National Inventory of South Africa:
Status of Short-Lived Climate Forcers
Emission Inventories
Patience Gwaze
Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, South Africa
11 April 2022
Third IPCC Expert Meeting on Short-Lived Climate Forcers (SLCFs)

Presentation Outline – Brief• Methodological approaches to prioritize source
categories• Methodological approaches to ensure time seriesconsistency• Methods for data collection• QA/QC and verification of estimated emissions

Status of National Emissions
Inventories

Legal Framework: Emission Estimation and Reporting
South African Air Quality Act makes provision for the management ofemissions though a variety of regulatory tools:• Management of industrial activities through a permitting system forspecific activities that have been identified as “significant sources”• Reporting of emissions by the regulated sectors (industries, mine andquarries) to the National Atmospheric Emission Inventory System (NAEIS)• Non-industrial emission estimations by government/researchers forpolicies/strategies and academic purposes• GHG emissions estimation and reporting is centralized nationally –international reporting and carbon tax management

Status of Non-Industrial National Emission Inventories
Key CategoriesEmission Inventory Status• Currently emission inventories are based on
research/local policy programs• Inventories are not always consistent as
Transportation (road, rail,estimates are based on different
aviation and shipping)methodologies and objectives
Residential fuel burning (wood,• National/official dynamic emission inventories
coal, paraffin, waste)under development and will include
Biogenic and lightning
partnerships with research institutes andWaste Management
other experts
Biomass burning andagricultural activities

Status of National Emission Inventories
Key Categories

Emission Inventory Status

Industrial
Activities:
Significant sources
regulated by the Air
Quality Act
This presentationfocus• Significant industrial sources regulated by the Air Quality Act• Includes all significant Energy (stationary and fugitive) andIndustrial Processes and Product Use sectors• Energy production; petrochemical; metallurgical; mineralprocessing, storage and handling; organic and inorganic; pulp andpaper; animal matter processing• Mining operations• Reporting to the National Atmospheric Emission Inventory
System (NAEIS)• GHG emissions estimation and reporting is centralized nationally– international reporting and carbon tax management

Data Collection – Industrial Sources• Emissions reporting conducted annually online - each industrial
facility estimates emissions based on a detailed bottom-up
methodology that:• Identifies all significant process units/components that generateemissions (boiler, furnace, kiln, heater, fugitives etc.)• Considers activity data of process units and operating conditions(load, frequency of operation)• Considers emission control technologies• Considers emission measurements protocols• Documentation of measurements and analytical techniques usedsubmitted as part of the emissions reportTypical Industrial Process Flow ChartStockpiles,tanks etc.

Material preparation
including washing,blender, crushers,
screening, conveyer,mixer, transfer points etc.

Processing units including furnace,boiler, heater, kiln, reactor,incinerator, dryer, turbine, engine etc.

Atmospheric emissions
through stacks or as
fugitive emissions

Material handling andstorage tanks, stockpiles,packaging, transferpoints etc

NAEIS Data
Structure

Data Structure:
Reporting Year
Report Entity
Emission Inventory ReportNAEIS Emission Estimation Basis• NAEIS Emission Factors (system default)• Facility Emission Factors• Stack test measurements• Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEM)• Mass Balance Techniques• Predictive Emission Modelling (PEM)• Tank Model (• Landfill Model• Other estimation methodologies• NAEIS Emission Factor (based on US AP42 database and others)• Emission controlled factors built into the system

Emission Estimation and Reporting QA/QC
Emission Inventory Status
Uncertainties• Activity data is a function of production/raw materials used.
• Emission factors are internationally sourced in most cases• Direct measurements always preferred – need continuous improvement in representation ofmeasurements

Time Series• Reporting is prescribed by regulations• Emissions are reported annually over a physical year
• Effective from 2015 – limited time series

Quality Control andQuality Assurance• QA/QC is our current priority• Technical guideline to improve reporting completeness especially with respect to pollutants
reported• Reports annually audited at three levels, 2 by authorities to improve quality of reports• Continuous improvement through time series analyses of trends reported by data providers• Continuous training of data providers to improve report quality

1. Register source and userSee NAEIS Reporting SOPs
on SAAELIP website

11. Submit
to relevant
authorities

10. Finalise
national EI andprepare archives

Email notificationof report
submission byfacility

9. Address
errors in thedraft EIEmail notification onemissions report NV status, queries,confirmation

3. Prepare,certify andsubmits EI

31st March

1st September to
31st December

8. QA/QC draft
national EI

Email notification &confirmation bydata provider

2. Reminds fordata providers
to report

1st January toExperts review
national EI draft

Email notificationof report
submission byfacility

4. Submissions andnon-compliancereports issued

Email notificationof noncompliance tofacility

1st April to 30
August
5. EI Review &Auditing (Authority)

7. Prepare draft
national EI

Email notification toregistered data provider

6. Authority
reported local EI

Email notification onemissions report audit- status, queries,
confirmation

Industry Compliance Reporting Trends
Percentage Compliance Reporting

100%

80%
2015
2016

60%

2017
2017 (after PNC)
2018

40%

2018 (after PNC)
2019
2019 (after PNC)
2020

20%

2020 (after PNC)
2021

0%

National AverageYear

National Industrial Emissions Profile (2019)

Concluding Remarks: Lessons and Future Plans
Observations
Status of Emissions Inventory Estimation and Reporting
Technology use for environmental compliance

How we are addressing it• Bottom-up and detailed emission inventory
significant industrial sources and stationary
energy production• SO2, NO2, CO, NH3, PM10, PM2.5, NMVOCs etc.

Lessons learnt• Facilities not fully quantifying all pollutants/other emission
sources such as fugitive emissions• Mining sector and other regulated facilities not fullycaptured• Need to continuously improve quality of reports(completeness, accuracy etc.
• System emission factors are based on the US EPA, IPCC andother international databases• Continuous training, improving technical support
guidelines and a standing system help desk
• Improving QA/QC of system as well as authority
auditing• Continuous training of users• Continuously capturing new facilities• Develop a process for updating NAEIS EFdatabase

Thank you
Patience Gwaze
pgwaze@dffe.gov.za
https://saaqis.environment.gov.za