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The Japanese Journal of American Studies, No. 16 (2005)

English-Language Works by JAAS Members
2003
The following citations and abstracts introduce recent publications and dissertations, written in English by the members of the Japanese Association for
American Studies, on topics related to American Studies. The works are listed
in the order of articles in journals, articles in books, books, and dissertations.

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS
Ara, Konomi. “America—Homoglossic or Heteroglossic?,” The Japanese
Journal of American Studies 14 (2003): 33–47.
In this third millennium, America is expected to become more “global,” mature, and “agreat country.” America’s primary obligation is to bear in mind the principle of reciprocity, the golden rule: do as you would be done by. America as a heteroglossic sphere
will then constitute a signiﬁcant “neutral territory” for all the peoples on earth to develop
their potential in full and enjoy their life thoroughly.

Azuma, Eiichiro. “ ‘The Paciﬁc Era Has Arrived’: Transnational Education
among Japanese Americans, 1932–1941,” History of Education Quarterly 43:1
(Spring 2003): 39–73.
This essay probes the practice of transnational education among Japanese Americans
during the 1930s. Their educational sojourn in Tokyo took place not only at the heightof Anglo-conformist ideology in the United States but also at a time of its growing
estrangement from Japan. Nisei schooling in their ancestral land thus manifested a multitude of contradictions in terms of citizenship and national/racial belonging, even thoughneither parents nor students exhibited hesitation, justifying their pursuit of knowledge
in Japan in the language of biculturalism.

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Azuma, Eiichiro. “The Politics of Transnational History Making: Japanese
Immigrants on the Western ‘Frontier,’ 1927–1941,” Journal of American
History 89:4 (March 2003): 1401–1430.
Bringing together the histories of immigration, popular culture, and historiography, thisarticle shows how Japanese immigrants (Issei) placed their collective past within narratives of the American frontier and Japanese expansionism. That historical vision enabled
immigrants who were denied citizenship to proclaim themselves archetypical Americans
by virtue of their Japanese traits—until the Paciﬁc War made such a dual national identity untenable.

Hashimoto, Yorimitsu. “Germs, Body-politics and Yellow Peril: Relocation of
Britishness in The Yellow Danger,” Australasian Victorian Studies Journal(Australasian Victorian Studies Association, The University of New England,
Australia) 9 (2003): 52–66.
M. P. Shiel’s The Yellow Danger (1898) is the archetypal yellow peril novel in the
English-speaking world. This paper demonstrates how it combines the sentiment ofAmerican anti-Chinese-immigration novels with British anti-Asian germ-phobia. The
paper also indicates that the story, possibly inspired by discourses of biological weapons,
was appropriated in Jack London’s “The Unparalleled Invasion” (1910).

Hashimoto, Yorimitsu. “Victorian Biological Terror: A Study of ‘The Stolen
Bacillus’ ”, The Undying Fire: The Journal of the H.G. Wells Society, The
Americas (The H.G. Wells Society, the Americas) 2 (2003): 3–27.
“The Stolen Bacillus” (1893) is essentially the ﬁrst work of ﬁction about biologicalweapons. This paper considers the history of their usage both in America and Britain asa metaphor for immigration-scares, and also relates the rise of germ theory. I assert thatthe story implies the metaphorical connection between the concept of epidemics and thereality of external terrorists threatening the body-politic.

Hatcho, Yui. “The Atlantic Charter of 1941: A Political Tool of Non-belligerent America,” The Japanese Journal of American Studies 14 (2003): 123–139.
In August 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill agreed on a joint statement called the “Atlantic Charter.” This paper aims to shed light on the political aspectsof the making of the joint statement, and also to bring out the original character of thebilateral statement.

Hori, Masaharu. “Japanese Public Administration and its Adaptation to New
Public Management,” Ritsumeikan Law Review, International Edition 20 (March
2003): 1–15.
The aim of this paper is to examine the current state of the Japanese Public Administration. I claim the practitioners in the JPA still predominantly take a public choice theory
approach, showing no intention of changing the JPA in such a way as to advance administrative reforms.

