Chapter 8: Other Product Manufacture and Use

CHAPTER 8

OTHER RODUCT MANUFACTURE AND
USE2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

Authors
Section 8.3
Michael Roger Czerniak (UK), Sébastien Raoux (France/USA) and Andrea Zille (Italy/Portugal)

Appendix 1 to Volume 3
Sébastien Raoux (France/USA) and Andrea Zille (Italy/Portugal)

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Chapter 8: Other Product Manufacture and Use

Contents
8

Other Product Manufacture and Use ............................................................................................................ 8.5
8.1

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 8.5

8.2

Emissions of SF6 and PFCs from electrical equipment ........................................................................ 8.5

8.3

Use of SF6 and PFCs in other products ................................................................................................ 8.5

8.3.1

Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 8.5

8.3.2

Methodological issues .................................................................................................................. 8.5

8.3.2.1

Choice of method ..................................................................................................................... 8.5

8.3.2.2

Choice of emission factors ..................................................................................................... 8.17

8.3.2.3

Choice of activity data............................................................................................................ 8.17

8.3.2.4

Completeness ......................................................................................................................... 8.17

8.3.2.5

Developing a consistent time series ....................................................................................... 8.17

8.3.3

Uncertainty assessment .............................................................................................................. 8.18

8.3.4

Quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC), reporting and documentation ............................. 8.18

8.4

N2O from Product uses....................................................................................................................... 8.19

References .......................................................................................................................................................... 8.20

Equations
Equation 8.12

Emissions from AWACS (default emission actor) ......................................................... 8.7

Equation 8.13

Emissions from AWACS (user mass-balance) ............................................................... 8.7

Equation 8.14

University and research particle accelerator emissions (country-level) ......................... 8.9

Equation 8.15

University and research particle accelerator emissions (accelerator-level emission
factor) ........................................................................................................................... 8.10

Equation 8.16

Total research accelerator emissions ............................................................................ 8.10

Equation 8.17

Research accelerator emissions (accelerator-level mass-balance) ................................ 8.10

Equation 8.18

Industrial/medical accelerator emissions (country-level) ............................................. 8.12

Equation 8.19

Adiabatic property applications .................................................................................... 8.14

Equation 8.20

Double-glazed windows: assembly .............................................................................. 8.14

Equation 8.21

Double-glazed windows: use ........................................................................................ 8.14

Equation 8.22

Double-glazed windows: disposal ................................................................................ 8.14

Equation 8.22a (New) Waterproofing of electronic circuits ............................................................................. 8.15
Equation 8.23

Prompt emissions.......................................................................................................... 8.17

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

FiguresFigure 8.2

Decision tree for SF6 from AWACS .................................................................................. 8.6

Figure 8.3

Decision tree for SF6 from research accelerators ............................................................... 8.9

Figure 8.4

Decision tree for industrial and medical particle accelerators .......................................... 8.12

TablesTable 8.7SF6 emissions per plane per year ........................................................................................ 8.7

Table 8.8

National AWACS fleets ..................................................................................................... 8.7

Table 8.9

Average SF6 charge in a particle accelerator by process description ............................... 8.13

Table 8.10

Emission factor for each process description, (SF6 emissions from industrial and medical
particle accelerators) ........................................................................................................ 8.13

Table 8.11 (New)

Emission factor for waterproofing of electronic circuits .................................................. 8.15

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Chapter 8: Other Product Manufacture and Use

8 OTHER PRODUCT MANUFACTURE AND USE
Users are expected to go to Mapping Tables in Annex 5, before reading this chapter. This is required tocorrectly understand both the refinements made and how the elements in this chapter relate to thecorresponding chapter in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

8.1

INTRODUCTION

No refinement.

8.2

EMISSIONS OF SF 6 AND PFCs FROMELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

No refinement.

8.3

USE OF SF 6 AND PFCs IN OTHER PRODUCTS

8.3.1

Introduction

This source category excludes the following source categories that are addressed elsewhere in the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines:•

Production of SF6 and PFCs (Section 3.10);•

Production and use of electrical equipment (Section 8.2);•

Primary and secondary production of magnesium and aluminium (Chapter 4); and•Semiconductor and flat panel display manufacturing (Chapter 6).

Identified remaining applications in this source category include:•

SF6 and PFCs used in military applications, particularly SF6 used in airborne radar systems, e.g., Airborne
Warning and Control System (AWACS), and PFCs used as heat transfer fluids in high-powered electronic
applications;•SF6 used in equipment in university and research particle accelerators;•

SF6 used in equipment in industrial and medical particle accelerators;•‘Adiabatic’ applications utilising the low permeability through rubber of SF6 and some PFCs, e.g., car tires
and sport shoe soles;•

SF6 used in sound-proof windows;•

PFCs used as heat transfer fluids in commercial and consumer applications;•

PFCs used in cosmetics and in medical applications;•

Other uses e.g. gas-air tracer in research and leak detectors.

•

PFCs and other fluorinated compounds in the manufacturing of textiles and waterproofing of electronic
circuits

8.3.2

Methodological issues

8.3.2.1

C HOICE OF METHOD

The good practice method is to use either consumption data from users of SF6 or PFCs or top-down import,
export and consumption data from national SF6 producers and distributors, disaggregated by major type of SF6 or2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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PFC application. Acquiring this data will entail a survey of all producers and distributors of SF6 and PFCs toidentify total net SF6 and PFC consumption. Once the data are obtained, the amount of SF6 and PFC consumed
by application in this source category should be estimated.

