OUTLOOK

Activities Relating to Industry Bearing and Unit Products forAchieving a Carbon-neutral Society
T. ADACHI

The automobile industry has entered a "once-in-a-century revolutionary era", and since the 2050 Carbon Neutral
Declaration, the entire industry has been required to make major changes with no further delay.
This report introduces technologies and products contributing to a carbon-neutral society.
Key Words: industrial bearing. trend, carbon neutral, offshore wind turbine, hydrogen, superconductivity,
magnetic bearing, precilence, high precision, FCEV, geothermal power generation, semiconductor,
low temperature rise, ceramics, PFOA

1. Introduction
Automobile industry is entering a “once-in-a-century
revolutionary era”. It is affecting not only the automobile
industry but also the industrial sector as a whole. The
driving factors behind it are a declining workforce byJapan’s aging population and falling birthrates, alongwith developments for IoT and SDGs. Furthermore,
in October 2020, the Japanese government officiallyannounced its commitment to achieving carbon
neutrality and a decarbonized economy by 2050. The
announcement has now made decarbonization a matter ofworldwide urgency. Under such circumstances, the usage
environment and conditions of rolling bearings (bearings)
are becoming harsher, and the needs for bearings arealso diversifying. As a result, customers in a large
number of fields that conventional bearings can no longer
meet their needs is increasing. This report introducessome examples for contributing carbon neutrality
such as long-life technology for industrial machinery
equipment, semiconductor manufacturing equipmentthat is indispensable for IoT, AI and EV etc., robots that
contribute to the efficiency of production lines due to thedeclining workforce, energy saving, renewable energy,hydrogen which is one of the promising candidates fornext-generation energy for decarbonization.

2. Trends of Industrial Bearings and Units
for Contributing Carbon Neutrality
The industry field has a wide base, and the usage
environment and conditions are also diverse. Although
it has become harsher and diversified, most areas in theindustry field have fallen into price competition due to

JTEKT ENGINEERING JOURNAL English Edition No. 1018E (2022)

commoditization, and the shift of production bases todemand areas and the Asian region where production
costs are low is accelerating. On the other hand, longlife technology including downsizing and lighteningof industrial bearings, is a technology that can directly
and indirectly contribute to carbon neutrality. Therefore,
upgrading long-life material technology, heat treatment
technology, various application compatible technology,
experiment / analysis technology, etc. is a great
opportunity to shift from the commodity fields to thevalue-added fields. Some technologies and products tomeet these market needs are introduced in the following
sections.

3. Technologies for Long-life
3. 1 Next-generation Long-life Bearings NK Bearings1)
In the industrial machinery fields that makes equipment
such as agricultural and construction machinery, the usage
environment and conditions of equipment are becoming
harsher year by year, and the demand for extending thelife of bearings contributed to the purpose of extending
the life of the equipment is increasing. To meet thesedemands, we have mass-produced "NK bearings" thathave achieved a long life level that was difficult to achievewith conventional technology.
Figure 1 shows the type of flaking, which is one of
the bearing failures, and the countermeasures, and Fig. 2
shows the development concept of materials for longlife bearings. Conventionally, it has been confirmedthat "high hardness of the raceway surface" and "theappropriate volume of retained austenite (retained c)"
are effective for the flaking caused by foreign matter.
In order to realize these studies, we have developed the9Activities Relating to Industry Bearing and Unit Products for Achieving a Carbon-neutral Society

Flaking modes caused
by lubrication

Flaking types and countermeasure

Countermeasure

Failure modes

Peeling

Improvement ofwear resistanceContamination-type flaking Dent-initiated flaking

Improvement ofdent resistanceHigh hardness of raceway surface

Suppression ofrise height

Subsurface-initiated flaking

Promotion of dentedge elimination

Promotion of
deformation-induced
martensite

Securing the appropriate volume fraction of retained c

White band flaking

Reduction of
non-metallic
inclusions

Hydrogentrapping

Nano-sized vanadium carbonitride deposition

Conventional long-life bearings (SH/KE bearings)

