J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
"NNo. 22, p. .//, ,**+
ῌ*ῌ**ῌ**ῌ

*E#ects of Subsoil Breaking on Surface Runo#, Pressure Headand Soil Temperature in a Sloping FieldToshitsugu MOROIZUMI*, Yuichi SATO**, Koichi SATO** and Takeshi MIURA** Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology,
Okayama University, Okayama 1**ῌ2/-*, JAPAN** School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University,
Aomori *-.ῌ20,2, JAPANAbstract
This paper discusses the e#ects of subsoil breaking on the change of pressure head, soil
temperature and runo# discharge in space and time in a sloping ﬁeld.

A controlled comparison

experiment was conducted in a subsoil breaking ﬁeld and a no-subsoil breaking ﬁeld.

The results

showed that the runo# ratio of the subsoil-breaking ﬁeld was about +/+* of that in the no-subsoil
breaking ﬁeld.

This indicates that subsoil breaking promotes the inﬁltration of rainfall into thesoil and can reduce the surface runo# discharge.

The spatial distribution of the equi-pressure

heads during rainfall was complicated, and the coe$cients of variation were large.

However,that of the equi-pressure heads before and after rainfall showed the similar patterns of variationin both ﬁelds.

As for soil temperatures, we didn’t observe a large di#erence between the subsoil

breaking ﬁeld and the no-subsoil breaking ﬁeld, and the spatial variation was smaller than that ofthe pressure head.
Key words : Subsoil breaking, Pressure head, Soil temperature, Surface runo# discharge, Coe$cient of variation+    

"opqrs`a tuYN 23v[GwD)J"ox%Y) y0"opi.z{  !&|}~?D F`aPQR? i

"#$%&'()*+&,-./01 23

 Musgrave, +3-/ ; Musgrave and Free, +3-0 ; Free, ."456&7.890:;<+3.0 ; Lamb, et.al.,+3..= >? 1 ;.= >? ;@A BCDEF D@A.JO

<. BGHI JKL $+M N&O -.

|}&P $+N0+N-.

?(DPQR.=   /B:?23"S#$TU1 V+ WXYZ  [&&~0: +30* z{&a`:? a +30, ; a+30,=  +322  a +323 1 O\]^_./0`a Z Y bcd0e

8&Pf?&:G.= :?Df D" +gh

D23"+0 ¡  

i.jk&lm:F/01n<.=¢£+i.jk&¤ῌlm:?=* ¦ ]§¨©8§ª1**ῌ2/-* ¦ «¬­« -ῌ+ῌ+ ** ]§®¯°±§:  · +¸ ¹ ) y º»¼¥{ª*-.ῌ20,2 ²³«´ ,- µ¶ -/ῌ+ { | 22 ¼ `,**+a46

      ! "   # $% &'()" *+,  -.  / 01 2 34
56# 78134 #9:;< = > 34,?!
!@ A "> #$%#B, C$%D&E'!-() FGH"*+,   .
E-./I . , J KL 0<+12MN3O) PQ R456 STR45"> UVW6 #$% J)EX7,ῌ ῏ ῎ ῍ ῑ,. + KL"Y!

KL" A Z T [ \8PQ" -A 9 +]:9^ ;_<=>

KL`a  ] ?@E )KL `a +1E0< STA]b 02..3 m,  /3+.* m, B:cdῐῌ+CD,;e]b 1+.+, m  2.*ῌ -.
S 9fEg 3F No. +Fig. +EghKL"Y!

Outline of trial ﬁeld.

G `Eg * m) H+% Eg-KL" I +33* J / i ,/ ,0 $ Oj &efyp¡n¢w£p¤08 k +2 t lmnopqK)EdCrL s f3_ +2 t lST . t lp¥¦p§ ] 3_ghU  +uMImnopqK)EKL4t +2 t lmnopqK)E$ + ¨ $  + $ -0 ¨O. ">> 3NgOSTPQ v wxypK)z{<_©pª«pK) , UWi j N3O.

D,k"lmO) ¬W +33* J 1 i +- $

wxyp PW| 3/ cm :c

Q 0/ cm -.
& gO:O

 +* i ,1 $&-.

RS,./ t l}x~pK)ENv T0 PUW f±o²/-.  xZ ! ³pf J)Eq´E)

RS@V"   > +* cmyK ]AXY[  Z T0Q 1/.1 cm B
 +* m :cdC ,.-ῌ -.

),. - YµN3¬W,. , N3 \9+S C¨ N3 f \yp¡n¢w£p¤ \­® ¯an!°-.

^3F No. +No. +*S)E +* mm !  +, ¨-. ]¯ rs-.  ] U R4p `Q : +* ,* -* .* 0/ +** cma ]^+53_¶ .

`Q : * / +* +/ -* /* cma T0 . 3 i ,* $ v A PQ

45">3_R() , tu ¶& No. 0 `   "> #$%X7 abc >3_K ]^+08 D  +33* J 3 i ,* $·w * U¸ ¹º ; d  uM No. + ` PQRS$ +. U »x y 1-./ mm + UWz : n\]g#Aῌ"tK

ῌFig. -ῌ,mFig. ,Soil proﬁle.

