecasting and early warning system
viii. Devise and enforce land use regulations and Building Codes and byelaws

52

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

The DOST’s formulation of the National Prevention and Mitigation Plan incollaboration with the thematic area leaders, the private sector, CSOs andcommunities themselves provides timely opportunity to initiate the development of
the science and technology plan for the implementation of SFDRR. It could, essentiallybuild on the DOST Plan for 2017-2022 as presented by the Secretary of Science andTechnology, himself in October 2016. In this plan, the DOST outlines its contributions
to the national socio-economic agenda and links its targets on disaster risk reduction
to specific outcomes, such as: promoting science and technology, increasing
competitiveness and promoting value chain development (De La Peña, 2016).:

PHILIPPINES

1) Political - The Science and Technology Plan for the implementation of SFDRR willneed a champion. There is a need for an influential leadership to embrace a science-based
development lens for DRR and balance the needs of different communities.
2) Organizational - Bureaucratic and administrative challenges to the implementation of
SFDRR are constrained by rigid bureaucratic and administrative regulations. A review ofexisting government policies and protocols to enable more inclusive, feasible and facilitative
programs and activities and new laws and protocols to support inter-departmental/agency
consultation and collaboration are needed. In some cases, budgets may have to be re-aligned.
3) Science and Technology-related - The availability and access to quality data andanalytical tools in the appropriate resolution and scale is critical to the mainstreaming of boththe physical and social science of risk in different contexts, levels of decision-making, and,across sectors.
4) Financial – Funding sources for trans-disciplinary research would need to be identified.
5) Institutional - Platforms for knowledge generation and mobilization from academia topolicy and practice communities need to be designed to meet local conditions.
6) Transactional - Different models for strategic and operational partnerships between
academia, government, the private sector, CSOs and communities will need to be exploredfor different regions in the country7) Conceptual - Identifying, preparing for and preventing Non Economic loss and damage
and risk generated from linkage between identities- cultures-ecosystems, including psychosocial impacts.
8) Risk communication - Popular media reporting on preparedness and prevention interms of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and risk in terms of sustainable development needs
to be enhanced.

1. BACKGROUND1

SRI LANKASCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

SRI LANKA

Since the largest disaster event in the recent history, Tsunami hit in 2004, Sri
Lanka’s emphasis on Disaster Risk Reeducation has undergone a tremendous
transformation. Since then, different aspects to strengthen DRR activities have been
introduced and implemented.
Ministry of Disaster Management and the Disaster Management Centre (DMC)
were established. This was followed by the formation of the institutional frameworkto address integrated Disaster Management. Other initiatives towards a disaster
resilient country were taken that included Towards a Safer Sri Lanka, A Road Map for
DRM.
Build upon on local experience, learning from global scenarios as well asrecommendations of UNDAC Assessment 2014, the “Sri Lanka Comprehensive
Disaster Management Programme (SLCDMP), 2014 – 2018” was introduced. The main
goal of this is to enhance safety of Sri Lanka by reducing the direct and associatedpotential risk of the country and minimising the impacts on different economic,
environmental political aspects. It also emphasizes on facilitating an enabling
environment for multi hazard, participatory and partnership oriented DM
programmes. These process are planned to use risk knowledge as the base, in linewith international conventions and frameworks.
Implementation of interventions outlined in the “Road Map Towards a Safer Sri
Lanka” during the period of 2005-2013 has improved in the disaster management
capacity in relation to preparedness, response and awareness in the island anddevelopment of the legal and institutional structures, together with the fostering of an
enabling environment for risk reduction. Although all of these initiatives are composedof science and technological elements, its real involvement in this mission needs muchfurther development. This paper provides some basic ideas on how to incorporate
Science and Technology (S&T) into better DRR practices.

2. CONTEXT OF THE PLAN
A new S&T plan will guide national policy for the next few years to come. This planfor DM emphasizes the need for the country to apply new and effective methods inscience and technology to cope with various impacts of increasingly evident natural
disasters. Some key issues that has to be addressed include socioeconomic, politicalas well as environmental problems. The current plan calls for greater cooperation
among the government, the corporate sector, community and the academia in thefield of enhanced flavour of science.

