Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.

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THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 2023

Attention to the Environment
Climate Change ........................................................................................................................ 15
Vehicle Fuel Efficiency .............................................................................................................. 15

Contents

Next-Generation Vehicles and CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities ........................ 16
Hazardous Substances .............................................................................................................. 16
Recycling ................................................................................................................................... 17
Emissions ................................................................................................................................... 18
Measuring Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions ................................................. 18
Page

Taxes

Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry
Automotive Shipments in Value Terms ...................................................................................
Automotive Trade .....................................................................................................................

2

Taxes on Automobiles .............................................................................................................. 19
Tax Incentive Measures ............................................................................................................ 20

3

The Burden on Motor Vehicle Users

Automobile-Related Industries and Total Employment .........................................................

3....................................................................................... 22

Vehicle-Based Systems

Motor Vehicles

Driver’s Licenses and the Driving Population ......................................................................... 23
Motor Vehicle Classification .................................................................................................... 23

Production .................................................................................................................................
New Registrations ....................................................................................................................

4

Imported Vehicle Sales .............................................................................................................
Used Vehicle Sales ....................................................................................................................

6

Motor Vehicles in Use and Motor Vehicle Density .................................................................
Exports ......................................................................................................................................

7
8

Overseas Production ................................................................................................................. 24
Overseas Production Volumes ................................................................................................. 25

Exports by Destination .............................................................................................................

9

Global Industry Ties .................................................................................................................. 25

56Motorcycles

Global Operations

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

Production ................................................................................................................................. 10
Sales ........................................................................................................................................... 10

Global Production .................................................................................................................... 27
New Registrations .................................................................................................................... 28

Motorcycles in Use .................................................................................................................... 11
Exports ....................................................................................................................................... 11

Motor Vehicles & Motorcycles in Use / Motor Vehicle & Motorcycle Density ....................... 29
Exports ...................................................................................................................................... 29

Exports by Destination ............................................................................................................. 12

Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs ....................................................................................................... 30

Road Safety
Road Safety ............................................................................................................................... 13
Vehicle Safety Features and Systems ....................................................................................... 13
Automated Driving .................................................................................................................. 14

Japan Mobility Show (formerly the Tokyo Motor Show) ................................................................. 31
JAMA Member Manufacturers .......................................................................................................... 32
Locations of Auto Manufacturing Plants .......................................................................................... 33
Related Automotive Associations ...................................................................................................... 33

Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry

Automotive Shipments in Value Terms

Automotive Shipments Total 56 Trillion Yen; Equipment
Investments, 1.4 Trillion Yen; R&D Expenditures, 3.6 Trillion Yen
Automotive shipments (both domestic and export shipments, including motorcycles, auto parts, etc.) in value terms reached 56.4
trillion yen in 2021, up 5.5% from the previous year, accounting for 17.1% of the total value of Japan’s manufacturing shipments
and 38.4% of the value of the machinery industries’ combined shipments. Investments in equipment by the automobile industry
in 2021 totalled 1.4 trillion yen and its research and development expenditures stood at 3.6 trillion yen; those figures representroughly 20% and 30%, respectively, of the value of overall investments of Japan’s major manufacturing sectors. With motor
vehicle exports in value terms amounting to 17.3 trillion yen in 2022 and auto-related employment in Japan totalling 5.54 million
people, the automotive industry is one of the Japanese economy’s core industrial sectors.

● SHIPMENTS OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING
SECTORS IN VALUE TERMS (2021)
x 100 million yen

Other1,040,936(31.5%)

Total
3,302,200(100%)
Metal Products
158,811(4.8%)Iron& Steel
197,188 Chemicals
Non-Ferrous(6.0%) 317,082
Metals
(9.6%)
119,507 (3.6%)

Electrical
Machinery& Equipment
420,761 (12.8%)

288.7 292.1

305.1

313.1

319.2

331.8

303.6

302.0

Automotive
563,679(17.1%)
Transport
Equipment
631,198(19.1%)
57.8 60.7 62.3 60.0 53.4 56.4
50.3 52.0 53.3 57.1

Breakdown of automotive shipments:· Automobiles (including motorcycles) ................................ 208,371· Auto bodies and trailers ......................................................... 7,872· Automotive parts and accessories ...................................... 347,436

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Year

● SHIPMENTS OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORS IN VALUE TERMS, 1970-2021
Machinery Industries
Chemicals

Iron &
Steel

Non-Ferrous
Metals

Metal
Products

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021

55,402
104,381
179,787
205,524
235,030
233,625
237,994
250,271
262,120
260,379
274,092
281,230
286,222
272,496287,242
297,880
292,528
287,305
317,082

65,648113,063
178,956
177,543
182,687
140,727
119,630
168,964
181,463
180,121179,053
192,022
178,420
156,693
176,867
186,520
177,476
151,183
197,188

30,54739,087
81,186
63,836
78,21764,96462,18967,116
89,11489,22888,05994,22096,79588,892
97,620102,290
96,142
94,527
119,507

330.2

322.5

37,27765,731
106,465
130,944
185,736
176,465
155,868
140,159
122,920
128,607
130,606
139,328
143,057
143,986
151,989
158,217
159,653
152,036
158,811

GeneralElectrical
Machinery Machinery&
Equipment

68,028106,112
175,998
241,904
332,249
298,844304,132
312,108
306,186
330,816
320,911337,273359,715363,611392,279
412,807397,686
376,065
416,71773,305108,213
222,346
408,422545,286
548,309595,817495,083
442,848
369,426
368,283
394,772
408,060
376,748
398,955
418,426
390,650
389,109420,761

Transport Equipment

Other

Total

Automotive
72,758147,935
249,536
361,793
468,582
442,145444,474
539,999
542,136
564,858
582,032
600,633
646,539649,912682,635
700,906
679,938
602,308
631,198

54,673
105,241
212,346
276,927
423,106
395,613400,429
489,548472,962502,627
519,710533,101
570,524
577,604
606,999
623,040
600,154
534,472
563,679

x 100 million yen

Automotive Shipments
Subtotal

223,008
379,551
682,457
1,055,932
1,397,439
1,330,364
1,385,612
1,385,037
1,291,170
1,265,100
1,271,226
1,332,678
1,414,314
1,390,271
1,473,869
1,532,139
1,468,274
1,367,482
1,468,676

287,383
589,807952,724
1,063,240
1,205,939
1,155,277
1,115,720
988,717944,290963,841
977,885
1,011,922
1,012,477
968,018
1,004,080
1,041,048
1,031,261
983,0141,040,936

690,348
1,274,329
2,146,998
2,653,206
3,233,726
3,060,356
3,035,824
2,962,417
2,891,077
2,887,276
2,920,921
3,051,400
3,131,285
3,020,356
3,191,667
3,318,094
3,225,334
3,035,547
3,302,200

Total
53,785(100%)Petroleum
2,062(3.8%)

Iron & Steel
3,666 (6.8%)

Automotive
13,940(25.9%) Electrical

GeneralMachinery Machinery
5,138
5,606
(9.6%)(10.4%)

As % of
Value of
Machinery
Shipments

As % of
Total Value of
Manufacturing
Shipments

24.5
27.7
31.1
26.2
30.3
29.7
28.9
35.3
36.6
39.7
40.9
40.0
40.3
41.5
41.2
40.7
40.9
39.1
38.4

7.9
8.3
9.9
10.4
13.1
12.9
13.2
16.5
16.4
17.4
17.8
17.5
18.2
19.1
19.0
18.8
18.6
17.6
17.1

Notes: 1. Data through 2020 includes shipments from all manufacturing operations with four or more employees. 2. Compilation of data on production in value terms was discontinued in 1996 and replacedby data on shipments in value terms. 3. Figures in value terms include domestic consumption tax revenue from shipments. 4. “Electrical Machinery & Equipment” includes IT-related electronic parts andequipment as of 2002.
Sources for data in above charts: 2021 Economic Census for Business Activity, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications;2022 Census of Manufactures, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

x 100 million yen
21,000Transport
equipment

Automotive

14,000Electricalmachinery
Other
Chemicals

Non-Ferrous
Metals2,289 (4.3%)

Note: Japan’s fiscal year (FY) starts on April 1 and ends on March 31 of the following year.

360
340
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

● INVESTMENTS IN EQUIPMENT OF MAJOR
MANUFACTURING SECTORS, 2012-2021

x 100 million yen
Paper & Pulp
1,469
Other
(2.7%)
8,894
Chemicals(16.5%)
10,372 (19.3%)

Transport
Equipment
14,289(26.6%)● COMPARISON OF VALUE OF AUTOMOTIVESHIPMENTS TO TOTAL VALUE OF ALL
MANUFACTURING SHIPMENTS
Total value of all manufacturing shipments
Total value of automotive shipments
x 1 trillion yen

GeneralMachinery416,717(12.6%)● INVESTMENTS IN EQUIPMENT OF MAJOR
MANUFACTURING SECTORS (FY 2021)

General machinery
Iron & steel

Non-ferrous
metalsPetroleum

Paper & pulp

Paper &
Pulp

2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021

1,040
1,580
1,372
1,274
1,252
1,283
1,672
1,602
1,489
1,469

0

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Fiscal year

● INVESTMENTS IN EQUIPMENT OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORSFiscal year

7,000

x 100 million yen

ChemicalsPetroleum

Iron & Steel

Non-Ferrous
MetalsGeneralMachinery

Electrical
MachineryTransport
Equipment

Automotive

8,407
6,900
7,801
8,100
9,036
9,152
11,565
11,702
11,32010,372

1,863
2,241
2,841
2,370
2,156
2,215
2,399
2,497
2,484
2,062

5,224
5,042
5,799
5,565
7,055
5,133
4,877
4,435
3,711
3,666

2,081
1,807
1,763
1,807
1,775
2,219
2,459
2,546
1,611
2,289

6,405
5,448
6,100
7,367
7,702
7,727
8,999
6,802
5,715
5,606

8,100
8,983
8,920
8,285
5,933
6,149
6,708
4,934
4,594
5,138

10,412
10,966
12,244
13,92814,387
13,59516,096
14,386
12,80814,28910,053
10,611
11,19913,021
13,306
12,902
15,34913,803
12,252
13,940

Other

Total

9,098
10,381
9,980
9,500
10,537
10,782
11,387
10,792
8,754
8,894

52,63053,34856,82058,196
59,83358,255
66,162
59,69652,48653,785

Source: Survey on Planned Capital Spending, Development Bank of Japan● R&D EXPENDITURES OF MAJOR
MANUFACTURING SECTORS (FY 2021)● R&D EXPENDITURES OF MAJOR
MANUFACTURING SECTORS, 2012-2021

IT &x 100 million yen
Telecommunications
Other
Equipment
Electronic
11,784
10,226
Electrical
Circuits, Parts(9.6%)(8.4%)
Machinery & Equipment& Equipment
8,377 (6.9%)
10,964(9.0%)
Iron & Steel
1,232 (1.0%)
Foods
2,884 (2.4%)

Total

General Machinery
122,108& Equipment(100%)
16,372(13.4%)
Chemicals
9,431 (7.7%)

40,00030,000Generalmachinery& equipment

Automotive
35,768(29.3%)

Pharmaceuticals
13,986 (11.4%)

Automotive

Transport
equipment

Other
IT & telecommunications equipment
Pharmaceuticals
Electrical machinery& equipment

Transport
Equipment
36,852 (30.2%)

Iron & steel

10,000ChemicalsElectronic circuits,parts & equipment

Foods

0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Fiscal year

● R&D EXPENDITURES OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORSIT &Electronic

Fiscal Telecommunications Circuits, Parts Transport
Equipment Automotive
Equipment& Equipment
year
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021

16,623
16,70816,23815,476
13,572
13,374
11,863
11,93011,518
10,226

6,595
5,998
6,181
6,093
6,075
6,427
8,523
8,067
11,557
10,96422,711
24,97228,44729,52929,25530,64630,62831,79138,79636,852

22,062
24,13727,49528,372
28,07129,29629,31730,60037,16435,76820,000

Pharmaceuticals

Chemicals

GeneralMachinery &Equipment

13,061
14,371
14,953
14,577
13,516
14,653
14,047
13,392
13,216
13,986

7,469
7,519
7,534
8,166
8,494
8,525
8,369
9,529
9,764
9,431

16,472
18,02718,44019,00519,047
19,18020,615
19,11016,371
16,372Iron &
Steel

1,432
1,392
1,501
1,552
1,577
1,598
1,547
1,655
1,547
1,232

2021

x 100 million yen
Electrical
Machinery &Equipment

10,214
10,724
11,18911,569
11,211
11,255
12,66013,182
8,135
8,377

Foods

2,204
2,337
2,097
2,195
2,267
2,753
2,686
2,964
2,764
2,884

Other

Total

10,26010,567
10,971
10,47910,734
11,407
12,21312,093
10,898
11,784

107,041
112,615
117,551
118,641
115,748
119,818
123,151
123,713
124,566
122,108

Source: Survey on Research Activities in Science and Technology, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

2

Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry

Automotive Trade

Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry

In Value Terms, Motor Vehicle Exports Total 17.3 Trillion Yen;
Imports Total 2.7 Trillion Yen
In 2022 Japan’s gross exports and imports increased from the previous year, by 18.2% and 39.4%, respectively. In
value terms, automotive exports rose 17.4% from 2021 to 17.3 trillion yen, and imports grew 14.3% year-on-year to
2.7 trillion yen.

● EXPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY(FOB) IN 2022

● IMPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY(CIF) IN 2022
Transport Equipment
338 (2.9%)

x 10 billion yen
Scientific &OpticalEquipment
251 (2.5%)

Other
1,924 (19.6%)

Transport Equipment
1,906 (19.4%)

Electrical
Machinery &Equipment
1,734(17.7%)

Iron & Steel
Products
474 (4.8%)

GeneralMachinery928(7.9%)

Non-Ferrous
Metals &Metal Products382 (3.9%)
Textile Yarn
& Textiles
77 (0.8%)

Total
11,814(100%)

Chg. (%)
142,411
147,849
158,912151,175
161,092
166,972
159,052
127,738
147,099
172,743

Chemicals
1,330(11.3%)

Non-Ferrous Metals &Metal Products493 (4.2%)x 100 million yen

111.7
103.8
107.5
95.1
106.6
103.7
95.3
80.3
115.2
117.4

Auto Parts

104,125
109,194
120,463
113,329
118,254
123,072
119,712
95,796107,222130,117

34,762
34,75034,83034,61738,96639,90936,017
29,12436,00038,483Motorcycles &Motorcycle Parts
3,524
3,905
3,619
3,229
3,872
3,990
3,324
2,818
3,876
4,143

Chg. (%)
697,742
730,930
756,139
700,358
782,865
814,788769,317683,991
830,914
981,750● Road freight transport ........................ 1,777,000● Road passenger transport ...................... 476,000● Road transport-related services .............. 387,000● Vehicle rental services ............................... 50,000● Postal activities ........................................ 103,000

Total employment(workforce)in Japan:
67.23 million(100%)● Automotive fuel retailing ....................... 294,000● Auto damage insurance .............................. 7,400● Automobile recycling .................................. 1,600● Automobile parking .................................. 64,000

Materials & Equipment Supply .................................... 503,000● Electrical machinery & equipment ........... 82,000● Non-ferrous metals ................................... 20,000● Iron & steel .............................................. 113,000● Metal products .......................................... 37,000● Chemicals (including paints),
textiles, and petroleum ............................ 31,000● Plastics, rubber, and glass ....................... 149,000● Electronic parts & equipment .................. 29,000● Manufacturing machinery .......................... 5,000● Information services .................................. 37,000

Imports Total

Chg. (%)
18,94820,925
21,261
21,023
23,41925,22324,02019,513
23,46926,818

109.5
104.8
103.4
92.6
111.8
104.1
94.4
88.9
121.5
118.2

x 100 million yen

Motor Vehicles

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Road Transport ........................................................... 2,793,000

Automotive Fuel/Insurance/Recycling ......................... 367,000● AUTOMOTIVE IMPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (CIF)
Year

Total employment
in auto manufacturing& auto-related industries:
5.54 million (8.2%)

Exports Total
Passenger Cars,
Trucks, Buses

Automobile Production ................................................ 867,000● Automobile manufacturing(including motorcycles) ........................... 179,000● Auto parts and accessories manufacturing................................................................... 666,000● Auto body and trailer manufacturing ..... 22,000

Mineral Fuels
3,351 (28.4%)

Motor Vehicles

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Number of employees

x 10 billion yen

Petroleum &Petroleum Products
1,327 (11.2%)● AUTOMOTIVE EXPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (FOB)
Year● EMPLOYMENT IN THE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING AND AUTO-RELATED INDUSTRIES

811 (6.9%)

Electrical
Machinery &Equipment
1,727(14.6%)

Chemicals
1,179 (12.0%)

GeneralMachinery
1,891(19.3%)

Automobiles are the focus of an extremely wide range of industrial and related activity, from materials supply andvehicle production to sales, servicing, freight shipping and other auto-centered operations. Auto-related
employment in Japan at present totals 5.54 million people.

Motor Vehicles(including motorcycles and parts)
268 (2.3%) Raw Materials

Motor Vehicles(including motorcycles and parts)
1,727 (17.6%)
Total
9,817
(100%)

Auto-Related Employment Totals 5.54 Million People

Foodstuffs
949 (8.0%)

Other1,888 (16.0%)

Automobile-Related Industries and Total Employment

122.2
110.4
101.6
98.9
111.4
107.7
95.2
81.2
120.3
114.3

Passenger Cars,
Trucks, Buses
10,857
11,623
11,398
11,781
13,07014,284
14,084
11,653
13,704
15,051

Auto Parts
6,981
8,148
8,770
8,329
9,328
9,861
8,906
6,747
8,252
10,016

Motorcycles &Motorcycle Parts
1,109
1,154
1,093
913
1,021
1,079
1,030
1,113
1,513
1,751

Chg. (%)
812,425
859,091
784,055
660,420753,792
827,033
785,995
680,108
847,607
1,181,410

114.9
105.7
91.3
84.2
114.1
109.7
95.0
86.5
124.6
139.4

Notes: 1. “Passenger Cars, Trucks, Buses” includes chassis. 2. FOB: Free on board; CIF: Cost, insurance, and freight. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with theprevious year’s result indexed at 100).
Source for all statistical data on this page: The Summary Report on Trade of Japan (2022), Japan Tariff Association

Sales & Services .......................................................... 1,009,000● Automobile retailing(including motorcycles, used vehicles, andauto parts and accessories) ..................... 568,000● Automobile wholesaling(including motorcycles, used vehicles, andfinished/used parts and accessories) ...... 221,000● Automobile servicing .............................. 220,000
Note: Figures are rounded off to the nearest thousand.
Sources: Labor Force Survey (2022 Annual Average), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications’ Statistics Bureau; 2021 Economic Census for Business Activity, Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications; 2022 Census of Manufactures, 2019 Input-Output Tables for Japan, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

3

Motor Vehicles

Production

Motor Vehicle Production Totals 7.84 Million Units● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION IN VALUE TERMS

x 1 trillion yen
25

In 2022 motor vehicle production in Japan stood at 7.84 million units, down 0.1% from 2021, registering a decrease
for the fourth consecutive year. Passenger car production slipped 0.8% to a total of 6.57 million units, with standard
cars declining 2.5% to 4.06 million units, but small cars growing 2.8% to 1.20 million units and minicars rising 1.3%
to 1.30 million units. Meanwhile, truck production increased 2.6% from the previous year to 1.18 million units andbus production climbed 14.9% to 85,000 units.

20

Total

15

Passenger
Cars● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY TYPE
IN 2022
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION

Trucks& Buses10

x 1 million units
14

Buses
Mini
Small
238,561 433,183 84,611(3.0%) (5.5%) (1.1%)

5

12
0

Total

10

Standard
512,809 (6.6%)

8

2015

2016

2017

Passenger Cars

Passenger Cars

Total
7,835,482(100%)

Small
1,201,978(15.3%)

2014

2018

2019

2020

2021

● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION IN VALUE TERMS

Trucks1,184,553(15.1%)

Mini
1,301,090(16.6%)

2013
Year

Year Standard

Standard
4,063,250(51.9%)

1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

6

4

Passenger Cars
6,566,318(83.8%)

Trucks & Buses

202013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year895,041
3,717,356
5,147,637
6,640,075
9,352,545
10,239,303
10,422,008
11,110,107
12,047,649
12,321,649
12,958,155
13,367,843
13,423,165
10,893,199
11,304,450
12,636,491

x 1 million yen

Trucks

Small

Mini

SubtotalStandard

Small

Mini

7,049,323
8,676,715
4,869,427
4,298,370
4,178,641
2,609,861
2,628,986
2,636,872
2,458,198
2,438,906
2,516,379
2,398,835
2,357,894
2,178,494
1,799,635
1,980,042

85,925572,188790,3031,237,605
1,169,871
1,207,423
1,579,510
1,795,440
1,473,103
1,280,853
1,517,786
1,545,687
1,611,427
1,528,289
1,379,294
1,468,754

8,030,289
12,966,259
10,807,367
12,176,050
14,701,057
14,056,587
14,630,504
15,542,419
15,978,950
16,041,408
16,992,320
17,312,365
17,392,486
14,599,982
14,483,379
16,085,287

1,793,000
1,953,924
1,619,428
1,111,558
1,916,692
1,684,489
1,987,340
2,189,242
2,189,038
1,888,981
1,986,030
2,007,940
1,923,717
1,608,220
2,016,676
1,969,687

1,519,934
1,180,028
849,511543,408588,224
358,081479,914546,377
576,037
566,781
538,716
570,136
568,616
492,720
514,462
458,523

679,498
591,144
510,579
357,765
357,615
323,800
312,959
313,522300,368
290,991
319,178
359,483
391,156
344,847
346,123
462,032

2022

Buses
Tractors

Subtotal

Large

Small

46,74564,913
124,764
45,453
104,567
75,944
102,073
118,091
131,002129,781
126,867
128,658
141,002106,908
105,486
85,6704,039,177
3,790,009
3,104,282
2,058,184
2,967,098
2,442,314
2,882,286
3,167,232
3,196,445
2,876,534
2,970,791
3,066,217
3,024,491
2,552,695
2,982,747
2,975,912

103,053
134,015
107,647
80,897
127,605
118,300
119,670
124,114
139,614
172,906
175,090
138,240
130,452
68,58832,02942,710101,007
66,98889,441109,007
163,069
211,359
290,001
318,410
328,498
299,220
288,317275,391
298,524
170,077
153,578
183,529

Subtotal
204,060
201,003
197,088
189,904
290,674
329,659
409,671442,524
468,112472,126
463,407413,631428,976
238,665
185,607226,239

Total
12,273,526
16,957,271
14,108,737
14,424,138
17,958,829
16,828,560
17,922,461
19,152,175
19,643,507
19,390,068
20,426,518
20,792,213
20,845,953
17,391,342
17,651,733
19,287,438

Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION

In vehicle units

Trucks

Passenger Cars
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Standard
51,619209,032
403,338
494,792
1,750,783
2,553,703
3,376,447
4,191,360
4,846,411
4,618,014
4,657,765
4,744,471
4,999,566
5,147,256
5,256,226
5,317,165
4,192,767
4,165,631
4,063,250

Small
2,377,639
4,198,550
6,438,847
6,991,432
7,361,224
4,140,629
3,699,893
3,416,622
2,159,119
1,888,759
1,750,895
1,555,548
1,610,486
1,715,970
1,605,162
1,538,380
1,409,994
1,169,284
1,201,978

Mini
749,450
160,272
195,923
160,592
835,965
916,201
1,283,094
1,408,753
1,304,832
1,682,550
1,868,410
1,530,703
1,263,834
1,484,610
1,497,898
1,473,211
1,357,648
1,284,287
1,301,090

Subtotal
3,178,708
4,567,854
7,038,108
7,646,816
9,947,972
7,610,533
8,359,434
9,016,735
8,310,362
8,189,323
8,277,070
7,830,722
7,873,886
8,347,836
8,359,286
8,328,756
6,960,409
6,619,202
6,566,318

Chg. (%)
121.7
116.2
114.0
108.1
109.9
97.5
103.2
103.4
121.1
95.7
101.1
94.6
100.6
106.0
100.1
99.6
83.6
95.1
99.2

Standard
258,100
288,170885,198
1,278,212
1,249,525
824,140649,180
723,663
520,627580,012604,768
586,645505,970
515,521517,641
506,390
405,451
516,988
512,809

Small
1,253,861
1,610,475
2,113,311
1,877,893
1,262,943
909,321483,282436,763
238,776
300,635
327,928
330,814317,182
292,901
306,259
293,002254,310
261,715
238,561Mini
551,922438,987
914,679
1,388,583
986,171804,276594,356
546,185449,776
427,530
425,065
392,290377,921411,319433,211433,525
377,970
375,351
433,183

Buses
Subtotal
2,063,883
2,337,632
3,913,188
4,544,688
3,498,639
2,537,737
1,726,818
1,706,611
1,209,179
1,308,177
1,357,761
1,309,749
1,201,073
1,219,741
1,257,111
1,232,917
1,037,731
1,154,054
1,184,553

Chg. (%)
102.1
90.8
115.2
105.2
89.0
93.9
98.8
98.6
122.7
103.3
103.8
96.5
91.7
101.6
103.1
98.1
84.2
111.2
102.6

46,566
36,10591,58879,59140,18547,26654,54476,313
109,334
132,681
139,834
137,850
129,743
123,097
113,197
122,62169,80173,65984,611

Total
Chg. (%)
111.3
78.8
146.4
110.2
95.5
96.2
112.7
126.3
126.0
108.6
105.4
98.6
94.1
94.9
92.0
108.3
56.9
105.5
114.9

5,289,157
6,941,591
11,042,884
12,271,095
13,486,796
10,195,536
10,140,796
10,799,659
9,628,875
9,630,181
9,774,665
9,278,321
9,204,702
9,690,674
9,729,594
9,684,294
8,067,941
7,846,915
7,835,482

Chg. (%)
113.1
105.9
114.6
107.0
103.5
96.6
102.5
102.7
121.4
96.9
101.5
94.9
99.2
105.3
100.4
99.5
83.3
97.3
99.9

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Notes: 1. Passenger cars and trucks are classified under Japan’s Road Vehicles Act in three categories, based primarily on engine capacity: “standard” (over 2,000cc), “small” (661cc-2,000cc), and “mini” (660cc and under); see page 23 for details. 2. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as
Sources: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association; Current Survey of Production, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
components since 1988. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

4

Motor Vehicles

New Registrations

Motor Vehicle Sales Total 4.20 Million Units
Passenger car and commercial vehicle demand in Japan in 2022 stood at 4.20 million units, a 5.6% decrease from theprevious year. Total passenger car sales shrank 6.2% from 2021 to 3.45 million units, with standard cars declining
6.9% to 1.35 million units, small cars dropping 8.0% to 877,000 units, and minicars dipping 4.0% to 1.23 million
units. Meanwhile, sales of trucks slipped 2.4% from 2021 to 748,000 units and sales of buses fell 20.3% to 5,500
units.