MILITARY APPLICATIONSSF 6 EMISSIONS FROM OPERATION OF AWACS
SF6 is used as an insulating medium in the radar systems of military reconnaissance planes of the Boeing E-3A
type, commonly known as AWACS. The purpose of the SF6 is to prevent electric flashovers in the hollow
conductors of the antenna, in which high voltages of more than 135 kV prevail. When the plane ascends, SF6 is
automatically released from the system and into the atmosphere to maintain the appropriate pressure difference
between the system and the outside air. When the plane descends, SF6 is automatically charged into the systemfrom an SF6 container on board. Most emissions occur during the pressure-balancing process on ascent, butemissions from system leakage can also occur during other phases of flight or during time on the ground. Annual
emissions per plane have been estimated to be 740 kg, while the charge of each system is approximately 13 kg.
Figure 8.2

Decision tree for SF 6 from AWACS
Start

Are detailed
acquisition anddisbursement data available
for this
category?

Yes

Use Mass-Balance
Tier 2 approach.
Box 2: Tier 2

No

Is the Other
Product Manufactureand Use a key category1, and is
this subcategory
significant?

No

Use Emission-Factor
Tier 1 approach.
Box 1: Tier 1

Yes
Collect data forTier 2 method.
Note:
1. See Volume 1 Chapter 4, Methodological Choice and Identification of Key Categories (noting Section 4.1.2 on limited resources), for
discussion of key categories and use of decision trees.

Tier 1 method – SF 6 emissions per plane
If a country does not have data on SF6 consumption by its AWACS, it may use a per-plane emission factor toestimate emissions. An emission factor of 740 kg per plane per year is presented in Table 8.7 below; this figure
is based on estimates of SF6 emissions from NATO Boeing E-3As. Note that actual emissions per plane arestrongly influenced by the average number of sorties (take-offs) per plane per year. More frequent sorties willraise the emission rate above 740 kg/plane; less frequent sorties will lower it. Leakage rates during flight or
during time on the ground will also affect the emission rate.

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Chapter 8: Other Product Manufacture and Use

EQUATION 8.12
EMISSIONS FROM AWACS (DEFAULT EMISSION ACTOR)

User Emissions=

740 kg • Number of planes in AWACS fleet

TABLE 8.7
SF6 EMISSIONS PER PLANE PER YEAR
Emissions per plane per year (kg SF6)

Uncertainty

740 kg±100 kg

Source: Schwarz (2005)

Table 8.8 includes information on national AWACS fleets worldwide (Boeing, 2005); like other activity data, it
may quickly go out of date. Countries are in the best position to know the numbers of planes in their AWACS
fleets.

TABLE 8.8
NATIONAL AWACS FLEETSCountry/
Organisation

USA

Japan

France

UK

Other
NATO

Saudi
ArabiaTotal

No. AWACS

33

4

4

7

17

5

70

Source: Boeing (2005)

Tier 2 method – user mass-balance method
The most accurate method for estimating SF6 emissions from AWACS is to track SF6 consumption by thesystems. To do so, the following equations, which are similar to the utility-level variant of the Tier 3 method forelectrical equipment, may be used. Note that for AWACS, acquisitions and disbursements of SF6 containers arelikely to be considerably more important to the result than acquisitions and retirements of operating systems.
EQUATION 8.13
EMISSIONS FROM AWACS (USER MASS-BALANCE)=
User Emissions

Decrease in SF6 Inventory + Acquisitions of SF6– Disbursements of SF6 – Net Increase in AWACS Fleet Charge
Where:
Decrease in SF6 Inventory= SF6 stored in containers at the beginning of the year – SF6 stored
in containers at the end of the year

Acquisitions of SF6= SF6 purchased from chemical producers or distributors in bulk +SF6 purchased from AWACS manufacturers or distributors with orinside of new planes + SF6 returned to site after off-site recycling

Disbursements of SF6= SF6 contained in AWACS that are transferred to other entities +SF6 returned to suppliers + SF6 sent off-site for recycling + SF6
destroyed

Net Increase in AWACS Fleet Charge = 13 kg • (New AWACS – Retiring AWACS)

