Technical reference“Preparation before disasters occur”
1 Organizational arrangement for DWM
1.1 Organizations need to prepare special arrangements for DWM before disaster strikes-

DWM consists of various tasks that are different from the waste management of normal time-

Many stakeholders are involved, including those not involved in normal waste management
operations-

In order to tackle DWM tasks efficiently/effectively and cooperate with stakeholders,organizational arrangements for DWM should be designed before disasters-

Roles, responsibilities, and coordination frameworks should be pre-identified andcommunicated1.2 Functions/tasks necessary for DWM

Figure 1 Organizational functions necessary for DWM(Source: Flood waste management Guidelines for Bangkok)-

Disaster waste needs to be collected, separated (if any), transported, stored (temporary), anddisposed. Intermediate treatment will take place if necessary or available. These are the“Operations” functions.

-

Other supporting functions are necessary to put forward the DWM process, including“Command”, “Logistics”, Finance/administration”, and “Planning”.

1-The actual organizational structure does not necessarily need to correspond precisely with thefunctional structure presented in Figure 1 (e.g. some people/team might need to undertake
multiple functions).

Command

Logistics

 Someone (or a team) needs to set targets (e.g. time limit for DWM) and decide the overall
policy for DWM to effectively manage DWM tasks.
 Public relations, or the communication of information on what, where, when, and how
people should discard disaster waste is necessary to minimize post disaster confusion.
 Coordination with internal and external stakeholders (see p.2) is also important.
 DWM requires abundant resources, e.g., human resources, heavy machinery, trucks, vehicles,
facilities and open space (for temporary storage).
 A team that deals with staffing and procurement should exist.

 Contracts with private waste management companies (operators) and suppliers need to takeplace even during emergency circumstances to ensure appropriate spending.
 As local governments are the most likely to face financial difficulties during disasters,
Finance/adminrevenues need to be secured, typically in the form of grants.

Planning

 Information on the disaster situation (e.g. estimation of disaster waste amount, recovery ofroads), sanitary conditions, residents’ complaints, work progress, etc.) is crucial for DWM.
 These information should be integrated as an “Implementation Plan”, to be communicatedwith stakeholders and revised as DWM proceeds.

1.3 Some tips for effective organizational arrangement-

The command line should be unified to minimize confusion of frontline workers (operators).

-

DWM tasks change over time, so the organizational structure should be flexible.

-

Make sure that the main team that deals with disaster response (e.g. the disaster management
committee) recognizes the significance of workload/resources necessary for DWM.

2

1.4 Examples in Asia and the PacificExample 1. Organizational framework proposed for flood waste management in Bangkok

Figure 2 Organizational framework recommended for flood waste management in Bangkok(source: Flood waste management Guidelines for Bangkok)

3

-Based on the lessons learned from the mega-flood in 2011, international experts recommended
the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) to arrange a flood waste management task
force as shown in Fig.2.

-

Districts are mainly responsible for collecting and transporting waste to transfer stations. They
will give orders collect reports from operators, inform residents and businesses.

-

Department of Environment (DoE) of the BMA is mainly responsible for managing transfer
stations, final disposal, and coordination of districts. DoE will give orders and information towaste management facilities and collect their reports. DoE will also deal with the central
government, other provincial government departments, and external supporting bodies(experts).

4

Example 2. DWM task force for after Tropical Cyclone Winston in Lautoka city, Fiji
Lautoka City
Council

District NDMO*** Services*** Services

Director
Engineering

CEO

Director HealthServices

Admin.
Officer

Cross-sectoral collaboration framework for
DWM at the disaster event

Director Health Services in liaison with the “Director Engineering/Works Manager/maintenanceSupervisor/horticulturist” implement “Clean up and emergency recovery efforts (Disaster waste
collection/temporary disposal sites, priority areas/ access clearing, drainage clearing, chipping of DGW,
Restoration of services/facilities and maintenance/repair”.

Maintenancesupervisor

Coordinate as follows;•Clean up and emergency
recovery efforts (DW
collection/temporary
disposal sites, priority
areas/ access clearing,drainage clearing, liaise
with health team on
chipping of DGW,
•Restoration ofservices/facilities andmaintenance/repair

Admin. Officer

Senior
HealthInspector

Manager FinanceManager
HealthWaste Management

Civil Engineering

Works Manager

Director Health Services
Landfill
Attendant

Coordinate as follows;•Garbage collection
including from evacuation
centres,•Implement waste
minimization/resource
recovery efforts (green
waste chipping, recycling,
Biofuel)•Landfill management (interms ofdisposal/management ofdisaster waste)

Finance and Procurement

Director Engineering

Coordinate as follows;•Mobilization of resources
like military, aid/assistanceavailable•Manager finance toconsider and facilitate
timely disbursements(release of funds) as well as
allocation of resource needs
like staffing, machinery etc.