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Iguchi, Haruo. “Bonner Fellers and U.S.-Japan Relations, June 1945-June
1946,” Journal of American and Canadian Studies (Institute of Canadian andAmerican Studies, Sophia University) 20 (2003): 57–93.
This article examines the thoughts and activities of Bonner Fellers from June 1945 toJune 1946. Fellers was Douglas MacArthur’s military secretary and was instrumental inspearheading the movement within MacArthur’s command to use the Emperor to induce
Japanese surrender and carry out the American occupation of Japan. Many of the details,
including Fellers’s view of the Japanese Emperor, his thoughts about the circumstances
surrounding his retirement, and most importantly his activities in Japan, are new.

Ishii, Izumi. “Alcohol and Politics in the Cherokee Nation before Removal,”
Ethnohistory 50:4 (Fall 2003): 671–95.
In the early-nineteenth-century Cherokee Nation, alcohol and politics were inextricablyintertwined. In 1819, the Cherokee National Council passed a law to control spirituous
liquors, but this action inﬂamed the federal government which recognized tribal alcohol
regulation as an expression of Cherokee nationalism. As a bone of contention between
the Cherokee Nation and the United States, the regulation of alcohol in the 1820s reﬂectedlarger struggles over sovereignty.

Kita, Chigusa. “J.C.R. Licklider’s Vision for the IPTO,” IEEE Annals of theHistory of Computing 25:3 (2003): 61–77.
The Information Processing Techniques Ofﬁce of the Advanced Research Projects
Agency was founded in 1962 as a step toward realizing a ﬂexible military command andcontrol system. In setting the IPTO’s research agenda for funding, its ﬁrst director, J.C.R.
Licklider, emphasized the development of time-sharing systems. This article looks at
how Licklider’s early vision of “a network of thinking centers” helped set the stage for
the IPTO’s most famous project: the Arpanet.

Kono, Rikako. “The Identity of a Kibei-Nisei: The Life of Akira Itami,” Ferris
Wheel (Ferris University) 6 (2003): 82–102.
The purpose of this paper is to consider the identity of one of the Kibei-Nisei, Akira Itami(1911–1950), who was known as the model for Toyoko Yamasaki’s novel, Futatsu-no
Sokoku (Two Fatherlands). It argues that David Akira Itami was a loyal American witha Kagoshima spirit.

Kushida, Hisayo. “Searching for Federal Aid: The Petitioning Activities of the
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company,” The Japanese Journal of
American Studies 14 (2003): 87–103.
This paper focuses on the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company’s search for federal aid in the early 19th century. By looking at this case, it examines how the company
tried to overcome the constitutional problems and, as a result, how the company’s petitions contributed to the production of Gallatin’s Report on Public Roads and Canals in
1808.

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Leyda, Julia. “Race and Space in ‘Melanctha’: Caricatures of Character andSetting,” Chiba Review 23/24 (March 2003): 1–13.
This essay argues that character and setting in Gertrude Stein’s novella “Melanctha” areportrayed not through conventional means of description, but through the use of caricatures in the narration and through relations of proximity and distance established in thecharacters’ spoken and indirect discourse. The cumulative textual effect of this double
strategy is to create meanings out of relationships.

Mizuno, Takeya. “Government Suppression of the Japanese Language in WorldWar II Assembly Camps,” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 80(Winter 2003): 849–865.
This article investigates how the United States government prohibited the use of theJapanese “enemy” language at Japanese American “assembly centers” during WorldWar II. It demonstrates that the camp authorities strictly barred Japanese evacuees fromusing their own native language and thereby curtailed their First Amendment rights inmany aspects.

Mizuno, Takeya. “Journalism Under Military Guards and Searchlights: Newspaper Censorship at Japanese American Assembly Camps During World War
II,” Journalism History 29 (Fall 2003): 98–106.
This article describes how the United States government censored newspapers publishedby Japanese Americans who were conﬁned into “assembly centers” during World War
II. It focuses on two papers in particular, the Tanforan Totalizer and Santa Anita Pacemaker, published at the Tanforan and Santa Anita Assembly Centers, California, respectively.

Morimoto, Anri. “The (more or less) same light but from different lamps: The
post pluralist understanding of religion from a Japanese perspective,” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion (Dordrecht, The Netherlands:
Kulwer Academic Publishers) 53 (June 2003): 163–180.
This article examines the structure of John Hick’s pluralism to show that it is, contrary
to his claim, strongly monistic. It suggests revisiting Ernst Troeltsch’s argument for “subjective absoluteness” in order to establish that a healthy recognition of the nature of religious conviction calls for a “post-pluralist” understanding of religion that is congenial
to mutual afﬁrmation.