● NEW MINI-VEHICLE SALES BY TYPE
In vehicle units● NEW MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATIONSBY TYPE IN 2022
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN NEW MOTOR VEHICLEREGISTRATIONS
x 1 million units
8

Buses
5,480
(0.1%)

Small
211,772(5.0%)
Standard
122,629(3.0%)

6

Total
Standard
1,346,229(32.0%)

Trucks
747,543(17.8%)

5

4

Passenger Cars

Total
4,201,320(100%)

3

Passenger Cars
3,448,297(82.1%)

2

Trucks & Buses

Small
877,074(20.9%)

1,281,805
1,273,570
1,307,296
1,291,889
1,372,083
1,387,068
1,507,598
1,447,106
1,426,979
1,283,429
1,284,665
1,138,752
1,557,681
1,690,171
1,839,119
1,511,404
1,344,967
1,443,367
1,495,706
1,479,205
1,331,149
1,275,836
1,224,994

2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

7

Mini
413,142(9.8%)

Mini
1,224,994(29.2%)

Year

Passenger Cars
(Minicars)

102013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year

Commercial
Commercial
Vehicles
Vehicles(“Bonnet”(Cab-over-engine
minivans)
minivans)
177,143
138,672
175,594
120,010
163,412
101,789
172,644
89,532
183,995
77,297
197,141
77,547
204,838
68,714
196,040
57,509185,806
51,622
167,358
42,932
180,505
41,630168,705
33,023
198,843
27,730194,728
25,199194,431
22,929184,127
18,536
185,927
19,456
201,873
16,373208,82233,907
196,034
52,543
174,479
37,310182,851
28,962206,008
38,984

Commercial
Vehicles(Mini-trucks)
277,295
284,346258,203
250,690257,775
261,960
242,469
219,164
205,486
194,452
219,620
180,665
195,192
202,893
216,311
182,133
175,110
181,728
185,689
182,564
175,150
164,873
168,150

Total
Chg. (%)

Source: Japan Mini Vehicles Association

Note: “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

● NEW MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS

In vehicle units

Standard
9,068
49,12571,93173,539467,490889,260
770,220
1,271,349
1,419,909
1,399,407
1,437,589
1,354,541
1,490,216
1,548,214
1,582,828
1,586,342
1,370,755
1,446,655
1,346,229

Small
1,652,899
2,531,396
2,608,215
2,869,527
3,839,221
2,654,291
2,208,387
2,089,992
1,507,693
1,472,704
1,422,883
1,349,944
1,311,275
1,394,796
1,312,626
1,235,544
1,108,077
953,207877,074Mini
717,170
157,120
174,030
161,017795,948900,355
1,281,265
1,387,068
1,284,665
1,690,171
1,839,119
1,511,404
1,344,967
1,443,367
1,495,706
1,479,205
1,331,149
1,275,836
1,224,994

Buses

Trucks

Passenger Cars
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Subtotal
2,379,137
2,737,641
2,854,176
3,104,083
5,102,659
4,443,906
4,259,872
4,748,409
4,212,267
4,562,282
4,699,591
4,215,889
4,146,458
4,386,377
4,391,160
4,301,091
3,809,981
3,675,698
3,448,297

99.7
98.9
98.8
98.6
104.8
101.7
105.2
94.9
97.4
90.3
102.3
88.1
130.1
106.7
107.6
83.4
91.0
106.8
104.4
99.3
89.9
96.2
99.1

1,874,915
1,853,520
1,830,700
1,804,755
1,891,150
1,923,716
2,023,619
1,919,819
1,869,893
1,688,171
1,726,420
1,521,145
1,979,446
2,112,991
2,272,790
1,896,200
1,725,460
1,843,341
1,924,124
1,910,346
1,718,088
1,652,522
1,638,136

Chg. (%)
116.8
119.7
94.0
100.3
115.9
105.6
102.5
99.6
107.4
99.8
103.0
89.7
98.4
105.8
100.1
97.9
88.6
96.5
93.8

Standard
168,086
121,118
154,472
118,009
193,775
177,264
84,626
197,548
101,697
143,272
164,815
172,502173,249
176,385
180,266
182,391
160,678
157,781
122,629

Small
986,673
999,155
1,144,167
945,484
1,449,678
1,411,296
1,015,313
351,708
187,642
235,883
252,828
259,936
254,560
255,836
258,521267,007
231,683
231,295
211,772

Mini
538,743431,181
839,308
1,367,685
1,006,456
815,265586,660
536,648441,755
422,820433,671384,796
380,493399,974
428,418
431,141
386,939
376,686
413,142

Subtotal
1,693,502
1,551,454
2,137,947
2,431,178
2,649,909
2,403,825
1,686,599
1,085,904
731,094
801,975
851,314817,234
808,302
832,195
867,205
880,539
779,300
765,762
747,543

Chg. (%)
95.6
100.7
102.2
104.7
93.7
104.6
99.6
101.8
108.6
102.1
106.2
96.0
98.9
103.0
104.2
101.5
88.5
98.3
97.6

Large
10,256
8,818
9,414
8,798
9,162
6,475
4,333
5,856
4,777
4,181
4,498
5,260
6,543
6,602
5,131
4,876
3,113
1,657
1,661

Small
17,572
11,018
13,973
12,775
15,763
10,828
12,238
11,898
7,998
7,075
7,485
8,127
8,955
8,991
8,571
8,710
6,221
5,223
3,819

Subtotal
27,828
19,83623,387
21,57324,92517,303
16,571
17,754
12,775
11,256
11,983
13,387
15,49815,593
13,702
13,586
9,334
6,880
5,480

Total
Chg. (%)
104.2
87.4
97.5
106.4
105.9
97.0
114.5
97.8
101.6
94.3
106.5
111.7
115.8
100.6
87.9
99.2
68.7
73.7
79.7

Chg. (%)
4,100,467
4,308,931
5,015,510
5,556,834
7,777,493
6,865,034
5,963,042
5,852,067
4,956,136
5,375,513
5,562,888
5,046,510
4,970,258
5,234,165
5,272,067
5,195,216
4,598,615
4,448,340
4,201,320

106.9
111.9
97.3
102.2
107.2
105.2
101.7
100.0
107.5
100.1
103.5
90.7
98.5
105.3
100.7
98.5
88.5
96.7
94.4

Notes: 1. Chassis-based through 2002, data compilation became vehicle registration number-based as of 2003. 2. Truck figures include special-purpose vehicles (except large ones). 3. Data includes imported cars. 4. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

Total
Vehicles
2,844,554
3,720,630
4,002,172
4,028,132
5,975,089
5,149,414
4,095,117
3,928,351
3,229,716
3,262,522
3,290,098
3,150,310
3,244,798
3,390,824
3,347,943
3,284,870
2,880,527
2,795,818
2,563,184

Chg. (%)
104.9
118.8
93.1
101.3
107.4
104.8
102.7
99.1
110.6
96.2
100.8
95.8
103.0
104.5
98.7
98.1
87.7
97.1
91.7

Total MiniVehicles
1,255,913
588,301
1,013,338
1,528,702
1,802,404
1,715,620
1,867,925
1,923,716
1,726,420
2,112,991
2,272,790
1,896,200
1,725,460
1,843,341
1,924,124
1,910,346
1,718,088
1,652,522
1,638,136

Chg. (%)
111.7
82.1
118.3
104.8
106.3
106.2
99.7
101.7
102.3
106.7
107.6
83.4
91.0
106.8
104.4
99.3
89.9
96.2
99.1

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association

5

Motor Vehicles

Imported Vehicle Sales

Motor Vehicles

Used Vehicle Sales

310,000 New Imported Vehicles Sold in Total

Used Vehicle Sales Total 6.3 Million Units

Sales of new imported vehicles in Japan in 2022 totalled 310,000 units, down 10.1% from the previous year, withnew passenger cars dropping 11.7% to 278,000 units but new commercial vehicles (trucks and buses) climbing 7.3%
to 32,000 units. Meanwhile, sales of used imported vehicles fell 4.3% from the previous year to 555,000 units, withused passenger cars declining 4.6% to 534,000 units but used trucks rising 3.6% to 19,000 units, respectively.

In 2022 sales of used motor vehicles fell 6.4% from the previous year to 6.30 million units. Used passenger car sales
totalled 5.26 million units, declining 6.5% from the previous year, with standard cars, small cars, and minicars
dropping 4.9%, 8.4%, and 6.8% to 1.78 million units, 1.26 million units, and 2.23 million units, respectively.
Meanwhile, sales of used trucks decreased 5.7% to 950,000 units and sales of used buses dipped 2.9% to 11,000
units.

● TRENDS IN IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES● USED VEHICLE SALES BY TYPE IN 2022

Year

2013

2014

2015

In vehicle units
2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

In vehicle units

2022

2021

400,000

Vehicles produced
by non-Japanesemanufacturers

Used vehicles

100,000

Standard
163,978(2.6%)

Passenger Cars
Commercial Vehicles

0
Passenger Cars
Commercial Vehicles
Total
Passenger Cars
Vehicles produced
by JapaneseCommercial Vehicles
manufacturers abroad Total
Passenger Cars Total
Commercial Vehicles Total
Grand Totals
Chg. (%)
Vehicles produced
by non-Japanesemanufacturers

278,846
1,694
280,540
52,44013,15365,593331,286
14,847346,133
109.5

288,830
1,366
290,196
30,847
14,91745,764
319,677
16,283335,960
97.1

284,471
1,025
285,496
28,61014,516
43,126
313,081
15,541
328,62297.8

294,060
1,054
295,11433,54715,012
48,559327,607
16,066343,673104.6

305,043
1,045
306,088
28,408
16,52444,932
333,451
17,569351,020102.1

308,389
1,016
309,405
34,381
22,48056,861
342,770
23,496366,266
104.3

298,378
1,061
299,439
27,88320,994
48,877326,261
22,055348,31695.1

254,404
1,692
256,096
42,90918,92861,837297,313
20,620317,933
91.3

258,637
1,115
259,752
56,35228,44884,800314,989
29,563
344,552
108.4

1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Commercial
Vehicles

71.4
118.3
128.6
136.0
109.2
98.6
158.4
103.1
98.0
95.1
103.4
101.7
106.3
93.7
84.2
108.6
91.1

46,28552,225
251,169
401,836
283,582
282,654
230,791
343,730
336,764
320,295
331,207336,950
358,221335,766
282,606
306,820
279,523

547
380
911
2,469
1,470
1,420
11,922
16,255
16,662
15,873
17,45520,091
26,63324,93824,03630,90033,030Total Motor
Vehicles

Other

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

487,750
485,055
495,170
512,294
540,946546,336
558,481
577,969
559,439
533,973

Chg. (%)
100.0
99.4
102.1
103.5
105.6
101.0
102.2
103.5
96.8
95.4

Trucks

72.2
118.4
128.6
130.3
109.3
98.4
156.7
103.4
98.2
95.0
103.7
102.4
107.8
93.8
85.0
110.1
92.5

47,91753,151
252,841404,695
285,428
284,734
243,493361,333
354,704
336,988349,313357,713385,693361,675
307,264
338,391
313,149

1,085
546
761
390
376
660
780
1,348
1,278
820
651
672
839
971
622
671
596

17,015
7,087
28,69643,93674,906444,635
353,260
438,737
410,143
353,519
341,254458,415
540,008
585,578
707,491
873,855
854,890

15,42815,156
15,373
15,736
15,984
15,89016,43318,31918,00518,655In vehicle units
Chg. (%)
105.4
98.2
101.4
102.4
101.6
99.4
103.4
111.5
98.3
103.6

7
6

Total
6,301,651(100%)

5
4

Passenger Cars
5,264,187(83.5%)

Mini
2,225,061(35.2%)

3

Small
1,257,659(20.0%)

2

Special-Purpose
Vehicles
4,724
3,963
3,649
3,103
2,946
2,780
2,562
2,638
2,607
2,500

Chg. (%)
86.4
83.9
92.1
85.0
94.9
94.4
92.2
103.0
98.8
95.9

Other

Total
220
185
171
202
162
184
195
155
159
276

0

Motorcycles

Chg. (%)● USED IMPORTED VEHICLE SALES
Year

Trucks
950,464(15.1%)

In vehicle units

Notes: 1. “Other” denotes special-purpose vehicles and engine-mounted chassis. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Trade Statistics of Japan, Ministry of Finance

Passenger
Cars

8Standard
1,781,467(28.3%)

1● IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLES (ON CUSTOMS CLEARANCE BASIS)
Chg. (%)

240,758
1,468
242,226
37,28930,24467,533
278,047
31,712309,759
89.9

9

Source: Japan Automobile Importers Association

Note: “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

PassengerCars

x 1 million units10Mini
581,285(9.2%)

Small
205,201(3.3%)

200,000

Vehicles produced
by Japanesemanufacturers abroad

New vehicles

Buses Other
10,720 76,280(0.2%) (1.2%)

300,000

Passenger Cars
Commercial Vehicles

Year● TRENDS IN NEW AND USED MOTOR
VEHICLE SALES

508,122504,359
514,363531,335
560,038
565,190577,671599,081580,210555,404

Chg. (%)
100.0
99.3
102.0
103.3
105.4
100.9
102.2
103.7
96.9
95.7

Notes: 1. For motor vehicle classifications in Japan, see page 23. 2. “Other” includes buses, large special-purpose vehicles and small-sized three-wheeled trucks. 3. “Chg. (%)” means
Source: Japan Automobile Importers Association
change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year

● USED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES

In vehicle units

Passenger Cars
Year Standard

Buses

Trucks

Small

Mini

Subtotal Chg. Standard
(%)

Other

Total

Small

Mini

Subtotal Chg.
(%)

Chg.
(%)

Chg.
(%)

Chg.
(%)

1985

160,150

3,295,092

356,726

3,811,968 100.9

139,459

589,321

1,125,545

1,854,325 108.3

11,655 103.1

44,620 116.7

5,722,568 103.3

1990

304,1933,945,086

304,7824,554,061 106.2

185,851555,634

1,746,495

2,487,980 102.1

13,377

98.3

54,118 107.3

7,109,536 104.7

1995

994,311

3,845,076

727,2595,566,646 106.6

221,523

521,244

1,538,718

2,281,485 102.2

13,327 105.4

84,409 119.1

7,945,867 105.4

2000

1,742,786

3,050,087

1,448,546

6,241,419 104.8

201,714412,5111,169,626

1,783,851

99.1

15,173 102.7

173,475 105.2

8,213,918 103.5

2005

2,002,563

2,460,410

1,890,154

6,353,127 101.0

240,060

368,778

980,714

1,589,552 101.8

18,871 109.5

144,910 106.4

8,106,460 101.3

2010

1,592,110

1,816,696

1,873,466

5,282,272

98.9

177,327

245,642

732,854

1,155,823

92.6

14,163

92.6

87,23891.4

6,539,496

97.6

2013

1,666,732

1,740,725

2,255,560

5,663,017 100.3

167,793

223,734

746,631

1,138,158

97.0

12,83086.7

81,01698.2

6,895,021

99.7

2014

1,630,421

1,653,214

2,367,235

5,650,870

99.8

163,536

215,295

721,406

1,100,237

96.7

12,531

97.7

76,53694.5

6,840,174

99.2

2015

1,668,429

1,602,719

2,354,077

5,625,225

99.5

162,130

211,480

700,589

1,074,199

97.6

13,173 105.1

74,21797.0

6,786,814

99.2

2016

1,729,194

1,564,982

2,322,533

5,616,709

99.8

161,717

217,544

670,935

1,050,196

97.8

13,204 100.2

76,013 102.4

6,756,122

99.5

2017

1,802,956

1,588,747

2,414,874

5,806,577 103.4

166,629

218,601

656,703

1,041,933

99.2

13,06699.9

6,937,518 102.7

2018

1,834,306

1,523,537

2,449,940

5,807,783 100.0

174,106

216,026

663,976

1,054,108 101.2

13,256 101.5

76,251 100.4

6,951,398 100.2

20191,885,765

1,485,339

2,504,576

5,875,680 101.2

168,465

213,975

641,894

1,024,334

97.2

12,87997.2

88,144 115.6

6,988,158 100.5

2020

1,898,616

1,443,889

2,394,963

5,737,468

97.6

169,904

226,298

640,876

1,037,078 101.2

12,194

94.7

80,12790.9

6,866,867

98.3

2021

1,872,619

1,373,160

2,386,963

5,632,742

98.2

172,465

220,661

615,311

1,008,437

97.2

11,04090.5

78,80698.4

6,731,025

98.0

2022

1,781,467

1,257,659

2,225,061

5,264,187

93.5

163,978

205,201

581,285

950,464

94.3

10,72097.1

76,28096.8

6,301,651

93.6

99.0

75,942

Notes: 1. Passenger cars and trucks are classified under Japan’s Road Vehicles Act in three categories, based primarily on engine capacity: “standard” (over 2,000cc), “small”(661cc-2,000cc), and “mini” (660cc and under); see page 23 for details. 2. Includes imported vehicles. 3. “Other” refers to emergency vehicles, special vehicles equipped with beds,
refrigerated trucks, tank trucks, tractors, bulldozers, steamrollers, snowplows, snowmobiles, etc., that are assigned special registration numbers. 4. “Chg. (%)” means change from theprevious year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association

6

Motor Vehicles

Motor Vehicles in Use and Motor Vehicle Density

A Total of 78.52 Million Motor Vehicles in Use
At the end of December 2022, motor vehicles in use in Japan (excluding motorcycles) totalled 78.52 million units, a
0.1% increase from the previous year. Passenger cars in use slipped 0.01% to 62.16 million units, with standard carsand minicars rising 1.1% and 0.8% to 20.49 million units and 23.18 million units, respectively, but small cars dropping
2.3% to 18.49 million units. Whereas trucks in use increased 0.5% to 14.37 million units compared to the previous
year, buses in use fell 2.3% from 2021 to 213,000 units. At the end of March 2022, the average service life of motor
vehicles in Japan was 13.84 years for passenger cars, 15.84 years for trucks, and 19.74 years for buses.

● MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE BY TYPE
AT END OF 2022
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE
x 1 million units
80

Total

Buses Special-Purpose
Vehicles
213,392(0.3%) 1,783,395 (2.3%)

70

Mini
Small
8,411,502
3,501,679 (10.7%)(4.5%)
Trucks
14,369,292(18.3%)
Standard
2,456,111
Total(3.1%)
78,523,680(100%)

Mini
23,177,282(29.5%)

60

Passenger Cars
Standard
20,488,930(26.1%)

50

40

30

(Minicars)

Passenger Cars
62,157,601(79.2%)

20

Small
18,491,389(23.5%)

Trucks, Buses & Special-Purpose Vehicles
10(Mini-trucks)0● PRIVATE PASSENGER CARS IN USE PER
100 HOUSEHOLDS BY PREFECTURE(at March 31, 2022)
In vehicle units
1. Fukui
2. Toyama
3. Yamagata
4. Gunma
5. Tochigi
6. Nagano7. Ibaraki
8. Gifu
9. Fukushima
10. Yamanashi
11. Niigata
12. Saga
13. Ishikawa
14. Tottori
15. Mie
16. Shimane
17. Iwate
18. Shizuoka
19. Akita
20. Tokushima
21. Shiga
22. Okayama
23. Kagawa
24. Kumamoto
25. Okinawa
26. Miyazaki
27. Oita
28. Miyagi
29. Aichi
30. Yamaguchi
31. Wakayama
32. Aomori
33. Kagoshima
34. Ehime
35. Kochi
36. Nagasaki
37. Hiroshima
38. Nara
39. Fukuoka
40. Hokkaido
41. Chiba
42. Saitama
43. Hyogo
44. Kyoto
45. Kanagawa
46. Osaka
47. Tokyo

42.1

170.8
165.2
164.2
159.3
157.2
155.8
155.2
154.5
153.5
152.1
152.0
149.9
146.9
144.3
143.9
139.2
138.7
137.5
137.2
135.1
135.0
134.9
132.8
130.5
127.9
127.8
127.8
126.7
124.1
123.9
122.5
121.8
117.9
113.5
112.8
110.4
109.9
107.8
105.4
99.5
94.9
94.1
89.6
80.7
68.4
62.7

0

50

100

150

Small

Mini

Subtotal

77,374
207,511472,314
711,914
1,784,594
7,874,189
13,942,626
16,634,529
16,890,402
17,509,103
17,714,352
17,935,861
18,357,734
18,799,713
19,198,666
19,603,788
19,922,382
20,256,088
20,488,930

6,457,181
14,417,680
21,011,096
25,116,179
30,554,652
31,030,462
28,593,491
26,254,546
23,470,003
22,435,835
21,974,741
21,547,282
21,195,621
20,842,558
20,383,197
19,858,361
19,414,014
18,920,099
18,491,389

2,244,417
2,611,130
2,176,110
2,016,487
2,584,926
5,775,386
9,901,258
14,201,714
17,986,982
20,090,359
20,978,424
21,504,199
21,850,275
22,160,847
22,444,053
22,678,326
22,857,859
22,988,169
23,177,282

8,778,972
17,236,321
23,659,520
27,844,580
34,924,172
44,680,037
52,437,375
57,090,789
58,347,387
60,035,297
60,667,517
60,987,342
61,403,630
61,803,118
62,025,916
62,140,475
62,194,255
62,164,356
62,157,601

Chg. (%)
126.6
108.7
104.4
102.6
107.1
104.7
102.5
102.0
100.6
101.0
101.1
100.5
100.7
100.7
100.4
100.2
100.1
100.0
100.0

Standard
798,256
1,158,465
1,494,464
1,668,852
2,176,488
2,574,433
2,596,421
2,474,378
2,281,711
2,270,812
2,294,449
2,316,208
2,337,230
2,356,279
2,382,877
2,413,551
2,432,463
2,450,607
2,456,111

5.81
6.32
6.81
6.97
6.88
6.58
5.96
5.72
6.40
5.72
5.11
4.46
4.65
3.11
3.18
2.49
13.83
100

Year

Passenger Cars

2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

7.95
8.07
8.13
8.29
8.44
8.53
8.60
8.65
8.72
8.84
9.03

In years

Trucks

Buses

10.43
10.73
10.93
11.09
11.23
11.32
11.41
11.42
11.44
11.53
11.67

11.12
11.38
11.56
11.76
11.87
11.84
11.81
11.83
11.86
12.07
12.39

● AVERAGE SERVICE LIFE BY TYPE

200

Year

Passenger Cars

2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

12.16
12.58
12.64
12.38
12.76
12.91
13.24
13.26
13.51
13.87
13.84

TrucksIn years
Buses

12.81
13.24
13.31
13.72
13.89
14.37
14.72
15.17
15.31
15.73
15.84

16.82
17.91
17.63
16.95
16.83
17.39
17.69
18.36
18.31
18.38
19.74

Notes: 1. “Average age” means the average number of years elapsed since firstregistration. 2. “Average service life” means average vehicle lifespan. 3. “Average age”
and “average service life” figures are as at the end of every fiscal year. 4. The above
three tables exclude mini-vehicles.
Source: Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association

In vehicle units

TrucksStandard

2,268,437
2,466,806
2,658,625
2,718,107
2,686,306
2,565,859
2,326,842
2,229,992
2,496,231
2,231,210
1,995,100
1,740,284
1,813,725
1,215,226
1,239,034
970,960
5,394,294
39,017,038● AVERAGE AGE BY TYPE

● MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE (at end of every calendar year)
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

% of “Vehicles
in Use” Total

Vehicles in Use

April 2021-March 2022
April 2020-March 2021
April 2019-March 2020
April 2018-March 2019
April 2017-March 2018
April 2016-March 2017
April 2015-March 2016
April 2014-March 2015
April 2013-March 2014
April 2012-March 2013
April 2011-March 2012
April 2010-March 2011
April 2009-March 2010
April 2008-March 2009
April 2007-March 2008
April 2006-March 2007
-March 2006
Total “Vehicles in Use”

Source: Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association

Passenger Cars

Year ofFirst Registration

103.7
103.2

National Average

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year

● PASSENGER CARS IN USE BY YEAR OF
FIRST REGISTRATIONAt March 31, 2022

Small
Mini
Subtotal
4,478,486 3,005,017 8,281,759
6,100,206 2,785,182 10,043,853
7,155,221 4,527,794 13,177,479
6,679,665 8,791,289 17,139,806
6,609,536 12,535,415 21,321,439
6,213,405 11,642,311 20,430,149
5,474,660 10,154,427 18,225,508
4,594,363 9,665,130 16,733,871
3,825,632 9,177,282 15,284,625
3,614,925 8,818,149 14,703,886
3,581,884 8,748,653 14,624,986
3,552,373 8,634,637 14,503,218
3,535,022 8,539,701 14,411,953
3,516,383 8,448,505 14,321,167
3,506,007 8,407,229 14,296,113
3,507,308 8,376,326 14,297,185
3,497,227 8,353,799 14,283,489
3,497,843 8,349,064 14,297,514
3,501,679 8,411,502 14,369,292

Buses
Chg. (%)
107.1
98.9
104.8
105.5
101.1
98.9
97.8
99.7
98.2
99.1
99.5
99.2
99.4
99.4
99.8
100.0
99.9
100.1
100.5

Large
104,895
102,186
106,633
108,967
114,819
114,478
110,046
109,917108,136
107,723
108,545
110,096
112,011
112,672
112,627
112,169
108,999
106,083
104,265

Small
83,085
124,098
123,387
122,261
130,849
128,617
125,437
121,816
119,135
118,204
118,399
119,293
120,310
120,794
120,596
119,997
116,030
112,246
109,127

Subtotal
187,980
226,284
230,020
231,228
245,668
243,095
235,483
231,733
227,271
225,927
226,944229,389
232,321233,466
233,223
232,166
225,029
218,329
213,392

Special-Purpose Vehicles
Chg. (%)
110.5
101.7
100.4
100.5
101.6
99.1
99.9
100.3
99.5
99.9
100.5
101.1
101.3
100.5
99.9
99.5
96.9
97.0
97.7

333,132
584,100
789,155
941,647
1,206,390
1,500,219
1,750,733
1,630,062
1,502,593
1,653,956
1,669,019
1,684,382
1,702,616
1,720,118
1,734,185
1,746,765
1,759,180
1,772,712
1,783,395

Chg. (%)
110.5
101.7
100.4
100.5
101.6
99.1
99.9
98.8
99.2
100.6
100.9
100.9
101.1
101.0
100.8
100.7
100.7
100.8
100.6

Total
17,581,843
28,090,558
37,856,174
46,157,261
57,697,669
66,853,500
72,649,099
75,686,455
75,361,876
76,619,066
77,188,466
77,404,331
77,750,520
78,077,869
78,289,437
78,416,591
78,461,953
78,452,911
78,523,680

Chg. (%)
116.2
104.9
104.5
103.7
104.7
102.8
101.3
101.4
100.0
100.6
100.7
100.3
100.4
100.4
100.3
100.2
100.1
100.0
100.1

Trailers
23,07939,80856,80465,48587,359120,171
133,676
147,626
152,834
157,212
159,863
162,350
165,769
169,989
174,657
180,662
185,088
189,711
194,255

ThreeWheeled
Vehicles
243,934
47,99817,724
6,123
4,056
3,621
3,827
3,280
3,120
15,47816,376
17,391
18,494
19,457
20,425
21,42022,59823,962
24,936

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Notes: 1. “Special-Purpose Vehicles” refers to emergency vehicles, special vehicles equipped with beds, refrigerated trucks, tank trucks, tractors, bulldozers, steamrollers, snowplows, snowmobiles, etc., that are identified as special-purpose vehicles by special registration numbers. 2. “Three-Wheeled Vehicles” includes three-wheeled passenger cars, trucks, and special-purpose vehicles. 3. “Chg. (%)”
Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

7

Motor Vehicles

Exports● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORT TRENDS BY DESTINATION

Motor Vehicle Exports Total 3.81 Million Units■ AsiaExports of motor vehicles in 2022 totalled 3.81 million units. Whereas passenger car exports dipped 1.4% to 3.32
million units, truck and bus exports increased 7.2% and 18.6% from the previous year to 406,000 units and 86,000
units, respectively.