Figure 3 Organizational framework for disaster waste management in Lautoka, Fiji(Source: Shalend Singh, Senior Health Inspector, Lautoka City Council, Fiji, 2020" as a source of
information)-

The National Disaster Management Office (NDMO) updates district NDMO office on councils’
reports, negotiates Aid/donor agencies to secure funds and resources, coordinates Military
assistance, procures machinery/equipment like chain saws/generators, etc., and coordinates
work with NGOs-

DWM is responsible for local governments in assistance with the above activities supported by
NDMO. Lautoka City Council conducts DWM with the following framework.

5

Example 3 Pilot Project on Multilateral Stakeholder Involvement for DWM in Honiara,
Solomon Islands
MECDM

MHMS
•
•

•

Establish Public Health
Awareness Cluster
Incorporate DWM component••

Dispatch Volunteers from
MECDM roster system
Monitor activities
Develop report

HCC

•
•
•

PCMC
(Vanuatu)

Environmental
Health Division

Works Division

Activity-1. DWM in thecommunity

Activity-2. Restoration of thedisposal site

Conduct awareness raising and education program for 3Rs (composting anduse of wooden material, etc.) and appropriate disposal of disaster wastes
Incorporate DWM into the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) Workshop
for awareness program
Organize mobile-chainsaw team to cut wooden materials to be utilized incommunities as fuel and firewood(Chainsaw operations of disaster Waste in communities)

•
•
•
•

To recover the disposal site
To enhance vehicles to access disposal areas properly
To have proper access road into the dump
To have embankment and establish temporary disposal area.

(Before)(Practical Session of Health Cluster Awareness Raising Program)(Outcome) Contributed not only for DWM but also for improvement disposal site
operation and management in normal time Accelerated discussion to establish an individual “Waste Management
Division” in HCC which is mandated and duplicated among
Environmental Health Division and Works Division.
 Promoted discussion the importance of DWM in the national level
especially for MECDM and MHMS. (Bottom-up)
 Promoted discussion to establish “DWM Committee ” as one of clusters
in the national level(After)Figure 4 Institutional arrangement to conduct a pilot project on DWM in Honiara, Solomon
Islands(Source: The Report on J-PRISM Disaster Waste Management Pilot Project in Honiara, JHOPE/MECDM, 2014)-

In April 2014, heavy rainfall poured over the Solomon Islands which resulted in massive flash
flooding in the capital city of Honiara and other parts of the country.

6

-The flood has left a total of 22 people confirmed dead and more than 9000 affected with theloss of homes, properties, livelihoods, and basic infrastructures such as road access and bridges
damaged and destroyed.

-

The pilot project for DWM was established by Honiara City Council (HCC), Ministry ofEnvironment Climate Change Disaster Management and Meteorology (MECDM), and Ministryof Health and Medical Services (MHMS) in assistance with the J-PRISM Project funded by
JICA.

-

The Landfill supervisor from Port Vila Municipality Council (PVMC), Vanuatu also joined tosupport the restoration of the disposal site in Honiara damaged by the flood through the sistercity cooperation.

-

7

The Solomon Islands had no experiences in place to manage disaster waste in the past by then.

Example 4. Unique organizational arrangement in Samoa

Group members' role for DWM coordinated by Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE)

Assess for DWM
response to removal of wastes and debris from affected areas and disposal to landfills
following members
landfill especially for the designated temporary area within the landfill for disaster waste disposal and separation
with recycling companies both in affected communities (on site) as well as the landfill sitee NEOC

MemberRoled Transport Authority(LTA)

Clearance for debris on the roads and bridges

moa Waste Authority(SMA)

Clearance for debris on the rivers

onic Power Corporation(EPC)

Clearance for debris of electronic lines

Works, Transport Infrastructure

Clearance for debris of buildings

Women Community and Social
Development

Conduct awareness and ensure debris clearance at affected communities. 5

Figure 5 Institutional arrangements and stakeholders for Disaster Waste Management in Samoa(Source: Interview with Faafetai Sagapolutele, J-PRISM, 2020)-

The Landfill supervisor from Port Vila Municipality Council (PVMC), Vanuatu also joined tosupport the restoration of the disposal site in Honiara damaged by the flood through the sistercity cooperation.