Nagashima, Keiichi. “How did U.S. TV Report the Outbreak of War,” The NHK
Monthly Report on Broadcast Research (NHK Broadcasting Research Institute)
5 (2003): 2–7
What is at stake in war reporting? Which aspects of the war should be reported, and how?
The Iraq War posed an array of extremely serious problems to those who work on the
ground in TV journalism. This study approaches these issues by analyzing how U.S. TV
reported the outbreak of war.

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Nagashima, Keiichi. “Television’s Portrayal of the Iraq War,” The NHK Monthly
Report on Broadcast Research (NHK Broadcasting Research Institute) 9(2003): 3–43.
How did the world’s television media report the war in Iraq? What are the discernible
differences in the way broadcasters in different countries reported the conﬂict? This
paper examines trends reﬂected in such broadcasters as BBC (U.K), ABC and FOX(U.S.A.), based on a comparative content analysis.

Nishizaki, Fumiko. “A Global Superpower or a Model of Democracy?: Imagesof America in Post-Cold War Japan,” The Japanese Journal of American Studies 14 (2003): 49–68.
This paper delineates the conﬂicting images of America in Japan in recent years, focusing on the debates over the issues of war, peace and historical memories. It argues thatas the identity of Japan as a country with a paciﬁst constitution weakened after the endof the Cold War, the image of America as a special country representing the republic of
ideas also dissipated.

Nitta, Keiko. “The Cult of True ‘Negro’ in 1926: Carl Van Vechten’s Nigger
Heaven and the Poetics of Dissimilitude,” Studies in American Literature(American Literature Society of Japan) 1 (2003): 65–84.
This article investigates the status of Harlem-Renaissance white authorship as represented by Carl Van Vechten. As a popular novelist and major patron of black artists, his
Nigger Heaven (1926) stimulated a debate on truthfulness in representations of black
lives. By focusing on the cult of the true “Negro,” in terms of its historical inevitability
and of the contexts undermining it, this essay traces the awareness of racial identity thatwould inform later debates on the authentic and the deceptive in black ﬁgures.

Shinkawa, Kensaburo. “A New Social Frame of Reference for American
Studies,” The Japanese Journal of American Studies 14 (2003): 21–31.
American studies were deeply inﬂuenced by the social upheavals of the 1960s. Now confronted with a new critical age which necessarily affects our standpoint on the UnitedStates, we need new frames of reference for American studies: among others, one would
take up a relational viewpoint to examine America in a position of “otherness”, in thecontext not only of domestic but also international multiculturalism.

Usui, Masami. “Local Hawai‘i as Home in Darrell H.Y. Lum’s Plays,”
Doshisha Literature (English Literary Society of Doshisha University) 46(2003): 55–78.
Darrell H.Y. Lum’s plays represent his insistent beliefs in localism in Hawai‘i, especially in respect to its multilayered linguistic and cultural heritage and his attitude toward
local identity as a descendant of Chinese immigrants who formed part of the backgroundof modern Hawai‘i and experienced both conﬂicts and changes, and reconciliation.

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Watanabe, Katsuaki. “Welcome to the Imploded Future: Don Delillo’s Mao II
Reconsidered in the Light of September 11,” The Japanese Journal of American
Studies 14 (2003): 69–85.
Since the beginning of his career, Don Delillo has devoted himself to pursuing the potential for an alternative counter-narrative against the ubiquitous discourses of media andtechnology through the deconstructive appropriation of their precarious nature. In opposition to the September 11 attack that was plotted to “overshadow all other speeches
made everywhere else in the world,” Mao II rejuvenates itself as a metaﬁctional counternarrative that exempliﬁes the awkward yet surmountable predicament living language
confronts at Ground Zero.

Yagasaki, Noritaka. “Adaptive Strategy of Japanese Immigrants and Occupational Sequent Occupance in the Development of Fresh Produce Marketing in
Los Angeles,” Geographical Review of Japan 76 (2003): 894–909.
Japanese immigrants successfully attained vertical dominance in production, wholesale,and retail of fresh produce in and around Los Angeles from the 1900s through the early
1940s. The process by which Japanese came to occupy such economic niches is documented with special reference to adaptive strategies such as ethnic organizations andoccupational preferences.

