A ca de mic Reading

18Reading Passage 1, Questions 1–13
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FALSE: The idea of a national park ‘originated inAmerica’ and was then copied by other countries.
NOT GIVEN: The text says that four million people visit
Yosemite every year but does not compare this figure
with that for any other park.
TRUE: The NPS administers ‘deserts, lakes, rivers
and coastlines’ but is also responsible for buildings andmonuments, including the ‘Gettysburg Museum andFord’s Theatre’.
NOT GIVEN: Catlin ‘failed to see’ a nation’s park
established in his lifetime but the text gives noinformation regarding whether he was ‘criticised’ for hiswishes.
FALSE: Emerson did not want natural landscapes tobe ‘exploited for agriculture and commerce’; instead, hewanted these landscapes to be protected.
TRUE: Yosemite ‘was directly the result of his work’.
hunting: ‘prohibited’ = ‘a ban’; ‘every type’ = ‘in all itsforms’; ‘shoot’ and ‘trap’ are distracting, but do not fit
the grammar.
military: ‘administered’ = ‘management’; ‘government’is distracting here but is factually wrong – the text says‘rather than the federal or state government’.
tourism: ‘new kinds of’ = ‘for the very first time’; ‘areas’and ‘locations’ are distracting, but the point is that theparks themselves were not a new idea by this time – itwas ‘tourism’ within these remote areas that was a new
type of activity.
education: ‘public’ = ‘ordinary citizens’. The idea of the‘conservation’ of public land is distracting, but the text
says that ‘the education of ordinary citizens … was his
number one priority’.
finances: ‘improved’ = ‘transformation’. To find theanswer, it is necessary to read beyond the fact thathe set up several new parks and to look for what heimproved.
dams: ‘built’ = ‘construction’. Farming and forestry are
distracting, but they were not allowed and do not fit thegrammar.
automobiles: ‘number of visitors expanded’ = ‘thepopularity of the parks increased’. To find the answer, itis necessary to make the connection between the ideaof ‘availability’ and ‘automobiles became affordable’.

Reading Passage 2, Questions 14–26
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C: ‘one workplace initiative’ = ‘such a four-day week’;‘may not be suitable’ = ‘will not be appropriate’; ‘for allbusinesses’ = ‘in every instance … it depends verymuch on the company concerned’.
A: ‘an estimate’ = ‘calculate’; ‘ancient humans’ = ‘StoneAge’; ‘spent working’ = ‘hunting and gathering food’.
F: ‘a politician’ = ‘workplace relations minister’;‘changing the way’ = ‘experiment’; ‘working lives areorganised’ = ‘new and improved work models’.
B: ‘people are working harder’ = ‘productivity … has
increased significantly’; ‘lives have not improved’ =‘standards of living have not kept pace’.