-

8

The Solomon Islands had no experiences in place to manage disaster waste in the past by then.

Cross-cutting collaboration among national and local levels in Indonesia
Presidential Regulation No. 8/2008 (BNPB)

Allocation of budget

National Level
National Armed Forces

National Board forDisaster Management

Min. of Public Works &HousingMin. of Home Affairs

Min. of Environment
and Forestry

Province/City/Regency
Guvnors/Mayor’s office

Province/City/Regency
Department ofEnvironment

GeneralDisaster Management

Governmental regulation
including DWM is to be
formulated

Local Level
National Armed Forces

Public Works local officeContractor

Debris cleaning / collection / transport to TPA• The coordination among National Board for Disaster Management, Ministry of Environment and Forestry,
and Ministry of Public Works & Housing in the National level is principle, and Ministry of Environment andForestry is the lead agency to support operation of DWM in local levels through the Department ofEnvironment and the Public Works local office on the ground.
• The Guideline for DWM will be formulated by Ministry of Environment and Forestry in line with the
Guidelines for Cleaning the Environment in Disaster Emergency.
• The DWM will be mandated to Department of Environment in the local level, in coordination of Ministry ofEnvironment and Forestry after the governmental regulation on Specific Waste Management including
DWM is formulated.

Figure 6 Current Institutional Arrangement for Disaster Waste Management in Indonesia(Source: Workshop in Indonesia, 2020)-

Disaster wastes and debris management are stipulated in the Presidential Regulation No. 8/2008
led by National Board for Disaster Management-

The guidelines for Cleaning the Environment in Disaster Emergency was developed by NBDM
in 2015.

-

Governmental Regulation on Specific Waste Management including disaster waste is to be
formulated by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in 2019.

-

Min. of Environment and Forestry and Min. of Public Works & Housing with thosedepartments in local levels are responsible for the policy, coordination, and operation on DWM
in Indonesia (as above Figure)9

2 Preparation of Temporary Storage Sites
2.1 The use of a temporary storage site (TSS) for DWM-

In order to maintain a sound living environment and public sanitation atfter the disaster, disaster
waste needs to be collected quickly. For this, a place to store these wastes must be identified
before collection.

-

Temporary storage site (TSS) is a place to temporary store disaster wastes before they aretreated or disposed of at treatment plants and/or landfills.

-

Places that could be used as TSS should be identified before a disaster strikes to enable
immediate commencement of disaster waste collection.

2.2 Typology of TSS-

Temporary storage site (TSS) is a place to temporary store disaster wastes before they aretreated or disposed of at treatment plants and/or landfills.
 Primary TSS is a place to aggregate disaster waste from damaged houses and otherpublic spaces. Disaster wastes are temporarily stored and separated (if necessary) here
before they are transported to intermediate treatment facilities, recycling facilities,
secondary TSS, and/or landfills.
 Secondary TSS is a place to undertake thorough separation of mixed disaster wastetransported from primary TSS. Advanced waste treatment technologies are installed(see Figure 7).

Figure 7 Image of secondary TSS (Japan)-

Hereinafter, this document will only refer to primary TSS because secondary TSS will usually
not be installed for DWM in most of the developing countries in Asia and the Pacific.

2.3 Places suitable for TSS-

Table 1 shows the criteria for TSS.

-

Final disposal sites used for waste management in normal (disposal sites already closed) could
be used as TSS. In that case, different cells from normal waste should be allocated for disaster
waste storage.

-

Not all of the criteria will apply for TSS used only for green waste. On the contrary, TSS used
to store bulky wastes that potentially contain hazardous material should meet the criteria.

10Table 1 Criteria for TSS

2.4 Things to do in normal time (for appropriate operation of TSS)-

Make a list of places that could be potentially used for TSS. (Some examples are shown in thenext section)
 Firstly, make a list of open spaces regardless of the criteria shown in Table 1.
 Secondly, evaluate and rank the listed open spaces according to the criteria. Do notdelete the open space from the list even if it does not meet the criteria.
 Based on the list, discuss with the owner of the land and other disaster response units
that might need to use open space for disaster recovery (e.g. for temporary housing, forparking) about the necessity of TSS and conditions to use and return the place when adisaster happens.

