49Net Zero Emission Scenarios in Vietnam
Kyoko TAKE (Hoa NGUYEN)1*, Tung Lam NGUYEN2, Takaharu OTA3,
Tomoki HIRAYAMA3,Yuko MOTOKI3, Go HIBINO4, Yuki OCHI5 and Toshihiko MASUI4
１

Strategic Management Office, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0115, Japan
2
Vietnam Productivity Institute,
No 8 Hoang Quoc Viet street, Cau Giay district, Ha Noi, Vietnam
3
Sustainability Consulting Division, Mizuho Research and Technologies, Ltd (MHRT)
1-5-5 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8176, Japan
4
Social Systems Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)
16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan5
E-konzal
1207, EPO Shinosaka Building, 3-8-15, Nishinakajima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-0011, Japan*E-mail: thai.hoa.nguyen@mx.iges.or.jp

Abstract
Vietnam’s Prime Minister has committed the country to developing and implementing strong greenhousegas (GHG) emission reduction measures with its own resources, with the cooperation and support of theinternational community, to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. This paper introduces three models, Extended
Snapshot, AIM/Enduse and AIM/CGE, that were used to assess the emissions, technology options andeconomic impacts of reducing the GHG emissions in the Net Zero Emissions scenario. The results show that 1)
GHG emissions will reach their peak at 511 MtCO2 in 2030, and decrease to zero by 2050; 2) renewable energy
and carbon capture and storage (CCS) are fundamental technologies for achieving great GHG emission
reductions; and 3) the amount invested will be about 300 to 400 billion USD in the “Net Zero-CCS” (NZ-CCS)
and “Net Zero-Renewable” (NZ-REN) scenarios, respectively. These findings imply that the goal of net-zeroemissions is realizable in our simulations, but technological progress and diffusion as well as effective
implementation of country-relevant climate policies will be indispensable.
Key words: net-zero emissions, GHG, climate change strategy, renewable energy, CCS, Vietnam

1. Introduction
Low-carbon development towards net-zero emissions
by 2050 has become an inevitable global development
trend accompanied by statements at the United Nations
Climate Change Conference in Glasgow (COP26) on
strong energy transition and low-emission development,
towards achieving the goal of restricting the global
temperature increase to 1.5oC by the end of the century.
At COP26, Vietnam’s Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinhannounced the country’s commitment to achieving
net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.
Vietnam’s emissions will reach about 687 MtCO2eq
by 2030 (NIES, 2014) and double that by 2050
(McKinsey, 2022a) if the country’s industries continue togrow at the planned rates in the absence of technologicalchange, industrial-base changes and successful
implementation of policy changes. Vietnam derives a highGlobal Environmental Research
26/2022 049−056
printed in Japanproportion of its GDP from its high-carbon sectors, andmuch of its capital stock is tied up in fossil-fuel-based
power. The country has already struggled to attract
financing for planned coal-fired thermal plants (McKinsey,
2022b).
To tackle that, Vietnam has issued many legal
regulations and policies to respond to climate change
since 2012, gradually developing and implementing
national, sectoral and local action programs. In 2015,
Vietnam announced its tentative Nationally Determined
Contribution (NDC) affirming its strong commitment to
responding to global climate change. Vietnam was also
one of the first 20 countries to complete the review andupdate of its NDC, and has significantly increased its
contribution to GHG emission reduction in line with thecountry's socio-economic development up to 2030. With
domestic resources, by 2030, Vietnam will reduce its total
greenhouse gas emissions by 9% compared with the©2022 AIRIES50

K. TAKE (Hoa NGUYEN) et al.

normal development scenario, equivalent to 83.9 million
tons of CO2, and up to 27%, equivalent to 250.8 million
tons of CO2 (equal to Vietnam's total national emissions in2014) if it can obtain international support throughbilateral and multilateral cooperation and business
investment. On October 31, 2016 Vietnam’s government
approved the Paris Agreement under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (Paris
Agreement on Climate Change).
Most recently, Vietnam’s National Strategy on
Climate Change to 2050 was approved, including a 43.5%
emission reduction target by 2030, sector-specificemission targets for 2030 and 2050, and qualitative
suggestions for achieving these goals (PM, 2022). The
Asia-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM) team contributed topreparation of the National Strategy. Results of the AIM
model were used for reference in consultations with line
ministries toward the agreement at the 6th Vietnam Japan Environmental Policy Dialogue between the
Ministry of Natural Resources (MONRE) of Vietnam andthe Ministry of the Environment of Japan (MoEJ) which
was held on-line on August 24 to 25, 2020. Vietnam’s
strategic perspective in responding to climate change up
to 2050 was determined on the basis of selectively
carrying over the contents of the 2011–2020 Strategy,
with adjustments and additions in the spirit of the Vietnam
Communist Party’s point of view (such as: the Resolution
24-NQ/TW on proactively responding to climate change,
strengthening natural resource management andprotecting the environment (Politburo, 2012); the Strategy
for Socio-economic Development in the period of 2021–
2030 (The Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 2020a); theNational Green Growth Strategy for the 2021–2030
period, with a vision by 2050 (PM, 2021) and Vietnam’s
commitment at COP26 towards net-zero emissions by
2050.
This study presents the scenarios and results of thethree AIM models that were used for supporting Vietnam
in preparing its National Strategy on Climate Change to2050.