Next-generation long-life NK bearings

Fig. 1 Flaking types and countermeasures

Longer life incontaminated oil

MoreVolume of retained c

Phase II
Next-generation
long-life productsStandard products

NK bearings

JTEKT-developedmaterialLong life mechanism
Crack occurs: Reduced concentrated stress
Crack progresses: Structural toughening, compressive stress

Phase I
Conventional
long-life products

SH bearings Long life mechanism
Crack occurs: Reduced concentrated stress
KE bearings
Crack progresses: compressive stress

Less

Low

High
Surface hardness

Test equipment Thrust load life test equipment
Tapered roller bearings
Test bearings
u30uu72u20.75mm
Load
Fa 25.89 kN
Rotation speed
2 000 min1
Gear oil 85W-90 (oil bath)
Lubrication
In contaminated oil

Cumulative probability of failure, %Fig. 2 Development concept of long-life bearing materials

90
KE bearings NK bearings
50

10
5
2
10

50

100

Life, hours

Fig. 3 Life test result of NK bearing in contaminated oil

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Activities Relating to Industry Bearing and Unit Products for Achieving a Carbon-neutral Society

optimum heat treatment technology and applied special
heat treatment to SH bearings (special heat treatment isapplied to bearing steel. Mainly applied to ball bearings)
and KE bearings (special heat treatment is applied tocase carburizing steel. Mainly applied to tapered roller
bearings), is commercialized. The newly developed NK
bearing is a product that has further extended bearing life
by adding "Nano-sized vanadium carbonitride deposition"effect. NK bearings are next-generation long-life products"Phase II" with optimized material components and heat
treatment conditions, as opposed to "Phase I", which
was previously developed based on standard steel. NK
bearings have achieved 1.5 times longer life than KE
bearings which are conventional long-life bearings.
Figure 3 shows bearing life evaluation results of theNK and KE bearings in contaminated oil. In addition,
recent research has shown that it is also effective forearly flaking2) with a willow-shaped white etching bandin the cross section of the raceway surface for bearingsfor electrical accessories of automobiles, etc. Further
expansion of NK bearings can be expected. We wish tocontribute to the long-term stable operation of industrial
machinery equipment with this bearings life extending
technology.

4. Bearings for Semiconductor
Manufacturing Equipment
4. 1 Bearings for Vacuum / Clean Environments for Compliedwith Environmental Regulations EXSEV®-EX* REACH is an abbreviation for "Registration, Evaluation,
Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals".

4. 2 Highly Corrosion-resistant Ceramics
Ceramics have lower toughness and poorer processability
than metal materials, but on the other hand, they haveexcellent properties such as light weight, heat resistance,and corrosion resistance. Table 1 shows the mechanicalproperties of various ceramics.3) Compared to bearing
steel, silicon nitride and silicon carbide have thecharacteristics of a density of 1/2 or less, coefficient oflinear expansion of 1/4 to 1/3, light weight, and lower
thermal deformation. On the other hand, there areceramics such as zirconia that have similar characteristics
to bearing steel.
Furthermore, we have developed a highly corrosionresistant ceramic bearing, corrosion guard pro bearing-AZ(Fig. 6), which takes advantage of the characteristics ofalumina-zirconia that does not contain Si in the material.
Some semiconductor manufacturing equipment using
this bearing can avoid the harmful effects of Si reaction
products, and is expected to contribute to improving
semiconductor productivity.
Figure 7 shows application of ceramics under various
corrosive environments. Since various corrosive
environments exist in CMP (Chemical Mechanical
Polishing), cleaning process, etc., it is important to selectsuitable ceramics for each environment and apply them
to bearings. We wish to contribute to the stable operationof semiconductor manufacturing equipment by providing
suitable ceramic bearings for the usage environment andconditions of semiconductor manufacturing equipment.