-

Prepare for quick set up and operation of TSS after disaster outbreak Roles and responsibilities for TSS preparation and operation should be clarified in the
preparedness plan Equipment to manage the site such as traffic cones, notice boards, etc. should be
prepared Set up an agreement with waste management companies for the quick arrangement ofstaff (operators) and heavy machines when a disaster happens.

112.5 Examples of TSS from past experience
Overview-

Examples of TSS from past DWM experiences in Asia and Pacific are shown below-

Different types of land are used for different purposes in the past. For example, a piece of
wetland was used to temporary store green wastes, but this may not be suitable for bulky waste
storage and separation-

Land adjacent to Landfills are typically used as TSS
Table 2 Examples of TSS [1]PurposeNo.

Disaster type,
country

Storage,
Separationof bulky
waste forRecycling &Final
Disposal

1

Flood, Japan

Original state of land
A Gateball playground(public)

Note
•

•
2

3

4-1

4-2

No.1

TC, FijiTC, Tonga

Current disposal site.
Before the use of waste
landfill, the site wasmangrove forest.

Current disposal site.
Before the use of waste
landfill, the site was forest.

•
•
•

•
•

Earthquake,
Nepal

Use of public and private
open spaces

•

Nepal
(Preparation)

Evacuation centers (park,
industrial estates, etc.)
including TSS••

Disaster wastes were separated into 13 categories(vegetative waste, timber, bamboo, metal (small), metal(bulky), ceramic, slate, glass, PVC, concrete, cement, othercombustibles, other incombustibles)
Need to place operators to maintain good separation
The disposal site has several cells.
DW is temporarily placed in space secured as recycled yard
according to the waste categories.
Then some of DW were recycled and most of DW was
disposed of at the current disposal operation cell.
DW was separately stored at the different places according
to the waste categories.
Then some of DW were recycled and most of DW was
disposed of at the current disposal operation cell.
Disaster wastes were transported to both at pubic andprivate open spaces in communities.
These sites were designated by community-driven decision.
Space in ten (10) evacuation sites in Lalitpur SubMetropolitan City are also utilize as the temporary
dumping/storage site for disaster wastes

No.2

TSS

No.3

12

No.4

Table 3 Examples of TSS [3]No.

Disaster type,
country

Storage ofgreen waste

5

TC, Tonga

Wet land and forest••

Temporary green waste storage area, Houfa village in Tonga.
It is announced by town officer on radio that here is
acceptable for disaster green waste.

Storage& Recyclingof greenwaste

6TC, FijiCurrent disposal site. Before
the use of waste landfill, thesite was mangrove forest.

•

Green waste was collected and dumped at the current
landfill.
Then it was chipped and recycled.

Specific space for disaster
wastes storage and usage at
the landfill•

The candidate site of thelandfill in the future•

Purpose

7

8

Samoa

Earthquake,Indonesia

Original state of land

•

•

•

Recycling companies and waste pickers collected recyclable
materials at the site.
Sands and soils were stored in the site and used as a coversoil at the landfill.

The candidate site secured by the local government to be
used as a landfill was used as a secondary TSS.
The accumulated disaster wastes at the TSS can be utilized
for the materials to build the dike in the future

No.5

No.6

No.7

No.8
DW Temporary
Disposal site

13

Note

Example 1: TSS allocation at disposal site in Samoa (no.7 in Table 3)

Final disposalsite (landfill site)

CompostArea

Disaster Waste Area
(TSS)
Earth
Material

Recyclable

Mixed disaster
wastes transported
from the town

Green
waste

Recycling
companyNo.*

Recycling
company

No.2

Figure 8 Temporary Storage Site area with the designated role for DWM at Tafaigata landfill-

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment has allocated the TSS at the final disposal site
in Samoa (Tafaigata landfill).

-At the disaster event, all mixed disaster wastes were transported at the TSS. Earth material,
Recyclable and Green waste were separated at the TSS.

-

Earth materials were used as cover soil at the disposal site, recyclables were collected by waste
pickers and recyclers, and green wastes were used for composting respectively.

-

Recyclers are operating their recycling business within the landfill boundary under thecontract/agreement with the government (Public-Private Partnership Scheme).