investments in the countermeasures to meet the futuretargets with AIM/CGE. The characteristics and roles ofthe models are described below.

2. The Models

2.3 AIM/CGE
The AIM/CGE model quantitatively projects future
economic activity based on future economic outlook
assumptions by using the pricing mechanism to ensure
consistency in the interrelationships within the economy
as a whole. The model can estimate the economic impactof additional investments and changes in energy inputs.
Details on AIM/CGE are described in Masui (2005).
In this analysis, AIM/CGE uses the relationshipbetween investment and energy efficiency improvements
estimated by AIM/Enduse and estimates the economic
impact of countermeasures to achieve GHG net-zeroemissions in Vietnam.

Three models were used in this study. First, apreliminary study was conducted using AIM/ExSS to
obtain a rough understanding of the energy and emission
structure and the level of countermeasures required for
Vietnam to achieve deep GHG reductions. Then, based on
the knowledge obtained from the preliminary study, a listof candidate countermeasure technologies was compiled,and long-term GHG emission pathways were estimatedusing AIM/Enduse, a model that takes into account theyear of technologies’ development. We explored thetiming of peak emissions and combinations oftechnologies that could achieve GHG net-zero emissions.
Finally, we analyzed the economic impact of additional

2.1 AIM/ExSSThe AIM/ExSS model is an integrated tool forassessing future economic, industrial, social and energy
visions with mitigating options to design snapshots of
low-carbon society visions. This tool can be effectively
used to communicate a social design for significant
reductions because it can instantly identify changes inenergy consumption and the CO2 emission structure
resulting from changes in social and economic conditions
and levels of countermeasures. In this analysis, this modelis used in the preliminary study to figure out roughly thelevel of measures and future energy consumption requiredfor Vietnam’s deep GHG reductions. Details of
AIM/ExSS are described in Gomi et al. (2010).
2.2 AIM/Enduse
The technology-selection model AIM/Enduse (v1.0)
was used to estimate future energy demand. The
AIM/Enduse model selects the energy equipment thatwould minimize cost for each year while satisfying therequirements for exogenous input service volumes. We
made reasonable assumptions about the speed of newtechnology deployment with the vintage of technologies
being considered in calculating amounts of technology
substitution. We adopted this model to estimate pathwaysof energy consumption and CO2 emissions from energy
use and cement production processes in Vietnam. Details
on AIM/Enduse (V1.0) are described in Kainuma et al.
(2003).
As for estimations of GHG emissions from sectors
aside from energy use and cement production, we did not
use the AIM/Enduse model, but adopted a simple
accounting tool with which emissions are calculated fromthree factors: present emissions, rate of increase of related
activities and emission reduction rate throughcountermeasures.

Net Zero Emission Scenarios in Vietnam

3. Analytical Framework and Results
3.1 Preliminary Study of 2050’s Deep GHG
Reduction with ExSS
Prior to the analysis, the social and economic
activities, energy consumption and CO2 emissions for thebase year needed to be identified. We chose 2014 as thebase year for projection because the latest Vietnam GHG
Inventory was for 2014. Population, transport demand and
GDP were taken from GSO (2019); the input-output table,from OCED Stat (OECD, HP); the energy balance table,from IEA (2022); and emission factors, from IPCC
(2006).
Then, we prepared data on the future volume ofsocio-economic activities for analyzing future emissions
with AIM/ExSS. Since this was before we hadcommunicated with the Vietnamese government about
specific prerequisites for analysis, we proceeded with our
calculations based on our own assumptions. The data forthe main activities used in AIM/ExSS are shown in Table
1. Population figures were taken from GSO (2016) andGDP, from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (2011,2020a). The population was projected to reach 108
million by 2050. The GDP in 2050 was projected to beabout six times its value in 2014. Future industrial output
by sector and transportation volumes were calculatedendogenously based on the base year’s data and the future
population and GDP assumptions using AIM/ExSS. As for
GDP and industrial output by sector, the output of theservice sector was predicted to grow remarkably.
Table 1Socio-economic activities for AIM/ExSS.
2014