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SF6 AND PFC EMISSIONS FROM OTHER MILITARY APPLICATIONSThere is wide range of military applications using PFCs or SF6. 1 Military electronics are believed to be an
important and growing application of PFC heat transfer fluids, which are valued for their stability and dielectric
properties. The fluids are used in ground and airborne radar (klystrons), avionics, missile guidance systems,
Electronic Counter Measures (ECM), sonar, amphibious assault vehicles, other surveillance aircraft, lasers, SDI(Strategic Defense Initiative), and stealth aircraft. PFCs may also be used to cool electric motors, particularly inapplications where noise reduction is valued, e.g., in ships and submarines. The specific PFCs used in theseapplications are believed to be similar to those identified as heat transfer fluids in electronics manufacturing in
Chapter 6. Spray cooling, jet impingement cooling, and pool boiling appear to be the favoured systems for heatremoval. In all of these cooling applications, the PFC is contained in a closed system, and neither replacement
nor replenishment of the PFC liquid appears to be required. Thus, the greatest opportunities for emissions are the
manufacture, maintenance, and, especially, the disposal of the equipment.
SF6 is used in high-performance ground and airborne radar systems in their hollow conductors for transmissionof high-frequency energy pulses at high voltages from the klystron. Another application of SF6 is as an oxidantof lithium in Stored Chemical Energy Propulsion System (SCEPS), e.g., in naval torpedoes and in infrared
decoys (Koch, 2004). Apparently, these applications of SF6, like those of the PFC heat transfer fluids
enumerated above, are generally more or less enclosed, but servicing and testing procedures may lead toemission. The use of SF6 for the quieting of torpedo propellers has also been reported (NIST, 1997).
In addition, SF6 may be emitted as a by-product of the processing of nuclear material for the production of fueland nuclear warheads. SF6 is known to be emitted from neutralising excess fluorine during the production of
nuclear fuel for civilian applications (AREVA, 2005).
Although it is believed that the total amounts of SF6 and PFCs consumed and emitted in this sector may besignificant, no data on quantities are publicly available so far. Therefore, inventory compilers should try tocollect further information from the relevant authorities and, if possible, their suppliers. As noted above, thegreatest opportunities for emissions from many of these applications appear to be the manufacture, maintenance,and disposal of the equipment. Thus, if inventory compilers can acquire information on emission rates during the
manufacture, maintenance, and disposal of the equipment, along with the quantities of equipment manufactured,in use, and disposed, they can use the Tier 2 or Tier 3 method for electrical equipment to estimate emissions. For
applications with different emissions profiles (e.g., prompt emissions), the appropriate equation from Section 8.2
may be used.

SF 6 EMISSIONS FROM UNIVERSITY AND RESEARCH PARTICLEACCELERATORS
SF6 is used in university and research operated particle accelerators as an insulating gas. Typically, high voltage
equipment is contained and operated within a vessel filled with SF6 at a pressure exceeding atmosphericpressure. Charges range from five kilograms to over ten thousand kilograms, with typical charges falling
between 500 and 3 000 kg. When the equipment requires maintenance, the SF6 is transferred into storage tanks.
SF6 losses occur primarily during gas recovery and transfer, when pressure relief valves are actuated, andthrough slow leaks.
Based on two recent studies annual SF6 losses range between 5 and 7 percent of vessel capacity per year andgenerally depend on the vessel opening frequency plus the efficiency of the recovery and transfer equipment.
World banked capacity is roughly estimated to be 500 tonnes with annual SF6 emissions of 35 tonnes.
Switzerland has developed a voluntary program to reduce SF6 emissions from particle accelerators. Suggestions
and techniques for reducing SF6 emissions from these sources exist.

1

David Harris and James Hildebrandt, “Spray Cooling Electrical and Electronic Equipment,” COTS Journal, November
2003; C. Shepherd Burton, “Uses and Air Emissions of Liquid PFC Heat Transfer Fluids from the Electronics Sector,”
Draft report prepared for Scott C. Bartos, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

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Chapter 8: Other Product Manufacture and Use

Figure 8.3

Decision tree for SF 6 from research accelerators
Start

Are
detailed acquisitionand disbursement data
available for thiscategory?

Yes

Use Accelerator-Level
Mass-Balance approach.
Box 3: Tier 3

NoAredata on individual
accelerator charges
available?

Yes

Use Accelerator-Level
Emission-Factor approach.
Box 2: Tier 2

No
Is theOther Product
Manufacture and Use
a key category1, and is thissubcategory
significant?

No

Use Country-Level
approach.
Box 1: Tier 1

Yes
Collect data for Tier 3
or Tier 2 method.
Note:
1. See Volume 1 Chapter 4, Methodological Choice and Identification of Key Categories (noting Section 4.1.2 on limited resources), for
discussion of key categories and use of decision trees.

Tier 1 method – country-level method
In cases where individual user accelerator charge data is unavailable, one extremely rough method involves
determining the total number of university and research particle accelerators in the country and using several
factors to determine the country-level annual emission rate as noted in Equation 8.14. For this Tier 1 method, theonly data that requires collection is the total number of university and research particle accelerators in the given
country.
EQUATION 8.14
UNIVERSITY AND RESEARCH PARTICLE ACCELERATOR EMISSIONS (COUNTRY-LEVEL)

Emissions = ( Number of university and research particle accelerators in the country )• ( SF6 Use Factor ) • ( SF6 Charge Factor , kg )• ( SF6 university and research particle accelerator Emission Factor )Where:
Number of university and research particle accelerators in the country= The total number of university and research particle accelerators in the country. This

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rough method does not require countries to determine the number of accelerators thatuse SF6. To determine if a country has a particle accelerator, go to http://wwwelsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/Informationen/accelerator_list.html
SF6 Use Factor= 0.33 Approximately one third of university and research particle accelerators use
SF6 as an insulator.

SF6 Charge Factor = 2400 kg, SF6, the average SF6 charge in a university and research particle
accelerator.
SF6 university and research particle accelerator Emission Factor= 0.07, the average annual university and research particle accelerator emission rate asa fraction of the total charge.

Tier 2 method – accelerator-level emission-factor approach
If data on the quantity of SF6 contained within each university and research accelerator are available, a default
emission factor of 7 percent may be multiplied by the total SF6 charge contained in university and researchaccelerators in the country. The total country SF6 emission rate from university and research accelerators istherefore calculated from Equation 8.15.
EQUATION 8.15
UNIVERSITY AND RESEARCH PARTICLE ACCELERATOR EMISSIONS (ACCELERATOR-LEVELEMISSION FACTOR)

Total Emissions = SF6 university and research particle accelerator EmissionFactor• ∑ Individual AcceleratorCharges

Where:
SF6 university and research particle accelerator Emission Factor= 0.07, the average annual university and research particle accelerator emission
rate as a fraction of the total charge.
Individual User Accelerator Charges= SF6 contained within each university and research accelerator.