Yamashita, Noboru. “Faulkner’s ‘The Scarlet Letter’: If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem as an Abortion Novel,” The Faulkner Journal of Japan (internet edition)(The William Faulkner Society of Japan: faulkner-in-japan.net) 5 (2003): 1–6.
Using new historicism and gender criticism, this paper reveals that the novel is a powerful commentary on a problematic and continuing American social issue: abortion. In
this novel Faulkner depicts two contrasting cases of women who chose either birth orabortion. Charlotte, one of the heroines, is a symbol of the woman who challenges thetaboo of abortion.

Yoshida, Yoshinori. “The U.S. Constitutional Amendments and Jim Crow
Laws,” The Bulletin of the Institute for World Affairs and Cultures (Institute forWorld Affairs and Cultures, Kyoto Sangyou University) 20 (2003): 27–52.
This article focuses on three points: the factors that prohibited continued compromises
and caused the war between the states; the reasons why the federal government initiatedthree amendments to the U.S. Constitution in such rapid succession; and the puzzling
ruling of the Supreme Court, made up of nine judges all approved by the Radical Republican dominated Senate, that upheld the constitutionality of the “separate but equal”
doctrine.

Zmijewski, David. “The Conspiracy That Never Existed: How Hawai‘i Evaded
Annexation in 1868,” The Hawaiian Journal of History (Hawaiian Historical
Society) 37 (2003): 119–138.
In 1868 the American government began a clandestine attempt to take over the Kingdomof Hawai‘i by dispatching the U.S.S. Lackawanna to Hawaiian waters permanently. This

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article traces how the conspiracy was revealed to the Hawaiians by George W. Lendeveg,
the Secretary of Captain William Reynolds. It then examines the prosecution of
Lendeveg, and subsequent cover-up of the conspiracy by the American government.

ARTICLES IN BOOKS
Dale, Joshua Paul. “Cross-Cultural Encounters through a Lateral Gaze,” in After
Orientalism: Critical Entanglements, Productive Looks, ed. Inge E. Boer.
Thamyris/Intersecting No. 10 (2003). Amsterdam: Rodopi Press: 63–79.
This article analyzes Roland Barthes’s Empire of Signs as the epitome of the colonizing
Western gaze at the heart of Orientalist discourse. Lacan’s analysis of the gaze provides
the author with a new intersubjective paradigm, the lateral gaze, as an ethical basis forcross-cultural encounters.

Hones, Sheila. “Reading a Foreign Place: Geography and American Literature,”
in Crossing Oceans: Reconﬁguring American Literary Studies in the PaciﬁcRim, eds. Noelle Brada-Williams & Karen Chow (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2003): 41–50.
This paper applies the work of geographer Doreen Massey to the idea of a US literarycanon in order to suggest that the speciﬁcity of US literature, like the speciﬁcity of any
given place, can be productively understood to come not from any bordered and internal history but from its position in a transnational network of forces and movements.

Ito, Yuko. “Postwar US Military Policy toward the Philippines and the‘Japanese Factor,’ 1945–1951,” in Philippine-Japan Relations, eds. Setsuho
Ikehata & Lydia N. Yu-Jose (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press,
2003): 299–336.
This article explores America’s postwar military policy toward the Philippines from 1945
through 1951 in connection with America’s postwar policy toward Japan, and attempts
to show how the Philippine response to US policy reinforced the latter’s Cold War policy.

Izumi, Masumi. “Constructing Ethnicity Through Social Critique: Cultural
Expressions of Japanese Canadians in Post-instrument Canada,” in Changing
Japanese Identities in Multicultural Canada, eds. Joseph F. Kess, Hiroko Noro,
Midge M. Ayukawa and Helen Lansdowne (Victoria, BC, Canada: Universityof Victoria, 2003): 83–93
The paper explores the way in which Japanese Canadians of the post-war generation
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their cultural activities, and elucidates how those cultural sites have served as avenues
for Japanese Canadians to critically intervene in the dominant social, political, historical and cultural discourses in Canada.

Kodama, Sanehide. “Soundscapes in Ezra Pound,” in Peregrinatory: Essays on
Literature in English to Celebrate the 70th Birthday of Professor Akira
Yasukawa, ed. Yoko Wada (Tokyo: Shohakusha, 2003): 59–71.
The essay is a search for the meaning of the sound symbols in Ezra Pound’s poetry. It
points out that the auditory elements in various forms in his literary works are ingeniously
incorporated into his text to enrich the total meaning of the work.