Example 2: Use of TSS in the case of an earthquake at Palu, Indonesia (no.8 in Table 1)

20%-40%DisasterWaste

60%-80%[Private]
Waste
Collection/
Cleaning/
Transfer[Public]
Waste
Collection/
Cleaning/
Transfer

Recycle(Metal etc.)[Private]
Temporary Storage
Site (TSS)[Public]
Temporary Storage
Site (TSS)[Private]
Disposal Site
*at private land

OthersOthersRecycle(Metal etc)
OthersTemporary Storage Site
(TSS)
*besides Kawatuna Final
Disposal Site

Figure 9 The role of TSS within the DWM process in Palu

14-In September 2018 magnitude 7.5 earthquake occurred at Palu, Indonesia.

-

The major earthquake triggered catastrophic liquefaction, landslides, and a near-field tsunamithat resulted in direct damage, impact, economic loss, and loss of life.

-

Both private and public lands were used as a TSS. The private lands were voluntarily provided
by the landowners.

-

Mixed disaster wastes were commonly accumulated at these TSSs for a long time, andrecyclables have been collected by waste pickers.

-

The government is not responsible for clean-up accumulated disaster wastes at the private TSS.

-

The candidate site secured by the local government to be used as a landfill was used as asecondary TSS.

Example 3: Experiences of the 2015 Earthquake in Nepal

Figure 10 Segregation of recyclable objectives (Bricks, Stone, Wood, Iron, Roof tin sheet, etc.)from disaster wastes-

3R related activities and Temporary Storage Sites (TSS) arrangement for DWM were notstrategically planned and implemented after the event.

-

Disaster wastes generated from the Kathmandu valley were piled up in the open space of theTundikhel for nearly one year.

-

Those materials were used later such as putting on the muddy road access to the landfill site
and filling the lower private lands including the riverbanks of Bagmati and its tributaries.

-

Archaeological debris were reutilized for the reconstruction of historical buildings and temples(recommendation from UNESCO).

-

In addition, disaster debris was segregated and used in the riverbanks to reclaim the roadsideand private land, to raise the level up to the road, and to fill the potholes of the graveled andearthen mountain roads.

-

Useful and recyclable materials like wood and bricks by house owners were segregated, but
remaining debris in the private land was deposited.

15

Example 4: Preparation for Temporary Dumping/Storage Site in Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan
City-

From the experiences of disaster events, (10) evacuation sites in Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City
are selected to cover the function as the temporary dumping/storage site. (Figure 4)-

The DWM Guideline in Nepal will be developed.

-

TSS management will be highlighted in the guideline for local governments to develop theirown plan for TSS management.

Figure 11 Selected evacuation sites (that could be used as temporary dumping/storage sites) in
Latipur Sub-Metropolitan City
(Source: LEAD Nepal, 2020)16

3 Preparedness actions for Disaster Waste Reduction and Recycling
3.1 Importance of waste reduction-

Waste reduction comes at the top of the waste hierarchy, and the same principles apply to
DWM.

-

Household goods and buildings become waste when they are ruined by a disaster. This means,by avoiding or mitigating damage to household goods and buildings, we can reduce the amountof disaster waste.

-

Waste could be a cause of disaster by inhibiting the function of our infrastructures (e.g.
drainage). Hence, keeping the living environment clean is another way to reduce disaster waste.
Table 4 Examples of actions for disaster waste reduction

Action type
Mitigation ofdisaster
impactOverview of action
Installation ofa personal
water gate

country

Note

KingdomofThailand- A temporary water gate made byboard, made by the resident withsimple construction work
- Damage to furniture caused byslow inundation could be reduced

Discussion on
disaster
waste
disposal at
the proposed
new landfill

Maintenanceof soundlivingenvironment

17- Since the current final disposalsite doe not have enough capacity,
construction of a new disposalsite is under discussion.
- The disaster waste management
space at the new site is also
discussed.

Prevention
andcollection of
canal wastes

KingdomofThailand- Wastes dropped into canals canclog the drainage system andincrease the risk of flooding- Wastes are regularly collected by
district officers using boats andwaste collection points- Public relations campaign is doneby the government to prevent
people from trashing into canals

Prevent
fallen trees
by the windandcollection ofGreen Waste

The
Republicof Fiji- Pruning trees in the public area toreduce green waste generation by
the strong wind
- Pruned green waste is chipped
and recycled for mulchingmaterials for parks, composting
and fuels for boiler

Cleanupcampaign toprevent
clogging ofdrain.

The
Republicof Fiji-

The community cleans garbage
littered on the drainage and sideof the road around twice a year.
The function of the drainage
channel is maintained by thecleaning activity, andconsequently rainwater can beproperly drained and flood can beprevented.