1

1

0.8

0.8

Amount ratio of outgas

Amount ratio of emitted particles

An amendment to the list of substances restricted under
the European Union’s REACH* regulation added PFOA
(perfluorooctanoic acid) and related substances on July 4,
2020. We previously manufactured and sold DL bearings
that use KDL grease with low-particle-emission in
vacuum environments such as processes of oxidation andetching, etc.. But It was clarified that PFOA was emitted
in the manufacturing process of this grease. Therefore,
we have developed a vacuum / clean bearing "EXSEV®EX" that uses grease manufactured without regulated
substances in the manufacturing process. This productnot only complies with environmental regulations, butalso has the same or better performance in terms of lowparticle-emission, outgassing, starting torque, runningtorque, sound, and life compared to competitor’s products
and conventional DL bearings. Figure 4 shows acomparison of particle emission with competitor products
and conventional grease, and Fig. 5 shows a comparisonof outgassing.

0.6
0.4
0.2
0

Competitor product

KDL

EX

Fig. 4 Comparison of dust amount (Bearing)

JTEKT ENGINEERING JOURNAL English Edition No. 1018E (2022)

0.6
0.4
0.2
0

Competitor product

KDL

EX

Fig. 5 Comparison of outgas (Grease)11Activities Relating to Industry Bearing and Unit Products for Achieving a Carbon-neutral Society

Table 1 Mechanical properties of various ceramic materials
Ceramic material
Property, units

Silicon nitride
Si3N4

Density, g/cm3
Linear expansion coeﬃcient, K1
Vickers hardness, HV

Silicon carbide
SiC

Zirconia
ZrO2

3.2

3.1

6.0

3.2×106

3.9×106

10.5×106

1 500

2 200

1 200

Modulus of longitudinal elasticity, GPa

320

380

220

Poisson's ratio

0.29

0.16

0.31

Three-point bending strength, MPa

1 100

500

1 400

6

4

5

800

1 000 or higher

200

750 or higher

350

350

Fracture toughness, MPa・m1/2
Heat resistance (in atmospheric air), ℃
Thermal shock resistance, ℃
Thermal conductivity coeﬃcient, W/(m・K)

20

70

3

Speciﬁc heat, J/(kg・K)

680

670

460

High
Durability

Silicon nitride
Si3N4
Zirconia
ZrO２

Corrosion-resistant silicon nitride

Alumina-zirconia composite material
Aｌ2Ｏ3-ＺｒＯ2
Silicon carbide SiC

Low
Alkaline environment

Neutral environment
Corrosion resistanceAcid environment

Fig. 6 Corrosion guard pro bearing-AZ (Alumina-zirconia) Fig. 7 Application of ceramics under various corrosion environments

5. Bearings for Robot Reduction Gears
One of the typical type of reduction gears for robots
is a strain wave gearing. Figure 8 shows their speed
reduction mechanism. The bearing’s inner ring is pressfitted into an oval camshaft (input shaft), and a wave
generator (ultrathin ball bearing and oval camshaft) is
deformed into an oval shape. One full rotation of the
input shaft rotates the flex spline (output shaft) in the
opposite direction by an amount equal to the difference in
number of teeth. This amount of flex spline rotation is theoutput rotation speed. In addition, the bearing used forthis reduction gear need to be easily deformed in orderto follow the camshaft, therefore ultra-thin ball bearing(Fig.9) is used. Its thinness is even thinner than the 68
series of standard bearings (Table 2).
Figure 10 shows the performance requirements ofstrain wave gearing and the characteristics requirementsof bearings. We wish to contribute to the stable operationof robots and robotic manufacturing lines using its robots
by improving the performance and quality of bearings
through optimized bearing materials, heat treatments,
design, and production technology.