Maekawa, Reiko and Victoria Lyon Bestor. “The Philanthropic Roots of the
Voluntary and Non-Proﬁt Sector in Japan: The Rockefeller Legacy,” in The
Voluntary and Non-Proﬁt Sector in Japan: The Challenge of Change, ed.
Stephen P. Osborne (London: Routledge Curzon, 2003): 23–39.
This article explores how the philanthropic activities of the Rockefeller family and thefoundations they established have had a signiﬁcant if often behind-the-scenes impact on
the evolution of Japan’s voluntary and non-proﬁt sector over the last century.

Ogata, Fusako. “Microbreweries (Japan),” in Alcohol and Temperance inModern History: An International Encyclopedia, eds. Jack S Blocker, Jr., David
M. Fahey, Ian R. Tyrrell (New York: ABC-Clio Inc., December 2003): (Vol.
2) 415–6.
The article describes the history and development of microbreweries in Japan since 1994
to 2002. It contributes to the two-volume international encyclopedia on alcohol and temperance in modern history.

BOOKS
Aruga, Tadashi. An International History of the Modern World (Tokyo:
Kenkyusha, 2003).
This is a compact survey history of international relations from 1500 to the present, whichputs present-day world affairs in a historical perspective. It is an outgrowth of the author’s
lectures at the English Department of Dokkyo University.

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Iguchi, Haruo. Unﬁnished Business: Ayukawa Yoshisuke and U.S.-Japan
Relations, 1937–1953 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center,2003).
This book examines the thoughts and activities of the industrialist Ayukawa Yoshisuke
regarding his efforts to bring in massive amounts of American direct investments to
Manchuria and Japan during the pre-Paciﬁc War years, and to Japan in the years following Japan’s defeat. The book not only examines how and why Ayukawa’s efforts
failed but also examines the similarities between Ayukawa and former President Herbert
Hoover.

Thornton, Naoko Fuwa. Strange Felicity: Eudora Welty’s Subtexts on Fictionand Society (Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 2003).
The ﬁrst monograph focusing on the metaﬁctional quality of Eudora Welty, this book
excavates two kinds of subtexts—literary and social—buried in her major ﬁctions.
Reading these subtexts, the book reveals Welty’s idea about the literary and social roles
and status of ﬁction and her camouﬂaged political messages.

DISSERTATIONS
Fujishige, Hitoko. “Closing the American Gate?: The Enactment of the Illegal
Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act.” Ph.D. diss., Osaka
University of Foreign Studies, 2003.
The purpose of this study is to examine U.S. immigration policy before and after the endof the Cold War. An upsurge of anti-immigrant sentiments in the 1990s led to the enactment of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996. In
this period of anti-immigration sentiments, the number of immigrants increased dramatically.

Ishihara, Tsuyoshi. “Mark Twain in Japan: Mark Twain’s Literature and 20th
Century Japanese Juvenile Literature and Popular Culture.” Ph.D. diss., The
University of Texas at Austin, 2003.
This dissertation examines how Mark Twain’s literature has been transformed inJapanese translations and adapted to suit the context of 20th century Japanese popular
culture and juvenile literature. The dissertation has two focuses. First, it introduces
Japanese versions of Mark Twain’s literature which have had an important impact on
the formation of the public image of Mark Twain and his works in 20th century Japan.
Second, it discusses the ways in which the contexts of both traditional and contemporary Japanese culture transformed Twain’s originals and shaped 20th century Japaneseversions of Mark Twain and his literature.

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Kitahara, Taeko. “Light and Shadow: A Comparative Study of Henry Jamesand F. Marion Crawford.” Ph.D. diss., The University of Tokyo, 2003.
Although F. Marion Crawford is largely absent from recent American literary histories,
he once was considered a strong rival of Henry James. By analyzing biographical documents and ﬁction employing “international” settings, this dissertation attempts to illuminate the intertextuality between these two authors and to reconsider their current critical assessment.

Miyao, Daisuke. “ ‘East Is East and West Is West?’: A Cross-cultural Study of
Sessue Hayakawa’s Silent Stardom.” Ph.D. diss., New York University, 2003.
Japanese actor Sessue Hayakawa (1886–1973) was the only non-Caucasian ﬁlm star in
the US from 1915 until 1922. Examining Hayakawa’s ﬁlm stardom and transnational
reception, this dissertation traces the volatile intersections between Japanese and (white)
American cultures. It casts light on the historical trajectory of American images of Japan,
and of Japanese self-images in the world.