■ Middle EastYear
7,000,000■ Europe ■ North America■ (EU)■ (U.S.A.)■ Latin America■ Africa■ Oceania■ Other
In vehicle units

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

540,154584,062
709,139
371,305
1,887,155
1,719,793
362,023
179,352
407,294
5,454
4,674,633
97.3

560,304
625,708
744,138
452,322
1,662,160
1,537,676
306,117
183,860
375,672
7,665
4,465,624
95.5

529,291
684,886
737,518
524,770
1,749,208
1,604,446
310,001
168,234
390,891
8,049
4,578,078
102.5

586,954
500,325
818,931
611,559
1,898,913
1,735,480
294,378
134,497
393,4576,578
4,634,033
101.2

601,204
443,963864,518
646,679
1,925,356
1,736,765
320,236
108,845434,458
7,268
4,705,848—

635,045476,157
885,705
646,943
1,929,781
1,731,025
323,591
119,549
438,362
9,280
4,817,470—

651,814464,195
980,516
770,512
1,919,835
1,726,139
286,374
123,842
383,261
8,295
4,818,132
100.0

559,998
325,027
675,630
396,451
1,532,247
1,384,998
177,864
99,469362,785
7,812
3,740,832
77.6

611,446
346,405
588,648
324,154
1,495,883
1,331,718
217,631
115,367
435,3818,149
3,818,910
102.1

597,296
425,423
555,037
354,352
1,429,604
1,283,934
260,108
118,940
417,5329,329
3,813,269
99.9

6,000,000

5,000,000● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS BY TYPE
IN 2022
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS

4,000,000

x 1 million units
7

Buses
Mini
Small
85,728029,565(0.9%) (0.0%) (2.2%)

3,000,000
6

Mini
54,869
(1.4%)

2,000,000

Standard
376,591(9.9%)
Small
Trucks176,239
406,156(4.6%)(10.8%)

Total

5

Passenger Cars

4

1,000,000

0

Total
3,813,269(100%)
Passenger Cars
3,321,385(87.0%)

Asia
Middle East
Europe(EU)
North America(U.S.A.)
Latin America
AfricaOceania
Other
Total
Chg. (%)

3

2

Standard
3,090,277(81.0%)

1

Trucks & Buses0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year

Note: “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS

In vehicle units

Trucks

Passenger Cars
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Standard
715,450
1,821,835
345,413493,047
1,343,967
1,156,122
2,333,263
3,164,603
3,453,951
3,564,559
3,593,941
3,759,771
3,871,859
3,944,646
4,120,080
4,138,078
3,165,492
3,127,811
3,090,277

Small

3,580,623
3,932,414
3,138,147
1,732,050
1,462,069
1,198,273
818,660
499,541
239,198
205,727
241,206
270,707
230,684
231,404
235,158
175,376
176,239Mini
10,136
5,451
21,124
1,301
16
8,044
520
292
2,755
1,419
2,456
4,505
5,367
3,076
7,018
3,163
7,349
64,40354,869Subtotal
725,586
1,827,286
3,947,160
4,426,762
4,482,130
2,896,216
3,795,852
4,363,168
4,275,366
4,065,519
3,835,595
3,970,003
4,118,432
4,218,429
4,357,782
4,372,645
3,407,999
3,367,590
3,321,385

Chg. (%)
129.5
105.8
127.2
111.2
101.8
86.2
101.0
103.5
133.2
96.8
94.3
103.5
103.7
102.4
103.3
100.3
77.9
98.8
98.6

Standard
65,170168,370
332,257
1,196,973
944,737
612,654
530,823
521,848
397,404
397,694
408,859
392,531339,821326,120331,004
315,186
244,598
350,800
376,591

Small
272,549
643,232
1,548,251
1,029,757
364,376
236,929
86,32989,94652,90874,46579,61474,245
44,13842,287
19,082
9,787
15,281
28,20729,565Mini
13,892
22,07173,177
11,374
8
276
718
162
0
20
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0

Buses
Subtotal
351,611
833,673
1,953,685
2,238,104
1,309,121
849,859
617,870
611,956
450,312472,179
488,473
466,776
383,959
368,407350,091
324,973
259,879
379,007406,156

Chg. (%)
120.9
95.3
137.2
108.0
90.6
82.8
100.8
89.0
142.7
99.0
103.5
95.6
82.3
—
—
92.8
80.0
145.8
107.2

9,579
16,653
66,11665,60639,96144,734
41,16377,937
115,782
136,935
141,556
141,299
131,642
119,012
109,597
120,51472,95472,31385,728

Total
Chg. (%)
141.6
104.3
179.4
116.7
113.7
60.8
107.3
139.6
125.8
106.8
103.4
99.8
93.2
—
—
110.0
60.5
99.1
118.6

1,086,776
2,677,612
5,966,961
6,730,472
5,831,212
3,790,809
4,454,885
5,053,061
4,841,460
4,674,633
4,465,624
4,578,078
4,634,033
4,705,848
4,817,470
4,818,132
3,740,832
3,818,910
3,813,269

Chg. (%)
126.7
102.3
130.8
110.2
99.1
85.0
101.0
101.9
133.9
97.3
95.5
102.5
101.2
—
—
100.0
77.6
102.1
99.9

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Notes: 1. Figures represent ex-factory export shipments of motor vehicles manufactured in Japan, which are classified in the above categories as per Japanese law, including the Road Vehicles Act. 2. Vehicle type classification in this table differs somewhat from that used in Ministry of Finance export data. 3. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988. 4. Since December 2017, export figures from one JAMA member manufacturer have not been available. 5. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

8

Motor Vehicles

Exports by Destination

A Rise in Motor Vehicle Exports to the Middle East, Latin
America, and Africa● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION & BY VEHICLE TYPE IN 2022
Passenger Cars

● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION IN 2022

of which EU 354,352 (9.3%)

Asia

In vehicle units

North
America
1,429,604(37.5%)

Europe555,037(14.6%)

MiddleEastof which U.S.A. 1,283,934 (33.7%)

MiddleEast
425,423(11.2%)

Total
3,813,269(100%)

EuropeLatin
America
260,108(6.8%)

Asia
597,296(15.7%)
Africa118,940(3.1%)

Oceania
417,532(10.9%)

1 million units
100,000 units
10,000 units

Note: The “Total” figure includes 9,329 units (0.2%) shipped to other destinations.

● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORT TRENDS BY DESTINATION
Asia

11.6

Middle East

12.5

Europe

15.2
(7.9)

(EU)

12.5

11.6

14.0

15.0

16.7
(10.1)

16.1(11.5)

In %

12.7

12.8

10.8

9.4

9.9

9.6

8.7

17.7
(13.2)

18.4(13.7)

18.4(13.4)

20.4(16.0)

18.0(10.6)

13.2

13.5

15.7

North
America

9.1

11.2

Latin
America

15.4
18.0
(8.5)

14.6
(9.3)

16.0

15.0

AfricaNorth
America(U.S.A.)

40.4(36.8)

37.2(34.4)

38.2(35.0)

41.0(37.5)

40.9(36.9)

40.0(35.9)

39.8(35.8)

37.5(33.7)

39.2(34.9)

41.0(37.0)

Oceania

Latin America
AfricaOceania
Other

7.7

6.9

6.8

3.8

4.1

8.7 0.1
2013
Year

3.7

6.3
2.9

6.8
2.3

8.4 0.2

8.5 0.1

8.5 0.1

9.2

2014

2015

2016

2017

6.7
2.5
0.2

4.7
2.7

9.1 0.2

5.9
2.6
8.0 0.2

2018

2019

2020

9.7

6.8
3.1

5.7
3.0
2.7
0.2

11.4
2021

0.2

10.9

Buses

2022

Small

Mini

SubtotalStandard

Small

Mini

Total

SubtotalSouth Korea
China
TaiwanHong Kong
ThailandSingapore
Malaysia
Philippines
Indonesia
PakistanOther12,937
217,543
66,191
4,403
837
3,775
18,865
8,159
12,40560
34,531

0
0
4,678
4,042
0
1,228
3,560
172
1,782
13,277
347

0
0
0
233
0
0
0
0
0
54,62412

12,937
217,543
70,869
8,678
837
5,003
22,4258,331
14,18767,961
34,890537
011,621
4,203
7,015
4,056
18,085
6,349
23,521
4,054
19,469

0
0
0
0
0
40
888
0
0
0
8,592

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

537
0
11,621
4,203
7,015
4,096
18,973
6,349
23,521
4,054
28,061

0
0
538
404
7,419
131
2
12,118
2,671
1,057
865

13,474
217,543
83,02813,285
15,271
9,230
41,40026,79840,37973,072
63,816

Subtotal

379,706

29,08654,869463,661

98,9109,520

0108,430

25,205597,296

BahrainSaudi Arabia
KuwaitOman
IsraelUnited Arab Emirates
Qatar
Other

6,028
127,966
36,01915,946
37,77757,45817,29538,389

17
127
70
211
5,091
779
242
303

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

6,045
128,093
36,08916,15742,86858,237
17,537
38,692

1,084
27,777
3,189
6,627
1,193
10,7581,900
14,071

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1,084
27,777
3,189
6,627
1,193
10,7581,900
14,071

779
2,399
2,789
1,497
0
4,384
1,749
1,509

7,908
158,269
42,06724,28144,06173,37921,18654,272

Subtotal

336,8786,840

0343,718

66,5990066,59915,106425,423

SwedenDenmark
Netherlands
Belgium
FranceE Germany
U Spain
Italy
Finland
PolandAustria
GreeceOther
Subtotal
NorwayUK
Switzerland
RussiaTurkeyUkraineOther

17,1258,319
11,334
10,617
21,937
69,19633,221
23,206
9,363
40,6018,784
1,388
38,856
293,947
15,81892,2709,571
18,893
9,394
9,762
2,403

296
2,123
1,668
1,037
6,803
6,353
1,514
9,484
253
1,421
1,123
1,800
4,067
37,942570
24,916
2,021
189
1,051
171
241

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

17,421
10,442
13,002
11,65428,74075,54934,73532,6909,616
42,022
9,907
3,188
42,923331,889
16,388117,186
11,592
19,082
10,445
9,933
2,644

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8,760
0
0
0
0
2,840
11,600
0
5,872
0
1,274
4,908
436
0

112
240
167
387
2,477
1,877
606
2,377
207
587
505
407
914
10,863
0
452
220
0
0
0
179

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

112
240
167
387
2,477
1,877
606
11,137
207
587
505
407
3,754
22,463
0
6,324
220
1,274
4,908
436
179

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
74
0
0
0

17,533
10,682
13,16912,041
31,21777,42635,341
43,827
9,823
42,60910,412
3,595
46,677354,352
16,388
123,510
11,812
20,43015,353
10,3692,823

Subtotal

452,058

67,1010519,159

24,09011,714035,804

74555,037

CanadaU.S.A.

143,590
1,248,231

0
0

0
0

143,590
1,248,231

2,080
35,703

0
0

0
0

2,080
35,70300145,670
1,283,934

Subtotal

1,391,821

001,391,821

37,7830037,7830

1,429,604

MexicoPuerto Rico
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Chile
BrazilOther

44,942
33,523
15,2474,018
7,084
24,426
1,998
28,04925,143
0
4,342
195
133
1,503
894
3,478

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

70,08533,523
19,5894,213
7,217
25,9292,892
31,527

11,56766
16,580
2,009
3,350
3,327
0
15,519

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
619

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

11,56766
16,580
2,009
3,350
3,327
0
16,138

5,026
0
652
338
848
110
0
5,122

86,67833,58936,821
6,560
11,41529,3662,892
52,787

Subtotal

159,287

35,6880

194,975

52,418619

053,037

12,096260,108

Algeria
Egypt
Nigeria
Kenya
South Africa
Other

1,416
2,519
254
51
16,201
16,976

0
0
0
4
1,251
515

0
0
0
0
0
0

1,416
2,519
254
55
17,452
17,491

2
6,256
419
5,633
10,30923,682

0
6,792
0
0
828
39

0
0
0
0
0
0

2
13,048419
5,633
11,137
23,721

0
2,719
190
452
15,0687,364

1,418
18,286863
6,140
43,657
48,576

Subtotal

37,4171,770

039,18746,3017,659

053,96025,793

118,940Australia
New ZealandOther286,536
38,7304,739

23,215
12,067435

000309,751
50,797
5,174

38,613
4,257
3,427

0
0
53

0
0
0

38,613
4,257
3,480

2,443
280
2,737

350,807
55,334
11,391

Subtotal

330,005

35,7170365,722

46,29753

046,3505,460

417,532

3,105

37

0

3,142

4,193

0

0

4,193

1,994

9,329

3,090,277

176,239

54,8693,321,385

376,591

29,5650406,156

85,7283,813,269

Other

0.2

TrucksDestination
Standard

Motor vehicle exports decreased in 2022 from the previous year to North America (1.43 million units), Asia (597,000
units), Europe (555,000 units), and Oceania (418,000 units), but increased to the Middle East (425,000 units), Latin
America (260,000 units), and Africa (119,000 units).

In vehicle units

Grand Totals

Note: Since December 2017, export figures from one JAMA member manufacturer have not been available.

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

Note: The UK was counted as part of the EU for January 2020, and as part of Europe from February 2020 onwards.

9Motorcycles

Production

Motorcycles

Sales

Motorcycle Production Totals 695,000 Units

Motorcycle Sales Total 405,000 Units

Overall domestic motorcycle production in 2022 rose 7.4% from the previous year to 695,000 units. By engine
capacity, Class 1 motor-driven cycles (50cc and under) grew 7.1% to 153,000 units, Class 2 motor-driven cycles (51cc to
125cc) rose 0.8% to 55,000 units, and small-sized motorcycles (over 250cc) climbed 10.7% to 434,000 units, but
mini-sized motorcycles (126cc to 250cc) fell 7.6% to 54,000 units. The combined total for larger motorcycles (allthose over 50cc) increased 7.5% to 542,000 units.

Domestic motorcycle sales in 2022 finished at 405,000 units, down 2.6% from the previous year. By engine capacity,whereas sales of Class 1 motor-driven cycles (50cc and under) grew 2.8% to 131,000 units and small-sized motorcycles(over 250cc) expanded 20.7% to 101,000 units, Class 2 motor-driven cycles (51cc to 125cc) dropped 19.1% to 102,000
units and mini-sized motorcycles (126cc to 250cc) declined 9.7% to 71,000 units. Overall sales of motorcycles withengine capacity over 50cc totalled 274,000 units, a decrease of 5.0% from 2021.

● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION● MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION BY ENGINECAPACITY IN 2022
In vehicle unitsx 1 million units● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE SALES● MOTORCYCLE SALES BY ENGINECAPACITY IN 2022
In vehicle unitsx 1 million units

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

Total

50cc & Under
152,547(21.9%)

Over 250cc
434,154(62.5%)

Total
694,968(100%)

Over 250cc
100,889(24.9%)

Over 50cc

126cc-250cc
71,294(17.6%)

126cc-250cc
53,564(7.7%)

Total

Total
405,201(100%)

0.4

51cc-125cc
54,703 (7.9%)50cc & Under
131,340(32.4%)

0.2

50cc & Under

0.4

Over 50cc
51cc-125cc
101,678(25.1%)

0.2

50cc & Under002013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year

● MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION

In vehicle units

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year

● MOTORCYCLE SALESOver 50cc

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
895,599
1,030,822
2,493,910
2,014,850
1,343,220
951,803
636,546
298,549
87,51374,94076,56966,43899,319130,149
140,921
131,013122,209
142,412
152,547

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
1,407,205
1,887,701
2,181,206
1,373,423
686,734
1,038,938
630,221260,343
80,63027,67031,52930,886
31,46533,66559,451
47,94538,50454,28054,703Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
259,145
331,733
660,831469,728
270,304
217,738
297,433
279,274
108,950
88,10893,53676,94573,19478,99361,65854,68253,93958,00153,564

Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
385,723552,291
1,098,577
678,346
506,637
544,760
851,191
953,419
387,082
372,591
395,424
348,125
356,558
404,176
389,854333,736
269,944392,261
434,154

In vehicle units

Over 50cc
Subtotal
2,052,073
2,771,725
3,940,614
2,521,497
1,463,675
1,801,436
1,778,845
1,493,036
576,662
488,369
520,489455,956
461,217516,834
510,963436,363362,387
504,542
542,421

Total
2,947,672
3,802,547
6,434,524
4,536,347
2,806,895
2,753,239
2,415,391
1,791,585
664,175
563,309597,058
522,394
560,536
646,983
651,884
567,376484,596646,954694,968

Chg. (%)
114.4
84.3
143.8
112.7
100.4
101.0
107.3
103.0
103.0
94.6
106.0
87.5
107.3
115.4
100.8
87.0
85.4
133.5
107.4

Notes: 1. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988.
2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

Year
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
1,978,426
1,646,115
1,213,512
884,718
558,459
470,922
231,247
238,786
228,918
193,842
162,130
174,259
143,129
132,086
122,416
127,736
131,340

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
200,238
130,574
169,618
138,115
102,116
88,74796,368100,947
96,24994,851
101,424
88,765105,536
105,403
101,737
125,674
101,678

Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
80,799167,213
165,692
104,175
75,887102,038
37,64555,441
54,31051,27746,42956,58657,22958,35974,392
78,911
71,294

Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
97,281
143,324
103,876
115,430
83,96376,841
58,10865,28970,151
66,621
62,90864,00363,22066,456
67,37983,571
100,889

Subtotal
378,318
441,111439,186
357,720
261,966
267,626
192,121
221,677
220,710
212,749
210,761
209,354
225,985
230,218
243,508
288,156
273,861

Total
2,356,744
2,087,226
1,652,698
1,242,438
820,425
738,548
423,368
460,463449,628
406,591
372,891
383,613369,114362,304
365,924
415,892
405,201

Chg. (%)
122.0
101.5
98.1
102.2
93.6
100.7
97.7
104.1
97.6
90.4
91.7
102.9
96.2
98.2
101.0
113.7
97.4

Notes: 1. Motor-driven cycle (Class 1 and Class 2) figures represent shipments to domestic dealers. 2. Figures for mini-sized and small-sized motorcycles include imported motorcycles.
3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

Sources: Japan Mini Vehicles Association; Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

10

Motorcycles

Motorcycles in Use

Motorcycles

Exports

10.31 Million Motorcycles in Use

Motorcycle Exports Total 487,000 UnitsAt March 31, 2022, motorcycles in use in Japan totalled 10.31 million units, up 0.2% from the previous year. By
engine capacity, whereas Class 1 motor-driven cycles, accounting for 43.5% of all motorcycles in use, dropped 3.5%
to 4.49 million units in 2022, Class 2 motor-driven cycles, mini-sized motorcycles, and small-sized motorcycles in use
rose 4.2%, 2.2%, and 3.6% to 1.95 million units, 2.06 million units, and 1.81 million units, respectively. Thus,
motorcycles over 50cc in use increased 3.3%, to a total of 5.82 million units.

Motorcycle exports in 2022 grew 11.4% from the previous year to 487,000 units. By engine capacity, whereas exportsof Class 1 motor-driven cycles and mini-sized motorcycles declined 3.1% and 2.2% to 25,000 units and 52,000 units,
respectively, exports of Class 2 motor-driven cycles rose 8.9% to 38,000 units and exports of small-sized motorcycles
climbed 15.0% to 372,000 units.

● MOTORCYCLES IN USE BY ENGINECAPACITY (at March 31, 2022) In vehicle units● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY ENGINECAPACITY IN 2022
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLES IN USE(at March 31 yearly)
x 1 million units● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS
x 1 million units
0.8

16Over 250cc
1,811,815(17.6%)
Total
10,310,955(100%)

126cc-250cc
2,058,881(20.0%)

50cc & Under
4,489,401(43.5%)

50cc & Under
25,141(5.2%)

12

Total

Total
486,813(100%)

850cc & Under

Total

126cc-250cc
51,757(10.6%)

0.4

Over 50cc

Over 250cc
371,701(76.4%)

Over 50cc

51cc-125cc
1,950,858(18.9%)

0.6

51cc-125cc
38,214(7.8%)

40.2

50cc & Under002013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year

● MOTORCYCLES IN USE (at March 31 yearly)

In vehicle units

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year

● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS

Over 50cc

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
3,727,426
4,851,140
8,794,335
14,609,399
13,539,269
11,165,390
9,643,487
8,566,613
7,448,862
6,661,807
6,438,002
6,188,710
5,899,276
5,615,360
5,353,473
5,103,395
4,853,131
4,652,686
4,489,401

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
4,431,745
3,132,818
2,281,006
1,747,957
1,517,228
1,421,031
1,337,395
1,353,732
1,511,440
1,626,094
1,674,884
1,704,083
1,717,092
1,737,911
1,752,278
1,787,133
1,818,357
1,872,491
1,950,858

Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
583,316
492,307506,567
1,047,426
1,669,771
1,823,446
1,704,522
1,857,439
1,992,939
1,969,187
1,980,411
1,978,462
1,970,471
1,961,109
1,966,973
1,968,905
1,972,367
2,014,251
2,058,881

Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
109,771276,715
383,639775,627
1,045,519
1,177,229
1,288,399
1,397,392
1,524,176
1,566,341
1,595,335
1,611,089
1,628,461
1,641,580
1,657,613
1,680,416
1,704,542
1,748,026
1,811,815

In vehicle units

Over 50cc
Subtotal
5,124,832
3,901,840
3,171,212
3,571,010
4,232,518
4,421,706
4,330,316
4,608,563
5,028,555
5,161,622
5,250,630
5,293,634
5,316,024
5,340,600
5,376,864
5,436,454
5,495,266
5,634,768
5,821,554

Total
8,852,258
8,752,980
11,965,547
18,180,409
17,771,787
15,587,096
13,973,803
13,175,176
12,477,417
11,823,429
11,688,632
11,482,344
11,215,300
10,955,960
10,730,337
10,539,849
10,348,397
10,287,454
10,310,955

Chg. (%)
100.5
101.9
109.8
104.8
97.6
98.0
98.0
99.3
98.4
98.7
98.9
98.2
97.7
97.7
97.9
98.2
98.2
99.4
100.2

Notes: 1. Motor-driven cycle data is as at April 1, and since 2006 motorcycles with engine capacity of 125cc and under whose owners fail to pay the mandatory motorcycle ownership tax
are not included in this data. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; since 2006 (only for the 125cc-and-under categories), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
326,815
288,843
501,027
369,167
147,301
61,62782,03857,86011,522
12,56012,778
11,761
16,031
16,55917,025
16,122
15,57125,93825,141

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
914,325
1,546,170
1,907,481
1,350,412
507,840
691,433
549,040
197,378
48,976
27,676
29,77130,82330,181
25,39530,99924,32925,23335,09538,214Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
187,185
328,313548,306
296,865
117,222
129,961
204,591
177,824
85,50664,56663,891
59,85159,80558,61153,89548,51640,90652,90151,757

Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
309,277
527,344972,226
525,038
411,381442,689805,508
899,161
347,460
326,095
359,144
315,214322,602362,558
354,839
307,412230,288323,108
371,701

Subtotal
1,410,787
2,401,827
3,428,013
2,172,315
1,036,443
1,264,083
1,559,139
1,274,363
481,942
418,337
452,806
405,888412,588446,564
439,733
380,257
296,427
411,104
461,672

Total
1,737,602
2,690,670
3,929,040
2,541,482
1,183,744
1,325,710
1,641,177
1,332,223
493,464
430,897
465,584
417,649
428,619
463,123456,758
396,379
311,998
437,042486,813Chg. (%)
133.8
83.0
144.0
119.7
107.3
94.2
116.1
100.4
90.7
89.9
108.0
89.7
102.6
108.1
98.6
86.8
78.7
140.1
111.4

Notes: 1. Figures represent ex-factory export shipments of motorcycles manufactured in Japan. 2. Class 2 motor-driven cycles include three-wheeled motor-driven cycles. 3. KD sets havebeen excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988. 4. “Chg. (%)” meanschange from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

11

Motorcycles

Exports by Destination● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION & BY ENGINE CAPACITY IN 2022

An Increase in Motorcycle Exports to Most Destinations

In vehicle units

Over 50cc

Compared to the previous year, motorcycle exports in 2022 increased to Europe (238,000 units), North America(152,000 units), Latin America (24,000 units), Africa (9,000 units), and the Middle East (8,000 units), but decreased to
Asia (30,000 units) and Oceania (27,000 units).

● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION IN 2022

Europe237,597(48.8%)of which EU 219,236 (45.0%)

Asia

In vehicle units

North
America
151,739(31.2%)

MiddleEastof which U.S.A. 134,015 (27.5%)
EuropeMiddleEast
7,586(1.6%)

Total
486,813(100%)
Latin
America
23,603(4.8%)

Asia
29,954(6.2%)
Africa9,447(1.9%)

Oceania
26,887(5.5%)

100,000 units
10,000 units
1,000 units● MOTORCYCLE EXPORT TRENDS BY DESTINATION
4.5
0.9

Asia
Middle East

5.7
0.8

7.1
1.2

5.9
1.4

7.3
1.0

In %

7.1
0.9

8.0
1.1

7.3
1.5

7.3
1.3
1.5

6.2
1.6

North
America
Latin
America

Europe(EU)

34.3(31.7)

37.5(34.6)

40.9(38.1)

47.0(44.1)

48.5(45.8)

47.6(45.0)

48.2(46.0)

46.2(42.2)

45.2(41.2)

48.8(45.0)

AfricaNorth
America(U.S.A.)

Latin America

41.4(36.4)

39.4(34.9)

32.0(27.6)

30.2(26.1)

28.4(24.3)

30.4(26.0)

28.8(24.5)

30.4(26.3)

33.6(29.5)

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)

Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)

South Korea
China
TaiwanHong Kong
ThailandSingapore
Malaysia
Philippines
Indonesia
Other

15
0
51
3
0
12
2
90
1
0

0
0
1,306
2
0
72
0
144
553
0

4
45
0
90
23
252
4
371
461
89

4,283
5,139
3,404
1,187
3,437
1,205
2,997
3,217
356
1,139

4,287
5,184
4,710
1,279
3,460
1,529
3,001
3,732
1,370
1,228

4,302
5,184
4,761
1,282
3,460
1,541
3,003
3,822
1,371
1,228

Subtotal

174

2,077

1,339

26,36429,78029,954
1,099
3,957
1,237
1,293

Destination

31.2(27.5)

7.9

Africa

3.6

5.8
3.6

Oceania

7.4
2013
Year

6.7
4.9

4.1
4.4

7.2

7.2

2014

2015

5.0
2.7
6.3

5.5
2.9
5.5

4.3
2.8

7.0

5.4
3.1
6.3

2016

2017

2018

2019

7.5

3.8
1.8
7.0

4.8
1.9
5.5

2020

2021

2022

Subtotal

Saudi Arabia
IsraelUnited Arab Emirates
Other

30
45
57
24

17
105
277
31

26
133
189
206

1,026
3,674
714
1,032

1,069
3,912
1,180
1,269

Subtotal

Total

156

430

554

6,446

7,430

7,586

SwedenDenmark
Netherlands
Belgium
FranceGermany
Portugal
E Spain
U Italy
PolandAustria
Hungary
GreeceCroatia
Slovenia
Other

0
0
0
0
4,107
1,419
0
381
381
0
0
0
72
81
90
0

0
20
1,131
0
3,499
1,999
0
251
457
0
0
0
95
80
103
0

238
85
2,892
350
2,975
1,680
0
297
2,066
149
262
80
156
63
111
343

1,246
1,607
36,3052,940
51,92828,068357
21,064
35,116
2,345
4,636
1,687
3,146
475
696
1,707

1,484
1,712
40,3283,290
58,402
31,747357
21,612
37,639
2,494
4,898
1,767
3,397
618
910
2,050

1,484
1,712
40,3283,290
62,50933,166357
21,99338,020
2,494
4,898
1,767
3,469
699
1,000
2,050

Subtotal

6,531

7,635

11,747

193,323

212,705

219,236
791
8,103
7,271
236
1,587
373

NorwayUK
Switzerland
RussiaTurkey
Other

0
0
54
0
0
0

0
0
68
0
0
0

33
411
309
9
1
2

758
7,692
6,840
227
1,586
371

791
8,103
7,217
236
1,587
373

Subtotal

6,585

7,703

12,512

210,797

231,012

237,597

CanadaU.S.A.