12

Outputrotation

Output: Flex spline

Input
rotation

Input: Wave generator

Fig. 8 Deceleration mechanism of strain wave gearing

Fig. 9 Ultra-thin ball bearings for strain wave gearing

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Table 2 Design spec. for ultra-thin ball bearing
68 series ball bearing (standard product)

Bearing crosssection height

Ultra-thin ball bearing (developed product)

Bearing cross-section

Cross-sectional ratio(ball diameter/bearing height)

1.2

1Bearing ring thickness ratio

0.6

1

Ratio of number of balls

1.3

1

Ratio of load capacity

1.5

1Standard range

Performance requirements of strain wave gearing

Characteristic requirements of bearings

Long life

High load capacity (design)

High positioning accuracy

High strength (material/heat treatment)

DIN
P4S

High efficiency

Deformation followability (thinness)

PRECILENCE
P4S

Quietness/low vibrations

Small dimensional change

Mountability

Optimized raceway curvature, roughness, and shapeISO
Class 2

Optimized cage type
Optimized internal clearance
Optimized bore/outside diameter dimensional tolerancesHigh precision (inner and outer ring roundness/thickness deviation)

ISO
Class 4

Running accuracy
Bore/outside diameter deviation

PRECILENCE
P2

Fig. 11 Accuracy achieved by PRECILENCE
Cage
Optimum design with outstanding
sound/vibration performanceFig. 10 Performance requirements of strain wave gearing andcharacteristic requirements of bearings

6. Ultra-high Precision Bearings,
PRECILENCEThe ultra-high precision bearing PRECILENCE wasdeveloped to meet the demands of higher machining
accuracy and machining efficiency of industrial machinery
equipment. Figure 11 and Fig. 12 show the achievement
accuracy and bearing structure of PRECILENCE. Ultraprecision machining and micro machining are realized
by the rotational accuracy that could not be achieved
with conventional rolling bearings. At the same time,machining efficiency can be improved with high-speed
performance, and the lubrication type can be changed(from oil lubrication to grease lubrication, etc.). Throughthese effects we wish to contribute to carbon neutrality
by reducing the initial cost and life cycle cost. Figure 13
shows the target area of PRECILENCE.

Outer ring (bearing steel)New developed low-deformation
steel material

Ball (ceramic)
Usage of high-grade balls
Inner ring (bearing steel)New developed low-deformation steel material

Fig. 12 Bearing structure of PRECILENCE
High
precision
Applications

Target areas

P2 or higher
Micro machining equipment, jig grinding machines,(Ultra-high precision)
precision lathes, coating machines, other
P4S(High-end)

Small lathes, internal cylindrical grinding machines,
high-precision machining center, other
Automotives, two-wheelers, general-purpose
motors, reduction gears, general-purpose
machinery, home electric appliances, tractors,
P0
construction equipment, rolling mills,(Standard accuracy)
food processing equipment, office equipment,
pumps, otherFig. 13 Target area of PRECILENCEJTEKT ENGINEERING JOURNAL English Edition No. 1018E (2022)

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Activities Relating to Industry Bearing and Unit Products for Achieving a Carbon-neutral Society

7. Energy-saving Technology
Reducing energy loss is one of the important efforts forachieving carbon neutrality. This section introduces a lowtemperature rise technology, which is low friction torquetechnology, of oil bath lubricated tapered roller bearings
for axles of Shinkansen. This is a technology that realizes
a low-temperature rise thanks to the behavior control oflubricating oil by visualizing the behavior of lubricating
oil and establishing an analysis method. In the oil bathlubricated tapered roller bearing (Fig. 14), analyzed
to reduce the difference between actual lubricating oil
behavior and CAE fluid analysis (Fig. 15) of it, andenabled the lubrication behavior analysis with CAE. As aresult, we succeeded in reducing the temperature rise of
the outer ring by about 6℃ (10%) compared to the current
product by installing a labyrinth collar and a shield plateon the side face of the bearing (Fig.16) for controllingthe behavior of lubricating oil. (Not adopted in the actualmachine.) We wish to contribute to reducing the energy
loss of rotating bodies using bearings by continuing to
improve the fluid analysis and control technology.
Outer ring
RollerMeasurement positions oflubricating oil temperature Housing
Cage

