Annex 3: Improvements since 1996

ANNEX 3

IMPROVEMENTS SINCE 1996

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product UseAuthors
Jochen Harnisch (Germany) and William Kojo Agyeman-Bonsu (Ghana)Paul Ashford (UK), Scott Bartos (USA), Lisa Hanle (USA), Charles Jubb (Australia), Jerry Marks (USA),
Archie McCulloch (UK), Robert Lanza (USA), Jos G. J. Olivier (Netherlands), Deborah Ottinger Schaefer (USA)and Timothy Simmons (UK)

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Annex 3: Improvements since 1996

ContentsAnnex 3Improvements since 1996 ................................................................................................................A3.4

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Mineral industry emissions...........................................................................................................A3.4

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Chemical industry emissions ........................................................................................................A3.4

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Metal industry emissions ..............................................................................................................A3.5

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Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use .........................................................................A3.5

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Electronics industry emissions .....................................................................................................A3.5

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Emissions of fluorinated substitutes for ozone depleting substances ...........................................A3.6

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Other product manufacture and use..............................................................................................A3.6

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Completeness and allocation of CO2 from non-energy uses of fuels............................................A3.7

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

ANNEX 3: IMPROVEMENTS SINCE 1996
This volume contains major changes and improvements to the section covering ‘Industrial Processes’ and‘Solvent and Other Product Use’ in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories(1996 IPCC Guidelines). First, these Guidelines (2006 IPCC Guidelines) introduce practical guidance on
allocation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions released from combustion of fuel in the Energy Sector andIndustrial Processes Sector, which was not clear in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. Second, these Guidelines are
based on the principle that emissions should be reported in the industries where these emissions occur.
Accordingly, there has been a shift in the categories in which some emissions are reported, particular those fromthe use of limestone, dolomite and other carbonates.
Other major changes and/or improvements listed below are associated to each Chapter of this volume.

A3.1

MINERAL INDUSTRY EMISSIONS

There are three key changes to the Mineral Chapter in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, as compared to the earlier
guidance documents. Firstly, a new input-based method has been introduced for all source categories that
estimates emissions based on the quantity, type and composition of carbonate inputs to the production processes.
For example, in addition to the Tier 2 method based on clinker output during cement production, an alternate
method is elaborated based on estimating emissions from the carbonate input to the kiln.
Secondly, clear guidance has been developed to specify where emissions from the use of limestone, dolomiteand other carbonates should be reported. As noted above, these Guidelines are based on the principle thatemissions should be reported in the industries where they occur. For example, where limestone is used as a flux
for iron and steel production, emissions from the use of the limestone should be reported under Iron and SteelProduction. Only emissions from limestone and dolomite used in the mineral industry should be reported in theMineral Industry Chapter. Inventory compilers are encouraged to assess carefully how this change may impact,
in particular, emission estimates for the Mineral Industry, the Chemical Industry, and Metal Production.
In addition while earlier guidance highlighted only limestone and dolomite use, these Guidelines also outline
methods for estimating emissions from use of other carbonates, including magnesia and sodium carbonate. TheseGuidelines also establish three approaches for estimating emissions from glass production. Acid-induced releaseof CO2 from acidification of carbonate-containing materials (e.g., phosphate ores) is also considered, althoughspecific estimation methods are not provided.

A3.2

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY EMISSIONS

New sources of emissions have been introduced: nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Production of Caprolactam,Glyoxal, and Glyoxylic acid, and CO2 emissions from Titanium Dioxide Production. Soda Ash production wasreallocated from Mineral Industry to Chemical Industry. In the Soda Ash Production section the methodology forsynthetic (Solvay) soda ash production process, which was lacking in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines and the Good
Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (GPG2000), has been
introduced.
CO2 emission factors have been added for Petrochemical Production processes, including emission factors formethanol, ethylene, ethylene dichloride/vinyl chloride, ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile, and carbon black production.
Methane emission factors have been updated for these petrochemical production processes. Styrene production
is no longer included in the guidance document. A systematic description of Tier 1, 2 and 3 methodologies for all
source categories is provided in the text.
The descriptions of emission-related processes have been enlarged giving more information about theirchemistry and technology aspects.
More systematic guidance is also given to avoid double counting fuel products used as a feedstock or reductant(cross-cutting issue with Energy Sector). This issue is discussed in regard to ammonia production, carbide
production, and titanium dioxide, and petrochemical production (Sections 3.2, 3.6, 3.7, and 3.9).
A discussion of utilisation of CO2 in Urea Production is included in the section on Ammonia Production.
Emissions from urea use that were previously accounted for in the Industrial Processes Sector have beenreallocated according to the sectors where urea is used (Energy Sector and Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land
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Annex 3: Improvements since 1996

chemical products manufactured using CO2 recovered in the ammonia production process are accounted together
with emissions from ammonia production, as before.
The methodology for calculation of HFC-23 emissions from HCFC-22 production has incorporated the principal
methods used within the industry, including continuous direct, proxy and in-process measurements in Tier 3 andefficiency-based material balance methods in Tier 2. In addition, explicit guidance has been added on fugitiveand by-product emissions from the production of other fluorinated compounds including hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and uranium hexafluoride (UF6).