Tier 3 method –accelerator-level mass-balance method
SF6 emissions from university and research facilities operating particle accelerators may be most accurately
determined at the user level on an accelerator-by-accelerator basis. Emission calculations are estimated bytracking accelerator charge as well as SF6 consumption and disposal. As detailed in Equation 8.16, the total
emissions are equal to the sum of the individual users’ emissions. Note, under this method, as the overall SF6emission rate from particle accelerators is small compared to other SF6 uses, the associated SF6 lost in
manufacturing is considered negligible and is not included in the calculation.
EQUATION 8.16
TOTAL RESEARCH ACCELERATOR EMISSIONS

Total Emissions = ∑ Individual Accelerator Emissions
Each particle accelerator’s emissions can be calculated as follows:
EQUATION 8.17
RESEARCH ACCELERATOR EMISSIONS (ACCELERATOR-LEVEL MASS-BALANCE)=
Accelerator Emissions

Decrease in SF6 Inventory + Acquisitions of SF6– Disbursements of SF6 – Net Increase in Accelerator Charge

Where:

8.10

Decrease in SF6 Inventory= SF6 stored in containers at the beginning of the year – SF6
stored in containers at the end of the year

Acquisitions of SF6= SF6 purchased from chemical producers or distributors in bulk +SF6 purchased from accelerator manufacturers or distributors with2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 8: Other Product Manufacture and Useor inside of new accelerator components + SF6 returned to site
after off-site recycling
Disbursements of SF6= SF6 contained in components transferred to other entities + SF6
returned to suppliers + SF6 sent off-site for recycling + SF6
destroyed

Net Increase in Accelerator Charge = SF6 Charge of New Components – SF6 Charge of Retiring
Components

SF 6 EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL AND MEDICAL PARTICLEACCELERATORS
SF6 is used as an insulating gas in two types of industrial particle accelerators (low and high voltage) and also in
medical (cancer therapy) particle accelerators, as is the case for university and research particle accelerators.
However, the emission and charge factors for industrial and medical particle accelerators are different from thoseof university and research accelerators, as discussed below.
Global banked capacity for industrial particle accelerators is roughly estimated to be 500 tonnes with annual SF6emissions of 35 tonnes. Global banked capacity for medical (radiotherapy) particle accelerators is roughly
estimated to be less than 5 tonnes with annual SF6 emissions of less than 5 tonnes. (Schwarz, 2005).

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

Figure 8.4

Decision tree for industrial and medical particle accelerators
Start

Are detailed
acquisition and disbursement
data available for thiscategory?

Yes

Use User-Level MassBalance approach.
Box 3: Tier 3

NoAredata on individual
accelerator charges
available?

Yes

Use User-Level EmissionFactor approach.
Box 2: Tier 2

No

Is the Other
Product Manufactureand Use a key category1, and is
this subcategory
significant?

No

Use Country-Level
approach.
Box 1: Tier 1

Yes
Collect data for Tier 3
or Tier 2 method.
Note:
1. See Volume 1 Chapter 4, Methodological Choice and Identification of Key Categories (noting Section 4.1.2 on limited resources), for
discussion of key categories and use of decision trees.

Tier 1 method – country-level method
In cases where individual user accelerator charge data is unavailable, one extremely rough method involves
determining the total number of particle accelerators by process description in the country and using factors todetermine the country level annual emission rate as noted in Equation 8.18. For this Tier 1 method, the only datathat requires collection is the total number of particle accelerators which contain SF6 by process description in
the given country.
EQUATION 8.18
INDUSTRIAL/MEDICAL ACCELERATOR EMISSIONS (COUNTRY-LEVEL)
Emissions = Number of particle accelerators that use SF6 by process description in the country• SF6 Charge Factor , kg • SF6 applicable particle accelerator Emission Factor

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Chapter 8: Other Product Manufacture and Use

Where:
Number of particle accelerators by type in the country= The total number of particle accelerators by type (industrial high voltage,
industrial low voltage and radiotherapy) that use SF6 in the country, 1, 2, etc. (Onlycount particle accelerators that use SF6. This differs for the Tier 1 calculation for
university and research particle accelerators)
SF6 Charge Factor= The average SF6 charge in a particle accelerator by process description as noted
below.

SF6 particle accelerator Emission Factor= The average annual SF6 particle accelerator emission rate as a fraction of thetotal charge by process description.

TABLE 8.9
AVERAGE SF6 CHARGE IN A PARTICLE ACCELERATOR BY PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Process Descriptiona

SF6 Charge Factor, kg

Industrial Particle Accelerators – high voltage (0.3-23 MV)

1300

Industrial Particle Accelerators –low voltage (<0.3 MV)

115

Medical (Radiotherapy)

0.5aThis is the average of values ranging from 0.05 kg to over 0.8 kg, depending on model and manufacturer.