Inner ring

Visualization of lubricating oil behavior

CAE ﬂuid analysis

Fig. 15 Visualization of lubricating oil behavior and
CAE fluid analysis
Labyrinth collar(Fixed to rotating ring)

Shield plate(Fixed to outer ring)

Discharge from outlet
Shaft end nut

Labyrinth structure
Inflow prevention

Assembled viewFig. 16 Structure of developed product, assembled view

80mm

8. Contribution to Renewable Energy and
New Energy

Oil level
Roller large end face

Oil hole
Oil sump
Roller small end face
Measurement positions of lubricating oil temperature
Bearing mounted condition of in-house test equipment

Fig. 14 Oil bath lubrication for tapered roller bearings

Table 3 shows the target values of reduction of
CO 2 emissions and introduction of new energy forcarbon neutrality. The target values of each new energy
introduction will all be challenging. In order to achievethese figures, it is necessary for the public and private
sectors to work together, and it is a major figures thatcannot be achieved by conventional technology alone.
Under these situation, we will introduce products,
experimental technology, analysis technology, and sensing
technology that have features not found in conventional
bearings that can contribute to carbon neutrality.

Table 3 Target value of CO2 emissions and introduction of new energy
Current value

Medium-term target (2030)

Future target

Energy-related CO2
emissions, tons

1.06 billion(2018)

Reduction from 930 million to 670 million(Announced by government in April 2021)

Virtually zero
[Emission + Absorption](2050)

Oﬀshore wind power, kW

Nearly zero

10 million

30 to 40 million(2040)

Geothermal power
generation, kW

593 000(March 2020)

1.2 million(Announced by government in April 2021)−

Hydrogen (installedcapacity), tons

200
(2017)Up to 3 million

20 million

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Activities Relating to Industry Bearing and Unit Products for Achieving a Carbon-neutral Society

8. 1 Main Shaft Bearings for Offshore Wind Power
Generatorsa technology that measures the rolling element load
distribution of actual bearings by accumulating the output
data of the strain gauge attached to the roller in an ultrasmall data logger and analyzing it (Fig. 18). Analyzed
to reduce the difference between actual rolling element
load distribution measurement results and FEM analysis(Fig. 19) of it, and enabled more accurate FEM analysis(Fig. 20). In addition, an actual size bearing evaluation
testing machine (Fig. 21) have been already working.
Through these efforts, we wish to contribute to improving
the reliability of main shaft bearings for offshore windturbines and to shorten the development period.4)–6)

In 2050 carbon neutral, new capacity installations ofoffshore wind power generators (offshore wind turbines)
will play an important role in achieving this. It is assumed
that the wind turbine capacity per unit planned to beinstalled in Japan will be 10 to 15 MW, and the outside
diameter of the bearing for main shaft is expected to
be about u3 to 5 m (Table 4, Fig. 17). In addition,
in offshore wind turbines, a bearing design life withreliability coefficient 99%, and high reliability of 30 years
or more are required because of the initial investment
recovery and maintenance difficulty. We have developed

Table 4 Summary of offshore wind turbines introduced in Japan
Type 1

Type 2Wind turbine capacity

10 to 15 MW
Front
Rear
Bearing Lb Bearing Lg

Drivetrain structure

Bearing

GearboxGenerator

Generator

L1

L1

Main shaft bearing type

Bearing outside diameter

Single-row tapered roller bearing (× 2)

Double-row tapered roller bearing

u3m

u5m
Rolling element (hollow type)Cage
A view
Ultra-small
data logger
Strain gauge

