2006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIESSupporting material prepared for consideration by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This
supporting material has not been subject to formal IPCC review processes.
This report was finalised at the IPCC meeting on the Promotion of the IPCC Guidelines held in Geneva, October
2007. The IPCC would like to thank all the participants for their contributions.
Whilst the information in this document is believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither
the authors nor the publishers can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions. Neither
the authors nor the publishers have any responsibility for the persistence of any URLs referred to in this reportand cannot guarantee that any content of such web sites is or will remain accurate or appropriate.

Published by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Hayama, Japan on behalf of the IPCC
© The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2008.
Please cite as:
IPCC 2008, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories – A primer, Prepared by the
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Miwa K., Srivastava N. and Tanabe K. (eds).
Published: IGES, Japan.

IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
Technical Support Unit
℅ Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
2108 -11, Kamiyamaguchi
Hayama, Kanagawa
JAPAN, 240-0115
Fax: (81 46) 855 3808
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp

Printed in Japan2

2006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIESCONTENTSINTRODUCTION. .................................................................................................................................... 5
IPCC Guidelines and the UNFCCC............................................................................................................... 5
Improvements.................................................................................................................................................... 5

USING THE 2006 GUIDELINES................................................................................................ 6
Elements of Greenhouse Gas Inventories................................................................................................. 6

Anthropogenic................................................................................................................................................... 6
Greenhouse gases........................................................................................................................................... 6
Geographic area............................................................................................................................................... 7
Time: Inventory year and time series................................................................................................................ 7
Sectors and categories..................................................................................................................................... 7

Inventory Process and Management........................................................................................................... 7

Structure of the Guidelines............................................................................................................................... 8
Good Practice: How to ensure a quality inventory............................................................................................ 9Inventory quality................................................................................................................................................ 9Compiling an inventory................................................................................................................................... 10

Step-by-step Inventory Compilation.......................................................................................................... 12

TRANSITION FROM THE 1996 GUIDELINES............................................................. 15
General Issues................................................................................................................................................. 15

Structural changes.......................................................................................................................................... 15
Improved general guidance............................................................................................................................ 15
New gases and sources................................................................................................................................. 15
Estimation of actual annual emissions............................................................................................................ 15
Direct CO2....................................................................................................................................................... 16

Indirect N2O.................................................................................................................................................... 16
Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage............................................................................................................. 16
Non-Energy Uses of fossil fuels...................................................................................................................... 17
AFOLU - Consolidation of previously optional categories.............................................................................. 17
Harvested Wood Products.............................................................................................................................. 17
Wetlands......................................................................................................................................................... 17

Changes in Categorisation. ......................................................................................................................... 17

Energy............................................................................................................................................................ 18
IPPU............................................................................................................................................................... 18
AFOLU............................................................................................................................................................ 19
Waste.............................................................................................................................................................. 20
Other............................................................................................................................................................... 20

References........................................................................................................................................................ 20

32006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIESINTRODUCTION(Annex I Parties, developed countries) while the GoodThis paper introduces the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for

not included in Annex I of the UNFCCC (Non-Annex I Parties).

National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 Guidelines;

The 2006 Guidelines were produced at the invitation of the

IPCC 2006), summarises the basic approach for inventory
development, and provides guidance on their use. It is
hoped this will give a better understanding of greenhousegas inventories to a wider audience.

Practice Guidance reports are encouraged for use by Parties

UNFCCC in 2002 to update the Revised 1996 Guidelines
and associated good practice guidance in 2006. The IPCC’s
Task Force on Inventories undertook this task and the IPCC
Panel XXV (Port Louis, Mauritius, April 2006) adopted and

The 2006 Guidelines represent a significant step forward

accepted the 2006 Guidelines. The UNFCCC is currently

in producing reliable, accurate, consistent and comparable

considering the use of the 2006 Guidelines. The 2006

inventories of emissions and removals of greenhouse

Guidelines are a repository of the best available, peer-gases. The 2006 Guidelines update earlier guidance,

reviewed parameters and methods for national greenhousecombine good practice guidance and new scientific andgas inventories. These methods and parameters can also

technical information on emissions and removals ofbe used within the structure of the previous guidelines.

greenhouse gases.

The 2006 Guidelines are the work of over 250 authors

The 2006 Guidelines provide methodologies for making

nominated by governments and international organisations

estimates of national anthropogenic emissions andand selected in accordance with the IPCC procedures.

removals of greenhouse gases. These methodologies

The final list of authors was selected to ensure as wide

can be used to assist Parties to the UN Frameworka geographic representation as possible as well as toConvention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in fulfillingensure sufficient coverage of all potential sources. Sectoral

their commitments to develop inventories of anthropogenic

meetings were held enabling authors to discuss and agree

emissions and removals of greenhouse gases not controlledcommon approaches, followed by drafting and emailby the Montreal Protocol.

exchanges to produce the completed guidelines. Following

Emission inventories are not just needed for reporting

drafting, the complete document was peer reviewed twice,emissions and removals; they are also essential tools indeveloping policies and in monitoring the impact of thosepolicies. As such they provide invaluable information for
those developing policies related to climate change and air
pollution.

IPCC Guidelines and the UNFCCC
Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed (amongst otherthings) to “Develop, periodically update, publish and makeavailable … national inventories of anthropogenic emissions
by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases
not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable

first by experts alone and the second time by experts
and governments. After each review an expert meeting
considered the comments and, if necessary, edited thetext. In all over 6,000 comments were received. Following
a period of government consideration the final draft was
adopted and accepted by the IPCC in April 2006.

Improvements
These 2006 Guidelines are the most up-to-date guidance
available to inventory compilers. They are the latest ina series of publications started in 1995 and built on theearlier guidance. The 2006 Guidelines provide users with amethodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of thenumber of key advantages compared to earlier guidance:

Parties;” (UNFCCC 1992). The “comparable methodologies”

Ø Improved accuracy: The guidelines now include updated

agreed on are those produced by the Intergovernmental

methods and improved default values based on up-to-

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

date information thus improving the overall accuracy

The Revised 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas

of estimates. Guidance for all sources and sinks now

Inventories (Revised 1996 Guidelines, IPCC 1997), together
with the two volumes on inventory good practice guidance -gives actual annual estimates, as opposed to the earlier“potential” methods.

the Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management

Ø More complete: Guidance is given on more sources andin National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (GPG 2000, IPCC

sinks as they have been identified since 1996. Guidance2000) and the Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-on land use sectors has been made more complete

Use Change and Forestry (GPG-LULUCF, IPCC 2003)-, areand consistent across all land uses. More fluorinatedto be used by Parties included in Annex I of the UNFCCC

greenhouse gases are included as information on their

52006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES

use and release has become available.
Ø Reduced scope for errors: The source categories havebeen restructured to reduce the possibilities for double
counting or omissions. The most appropriate choiceof method has been made easier by incorporating andtime frame. These parameters need to be clearly defined inorder for inventories to be consistent and comparable.