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METAL INDUSTRY EMISSIONSThe Metal Industry Section of 2006 IPCC Guidelines incorporates a number of changes. Where carbon andcarbon-containing materials, including carbonate containing minerals, are used in the metal production process
for purposes other than the direct production of energy within the process, the CO2 emissions are now counted
within the metals guidance. For example, the CO2 emissions from carbon-based electrodes for aluminium
production are now included within the guidance for aluminium, and the CO2 emissions from the use of
limestone and dolomite used in iron and steel making are included within the guidance for iron and steel
production.
The Metal Industry Section now includes guidance for estimating emissions of CO2 and CH4 from metallurgical(coal) coke production; however the CO2 and CH4 emissions from metallurgical coke production are to bereported under Energy Sector, not Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Sector. Emission factors for
production of direct reduced iron (DRI), pellets, and sinter from iron ore and other iron-containing raw materials
are now included under iron and steel production. Separate CO2 emission factors are provided for blast furnaceiron making and for steel making using the basic oxygen furnace (BOF), electric arc furnace (EAF) and open
hearth furnace (OHF) processes.
CO2 emissions from primary magnesium production based on dolomite and magnesite raw materials are also
included in this section. In addition, new guidance has been developed and is available for calculation of CO2emissions resulting from production of zinc and lead. Separate CO2 emission factors are provided for primaryand secondary lead and zinc production processes. More comprehensive guidance is also included for ferroalloys
production processes. Revised guidance is offered in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for magnesium for new gases
reflecting efforts to replace sulphur hexafluoride as a cover gas. Finally, calculation factors have been updated toreflect the most recent experience for measured emission factors, typical compositions of process materials
impacting calculations, and, in some instances new equations are included.

A3.4NON-ENERGY PRODUCTS FROM FUELS ANDSOLVENT USE

Almost this entire source category, which is described in Chapter 5, is new within the IPPU Sector. The 1996
IPCC Guidelines did cover emissions from asphalt and road paving, but in much less detail. The products
covered here comprise: lubricants, paraffin waxes, bitumen/asphalt, and solvents.
Emissions from lubricants were previously covered under fuel combustion without any discrimination betweenemissions arising during lubricants use and any emissions from waste lubricants used for heat raising. The sameis true for paraffin waxes. Asphalt emissions refer to production and use of asphalt for road paving, asphalt
roofing and other applications. Asphalt emissions also include emissions from asphalt blowing. The subcategory‘2D3 Solvent Use’ refers to the subcategories 3A and 3B in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. Although asphalt andsolvents are not significant sources of direct greenhouse gas emissions, they are included in this chapter toprovide a description of them since they are sources of ozone precursors (non-methane volatile organic
compounds (NMVOC), and in the case of asphalt also carbon monoxide (CO)). In particular, solvent use is avery substantial source of NMVOC.

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ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY EMISSIONS

The 1996 IPCC Guidelines and the GPG2000, described methods for estimating emissions from semiconductor
manufacturing alone for seven fluorinated carbon compounds: CF4, C2F6, CHF3, C3F8, c-C4F8, NF3 and SF6. The
2006 IPCC Guidelines expands that scope to include additional manufacturing sectors and more gases, updates
the Tier 1 methodology and emission factors, and provides explicit estimates of uncertainties for emissions
factors and activity data. The 2006 IPCC Guidelines incorporates emissions from liquid crystal display (LCD)
manufacturing, photovoltaic (PV) cell manufacturing and the use of heat transfer fluids in semiconductor

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manufacturing. In addition, the number of greenhouse gases in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines has been expanded toinclude difluoromethane (CH2F2), octofluorocyclopentene (C5F8), hexafluorbutadiene (C4F6) andoctafluorotetrahydrofuran (C4F8O); F2 and COF2 have also been added because, even though they are notgreenhouse gases, CF4 may be formed during their use. A new Tier 1 methodology is adopted that includes newdefault emissions factors and activity data for all sectors.