Fig. 17 Large size single-row tapered roller bearing

Front bearing(u1 550uu1 920u200mm)

Logger holder

A view: logger photoFig. 18 Measurement method of rolling element load
Rear bearing(u1 400uu1 700u160mm)
B: Gearbox load center
Applies gear load
C: Generator load center
Applies generator weight

A: Rotor center
Applies load
to rotor
A
＊
＊

＊
C

B

Z
Y
X
Coordinate system b(Local)Loading positions(Points on shaft's center axis) Coordinate system a X(Global)Z
Y

Fig. 19 FEM analysis model

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Activities Relating to Industry Bearing and Unit Products for Achieving a Carbon-neutral Society

Actual measured
value

Higherdifficulty

High-difficulty requirements
High load Temperature
Hydrogen society
Target market

Calculatedvalue
Distribution as seenfrom rotor side

Fig. 20 Comparison of results obtained through actual
measurement versus FEM analysis of rolling element
load

Superconductivity
applications
Generators
Compressors/chillers
Aeration blowers
Vacuum pumps(Turbomolecular pumps)

〇
〇
〇
〇
‑
‑

Extremely low
temperature

High rotation/ Corrosion
high-speed control resistance

◎

〇

◎

◎
‑
‑
‑
‑

〇
‑
‑
‑
‑

‑

Extremely low
temperature

‑
‑
‑
‑

◎: Very high difficulty〇: High difficulty

Fig. 23 Target area of active magnetic bearing

8. 3 Bearings for Hydrogen-resistant Environments
EXSEV®-H2

Fig. 21 Actual size bearing evaluation testing machine

8. 2 Active Magnetic Bearings
Active magnetic bearings (magnetic bearings)(Fig. 22)
are manufactured and sold by Koyo Magnetic Bearing
Co., Ltd.* are attracting attention as products that cangreatly contribute to the growth of new energy. Magnetic
bearings have excellent features such as ultra-high speed
rotation, energy saving, oil-free, maintenance-free, lowvibration, and low noise because the rotating shaft is
supported by electromagnetic force in a complete noncontact way. Taking advantage of these features, wewish to contribute to carbon neutrality with the aim of
adopting it in the fields of hydrogen-related equipment,
superconductivity, and renewable energy. Figure 23
shows the target area of active magnetic bearings.
* It is a company jointly established by JTEKT Corporationand MUTECS Inc.
Radial magnetic bearings

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCEV), which generate
power by generating electricity with hydrogen andoxygen, which is one of the carbon-neutral efforts inthe automobile industry, are attracting attention asenvironment-friendly vehicles without CO 2 emission.
In FCEV, in order to make effective use of hydrogen,a hydrogen circulation pump for reusing unreactedhydrogen in the fuel cell may be used. Since the bearings
for the hydrogen circulation pump are used in hydrogenand steam, bearings that are resistant to hydrogen
embrittlement*, and corrosion even in water vapor are
required. Therefore, we have developed the bearings forhydrogen-resistant environments EXSEV®-H2 (Fig. 25),
which has a durability that is more than 10 times thatof the conventional product (Fig. 24) by adopting newmaterials and heat treatment. We wish to contribute toimproving the safety and reliability of FCEV with thisproduct.
* Phenomenon that the strength of metal is significantly
reduced due to the intrusion of hydrogen.
Conventional product(Standard product)¼ Flakingoccurrence¼ Flakingoccurrence

Developed product１

10Bearing life ratio (relative to value of 1 for conventional product)

Fig. 24 Result of bearing life test under hydrogen atmosphere

Axial magnetic bearing

Touchdown bearings(Bearings for equipment protection)

Fig. 22 Structure of active magnetic bearing

Fig. 25 Hydrogen-resistant bearing EXSEV®-H2

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Activities Relating to Industry Bearing and Unit Products for Achieving a Carbon-neutral Society

Hydrogentank
Bearing evaluation
test machine

Applies load from outside of tank

H2

Transmission of high-speed rotation with non-contact
Magnetic
coupling
Glass

Fig. 26 Appearance and structure of testing machine

Table 5 Testing machine specifications
Items
Hydrogenenvironment
Load

Speciﬁcation

Remarks

Pressure

0.3 MPa

Less than high-pressure gas

Purity99.99% min.