Anthropogenic

Anthropogenic emissions and removals means that

updating the earlier good practice guidance into thegreenhouse gas emissions and removals included inindividual sector methods.

national inventories are a result of human activities. TheØ C learer guidance: Integrating all the good practiceguidance into the methodology report ensures that users
can more easily find all the relevant information theyneed. The guidance starts with one general volume on
overall QA/QC and good practice issues and sectorspecific matters are all dealt with in the sector volumes.
Ø Resource-relevant methods: Differing methodologies andtheir selection enable inventory developers with limited
resources to complete their national estimates while
also allowing those with greater resources to use moredetailed and accurate methods.

distinction between natural and anthropogenic emissions
and removals follows straightforwardly from the data used
to quantify human activity. In the Agriculture, Forestry andOther Land Use (AFOLU) Sector, emissions and removals
on managed land are taken as a proxy for anthropogenic
emissions and removals. Inter-annual variations in natural
background emissions and removals, though these can besignificant, are assumed to average out over time.

Greenhouse gases

The gases that contribute to climate change have been
identified in IPCC assessment reports. While previous

USING THE 2006 GUIDELINESThis section explains the approach in the 2006 Guidelines
to estimating emissions and removals of greenhouse gases.
It starts by providing some key definitions, then outlines theinventory process and describes how inventories should
be managed. The final part is a step-by-step description ofcompiling an inventory.

IPCC guidance focused on the gases with Global Warming
Potentials (GWPs) identified in the Second Assessment
Report (IPCC 1995a; IPCC 1995b), the 2006 Guidelines
cover a longer list of greenhouse gases with GWP values
identified in the Third Assessment Report (IPCC 2001a;
IPCC 2001b) or potential replacements for them (seeTable 1). IPCC guidance is not given for gases covered byMontreal Protocol.
The 2006 Guidelines also provide information for the

Elements of Greenhouse Gas
Inventories

reporting of the following precursors: nitrogen oxides (NOx),ammonia (NH3), non-methane volatile organic compounds(NMVOC), carbon monoxide (CO) and sulphur dioxide (SO2)Greenhouse gas inventories are estimates of all thealthough methods for estimating emissions of these gases

anthropogenic emissions and removals of specified gases fromare not given by the 2006 Guidelines as they are available

all categories and sectors from a given area during a specified

elsewhere (TFEIP 2006; USEPA - OTAQ 2007).

Table 1 - Greenhouse gases covered in the 2006 Guidelines
In IPCC 1996
Guidelines

GWP available
in TAR

Yes

Yes

Name

Symbol(s)Carbon Dioxide

CO2Methane

CH4

Yes

Yes

Nitrous Oxide

N 2O

Yes

Yes

Hydrofluorocarbons

HFCs (e.g., HFC-23 (CHF3), HFC-134a (CH2FCF3), HFC-152a(CH3CHF2))

Yes

Yes

Perfluorocarbons

PFCs (CF4, C2F6, C3F8, C4F10, c-C4F8, C5F12, C6F14)

Yes

Yes

Sulphur Hexafluoride

SF6

Yes

Yes

Nitrogen Trifluoride

NF3

Yes

Trifluoromethyl Sulphur
Pentafluoride

SF5CF3

Yes

Halogenated Etherse.g., C4F9OC2H5, CHF2OCF2OC2F4OCHF2, CHF2OCF2OCHF2

Yes

Other halocarbons

e.g., CF3I, CH2Br2, CHCl3, CH3Cl, CH2Cl2Yes

C3F7C(O)C2F5, C7F16, C4F6, C5F8, c-C4F8O

6

2006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES

Geographic area

divided into main sectors, which are groupings of related

National inventories include in general greenhouse gas

processes, sources and sinks:

emissions and removals taking place within national territoryØ Energy

and offshore areas over which the country has jurisdiction.
There are some special issues:
 missions from fuel use on ships or aircraft engaged inØEinternational transport should not be included in nationalØ Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU)Ø Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)
Ø Wastetotals but be reported separately.
Ø CO2 emissions from road vehicles should be attributed tothe country where the fuel was sold. The same principle
can be applied to other gases depending on the data used.
 missions from coastal and deep sea fishing should beØEallocated to the country delivering the fuel.
 ilitary fuel use is reported under “1A5 Non-specified”,
ØM
this includes fuel deliveries for all mobile and stationary
consumption of the country unless data exist to separate
national and international fuel use.
Ø Emissions from multilateral operations pursuant to the Charterof the United Nations are not included in national totals.
 ugitive emissions from pipelines should be allocatedØF
according to the national territory of the pipeline, including
offshore areas. This implies that emissions from one
pipeline may be distributed between two or more countries.
Ø Any emissions from the injection and possible subsequentleakage of CO2 stored in geological formations should
be included by the country in whose national jurisdiction
or by whose international right the point of injection is
located. These emissions may cross national boundaries.
 ifferent approaches to include the impact of harvested
ØDwood products (HWP) are under discussion by the
UNFCCC and inventory compilers can select any of theapproaches under discussion. (Vol.4 Ch.12)
These guidelines may also be applicable at the project scale.

Time: Inventory year and time series

National inventories contain estimates for the calendar
year during which the emissions to (or removals from) theatmosphere occur. Where suitable data to follow this principle
are missing, emissions/removals may be estimated using
data from other years applying appropriate methods such as
averaging, interpolation and extrapolation. A sequence of annual
greenhouse gas inventory estimates (e.g., each year from 1990
to 2000) is called a time series. Because of the importance of
tracking emissions trends over time, countries should ensure

Each sector comprises individual categories (e.g., transport)
and sub-categories (e.g., cars). Countries construct anational total inventory from the sub-category level because
accurate estimates can only be made at this level andbecause this detail makes inventories more useful topolicymakers. A national total is calculated by summing up
emissions and removals for each gas.
There are two exceptions. Firstly, CO2 emissions from theuse of biomass for fuels are not included in the national
totals but are estimated and reported separately. Any net
emissions should be covered in the AFOLU Sector.
Secondly, where CO2 emissions are captured from industrial
processes or large combustion sources, emissions shouldbe allocated to the sector generating the CO 2 unless it
can be shown that the CO2 is stored in properly monitored
geological storage sites (Vol.2 Ch.5).

Inventory Process and Management
As with the 1996 Guidelines and the two volumes of the
IPCC Good Practice Guidance the most common simple
methodological approach is to combine information on
the extent to which a human activity takes place (called
activity data) with coefficients which quantify the emissions
or removals per unit activity. These are called emission
factors. The basic equation is therefore:
Emissions = Activity Data ● Emission Factor
For example, in the Energy Sector fuel consumption would
constitute activity data, and mass of carbon dioxide emitted
per unit of fuel consumed would be an emission factor. The
basic equation can in some circumstances be modified toinclude other estimation parameters than emission factors.
Where time lags are involved, due for example to the time
it takes for material to decompose in a landfill or leakageof refrigerants from cooling devices, other methods areprovided, for example first order decay methods. The

that a time series of estimates is as consistent as possible.