3. PURPOSE AND KEY OBJECTIVES
Among the key objectives the following could be noted:
a. To enhance and facilitate the use of innovations and effective tools in scienceand technology in DRR activities in an integrated mannerb. To identify area and event specific disaster sectors where a greater emphasisshould be placed with science and technology
1Authors: Deepthi Wickramasinghe, Professor, Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences,
University of Colombo; GLS Senadeera, Director General, Disaster Management Centre, Sri Lanka

53

c. To develop a mechanism to get the involvement of both local and international
experts to obtain necessary assistance and advise
d. To initiate and further develop the research needs to address DRR related
issuese.

To establish an efficient network of information sharing in decision making

Priority 1: Understanding Disaster Risk
Potential exists to promote universities and research institutions to conduct
research and development and targeted studies to strengthen DRR and CCA. In thepast DMC has supported universities to conduct studies on wind effect on buildings
and development of seismic zonation maps and guidelines, as well as to develop hazard
profiles in Sri Lanka. Research institutions have been supported to develop cropvarieties and management practices to meet challenges of drought and floods. Only alimited number of policy related research has been carried out so far.
Identification of priority research needs in DRR and CCA at sectoral and spatial levels
to deliver better results.
Actions suggested:• Supporting a platform for technical experts to develop research concepts,
methods and proposals in line with identified priorities.
• Establish a data and information exchange mechanism to support research.
• Develop a mechanism to financially support proposed research and, amonitoring and knowledge management system to promote findings.
• Adopt UN solution exchange concept to improve dialog between researchers,
users of research findings and technology developers.
Priority 2: Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance to Manage Disaster
Risk
When National Physical Plan and the Policy – 2030 (NPP&P) was developed it was
not possible to incorporate disaster risk management concerns primarily due to the
non-availability of necessary data. Yet, the government on principle agrees to pay
special attention to better governance of DRR and policy.
Actions suggested:• Appoint a technical group to review the National Physical Plan taking into
consideration the Sri Lanka Hazard Profiles, Strategic Environment Assessment
recommendations, Census – 2011 information, Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) led climate change related knowledge.
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SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

The DMC operates under several different sections. Mitigation, Research andDevelopment, Preparedness and planning, Emergency operation and Education andpublic awareness. Under these sections, different ongoing activities which need further
expansion and new proposed actions are summarized here.

SRI LANKA

4. SPECIFIC ACTIONS UNDER SFDRR PRIORITIESInter-agency consultations on the study findings and recommendation oftechnical group for revision of NPP&P.
• Revise the NPP&P based on the study recommendation and consultations.
• Development of environmentally friendly, low cost technology resilient tonatural hazards and provide assistance to encourage research related to thisfield
• Hazard prone areas should not be selected for housing projects. Make itcompulsory to obtain a certificate from National Building Research
Organization for construction in landslide prone areas.
Priority 3: Investing in DRR for Resilience•

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

SRI LANKA

It is well accepted that investments in DRR activities with strong support of scienceand technology should be initiated, strengthened and promoted.
Actions suggested:
•
•
•
•
•
•

Incorporate disaster risk reduction components in to guidelines and training
modules in construction industry and curricula of universities as well as
technical college.
In order to encourage the use of affordable, hazard resistant technology andenvironmentally friendly construction methods, technical officers at national
level should be trained.
Tax concessions and financial incentives should be introduced to encourage
the use of such technology.
Capacity building in downscaling of global climate model outputs, identificationof reliable downscale procedures (statistical, dynamical) with the establishmentof an advanced computer laboratory
Develop a system to cover gaps in disseminating EW messages for floods(riverine, dam related, urban and coastal), landslides, tsunami and cyclones
Procure and install infrastructure required to fill the gap in EW dissemination
systemPriority 4: Enhancing Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response, and to“Build Back Better” in Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
The DMC and related agencies will work on a number of key technical areas linking
the development efforts to potential disasters preparedness and response plans.
Actions suggested:
•
•
•
•

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Promote science based decision making in response and recovery.
Strengthening preparedness activities with advanced early warning systems andeffective ways of disseminating warning messages.
Carrying out needs assessments to guide post disaster recovery and costbenefit analysis of DRR investment at national and district levels.
Enhanced recovery capacities with proper and adequate touch of science andtechnology needs assessments to guide post disaster recovery and cost benefit
analysis of DRR.

5. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK
Several actions were identified under each strategic component to address the key
issues.

With the overall goal of inculcating science and technology in different aspects in
disaster risk reduction, the Ministry as the sole authority, will have to secure more
fund allocations for activities. One recurring challenge when multi stakeholders are
involved is the decline in enthusiasm of parties over the time as well as barriers inproper coordination and sharing of information. The difficulty of driving significant
change in an organization rooted in autonomy and individual behaviour is anotherhindrance to overcome. In some cases, the communities resist to change which again
is a major issue in implementing DRR initiatives.

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SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

6. KEY CHALLENGES TO OVERCOMESRI LANKA

This integrated programme uses a partnership strategy where a number of
Ministries, Departments, Non-Government Organizations and Private Sector will be
responsible for the implementation of the activities as articulated in the next chaptersof this plan under the four outcome areas presented therein. In addition, to support
the programme’s formal coordination system led by the Ministry of Disaster
Management, a set of capacity development initiatives to strengthen the agencies in
implementing the activities and a rigorous monitoring and evaluation system for the
programme is proposed to be established.

1. BACKGROUND1THAILANDSCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

THAILAND

Following a significant increase in per capita income over the past few decades.
Thailand is now experiencing a decline in growth as well as productivity. The country
is at risk of falling into the “middle – income trap” as it faces increasing difficulty incompeting against Rower cost locations in less skill intensive economic activities whilestill lacking of technological know-how and human capabilities of moving into moresophisticated, higher value-added activities. Other major concerns for Thailand relate
to social inclusiveness and environmental sustainability.

2. CONTEXT OF THE PLAN
The critically of science and technology in pursuit of implementing Hyogo
Framework for Action has been recognized in the note “support the development andsustainability of the infrastructure and scientific, technological, technical andinstitutional capacities needed to research, observe, analyse, map and where possible
forecast natural and related hazards vulnerabilities and disaster impacts. The scienceand technology applications are very important in all stages of disaster risk reduction
from mapping the hazards and assessing vulnerability, through monitoring andforecasting, through dissemination of a warning in an understandable way to relevant
decision makers and the public including the appropriate action plans and early warning
system. Integration of science and technology in disaster risk reduction has received
high priority at all levels.
The agenda of science and technology in Thailand has been initiated andimplemented by the government agencies. The application of science and technology
in the context of disaster risk reduction (DRR) have been set up for the systematicallymonitor and provide observational networks to ensure the available real time/nearreal time data/information on various aspects of natural disasters.
Further innovation in monitoring such as automatic weather stations, broadband
seismic networking and multi – parameter satellites and computer – based prediction
modelling. In most of the countries, there is gap between the development of effective
local capacities to receive and use real time / near real time data / information andearly warning system to prevent and protect the disaster. At national level, it isnecessary to set up the appropriate mechanisms and at the regional level it requires
the willingness and ability to cooperate.
The key challenge emerge are as follows- Effective integration, of S/T for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) andManagement with the marginal institutional base and investment.
- Establishment of mechanisms for regional cooperation to integrate S/T for
DRR in different area of cooperation such as sharing of information regional network
through research network.
- Strengthening capacity building and exchange information and experiencesby networking national regional and international S/T networks.
1

Author: Monthip Sriratana, Climate Change Research Strategy Center, National Research Council ofThailand (NRCT)

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- Conducting research and development program to understand theprecursors of disasters for more effective application on early warning systems suchas remote sensing, disaster mitigation technologies.
- Multi – disciplinary S/T knowledge to develop multi – hazard approaches.
- Promoting science disaster risk reduction for community action- Education curriculum towards awareness raising.

The objectives are to:- Highlight particular science and technology for public policy to implement
science and technology in disaster risk reduction.
- Context of the disaster risk reduction plan.
- Implementation framework and key role of institution to implement the plan.
- Identify the scope of international collaboration.
- Key challenges to overcome.

4. SPECIFIC ACTIONS UNDER SFDRR PRIORITIESStrategic goals on the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (2009– 2011) of Thailand
Strategic 1: The more effective integration of disaster risk considerations into
sustainable development policies, planning and programming at all levels, with a special
emphasis on disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness and vulnerability reduction.
Goal: Disaster risk reduction is being adopted and integrated into national
development plans. The DRR is being incorporated in the strategy of managing natural
resources and environment towards sustainability under the National Economic andSocial Development Plan. The plan provides guideline for natural disaster
preparedness, including hazard mapping at national, regional and provincial level andprioritization of identified hazards, in order to develop proper preventive andmitigation structural and non-structural measures with emphasis on social andeconomic aspects.