3.2 Recycling of disaster waste using readily available technology-

In order to dispose disaster waste appropriately enough to meet the environmental restrictions
introduced in the area, some waste management technologies could be useful.

-

Recycling technologies used for typical types of disaster waste (i.e., wooden, concrete, etc.) areintroduced below.
Table 5 Examples of readily available recycling technologies for DWM

Waste
type

Overview of technology

country

Specifications

Use before and during
disasters

Chipping machine for green waste
recycling

Woodenwaste

Before disaster

The
Republicof theFijiIslands

Mobile shredder
Traction typeEngine: > 75 hp
Max capacity: 10”
Weight: >1,800 kg
Clutch: Manual

Before disaster:
Green waste from publicarea is chipped andrecycled for mulchingmaterials for parks,
composting and fuels forboilerDuring disaster:
Wood waste from cyclone
stored at the disposal siteand chipped there forrecycling.

During disaster

Recycling facility for constructionwastes located at the disposal site
Concrete
waste

Brazil• Sorting machine• Excavator withbraking function• Others

Using DWM as raw materials and fuels
for cement productionJapan

DWM by Iwate Pref.
government after
the Tohoku
Earthquake(example of
Taiheiyo Cement
Corporation)
Capacity: ca.1000t/d

Others

Nepal

18

Segregation and useof construction
materials fromdisaster wastes

Before disaster:Construction waste mainly
concrete debris is recycled
at the site.
During disaster:
DW mainly concrete debris
will be recycled at the site
and residue will bedisposed of at the disposal
site.
Before disaster:
Cement is produced fromraw materials (limestones,etc.), MSW, and byproducts from mining,
construction, waste
treatment, power plantsetc.
During disaster:Disaster waste can be usedas raw material and fuelfor cement production (inthe cement pyroprocess).
Separation and control ofchlorine is required.

Construction materials
from disaster debris weresegregated and used in theriverbanks to reclaim theroadside and private land,
to raise the level up to theroad and to fill the
potholes of the graveledand earthen mountainroads.

Example 1: Preparation for recycling: disaster waste treatment flow from the case of Honiara,
Solomon Islands
Metal/Aluminum/Iron
Plastic Bottles
Local Recyclers
Recycle(Metal etc.)

Operation:
Municipality (HCC)

Disaster
Waste[Public]
Waste
Collection/
Cleaning/
Transfer

EarthMaterial

Reclamation/Coveragefor landfill/Reuse for
Building (Rock)

Building
Materials

Reuse of materials(infrastructure)

Green Waste

Firewood uses/Poles
and Posts[Public]“Temporary
Storage
Site” (TSS)Operation:
Municipality
(HCC)

tbd

[Public]
Final Disposal
Site
(NEW
FLANDFILL)@NEW LANDFILL
Operation: MID and
HCC
MID: Ministry of Infrastructure
Development

General Solid
Waste
MedicalWaste

tbd
Operation:
MHMS

MHMS: Ministry of Health andMedical Services

Figure 12 Current Discussion on DW Treatment Flow with stakeholders in Honiara(Source: DWM workshop in the Solomon Islands, MECDM and MHMS in collaboration with
MOEJ, Government of Japan, 2000)-

The below figure was developed by stakeholders in Honiara City Council (HCC) to develop thedisaster waste treatment flow in line with waste management in ordinal time.

-

The orange-colored boxes are recommended activities and operations for DWM.

-

Through the discussion “Waste Management Division” was established in 2019 who is the
mandate division in HCC for waste management including DWM at the disaster event.

-The proper management for plastic bottle and medical waste are still challenging issues in
HCC.

19

Example 2: Discussion on DWM treatment scenario development with/without TSS in Samoa

Figure 13 Disaster Waste Handling and Treatment Flow in the Pacific(Source: Regional DWM Guideline in the Pacific, J-PRISM-II and SPREP, 2000)-

The scenario was identified for the development of “Regional DWM Guideline in the Pacific”
conducted by J-PRISM II/SPREP.

-

The scenario is consist of two components which are with/without temporary storage sites.

-

3Rs are encouraged in both scenarios.

-

Separation at source (without TSS) is also encouraged for the materials including earthmaterial, building material, green waste, and recyclables to be locally utilized.

-

The roles of a recycling company and an informal sector such as a waste picker are also
highlighted.

-

Hazardous waste is recommended to transport directly to the disposal facilities, not through the
TSS.

20