2006 Guidelines also allow for more complex modelling

Sectors and categories

Though this simple equation is widely used, the 2006

Greenhouse gas emission and removal estimates areapproaches, particularly at higher tiers (see later).
Guidelines also contain mass balance methods, for example

7

2006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES

the stock change methods used in the AFOLU Sector whichemission is zero. Where higher tier estimation shows that

estimates CO2 emissions from changes over time in carbon

this emission is not balanced by a carbon removal fromcontent of living biomass and dead organic matter pools.

the atmosphere, this net emission or removal should be

Carbon dioxide from the combustion or decay of short-included in the emission and removal estimates for AFOLU

lived biogenic material removed from where it was grown

Sector through carbon stock change estimates. Material

is reported as zero in the Energy, IPPU and Waste Sectors

with long lifetime is dealt with in the Harvested Wood(for example CO 2 emissions from biofuels

Products chapter (see Vol.4 Ch.12).

1, 2, and CO 2

emissions from biogenic material in Solid Waste Disposal
Sites (SWDS)). In the AFOLU Sector, when using Tier 1

Structure of the Guidelines

methods for short lived products, it is assumed that theVolumes: The 2006 Guidelines contain 5 volumes, oneemission is balanced by carbon uptake prior to harvest,

for each sector (Vols.2-5) and one for general guidance

within the uncertainties of the estimates, so the net

applicable to all sectors (Vol.1) shown in Table2.

Table 2 - Contents of 2006 Guidelines

1
2

Volumes

Chapters

1 - General Guidance andReporting

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Introduction to the 2006 Guidelines
Approaches to Data Collection
Uncertainties
Methodological Choice and Identification of Key Categories
Time Series Consistency
Quality Assurance/Quality Control and Verification
Precursors and Indirect Emissions
Reporting Guidance and Tables

2 - Energy

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Introduction
Stationary Combustion
Mobile Combustion
Fugitive Emissions
CO2 Transport, Injection and Geological Storage
Reference Approach3 - Industrial Processes andProduct Use

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Introduction
Mineral Industry Emissions
Chemical Industry Emissions
Metal Industry Emissions
Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use
Electronics Industry Emissions
Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances
Other Product Manufacture and Use

4 - Agriculture, Forestry andOther Land Use

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Introduction
Generic Methodologies Applicable to Multiple Land-Use Categories
Consistent Representation of Lands
Forest Land
Cropland
Grassland
Wetlands
Settlements
Other Land
Emissions from Livestock and Manure Management
N2O Emissions from Managed Soils, and CO2 Emissions from Lime and Urea Application
Harvested Wood Products

5 - Waste

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Introduction
Waste Generation, Composition and Management Data
Solid Waste Disposal
Biological Treatment of Solid Waste
Incineration and Open Burning of Waste
Wastewater Treatment and Discharge

CO2 emissions from the use of biofuels should be reported as an information item for QA/QC purposes.
In these Guidelines peat is assumed not to be a biofuel.

8

2006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIESThis five-volume structure means the cross referencing

practice. The 2006 Guidelines refined good practicewill be required between two volumes at most: Volume

ensuring it is applied uniformly across the entire inventory

1 (General Guidance and Reporting), and the relevantwith sectoral guidance, improving the general guidance

sectoral volume.

and adding additional guidance on data collection. The

Chapters: Volume 1 contains chapters that provide detailed

definition of good practice has achieved general acceptancecross-cutting guidance by topic as described in moredetail below. Volumes 2-5 contain chapters that provide
methodological guidance for specific emission and removal
categories, along with specific recommendations for
uncertainty, QA/QC, time series consistency, and reporting.
The volume and chapter structure is presented in Table 2.
Annexes: Annexes are intended to include additional often
detailed information beyond what is necessary for a Tier 1
estimate, for example extended data tables.
Appendices: The 2006 Guidelines present some technicalmaterial in appendices, where emissions or removals
are poorly understood and where there is insufficient
information available to develop reliable, globally applicable,
default methods for a particular source or sink. Countries
may use appendices as a basis for further methodologicaldevelopment, but a national inventory can be considered
complete without the inclusion of estimates for thesesources and sinks.
Worksheets: Worksheets are tools designed to provide
easy calculation of Tier 1 methodologies. Worksheets are
not provided for higher tiers, although they can also be
used where the higher tier method is similar to Tier 1 (e.g.,where national data is used instead of default data). Some
more complex approaches are provided in spreadsheets in
the CDROM attached to the Guidelines for a few sectors.

amongst countries as the basis for inventory development.
Inventories that are consistent with good practice are thosewhich contain neither over- nor under-estimates so far as
can be judged, and in which uncertainties are reduced as
far as practicable.
In order to produce high quality inventories, despite thevarying experience and resources of inventory compilers,the 2006 Guidelines uses the following concepts:
Tiers: A tier represents a level of methodological complexity.
Usually three tiers are provided. Tier 1 is the basic methodand default factors are supplied; Tier 2 requires countryspecific information and Tier 3 is most demanding in termsof complexity and data requirements usually involving
detailed modelling. Tiers 2 and 3 are sometimes referred toas higher tier methods and are generally considered to be
more accurate and appropriate for significant contributors to
the national total (see key categories, below).
Default data: Tier 1 methods for all categories are designed
to use readily available national or international statistics incombination with the default emission factors and additionalparameters that are provided, and therefore should befeasible for all countries.
Key categories: The concept of key category (Vol.1 Ch.4)
is used to identify the categories that have a significant
influence on a country’s total inventory of greenhouse gases
in terms of the absolute level of emissions and removals,

Reporting tables: The reporting tables are intended to givethe trend in emissions and removals, or uncertainty in

sufficient detail required for transparent reporting of nationalemissions and removals. Key categories should be thegreenhouse gas inventories and follow a disaggregatedpriority for countries during inventory resource allocation for

category list. They include summary tables, sectoral tables,

data collection, compilation and quality assurance/quality

background tables and trend tables. The background tables

control.

include summary activity data for increased transparency

Decision trees: Decision trees for each category help

and to facilitate comparison of data across countries.
Reporting tables also include results of a key category
analysis and uncertainty assessment, memo items(emissions to be reported but not included in national totals)
and information items for increased transparency.

the inventory compiler navigate through the guidanceand select the appropriate tiered methodology for theircircumstances based on their assessment of key categories
and data availability. In general, it is good practice to use
higher tier methods for key categories, unless the resource
requirements to do so are prohibitive.