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EMISSIONS OF FLUORINATED SUBSTITUTESFOR OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCESThe emissions in a number of the source categories (applications) covered by this chapter have been the subjectof considerable study since the 1996 IPCC Guidelines were written. This has been particularly the case forsectors with delayed emissions (e.g. refrigeration, foam and fire protection) where the earlier emission factor
estimates proposed by Gamlen and others have been further developed to reflect the varying emission rates froma variety of sub-applications. Much of this was included in the GPG2000.
One of the consequences of this improved understanding has been recognition that the potential emissions
approach used as Tier 1 in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines is no longer appropriate. The potential emissions approachis still described in Annex 1 of this volume as a verification tool for completeness of sources and as a QC checkof the sum of activity data per compound, which should be equal to the sum of apparent domestic consumption
as calculated in the potential emissions approach. The Tier 1 approaches now proposed in these Guidelines are
therefore actual emission estimation methods, although often based on default emission factors and with thepotential to use global/regional activity databases where better information is not available. Chapter 7 of thisvolume contains examples of these new Tier 1 approaches and guidance on how to implement them. Simplified
mass balance approaches have also been maintained in appropriate sectors, most typically where pressurised
equipment is used and serviced (refrigeration & fire protection). Attention has also been addressed to thetreatment of solvents contained in aerosols. Now emissions from all aerosol based products, irrespective of theirpurpose, will be reported within the aerosol application.
Activity information continues to be the biggest challenge in the ODS substitutes area, particularly at countrylevel, for two reasons. The first is that trade in products containing HFCs and/or perfluorocarbons (PFCs) can noteasily be monitored and the second is that confidentiality of activity data for specific chemicals may need to beprotected. Global/regional activity data from reputable sources may therefore provide significant help to some
reporting countries and it is proposed that the IPCC Emission Factor Database (EFDB) act as the focal point forsuch data. However, while inclusion in the EFDB will provide a level of assurance that due process has been
followed inventory compilers will remain responsible for assessing the appropriateness of such data for theirpurposes.

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OTHER PRODUCT MANUFACTURE AND USE

The 1996 IPCC Guidelines contained just two methods for estimating emissions of SF6 from electricalequipment: (1) a potential approach that equated emissions to chemical consumption, and (2) a simple emissionfactor-based approach that applied country-specific or global default emission factors to the quantities of SF6 inoperating and retiring equipment respectively. The GPG2000 introduced three Tier 3 mass-balance methods anda more detailed Tier 2 emission-factor based approach that provided emission factors for each life cycle stage. In
addition, the GPG2000 provided regional default emission factors for the latter.
The 2006 IPCC Guidelines simplify the GPG2000 by (1) replacing two of the Tier 3 mass-balance methods witha single, flexible Tier 3 method that contains both mass-balance and emission-factor-based components. (2)moving the country-level mass-balance method to the QA/QC section, (3) moving the method for estimating
potential emissions from the Methodological Choice discussion and into a separate section where it can be used
for QA/QC, and (4) replacing the potential emissions approach with the default emission-factor-based approach,which has been moved from Tier 2 to Tier 1. These changes leave one Tier 3 method, one Tier 2 method, andone Tier 1 method. These Guidelines also update the regional emission factors provided in the GPG2000,
providing values for additional types of equipment and for additional regions. Finally, these Guidelines
incorporate new guidance on selecting and using alternative activity data when the preferred data are notavailable for all facilities. These updates incorporate the experience acquired over the past several years ofreporting.
Specific methods for estimating emissions from research and industrial accelerators and from radarreconnaissance planes (e.g., AWACS) have been added to the ‘Use of SF6 and PFCs in Other Products’ section.
An indicative list of potential additional sources of SF6 and PFCs has been added to guide the inventory preparer.

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Also, Guidance on N2O emissions from product use such as medical application has been improved.

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COMPLETENESS AND ALLOCATION OF CO 2FROM NON-ENERGY USES OF FUELS

Two Quality Control (QC) approaches – a CO2 completeness check and a feedstock balance check – have been
introduced for checking the completeness of accounting CO2 emissions from feedstock/reductant use of fossil
fuels. Guidance is provided to facilitate the organisation and completion of this task: (a) checking that totalreported bottom-up calculated CO2 emissions from non-energy use sources (including uses as feedstock andreductant) at different subcategory levels are complete and consistent; and b) checking that feedstock/reductant
requirements of processes included in the inventory are in balance with the non-energy use/feedstock supply as
recorded in national energy statistics. Moreover, guidance is provided on documenting and reporting how theseemissions are allocated in the inventory and how the completeness was checked (Section 1.4).
Section 1.3 provides an explanation of the principles which have guided the estimation and reporting of CO2
emissions from the non-energy uses of fossil fuels, and describes the data issues related to the estimation
methods.

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