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SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

This report aimed to discuss the critical role of science and technology in disasterrisk reduction and the commitment of the scientific and technical community tosupport the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction2015 – 2030 in Thailand.

THAILAND

3. PURPOSE AND KEY OBJECTIVESStrategic 2: Development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms andcapacities at all levels, in particular at the community level, that can systematicallycontribute to building resilience to hazards.
Goal: Existing mechanisms stated in the national disaster prevention andmitigation plan are adopted and executed in a more integrated and holistic fashion inorder to create and strengthen disaster warning and assessment networks as well as
to encourage people’s participation in disaster reduction activities at all levels.
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PLAN

THAILAND

Strategic 3: The systematic incorporation of risk reduction approaches into
the design and implementation of emergency preparedness, response and recovery
programmes in the reconstruction of affected communities.
Goal: National risk reduction and risk management frameworks are translated
into action at provincial level and local level through a series of planning training and a
periodical plan monitoring and evaluations.

5. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORKInstitutions, networks and partnerships
The Thai Government has provided information technology knowledge to support
risk reduction for instance Ministry of Science and Technology has signed MOU with
Ministry of Interior to reduce thee impacts of disaster such as early warning systems
to the public.

Key role of institution to implement the plan and network of key
institution.
1) Human Security and social equity approaches integrated into disasterrisk reduction and recovery activities.
The application is implemented by all key stakeholders. The minority groups havebeen included into this plan. Provincial Disaster Management Plan is also taken
vulnerable group into account and mentioned in the community level plan.
2) Engagement and partnerships with non-governmental organizations,civil society, private sector.
Partnership with NGOS such as private companies, civil society, volunteers andprivate sectors to promote disaster risk reduction approach.
Presently, Hyogo Framework for Action, Thailand is adopted the campaign “OneMillion safe school and Hospital” with collaboration among UNISDR, Ministry ofInterior, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education has provided curriculum fordisaster management such as flash flood, Flood and Tsunami.

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Some companies such as Honda have signed MOU with the Provincial
Administrative Association to disseminate “Drive safety training course” throughout
the country.

6. KEY CHALLENGES TO OVERCOME

2. Lesson learned and areas for strengthening research under Science
Technology Plan
Experiences from partnerships show that these are more partnership at national
than regional level. More partnerships among research institutions are needed which
require all sectors to work more closely with the disaster risk management field.
Improving evidence through research and enhancing cooperation across similar
hazards are important are as require greater attention and investment.
3. Strengthening transboundary collaboration and information sharing
for all hazards.
Successful collaboration mechanisms at different levels as well as among research
institutions as well as international organizations led to effective exchange of
information and the integration of work under Science and Technology Plan.
1) Emphasize the role of multi – sectoral and multi – stakeholder DRR platforms
on science and technology among all sectors and disaster risk managements as well asclimate change community (Paris Agreement) and Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)
2) The Sendai Framework makes it clear that progress cannot be made if the work
is keeping in the own systems and siloes. Human resources need to be strengthened
and capacities built to work across scientific sectors at the national and sub – national
levels.
3) Strengthen partnership with the private sector, including on research anddevelopment on prevention, recovery and reconstruction, especially at sub – national
levels, as well as cross – sectoral and cross – border collaboration.

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The importance of multi – sectoral and multi – stakeholder DRR platforms,
supported by legal framework, written guidelines and appropriate institutionalarrangements. Identification of hazards and risks is critical. It is essential to identify
clear roles and responsibilities as well as research organizations to work together
during and after disasters. Regular capacity building of human resources in the field of
research related to disaster risk reduction through training is important for developing
and maintaining competencies for effective integration of research work. Therefore,
assessment of the needs of disaster risk reduction is important to develop share goals.
National planning and mechanisms for achieving the goals of Sendai Framework are
instrumental in this regards.

THAILAND

1. Strengthen cross – sectoral coordination in Science Technology Plan