Good Practice: How to ensure a quality
inventory

Inventory quality

greenhouse gas inventories a collection of methodologicalall steps of the inventory compilation – from data collection

principles, tasks and procedures were defined in theto reporting. They also provide tools to focus resources onprevious guidelines and collectively referred to as good

the areas where they will most benefit the overall inventory

In order to promote the development of high quality national

These Guidelines provide guidance on ensuring quality on

9

2006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES

Reporting

Verification

QA/QC

Time Series Consistency

Waste

Key Categories

AFOLU

Methodological Choice

IPPU

Uncertainties

EnergyData Collection

Sectoral Guidance

General Guidance & Reporting

Emission
Inventory

Figure 1 - Relationship between general and sectoral guidanceand encourage continuous improvement. Experience hasThis comparability should be reflected in appropriate

demonstrated that using a good practice approach is a

identification of key categories (Vol.1 Ch.4); in the use

pragmatic means of building inventories that are consistent,of the reporting guidance and tables; and use of thecomparable, complete, accurate and transparent – andclassification and definition of categories of emissions anddeveloping them in a manner that improves inventory

removals presented in Table 8.2 of Volume 1, Chapter 8,

quality over time. Indicators of inventory quality are:and Volumes 2-5.

Transparency: There is sufficient and clear documentation

Accuracy: National greenhouse gas inventories shouldsuch that all involved can understand how the inventory

contain neither over- nor under-estimates so far as can be

was compiled and can assure themselves that it meets

judged. This means making all endeavours to remove bias

the good practice requirements for national greenhousefrom the inventory estimates (Vol.1 Chs.2 & 3 and Vols. 2-5).

gas emissions inventories. Documentation and reporting
guidance is provided in Volume 1, Chapters 6 and 8, and in
the respective chapters of Volumes 2-5.
Completeness: National, calendar year estimates arereported for all sources and sinks, and gases indicated inCompiling an inventory

Compiling a greenhouse gas inventory is a step-by-stepprocess. Compilation includes the collection of data,
estimation of emissions and removals, checking andTable 1. Where elements are missing their absence shouldverification, uncertainty assessment and reporting.

be clearly documented together with a justification for

Before undertaking estimates of emissions and removals

exclusion (see Vols. 2-5).

from specific categories an inventory compiler should

Consistency: Estimates for different inventory years,

become familiar with the material in Volume 1. Thisgases and categories are made in such a way thatdifferences between years and categories reflect realdifferences in emissions. Inventory annual trends, as far

Volume provides good practice guidance on issues thatare common to all the estimation methods covered by thesector-specific guidance provided in Volumes 2 to 5 andas possible, should be calculated using the same method

reporting instructions (see Figure 1).

and data sources in all years. They should aim to reflect

The main topics are:the real annual fluctuations in emissions or removals andData collection: The collection of data is a fundamental

not be subject to changes resulting from methodologicaldifferences. (Vol.1 Chs.2, 4 & 5)

part of inventory preparation (and sometimes the mostdifficult and the largest source of inaccuracy). GuidanceComparability: The national greenhouse gas inventory

covers initiating and maintaining a data collection

is reported in a way that allows it to be compared with

programme; evaluating existing sources of data; andnational greenhouse gas inventories for other countries.

planning new emission measurements and surveys.

10

2006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIESNational Body with Overall
Responsibility

ReportingInventory Oversight, QA/QC
Planning, Technical OversightPotential Data Providers
Plant Operators

Inventory Comp
Compilation

Industry Organisations

Sectoral Compilers

Environmental Agencies
National Statistical Bodies

Sectoral Compilers

International Agencies

Inventory
Consolidation

Sectoral Compilers

Academic ResearchCommissioned Research

Reporting
Guidelines andInstructions

Sectoral Compilers

Literature
Other Inventories
Stakeholders/Reviewers
ers/
r Rev
Plant Operators

NOTES:The number and nature of data providers,
stakeholders and reviewers will depend on
national circumstances

Industry Organisations
Environmental Agencies

The compilation of the inventory may be doneby one party or, as shown here, spilt between
a number of sectoral experts. How this is done
depends on the resources and expertise of thecountry.

National Statistical Bodies
Academic Research
NGOs

Figure 2 - National inventory compilation requires careful planning to link all those involved
so that the result is accurate and timely.

Extensive reference is made to existing guidance provided

gas as well as inventory totals and their trends. Practicalby other organisations. Sources of data are varied andguidance for estimating and combining uncertainties,

range from existing national and international statistics toalong with a discussion of the conceptual underpinnings

specially commissioned data collection exercises.

of inventory uncertainty is given (Vol.1 Ch3). Uncertainty

Regular communication and consultation with providers ofdata is recommended throughout the inventory activities(from data collection to final reporting). This communication
will build working relationships between data supplier andinventory compilers that will benefit the inventory both interms of efficiency and quality. This activity will also help tokeep the inventory compilers informed of the developmentof new datasets and even provide opportunities to influence
the planning and specifications of data collection activities.

assessment is an important component of good practicein national greenhouse gas inventory development.
The uncertainty analysis characterises the range andlikelihood of possible values for the national inventory as
a whole as well as for its components. Awareness of theuncertainties of parameters and results provides inventory
compilers with insight when evaluating suitable data for
the inventory during the data collection and compilation
phases. Uncertainty assessment also helps identify thecategories that contribute most to the overall uncertainty,

Uncertainty assessment: Uncertainty estimates provide

which helps the inventory compiler prioritise future inventory

valuable information, both to the inventory compilers, andimprovements.

to users of the inventory. Inventory compilers can use thisKey category analysis: An important part of good practiceinformation to help decide where to focus resources on

guidance is how to identify those sources and sinks that

improving the inventories. Estimates of uncertainty areare key categories. The key category concept is used,needed for each source and sink category and greenhouse

together with the decision trees, to guide users in their

11

2006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES

Start New Estimate
Building on experience of previous inventory (if any)

Setup and implement QC

Identify key
categories

Report inventory

Check inventory
through QA

Conduct key
category analysis

Make necessary
revisions (if any)

Uncertainty:
Evaluate input data
and assess overall
inventory

Compile inventory

Select methods &data considering
uncertainty & timeseries consistency

Collect data andestimate emissions
and removals

Figure 3 - Inventory production cycle

methodological choice for each category.

where numerical data cannot be provided. Reporting

Time series consistency: Ensuring the time series

tables also cover uncertainties, key category analysis, andconsistency of inventories is essential for establishingemission trends.

confidence in reported inventory trends. Methods are

Volume 1 and Volumes 2 to 5 are complementary. After

provided for ensuring time series consistency in cases

the compilers tasked with preparing estimates for specificwhere it is not possible to use the same method and/or data

emission and removal categories have familiarised

over the entire period. New inventories may recalculatethemselves with the general guidance in Volume 1 they

data for earlier years and the way this is done needs toshould use the specific sectoral volume(s) appropriate to

be consistent with the good practice guidance in order totheir categories so that they can apply the requirements inensure that the new numbers are transparent, complete,a manner suitable to their national circumstances.

consistent, comparable and accurate: in other words
convincing to users of the resulting inventories.
Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC): A QA/

Step-by-step Inventory Compilation

QC system is an important part of inventory development.