2,215
11,334

2,327
15,0182,903
22,601

10,27985,062

15,509122,681

17,724
134,015

Subtotal

13,54917,34525,504

95,341138,190

151,739

MexicoGuatemalaPanamaColombia
Peru
Chile
BrazilArgentina
Other

111
9
9
111
6
132
15
0
261

92
24
25
318
33
323
83
12
376

221
514
134
155
40
714
369
150
1,527

3,327
251
210
2,623
356
1,686
7,612
493
1,281

3,640
789
369
3,096
429
2,723
8,064
655
3,184

3,751
798
378
3,207
435
2,855
8,079
655
3,445

Subtotal

654

1,286

3,824

17,83922,94923,603

MoroccoGuineaDem Rep Congo
AngolaEthiopia
Kenya
UgandaSouth Africa
Other

9
0
0
0
0
0
0
39
9

42
40
1,488
60
1,794
87
278
355
592

32
0
136
0
164
377
25
1,205
440

205
0
0
200
20
10
0
1,010
830

279
40
1,624
260
1,978
474
303
2,570
1,862

288
40
1,624
260
1,978
474
303
2,609
1,871

57

4,736

2,379

2,275

9,390

9,447

Australia
New Zealand
Other

3,252
699
15

3,668
922
47

3,532
1,988
125

10,551
1,984
104

17,751
4,894
276

21,003
5,593
291

Subtotal

3,966

4,637

5,645

12,63922,921

26,88725,141

38,21451,757

371,701

461,672

486,813

Subtotal

Oceania

Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)

Grand Totals

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

Note: The UK was counted as part of the EU for January 2020, and as part of Europe from February 2020 onwards.

12

Road Safety

Road Safety

Road Safety

Promoting Greater Road Safety
In 2022 road fatalities (defined here as deaths taking place within 24 hours of accident occurrence) in Japan dropped
to 2,610, the lowest number recorded since the start of road fatality data compilation by the National Police Agency
in 1948. Road accidents and road injuries also declined, for the eighteenth consecutive year, to 300,839 and 356,601(in number of persons), respectively. As the aging of Japan's society advances, annual road accident statistics show a
growing ratio of elderly people (aged 65 years and older) in road fatalities. In addition, the number of fatal roadaccidents per 100,000 driver's license holders attributable to elderly drivers (aged 75 years and older) is the largest
among age groups.

Vehicle Safety Features and Systems

Given the circumstances, Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport andTourism, National Police Agency, Financial Services Agency and automobile-related organizations have been working
cooperatively to promote the widespread use of “safety support cars” (“sapocars” for short) equipped with safety features
such as advanced emergency braking systems (referred to in this publication's previous editions as "collision-mitigation braking
systems"), to help drivers of all ages avoid road accident occurrence and to mitigate damage/injury when accidents do occur.

● THE “SAFETY SUPPORT CAR” Ver 1.0 CONCEPT
Safety Support Car(“Sapocar”)

Safety Support Car S(“Sapocar S”)“Sapocar S” Classification
The “Sapocar S” concept has three sub-classifications,based on the safety features installed.

● ROAD ACCIDENTS/INJURIES/FATALITIES
2,000,000

20,0001,500,000

15,000Injuries

Accidents

1,000,000

10,000500,000

5,000(Number of
persons)
Passenger cars equipped withadvanced emergency braking
systems and acceleration
control for pedal error; suitableespecially for elderly drivers

Passenger cars equipped withadvanced emergency braking
systems; suitable for all drivers(Number ofaccidents)

0

Year
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012

1980

1985

1990

1995

● TRENDS IN ELDERLY ROAD FATALITIES

4,500
4,000

4,438 4,388

4,113 4,117

3,904

2005

2010

2015

● TRENDS IN ONBOARD INSTALLATION RATES OF ADVANCED DRIVER-ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS (ADAS)
Advanced Emergency Braking System

2020

Total fatalities (No. of persons)
Elderly fatalities [65 years and older](No. of persons)

3,694

3,500

Year
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

● FATAL ROAD ACCIDENTS PER 100,000
DRIVER'S LICENSE HOLDERS BY AGE GROUP
15

3,532
3,215
2,839

3,000

Injuries
Accidents
Fatalities(Number of accidents) (Number of persons) (Number of persons)
4,388
781,492
629,033
4,113
711,374
573,842
4,117
666,023536,899
3,904
618,853499,201
3,694
580,850
472,165
3,532
525,846
430,601
3,215
461,775
381,2372,839
369,476
309,178
2,636
362,131305,1962,610
356,601
300,839

10

No. of fatal accidents per 100,000 driver's license holders

10.31

10.04

2,636 2,610

1,000

5
2,279 2,309 2,193 2,247 2,138 2,020

1,966 1,782

3.31
1,596 1,520 1,471

500
0

84.6

41.1 44.9

32.2

25

25

15.4
4.3

0

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year

Elderly
fatalities as% of total 51.4 52.6 53.3 54.6 54.8 54.7 55.7 55.4 56.2 57.7 56.4
fatalities

01.90 1.76 2.05

Note: "Driver's license holders" here refers to drivers possessing valid licenses fordriving automobiles, motorcycles, and motor-driven cycles.
Source for all data on this page: National Police Agency

94.8
90.8 93.1

37.4

47.1

12.5
2.0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year

Note: "In %" means the number of passenger cars equipped with the ADAS feature as a percentage of the total number of passenger cars produced for the domestic market.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association● AUTOMATIC COLLISION NOTIFICATION
Automatic collision notification (ACN) is an onboard-based system that automatically communicates essential
information to relevant authorities in the event of a serious road traffic accident, such as when an airbag is deployed,
without requiring the driver or witnesses to report the incident themselves. Advanced automatic collision notification(AACN) is an enhanced version of ACN whose onboard installation is steadily expanding. As of the end of 2022, morethan 4.8 million vehicles were equipped with AACN.
ACN

Automatic collisionnotification

Automatic communication of essential information (location, etc.) to the authorities concerned in the event of a serious roadtraffic accident

AACN

Advanced automatic
collision notification

Essential information automatically communicated to relevant authorities in the event of a serious road traffic accident isaugmented with information on the status of vehicle occupant injuries, which is directed also to fire departments and medical
facilities for their prompt dispatch of emergency medical service vehicles including, as necessary, a helicopter.

2.94
2.34 2.52 2.49 2.48 2.68

16- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80- 85 and19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 older
Age group

0

83.8

65.2

50

Cumulative Number of AACN-Equipped Vehicles in Use
by Year, 2016-2022

4.10
2.53

77.1

75

66.2

50

In %

100

93.7 95.8 97.2 97.8

AACN: A Schematic Overview

2,000
1,500

77.8

75

6.92

2,500

Acceleration Control for Pedal Error
In %

100

Injuries
Accidents
Fatalities(Number of accidents) (Number of persons) (Number of persons)
10,792
622,467
472,9388,760
598,719476,677
9,261
681,346
552,788
11,227790,295
643,097
10,684
922,677
761,794
9,073
1,155,707
931,950
6,937
1,157,113
934,346
4,948
896,297
725,924
4,691
854,613692,0844,438
825,392
665,157

5,000

2000

Advanced emergency braking system(vehicle collision avoidance) for low-speed
vehicle operation (4)Acceleration control for pedal error (1)Type:“Basic”(1) In automatic-transmission vehicles only. (2) Including lane-keeping assist. (3) Automatic high-to-low-beam headlamp control, glare-free high beam headlamp control, or adaptive
front-lighting system. (4) 30km/h or lower.

0
1975
Year

Advanced emergency braking system(vehicle collision avoidance)
Acceleration control for pedal error (1)Type:“Basic+”Fatalities(Number of
persons)

Advanced emergency braking system(pedestrian collision avoidance)
Acceleration control for pedal error (1)Lane departure warning (2)Advanced headlamp control (3)Type:“Wide”

Automatic communication of essenial information(accident location, vehicle occupant injury status, etc.)
Airbag deployment notification

Ambulance dispatch

Call center

Fire command center

Information coordination

Emergency medical service
helicopter dispatch

Emergency medical facility

Source: National Agency for Automotive Safety and Victims' Aid

5,000,000
4,500,000
4,000,000
3,500,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0

In vehicle units

3,722,258

4,845,146

2,698,786
1,742,524
1,046,700
265,898
2016
Year

480,340
2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Note: Above figures apply only to AACN-equipped vehicles manufactured by Japanese
automakers for the domestic market. Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

13

Road Safety

Automated Driving

Memo

The Transition to Automated Driving
In 2018 the Japanese government released an outline of the broad spectrum of system-building measures needed
for the real-world implementation of automated driving. The adoption in 2020 of a revised Road Traffic Act and arevised Road Vehicles Act made it mandatory for automated driving systems and devices to comply with safety
standards. In addition, rules were established regarding the obligations of drivers of vehicles equipped with
automated driving systems, with the inclusion of automated driving event data recorders in such systems also being
mandated. These initiatives allowed Level 3 self-driving vehicles to run on public roads. In 2022 a further revision of
the Road Traffic Act was adopted enabling the creation of an authorization system to facilitate Level 4 automateddriving (self-driving vehicles used under specific circumstances, e.g., on designated and limited routes) and Level 4
automated vehicle use in accordance with those stipulations started in April 2023. JAMA member companies areactively working towards the practical and widespread use of automated driving technologies in line with theinitiatives undertaken by the government.

● JAMA’S VIEW OF AUTOMATED DRIVING
ACHIEVING
THE “ZEROS”

RESOLVING
RELATED ISSUES

Zero accidents

Through the elimination ofhuman error

Zero congestion

Through more efficient roadand vehicle use (via telematics)

Enabling optimallyaccessible mobility
Enabling optimallyefficient freight transport

Through optimally efficientdoor-to-door vehicle use,“any time and anywhere”

Driverassistancesystems

Automated
drivingfunctions● DEFINITIONS OF DRIVING AUTOMATION LEVELS AND LEVEL-COMPATIBLE VEHICLE DESCRIPTIONS
Level

Definition

In Charge*

Vehicle Description

DriverDriverー
Vehicles with driverassistance systems

Driver (human) performs part or all of the dynamic driving task
Level 0Level 1

Level 2

Driver performs the entire dynamic driving task (DDT).
Driver-assistance system performs the subtasks ofeither longitudinal or lateral vehicle motion control(within a limited operational design domain), while the driver
performs all other DDT subtasks.
Advanced driver-assistance system performs thesubtasks of both longitudinal and lateral vehicle
motion control (within a limited operational design domain),monitored by the driver who performs all other DDT
subtasks and can take manual control at any time.

DriverAutomated driving system (“ADS,” “system”) performs the entire dynamic driving task (while engaged)
Level 3

ADS performs the entire DDT (within a limited operational
SystemHowever, driver must remain alert and (Driver, when ADS
respond appropriately to ADS-issued requests to cannot execute atask)intervene when ADS cannot execute a task (= humanoverride).
SystemADS performs the entire DDT (within a limited operational
design domain) and responds in the event of operationaldifficulty. However, Level 4 vehicles can operate only
under specific circumstances, with human override
remaining an option.
SystemADS performs the entire DDT and responds
unconditionally (not within a limited operational design domain) in theevent of operational difficulty, with no need for humanintervention.
design domain).

Level 4

Level 5

*I.e., performing all the requisite processes of recognition, prediction, judgment, and operation.

Vehicles withconditional driving
automation

Vehicles with highdriving automation

Vehicles with full
driving automation

Source: The Public-Private ITS Initiative/Roadmaps initiative

14

Attention to the Environment

Climate Change

Attention to the Environment

Climate Change and CO2 Emissions Reduction:
The Response of the Transport Sector

CO2 Emissions Reduction: Improving Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

In 2021 Japan’s CO2 emissions totalled 1.06 billion tons (actual figure), of which the transportation sector accounted
for nearly 17%. Despite a small increase in 2021 over the previous year, CO2 emission volumes in Japan’s transport
sector have trended downwards since peaking in 2001, owing largely to increased fuel efficiency in passenger cars
and greater efficiency in goods distribution. The automobile industry will continue to vigorously promote CO2
emissions reduction in road transport by further improving vehicle fuel efficiency and expanding the market supplyof next-generation vehicles.

● CO2 EMISSIONS IN JAPANThe transportation sector accounts for nearly 17% of Japan’s total CO2 emissions, which in 2021 amounted to 1.06 billion tons (actual figure).

Japan’s CO2 Emission Volumes, 1990-2021

x 1 million tons

Fuel efficiency targets for passenger cars, trucks, and buses are formulated by applying “top runner” criteria whereby
the target value for a given vehicle weight category is established based on the leading fuel efficiency performance todate for that weight category. To comply, first, with stringent 2015 average fuel efficiency targets for heavy-duty
vehicles as well as with a 2020 target for passenger cars and, subsequently, with a 2022 target for small trucks, 2025
targets for heavy-duty vehicles, and a 2030 target for passenger cars, JAMA member manufacturers have been
making continuous efforts to increase the fuel efficiency of conventional vehicles and expand the supply ofalternative-energy vehicles. Calculation of the average fuel efficiency target of 25.4 km/L (a 32.4% increase over theactual value in 2016) established for 2030 for new passenger cars took into account, for the first time, the fuelefficiency performances of electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles.

● 2020 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR
NEW PASSENGER CARS (1)Passenger
cars

CO2 Emission Shares by Sector in 2021

1,400

Industrial
processes
4.0%

1,300
1,250

Residential
14.7%

1,200
1,150

Commercial/
Other
17.9%

1,100
1,050
1,000

1990
Fiscal year

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2021

2020 target value (3) 20.3 km/L

Passenger
cars

Industry
35.1%

Automobiles
15.1%
Transportation
17.4%
Source: Ministry of the Environment● TRENDS IN CO2 EMISSION VOLUMES IN JAPAN’S TRANSPORT SECTOR, BY MODE
Motor vehicle-emitted CO2 accounts for about 87% of the totality of CO2 emitted by Japan’s transport sector. CO2 emissions from road transportationin Japan have seen a significant decrease since transport-sector emissions peaked in 2001.
x 1 million tons
350
Trucks
AircraftPassenger cars & buses
Ships
300
Trains
263
11 11
11
11
11
11
10
11
250
10
11 11
14 14
15
14
14
9 14 15 16 14
11 11
207
7 7 7 7 8 13 13 12 12 10 10 9 9 10 10
8 9 14
8
7
7
8
7 7
8
13
7
7 8 11 10 10 10 11 11 10 10 10 10 11
186
8
14 14
8 7 8 9 1011200
10 10 10 10
10 10 1013 8 8 7
10
9
9
5
7
9 8
96 93 918
8 10 1091 90
100 98 97 96
102 103
91 89 87 83 84
7 8
81 80 80
97 100150
80 80 78 78 77
96 96
76
92
72 74

0km/L

10

109 115 120

123 125 130 130 135 135 132 128 123 120 120 116 118 118 116 117 113

108 108 107 106 104 102 89 87

01990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Fiscal year2030(1) Fuel efficiency is JC08 test cycle-based (see page 18). (2) Fuel efficiency is WLTC-based (see page18). (3) Targets were established assuming the same shipment volume ratios by vehicle weight category
for target years as those recorded in the years showing the actual value of fuel efficiency performance.
Sources: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism● AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY OF DOMESTIC NEWGASOLINE-POWERED PASSENGER CARS In km/L
26
24
21.3

22

Buses

2015 target value (7) 7.09 km/L

23.1

Up 12.2%

2002 actual value 6.32 km/L
2015 target value (7) 6.30 km/L

Up 12.1%

2002 actual value 5.62 km/L
2.5

5

7.5

10

● 2025 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR
NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES (GVW>3.5t)
TrucksBuses

2025 target value (8), (9) 7.63 km/L

Up 13.4%(approx.)2015 target value (9) 6.72 km/L
2025 target value (8), (9) 6.52 km/L

Up 14.3%(approx.)2015 target value (9) 5.71 km/L
0km/L

2.5

5

7.5

10

(6) Fuel efficiency is JE05 test cycle-based. (7) Targets were established assuming the same shipment
volume ratios by vehicle weight category for target years as those recorded in the years showing theactual value of fuel efficiency performance. (8) While the 2015 target values for new heavy-duty
vehicles are JE05 test cycle-based, the 2025 target values were established on the basis of a newmeasuring method. (9) Targets were established assuming the same shipment volume ratios by vehicle
weight category for 2025 as those recorded in 2014.
Sources: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

19.8

18
16
14

22.4 22.1 22.4 22.6 22.7 22.9 22.6

Trucks

0km/L

Up 32.4%

2016 actual value 19.2 km/L

12.7 13.2

13.8 13.9 14.2 14.3

14.8 14.9

15.6

16.7 17.1● VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES FOR INCREASEDFUEL EFFICIENCY

18.2

12
2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Fiscal year
Note: Figures here are JC08 test cycle-based through 2016 and the JC08 test-cycle equivalents ofSource: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
WLTC-based values from 2017.

● 2022 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR
NEW SMALL TRUCKS (4)Small trucks(GVW≤3.5tons)

2022 target value (5) 17.9 km/L

5

10

Improved
engine efficiency

Reducedaerodynamic dragMore efficientfuel consumption:– Improved body configuration– Direct injection– Variable mechanisms (variablecylinder activation, VVT&L, etc.)– Downsized engine supercharging

Reduction of friction loss:– Reduction of piston &piston ring friction loss
– Low-viscosity lubricating oil

Reducedvehicle weight– Expanded use oflightweight materials– Improved body structure

Up 26.1%

2012 actual value 14.2 km/L
0km/L

100
104
88 95 101302030 target value (3) 25.4 km/L

20

50

20

● 2030 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR
NEW PASSENGER CARS (2)Energyconversion
7.9%

2021 Total
1.06 billion
tons

10

● 2015 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR
NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES (GVW>3.5t) (6)Up 24.1%

2009 actual value 16.3 km/L
0km/L

Waste processing Other
2.8%
0.3%

1,350

Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

1520(4) Fuel efficiency is JC08 test cycle-based (see page 18). (5) Targets were established assuming the same
shipment volume ratios by vehicle weight category for target years as those recorded in the years
showing the actual value of fuel efficiency performance.
Sources: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Improved powertrain
performance

Reducedrolling resistance– Expansion of lock-up area
– Expanded number oftransmission gears– Continuously variabletransmission– Low rolling-resistance tires

Other– Electric power steering– Idling prevention (stop-start)

Source: Ministry of the Environment

15

Attention to the Environment

Next-Generation Vehicles and CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities

In-Use Status of Next-Generation Vehicles
Since 2009, when the government’s tax incentive/subsidy programs for the purchase of eco-friendly vehicles were first
introduced, new registrations of (so-called in Japan) next-generation vehicles—including hybrid, plug-in hybrid, electric,
fuel cell, clean diesel, and other new-energy vehicles—had been steadily increasing. In 2020, however, new registrations ofthese vehicles shrank owing to the spread of COVID-19. Nevertheless, as a result of each automaker’s efforts to develop a
range of such models and despite the impact of the pandemic, the share of next-generation vehicles in new passenger car
registrations continues to expand yearly, reaching 49% in 2022. The more widespread use of these vehicles requires not
only further advances in vehicle and related technologies, but also, among other government initiatives, the establishmentof the necessary fuel/energy supply infrastructures and the continued provision of purchasing incentives.

● NEXT-GENERATION PASSENGER CAR NEW
REGISTRATIONS, 2008-2022
In vehicle units

Year
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

HybridvehiclesPlug-inhybridvehiclesElectric
vehicles000
15
10,96814,122
16,17814,1889,390
36,00423,23017,60914,68022,67737,719108,518
347,999481,221451,308
887,863921,045
1,058,402
1,074,926
1,275,560
1,385,343
1,431,856
1,472,281
1,346,842
1,434,719
1,450,582

0
1,078
2,442
12,607
13,46914,756
16,11010,467
15,29918,092
26,533
21,281
14,574
21,65858,786

Fuel cellvehicles
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
411
1,054
849
612
685
761
2,464
848

Clean
dieselvehicles
0
4,364
8,927
8,797
40,20175,43078,822
153,768
143,468
156,162
176,725
175,145
147,139
149,298
140,340

Total
108,518
353,441
492,590472,727
952,501
1,025,353
1,169,519
1,253,760
1,444,771
1,596,450
1,658,956
1,687,001
1,523,996
1,630,816
1,688,275● TRENDS IN NEXT-GENERATIONVEHICLE SHARE IN NEW PASSENGERCAR REGISTRATIONS
In %
45
40

34.8

35
25

20.8

20
15

9.0

10
0

11.7

22.5

2.6
2008 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Year

800

10

700

7
6
5
4

9.90
544
354 377 372

388

383

358

Compliance Status

Lead

As of January 2006, a 90% decrease or more from the 1996
level of 1,850 grams (i.e., a maximum permissible level of
185 grams).* For large commercial vehicles including buses,
a 75% decrease or more from the 1996 level.

All models have complied since January 2006.

*Batteries are exempt.

Mercury

As of January 2005, banned except for trace amounts insafety-related components such as:- Instrument panel displays- Liquid crystal displays in navigation devices- Discharge lamps- Fluorescent cabin lamps

All models have complied since January 2003.
Components listed here in the left column are now
mercury-free in all models.

Hexavalentchromium

Banned as of January 2008.

All models are in compliance.

Cadmium

Banned as of January 2007.

All models have complied since January 2006.

A Voluntary Approach to Reducing Vehicle Cabin VOCs

11

8

Restrictions

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association● FACILITY-GENERATED CO2 EMISSION VOLUMES, 1990-2021

418

Substance

13.4

Japan’s automakers, together with the member companies of the Japan Auto-Body Industries Association (JABIA),
have for years taken measures to reduce energy consumption and otherwise cut CO2 emissions at their production
plants. Having more recently expanded their voluntary CO2 reduction activities to also include administrative andresearch facilities, their combined facility-emitted CO2 in 2021 totalled 5.20 million tons (preliminary figure), down
20,000 tons from the previous year. With a revised target for 2030 of 4.63 million tons (down from the previous targetof 6.16 million tons), JAMA and JABIA member companies will strive for further CO2 reductions at their facilities.

9● RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF FOUR HEAVY METALS IN NEW VEHICLES & COMPLIANCE STATUS

24.9

CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities(x 1 million tons)

JAMA member manufacturers have, on a voluntary basis, eliminated the use of four heavy metals—lead, mercury,hexavalent chromium and cadmium—in new vehicles to reduce their environmental impact, particularly when they
are dismantled and processed at the end of their service life. Restrictions on the use of these substances inmotorcycles have been established separately.

49.0

29.7

30

5

36.4

40.0
44.4
37.8 39.2

Hazardous Substances

Voluntary Initiatives to Eliminate the Use of Four Heavy
Metals in Motor Vehicles

50

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

CO2 emissions

Attention to the Environment

323 326

2008 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1990
Fiscal year500

(x 1,000 tons CO2
per 1 trillion yen)

400

306
286
7.367.477.16
271 287
6.70
6.666.716.61
65.0
6.23
6.14
5.82
5.87
5.225.20

600

CO2 emissions/production
value

300
200

4.63
2030
(Target)1000Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

Established in January 2002 by Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, target values for indoor concentrationlevels of 13 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were amended in January 2019, with a view to enabling automakers,
on a voluntary basis, to meet the revised target values in all new-model vehicles marketed from January 2022. To
measure VOC concentration levels in vehicle cabin air, in-cabin test procedures developed by JAMA and covering
passenger cars as well as trucks and buses were introduced in 2005. However, in July 2012 JAMA member companies
adopted the global standard for testing in-cabin VOCs in passenger cars—namely, the ISO 12219-1 test procedure(revised in 2021)—established by the ISO that same month. Ten years later, JAMA member companies adopted theISO 12219-10 test procedure for measuring in-cabin VOCs in trucks and buses—formulated on the basis of a
JAMA-developed procedure—established by the ISO in 2022. The automakers at present continue to work toachieve further reductions in in-cabin VOC concentration levels.

● TARGET VALUES FOR INDOOR CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF 13 SUBSTANCES (VOCs)(revised in January 2019)
Substance

Target Value for
Indoor Concentration Level

Principal Sources

Formaldehyde
TolueneXyleneParadichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Styrene
Chlorpyrifos
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Tetradecane
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
Diazinon
Acetaldehyde
Fenobucarb

100 μg/m3 (0.08 ppm)
260 μg/m3 (0.07 ppm)
200 μg/m3 (0.05 ppm)
240 μg/m3 (0.04 ppm)
3,800 μg/m3 (0.88 ppm)
220 μg/m3 (0.05 ppm)
1 μg/m3 (0.07 ppb)
17 μg/m3 (1.5 ppb)
330 μg/m3 (0.04 ppm)
100 μg/m3 (6.3 ppb)
0.29 μg/m3 (0.02 ppb)
48 μg/m3 (0.03 ppm)
33 μg/m3 (3.8 ppb)

Adhesives for plywood, wallpaper, etc.
Adhesives/paints for interior finishing materials, furniture, etc.
Adhesives/paints for interior finishing materials, furniture, etc.
Moth repellents, lavatory air fresheners
Adhesives/paints for plywood, furniture, etc.
Insulation materials, bath units, tatami-mat core materials
Insecticides (esp. ant exterminators)
Paints, pigments, adhesives
Kerosene, paints
Wallpaper, flooring materials, wire-coating materials
Pesticides
Adhesives for construction materials, wallpaper, etc.
Insecticides (esp. termite exterminators)

Notes: 1. This voluntary initiative applies only to vehicles that are manufactured and sold in Japan. 2. The use of paradichlorobenzene, chlorpyrifos, diazinon and fenobucarb does not
apply to vehicle cabins.

16

Attention to the Environment

Recycling● THE ELV RECYCLING FLOW (as per the provisions of the End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Law)

Vehicle Recycling and Waste Reduction
Under Japan’s End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) Recycling Law which entered into force in January 2005, automobile
manufacturers and importers are responsible for recovery, recycling and appropriate disposal with respect tofluorocarbons, airbags, and automobile shredder residue (ASR). Compliance with the law was anticipated to enable
ASR to be recycled at a rate of 70% by 2015, resulting in an automobile recycling rate, by vehicle weight, of 95% (ascompared with the 80% rate prevailing prior to the introduction of the law); those rates were in fact surpassed in2008. Japan’s vehicle recycling infrastructure as mandated by its ELV Recycling Law is the first in the world toadminister the entire process of auto recycling—from ELV recovery to final disposal—on the basis of electronic“manifests” (or compliance checklists). In line with legislative provisions promoting the so-called 3R initiatives(“reduce, reuse, and recycle”), Japan’s automakers are also striving to design vehicles using lightweight materials
that are easy to dismantle and recycle, and to reduce and recycle waste generated in the manufacturing process. In
2021 the volume of auto plant-generated waste destined for landfill disposal totalled 400 tons. Having longsurpassed the target of 1,000 tons set for 2025, JAMA members will nevertheless continue to promote the reductionof plant-generated waste for landfill disposal.