47\]e\]NKA4D,EFSoil moisture characteristic curves for the subsoil breaking ﬁeld and theno-subsoil breaking ﬁeld.

 3./ mmcm-  +*^- `Uajk$%! \]\]mlK&' +*! ,*! -*! .* cmn\]OKoYgp8qrKst%8K j ,  

Z[$%! uvwAx! yz<=! :;<=Nrq! "#$%&' 2* cm ( )*( )+*! n\]oYg{L%8K

,-. /0123456! 789&+* ,- /0123456:;<=! >?@ABC! A4D,EFGHIJ - |A,XY

&' +*_.* cm

NOP&' 0/  +** cm A4D,EF! Nrq78}8j G~  ! bc! K L! IM No. 3 &' +*! ,*! -*! .*! 0/, EF qrK

NOP +** cm $% +** cc QRSTUOKVWK&' +*_.* cm\]Nrq! \]mA4D,EF! e\]m7XY# +  @ABC! &' +*! ,*!

K789&A4D,EF%$G! |A,Z[K! \]  +*^,_+*^- `Urlg $K l8! e\] ! &' +*-*! .* cm

a /bc 3.1*d+*^- cm/s6! e\]  +*^._+*^/ _.* cm A4D,EF&' 0/_+** cm A4D,`Ua /bc ,..,d+*^.cm/s6 G! +*_+*** f=\

EFgj EFG! \]e\]m]@ABCgh$' 0/ cm  +** cm A4D,EFjkEF

i! &' 0/ cm  +**K&

&[ jk x 22 y c,**+f48

ῒῌ.
Fig. .

BCDῌEῌF'HI=>?

@A cde : cm H, Of

Temporal changes of the equivalent pressure heads (Unit : cm H, O).

ΐῌ+ ghi&[ jk
Table +

Physical properties of soilsG ccmf

:;
c῍f

lmno
cg cmN-fpqno
cg cmN-f

rstuv
ccm sN+f:;
c῍f

lmno
cg cmN-fpqno
cg cmN-f

rstuv
ccm sN+f+*,*-*.*0/+**--4/-041-34*-343.14..43+4*++4*//+4*.3+4+*++4+00+4,,.

*4012
*4022
*4030
*41*,
*403*411/+4+3w+*N,+4*+w+*N,14.,w+*N34-0w+*N04.-w+*N24./w+*N-./4,./4..43.-4+./4//.41+4-..
+4-+++4-+2+4+1/+4++3+4-30

*423,
*42/3
*4203
*41..
*400/
*42.3

242/w+*N/+43,w+*N.
+402w+*N.
/4,*w+*N.
/4+/w+*N+410w+*N- cm

 +*.*

RS No. + TU! No. 0 "/ No. +* +*+/ cm  !"'V G#$%

 /+/ cm TU' N/* cmH, O OPQ%W

 1&'()*'(+,!-./0(234 $"/ 5 + '6789:; $+,< !-./0!< -*0* cm
cmH, O OPQ%X'"Y7 N-*
%RS No. 0 "/ No.+* '" 0/ cm Z'Y G.ῌ ῏῎῍ῐῑ%RS No. +"/ No. , '" 1* cm Z! .*/* cm 'Y7.. + =>?@ABCDῌEῌF

%RS No. + No. -No. +* '"

!G'HI=>

? @AJK . '6
BCLMD% N1* cmH, O OPQ

BCE% W !<&[\]E^_'N,* cmH, OOPQV 1 5 _  *,* cm '"

%%

%N,* cmH, O OPQ`ab ' : ¢Lv¹G

ῌῌ/Fig. /Wx)W Xῌ~º&©»¼49

X&(ghi¸¡

Coe$cients of variation for pressure heads in (a) subsoil breaking ﬁeld and (b) no-subsoil
breaking ﬁeld.

 

-* cmH, O

z{$&eW   -  !"#$%/* cmH, O : ) /*E* cmH, O   &'() #$%*+$ 7,1 R7 U, +* -./ ῌ0

12345167 89 0/ cm :8  +* cmH, O )@AB

;<=1&,* cmH, O >/?

-* cmH, O /* cmH, O)

1*CD89 -*E.* cm )89 +*E,*cmH, Ocm &0F CD8x)  G 0x~@A j71
@AS  ), /*E* cmH, O W
 0*῍/* cmH, O :W .*῍)[\167 @Al  @A&m), /*E* cmH, O Wn/* cmH, O :W uP7 C  9 ,*E.* cm )G E89 ,* cm &H+ 

/ 3  ,* &IJ K LMNOPQ   23.3῍ 167& R7 @AS)T7*UQVW X"&Q67

03.-῍ 167   ¢L£¤&*+ 1 ¡ -/  /*E* cmH, O W

&H, 89 0/ cm :8@AS

@A¥¦*+,§06771)¨) YQ, C*+ZK  )[\© @AB ), /*E* cmH, O W

&@AS)T7*UQ&Q67

uP()),&]& W7)0 LM23450ª«45&w06

X^_=Q`abcd(7/* cmH, O :W&  / &)e89f)W X¬0 3  ,+ghij( @AS  ),89&*6NO/*E* cmH, O Wk 1, ghi+*E-*῍ 167 @ n+0 ¡ -* &HF