Each stage of the production of emission inventories

The general and sector-specific QA/QC ellements tois described in the 2006 Guidelines. Ideally, inventory

consider when compiling an inventory include planning,compilation is a cyclic process, with each new year’s

checks, documentation, verification and review. The 2006

inventory building on the previous years data (see Figure 3).

Guidelines encourage continuous improvement and rigor

Thus improvements to the inventory build up over time sothrough QA/QC and verification activities. A number ofthat, even though resources are usually limited, emission

concepts and tools (Vol.1 Ch.6) are provided to support

inventory quality continuously improves. Quality control

efficient inventory management, checking and continuous

measures should be implemented at each step and should

improvement. These activities will achieve the best use

be documented according to the requirements of QA/QC

of limited resources, and a quality consistent with goodand documentation given in Volume 1 Chapter 6.

practice, for each inventory.

1. T he first step for a revised or new greenhouse gas

Reporting: Communicating the final emission inventory ininventory is to identify the key categories for thea clear and convincing manner is important. Clear reporting

inventory so that resources can be prioritised. Where

guidance is provided to ensure that individual inventories

an inventory already exists, the key categories can be

are transparent and comparable. Transparent reporting,identified quantitatively from the previous estimateswith sufficient background information, greatly increases(Vol.1 Ch.4). For a new inventory the compilers have two

the credibility of any inventory. Notation keys are provided

choices. Firstly, they can make a preliminary qualitative

to increase completeness and transparency in reporting,assessment based on local knowledge and expertise12

2006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES

about large emission sources and inventories in countries

consistency (Vol.1 Ch.5) especially if the data arewith similar national circumstances. Or, secondly, they

incomplete for some years.

can make preliminary Tier 1 estimates to assist in

5. Once the inventory estimates are complete, the next step

identifying key categories.

is to perform an uncertainty analysis and key category

Assessing the key categories helps the inventory

analysis (Vol.1 Chs.3 & 4). These analyses may identify

compiler to focus effort and resources on the categories

categories for which a higher tier should be used andthat contribute most to the overall inventory or inventory

additional data collected.

uncertainty and so helps to ensure that the best possible

6. Following the completion of the inventory final quality

inventory is compiled for the available resources.

assurance (QA) checks need to be performed. These

2. O nce the key categories have been identified, thechecks are an extremely important stage and should

inventory compiler should identify the appropriate method

encompass review by stakeholders as well as parties

for estimation for each category in the particular country

outside the inventory process. Figure 4 shows ancircumstances. The category-specific decision trees inexample of an annual inventory review cycle. This is

Volumes 2-5 and the generalised decision tree in Chapter

a mature inventory system where the review phase is

4 of Volume 1, provide guidance on selecting appropriate

longer than the compilation phase and this reflects themethods. The selection of methods will be determined byimportance of the review step.

the classification of a category as key or not key, and by

7. The final step in the inventory process is to report theboth the data and the resources available. Guidance oninventory (Vol.1 Ch. 8). The aim here is to present thedata collection is provided in Chapter 2 of Volume 1.

inventory in an as concise and clear way as possible

3. D ata collection should follow the selection of theto enable users to understand the data, methods andappropriate methods. (However it must be rememberedassumptions used in the inventory. Provision of concisethat the data collection activities may reveal new data or

relevant background information and explanations in the

difficulties in data that was thought to exist and so theaccompanying reports helps to ensure the inventory is

choice of method may need to be revised in light of thistransparent.

information.) Data collection activities should consider

The compilers should base future inventory revisions on

the need for time series consistency and so data for aprevious inventories. Thus an iterative process builds on

single year is less useful. Data on uncertainties should, if

and improves the inventory each time a new inventory is

possible, be collected at the same time. (Vol.1 Chs.2 & 3)compiled as illustrated in Figure 3. When a new year’s

4. E missions and removals are estimated following theinventory is compiled, estimates for all years should be

methodological choice and data collection. Care should

reviewed and updated, where necessary, integrating any

be taken to follow the general guidance on time seriesfeasible improvements.

Jun
Kick-off meeting

Oct
Finalise draft report

Gather data and prepare initial estimates

Expert and inter-agency
review

Jul

Nov

Aug

Sep

Jun - Oct
Initial Inventory Compilation

Oct

Apr
Submit inventory

Dec
Incorporate expert comments

Dec

Release for publiccomment
Jan

Feb

Incorporate
comments
Mar

Apr

Oct - Apr
Inventory Review Phase

Figure 4 - An illustration of the timing of an annual inventory process

132006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIESBox 1 - Using the flow diagram (Figure 3) and the 2006 Guidelines – Livestock example
Inventory compilers tasked with preparing estimates for specific categories need to familiarise themselves with guidance in twovolumes: the relevant guidance in a sectoral volume (e.g., Volume 4, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use), and the generalguidance in Volume 1. Along with the diagram (see Figure 3) this box describes how the guidance in the two Volumes is used for
estimating methane emissions from Enteric Fermentation:
Start with your previous inventory where available and prioritise categories for estimation.
The inventory compiler can begin with the overall results of the previous national inventory, particularly the key category assessment,
as a preliminary step to selecting methods and data in Chapter 4 of Volume 1.
Familiarise yourself with general and sector specific QA/QC requirements.
Prior to collecting all the data and estimating emissions, the inventory compiler should consult the general guidance in implementing
Quality Control (QC) procedures in Chapter 6 of Volume 1 (QA/QC and Verification) along with the specific QC procedures for entericfermentation described in Chapter 10 of Volume 4. QC procedures should be implemented at every step of the inventory cycle. This
will include regular checking and clear documentation of data sources, methods and assumptions.
Choose appropriate methods based on category importance and data availability.
The inventory compiler should consult the decision tree and methodological guidance in Chapter 10 of Volume 4 to select anappropriate method. In this example, enteric fermentation is a key category, which indicates that normally Tier 2 or 3 should beselected.
The general guidance in Chapter 2 (Approaches to Data Collection) of Volume 1 and Chapter 10 of Volume 4 will guide the inventory
compiler in choosing appropriate emission factor, activity data and other estimation parameters. This may include identifying or
choosing from existing data or collection and classification of new data.
Collect the data necessary for the latest year and a consistent time series and uncertainty estimation.
The next step involves collection of the needed data for all years. The availability of data may sometimes restrict use of higher tiermethods for key categories.
Chapter 5 (Time Series Consistency) of Volume 1 should be used if preparing estimates for more than one year. This guidanceis particularly relevant if the selected method is different from the one used in previous inventories or the sources of data or theirclassification have changed. This can imply the need for recalculations of previous estimates or splicing of data series. Chapter 10 ofVolume 4 should be consulted for category-specific guidance on time series consistency.
In estimating uncertainties, inventory compilers should also refer to the general guidance on uncertainty in Chapter 3 of Volume 1 paying particular attention to guidance on concepts and methods – and the uncertainty section of the enteric fermentation livestock
chapter for source-specific information (for example default uncertainties). Ideally, the inventory compiler should collect activity data,
emission factors, and uncertainty information at the same time because this is the most efficient strategy.
Estimate emissions/removals consistent with the guidance.
The next step is to estimate methane emissions from enteric fermentation for all relevant years. Relevant guidance for thisstep includes the specific guidance for enteric fermentation in Volume 4, Chapter 10 relating to completeness, reporting anddocumentation, and time series consistency sections.
The enteric fermentation emissions and uncertainty data are used subsequently as input into the compilation of the overall inventory,
the estimation of category-specific and overall uncertainty, and the key category assessment. The results of these steps may requirechanges or revisions to the original estimate of emissions of enteric fermentation.
Check and review the estimates.
Following the Quality Assurance (QA) guidance in Chapter 6, Volume 1, the inventory compiler should arrange for review of theestimate and documentation by technical experts not involved in the preparation of the inventory. External reviewers may suggest
improvements or identify errors that would require a recalculation of the enteric fermentation estimate.
Report the estimates.
The IPCC Guidelines provide guidance on reporting information on enteric fermentation in two places: the enteric fermentation
chapter of Volume 4, and the reporting tables in Chapter 8 of Volume 1. The inventory compiler should consult both chapters for acomplete description of reporting guidance.
Note: In the case of an initial inventory effort, with no previous key category analysis, a qualitative assessment of enteric fermentation could be used.
See Chapter 2 and Chapter 4 of Volume 1. In this example, it can be concluded that methane from enteric fermentation is key in most inventories
and should therefore initially be considered key.