2050

’50/’14 CAGR

Population ('103 pp)

90,493 108,464

1.20

0.5%

Households ('103 hhs)

24,24836,1541.49

1.1%

GDP ('109 VND)

3,580

21,5076.01

5.1%

GDP in Tertiary ('109 VND)

1,407

10,997 7.81

5.9%

Passenger transp. ('106 p-km) 104,353 182,011

1.74

1.6%

Freight transp. ('106 t-km)

6.12

5.2%

52,501 321,049

51

Transport demand was predicted to increase in proportion
to population and economic growth.
We set three scenarios, the BaU (Business as Usual)scenario, CM1 (Countermeasure 1) scenario and CM2(Countermeasure 2) scenario. No low-carbon measures
were applied in the BaU scenario. “Low-carbon measures”
referred to Vietnam’s current national development plansin the CM1 scenario. While CM2 assumed a higher
penetration of efficient technology and renewable energy
than CM1. Assumptions on socio-economic activities
were the same in all three scenarios. As for the increase inrenewable energy in the energy mix, its share for 2050 in
the CM1 scenario was set at 43% with reference to PM(2015). In CM2, the share was set at 59% with reference
to the C4 scenario of EREA & DEA (2019).
The C4 scenario illustrates one development pathway
for Vietnam’s energy system, which combines therenewable energy development strategies target, coalrestriction from 2025 and high uptake of energy-efficienttechnologies. Since CM1 and CM2 mainly focus on
diffusion of the best available technologies, large-scale
deployment of innovative technologies is not assumed.
For example, some power and industrial plants are notequipped with CCS, and new green fuel only applies tofuel-cell vehicles in the transport sector in low amounts.
Regarding innovative technologies essential to achieving
net-zero emissions, the next section provides a detailed
analysis conducted using AIM/Enduse.
Figure 1 shows the estimations for final energy
consumption and CO2 emissions arrived at by using
AIM/ExSS. Energy consumption in BaU increases by afactor of 3.4 times compared to 2014. It is lower by 35%
in CM1 and 39% in CM2 compared to BaU. Energy
consumption from transport can be reduced by more than
50% in CM2. Electricity demand increases by a factor ofup to four times from 2014 in the BaU scenario, and fivetimes in the CM1 and CM2 scenarios. In the CM1 andCM2 scenarios, power demand is larger than in the BaU
scenario because of progress in electrification. With

Fig. 1 Final energy consumption (left) and CO2 emissions* (right) simulated by ExSS.
* CO2 emissions from power generation are allocated to each sector based on electricity consumption.

K. TAKE (Hoa NGUYEN) et al.

3.2 Emission Pathways toward Net Zero with
AIM/Enduse
Table 2 shows the socio-economic activities for the
AIM/Enduse model in Vietnam. After the analysis using
AIM/ExSS, our communication with Vietnamesestakeholders progressed regarding specific prerequisites
for analysis, and we were able to share and refer to other
outlooks regarding Vietnamese transportation andmaterial production. The demand for the industry sector
excluding the steel and cement, residential, commercial
and agriculture sectors was derived from the AIM/ExSS
analysis.
In this study, we developed two countermeasurescenarios, namely, the “Net Zero-CCS” (NZ-CCS)
scenario and “Net Zero-Renewable” (NZ-REN) scenario.
CCS is introduced at a higher rate in NZ-CCS andrenewables are introduced at a higher rate in NZ-REN. As
mentioned above, we gained insight from the AIM/ExSS
study that introduction of CCS, more renewables andhydrogen would be essential to achieving net-zero GHG
emissions. To consider the highly uncertain feasibility ofthese technologies, we prepared two alternative scenarios,
NZ-CCS and NZ-REN. The countermeasures consideredin AIM/Enduse are listed in Table 3. They include
measures where the amount introduced is common acrossthe scenarios and measures where the amount introduced
differs across the scenarios. For renewable energy, theshare in the preliminary study with AIM/ExSS is at most
Table 2 Socio-economic activities for the AIM/Enduse analysis.
Amount of activities
Crude steel production (Mt)
Cement production (Mt)
Other industries ('14=100)
Residential ('14=100)
Commercial ('14=100)
Passenger transport ('14=100)
Freight transport ('14=100)
Agriculture and forestry ('14=100)

2014
6
61
100
100
100
100
100
100

2030
48
140
336
195
295
280
239
199

2050
64
100
661
333
935
585
550
322

Note that these projections are for the purpose of this estimate and are notofficial projections by Vietnam’s government.