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D: ‘In reality, life is an intricate mix of work and leisureand the relationship between the two has so many
strands that they cannot be neatly divided. The idea ofwork–life balance as it is often understood has limited
value.’
F: ‘The chief executive of Certified Life, Tane Robinson,
says that the four-day week boosted the firm’s
reputation and made it easier to retain staff who mightotherwise have moved on.’
B: ‘Says Deng, ‘Our research found that whenemployees have greater individual choice andresponsibility for their work time, they still devote someof those ‘free’ hours to fulfilling their normal working
roles. And they also feel a lot happier.’ ’
A: ‘However, psychologist Dr Gina McDowell argues
that the problem of stress caused by working too many
hours still doesn’t receive sufficient recognition andought to be addressed with greater commitment byexecutives, employees and academics.’
E: ‘Lead researcher Dr Hannah Graham says thatthe experiment produced such positive results partlybecause employees were given a role in decisionmaking throughout it.’insurance: ‘The experiment was conducted at Certified
Life, a firm which has sold insurance for more than sixdecades.’surveys: ‘The 240 employees at Certified Life
completed surveys at the beginning and end of theexperiment to provide information for the study.’
supervisors: ‘Furthermore, cooperation between
employees was seen to improve significantly whenworking shorter hours and team cohesion wassignificantly enhanced, according to the supervisors.’congestion: ‘Quite apart from the benefits at Certified
Life, Dr Graham also suggests that such schemes mightalso address the issue of congestion in major cities byrestricting the numbers going to work each day.’Reading Passage 3, Questions 27–40
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YES: ‘we should welcome enquiries about our firstmemories – it is a compliment if others are interested in
our lives and experiences.’
NO: The writer outlines a range of common firstmemories including holidays, injuries, walking in
the park and having a family meal. Far from being‘surprisingly similar’, he describes these findings as‘predictably diverse’.
NOT GIVEN: The writer gives some information about
negative and positive first memories, but makes nocomment regarding which might be ‘more interesting’.
NO: Academics in the past showed interest in the topicof ‘memory in general’ but ‘our earliest memories werelargely overlooked by researchers … an importantomission’.
YES: The writer says that these experiments have‘shown conclusively that recollections of what
happened can vary dramatically between individuals’
and therefore the results are ‘reliable’.
B: ‘cultural values’ = ‘social priorities’. The culturalvalues that are reflected are that American children
seem to have more individualistic memories, while33

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Asian children’s earliest memories tend to be of groupevents.
Distraction:
A: This is wrong because the Asian subjects ‘might
have played no central role’ in the event theyremember.
C: This is wrong because no information is given about
the methodology used in the research.
D: This is wrong because this idea is linked to‘childhood amnesia’ in the same paragraph, but not tothe Asian/American research.
A: ‘sense of identity’ = ‘strong feeling of who they are’.
‘Thus, who we are now appears to have some bearing
on what we choose to recall from long ago.’
Distraction:
B: This is wrong because it is the other way round – ourlater character influences our first memories.
C: This is wrong because although careers arementioned, it is because our first memories might
be influenced by later jobs or interests.
D: This is wrong because the writer is suggesting thatin fact we make ‘decisions’ about what our earliest
memories will be.
D: ‘constructed from a variety of sources’ = ‘pieced
together from different elements’. The different sources
mentioned by the writer include ‘an item that we doremember from our childhood, such as a pram or toy,
but embellished in some way to include a larger event’.
Or the memories ‘may feature information that actuallycomes from a photograph, a family story, a memorythat we’ve heard from somebody else, or somecombination of all of these.’
Distraction:
A: This is wrong because the writer is arguing that
almost all types of memory may be invented.
B: This is wrong because although families arementioned, there is no reference to similar memories
running in families.
C: This is wrong because the implication is that manyor most people have unreliable memories.

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C: ‘value’ = ‘still much-loved memories’. The ‘value’
that they have might be that ‘we can learn about
ourselves from them’, and sharing first memories is a‘fosters connection and intimacy’, which are ‘importantelements of our humanity’.
Distraction:
A: This is wrong because the writer has done this inprevious paragraphs but does not in this one.
B: This is wrong because the implication of the whole
text is that much research has now been conducted
into false memories.
D: This is wrong because the writer makes nocomparison between true ‘flashbulb memories’ andothers.
F: ‘semantic memory’, which is the ability to recall whatmight loosely be called data, such as dates, times orplaces in which a particular incident occurred’.
C: ‘This is the finding that babies and toddlers do notform lasting memories. For the majority of adults, theirearliest memories begin once the period of childhoodamnesia has come to an end, at about three and a halfyears of age. These are the memories that will endure
for the rest of their lives.’
G: ‘This is the concept that many people constructa narrative of their lives and select memories that
contribute most forcefully to that narrative.’
D: ‘Research shows that some memories stand out fromthe rest as much clearer and more colourful. These areusually formed during what’s known as the ‘reminiscencebump’, which occurs between the ages of 16 and 25.’
A: ‘These are memories that derive from events about
which we have particularly strong feelings, perhaps ofintense sadness or happiness.’