ELV flow

Delegated Funds Management Entity (Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center)

Information flow

Payment of recovery, recycling and disposal costs

Fee remittance/
payment flows

Automobile Manufacturers/Importers/Delegated Organization(Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center)
Fluorocarbon
Disposal* Facilities

Recycling fee
remittances

Airbag
Disposal Facilities

Fluorocarbon & airbag disposal managed by
Japan Auto Recycling Partnership (JARP)

Purchasers ofUsed Vehicles

Fluorocarbons

ELV Recycling

For designated products (1):
- Weight reduction/
Downsizing- Longer product life
- Reduced use of hazardous
substances

For designated areas of activity:- Reduction/recycling ofdesignated waste products
generated in vehicle
manufacturing operations:
1) Scrap metals
2) Casting sand residue

Basic premise:- Environmentally responsible
vehicle design on the part ofautomobile manufacturers

For designated products (2):“Reuse” initiatives- Use of reusable/recyclable
materials- Ease of dismantling- Ease of sorting“Recycle” initiatives- Non-hazardous recycling- Total waste volume:*
1990 (baseline): 352,000 tons↓
2021: 400 tons
JAMA target:
1,000 tons by fiscal 2025

Distribution, Servicing and Use“Reduce” initiatives

Waste Management

ELV
Collectors

Recoverymanifests

Fluorocarbon
RecoveryOperators

ELVs

Dismantlers

ELVs

Deliverymanifests

Recoverymanifests

Fiscal Year

2021
(Actual)2022(Preliminary)

No. of ELVs recovered

3,042,462

2,739,421

Appropriate
recovery ofthreedesignateditems

Fluorocarbons

2,678,183

2,383,655

Airbags (1)2,644,525

2,377,639

ASR (2)

2,956,837

2,565,991(1) Through recovery/appropriate disposal of inflators or through onboard deactivation. (2) Covers
all categories of processors, whether for direct disposal or for transfer to other markets.
Sources: Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center;
Japan Auto Recycling Partnership; Toyotsu Recycle Corporation; “ART” group of companies

Shredder Residue
Processors

Shredding & Sorting Operators

Deliverymanifests

Inspection & registration verification (MOTAS)

Recoverymanifests

Deliverymanifests

Mini-vehicle inspection

Note: The Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center assumes the same responsibilities as automobile manufacturers and importers when an ELV has no manufacturer representation
under the provisions of this law. It also assumes transport-to-mainland costs for ELVs turned in on Japan’s smallest islands.

Digits represent

End-of-Life Motorcycle Processing(nationwide operations)

Delivery of end-of-life
dealer’s ID code.
motorcycle directly toa certified collection
Motorcycle Recycling Mark
center- Recovery and recycling of:1) Fluorocarbons
2) Airbags
3) ASR

Final
OwnersCertified
Collection
Centers (170)End-of-Life Motorcycle Dealers
Delivery of end-of-life
motorcycle toan ELV motorcycle
dealerVerificationof ownership
ELV Motorcycle
Dealer Designation

Verificationof recycling
documentation

Deliveryto certified
collection
centers

Disposal/
Recycling
Facilities(14)

Verificationof ownership
Verificationof recycling
documentation

Notes: 1. The only cost to final owners (where applicable) is for the delivery by ELV dealers of end-of-life motorcycles to certified collection centers. 2. The disposal of municipally-owned
Source: Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Centerend-of-life motorcycles requires advance approval by the Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center.

● RECYCLING RATES: TARGETED & ACHIEVED
Three Designated
Items
Fluorocarbons

Press & Shear
Operators

MOTAS: Japanese-derived acronym for “motor vehicle inspection and registration system”● REDUCTIONS IN PRODUCTION PLANT-GENERATED WASTE
500

In vehicle units

Recoverymanifests

Vehiclecarcasses● THE MOTORCYCLE RECYCLING FLOW

(1) Nineteen products including automobiles have been designated in this legislation as requiring “reduce” initiatives in their design. (2) Twenty-three products including automobiles
have been designated in this legislation as requiring “reuse” and “recycle” initiatives in their design.

● ELV RECOVERY IN NUMBERS

Deliverymanifests

Shredderresidue

To markets for recyclable
parts, metals, etc.

Delegated Information Management Entity (Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center)

Note: Motorcycles are not covered by
the ELV Recycling Law.

*For landfill disposal, including scrap
metals, casting sand residue, andother waste- Materials identification

DesignatedHandling Agent

Payment
for recovery● INDUSTRY MEASURES IN LINE WITH NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Product Design

DesignatedHandling Agent

Airbags
Payment
for recovery

Final Owners

End-of-Life Vehicle
Recycling Law

Shredder Residue
Recycling Facilities*Fluorocarbons are destroyed.

Purchasers of
New Vehicles

ELVs

Promotion of Effective Utilizationof Resources Law (the “3R” Law)

Shredder Residue
Recycling Facilities

TargetDestruction

Achieved
2.68 million
vehicle units (2021)

Airbags

85%

95% (2021)

ASR

2005: 30%
2010: 50%
2015: 70%

96-97.5% (2021)

Waste forlandfill
disposal(x 1,000 tons)

400

352

16.6 17.2

18.8 18.8 19.5

22.7

24.3
17.7 18.1

19.8
16.9

300

19.1

20.8

21.6

25
20.0 19.9

21.0 21.2 20.8
20

17.6
17.5

15

Total valueof vehicle
production
including
motorcycles(x 1 billion yen)

200
100
0

Sources: Government-affiliated entities

18.6

21.0

10

51

5
33 20
18 12

8

6

2 1.4 1 1.1 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4

101990 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 2025
Fiscal year
(Target)Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

17

Attention to the Environment

Emissions

Attention to the Environment

Measuring Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions

Global Harmonization in the Regulation of Vehicle
Exhaust Emissions

Japan’s Test Cycles for Measuring Fuel Consumption andExhaust Emissions

Japan’s vehicle exhaust emissions regulations have always been among the world’s most stringent, and its automakers
have worked very hard to develop the advanced technologies required to comply with them. As a result, NOx andother atmospheric pollutant levels have been, even in large urban areas, on a steady decline. Japan has participatedin international discussions on the global harmonization of emission test cycles and in 2010 introduced the UN test
cycle for motorcycle emissions. In 2018 Japan adopted the UN “WLTC” to measure emissions from newgasoline-powered passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, following its adoption in 2016 of the UN “WHTC” formeasuring diesel exhaust emissions from new heavy-duty vehicles (see corresponding notes below).

Japan not only promotes the international standardization of test cycles for measuring motor vehicle fuelconsumption and CO2 and other emissions but has actively contributed to the development of the Worldwide
Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle (also referred to as the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Test Cycle), or WLTC,
under the United Nations’ World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations. In line with that initiative, Japanis now in the process of replacing its JC08 test cycle for passenger cars and other non-heavy-duty vehicles with WLTC.
WLTC incorporates three driving cycles: the “urban, rural and expressway modes,” as they are called in Japanese.
The indication wherever necessary of fuel consumption rates measured in the three driving “modes” as well as theircertified mean (i.e., average) rate has been required since October 2018.

● MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS REGULATIONS IN JAPAN● COMPARISON OF WLTC AND THE JC08 TEST CYCLE FOR LIGHT VEHICLESCurrent Regulations

Vehicle Type
Gasolineand
LPG Vehicles

Passenger cars

Trucks and buses

Mini

Light-duty(GVW≤1.7t)
Medium-duty(1.7t<GVW≤3.5t)
Heavy-duty(GVW>3.5t)
Diesel Vehicles

Passenger cars (3)Trucks and buses

Motorcycles

Test cycleYearenforced

WLTC (g/km) (1)

2018

WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)

2018
2019

WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)

2019
2018

WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)

2018
2019

WLTC (g/km) (1)
JE05 (g/kWh)

2019
2009

WLTC (g/km) (1)2018Light-duty(GVW≤1.7t)

WLTC (g/km) (1)2018

Medium-duty(1.7t<GVW≤3.5t)

WLTC (g/km) (1)2019

Heavy-duty(GVW>3.5t)

WHTC (g/kWh)

2016

(4)

Class I, Class II, and Class III motorcycles (5) WMTC (g/km)
(6)

2020

Emission

WLTC

Regulatory
value (average)

CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM

1.15
0.10
0.05
0.005
4.02
0.10
0.05
0.005
1.15
0.10
0.05
0.005
2.55
0.15
0.07
0.007
16.0
0.23
0.7
0.010
0.63
0.024
0.15
0.005
0.63
0.024
0.15
0.005
0.63
0.024
0.24
0.007
2.22
0.17
0.4
0.010

CO

1.00

THC

0.10

NMHC

0.068

NOx

0.060

PM (2)

0.0045(1) WLTC: Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle, on the basis of values measured in cold-start state.
(2) PM values apply only to direct-injection, lean-burn vehicles.
(3) Small-sized diesel passenger cars have an equivalent inertia weight (EIW) of 1.25t (GVW of 1.265t) or less, and mid-sized diesel passenger cars have an EIW over 1.25t.
(4) WHTC: World Harmonized Transient Cycle, on the basis of (values measured in cold-start state) x 0.14 + (values measured in warm-start state) x 0.86.
(5) Class I motorcycles: Over 0.050L and under 0.150L in engine capacity with a maximum speed of ≤50km/h, or under 0.150L in engine capacity with a maximum speed of >50km/h and<100km/h. Equivalent to motor-driven cycles, Class 1 and Class 2.
Class II motorcycles: Under 0.150L in engine capacity with a maximum speed ≥100km/h and <130km/h, or 0.150L or over in engine capacity with a maximum speed of <130km/h.
Equivalent to mini-sized and small-sized motorcycles with a maximum speed of <130km/h.
Class III motorcycles: With a maximum speed of ≥130km/h. Equivalent to mini-sized and small-sized motorcycles with a maximum speed of ≥130km/h.
(6) WMTC: World Motorcycle Test Cycle.
Note: CO: Carbon monoxide; NMHC: Non-methane hydrocarbons; NOx: Nitrogen oxides; PM: Particulate matter; THC: Total hydrocarbons.
Sources: Ministry of the Environment; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Vehiclespeed(km/h)

Vehiclespeed(km/h)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Urban mode

0

200

400

Rural mode

600

Expressway mode

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600
Time (sec)

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600
Time (sec)

The JC08 Test Cycle

0

200

400

600

● HOW LIGHT-VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMPTION RATES (EXAMPLES) ARE INDICATED IN JAPANMeasured on the basis of WLTC

Measured on the basis of the JC08 test cycle

Fuel consumption rate (1) certified
by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism(2)

20.4 km/L

Urban mode (2)Rural mode (2)Expressway mode (2)15.2km/L
21.4km/L
23.2km/L(1) Fuel consumption rates are obtained on the basis of designated test conditions. In real-world
on-road driving, rates will vary as a result of multiple factors (weather and traffic conditions,driving behavior, use of air conditioner, etc.).
(2) WLTC is an international test cycle incorporating urban, rural and expressway driving cycles or“modes” with specific time durations designated for each mode.
Urban mode: (Assumptions) Low-speed driving characterized by frequent stops and starts
owing to numerous traffic signals and congestion
Rural mode: (Assumptions) Steady driving characterized by fewer stops and starts owing tofewer traffic signals and less congestion than in urban driving
Expressway driving mode: (Assumptions) High-speed driving typical of highway driving

Fuel consumption rate (1) certified
by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism

21.4 km/L(1) Fuel consumption rates are obtained on thebasis of designated test conditions.
In
real-world on-road driving, rates will vary as aresult of multiple factors (weather and traffic
conditions, driving behavior, use of air
conditioner, etc.).

18

TaxesTaxes on Automobiles

9 Trillion Yen in Annual Automobile-Related Tax Revenue● JAPAN’S ESTIMATED AUTOMOBILE-RELATED TAX REVENUE IN FISCAL 2023
Tax Revenue(x 100 million yen)

Since the initial earmarking of funds for road construction and road maintenance programs in line with Japan’s first
five-year road improvement plan in 1954, there has been a steady increase both in the number of
automobile-related taxes assessed on users and in their respective rates. Currently, the automobile tax structure
consists of nine different taxes, creating a very heavy tax burden for motor vehicle owners in Japan. Under thegovernment’s budget for fiscal 2023, the total value of tax revenue from these automobile-related taxes has been
estimated at 9.0 trillion yen, or 7.4% of Japan’s projected total tax revenue of 117 trillion yen in fiscal 2023.

Taxes onAutomobiles

Whilein useTaxes onFuels

● TAX REVENUE (Estimated) BY SOURCE IN FISCAL 2023
(as per Japan’s fiscal 2023 budget)
LPG tax100

Fixed
asset tax
97,631(8.3%)
Consumption
tax
270,366(23.0%)

Income tax
210,480(17.9%)

Other
254,827(21.9%)Breakdown ofAutomobile-Related
Tax Revenue (estimated)
86,859 (7.4%)

Regional
gasoline
excise tax
2,139Consumption tax(on automobiles)
19,180

Taxes on Taxes on
Fuels Automobiles
Total Total
41,680 45,179

Gasolinetax
19,990

Stamp tax
9,760
(0.8%)

Grand Total

0 to 3%¥2,500/0.5t/year

6,644(passenger cars for private use)

Duration

1958-60 Second
1961-63 Third
1964-66 Fourth

Tonnagetax
6,644

1967-69 Fifth
1970-72 Sixth

Duringownership

Mini-vehicle tax
3,002“Five-Year” Plan

1954-57 First

1973-77 Seventh
1978-82
1983-87
1988-92
1993-97
1998-2002
2003-07

FiscalYear

Acquisition
Tax

3,002
45,17919,990
2,139
9,275
100
10,176
41,68088,859¥24.3/L¥4.4/L
¥15.0/L

Environmental
PerformanceBased Tax

TonnageTax¥/0.5t/year

1954
1955
1956
1957
1959

[Commercial and1961 mini-vehicles
1964 excluded]
1966
1967
1968
3%
1970
1971
1974
5%
1976
1979

Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
1993
Eleventh
1998
TwelfthAs per the national priority
infrastructure development plan
2008- As per the national medium-termroad infrastructure plan
2010
2012
2014
2019
2023
Comparison with base tax rate
(multiplier value)

Automobiletax
15,141

Notes: 1. Automobile-related consumption tax revenue is not included in the “Consumption tax” segment in the chart on the left, but is included in the breakdown of automobile-related
tax revenue appearing in the chart on the right. 2. Automobile-related consumption tax revenue values (including the consumption tax revenue from automobile servicing, not shown but
included in figures here) have been calculated by JAMA. 3. The consumption tax is a national sales tax, of which 2.2% of the revenue is redistributed as revenue to local governments.
Sources: Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications[In the case of apassenger car for
private use]

On Acquisition[Commercial andmini-vehicles
excluded]

1.64¥48.6/L¥5.2/L¥32.1/L

2.00
1.18
2.14
1.00

3%
Abolished

Gasoline
Tax
¥/L
13.0
11.0

2.0

14.8

3.5

19.2

6.0
8.0

4.0
4.4

12.5
15.0

5
10

29.2
36.5
45.6

5.3
6.6
8.2

19.5
24.3

48.6

5.2

32.1

2.00

1.18

2.14

0 to 3%
1.64

1.00

1.00

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

While in Use

Consumption Tax

Tonnage Tax

Automobile Tax

Mini-Vehicle Tax

HowAssessed

Assessed on the purchase price of an
automobile, whether new or used,based on its environmental performance

Assessedonthepurchase price of theautomobile

Assessed according to vehicle weight at each mandatory vehicle
inspection

Fixed amount assessed on theowner each year as of April 1

Fixed amount assessed on theowner each year as of April 1

Assessed on gasoline

Prefectural and municipal tax

National and local tax

National tax

Prefectural tax

Municipal tax

National tax(Private use)
- 0 to 3% of purchase price(0 to 2% for commercial vehicles andmini-vehicles)- Exempted for vehicles purchasedfor ¥500,000 or less

10% (of which 2.2%
is a local tax)

1) Eco-friendly vehicles, e.g.:¥2,500/0.5t/year (= base rate) for private-use passenger cars
2) Vehicles on the road 18 years or longer since first registration:¥6,300/0.5t/year for private-use passenger cars
3) Vehicles on the road 13 years or longer since first registration:¥5,700/0.5t/year for private-use passenger cars
4) Other vehicles for private use:
- Passenger cars: ¥4,100/0.5t/year- Trucks (GVW>2.5t): ¥4,100/t/year; Trucks (GVW≤2.5t): ¥3,300/t/year- Buses: ¥4,100/t/year; Mini-vehicles: ¥3,300/year- Motorcycles (251cc and over): ¥1,900/year- Motorcycles (126 to 250cc): ¥4,900 upon registration

Passenger cars for private use:
Up to 1,000cc ¥25,000/year- 1,001 to 1,500cc ¥30,500/year- 1,501 to 2,000cc ¥36,000/year- 2,001 to 2,500cc ¥43,500/year- 2,501 to 3,000cc ¥50,000/year- 3,001 to 3,500cc ¥57,000/year- 3,501 to 4,000cc ¥65,500/year- 4,001 to 4,500cc ¥75,500/year- 4,501 to 6,000cc ¥87,000/year
Over 6,000cc ¥110,000/year

1) Mini-vehicles for private use:
- Passenger cars ¥10,800/year- Trucks¥5,000/year¥48.6/L

Note: Above tax rates apply to new private-use
passenger cars registered on or after October
1, 2019.

LPG Tax
¥/kg

10.4

22.1
24.3

During Ownership

Note: For eco-friendly vehicles, reductions/exemptions apply to the tonnage tax (see pages
20 and 21).

Regional Gasoline
DieselExcise Tax
Handling Tax
¥/L
¥/L

6,300
5,000
4,100 (2,500*)

Environmental
Performance-Based Tax

Note: Highly fuel-efficient vehicles as well as
electrified and other designated vehicles are
exempted from the tax.

1.00

17.5

2,500
5,000
6,300

Tax Category

Tax Rate/
Amount(passenger cars for private use)

¥17.5/kg
10%

Base tax rate
*The base tonnage tax rate (¥2,500/0.5t/year as of May 1, 2023) is applied only to eco-friendly private-use passenger cars.

● AUTOMOBILE-RELATED TAXES IN JAPAN (as of May 1, 2023)

National/Local Tax

0 to 3% (commercial and mini-vehicles excluded)
10%¥4,100/0.5t/year

Based on engine capacity(e.g., for 1,001≤1,500cc passenger cars for private use, ¥30,500/year; see below)¥10,800/year (passenger cars for private use)

15,141

Mini-vehicle tax
Total
Gasoline tax
Regional gasoline excise tax
Diesel handling tax
LPG tax
Consumption tax (on fuels)
Total

Comparison with Base Tax
Rate (multiplier value)

Notes: 1. Consumption tax revenue values (including the consumption tax revenue from automobile servicing, not shown but included in figures here) have been calculated by JAMA.
2. Current tax rates effective as of May 1, 2023.

Onacquisition

Whilein useLiquor tax
11,800(1.0%)

x 100 million yen

1,212
19,180Current Tax Rate

● TAX RATES IN EFFECT (Examples), 1954-2023, TO SUPPORT ROAD NETWORK IMPROVEMENTS

Consumptiontax (on fuels)
10,176

Dieselhandling
tax
9,275

Corporate tax
231,318(19.7%)

Total Tax
Revenue(national andlocal taxes)
1,173,041(100%)

Environmental
performance-based tax
1,212

Environmental performance-based tax
Onacquisition Consumption tax (on automobiles)
Tonnage tax
Duringownership
Automobile tax

Base Tax Rate(for reference)

Note: Above tax rates apply to newvehicles registered in or after fiscal 2015
and took effect from fiscal 2016.

2) Motorcycles- Up to 50cc
- 51 to 90cc
- 91 to 125cc- 126 to 250cc- 251cc and over

¥2,000/year¥2,000/year¥2,400/year¥3,600/year¥6,000/year

Note: For some eco-friendly mini-vehicles, reductions
apply to the mini-vehicle tax (see page 22).

Gasoline
Tax

Regional Gasoline
Excise Tax

DieselHandling Tax

LPG Tax

Assessed on light oil

Assessed on LPG

Assessed on
the purchaseprice of fuels

Prefectural tax

National tax

National and local tax¥32.1/L(light oil)¥17.5/kg(LPG)

10% of thepurchase priceof fuels (ofwhich 2.2% isa local tax)

Included in the fuel price¥5.2/L

Consumption
Tax[For light oil,
imposed on
the light oil
priceexcluding thedieselhandling tax]
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

19

TaxesTax Incentive Measures

Tax Incentives to Promote the Wider Use of Eco-Friendly
VehiclesTo help expedite the shift to low-carbon road transport in the interest of curbing global warming and to help
improve air quality, the Japanese government has, since April 2009, applied automobile-related tax incentives topromote the wider use of eco-friendly vehicles. The tonnage tax incentive scheme that is currently in effect for all
vehicle types will remain so through December 31, 2023. From January 1, 2024, however, a revised scheme—basedon tax reform measures adopted in fiscal 2023—will extend tonnage tax incentives through April 30, 2025 or April
30, 2026, depending on vehicle type. Moreover, the emissions and fuel efficiency criteria determining specifictonnage tax reductions/exemptions will, on the whole, become more stringent.

INCENTIVES & ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS● TONNAGE TAX REDUCTIONS/EXEMPTIONSPeriod in effect: May 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023.

4. Mid-Sized Trucks (2.5t<GVW≤3.5t)

1. Passenger Cars
Requirements• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (complying with 2018 emission standards)• Plug-in hybrid vehicles• Clean diesel passenger cars

When Imposed

Reductions/Exemptions@ Initial & firstvehicleinspections

Exempt (1)(including hybrids)• Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Exempt (2), (4)Fuel efficiency@ Initial vehicle
inspection

60%

75%

25%
reduction50%
reduction

90%
Exempt120%
Exempt (4)2. Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses (GVW>3.5t)
Requirements• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission
standards)• Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Diesel vehicles

Reductions/Exemptions

105%@ Initial vehicle
inspection

50%
reduction

110%

110%

115%

Down by 75% from 2005 standards or
Down by 50% from 2018 standards

50%
reduction

75%
reduction

ExemptDown by 50% from 2005 standards or
Down by 25% from 2018 standardsNo
incentive

50%
reduction

75%
reduction50%
reduction

75%
reduction

ExemptNo
incentive

50%
reduction

75%
reduction

NOx and PM emissions down by 10%
from 2009 standards orCompliant with 2018 emission standards

Requirements

75%
reduction

Exempt• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission
standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)

Gasoline vehicles

standards)

Gasoline vehicles

Diesel vehicles(including hybrids)

2020 Fuel Efficiency Standards
Compliant

Down by 75% from 2005 standards or
Down by 50% from 2018 standards

75%
reduction

Down by 50% from 2005 standards or
Down by 25% from 2018 standards

50%
reduction

Compliant with 2009 emission standards@ Initial & firstvehicleinspections

Exempt (1)Fuel efficiency

Down by 75% from 2005 standards or
Down by 50% from 2018 standards

Exempt (1)Emissions level

NOx and PM emissions down by 10%
from 2009 standards orCompliant with 2018 emission standards

Reductions/Exemptions

2015 Fuel Efficiency Standards

Emissions level

Reductions/Exemptions@ Initial & firstvehicleinspections

Fuel efficiency(including hybrids)

When Imposed(including hybrids)

When Imposed• Plug-in hybrid vehicles@ Initial vehicle
inspection

5. Small Trucks (GVW≤2.5t)

115%

3. Small and Mid-Sized Buses (GVW≤3.5t)• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission

2015 Fuel Efficiency Standards
105%• Plug-in hybrid vehicles

Requirements

Exempt (1)Exempt (1)2015 Fuel Efficiency Standards

Emissions level@ Initial & firstvehicleinspections

Compliant with 2009 emission standards@ Initial & firstvehicleinspections

Fuel efficiency

Compliant with 2016 emission standards

Gasoline vehicles(including hybrids)(including hybrids)(including hybrids)

Reductions/Exemptions

Emissions level

Diesel vehicles
When Imposed

When Imposed

Fuel efficiency

2030 Fuel Efficiency Standards (3)Emissions level
Down by 50% from 2018 standards• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission
standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)(complying with 2009 or 2018 emission standards)

Gasoline vehicles/
LPG vehicles

Requirements@ Initial vehicle
inspection

105%

115%

120%

125%

25%
reduction50%
reduction

75%
reduction

Exempt(1) An initial inspection is mandated for a new vehicle purchase; exemption at the time of first vehicle inspection post-purchase applies only when the new inspection certificate is issued
within 15 days following expiration of the old certificate. (2) Only vehicles complying with 2020 fuel efficiency standards will be exempt. (3) Only vehicles complying with 2020 fuelefficiency standards are eligible for the reductions/exemptions shown here. (4) Vehicles compliant 120% with 2030 fuel efficiency standards will also be exempt at the time of first vehicle
inspection post-purchase (exemption applies only when the new inspection certificate is issued within 15 days following expiration of the old certificate).

110%
Exempt75%
reduction

75%
reduction50%
reduction@ Initial vehicle
inspection

105%

ExemptExempt75%
reduction

Exempt20

TaxesTax Incentive Measures● TONNAGE TAX REDUCTIONS/EXEMPTIONSPeriod in effect: January 1, 2024 through April 30, 2025.

5. Small Trucks (GVW≤2.5t)

1. Passenger Cars
When Imposed

Requirements• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (complying with 2018 emission standards)• Plug-in hybrid vehicles@ Initial & firstvehicleinspections

70%(including hybrids)

Clean diesel
vehiclesCompliant with 2018 emission standards(including hybrids)

standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)

2030 Fuel Efficiency Standards (2)Emissions level
Down by 50% from 2018 standards• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission

Exempt (1)Fuel efficiency

Gasoline vehicles/
LPG vehicles

Requirements

Reductions/Exemptions

80%

90%

120%

• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission
standards)• Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Diesel vehicles@ Initial vehicle
inspection@ Initial vehicle
inspection

25%
reduction50%
reduction

ExemptReductions/Exemptions@ Initial & firstvehicleinspections

Exempt (1)Exempt (3)2015 Fuel Efficiency Standards

Emissions level@ Initial vehicle
inspection

105%

110%

115%

25%
reduction50%
reduction

ExemptGasoline vehicles/
LPG vehicles(including hybrids)

Compliant

Down by 50% from 2018 standards

75%
reduction@ Initial vehicle
inspection

Compliant with 2018 emission standards

50%
reduction

105%

75%
reduction

ExemptExemptDown by 50% from 2018 standards(including hybrids)

Diesel vehicles(including hybrids)

Compliant with 2018 emission standards@ Initial vehicle
inspection

ExemptExempt
Under
60%

Down by 75% from 2005 standards or
Down by 50% from 2018 standards

60%

65%

Passenger cars

3%2%Mini-vehicles

2%

1%

75%

85%

1%

Compliant

ExemptExemptPeriod in effect: January 1, 2024 through March 31, 2025.
Environmental Performance-Based Tax Reductions/Exemptions for Private-Use Passenger Vehicles(including mini- and used vehicles)
Tax Rates/Exemptions• Plug-in hybrid vehicles

Passenger cars,
Mini-vehicles

ExemptPassenger cars

Exempt2030 Fuel Efficiency Standards (2)Fuel efficiency

Exempt (1)

60%

70%

80%

Passenger cars

3%

2%

1%

Mini-vehicles

2%

1%

ExemptPassenger cars

1%

0.5%

ExemptEmissions level2022 Fuel Efficiency Standards

Emissions level

Down by 25% from 2018 standards

Exempt2030 Fuel Efficiency Standards (2)Emissions levelstandards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)

Reductions/Exemptions@ Initial & firstvehicleinspections

Fuel efficiency

Gasoline vehicles

75%
reduction

Passenger cars

• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission
When Imposed• Plug-in hybrid vehicles

50%
reduction

Fuel efficiency

110%

4. Mid-Sized Trucks (2.5t<GVW≤3.5t)

standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)

25%
reduction

Passenger cars,
Mini-vehicles

Requirements• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission

105%

Exempt75%
reduction(including hybrids)

Requirements

Compliant

Tax Rates/Exemptions• Plug-in hybrid vehicles • Clean diesel vehicles (1)Exempt (1)Emissions level

Down by 25% from 2018 standards

95%

Period in effect: April 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023.
Environmental Performance-Based Tax Reductions/Exemptions for Private-Use Passenger Vehicles(including mini- and used vehicles)2020 Fuel Efficiency Standards(including hybrids)

Diesel vehicles

Reductions/Exemptions@ Initial & firstvehicleinspections

Fuel efficiency

Gasoline vehicles@ Initial vehicle
inspection90%– From October 1, 2019, an automotive environmental performance-based tax came into effect as an adjunct provision to the automobile tax and themini-vehicle tax. It is imposed at the time of vehicle (passenger car, mini-vehicle, heavy-duty vehicle, etc.) purchase and calculated on the basis of thevehicle’s environmental (i.e., fuel efficiency, emissions) performance and its purchase price.
– The tax applies to both new and used vehicles, with the exception of vehicles purchased for ¥500,000 or less, which are exempted from the tax.
– The fuel efficiency and other environmental performance criteria on the basis of which the tax’s varying rates (e.g., from 0% to 3% for passenger
vehicles and from 0% to 2% for commercial vehicles and mini-vehicles) have been determined are in line with criteria established in Japan’s Energy
Conservation Law. Highly fuel-efficient as well as electrified and other designated vehicles are exempted from the tax.

standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)

When Imposed• Plug-in hybrid vehicles

2022 Fuel Efficiency Standards(1) An initial inspection is mandated for a new vehicle purchase; exemption at the time of first vehicle inspection post-purchase applies only when the new inspection certificate is issued
within 15 days following expiration of the old certificate. (2) Only vehicles complying with 2020 fuel efficiency standards are eligible for the reductions/exemptions shown here. (3)Vehicles compliant 120% with 2030 fuel efficiency standards will also be exempt at the time of first vehicle inspection post-purchase (exemption applies only when the new inspection
certificate is issued within 15 days following expiration of the old certificate).

• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission

3. Small and Mid-Sized Buses (GVW≤3.5t)

standards)

Fuel efficiency

Requirements

Period in effect: January 1, 2024 through April 30, 2026.

• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission

Exempt (1)(including hybrids)

Down by 50% from 2018 standards

When Imposed

Fuel efficiency

Requirements@ Initial & firstvehicleinspections● ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE-BASED TAX REDUCTIONS/EXEMPTIONS(including hybrids)

Compliant with 2016 emission standards

Gasoline vehicles

Reductions/Exemptions

Emissions level

2. Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses (GVW>3.5t)
Requirements• Plug-in hybrid vehicles

When Imposed

90%

95%

Compliant50%
reduction

75%
reduction

Exempt25%
reduction50%
reduction

75%
reduction50%
reduction

75%
reduction

ExemptGasoline vehicles/
LPG vehicles

Down by 75% from 2005 standards or
Down by 50% from 2018 standards

85%

Compliant
Exempt(including hybrids)

Clean diesel
vehicles(including hybrids)

Compliant with 2009 emission standards orCompliant with 2018 emission standards(1) Only clean diesel vehicles complying with 2020 fuel efficiency standards and compliant 60% with 2030 fuel efficiency standards will be exempt. (2) Only vehicles complying with 2020
fuel efficiency standards are eligible for the reductions/exemptions shown here.

21

Tax Incentive Measures

Taxes● TONNAGE TAX & ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE-BASED TAX REDUCTIONS
for Vehicles Equipped with Eligible Advanced Safety Feature (ASV) Systems

Automobile-Related Taxes Are Onerous

Tonnage tax: May 1, 2023 through April 30, 2026.
Environmental performance-based tax: April 1, 2023 through March 31, 2025.
Reductions
Vehicle Type

Eligible ASV system
Automatic emergency braking system (AEBS)
with pedestrian collision avoidance function

・Trucks (GVW>3.5t)
・Tractors (GVW>3.5t)
・BusesTonnage Tax

Environmental Performance-Based Tax

25% reduction¥1.75 million deduction from purchase priceTonnage tax: May 1, 2023 through April 30, 2024.
Environmental performance-based tax: April 1, 2023 through April 30, 2024.
Reductions
Vehicle Type

Period in effectEligible ASV system

Tonnage Tax

Consider the case of a passenger car costing 2.69 million yen when purchased new and providing 13 years of service
to the original owner for private use. During that period, six different categories of taxes (including consumption
tax at the time of vehicle purchase and on fuel) will be assessed on the owner/user, amounting to a grand total ofroughly 1.8 million yen. In addition to these various taxes, the user will also be required to pay onerous expressway
tolls, automobile insurance premiums (mandatory and optional), a recycling fee, periodic inspection fees, andmaintenance costs.

Environmental Performance-Based Tax

80

Blind spot information system (BSIS)

Heavy-duty truck (GVW>8t)
Heavy-duty truck (GVW>8t) [tow truck]

25% reduction¥1.75 million deduction from purchase price70

AEBS and BSIS

Heavy-duty truck (GVW>8t)
Heavy-duty truck (GVW>8t) [tow truck]

50% reduction¥3.5 million deduction from purchase price60● TONNAGE TAX & ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE-BASED TAX REDUCTIONS/EXEMPTIONS
for Public-Use Assisted-Mobility Vehicles (AMVs)
The tax reductions/exemptions detailed below are applied only once, on initial inspection mandated for new vehicle purchase.

Period in effectTonnage tax: May 1, 2021 through March 31, 2024.
Environmental performance-based tax: April 1, 2023 through March 31, 2025.

Tonnage Tax

Low-floor (“non-step”) buses (1)Airport shuttle buses¥8 million deduction from purchase price

Other

Exempt¥6.5 million deduction from purchase priceBuses with <30-person occupancy equipped with an electric lift (1)¥2 million deduction from purchase price

Universal design-based taxis (2)¥1 million deduction from purchase priceSpecial Automobile Tax Reductions (Passenger Cars and Trucks & Buses)• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles • Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10%
from 2009 emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards) • Plug-in hybrid vehicles

For commercial use

Gasoline vehicles/LPG vehicles(including hybrids)

Compliant 90% with 2030 fuel efficiency standards, with emissions downby 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards (2)Diesel vehicles(including hybrids)

Compliant 90% with 2030 fuel efficiency standards andCompliant with 2009 or 2018 emission standards (2)Gasoline vehicles/LPG vehicles(including hybrids)

Compliant 70% with 2030 fuel efficiency standards, with emissions downby 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards (2)Diesel vehicles(including hybrids)

Compliant 70% with 2030 fuel efficiency standards andCompliant with 2009 or 2018 emission standards (2)Trucks & Buses• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles • Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10%
from 2009 emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards) • Plug-in hybrid vehicles

Reduction (1)75% reduction

20

Mini-Trucks

For private use
For commercial use• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles • Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10%
from 2009 emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)

For commercial use

Gasoline
vehicles(including
hybrids)

2.2

18.3

10
0

Value
added tax
51.1

Value
added tax
53.8
Automobile
tax
34.0

50% reduction

Compliant 70% with 2030 fuel efficiency standards, with emissions down by 75%
from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards (2)25% reduction• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles • Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10%
from 2009 emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)

75% reduction*Applies only to three- or four-wheeled mini-vehicles at the time of new vehicle registration.
(1) Reductions effective on initial inspection mandated for new vehicle purchase are applied in the fiscal year following the year of purchase. This scheme also mandates a yearly 20% surcharge on
the mini-vehicle tax for mini-vehicles on the road 13 years or longer since first registration. (2) Only vehicles complying with 2020 fuel efficiency standards are eligible for the reductions shown
here.

Consumption Tonnage
tax
tax
14.2
4.3

Automobile
tax
11.3

Registration
tax
4.9

Retail tax Automobile
23.9
tax
2.2

Environmental
performancebased tax
1.3

Minicar
tax
14.0

(On
(Duringacquisition) ownership)(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)

Japan

UK

Germany

FranceU.S.A.

Japan (Minicar)

Assumptions: 1) Engine capacity: 2000cc. 2) GVW≤1.5t. 3) Purchase price: ¥2.69 million (¥1.42 million for a minicar). 4) Fuel consumption (JC08 test cycle-based): 21.4km/L (CO2emissions: 108g/km). 5) France = Paris; U.S.A. = New York City. 6) France: Vehicle in no. 8 horsepower “class.” 7) Service life: 13 years. 8) Currency exchange rates (April 2021-March2022 averages): EUR 1 = JPY 132, GBP 1 = JPY 158, USD 1 = JPY 113.
Notes: 1. Figures here are based on tax rates in effect as of April 2022. 2. Figures here do not take into account applicable incentives/surcharges, such as tax incentives for eco-friendly
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
vehicles in Japan, if any.

● TAXES ASSESSED ON PASSENGER CAR OWNERSHIP AND USE (PRIVATE) IN JAPAN(assuming a 13-year service life)
2nd to 13th year
1st year(on acquisition)

2,364,530(504,680)

468,000(36,000)

600,000
400,000
200,000
0

269,000(269,000)
24,200(24,200)

159,900(36,900)

In yen2,690,000

1,000,000

75% reduction

Compliant 90% with 2030 fuel efficiency standards, with emissions down by 75%
from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards (2)

x 29

(On
(Duringacquisition) ownership)

800,000

Reduction (1)Value
added tax
53.8

(On
(Duringacquisition) ownership)

75% reduction

Special Mini-Vehicle Tax Reductions (Minicars and Mini-Trucks)*
Minicars

11.3

Environmental
performancebased tax
2.4

1,200,000(1) Reductions effective on initial inspection mandated for new vehicle purchase are applied in the fiscal year following the year of purchase. This scheme also mandates a yearly 15%(10% for trucks and buses) surcharge on the automobile tax for gasoline and LPG-powered vehicles on the road 13 years or longer, and for diesel vehicles on the road 11 years or longer,
since first registration. (2) Only vehicles complying with 2020 fuel efficiency standards are eligible for the reductions shown here.

Requirements

34.0

Automobile(engineConsumption capacitytax
based) tax
26.9
46.8

1,400,000

50% reduction

62.8

631,800(48,600)
400,400(30,800)
67,600(5,200)205,400(15,800)

127,230(27,180) 11,000(11,000)

ns
(o um
n p
au tio
to n
m ta
ob x
pe E
ile
rfo nv)
rm ironan mce- enba tal
sed
To
tax
nn
ag
e
Au
ta
to
x
m
ca ob
pa ilecit (ey-b ngas ine
ed
)t
G
ax
as
ol
in
e
ta
x
ga
so R
lin egCo e ex ion
ci alns
um se taxpt
io
(o n ta
n x
Ex
fu
pr
el
es
)
sw
ay
to
lls
M
an
d
in ato
su r
ra y
nc
Re
e
cy
cl
in
g
fe
e

For private use
For commercial use

Total during
ownership

x 5.5

Co

Requirements
Passenger
Cars

Total during
ownership

40(1) For use in public/charter transport. (2) For use in public transport.

● FISCAL 2023 & 2024 SPECIAL AUTOMOBILE TAX AND SPECIAL MINI-VEHICLE TAX REDUCTIONS

Total during
ownership

x 1.8¥10 million deduction from purchase priceBuses with ≥30-person occupancy
equipped with an electric lift (1)Total during
ownership

50

30
Environmental Performance-Based Tax

Total during
ownership

Tonnagetax
16.0

Reductions/Exemptions

Vehicle Type & Requirements

x 10,000 yen(Vehicle service life: 13 years)● INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TAXESBa
N se
pu ew lin
rc ve e =ha h
se icleprice

The tax reductions detailed below are applied only once, on initial inspection mandated for new vehicle purchase.

Period in effect

The Burden on Motor Vehicle Users

To
ta
l

Taxes

Assumptions: 1) A passenger car with 2000cc engine capacity and purchase price of ¥2.69 million (retail price, excluding consumption tax). 2) GVW≤1.5t. 3) Annual fuel consumption:
1,000 liters. 4) Tonnage tax imposed yearly, but collected only at time of mandatory vehicle inspection. 5) Tax amounts reflect rates in effect at April 1, 2022. 6) Consumption tax = 10%of retail price. 7) The recycling fee indicated is the average rate for a 2000cc passenger car.
Notes: 1. Estimated expressway tolls, mandatory insurance premium payments and recycling fee are included here because they can be considered similar to taxes. (Mandatory insurance
premium values indicated in effect at April 1, 2022.) 2. Value of expressway tolls was estimated by JAMA based on expressway toll revenue in 2020.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

22

Vehicle-Based Systems

Driver’s Licenses and the Driving Population

Vehicle-Based Systems

Motor Vehicle Classification

81.84 Million People Hold Driver’s Licenses

Classifications According to the Road Vehicles Act and the Road Traffic Act

At the end of 2022 there were 81.84 million people, or 44.33 million men and 37.51 million women, holding valid
driver’s licenses in Japan. The number of driver’s licenses held totalled 125.41million (with one count allotted toeach vehicle category covered, whenever a license covers multiple vehicle categories). By license category, Class 2
licenses were held by 1.76 million people, or 1.69 million men and 70,000 women, and Class 1 licenses by 123.65
million people, or 78.74 million men and 44.91 million women.

Japan classifies motor vehicles according to the provisions of two basic laws: the Road Vehicles Act and the Road
Traffic Act. Road Vehicles Act classifications are used for registration statistics, vehicle inspection, and related
maintenance and repair, while Road Traffic Act classifications determine the different categories of driver’s licenses.
Vehicle registration number/character combinations are determined by vehicle type and usage in accordance with
Road Vehicles Act designations. “Vanity” number plates are obtainable nationwide and illustrated vanity plates are
obtainable in designated regions.

● GENDER TRENDS IN DRIVER’S LICENSE HOLDERS (at end of every calendar year)
Year

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

Number of persons

2021

2022

Men

45,463,791 45,430,245 45,344,259 45,255,994 45,133,771 44,994,702 44,778,696 44,596,553 44,459,560 44,330,965

Women

36,396,221 36,645,978 36,805,749 36,949,917 37,121,424 37,320,222 37,379,732 37,393,334 37,435,999 37,509,584

Total

81,860,012 82,076,223 82,150,008 82,205,911 82,255,195 82,314,924 82,158,428 81,989,887 81,895,559 81,840,549● TOTAL NUMBER OF LICENSES HELD, BY YEAR & LICENSE/VEHICLE CATEGORY
Year
Class 2
Licenses

Class 1
Licenses

Number of licenses held

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Large motor vehicle

942,526

919,242896,127

871,492

847,769

824,732

802,143

Middle-category motor vehicle

873,879

1,055,123

1,001,038

944,325

893,513844,567

795,254

Ordinary motor vehicle

234,070

13,31829,35845,10356,94367,61180,082Large special-purpose vehicle

42,99742,302

41,56040,91340,31339,85239,331

Traction vehicle

48,13447,32546,44645,61444,844

44,23143,537

Subtotal

2,141,606

2,077,310

2,014,529

1,947,447

1,883,382

1,820,993

1,760,347

Large motor vehicle

5,143,533

5,086,713

5,027,351

4,959,169

4,894,263

4,834,110

4,768,441

Middle-category motor vehicle

68,813,808

67,870,730

66,958,774

65,855,860

64,726,907

63,607,787

62,549,043

Quasi-middle-category motor vehicle—

11,739,992

11,707,930

11,686,402

11,676,958

11,668,068

11,671,635

Ordinary motor vehicle

11,473,646

905,528

2,067,271

3,207,204

4,337,710

5,528,416

6,651,593

Large special-purpose vehicle

2,475,520

2,471,164

2,466,107

2,453,392

2,481,852

2,506,325

2,512,938

Traction vehicle

1,182,806

1,187,003

1,191,690

1,195,020

1,200,999

1,208,338

1,211,565

Large two-wheeler

9,799,816

9,466,072

9,126,995

8,764,619

8,451,156

8,170,421

7,898,087

Ordinary two-wheeler

9,877,616

9,994,091

10,116,497

10,242,096

10,378,351

10,545,288

10,710,385

394,952

367,603

341,013314,838

292,244

272,106

253,431

Motorized bicycle

16,450,534

16,291,972

16,142,848

15,950,023

15,754,030

15,575,693

15,420,927

Subtotal

125,612,231 125,380,868 125,146,476 124,628,623 124,194,470 123,916,552 123,648,045

Small special-purpose vehicle

Total

127,753,837 127,458,178 127,161,005 126,576,070 126,077,852 125,737,545 125,408,392

Note: In the above figures, one count is allotted to each vehicle category covered, whenever a license covers multiple vehicle categories.

● CLASS 1 LICENSES AND THE VEHICLE CATEGORIES THEY COVER
Class 1 Licenses
Vehicle Category

Large
motor
vehicleMiddleQuasi-middle- Ordinary Large special- Large
category
category
motor
purposetwomotor vehicle motor vehicle vehicle
vehiclewheeler

Large motor vehicle●

Middle-category motor vehicle●●

Quasi-middle-category motor vehicle

●

●

●

Ordinary motor vehicle

●

●

●

Ordinary
Small specialOrdinary
Motorized
twopurpose
two-wheeler
bicyclewheeler (51cc-125cc)
vehicleStandard● CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE ROAD TRAFFIC ACT(for driver’s license issuance)

Over 2,000cc in engine capacity,
excluding diesel engines

Large

Middle Category

Quasi-Middle Category

Gross vehicle weight: ≥11 tons
Payload: ≥6.5 tons
or Occupancy: ≥30 persons

Gross vehicle weight: 7.5≤tons<11Payload: 4.5≤tons<6.5
or Occupancy: 11≤persons<30

Gross vehicle weight: 3.5≤tons<7.5
Payload: 2≤tons<4.5Over2mOver 1.7m

Small

Over 4.7m

Over 660cc to 2,000cc in engine
capacity, excluding diesel engines

2m
and
under

Large/Small Special-Purpose Motor Vehicles
Motor vehicles with caterpillar treads such as steamrollers,
graders, snowplows, tractors, etc. Small special-purpose motor
vehicles are those of up to 15km/h in maximum speed, up to
4.7m in length, up to 2m in height,* and up to 1.7m in width.

*Devices such as the overhead guard installed on small special-purpose vehicles should not exceed 2.8m.

● CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORCYCLESOver 1.48m to 1.7m

Mini

OrdinaryMotor vehicles that do not meet theclassification requirements for large,
middle-category, quasi-middle-category orlarge/small special-purpose motor vehicles,
or for large or ordinary motorcycles.

Road Vehicles Act

Over 3.4m to 4.7m

660cc and under in engine capacity

2m
and
under

Category
Small-sized
Mini-sized

Width
Engine Capacity Rated Output
Over 250cc
Over 1.0kW
Over 1.3m
126cc to 250cc Over 1.0kW
1.3m and under

HeightOver 2.0m
2.0m and under

LengthOver 2.5m
2.5m and underMotor-driven cycle Class 2
Motor-driven cycle Class 1

51cc to125cc
50cc and under

2.0m and under
2.0m and under

2.5m and under
2.5m and underOver 0.6kW to 1.0kW 1.3m and under
0.6kW and under 1.3m and under

Road Traffic Act

1.48m and under

3.4m and underNote: A vehicle that exceeds any one of the requisites
above is classified in the higher category; the Road
Vehicles Act also establishes the categories of large andsmall special-purpose vehicles.

Category
Large
Ordinary

Engine Capacity
Over 400cc
51cc to 400cc

Rated Output
Over 20.0kW
Over 0.6kW to 20.0kW

Motorized bicycle

50cc and under

0.6kW and underNote: A motorcycle that exceeds any one of the requisites above is classified in the higher category.

● SIGNIFICANCE OF VEHICLE REGISTRATION DATA & NUMBER PLATE TYPES
Large-Sized Number Plates
Larger-than-standard-size plates are issued tovehicles weighing 8 tons or more, with payload of
5 tons or more, or 30-person or more occupancy.
Mid-Sized Number PlatesStandard-size plates are issued to standard and small
vehicles and mini-vehicles with engine capacity of morethan 360cc, whether for private or commercial business use.
Small-Sized Number Plates
Small-size plates are issued to small- and mini-sized
motorcycles and mini-vehicles with engine capacity of
360cc or less, excluding those designated with any one of
the 40-to-49, 50-to-59 or 80-to-89 number categories.

22cm
x
44cm
16.5cmx
33cm
12.5cmx
23cm

Motor Vehicle Registry Designation:
Kanji indicate geographical area ofvehicle registration.

●●

Large two-wheeler (over 400cc)●

126cc-400cc

●

●

●

●

●

Small special-purpose vehicle

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

Motorized bicycle (50cc & under)

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

51cc-125cc●●

Note: The ordinary motor vehicle and large two-wheeler license categories include licenses restricted to automatic transmission (AT) cars/motorcycles; the ordinary two-wheeler license
category includes licenses restricted, respectively, to AT motorcycles, to small-sized (over 250cc) motorcycles, and to small-sized AT motorcycles. Ordinary motor vehicle driver's licenses arealso issued to owners of "safety support cars" (see page 13) on application.
Source for all statistical data on this page: National Police Agency

Ordinary and large motor vehicles
さすせそたちつてとなにぬねのはPrivate use
ひふほまみむめもやゆらりるろ
あいうえかきくけこを
Commercial business use
われRental vehicle
EHKMTYよForeign military vehicle
Mini-vehicles
あいうえかきくけこさすせそたちつ
Private useてとなにぬねのはひふほまみむ
めもやゆよらるろをりれCommercial business use
わ
Rental vehicle
AB
Foreign military vehicle
Hiragana character indicates vehicle usage category: private, commercial
business, rental or foreign military vehicle (private or official).

Designated Number Categories
Indicating Vehicle Type
Ordinary trucks
Ordinary buses

品川 500

さ 23−45

Usage Designations

Large special-purpose vehicle

Ordinary
two-wheeler● CLASSIFICATION UNDER
THE ROAD VEHICLES ACT(for registration, inspection, etc.)

Number Assignment
From “1” to “99-99”

Number Plate Colors
Ordinary and large motor vehicles
Private use or
Green characters on
rental vehicle
white background
Commercial
White characters on
business use
green backgroundMini-vehicles
Private use orBlack characters on
rental vehicle
yellow background
Commercial
Yellow characters on
business use
black background

Ordinary
passenger carsThree- orfour-wheeledsmall trucks
Three- orfour-wheeledsmall passenger
cars and small
busesSpecial-purpose
vehiclesLarge
special-purpose
vehiclesLarge
special-purpose
vehicles used as
construction
machinery

1, 10-19, 100-199,
10A-19Z, 1A0-1Z9, 1AA-1ZZ
2, 20-29, 200-299,
20A-29Z, 2A0-2Z9, 2AA-2ZZ
3, 30-39, 300-399,
30A-39Z, 3A0-3Z9, 3AA-3ZZ
4, 40-49, 400-499,
40A-49Z, 4A0-4Z9, 4AA-4ZZ
6, 60-69, 600-699,
60A-69Z, 6A0-6Z9, 6AA-6ZZ
5, 50-59, 500-599,
50A-59Z, 5A0-5Z9, 5AA-5ZZ
7, 70-79, 700-799,
70A-79Z, 7A0-7Z9, 7AA-7ZZ
8, 80-89, 800-899,
80A-89Z, 8A0-8Z9, 8AA-8ZZ
9, 90-99, 900-999,
90A-99Z, 9A0-9Z9, 9AA-9ZZ
0, 00-09, 000-099,
00A-09Z, 0A0-0Z9, 0AA-0ZZ

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

23

Global Operations

Overseas Production

Global Manufacturing Operations Expand Their Range
Japanese automobile manufacturers have developed local production operations, whether as wholly owned subsidiaries or as joint ventures, in the United States and Europe as well as in China, India, Southeast Asia and other countries with emerging
markets. These operations contribute to the strengthening of local economies through employment creation, local parts purchasing and, in many cases, export revenue for the host countries. Locally produced automobile parts such as engines andtransmissions, as well as finished vehicles of some models, are exported to Japan and other destinations.

● GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BASES

As of May 1, 2023

7 Russia
10 UK

33 Canada
5 Poland1 Czech Republic
3 Hungary

2 France
8 Spain

34 U.S.A.

9 Turkey

4 Italy

22 China

6 Portugal
20 Bangladesh
14 Morocco
11 Algeria

27 Myanmar

28 Pakistan

12 Egypt

38 Mexico

30 Taiwan
18 Saudi Arabia

23 India
32 Vietnam
21 Cambodia

25 Laos
31 Thailand

15 Nigeria

40 Venezuela
29 Philippines
26 Malaysia

17 Ghana

37 Colombia

13 Kenya
24 Indonesia
39 Peru

36 Brazil

19 Australia
16 South Africa
35 Argentina● JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BASES: Number of Plants by Country & Items Produced
Country/
Territory

Country No.
(see map)

EuropeCzech Republic
FranceHungary
Italy
PolandPortugal
RussiaSpain
TurkeyUK
Europe Total

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Motor
Motor- Motor Vehicles
Vehiclescycles& Motorcycles(incl. parts) (incl. parts) (incl. parts)
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
3
16

1
1
2

-

Parts
Only
1
1
3
1
6

Country/
Territory

Country No.
(see map)

AfricaAlgeria
Egypt
Kenya
MoroccoNigeriaSouth Africa
Ghana
Africa Total
Middle East
Saudi Arabia
Middle East Total
Oceania
Australia
Oceania Total

Motor- Motor Vehicles
Motor
cycles
Vehicles& Motorcycles(incl. parts) (incl. parts) (incl. parts)

Parts
Only

11
12
13
14
15
16
17

1
5
4
1
2
5
2
20

1
2
3

-

-

18

2
2

-

-

-

19

-

-

-

1
1

Country/
Territory

Country No.
(see map)

Asia
Bangladesh
Cambodia
China
India
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
Pakistan
Philippines
TaiwanThailand
Vietnam
Asia Total

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

Motor
Motor- Motor Vehicles
Vehiclescycles& Motorcycles(incl. parts) (incl. parts) (incl. parts)
2
25
11
13
12
4
4
4
7
15
6
103

3
1
10
6
7
1
3
3
4
2
4
3
47

1
1
2
4

Parts
Only
18
1
15
6
4
1
11
3
59

Country/
Territory

Country No.
(see map)

North America
CanadaU.S.A.
North America Total
Latin America
Argentina
BrazilColombia
MexicoPeru
Venezuela
Latin America Total
World Total

Motor
Motor- Motor Vehicles
Vehiclescycles& Motorcycles(incl. parts) (incl. parts) (incl. parts)

Parts
Only

33
34

5
15
20

1
1

-

2
9
11

35
36
37
38
39
40

2
6
1
9
1
19
180

2
4
2
2
1
11
64

4

4
2
6
83

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

24

Global Operations

Overseas Production Volumes

Global Operations

Japanese Automakers’ Overseas Production Finishes at
16.96 Million Automobiles and 25.36 Million Motorcycles
The global operations of Japanese automobile manufacturers continue to grow, focusing on on-site manufacturing
to meet local needs. Whether as independent operations, joint ventures or technical tie-ups, local manufacturing
activities are conducted in numerous countries around the world (see page 24). Japanese automakers’ overseas
production in 2022 totalled 16.96 million automobiles and 25.36 million motorcycles.

● OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BY JAPANESE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS
Year

Asia

1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

208,589
282,912355,758
456,489
597,402952,390
1,035,715
1,120,430
1,315,346
1,553,585
1,882,850
1,950,621
2,003,286
1,215,202
1,547,671
1,673,740
1,872,521
2,380,621
3,007,348
3,638,9783,964,209
4,129,856
4,523,751
4,877,074
5,145,418
7,127,042
7,547,127
8,500,825
9,056,388
9,112,629
9,472,178
10,091,593
10,870,888
11,391,185
10,847,347
9,168,992
10,051,014
10,543,320

Middle
East

EU

North
America

U.S.A.