14

2006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIESTRANSITION FROM THE
1996 GUIDELINES

These changes, in themselves, will not alter total emission

General Issues

Improved general guidanceThis section outlines a number of issues that need toadvice on data collection from existing sources and by new

be considered in moving from using the Revised 1996

activities, including design of measurement programmes.

Guidelines, the GPG2000 and the GPG-LULUCF to theGeneral principles and guidance are provided on the use

new 2006 Guidelines. The following section discusses theof key category analysis and methodological choice. Achanges in the classification of the inventories.

new section has been included, providing for an overview

The timing of the requirement to use the 2006 Guidelines
under the UNFCCC will depend on decisions by the
Conference of the Parties. Meanwhile, the 2006 Guidelines
contain scientific information that may be useful for the
implementation of the methodologies in the Revised 1996
Guidelines, the GPG2000 and the GPG-LULUCF. It is the
responsibility of countries to ensure that using the 2006
Guidelines in this way is appropriate, and in particular does
not introduce inconsistencies in the inventory time series.
Although the entire guidelines have been reviewed andupdated, the methodological guidance is substantiallyunchanged since the Revised 1996 Guidelines. Where
guidance has not been changed methods and default data
have been reassessed to ensure they represent the most
up-to-date information possible.

estimates but should reduce errors and inconsistencies.

The 2006 Guidelines introduce systematic cross-cuttingof greenhouse gas inventories and the steps needed toprepare an inventory for the first time.

New gases and sources

The 2006 Guidelines have been expanded to include moremanufacturing sectors and product uses identified as sourcesof greenhouse gases. These include production of lead, zinc,titanium dioxide, petrochemicals, and liquid crystal display(LCD) manufacturing. Also methane from abandoned coalmines, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), biologicaltreatment and open burning of waste (e.g.,composting andbiogas facilities) are now included. The following sections
provides details. Additional greenhouse gases identified in
the IPCC Third Assessment Report (Climate Change 2001,
IPCC 2001b) are also included where anthropogenic sources
have been identified (see Table 1).

New default values are given in many categories. Where
default methods have been used these will need to bechecked and either the new defaults or country specificvalues used.

Estimation of actual annual emissions

In the 1996 Revised Guidelines and Good PracticeGuidance for a few sources, the simplest methodology
estimates a “potential emission” rather than the actual

Structural changes

annual emission. This “potential emission” assumes all thehas been reduced from six to four this is not accompanied

the fact they will occur over many years (e.g., methane

Although the number of sectors in the 2006 Guidelines
by any great changes at the individual category level. The

emissions from an activity occur in the same year, ignoring
emissions from waste in landfills occurs over decades as

GPG-LULUCF introduced a new approach for the “Landthe decay processes take place).

Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry” (LULUCF) Sector

In the 2006 Guidelines, simple default methods havewith a new classification of these categories. The 2006

been devised to estimate emissions when they occur, thus

Guidelines maintain this structure, though now the LULUCF

removing the need for potential emissions. This also allows

Sector has been combined with the Agriculture Sector

the emission reductions of abatement techniques to be

to form the “Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use”

properly estimated and ensures that the Tier 1 methods are(AFOLU) Sector.

compatible with higher tier methods. The areas where thisThis integration removes the somewhat arbitrary distinction
between these categories (agriculture is, after all, a landuse) in the previous guidance, and promotes consistentuse of data between them, especially for more detailed
methods. The Industrial Processes and Solvent and Other

occurred are:Actual emissions of fluorinated compounds: The Tier 1
methods proposed are often based on default activity
data where better data are not available. Simplified
mass balance approaches have also been proposed in

Product Use Sectors have also been combined into theappropriate sectors, such as refrigeration.

Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Sector.

Methane from landfills: A simple first order decay model that15

2006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES

Direct CO 2 emissions

CO 2
CH 4 , CO & Hydrocarbons
19/04/2007 - 26/04/2007

Oxidises in the atmosphere to form CO 2
Sometimes called “Indirect CO2 Emissions”

NH 3 & NOx“Indirect N 2 O Emissions”

N 2O

Deposition of N onto soils and the subsequent chemistry
gives rise to N2 O Emissions – “Indirect N2 O”

Figure 5 - Direct CO2 and Indirect N2O

provides the option to use data available from the UN andusing the 2006 Guidelines. In some cases the emissions

other sources has been adopted. This approach includesof these non-CO 2 gases contain very small amounts ofregional defaults and country-specific data on waste

carbon compared to the CO2 and, for the simplest Tier 1

generation, composition and management, and provides amethods, CO2 estimates can be based on the total carbon

consistent basis for estimating greenhouse gas emissions

as this simplifies the calculations and data collection without

across all tiers.

significantly worsening the accuracy.