Source: Schwarz (2005)

Tier 2 method – user-level emission-factor approach
If data on the quantity of SF6 contained within each industry and medical accelerator are available, use the Tier 2
method for university and research facilities; however, multiply the emission factor for each process description
provided below by the total, country-specific SF6 charge for that process description.
TABLE 8.10
EMISSION FACTOR FOR EACH PROCESS DESCRIPTION,(SF6 EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL AND MEDICAL PARTICLE ACCELERATORS)
Process Descriptiona

Emission Factor, kg /kg SF6 charge

Industrial Particle Accelerators – high voltage (0.3-23 MV)

0.07

Industrial Particle Accelerators – low voltage (<0.3 MV)

0.013

Medical (Radiotherapy)

2.0aThis emission factor is the average of values ranging from 1 kg to 10 kg per kg charge, depending on model, manufacturer, and service
intervals.

Source: Schwarz (2005)

Tier 3 method – user-level mass-balance method
To calculate SF6 emissions from industrial and medical particle accelerators, use the same Tier 3 method as theuniversity and research facilities. The customer service organisations for manufacturers and distributors of theequipment are likely to have information on equipment stocks, imports, and exports, and on the quantities of SF6
used to fill and refill the equipment.

EMISSIONS FROM OTHER APPLICATIONS OF SF 6 AND PFCs
It is good practice to contact all gas producers/distributors to identify SF6 and PFC users and to investigate thegas consumption of source categories other than those mentioned above. The key difference among theapplications discussed below is the typical delay between the purchase of the SF6 or PFC and the release of thechemical. In some cases (e.g., SF6 used in sound-proof glazing, PFCs used as heat transfer fluids), the chemical
is fairly well contained during the life of the equipment or product, and most emissions are associated with the2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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manufacture and disposal of the product. In these cases, the delay between the purchase of the chemical and its
final emission depends on the lifetime of the product, ranging from three years for tyres and sport-shoes to 25
years for sound-proof glazing. In other cases (e.g., use of SF6 and PFCs as tracers or in medical applications), thechemical is fully emitted within a year of its purchase. If, as a result of an initial survey, applications with
distinctive delayed emissions appear significant, then good practice is to use a source category-specific emission
calculation, taking into account the delay in emissions.

Adiabatic uses
Adiabatic uses of SF6 and some PFCs exploit the low permeability of these gases through rubber. Historically,SF6 has been the dominant gas in these applications; however, PFCs with similar molecular weights (such as
C3F8) have recently been used as well. Applications with a delay period of 3 years include or car tyres, sportshoe soles and tennis balls (Schwarz et al., 1996). For applications with emissions that are delayed by three
years, the following formula can be used.
EQUATION 8.19
ADIABATIC PROPERTY APPLICATIONSEmissions in year t = Sales in year (t – 3)

Sound-proof glazing
Double-glazed sound-proof windows: Approximately one-third of the total amount of SF6 purchased is released
during assembly (i.e., filling of the double glass window) (Schwarz/Leisewitz, 1999). For the stock of gas
remaining inside the window (capacity), an annual leakage rate of 1 percent is assumed (including glass
breakage). Thus, about 75 percent of initial stock remains at the end of its 25-year lifetime. The application of
SF6 in windows began in 1975, so disposal is only beginning to occur. Emissions from this source sub-category
should be calculated using Equations 8.20 to 8.22:
EQUATION 8.20
DOUBLE-GLAZED WINDOWS: ASSEMBLY

Assembly Emissionsin year=t

0.33 • SF6 purchased to fill windows assembled in year t

EQUATION 8.21
DOUBLE-GLAZED WINDOWS: USE

Leakage Emissions in year=t

0.01 • Capacity of ExistingWindows in year t

EQUATION 8.22
DOUBLE-GLAZED WINDOWS: DISPOSAL

Disposal Emissionsin year t = Amount Left in Window at End of Lifetimein year t• (1 – Recovery Factor )Unless country-specific data are available, a default recovery factor value of zero should be assumed in Equation
8.22. If no specific information is available for these sub-source categories, good practice is to treat them as
prompt emissions.

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Chapter 8: Other Product Manufacture and Use

Fluorinated compounds used to waterproof electronic circuits
There are two basic processes to adding waterproofing layers onto assembled electronic circuits:
1.

Liquid-based PFOS or PFOA-containing films, applied by aerosol spray or immersion, or2.

Long-chain perfluorocarbon polymers applied by gas-phase reaction in a plasma.

The second process can result in emissions of fluorinated compounds (FCs) and is therefore the focus of thisguidance. The plasma deposition process involves the introduction of a variety of hydrocarbon gases where thehydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine supplied from an FC gas source that is decomposed in the plasma.
Periodically, the process chamber is also cleaned using FC gases in a way similar to the way that TFD chambers
are cleaned in the semiconductor industry. (See the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 3, Chapter 6 and the 2019
Refinement, Volume 3, Chapter 6.)
Table 8.11 below provides default emission factors, expressed in grams of gas per circuit board, for the threeFCs understood to account for the vast majority of GWP-weighted emissions from this process. Inventory
compilers should apply all three emission factors to the number of circuit boards waterproofed to obtain acomplete estimate of emissions from this source category.
TABLE 8.11 (NEW)EMISSION FACTOR FOR WATERPROOFING OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
Gas Emitted

Emissions (g)/Circuit Board

CF4

0.006

C2F6

0.004

CHF3

0.003

Note:
Figures are expert judgement conducted by authors of Chapter 8 based on confidential data from Edwards Vacuum Ltd., 2017.
The emissions used to develop these emission factors were measured by FTIR on a working facility installation, and were originallyexpressed in terms of gCO2/week/chamber. The numbers above were calculated based on the assumption that each process chamberprocesses 60,000 circuit boards per week. The emissions included both higher-GWP gases (CF4, C2F6 and CHF3) and lower-GWP gases(CH4, C3F6, COF2, C2H4), but emission factors are provided only for higher-GWP gases as their emissions are dominant (8,453,881 vs.
830 gCO2eq/week/chamber). Because the actual proportions of the emitted gases are sensitive process information for the company thatprovided the data, the GWP-weighted emissions were divided equally among the three emitted gases on a gCO2eq basis, and were thenconverted into grams of gas, to obtain the emission factors in Table 8.11.