Latin
America

Africa43,17573,903
100,794
130,326
203,215
223,164
282,278
351,296472,744477,728
575,852
650,990714,699814,847
835,582
837,679
939,034
1,015,748
1,245,469
1,296,516
1,369,556
1,509,402
1,789,875
1,693,151
1,136,145
1,250,226
1,302,277
1,383,583
1,379,733
1,382,052
1,401,521
1,487,994
1,511,800
1,415,747
619,704
434,895
462,664
625,566

296,569
426,087
608,446
723,396
1,040,868
1,570,114
1,684,964
1,853,097
2,030,478
2,346,619
2,595,436
2,641,451
2,664,588
2,674,299
2,797,175
2,991,924
3,061,612
3,375,453
3,487,012
3,840,744
4,080,713
4,001,639
4,049,068
3,576,246
2,687,527
3,390,095
3,068,979
4,253,869
4,540,685
4,785,769
4,823,222
4,989,360
4,767,063
4,606,948
4,407,151
3,498,540
3,442,966
3,497,648

296,569
425,644592,761
672,766
932,242
1,298,878
1,378,907
1,547,361
1,691,239
1,982,209
2,215,657
2,275,525
2,290,685
2,270,516
2,311,163
2,480,691
2,451,496
2,720,449
2,821,723
3,143,603
3,383,277
3,281,073
3,324,326
2,893,466
2,108,161
2,653,231
2,422,152
3,324,703
3,627,226
3,813,351
3,847,517
3,976,482
3,765,364
3,676,823
3,531,395
2,715,707
2,723,564
2,822,916

90,252
87,115
104,925
125,531
144,811
160,654
169,001
195,161
211,802
197,325
110,660
140,031
190,596
260,131
246,710
387,732
407,887445,862
457,467
534,863
645,074
745,827
895,099
920,738
790,794
982,342
1,029,511
1,234,584
1,284,187
1,591,099
1,820,525
1,859,685
1,903,466
1,894,346
1,745,597
1,318,780
1,532,664
1,478,481

99,500119,000
134,000
145,000
184,500
186,000
172,000
167,500
179,000
168,000
226,000
195,674
182,218
144,181130,216
146,435
162,825
155,973
162,969
191,537
225,725
259,050
252,384
257,646
168,651
206,476
233,709248,711232,191
241,841
218,020
190,724
198,625
216,969
211,761
153,392
203,901
229,990

Europe

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5,688
3,493
4,258
5,660
6,000
5,820
10,80010,50011,400
3,342
0
0
0
0
0
0
596
437
89
0
0
0
0
0
0

44,65875,163102,943
132,129
205,005
226,613285,994358,601
496,574
502,332
641,573
738,378
814,689
920,985929,303
953,170
1,032,004
1,153,059
1,338,476
1,454,903
1,545,355
1,702,836
1,976,407
1,876,109
1,228,294
1,356,126
1,410,628
1,484,110
1,537,025
1,654,208
1,668,878
1,757,776
1,940,778
1,856,511
1,638,200
1,236,877
1,232,226
1,212,073

Year
2019
2020
2021
2022

Total
26,850,264
20,161,917
23,750,278
25,360,754
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

Japanese Automakers Forge Extensive International Alliances
With economic globalization, Japanese automobile manufacturers have rapidly adapted to the needs of individual
markets, not only by shifting production to those markets but also by forging extensive alliances with overseas
manufacturers.
Various forms of partnership currently exist among Japanese, U.S. and European
automakers—including capital and technical tie-ups, joint R&D and production operations, and cooperative sales
ties—and such arrangements are expanding yearly. With the rapid growth of motorization in China and Southeast
Asia, Japanese automakers have been actively building relationships with local manufacturers there on the basis ofcapital tie-ups and the supply of production as well as environment- and safety-related technologies.

In vehicle units

Oceania

At May 1, 2023

Total

891,142
151,574
133,109 1,123,386
127,003 1,433,075
152,334 1,734,879
166,541 2,339,127
169,169 3,264,940
134,051 3,481,725
109,276 3,804,065
106,754 4,339,954
128,213 4,896,074
102,961 5,559,480
118,097 5,784,252
136,107 5,991,484
150,685 5,371,171
125,575 5,780,143
130,933 6,288,192
137,084 6,679,593
135,498 7,652,466
148,471 8,607,563
125,726 9,797,551
134,581 10,606,157
121,635 10,972,243
159,710 11,859,761
143,741 11,651,554
96,836 10,117,520
119,473 13,181,554
93,675 13,383,629
101,381 15,823,480
106,278 16,756,754
90,125 17,476,267
91,616 18,094,876
90,240 18,979,467
60,942 19,741,762
0 19,965,959
0 18,850,056
0 15,376,581
0 16,462,771
0 16,961,512

Notes: 1. Data in principle is for Japanese-brand vehicles only. 2. Until 1997, data was based on statistics supplied by the national automobile trade associations of respective countries.
3. Mexico is included in Latin America and Turkey in Europe. 4. Data excludes vehicles produced with technical assistance only provided by Japanese automakers. 5. The figures reflect
the use of a new method, adopted as of January 2007, for computing overseas unit production. 6. Since December 2017, data from one JAMA member manufacturer has not been
available. 7. EU data since 2020 does not include the United Kingdom.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association● OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BY JAPANESEMOTORCYCLE MANUFACTURERS
In vehicle units

Global Industry Ties

Honda

Japan
Supply of
50cc-&-under “scooters”

YamahaDaihatsu

Supply offinished vehicles

Mutual supply of
Joint development andfinished vehicles;
100%
equity stake Technical cooperation technical cooperation for
Planning & development of EVs and sports cars
3.6% equity stake
CASE technologies for CV
and business tie-up
business, incl. mini-vehicles

Hino

Joint
venturein busbusiness

Isuzu

50.1% equity stake
Mutual supply of finished vehicles
Technical cooperation

Planning & development of
CASE technologies for CV
business, incl. mini-vehicles
5.0% equity stake
0.2% equity stake

Supply of CVs

Supply of
CVs

Joint development;
0.3%
Technical cooperation;
equityMutual supply
stakeof finished vehicles
Technical
5.1% equity
cooperation
stake;
Planning & development ofSupply of
CASE technologies for CV
finishedbusiness, incl. mini-vehicles
vehiclesMazda

Mutual supply of CVs

UD Trucks

20%
equitystake

0.3%
equitystake

Planning &development of CASE
technologies for CV
business, incl.
mini-vehicles

ToyotaSupply offinished vehicles

Planning & development of
CASE technologies for CV
business, incl. mini-vehicles

100% equity stake

Subaru0.2%
equitystake

4.9%
equitystake

Supply ofCVs

Suzuki

Supply offinished vehicles
Supply of finished vehicles

Nissan34% equity stake
Joint development for kei cars

Mitsubishi
MotorsSupply of CVs

Mitsubishi
Fuso

Note: In principle, the tie-ups shown above cover only technical cooperation related to motor vehicle production and exclude sales tie-ups.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

25

Global Operations

Global Industry Ties
At May 1, 2023

Japan

U.S.A.

Hino

Supplyof CVsIsuzu

Comprehensive
contract for
powertrain
businessCummins Inc.

Japan

China

Supply of CVs

GM Japan100%
equitystake

GeneralMotors50%
equitystake

FC co-development

50%
equitystake

Fuel Cell System
Manufacturing, LLC

Honda

Japan

Daimler Truck
AG

Europe50% equity stake;
Production ofCamry (incl. HVs),
Levin (incl. PHVs & HVs),
Highlander HVs, C-HR (incl. EVs)
50% equity stake;
Production ofCorolla (incl. PHVs
Toyota& HVs), Vios,
Izoa (incl. EVs)
89.29%
equitystake

Mitsubishi
Fuso

50% equity stake;
Development of EVs
BYD TOYOTA EVTECHNOLOGY
Co., Ltd.

Nissan15%
equitystake
43.4%
equitystake

GAC Mitsubishi
Motors Co., Ltd.

Isuzu
20% equity stake;
Production ofElf, Forward, Giga

50% equity stake;
Production of
D-MAX, MU-X

30% equity stake;
Production and sales

Qingling Motors
Co., Ltd.

Jiangxi Isuzu
Motors Co., Ltd.

Mitsubishi
Motors

50.1% equity stake

50% equity stake

Qingling Motors
GroupCo., Ltd.

Jiangling Motors
GroupCo., Ltd.

GAC
Toyota MotorCo., Ltd.

FAW CarCo., Ltd.
Production outsourcing of
Mazda6 and CX-4

FAW
Toyota MotorCo., Ltd.
100% equity stake;
Production of Coaster, Avalon(incl. HVs), RAV4 (incl. PHVs & HVs)

65% equity stake;
FAW
Joint development
Toyota Motorof fuel cell systems (Chengdu) Co., Ltd.
for CVs

Renault

United Fuel Cell
System R&D(Beijing)
Co., Ltd.

70%
equitystake

PCMA Rus

30%
equitystake

Mitsubishi
MotorsDongfeng
Motor Group
Co., Ltd.

UD Trucks

Business alliance agreement
for next-generationcommercial mobility

100%
equity stake

REE

Isuzu

Changan Mazda
Automobile
Co., Ltd.

Volvo

Shanghai Hino
EngineCo., Ltd.

Beijing
SinoHytec
Co., Ltd.

50% equity stake
Changan Mazda
EngineCo., Ltd.
50% equity stake
Chongqing Changan
Automobile
Co., Ltd.

5% equity stake
Beijing Automotive
Group Co., Ltd.

Toyota Sinohytec
Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
50% equity stake50%
equitystake

Dongfeng MotorCo., Ltd.

50%
equitystake

Nissan50% equity
stake;
Production ofNavara, etc.

Zhengzhou Nissan
Automobile
Co., Ltd.

10% equity stake
40% equity
stake;
Productionof CR-Vand Civic

Honda

5% equity stake

Strategic
tie-upin the fieldof CVs15%
equitystake

50% equity stake
Dongfeng Honda
Automobile
Co., Ltd.

Hino

5%equity
stake

Mazda

50% equity stake

100% equity stake

Supply offinished vehicles
in Europe

Stellantis N.V.

5% equity stake

47.5%
equity stake;
Productionof Mazda3,
CX-5, CX-8,
CX-30

47.5% equity stake

50% equity stake;
Production
BYD& sales ofCompany Limited fuel cell systems
for CVs

Dongfeng Motor
Corporation

ToyotaBMW

China
FAW GroupCo., Ltd.

50% equity stake

5% equity
stake

Collaboration on
environmental
technologies for
sports cars

50%
equitystake

30%
equitystake
70%
equitystake

Guangzhou
Automobile Group
Co., Ltd.

Hino

40% equity stake;
Production of Accord,
Odyssey, Vezel, Fit
50%
equitystake
50%
equitystake
50%
equitystake

GAC Honda
Automobile
Co., Ltd.
GAC Hino Motors
Co., Ltd.

Honda Motor(China) Investment
Co., Ltd.
10% equity stakeBYD Auto
Industry Co., Ltd.

Strategic business allianceagreement focusing on thedevelopment of commercial BEVs

26

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

Global Production● GLOBAL MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION (BY COUNTRY/REGION/TERRITORY)

Motor Vehicle Production Worldwide Rises to
85.02 Million Units

In vehicle units

In 2022 worldwide motor vehicle production (excluding motorcycles) increased 6.0% from the previous year to a
total of 85.02 million units.

● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION EXCLUDING MOTORCYCLES(MAJOR PRODUCING COUNTRIES)UK

Germany

99
93
88

20
21
22

374
331
368

20
21
22

0

700

0

France
20
21
22
0

20
21
22
700

China
20
21
22

78
80
80
0

Spain

2,523
2,612
2,702
0

700

338
440
546

20
21
22
700

U.S.A.

0

351
346
376

20
21
22

700

0

Japan
807
784
784

20
21
22
700

0

882
916
1,006

20
21
22

2,800

South Korea

India

227
210
222
0

700

Italy

132
135
138

20
21
22

x 10,000 units

1,100

0

Mexico
20
21
22

900

318
319
351
0

700

Brazil
20
21
22

201
225
237
0

● MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION (MAJOR PRODUCING COUNTRIES)Country/Territory
Czech Republic
Italy
Brazil
China
India
Japan
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
TaiwanThailand700

In vehicle units

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

1,493
329,185
1,036,788
15,577,507
24,499,777
651,884
465,083
1,902,632
1,258,566
1,088,657
2,063,076

980
329,080
1,107,758
17,366,580
21,032,927
567,376
553,382
1,677,352
1,161,646
1,027,867
1,948,017

553
293,356
961,986
17,874,635
18,349,941
484,596
492,490
1,510,560
631,370
1,297,680
1,615,319

1,035
346,850
1,195,149
25,372,421
17,821,111
646,954496,136
1,893,686
867,453
1,163,921
1,780,654

1,624—
1,413,222
21,292,196
19,459,009
694,968
685,828
1,514,956
934,685
1,070,231
2,015,940

Note: “—” means data was not available at the end of March 2023.

Sources: Motorcycle manufacturers’ associations of individual countries, etc.

Country/Region/
Territory

2020

2021

2022

Passenger
Cars

Trucks& Buses

Total

Passenger
Cars

Trucks& Buses

Total

Passenger
Cars

Trucks& Buses

Total

Austria
Belgium
FinlandFranceGermany
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
SwedenCzech RepublicHungary
PolandRomania
Slovakia
Slovenia

109,500
237,057
86,270927,3443,515,488
451,718
127,058
211,2811,800,664
249,000
1,152,901
406,497
278,900
438,107
990,598
141,714

15,50030,236
0388,653
227,082
325,3390
52,955467,52106,250
0172,48200
0

125,000
267,293
86,2701,315,997
3,742,570
777,057
127,058
264,236
2,268,185
249,000
1,159,151
406,497451,382
438,107
990,598
141,714

124,700
224,180
85,934
918,825
3,096,165
443,819
107,021229,221
1,662,174
258,023
1,105,223
416,725
260,800
420,755
1,030,000
95,797

12,00036,8580433,401
212,527
353,424
0
60,733435,959
06,209
0178,621000136,700
261,038
85,934
1,352,226
3,308,692
797,243
107,021289,954
2,098,133
258,023
1,111,432
416,725
439,421420,755
1,030,000
95,797

107,500
232,100
73,044
1,010,466
3,480,357
473,194
101,670
256,018
1,785,432
238,955
1,217,787
441,729
255,100
509,465
1,000,000
68,130044,454
0372,707
197,463
323,200
066,386434,03006,669
0228,740000107,500
276,554
73,044
1,383,173
3,677,820
796,394
101,670
322,404
2,219,462
238,955
1,224,456
441,729483,840
509,465
1,000,000
68,130European Union (EU27)

11,124,097

UK
TurkeySerbiaRussiaAzerbaijan
Belarus
Kazakhstan
UkraineUzbekistan

920,928855,043
23,272
1,260,518
1,949
21,29564,790
4,202
280,080

Europe14,534,879

2,369,550 16,904,429 13,822,390

2,515,775 16,338,165 13,725,107

2,491,781 16,216,888

CanadaU.S.A.

327,681
1,924,398

1,048,446
6,896,628

1,376,127
8,821,026

288,235
1,562,717

826,767
7,594,488

1,115,002
9,157,205

289,371
1,751,736

939,364 1,228,735
8,308,603 10,060,339

North America

2,252,079

7,945,074 10,197,153

1,850,952

8,421,255 10,272,207

2,041,107

9,247,967 11,289,074

MexicoArgentina
BrazilColombia

967,479
93,001
1,607,175
47,2812,209,772
164,186
406,88003,177,251
257,187
2,014,055
47,281

708,242
184,106
1,707,851
40,7642,486,616
250,647
540,4020

3,194,858
434,753
2,248,253
40,764

658,001
257,505
1,824,833
51,4552,851,071
279,388544,93603,509,072
536,8932,369,769
51,455Latin America

2,714,936

2,780,838

5,495,774

2,640,963

3,277,665

5,918,628

2,791,794

3,675,395

6,467,189

North and Latin America

4,967,015 10,725,912 15,692,927

Australia
China
India
Indonesia
Iran
Japan
Malaysia
Myanmar
Pakistan
Philippines
South Korea
TaiwanThailand
Vietnam

019,994,081
2,836,534
551,426
826,210
6,960,411
457,755
8,346
95,504
37,1413,211,706
180,967
537,633
125,235

4,730
4,730
0
5,231,161 25,225,242 21,444,743
545,285 3,381,819 3,631,095
138,750
690,176
889,756
54,787880,997
838,251
1,107,532 8,067,943 6,619,245
27,431
485,186
446,4312,407
10,753
1,519
21,871
117,375
193,991
30,156
67,297
46,278295,068 3,506,774 3,162,727
64,648245,615
196,749
889,441 1,427,074
594,690
40,333
165,568
123,482

5,391
5,391
0
4,676,969 26,121,712 23,836,083
768,017 4,399,112 4,439,039
232,211 1,121,967 1,214,250
56,047894,298
997,519
1,217,663 7,836,908 6,566,356
35,220481,651
650,190
438
1,957
2,480
44,711
238,702
190,555
39,59685,874
41,663299,677 3,462,404 3,438,355
68,571
265,320
191,409
1,091,015 1,685,705
594,057
44,317
167,799
162,491

6,077
6,077
3,184,532 27,020,615
1,017,818 5,456,857
255,896 1,470,146
66,697 1,064,215
1,269,163 7,835,519
52,085702,275
695
3,175
44,899235,454
50,56092,223
318,694 3,757,049
69,854
261,263
1,289,458 1,883,515
69,919232,410

Asia-Oceania

35,822,949

8,453,600 44,276,549 38,188,956

8,579,844 46,768,800 42,324,447

7,696,347 50,020,793

Algeria
Egypt
MoroccoSouth Africa

754
23,754
299,753
238,2160028,527208,997754
23,754
328,280
447,2135,208
0338,339239,2670064,668259,8205,208
0
403,007
499,0872,030
0404,742
309,423743
060,122
246,4662,773
0464,864
555,889

Africa538,723

237,524776,247

582,814

324,488907,302

716,195

306,588

1,022,783

Grand Totals

1,670,518 12,794,615 10,479,363
66,116442,835
103
175,033
109
9,978
10,041
749
4,805

987,044
1,297,878
23,375
1,435,551
2,058
31,27374,831
4,951
284,885

859,575
782,835
21,1091,352,740
2,079
29,89180,6797,342
236,668

1,717,732 12,197,095 11,250,947
72,913493,305154
214,267
239
0
11,738811
5,436

932,488
1,276,140
21,263
1,567,007
2,318
29,891
92,417
8,153
242,104

4,491,915 11,698,920 16,190,835

775,014810,889
4,358
448,8972,049
0103,345
1,490
328,118

1,673,649 12,924,596
101,600
541,759140
159,563
424
0
9,195
0
5,451

876,614
1,352,648
4,498
608,4602,473
0112,540
1,490
333,569

4,832,901 12,923,362 17,756,263

55,863,566 21,786,586 77,650,152 57,086,075 23,119,027 80,205,102 61,598,650 23,418,078 85,016,728

Notes: 1. Includes preliminary figures. 2. Some EU and Latin American countries do not release truck and bus production data.
Sources: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA); for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

27

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

New Registrations

A Total of 81.63 Million New Motor Vehicles Sold Globally● NEW REGISTRATIONS OF PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (BY COUNTRY)
In vehicle units

In 2022 new motor vehicle registrations (excluding motorcycles) decreased 1.4% from the previous year to a global
total of 81.63 million units. Motor vehicle sales surged in India (up 25.7% to 4.73 million units), Malaysia (up 19.3%
to 607,000 units), and Indonesia (up 18.1% to 1.05 million units).

● NEW REGISTRATIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES EXCLUDING MOTORCYCLES(SELECTED COUNTRIES)UK

Germany
196
205
194

20
21
22
0

327
297
296

20
21
22
500

0

0

0

500

Italy

2,700

0

India

156
167
151
0

191
173
168

20
21
22

500

U.S.A.

0

460
445
420

20
21
22

500

0

500

1,488
1,541
1,423

20
21
22

Japan

294
376
473

20
21
22

0
500

1,600

0

500

Australia

Brazil

92
105
108

20
21
22
0

206
212
210

20
21
22
500

Passenger
Cars

Commercial
VehiclesAustria

257,72143,896

Belgium

431,491

Czech Republic

0

Commercial
VehiclesPassenger
Cars

Commercial
Vehicles

301,617239,803

66,373306,176

215,050

29,644

244,694

78,503509,994

383,123

80,688463,811366,333

65,261

431,594

202,971

25,863228,834

206,876

29,345236,221

192,087

27,111

219,198

Denmark

198,162

35,109233,271

185,324

36,592

221,916

148,293

32,723

181,016Finland96,43016,558112,988

98,481

16,810115,291

81,674

14,94896,622

France1,650,118

449,9122,100,030

1,659,005

483,279

2,142,284

1,532,035

397,519

1,929,554

Germany

2,917,678

349,081

3,266,759

2,622,132

351,187

2,973,319

2,651,357

312,391

2,963,748

Hungary128,031

25,947

153,978

121,920

28,467150,387

111,524

24,048135,572

1,381,753

183,0031,564,756

1,458,030

211,825

1,669,855

1,316,919

189,059

1,505,978

Netherlands

355,598

71,564427,162

322,323

80,500402,823

313,609

72,849386,458

Poland428,347

81,806510,153446,647

107,972

554,619

419,749

98,299518,048

Portugal

142,41431,575

173,989

146,637

33,650180,287

156,304

29,063

185,367

Romania

125,004

21,381

146,385

119,817

25,583

145,400

127,948

24,028151,976

Slovakia

76,305

8,604

84,90975,70011,64987,34978,841

11,23390,074

Spain

851,222

179,570

1,030,792

859,477

174,587

1,034,064

813,374

145,439

958,813

Sweden292,024

38,191

330,215

301,006

42,874

343,880

288,087

41,781

329,868

Norway141,41239,473

180,885

176,276

41,188217,464

174,329

35,678210,007

Russia1,433,956

197,207

1,631,163

1,483,444

258,521

1,741,965

629,923

178,681808,604

Switzerland

236,828

32,563

269,391

238,481

33,606

272,087

226,006

28,878254,884

Turkey610,109

186,041

796,150

561,853

210,997772,850592,660

234,503827,1631,631,064

333,5961,964,660

1,647,181

401,824

2,049,005

1,614,063

329,509

1,943,572

318,750

1,267,724

1,586,474

320,605

1,384,245

1,704,850

258,483

1,304,482

1,562,965

UK
500

CanadaU.S.A.

Country/Territory
UK
Germany
FranceItaly
Spain
U.S.A.
Brazil
China
India
Japan
Indonesia
Pakistan
Philippines
ThailandAustralia

In vehicle units

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

—
180,995
256,371
240,461
173,545457,200
957,764
15,570,521
21,179,847
335,572
6,383,108
1,899,662
1,590,333
1,788,323
95,044

107,408
190,500
293,072
252,346
194,663467,780
1,084,639
17,132,596
17,416,432
331,2076,487,460
1,672,219
1,704,898
1,718,587
89,199104,612242,572
289,825
238,398
177,293505,000
932,618
17,918,668
15,120,783
328,346
3,660,616
1,521,056
1,206,374
1,516,096
108,926

114,371
221,561
307,884
282,112
182,865
550,000—
25,363,718
13,570,008
378,720
5,057,516
1,891,416
1,435,677
1,606,481
123,530

116,534
226,939
286,629
281,225
191,225
556,000—
21,420,026
15,862,087
362,082
5,221,470
1,511,365
1,564,547
1,792,016
99,030Note: “—” means data was not available at the end of March 2023.

Sources: Motorcycle manufacturers’ associations of individual countries, etc.

Total

3,401,838 11,479,518 14,881,356

Total

3,350,050 12,058,515 15,408,565

Total

2,858,575 11,371,749 14,230,324

Mexico532,433

445,217977,650

520,112526,620

1,046,732

486,962

647,480

1,134,442

Brazil

1,615,942

442,495

2,058,437

1,558,467

561,384

2,119,851

1,576,666

527,795

2,104,461

232,133

102,183

334,316

240,688

140,748

381,436

260,876

146,732

407,608

Argentina● MOTORCYCLE SALES (SELECTED COUNTRIES)

2022

2021
Passenger
Cars

Italy

159
170
156

20
21
22

South Korea

2,531
2,631
2,686

20
21
22

210
214
193

20
21
22

Canada500

China

France20
21
22

x 10,000 units

2020
CountryChina20,177,731

India

2,433,473

505,1022,938,575

3,082,279

677,1193,759,398

3,792,356

933,116

4,725,472

388,925

143,152

532,077

659,809

227,396887,205

783,563

264,477

1,048,040

Japan

3,809,981

788,634

4,598,615

3,675,698

772,6424,448,340

3,448,297

753,023

4,201,320

Malaysia

480,965

48,469529,434

452,663

56,248508,911544,838

62,162607,000

1,618,333

287,639

1,905,972

1,468,873

265,708

1,734,581

1,420,486

263,171

1,683,657

Thailand

343,494448,652

792,146

312,200

436,380

748,580

343,349

506,039

849,388

Australia

676,804

240,164

916,968

753,256

296,575

1,049,831

777,688

303,741

1,081,429

Egypt

167,792

51,940219,732

215,072

62,733277,805

133,857

41,268

175,125

South Africa

246,541

126,092

372,633

304,340

146,334

450,674

363,696

165,866

529,562

Other

3,882,155

931,876

4,814,031

4,651,831

1,181,291

5,833,122

4,822,234

1,228,951

6,051,185

Grand Totals

53,915,928 24,871,638 78,787,566 56,437,803 26,317,394 82,755,197 57,485,378 24,143,155 81,628,533

Indonesia

South Korea

5,133,338 25,311,069 21,518,324

4,795,939 26,314,263 23,563,287

3,300,458 26,863,745

Sources: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA); for Japan, Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association; Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

28

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

Motor Vehicles & Motorcycles in Use/Motor Vehicle & Motorcycle Density

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

Exports

Over 1.5 Billion Motor Vehicles in Use Worldwide

A Notable Rise in Motor Vehicle Exports

There were over 1.57 billion motor vehicles (excluding motorcycles) in use worldwide in 2021, equivalent to 200
motor vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants or one vehicle for every 5 persons. Motorcycle density in recent years has been
particularly high in Taiwan, Malaysia, and Indonesia, with one motorcycle in use for every two persons; in Thailand,with one in use for every three persons; and in Greece, with one in use for every six persons. In Japan, one
motorcycle is in use for every 12 persons.

In 2021 there was an increase over the previous year in motor vehicle exports (excluding motorcycles) in more thanhalf of the major exporting countries, notably in China (up 101.1% to 2.02 million units), India (up 47.4% to 670,000
units), and Brazil (up 16.4% to 384,000 units).

● MOTOR VEHICLE DENSITY: INTERNATIONAL
COMPARISONS (at end of 2021)
In vehicle units
No. of Motor Vehicles per 1,000 Inhabitants
Country

Total Motor Vehicles
Passenger Cars

U.S.A.