Reference Approach and Sectoral Approach for Energy

The Revised 1996 Guidelines are, in fact, inconsistent on thisUse: The 2006 Guidelines clarify that it is the sectoralissue and the 2006 Guidelines have attempted to clarify it.

approach (based on fuel consumption by fuel type anduser) that should be used for estimating emissions. The
Reference Approach (based on national energy balances at

Indirect N2O

The Revised 1996 Guidelines and GPG2000 list sources

a summary level) should be used as a QA/QC check for thisof anthropogenic nitrogen deposition that subsequently

important emission sector.

give rise to anthropogenic emissions of N2O (see Figure5). However, they only provide estimation methods for

Direct CO2

some agricultural sources of NH 3 and NO x. The 2006

Not all carbon released to the atmosphere is emitted

Guidelines extend this approach to all significant sources ofas CO 2 ; some is emitted as CH 4 , CO or a range ofN deposition, where these are already estimated, includinghydrocarbons. Most of the carbon emitted as these non-agriculture, industrial and combustion sources, with theCO2 species eventually oxidises to CO2 in the atmosphereultimate N2O emission attributed to the country responsible

and this amount can be estimated from the emissions

for the nitrogen originally emitted.

estimates of the non-CO2 gases (see Figure 5). The 2006
Guidelines estimate emissions in terms of the species
which are actually emitted: therefore the total CO2 addition

Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage

The impact of Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS)

to the atmosphere will be the CO 2 emissions plus theis covered comprehensively, including fugitive losses fromCO2 resulting from other gases, which can be calculated

CO2 capture and transport stages (which are estimated16

2006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES

using conventional inventory approaches) plus any losses

Schematic diagram of possible CCS systems

from carbon dioxide stored underground (estimated by a
combination of modelling and measurement techniques,given the amounts injected - which would also be monitored
for management purposes). The inventory methods reflect
the estimated actual emissions in the year in which theyoccur. The inventory methods for geological CO2 capture,transport and storage are consistent with the IPCC
Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage(IPCC 2005). Amounts of CO2 captured from combustionof biofuels, and subsequently injected into undergroundstorage are included in the inventory as a “negative

SRCCS Figure TS-1

emission” so that no distinction is needed between any

Figure 6 - Carbon dioxide capture, storage andsubsequent leakage of this CO2 and that of CO2 from fossil

transport (Source: IPCC(2005))

sources.
decay models, and may be useful for the estimation of HWP

Non-Energy Uses of fossil fuelsin AFOLU.

Processes and Product Use Sectors has been improved,

Wetlands

Guidance on demarcation between the Energy and Industrial
and emissions from non-energy uses of fossil fuels are now

The 2006 Guidelines now contain methods to estimate CO2

reported under IPPU, rather than in Energy. A method hasemissions due to land use change in wetlands. However,been introduced for checking the completeness of carbon

due to limited availability of scientific information, methods

dioxide emission estimates from the non-energy uses.

for CH4 emissions are contained in an Appendix – Basis for
future methodological development.

AFOLU - Consolidation of previously optional
categories

Changes in Categorisation

land are now estimated, removing the previous optional

This section provides details of the differences between the

Fluxes of gases associated with all fires on managed
distinction between wildfires and prescribed burning.
This is consistent with the concept of managed land as aproxy for identifying anthropogenic emissions by sources
and removals by sinks. Wildfires and other disturbanceson unmanaged land cannot, in general, be associatedto an anthropogenic or natural cause, and hence are notsource/sink categorisation in the Revised 1996 Guidelines
and Good Practice Guidance and the new 2006 Guidelines.
Most of the changes are the result of either new source/
sink categories being added; existing categories being
sub-divided to provide more transparency or due to theconsolidation of previously separate sectors into the newincluded in the 2006 Guidelines, unless the disturbance is

IPPU and AFOLU Sectors.

followed by a land-use change. Carbon dioxide emissions

In the IPPU Sector there are many new source categories

and removals associated with terrestrial carbon stocks insettlements and managed wetlands, which were previously

included and the restructuring has resulted in some of thesource categories being presented in a different order.

optional, have been incorporated into the main guidance.

However, for the inventories compilers perspective, moving

Harvested Wood Products

Guidelines classification should be straightforward.

Harvested Wood Products (HWP) includes all products

For AFOLU the differences between the 2006 Guidelines

made from wood such as paper, packaging, books, furnitureand the GPG-LULUCF are small with the inclusion ofand houses, and is a store of carbon removed from forests.

agriculture requiring a re-numbering of category codes.

The 2006 Guidelines provide detailed methods that can

Inventory compilers already using the Good Practicebe used to include HWP in greenhouse gas inventories

Guidance should have no problems. However, moving fromusing any of the approaches that are currently underthe 1996 classification to the GPG-LULUCF classificationfrom the Revised 1996 Guidelines classification to the 2006

discussion within the UNFCCC process. Carbon from HWP

is a major step as it is based on land use types rather thanaccumulating in landfills is provided as an output from theprocesses.

17

2006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES

EnergyGuidelines, emissions from the use of carbonates should

In the Energy Sector the changes are minimal. Table 3 lists

be reported in the sub-categories (industries) where they

the main changes.

occur. Therefore part of the emissions that were reported
in 2A3 and 2A4 under the Revised 1996 Guidelines should

There are two new sources have been added (Urea-Basedbe reported in different categories (e.g., 2C1) in the 2006

Catalysts and Carbon Transport and Storage) and provision

IPCC Guidelines. Also, CO2 used in urea production should

for more detail in Stationary Combustion has been made in

be deducted from CO2 emissions from ammonia production,

1A2 and 1B2.

while it was not the case according to the Revised 1996
Table 3 - Energy

Main changes in Guidelines Classification
Revised 1996
Guidelines

2006
Guidelines

Notes

1A2f Fuel
Combustion Manufacturing
Industries andConstruction Other

1A2f –
1A2m

Split into Non-metallic
Minerals, Transport
Equipment, Machinery, Mining
and Quarrying, Wood andWood Products, Construction,
Textile and Leather, Other

1A5b Fuel
Combustion Non-Specified

1B2 Fugitive
Emissions from
Fuels - Oil andNatural Gas

Guidelines. In the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, CO2 emissions
from downstream use of urea should be reported where theyoccur (e.g., in Agriculture sector for urea use as fertilizer, orroad transport for urea-based catalysts).
Table 4 - Specific IPPU Categories not in the Revised 1996
Guidelines
2006
Guidelines
Category
Code

Category Name

2A3

Glass Production

2A4a

Ceramics

1A3bviUrea-based
Catalysts

New sector - Emissions fromroad transport equipped withurea-based catalysts

1A5b, 1Abi,
1A5bii,
1A5biii,
1A5c

Non-specified sector subdivided in 2006 Guidelines,
added a specific sector 1A5c
for multilateral operations(emissions not included innational totals)

2A4c

Non Metallurgical Magnesia Production

2B4

Caprolactam, Glyoxal and Glyoxylic Acid
Production

2B6

Titanium Dioxide Production

2B8

Petrochemical and Carbon Black Production

1B2

This has been structuredby the authors to facilitate
reporting with venting andflaring included under oil or
natural gas as appropriate
instead of being separate.

