CONTENTS

Acknowledgements
Preface
Overview of the IPCC Guidelines
Introduction to the Reference Manual

CHAPTERS
1Energy

1.1

Overview.........................................................................................................................................1-1

1.2

Data...................................................................................................................................................1-4

1.3

Fuel Combustion: Overview....................................................................................................1-7

1.4

Simple Methods (Tier 1) for Fuel Combustion ...............................................................1-7

1.5

Detailed Methods (Tiers 2 and 3) for Fuel Combustion............................................1-47

1.6

Fugitive Emissions: Overview................................................................................................1-99

1.7

Fugitive Emissions from Coal Mining and Handling......................................................1-99

1.8

Fugitive Emissions from Oil and Natural Gas Activities ...........................................1-114

1.9

Further Work...........................................................................................................................1-135

1.10 References..................................................................................................................................1-136

2Industrial Processes

2.1

Overview.........................................................................................................................................2-1

2.2

General Methodology.................................................................................................................2-4

2.3

Cement Production.....................................................................................................................2-5

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Reference Manual

CONTENTS.1

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2.4

Lime Production........................................................................................................................... 2-8

2.5

Limestone and Dolomite Use................................................................................................. 2-9

2.6

Soda Ash Production and Use..............................................................................................2-11

2.7

Production and Use of Miscellaneous Mineral Products ............................................2-13

2.8

Ammonia Production...............................................................................................................2-14

2.9

Nitric Acid Production.............................................................................................................2-17

2.10 Adipic Acid Production............................................................................................................2-19
2.11 Carbide Production...................................................................................................................2-20
2.12 Production of Other Chemicals...........................................................................................2-22
2.13 CO2 Emissions from Metal Production...........................................................................2-26
2.14 Pulp and Paper Industries........................................................................................................2-39
2.15 Food and Drink ..........................................................................................................................2-41
2.16 Production of Halocarbons and and Sulphur Hexafluoride.......................................2-42
2.17 Consumption of Halocarbons and Sulphur Hexafluoride..........................................2-43
2.18 References....................................................................................................................................2-64

3

Solvent and Other Product Use

3.1

Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 3-1

3.2

NMVOC Emissions from Solvent and Other Product Use ........................................ 3-2

3.3

References...................................................................................................................................... 3-4

4Agriculture

4.1

Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 4-1

4.2

Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission from Domestic Livestock EntericFermentation and Manure Management............................................................................. 4-3
Appendix A
Data Underlying Default Emission Factors for Enteric Fermentation...................4-29
Appendix BData Underlying Default Emission Factors for Manure Management...................4-37
Appendix C
Derivation of Tier 2 Enteric Fermentation Equations for Methane.......................4-49

4.3

Methane Emissions from Rice Cultivation: Flooded Rice Fields .............................4-53
Appendix
Intercomparability of Methane Emission Data from Rice Cultivation ...................4-71

CONTENTS.2

4.4

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Burning...............................................4-73

4.5

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Soils .....................................................4-87

4.6

References................................................................................................................................. 4-125

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Reference Manual

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5Land-Use Change & Forestry

5.1

Overview.........................................................................................................................................5-1

5.2

Basic Calculations ......................................................................................................................5-11

5.3

CO2 Emissions and Uptake by Soils from Land-Use Changeand Management........................................................................................................................5-35

5.4

Refinements in Calculations...................................................................................................5-51
T5 Technical Appendix
Deforestation Data...................................................................................................................5-59

5.5References....................................................................................................................................5-65

6Waste6.1

Overview.........................................................................................................................................6-1

6.2

Methane Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal Sites.....................................................6-2

6.3

Methane Emissions from Wastewater Handling...........................................................6-13

6.4

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Human Sewage............................................................6-28

6.5

Emissions from Waste Incineration....................................................................................6-28

6.6

References....................................................................................................................................6-30

CONTENTS.3

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Reference Manual