880

345

Australia

576

738
748

Italy

659

Canada

674
607

Spain

543

640

Austria632
570

Germany

628
579
622

Japan

493

France

500

UK

594
514

Switzerland

612
539

Belgium

504

World

200
144

628

588

x 1 person
No. of Persons per Motor Vehicle(No. of Persons per Passenger Car)
1.1
（2.9）
1.4
（1.7）
1.3
（1.5）
1.5
（1.6）
1.6
（1.8）
1.6
（1.8）
1.6
（1.7）
1.6
（2.0）
1.6
（2.0）
1.7
（1.9）
1.6
（1.9）
1.7
（2.0）
5.0
（6.9）

Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; Ward’s, etc.;
for population data, OECD, UN● MOTORCYCLE DENSITY: INTERNATIONAL
COMPARISONS (No. of Persons per Motorcycle)● MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE WORLDWIDE(at end of 2021)
In vehicle units
Country

Passenger
Cars

Germany
Italy
FranceUK
Spain
Netherlands
Belgium
Austria
SwedenPolandSwitzerland
TurkeyRussiaU.S.A.
CanadaMexicoArgentina
BrazilJapan
ChinaSouth Korea
India
ThailandIndonesia
Australia
South Africa
Other
Grand Totals

48,540,878
39,822,723
32,694,300
35,023,652
25,344,776
9,142,277
5,851,682
5,133,836
4,988,564
25,869,804
4,688,235
13,706,065
56,883,903
114,960,610
23,127,670
33,141,234
10,645,300
37,983,278
62,164,356
242,390,000
20,410,648
40,811,100
11,294,049
15,837,500
14,850,675
10,812,700
187,936,660
1,134,056,475

Commercial
VehiclesTaiwan

1.6

2019

Malaysia

2.3

2022

Indonesia

2.4

2019

Thailand

3.3

2022

Greece6.4

2021

Czech Republic

8.8

2021

Netherlands

8.7

2022

Japan

12.0

2020

Germany

13.2

2021

Belgium

15.7

2022

Norway

16.9

2022

China

19.0

2022

Sweden

24.4

2020

U.S.A.

38.6

Note: Data for Japan is as at March 31.
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications; Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Federation of Asian Motorcycle Industries (FAMI);
European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers (ACEM), etc.; for population data, OECD, UN

UK

0

370
281
253
0

600

France

0

19
20
21

600

102
100
202

19
20
21

0

0

600

72
45
67

19
20
21
600

U.S.A.
600

240
189
204

19
20
21

0

600

Japan

600

0

600

482
374
382

19
20
21

0

319
237
271

19
20
21

South Korea

India

231
195
182
0

China

60
52
—

Spain
19
20
21

600

Italy

561
416
433

19
20
21

x 10,000 units

Germany
19
20
21

110
79
74

19
20
21

Total

52,727,442
4,186,564
45,202,046
5,379,323
41,039,400
8,345,100
40,506,971
5,483,319
29,875,896
4,531,120
10,366,779
1,224,502
6,822,665
970,983
5,692,005
558,1695,694,564
706,000
30,041,704
4,171,900
5,326,940
638,705
19,479,743
5,773,678
66,260,268
9,376,365
292,884,085
177,923,475
25,693,438
2,565,768
44,329,049
11,187,815
14,074,900
3,429,600
45,968,572
7,985,294
78,452,911
16,288,555
294,190,000
51,800,000
24,911,101
4,500,453
74,451,700
33,640,600
18,418,737
7,124,688
21,081,200
5,243,700
19,041,810
4,191,135
15,767,800
4,955,100
242,999,886
55,063,226
437,245,137 1,571,301,612

0

Mexico
19 —
268
20
271
21

600

0

600

Brazil
44
33
38

19
20
21
0

600

Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; Ward’s, etc.

● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES)● MOTORCYCLES IN USE
WORLDWIDE2019
Country
In vehicle unitsx 1 person
2022● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES)YearCountry/Territory

Total

2022
2019
2019
2022
2022
2020
2022
2020
2021
2021
2021
2021
2022
2022
2022

Indonesia
Malaysia
Thailand
GreeceJapan
Germany
China
U.S.A.
CanadaBelgium
Czech RepublicNetherlands
NorwaySwedenTaiwan125,267,349
14,322,030
21,293,888
1,724,438
10,310,955
6,350,138
80,720,000
8,575,569
859,827
737,350
1,217,894
1,970,050
326,329
418,025
14,390,626

Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism;
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications;
Federation of Asian Motorcycle Industries (FAMI);
European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers (ACEM), etc.

Germany
UK
FranceItaly
Spain
U.S.A.
MexicoBrazilJapan
South Korea
China
India

Passenger
Cars

Commercial
Vehicles

3,487,321
1,055,997
4,825,843
292,415
1,904,311
2,600,220—
351,373
4,372,645
2,313,037
724,826
662,118

211,739
46,110779,390
312,126
405,759
592,028—
88,975445,487
88,345299,354
60,379In vehicle units

2020

2021

Total

Passenger
Cars

Commercial
VehiclesTotal

Passenger
Cars

Commercial
VehiclesTotal

3,699,060
1,102,107
5,605,233
604,541
2,310,070
3,192,248—
440,348
4,818,132
2,401,382
1,024,180
722,497

2,646,644
749,038
3,495,653
252,452
1,588,889
1,911,544
743,546258,289
3,407,999
1,820,745
766,586
404,397

164,880
37,893662,010
266,850
362,559
455,009
1,938,260
72,065332,833
65,938235,385
50,334

2,811,524
786,931
4,157,663
519,302
1,951,448
2,366,553
2,681,806
330,354
3,740,832
1,886,683
1,001,971
454,7312,374,096
705,826
3,410,335—
1,455,634
2,204,786
526,865
298,0123,367,590
1,960,674
1,613,520
577,875

152,389
37,679919,601—
365,093508,523
2,180,115
86,372
451,320
79,898401,700
92,2972,526,485
743,505
4,329,936—
1,820,727
2,713,309
2,706,980
384,384
3,818,910
2,040,572
2,015,220
670,172

Note: The figures for France include motor vehicle export shipments of French manufacturers operating outside France.
Sources: Ward’s, etc.; for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES/TERRITORY)Country/Territory
Italy
Japan
China
TaiwanIndonesia
India

2018
430,691
456,758
7,309,230
333,769
627,421
3,280,841

2019
382,268
396,379
7,124,806
323,967
810,433
3,519,405

2020
381,539
311,998
7,090,588
355,586
700,392
3,282,786

2021
542,225
437,042
9,107,290
385,735
803,9314,443,131

In vehicle units

2022—
486,813
7,644,663
394,372
743,551
3,652,122

Sources: Automobile/motorcycle manufacturers’ associations of individual countries; for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

29

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

Memo

Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs

Automobile Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs
Following repeated reductions in tariff rates, import tariffs in Japan on finished motor vehicles and auto parts wereabolished in 1978. Many other countries continue to impose tariffs on imported vehicles: for example, the United States
imposes a 25% tariff on imported trucks and China levies a 15% tariff on finished vehicles. Aiming to abolish customs
tariffs and thereby to liberalize and facilitate trade and investment, the Japanese government promotes theestablishment of economic partnership agreements (EPAs) and free trade agreements (FTAs). In recent years, Japan has
signed several multilateral trade accords including the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-PacificPartnership (CPTPP) with ten countries, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) with fourteen countries,
and the Japan-European Union EPA, thereby significantly expanding the scope of its international trade agreements.

● AUTOMOBILE CUSTOMS TARIFFS, JAPAN/U.S.A./CHINA
Passenger Cars

Trucks

As of May 2023

Auto Parts, Etc.
(including vehicle bodies)

Buses

Japan

None

None

None

None

U.S.A.

2.5%

25%
Cab chassis, from 5t up to
20t in GVW: 4%

2%

2.5%

China

15%

15%

15%

6%
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association● STATUS OF JAPAN’S ENGAGEMENT IN EPAs/FTAs
EPA/FTA signed or in force

EPA/FTA under negotiation/otherEU

As of May 2023

CPTPP

UK

Japan-China-Korea
TurkeySwitzerland

India

GCC

CanadaKorea

Mongolia
China

Japan

MyanmarThailand Laos
Cambodia Philippines
Indonesia

Vietnam
Malaysia
BruneiSingapore

U.S.A.
MexicoColombia
Peru

ASEAN
Australia

Chile
New Zealand

RCEP
Note: Negotiations are postponed/suspended with GCC, Korea, and Canada.

Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs● AUTOMOBILE CUSTOMS TARIFFS under the Japan-EU EPA and CPTPP
Trucks

Buses

[10%]
To be abolished in 8 years.

Gasoline trucks≥2800cc,
Diesel trucks≥2500cc: [22%]Gasoline trucks<2800cc,
Diesel trucks<2500cc: [10%]To be abolished in 8 years.

Gasoline buses≥2800cc,
Diesel buses≥2500cc: [16%]Gasoline buses<2800cc,
Diesel buses<2500cc: [10%]To be abolished in 13 years.

[3-4.5%]
Immediately abolished formore than 90% (in value
terms).

Example:Canada

[6.1%]To be abolished in 5 years.

[6.1%]
Large-sized gasoline trucks:
To be abolished in 6 years.
Other trucks:
To be abolished in 11 years.

[6.1%]To be abolished in 11 years.

[6.0%]
Immediately abolished for
87.5% (in value terms).

Example:Vietnam[77%]
Over 3000cc:
To be abolished in 10 years.
3000cc or under:
To be abolished in 13 years.

[20-70%]To be abolished in 12-13
years.

[5%]
To be abolished in 13 years.

[3-30%]
Immediately abolished, or to beabolished within 11 years dependingon the product, for tires, vehicle
bodies, parts, and accessories.

Japan-EU EPA(in effect as of Feb. 2019)

CPTPP(in effect asof Dec. 2018)

Auto Parts, Etc.
(including vehicle bodies)

Passenger Cars

Note: Figures in brackets represent tariff rates imposed prior to reduction/abolition.

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association30

■ Japan Mobility Show (formerly the Tokyo Motor Show)■ A Look Back at the Tokyo Motor Show (1954-2019)
The Tokyo Motor Show was launched as the All Japan Motor Show in 1954 at Hibiya Park in central Tokyo.
Subsequently, as the show grew in step with the development of Japan’s automobile industry, its venues were
upscaled. In 1959 it moved to the Japan Trade Center located in Tokyo’s Harumi area; in 1989 to Makuhari Messe (theNippon Convention Center) in Chiba Prefecture; and in 2011 it moved again, to the Tokyo Big Sight venue (officially,
the Tokyo International Exhibition Center) in the Ariake district of Tokyo’s Koto-ku, where it established itself as a
top-level international motor show on a par with those in Europe and the United States. The 46th edition of the show
in 2019, conceived as a showcase for new mobility, expanded the scope of participation to include representatives ofother industries, thereby turning the exhibition into a multi-industry event comprising 192 companies andorganizations and attracting more than 1.3 million visitors.

The 1st Tokyo Motor Show, Hibiya Park, 1954

The 28th Tokyo Motor Show, Makuhari Messe, 1989

The 6th Tokyo Motor Show, Japan Trade Center, 1959

The 46th Tokyo Motor Show, Tokyo Big Sight, 2019

■ The New Japan Mobility Show (from 2023 onwards)
The inaugural edition of Japan Mobility Show, Tokyo’s new motor show, will be held from October 26 (Thursday)
through November 5 (Sunday), 2023 at Tokyo Big Sight (occupying the entire venue) in Ariake. In addition toautomotive industry representation, the show will welcome the participation of domestic and overseas companies aswell as startups to promote the creation of groundbreaking new partnerships whose activities extend beyond mobility.
“Future,” “green,” and “dream” are the three keywords that underpin the show’s concept. Instead of the exhibitors
sharing their own visions of the future, Japan Mobility Show aims to serve as a unique venue for collaboration—a show
where exhibitors and visitors can discuss and envision, together, what the future will look like. Stay tuned!

Tokyo Motor Show Historical Data
When Held

No. YearDuration
Dates held (days)
JapaneseYear(month/day)era

11954 Showa

29

2

1955

“

3

1956

“

Exhibits
Number of Number of
Number of
Area
VehiclesVisitors
Exhibitors(m2)
Exhibited

Venue

Admission Fee(in yen, incl. tax)

Site Area(m2)

Free of charge

14,999

4,389

254

267

547,000

Apr. 20-29

10

Hibiya30

May 7-18

12“

Free of charge

14,999

4,689

232

191

784,800

31

Apr. 20-29

10“Apr. 20-22 = 20 yen,
thereafter free of charge

14,999

5,405

267

247

598,300

4

1957

“

32

May 9-19

11

“

20

14,999

6,049

278

268

527,200

5

1958

“

33

Oct. 10-20

11Korakuen

30

28,050

6,094

302

256

519,400

6

1959

“

34

Oct. 24-Nov. 4

12

Harumi50

44,653

8,996

303

317

653,000

7

1960

“

35

Oct. 25-Nov. 7

14

“

50

44,653

11,025294

358

812,400

8

1961

“

36

Oct. 25-Nov. 7

14

“

100

79,236

13,470303

375

952,100

9

1962

“

37

Oct. 25-Nov. 7

14

“

100

107,710

21,209284

410

1,049,100

10

1963

“

38

Oct. 26-Nov. 1016“100 (Premier show = 500)

141,756

28,921287

441

1,216,900

11

1964

“

39

Sep. 26-Oct. 914“100 (Premier show = 500)

137,00234,889274

598

1,161,000

12

1965

“

40

Oct. 29-Nov. 1114“100 (Premier show = 500)

136,00236,800243

642

1,465,800

13

1966

“

41

Oct. 26-Nov. 8

14“120 (Charity show = 500)

148,433

39,089245

732

1,502,300

14

1967

“

42

Oct. 26-Nov. 8

14“200 (Charity show = 500)

125,086

35,732

235

655

1,402,500

15

1968

“

43

Oct. 26-Nov. 1117“200 (Charity show = 500)

139,356

39,819246

723

1,511,600

16

1969

“

44

Oct. 24-Nov. 6

14“

200 (Charity show = 500)

128,693

38,552

256722

1,523,500

17

1970

“

45

Oct. 30-Nov. 1214“250 (Charity show = 500)

134,967

41,298274

792

1,452,900

18

1971

“

46

Oct. 29-Nov. 1114“

250 (Charity show = 600)

122,247

33,550267

755

1,351,500

19

1972

“

47

Oct. 23-Nov. 5

14“

250 (Charity show = 600)

108,103

26,395218

559

1,261,400

215

20

1973

“

48

Oct. 30-Nov. 12

14

“

300

115,720

34,232690

1,223,000

21

1975

“

50

Oct. 31-Nov. 10

11

“

500

108,074

28,381

165

626

981,400

22

1977

“

52

Oct. 28- Nov. 7

11

“

600

117,500

30,633

203

704

992,100

23

1979

“

54

Nov. 1-Nov. 12

12

“

700

117,500

34,969184

800

1,003,100

24

1981

“

56

Oct. 30-Nov. 10

12

“

800

114,700

34,332

209

849

1,114,200

25

1983

“

58

Oct. 28- Nov. 8

12

“

800

111,650

35,130224

945

1,200,400

26

1985

“

60

Oct. 31-Nov. 11

12

“

900

114,780

40,734262

1,032

1,291,500

27

1987

“

62

Oct. 29-Nov. 9

12

“

900

112,800

38,662280

960

1,297,200

338

28

1989 Heisei

1Oct. 26-Nov. 6

12Makuhari

1,000

173,820

41,844818

1,924,200

29

1991

“

3

Oct. 25-Nov. 8

15

“

1,200

210,300

45,635336

783

2,018,500

30

1993

“

5

Oct. 22-Nov. 5

15

“

1,200

211,300

46,924357

770

1,810,600

31

1995

“

7

Oct. 27-Nov. 8

13

“

1,200

211,300

47,941361

787

1,523,300

32

1997

“

9

Oct. 24-Nov. 5

13

“

1,200

211,300

48,693337

771

1,515,400

33

1999

“

11

Oct. 22-Nov. 3

13“

1,200 (passenger cars, motorcycles)

211,300

45,394294

757

1,386,400

34

2000

“

12

Oct. 31-Nov. 4

5“1,000 (commercial vehicles)

133,000

24,773

133

248

177,900

35

2001

“

13

Oct. 26-Nov. 7

13“

1,200 (passenger cars, motorcycles)

211,300

42,119281

709

1,276,900

36

2002

“

14

Oct. 29-Nov. 3

6“1,000 (commercial vehicles)

133,000

24,837110

224

211,100

37

2003

“

15

Oct. 24-Nov. 5

13“

1,200 (passenger cars, motorcycles)

211,300

40,839268

612

1,420,400

38

2004

“

16

Nov. 2-Nov. 7

6“1,000 (commercial vehicles)

133,000

24,465113

206

248,600

39

2005

“

17

Oct. 21-Nov. 6

17“

1,200 (passenger cars, motorcycles)

211,300

40,211239

571

1,512,100

40

2007

“

19

Oct. 26-Nov. 11

17

“

1,300

211,300

44,587241

517

1,425,800

41

2009

“

21

Oct. 23-Nov. 4

13

“

1,300

54,00021,823

128

261

614,400

42

2011

“

23

Dec. 2- Dec. 11

10Tokyo Big Sight

1,500

82,66035,187

174

402

842,600

43

2013

“

25

Nov. 22-Dec. 1

10

“

1,500

82,66038,293178

426

902,800

160

417

812,500

44

2015

“

27

Oct. 29-Nov. 8

11

“

1,600

82,66039,354

45

2017

“

29

Oct. 27-Nov. 5

10

“

1,800

89,66039,708153

380

771,200

46

2019 Reiwa

1Oct. 24-Nov. 4

12

“

2,000

80,52030,467192−

1,300,900

Notes: 1. “Number of Vehicles Exhibited” includes four-wheeled and three-wheeled vehicles and motorcycles but excludes parts, machine tools, and related products.
2. “Site Area” from 2009 represents only the indoor area.
3. In 2019 the venue was expanded (to include the “Mega Web” site and Symbol Promenade Park) and there was no official announcement of the numberof vehicles exhibited.

See https://www.tokyo-motorshow.com/en/history/ for details.
https://www.japan-mobility-show.com/en/
31

■ JAMA Member Manufacturers

Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd.

Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.

Head Office:
1-1 Daihatsu-cho, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8651 Tel: (072) 751-8811
Tokyo Branch Office:2-10 Nihonbashi Honcho 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023
http://www.daihatsu.com

Global Headquarters:
1-1 Takashima 1-chome, Nishi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 220-8686
Tel: (045) 523-5523
http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/

Subaru Corporation

HINO Motors, Ltd.
Head Office:
1-1 Hinodai 3-chome, Hino, Tokyo 191-8660 Tel: (0570) 095-111
http://www.hino-global.com

Head Office:Ebisu Subaru Bldg., 20-8 Ebisu 1-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8554
Tel: (03) 6447-8000
https://www.subaru.co.jp/en/

HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD.

Suzuki Motor Corporation

Head Office:
1-1 Minami-Aoyama 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8556
Tel: (03) 3423-1111
https://global.honda

Head Office:
300 Takatsuka-cho, Minami-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8611
Tel: (053) 440-2061
Tokyo Branch Office:Suzuki Bldg., Higashi-Shimbashi, 2-8 Higashi-Shimbashi 2-chome,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0021
Tel: (03) 5425-2158
https://www.globalsuzuki.com/

Isuzu Motors Limited
Head Office:Yokohama Gate Tower, 2-5 Takashima 1-chome, Nishi-ku, Yokohama-shi,
Kanagawa 220-8720
Tel: (045) 299-9111
https://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/

TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATIONHead Office:
1 Toyota-cho, Toyota, Aichi 471-8571 Tel: (0565) 28-2121
Tokyo Head Office:4-18 Koraku 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8701 Tel: (03) 3817-7111
Nagoya Office:7-1 Meieki 4-chome, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 450-8711
Tel: (052) 552-2111
https://global.toyota/en

Kawasaki Motors, Ltd.
Head Office:
1-1 Kawasaki-cho, Akashi, Hyogo 673-8666
Tel: (078) 921-1301
https://www.kawasaki-cp.khi.co.jp/corp_en/

UD Trucks Corporation

MAZDA MOTOR CORPORATIONHead Office:
1-1 Ageo, Saitama 362-8523
Tel: (0120) 67-2301

Head Office:3-1 Shinchi, Fuchu-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima 730-8670 Tel: (082) 282-1111
Tokyo Head Office:Kasumigaseki Building, 25th Floor, 3-2-5 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 100-6025
Tel: (082) 282-1111
http://www.mazda.com/

YAMAHA MOTOR CO., Ltd.
Head Office:2500 Shingai, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-8501 Tel: (0538) 32-1115
Tokyo Office:Marunouchi My Plaza 15F, 1-1 Marunouchi 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005
Tel: (03) 5220-7200
http://global.yamaha-motor.com/

MITSUBISHI MOTORS CORPORATIONHead Office:1-21 Shibaura 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8410
Tel: (03) 3456-1111
https://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/en/

Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation
Head Office:10 Ohkura-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8522
Tel: (044) 330-7700
https://www.mitsubishi-fuso.com/en

https://www.udtrucks.com/

Former Member & Friend of JAMA:
General Motors Japan Ltd.
Head Office:12-8 Higashi-Shinagawa 4-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0002
Tel: (03) 6711-5600
http://www.gmjapan.co.jp/

Note: Manufacturers are listed in alphabetical order.

32

■ Locations of Auto Manufacturing Plants

At May 1, 2023

● Vehicle Assembly Plants● Parts Plants■ Related Automotive Associations- Japan Auto Parts Industries Association (JAPIA)
16-15, Takanawa 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0074 (03) 3445-4211- Japan Auto-Body Industries Association Inc. (JABIA)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3578-1681- Japan Automotive Machinery and Tool Manufacturers Association (JAMTA)

Hokkaido

Ishikawa

Isuzu Engine Manufacturing Hokkaido
Toyota Motor Hokkaido

J BUS (Komatsu)

Tochigi

Shiga

Kyoto

Daihatsu (Kyoto)
Mitsubishi (Kyoto)
Daihatsu (Ikeda)

Hyogo

Gunma

1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-7921

ToyamaKawasaki (Akashi)
Kawasaki (Kakogawa)

Mitsubishi Fuso
(Toyama)Okayama

Mitsubishi (Mizushima)- Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) [Tokyo]

MiyagiToyota Motor East Japan(Miyagi-Ohira)Toyota Motor East Japan(Miyagi-Taiwa)

Fukushima

Hiroshima

Nissan (Iwaki)

Mazda (Head Office)Mazda (Miyoshi)

1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-3841- The General Insurance Association of Japan (GIAJ)- Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA)

2530, Karima, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0822 (029) 856-1112

Toyota Motor East Japan(Iwate)- Japan Automobile Education Foundation (JAEF)- Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. (JSAE)- Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) [Tsukuba]

Iwate

25-15, Minami-Otsuka 2-chome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-0005 (03) 6902-8190

9, Kanda-Awajicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8335 (03) 3255-1844

Isuzu (Tochigi)
Nissan (Tochigi)
Honda (Tochigi)
J BUS (Utsunomiya)
Subaru (Main Plant)
Subaru (Yajima)
Subaru (Oizumi)
Hino (Nitta)

Osaka- Japan Motorcycle Promotion & Safety Association

5-8, Shiba-Koen 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011 (03) 3431-3773

10-2, Goban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076 (03) 3262-8211

Daihatsu (Shiga)
Mitsubishi (Shiga)

At May 1, 2023

- Automotive Dispute Resolution Center (ADR)
2-3, Uchisaiwaicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011 (0120) 028-222- Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center (JARC)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-8300- Japan Auto Recycling Partnership (JARP)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5405-6150- Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association (AIRIA)
11-6, Iwamoto-cho 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0032 (03) 5825-3671

7-8, Kanda-Sarugaku-cho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0064 (03) 5577-3977- Japan Automobile Transport Technology Association (JATA)
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 6836-1201- Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center (JASIC)
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 5362-7751- ITS Japan
6-8, Shiba-Koen 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011 (03) 5777-1011- Japan Industrial Vehicles Association (JIVA)
5-26, Moto-Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0051 (03) 3403-5556- Japan Trucking Association
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 3354-1009- Nihon Bus Association (NBA)
4-1, Marunouchi 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 (03) 3216-4011

IbarakiHino (Koga)

Yamaguchi

Saitama

Mazda (Hofu)

UD Trucks (Ageo)
Honda (Yorii)
Honda (Ogawa)

Tokyo

Hino (Hino)
Hino (Hamura)

Mie

Kanagawa

Honda (Suzuka)
Toyota Auto Body (Inabe)
Honda Auto Body

Isuzu (Fujisawa)
Nissan (Yokohama)Nissan (Oppama)
Nissan Shatai (Shonan)
Mitsubishi Fuso (Kawasaki)
Mitsubishi Fuso (Nakatsu)

Gifu

Gifu Auto Body (Kakamigahara)

Oita

Daihatsu Kyushu (Oita)

Fukuoka

Nissan Motor Kyushu (Kanda)
Nissan Shatai Kyushu (Kanda)
Daihatsu Kyushu (Kurume)
Toyota Motor Kyushu (Miyata)
Toyota Motor Kyushu (Kanda)
Toyota Motor Kyushu (Kokura)

Kumamoto

Honda (Kumamoto)

Aichi

Toyota (Honsha)
Toyota (Motomachi)
Toyota (Kamigo)
Toyota (Takaoka)
Toyota (Miyoshi)
Toyota (Tsutsumi)
Toyota (Myochi)
Toyota (Shimoyama)
Toyota (Kinu-Ura)
Toyota (Tahara)
Toyota (Teiho)
Toyota Auto Body (Fujimatsu)
Toyota Auto Body (Yoshiwara)
Toyota Auto Body (Kariya)
Mitsubishi (Okazaki)
Toyota Industries (Nagakusa)

Shizuoka

Suzuki (Hamamatsu)
Suzuki (Iwata)
Suzuki (Osuka)
Suzuki (Kosai)
Suzuki (Sagara)
Toyota Motor East Japan (Suyama)
Honda (Hamamatsu)
Yamaha (Iwata Main)
Yamaha (Iwata South)
Yamaha (Hamakita)
Yamaha (Nakaze)
Yamaha (Fukuroi)
Yamaha (Toyooka)
Yamaha (Morimachi)- Automobile Business Association of Japan
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3578-3880- Japan Automobile Dealers Association (JADA)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8530 (03) 5733-3100- Japan Light Motor Vehicle and Motorcycle Association
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5472-7861- Japan Used Car Dealers Association
25-3, Yoyogi 3-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0053 (03) 5333-5881- Japan Automobile Importers Association (JAIA)
1-15, Shiba 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014 (03) 5765-6811- Japan Automobile Federation (JAF)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3436-2811- Japan Auto Appraisal Institute (JAAI)
34-4, Nishi-Shimbashi 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003 (03) 5776-0901- Automobile Fair Trade Council (AFTC)
11-30, Nagata-cho 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0014 (03) 5511-2111- Japan Automobile Service Promotion Association (JASPA)
10-1, Roppongi 6-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6117 (03) 3404-6141- Japan Automotive Leasing Association (JALA)
23-1, Shiba 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014 (03) 5484-7037- Motorcycle Federation of Japan (MFJ)
11-6, Tsukiji 3-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 (03) 5565-0900- All Japan Railway-Freight Forwarders Association
21, Kanda-Awajicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0063 (03) 5296-1670- Japan Federation of Hire-Taxi Associations
8-13, Kudan-Minami 4-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3239-1531- All Japan Rent-A-Car Association
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5472-7328- Japan Federation of Authorized Drivers School Associations
3-9, Kudan-Minami 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3556-0070- Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Association, Inc. (JATMA)
8-21, Toranomon 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001 (03) 3435-9091- Auto-Parts & Accessories Retail Association (APARA)
1-7, Shiba 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014 (03) 3454-1427- Japan Traffic Safety Association
8-13, Kudan-Minami 4-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3264-2641- The Japan Research Center for Transport Policy
12-6, Kudan-Kita 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0073 (03) 3263-1945- Japan Road Association (JARA)
3-1, Kasumigaseki 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8955 (03) 3581-2211- Express Highway Research Foundation of Japan (EHRF)
11-10, Minami-Azabu 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0047 (03) 6436-2100- Vehicle Information and Communication System Center (VICS)
5-7, Kyobashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0031 (03) 3562-1720

33

THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 2023
Published September 2023
Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.
Jidosha Kaikan, 1-30 Shiba Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 JapanFor inquiries about this publication, write or telephone:
Public Relations Office, JAMA Tel: +81 (3) 5405-6179
http://www.jama.or.jp/

2023-0930-001© JAMA. All rights reserved.