2B8a

Methanol

2B8bEthylene

2B8cEthylene Dichloride and Vinyl Chloride Monomer

2B8dEthylene Oxide

2B8e

Acrylonitrile

1B3 Otheremissionsfrom energy
production

Other emissions from energy
production – category
provided to have somewhere
to report unusual emissions
such as geothermal sources.

2B8f

Carbon Black

2C5

Lead Production

1C Carbon
Transport
and Storage

New sector – Carbon Captureand Storage (CCS) emissions
reported here.

2C6

Zinc Production

2D

Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use

2E1

Integrated Circuit or Semiconductor

2E2

TFT Flat Panel Display

2E3

Photovoltaics

2E4

Heat Transfer Fluid

2F

Product Uses as Substitutes for Ozone Depleting
Substances

lists the categories that are in the 2006 Guidelines that were

2G1a

Manufacture of Electrical Equipment

not present in the Revised 1996 Guidelines: some were2G1b

Use of Electrical Equipment

previously included in other categories while for the others

2G1c

Disposal of Electrical Equipment

new guidance is provided.

2G2aMilitary Applications

2G2b

Accelerators

Another change is that, more logically, emissions from the

2G3aMedical Applications

Non-Energy Use of fuels are made in this Sector rather

2G3b

Propellant for Pressure and Aerosol Products

than in the Energy Sector. (See guidance in Vol.3 Ch.5)

Note: Categories in Bold font were not in the 1996 Guidelines
while for those in italic font guidance was provided but were notreported separately.

IPPU

In IPPU, the whole sector has been restructured. The table

Differing from the Revised 1996 Guidelines, in the 2006 IPCC

18

2006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES

Figure 7 - Overview of the AFOLU Sector

AFOLU

Livestock Emissions are now reported in category 3A1 and
3A2 (instead of 4A and 4B in the Revised 1996 Guidelines)
with the same breakdown. The Manure Management
categories, 4B10 Anaerobic, 4B11 Liquid Systems and
4B12 Solid Storage and Drylot in the 1996 Revised
Guidelines have been deleted with emissions reported
under the appropriate animal type.
Emissions/removals from land use and land-use change
are reported in 3B in the same way as for the good practiceguidance (GPG-LULUCF).
Remaining emissions from AFOLU are reported in
categories 3C and 3D – see Table 5.

Table 5 - AFOLU - 3C & 3D
2006 IPCC
Guidelines
Category
Code

Category Name

3C

Aggregate Sources and Non-CO2
Emissions Sources on Land

3C1

Emissions from Biomass Burning*

3C1a

Biomass Burning in Forest Lands*

5B

3C1b

Biomass Burning in Croplands*

4F

3C1c

Biomass Burning in Grasslands*

4E, 5B

3C1d

Biomass Burning in All Other Land*

3C2

Liming*

3C3

Urea Application

3C4

Direct N2O Emissions fromManaged Soils*

4D

3C5

Indirect N2O Emissions fromManaged Soils*

4D

3C6

Indirect N2O Emissions fromManure Management

3C7

Rice Cultivations*

3C8

Other (please specify)

3D

Other

3D1

Harvested Wood Products*

3D2

Other (please specify)

See 2006 Guidelines Volume 4 on estimating and reporting
emissions from fires on managed lands as this differs forearlier guidelines (all fires on managed land should now bereported).
Reporting of Harvested Wood Products depends on theapproach chosen (see Vol.4 Ch.12).

Revised
1996
Guidelines

5D

4C

4G & 5E* Guidance was provided in GPG2000/GPG-LULUCF

19

2006 IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES

Waste

Solid Waste Disposal has been subdivided for ease ofreporting with the addition of 4A3 for Uncategorised Waste
Disposal Sites. Guidance on Open Burning of Waste (4C2)
has been included and can now be reported separatelyfrom incinerators. Guidance on Biological Treatment of
Solid Waste (4B) is included for the first time and separated
from Solid Waste Disposal.

Other

Emissions that do not fit into the four sectors should bereported under 5 Other. Emissions of N2O resulting fromthe deposition of non-agricultural sources of NOx and NH3
should be reported under 5A.

Table 6 - Waste Sector
2006
Guidelines
Category
Code

Caetgory Name

Revised
1996
Guidelines

4

WASTE

6

4A

Solid Waste Disposal

6A

4A1

Managed Waste Disposal Sites

6A1

4A2

Unmanaged Waste Disposal Sites

6A2

4A3

Uncategorised Waste Disposal Sites

4B

Biological Treatment of Solid
Waste

4C

Incineration and Open Burning of
Waste

6C

4C1

Waste Incineration

6C

4C2

Open Burning of Waste

4D

Wastewater Treatment andDischarge

6B

4D1

Domestic Wastewater Treatment
and Discharge

6B2

4D2

Industrial Wastewater Treatment
and Discharge

6B1

4E

Other (please specify)

6D

References
UNFCCC (1992). "United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change Article 4, Para 1(a)."on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge , UK, Cambridge
University Press.

IPCC (1995a). Climate Change 1995: The Science of
Climate Change - Contribution of Working Group I to
the Second Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge, UK, Cambridge
University Press.

IPCC (2001b). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC). Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.

IPCC (1995b). A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change. - IPCC Second Assessment Synthesis of
Scientific-Technical Information Relevant to Interpreting
Article 2 of the UNFCCC - Summaries for Policymakers of
the three Working Group reports. Geneva, IPCC.
IPCC (1997). Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Volumes 1, 2 and 3.
Houghton, J.T., Meira Filho, L.G., Lim, B., Tréanton, K.,
Mamaty, I., Bonduki, Y., Griggs, D.J. and Callander, B.A. (Eds).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), IPCC/
OECD/IEA, Paris, France.
IPCC (2000). Good Practice Guidance and Uncertianty
Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
Penman, J., Kruger, D., Galbally, I., Hiraishi, T., Nyenzi, B.,
Enmanuel, S., Buendia, L., Hoppaus, R., Martinsen, T., Meijer,J., Miwa, K. and Tanabe, K. (Eds). Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change (IPCC), IPCC/OECD/IEA/IGES, Hayama,
Japan.
IPCC (2001a). Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report: A contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Third
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel

20

IPCC (2003). Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, landUse Change and Forestry. Penman, J., Gytarsky, M., Hiraishi,T., Kruger, D., Pipatti, R., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T.,
Tanabe, K. and Wagner, F. (Eds). Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), IPCC/IGES, Hayama, Japan.
IPCC (2005). Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.
IPCC Special Report prepared by Working Group III of theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Metz, B., O.
Davidson, H.C. de Coninck, M. Loos and L.A. Meyer (eds.)],Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United kingdom and
New York, NY, USA, 442 pp.
TFEIP, Ed. (2006). EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory
Guidebook - 2006. Copenhagen, Denmark, European
Environment Agency.
IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S.,
Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds).
Published: IGES, Japan.
USEPA - OTAQ. (2007). "AP-42: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors." from http://www.epa.gov/otaq/
ap42.htm.