0-.2῍ 167&1..*῍ ) +* -./Q6

Al  @A&mghin & 7 )*+ ­/

89 +* ,* +** cm 

0*E3*῍ )Q+ &ª«&w0U§q®)¯°9IJ)o ,/ -.pq`ab 0 @ArB  stghi uP @AS)[\vw&Q67

]& G 0  xx&±cd( x+-.,2 m- ¡_²7+³,.// m-/h x.. , @A)G xH*tW )yh&   @A G xH*tGz{ &W X

²7+³

-*.0῍ 167 x +./0 m- ¡_x *.20 m-/h x -.+*῍W  0 &j( W )  W )Q67 x  +/+* )Q+

X|}~ No. + ) No. +* "Gz{0Q+´9)¬0 )0 ¢L) µU)&*+@ALMl¥¦¶·9 C7 +* cmE+** cm 8&R

9g%hij k 22 l b,**+f50

ῌῌ0-.UVWXYZ[\]^_%`a bcd1 . %8)PefFig. 0

Observed discharges and distribution rate of pressure heads in (a) subsoil breaking ﬁeldand (b) no-subsoil breaking ﬁeld. The arrows (cd) show the date of Fig. ..

Fig. 1

Temporal changes in soil temperatures and air temperature in (a) subsoil breaking ﬁeld and(b) no-subsoil breaking ﬁled.

ῌῌ1 

*+ 9: #;7<=>?  @A BC=D EF 8G%H1

.. - 

1!Q%()



 !"#$%&'%I ,/J K;LMNO DCP -()*+, -./0123%45678

.G18G%Q R$FST 8G%

-. : lm:.R~NOPῌ'6834

ῌ2Fig. 2

'(F851BC`ab

Temporal changes in coe$cients of variation for soil temperatures in (a) subsoil breaking
ﬁeld and (b) no-subsoil breaking ﬁled.

 +0.3

  

'' 7'1* cmH, O /* cmH, O

!" ,-* cmH, O [./',8b%&'(   DE & t NOP )*%& +, -. /)

TU!'/ *%&&0 '1234 &&0567,8

DEF+J !%&#/ $

9 2 ':;:;'<=8>?@A

BCDEF

; +#,῍ BC

G@. ' ?@ +/ cm  -* cm  B
C.HIJ"  .῍ %& + BCKH L MI #?@ +/ cm 'HIJ 0῍ %& +, NOPQ7, %&RS*8 ῌῌ ,TU' NOPBC'V8 +/+*,

NOPBC 'KH

 ?@+* ,* +** cm :;.:;!" s

 ,/ HIJ%&-

7" :;:;

+/+* %& lm:'!%dmrD DI8+.

#I&. '¡ d :;:;HI¢$G@ ++ 7  NOPW @, %&

XYZ[\].HIJ+.^ 8£ JJ  BC_F8 +/+* *%&& :;:;_*8. `a& WX NOPbῌ BC' ;)RSDE &. >?@'cdef'Q8 ghi%d8¤¥'^&8 ¦§$ %&H¨©ª«¬+jk.$lm:'!8  *8¨'«¬m(­¨®¯)*°±¨²³´ ± , + n o pqF8mrstu'F8µ¶·¸D, vwxy

77'F8+z*%& {|} &/    vw lm:.R~NOPaWX  <!NOP'!

& ++'¹º»DF

Free, G.W. (+3.0) : Evidences of the e#ects of erosion
on the organic matter and erodibility of honeoye
soil. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy, -2 (-) : ,, *1ῌ,+1¼

34D68 DvV8&0' :;:;DLamb, J. Jr., Free, G.R. and Wilson, H.H. Jr. (+3..) :=(_ D%& xyDF8

The seasonal occurrence of soil erosion in New!'8

York as related to rainfall intensities. Journal of+ NOP :;ῌ:;

the American Society of Agronomy, -0 (+) : -1ῌsrt u 22 v ,**+

52, -./01 234./Musgrave, G.W. (+3-/) : The inﬁltration capacity ofsoils in relation to the control of surface runo#and erosion. Journal of the American Society of.5678349:;1 
/1 (+,) : -3ῌ..<=>?ῌ@ABCῌDEFGῌHIJC +30, : KLM-./034NOPQ @=RSTUVWXAgronomy, ,1 (/) : --0ῌ-./
Musgrave, G.W. and Free, G.R.(+3-0) : Some factors
which modify the rate and total amount of in-YTZ[\] 0 : +*3ῌ++1^_`ῌ$abῌc%d +30, : e_Mfg

ﬁltration of ﬁeld soils. Journal of the American!hij-klm @=RSTUVWXYTZ[Society of Agronomy, ,2 (3) : 1,1ῌ1-3

\] 0 : .,1ῌ.-* +322 :   /0(.) : ./ῌ/+ῌ!"#ῌ$%&ῌ'()* +323 : +nopEq : ,**+ p - E -+ q
nrpEq : ,**+ p 0 E ++ q