Enclosed gas concentration

Temperature30 to 120℃

Gas atmosphere temperature

Radial2.5 kN

Axial

2.5 kN

Rotational speed

Per bearing

10 000 min−1−

8. 4 Bearing Evaluation Testing Machine for
Hydrogen Environments

9. Conclusion

Bearing evaluation testing machine for hydrogenenvironment was developed in 2019. This evaluation
testing machine is first testing machine in this industry
that can evaluate bearings under actual load and rotation
conditions in a pure hydrogen gas environment. By
adopting a special rotation transmission mechanism andloading mechanism, this testing machine can sustain thesealability of the hydrogen gas constant temperature tank*and can perform high-speed rotation test while applying
radial load and axial load from the outside at the sametime. In the future, we wish to contribute to the realizationof a clean hydrogen society with zero emissions by usinghydrogen environment evaluation technology. (Thistesting machine was also used to evaluate the bearings forhydrogen-resistant environments EXSEV®-H2 describedin Section 8. 3.)

In order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, major
technological changes will be required. In recent years,
a new work style called "remote work" has rapidly
spread in the Covid-19 pandemic, and the CO2 reduction
effect* by remote work has also been calculated. In
other words, changes are also required in the work style(development style). For this reason, by promoting digitaltransformation (DX), we wish to contribute to society
by shortening the development period and constantly
providing new technologies.

* A constant temperature tank is a container controlled tokeep the internal temperature constant for a long time.
In this case, the temperature of the hydrogen gas in thetesting machine is sustained between 30℃ and 120℃.

JTEKT ENGINEERING JOURNAL English Edition No. 1018E (2022)* If people who can work at home around the world workat home one day a week, their CO2 emissions will be
reduced by about 24 million tons / year (equivalent to
London's annual CO2 emissions).7)*1 PRECILENCE is a registered trademark of JTEKTCorporation and DAIBEA Co., Ltd.

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References
1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

T. HIRONAKA, M. YAMADA, K. KANETANI, T. MIO:
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H. KOMIYA: Korogarijikuuke no jyunkatsu gijyutsu,
Sekkei kougaku, 35, 6 (2000) 194 (in Japanese).
H. KOMIYA: New Technology of Lubrication for
Rolling Bearings, JAPAN SOCIETY FOR DESIGNENGINEERING, Vol. 35, No. 6 (2000)194 (in Japanese).
JTEKT CORPORATION: EXSEV Bearings andCERAMIC Bearings for Extreme Special Environments,
CAT. No. BA004EN-1DS, 3.
N. SUZUKI: Technical Trends and R&D Efforts
Regarding Industrial Rolling Bearings, JTEKTENGINEERING JOURNAL, No. 1012E (2015) 7.
A. NAGAYAMA, T. MIYACHI, K. OTSUKA: Developmentof Technologies Contributing to the Stable Operationof Steelmaking Steel Production Equipment, JTEKTENGINEERING JOURNAL, No. 1016E (2019) 28.
R. HOSAKA, S. MATSUDA: Improvement of Reliability
for Main Shaft Bearings of Multi-megawatt ClassWind Turbine Generators, JTEKT ENGINEERINGJOURNAL, No. 1012E (2015) 32.
Daniel Crow, Ariane Millot: IEA “Working from home
can save energy and reduce emissions. But how much?”,Commentary, 12 June 2020.

T. ADACHI**

18

Industrial Solutions Engineering Dept., Industrial andBearing Business Unit

JTEKT ENGINEERING JOURNAL English Edition No. 1018E (2022)