EQUATION 8.22A (NEW)
WATERPROOFING OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITSEmissions=EFi • ni
Where:
Emissionsi = Emissions of each gas i listed in Table 8.11
n

= Number of circuit boards manufactured

EFi= Emission factor for gas i in Table 8.11

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Textile, carpet, leather and paper fluorinated treatment emissions
Fluorine-based treatment processes are used to control the surface properties of textile, carpet, leather, or paper
fibres, and – inter alia – to enhance their hydrophobicity, to increase their stain resistance, dyeing ability, or
mechanical strength, and to produce wrinkle-free materials (Lacasse & Baumann 2004; Schindler & Hauser
2004; Singha 2012; Gulrajani 2013; Roshan 2014). The main treatment technologies currently in use are basedon wet processes, including the pad-dry-cure method among others (Roshan 2014; Heydebreck et al. 2016;
Goswami 2017; Williams 2018). Another emerging technology is based on plasma processes used to treat, etch,or deposit polymers on the surface of the substrate (Morent et al. 2008; Jafari et al. 2013; Zille et al. 2015; Gotoh etal. 2017).
Although several international and national reports refer to the possible off-gas emissions of fluorinatedcompounds (FC) into the atmosphere during wet and plasma treatments of textile, carpet, leather, and paper, norepresentative emission factors appear to be available to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from suchprocesses (EPA 1997; Schönberger & Schäfer 2003; MoEU 2012; DEPA 2013; UNIDO et al. 2017). It is
probable that FCs emissions of wet-based processes mainly occur during the pad-dry-cure process or otherthermal coating processes, but the amount of unreacted input chemicals that may be emitted through evaporative
losses or the type and amount of by-products formed during these processes as well as their relevance as GHG
gases do not appear to have been thoroughly characterized (IPPC 2003; OECD 2004). The extent to whichplasma-based textile treatment processes have penetrated volume production is unclear, but, by analogy withplasma-based processes used in the electronics industry, and considering that many FC molecules are
particularly stable and difficult to disassociate, the utilization efficiency of the input gas is likely to be limited,
and FC emissions resulting from the incomplete use of input gases such asCF4, C2F6, CHF3, SF6, and otherfluorine-containing molecules in plasma processes may be significant. Since the authors were not able, at thetime of publication of the 2019 Refinement, to estimate the volume of fluorinated compounds that are used oremitted by the textile, carpet, leather, and paper industries, FC emissions in this sector could represent asignificant new source, due to the large volume of substrates treated and the sheer size and global nature of theindustry (KEMI 2014).
While it does not appear feasible at the time of publication of the 2019 Refinement to apply a reporting
methodology for this new source category based on default emissions factors (e.g. based on representativeemission factors to estimate emissions of GHGs per mass or per surface area of substrate treated), a three-tiered
methodological framework (Tier 1, Tier 2a, Tier 2b) to report emissions once default emission factors become
available is proposed. In addition, a Tier 3 method that can readily be applied, based on measured emission
factors is also provided. Countries seeking to report FC emissions from textile, carpet, leather and paperindustries should work with equipment manufacturers and users of such equipment to measure equipmentspecific, process-specific, or site-specific emission factors, with the aim of developing representative default
emission factors that could be used for site-specific, domestic, or industry-wide inventories. 2 The proposed Tier
1, Tier 2a, Tier 2b, and Tier 3 methods are described in Appendix 1. Possible Approaches for Estimating FC
Emissions from Textile, Carpet, Leather and Paper Industries: Basis for Future Methodological Development,
and preliminary guidance about how to measure emissions factors and develop defaults is also provided.

PFCs used as heat transfer fluids in consumer and commercial applications
PFCs are used as heat transfer fluids in a number of high-power-density commercial and consumer electronic
applications. Commercial applications include cooling for supercomputer, telecommunication, and airport radarsystems, as well as drive units (rectifiers) on high-speed trains (Burton, 2006). These applications consume muchsmaller volumes of liquid PFCs than electronics manufacturing, but are believed to be significant among ‘niche’applications. Consumer applications include cooling kits for desktop computers that are operated at high voltages
to increase their processing speed. The specific PFCs used in these applications are believed to be similar to
those identified as heat transfer fluids in electronics manufacturing in Chapter 6. In all of these applications, theliquid PFCs are used in closed modules, indicating that most emissions occur during the manufacture,
maintenance, and disposal of the product or equipment. Thus, if inventory compilers can acquire information onemission rates during the manufacture, maintenance, and disposal of the equipment, along with the quantities ofequipment manufactured, used, and disposed each year, they can use the Tier 2 or Tier 3 method for electricalequipment to estimate emissions. For applications with different emissions profiles (e.g., prompt emissions), theappropriate equation from Section 8.2 may be used.

2 For the explanation about the role of Appendices please refer to the Overview Chapter

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Chapter 8: Other Product Manufacture and Use

PFCs used in cosmetic and medical applications
PFCs with relatively large molecular weights (e.g., C10F18) are used in cosmetic and medical applications,
exploiting their ability to carry oxygen to living tissue (May, 2006). Cosmetic applications include anti-wrinkle
creams and are estimated to consume fairly small amounts. Current and potential medical applications include
storage of pancreatic tissue for transplants (using the ‘two-layer method’), eye surgery (to repair retinal tears),pneumonectomy (lung therapy and diagnosis), use as a contrast agent in ultrasonic and MRI examinations, blood
extension, wound healing, and treatment of diseases of the middle ear. All but the first two medical applications
involve only small quantities and/or are at the research stage. Storage of pancreatic tissue is a small but growing
application. Emissions from medical uses are uncertain but are believed to be small.
In all of these applications, the PFC is believed to be emitted into the atmosphere within one year of its purchase.
Thus, emissions from these sources can be estimated using Equation 8.23 for prompt emissions.

Any other uses of SF 6 and PFCs
Other applications for SF6 and PFCs that are not specifically addressed above include their use as tracers (in leakdetection, indoor and outdoor tracking of air-masses, and oil recovery 3) and use of SF6 in the production of
optical cables (for fluorodoping of glass fibres 4). Often the gases or liquids are emitted within one year ofpurchase. In this case, good practice in calculating SF6 and PFC emissions from these ‘prompt’ emissive
applications is to use the following formula:
EQUATION 8.23
PROMPT EMISSIONS

Emissions in year t = (0.5 • Amount Sold in year t ) + (0.5 • Amount Sold in year t –1)

This equation is similar to the equation for prompt ozone depleting substances (ODS) Substitute applications(e.g., aerosols and solvents) addressed in Chapter 7 of this volume. The equation covers more than one year
because both sales and emissions are assumed to be continuous over the year; that is, chemical sold in the middleof year t-1 is not fully emitted until the middle of year t.

8.3.2.2

C HOICE OF EMISSION FACTORSFor ‘other’ source categories of SF6 and PFCs that contribute substantially to a country’s SF6 and PFCs
emissions, countries are encouraged to develop country-specific emission factors based on occasional surveys ofrepresentative subsets of sources. It is good practice to clearly document such emission factors. Default emission
factors are provided above for AWACS, accelerators, waterproofing of electronic circuits, prompt emissive
applications and adiabatic applications, including windows.

8.3.2.3

C HOICE OF ACTIVITY DATA

No refinement.

8.3.2.4

C OMPLETENESS

No refinement.

8.3.2.5

D EVELOPING A CONSISTENT TIME SERIESNo refinement.

3

4

D. Vlachogiannis et al. (2005). This paper indicated that some fraction of injected PFCs and SF6 was destroyed during fuelcombustion, but the magnitude of this fraction (compared to the fraction of injected chemical that escaped before
combustion) was unclear.
See further information on this application in Schwarz (2005).

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

8.3.3

Uncertainty assessment

No refinement.

8.3.4

Quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC),
reporting and documentation

No refinement.

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Chapter 8: Other Product Manufacture and Use

8.4

N 2 O FROM PRODUCT USES

No refinement.

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

References
SECTIONS 8.1 - 8.3
References newly cited in the 2019 Refinement
DEPA. (2013) Survey of PFOS, PFOA and other perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. In: Part of theLOUS-review Environmental Project No. 1475, 2013, The Danish Environmental Protection Agency,
Copenhagen, Denmark.
Goswami, K.K. (2017) Advances in carpet manufacture. India: Woodhead Publishing.
Gotoh, K., Shohbuke, E., Ryu, G. (2017) Application of atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization for soil
guard finishing of textiles. Textile Research Journal 88: 1278-1289.
Gulrajani, M.L. (2013) Advances in the dyeing and finishing of technical textiles. Elsevier.
Heydebreck, F., Tang, J., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R. (2016) Emissions of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in a
Textile Manufacturing Plant in China and Their Relevance for Workers’ Exposure. Environmental Science &Technology 50: 10386-10396.
IPPC. (2003) Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Textiles Industry. In: BREF, European
Commission, Joint Research Centre, Seville, Spain: Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC).
Jafari, R., Asadollahi, S., Farzaneh, M. (2013) Applications of Plasma Technology in Development ofSuperhydrophobic Surfaces. Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 33: 177-200.
KEMI. (2014) Chemicals in textiles - Risks to human health and the environment. In: Report 6/14, ed. SC
Agency, Arkitektkopia, Stockholm.
Lacasse, K., Baumann, W. (2004) Textile Chemicals: Environmental data and facts. Springer Science &Business Media.
MoEU. (2012) BAT Guide for textile industry. In: Project TR-2008-IB-EN-03 Activity no: 2.1.4.b.3: Ministry ofEnvironment and Urbanism of Turkey (MoEU)
Morent, R., De Geyter, N., Verschuren, J., De Clerck, K., Kiekens, P., Leys C (2008) Non-thermal plasma
treatment of textiles. Surface and Coatings Technology 202: 3427-3449.
OECD. (2004) Emission Scenario Document on Textile Finishing Industry - ENV/JM/MONO(2004)12. In:
OECD SERIES ON EMISSION SCENARIO DOCUMENTS Paris, France: OCDE.
Roshan, P. (2014) Functional finishes for textiles: improving comfort, performance and protection. cambrige,
UK: Woodhead Publishing.
Schindler, W.D., Hauser, P.J. (2004) Chemical finishing of textiles. Elsevier.
Schönberger, H., Schäfer, Y. (2003) Best Available Techniques in Textile Industry - 200 94 329 UBA-FB
000325/e. In: TEXTE series, ed. NCANS Environmental Research Of The Federal Ministry Of The
Environment, Federal Environmental Agency, Berlin, Germany.
Singha, K. (2012) A review on coating & lamination in textiles: processes and applications. American Journal of
Polymer Science 2: 39-49.
UNIDO, UNITAR, UNEP. (2017) Guidance on best available techniques and best environmental practices forthe recycling and disposal of articles containing polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) listed under the
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. In: United Nations Institute for Training andResearch (UNITAR), Geneva, Switzerland.
US EPA. (1997) Profile of the Textile Industry - EPA 310-R-97-009. In: EPA Office of Compliance Sector
Notebook Project.
Williams, J.T. (2018) Waterproof and Water Repellent Textiles and Clothing. Cambrige, UK: Elsiever,
Woodhead Publishing.
Zille, A., Oliveira, F.R., Souto, A.P. (2015) Plasma Treatment in Textile Industry. Plasma Processes andPolymers 12: 98-131.

References copied from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines
Aoyama, T. (2004). Japan Electrical Manufacturers’ Association (JEMA), “The Situation of Reduction in SF6
Emissions from Gas-insulated Electrical Equipment In Japan” Paper and presentation delivered to theConference on SF6 and the Environment, Scottsdale, Arizona, December 1-3, 2004.

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Chapter 8: Other Product Manufacture and Use

AREVA (2005). AREVA, World energy experts, Activity and Sustainable Development Report 2004.
(Registered office: rue Le Peletier – 75009 Paris – France, http://www.areva.com/), published in July 2005.
Boeing (2005). “E-3 AWACS in Service Worldwide”, March 2005. Boeing Integrated Defense Systems, P.O.
Box 516, St. Louis, MO 63166, (Available from http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/ic/awacs/docs/E3AWACS_overview.pdf)
Burton, C. S. (2006). “Uses and Air Emissions of Liquid PFC Heat Transfer Fluids from the Electronics Sector,”
Report prepared for Scott C. Bartos, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.Ecofys (2005). Reductions of
SF6 Emissions from High and Medium Voltage Electrical Equipment in Europe, Final Report to CAPIEL, S,
Wartmann and J. Harnisch, June 28, 2005
CIGRE (2005). International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRE) Publication No.276: Guide for the
Preparation of customized “Practical SF6 Handling Instructions”, Task Force B3.02.01, August 2005.
FEPC and JEMA (2004). Federation of Electric Power Companies (FEPC) and the Japan Electrical
Manufacturers’ Association (JEMA), “Japanese Emission Factors.” (Personal communication from Mr.
Kiyoshi Saitoh of Japan Electrical Manufacturers Association (JEMA) to Mr. Kiyoto Tanabe, IPCC
Technical Support Unit, November, 2004.)
Harris, D., and Hildebrandt, J. (2003). “Spray Cooling Electrical and Electronic Equipment,” COTS Journal,
November 2003.
IEC (1996). International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) Standard 60694: “Common specifications forhigh-voltage switchgear and controlgear standards,” Second edition, 1996-05. Geneva, Switzerland.
Koch, E.C. (2004). “Special Materials in Pyrotechnics: III. Application of Lithium and its Compounds in
Energetic Systems;” Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Volume 29, Issue 2, Pages 67 - 80, 2004
Maruyama, S. and Meguro, M. (2000). “SF6 Gas Emission Reduction From Gas-Insulated Electrical Equipment
in Japan.”, Paper presented at the Conference on SF6 and the Environment: Emission Reduction Strategies in
San Diego, USA (November 2000).
May, G. (2006). F2 Chemicals Limited. Personal communication with Deborah Ottinger Schaefer, January 23,
2006.
NIST (1997). Gases for Electrical Insulation and Arc Interruption: Possible Present and Future Alternatives toPure SF6; by L. G. Christophorou, J. K. Olthoff, D. S. Green; NIST Technical Note 1425, National Instituteof Standards, November 1997.
Schwarz, W. (2005). Emissions, Activity Data, and Emission Factors of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases (FGases) in Germany 1995-2002. Research Report 201 41 261/01, UBA-FB 000811/e, Umweltbundesamt,
Berlin.
Schwarz, W. (2006). “The German Monitoring System for SF6 Emissions from Equipment for Electricity
Transmission and Distribution.”
Schwarz, W. and Leisewitz, A. (1996). Current and future emissions of fluorinated compounds with global
warming effect in Germany (in German). Report UBA-FB 1060 1074/01, Umweltbundesamt, Berlin.
Schwarz, W. and Leisewitz, A. (1999). Emissions and reduction potentials of HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 in Germany.
Report UBA-FB 298 41 256, Umweltbundesamt, Berlin.
Smythe, K. (2004). ‘Trends in SF6 Sales and End-Use Applications: 1961-2003.’ International Conference on
SF6 and the Environment: Emission Reduction Technologies, December 1-3, 2004, Scottsdale, AZ.
U.S. EPA (2004). U.S. Inventory of Greenhouse Gases and Sinks, 1990-2002. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, April, 2004.
Vlachogiannis, D., et al. (2005). Assessment of the impact of SF6 and PFCs reservoir tracers on global warming,
the AEOLOS study, Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases (NCGG-4), coordinated by A. van Amstel, Rotterdam, p.
389-396.

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