Table 3

Industry

with increased socio-economic activities is inevitable,
it
can
be
significantly
reducedthroughcountermeasures.
Energyconservation
andelectrification are important.
・ The growth of electricity consumption is particularly
large. Therefore, decarbonization in power generation
is extremely important.
・ CO2 emissions remain around 300 MtCO2 in 2050.
Therefore, further introduction of renewable energy,
carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS), andhydrogen fuel will be necessary.

Res. andCom.

・ While an increase in energy consumption associated

59% in 2050, while in NZ-CCS it is 80% and in NZ-REN,
90%.
In addition to energy-use and industrial-processrelated CO2 emissions, we calculated other future GHG
emissions exogenously. The assumptions in reduction ofother GHGs are described in Table 4. These assumptions
are based on the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (2020b,2021).

Transportation

regard to CO2 emissions, about 300 MtCO2 will beremaining even in CM2.
We obtained the following implications from thepreliminary studies with ExSS.

Energy production

52

Countermeasures in the AIM/Enduse analysis.
Penetration of countermeasure
Sector(share or efficiency improvement in 2050)
Share of EF, BF and H2-DRI:
Iron & Steel 50%, 25%, 25% (NZ-CCS)
50%, 0%, 50% (NZ-REN)
Rate of CCS usage in BF: 100%Rate of CCS usage: 100%
CementBiomass share of fuels for cement production:
10% (NZ-CCS), 25% (NZ-REN)
Share of furnaces with H2 burners and IH
heaters: 50%, 10% (NZ-CCS), 55%, 30%
Furnace(NZ-REN)
Share of biomass furnaces:15% (NZ-REN)
Heat pump share: 50%
Boiler
H2 boiler share: 35% (NZ-CCS), 15%(NZ-REN)
Combustion efficiency improvement: 30%
Other
Motor efficiency improvement: 35%
Hot water
Heat pump share: 100%
IH heater share: 75%
Cooking
Biogas stove share:
12.5% (NZ-CCS), 25% (NZ-REN)
Other
Motor efficiency improvement: 35%
Passenger
EV share: 100%road
Logistic system efficiency improvement: 10%
Freight road FCV share: 50%, EV: 25%
Share of ICV with biofuel: 25%
Rail
Shift from diesel to FC rail
Aviation
Hydrogen-based fuel share: 50%
Navigation Biofuel share: 50%
Transmission loss reduction: 50%
Share of gas-fired with CCS, biomass-firedPowerwith CCS(BECCS), biomass-fired without CCS
generationand other renewables:
20%, 5%, 0%, 75% (NZ-CCS)
10%, 2%, 3%, 85% (NZ-REN)
Hydrogengeneration

Water electrolysis share: 100%,
assumed to be produced domestically

Table 4 GHG emission reduction rates from countermeasures,aside from energy-use and industrial-process-related CO2
emissions.
Emission source
Fugitive

Agriculture

Waste

LULUCF

Solid fuels
Oil and natural gas
Enteric fermentation
Manure management
Managed soils
Rice cultivation
Managed waste disposal sites
Wastewater treatment anddischarge
Forest lands *Croplands
Grasslands
Wetlands
Settlements
Other land

Reduction rate
2030
2050
30%
50%
30%
76%
25%
40%
25%
40%
25%
40%
25%
40%
50%
60%
45%

60%

30%
10%
5%
5%
10%
5%

40%
30%
20%
20%
30%
20%

* The percentage of forest land represents the rate of increase in absorption.

Net Zero Emission Scenarios in Vietnam

Figure 2 shows the GHG emission pathways toward2050 simulated by AIM/Enduse. In both the NZ-CCS and
NZ-REN scenarios, GHG emissions peak at 511 MtCO2
in 2030 and achieve GHG neutrality by 2050. Theseemission pathways fulfill the updated NDC target of524.2 MtCO2 in 2030. Non-CO2 emissions remain about
100 MtCO2eq in 2050, but negative CO2 emissions fromenergy use and LULUCF offset the positive non-CO2
emissions. The introduction of bioenergy with carbon
capture and storage (BECCS) contributes to a negative
conversion of CO2 emissions from energy use.
CCS is introduced in the power, industry andindustrial process sectors after 2035. To achieve net zero
emissions in 2050, the necessary amount of CCS will be
246 Mt-CO2 in NZ-CCS. In comparison, increasing
renewables in the power sector and decreasing fossil gas
consumption allows the amount to be limited to 150
MtCO2 in NZ-REN (Fig. 3).
Both scenarios show very large increases in theamount of electricity generated. The share of electricity infinal energy consumption grows from 20% in 2014 to
49% (NZ-CCS) or 52% (NZ-REN) in 2050 due to thepenetration of air conditioners in the building sector and
EVs in the transport sector and greater service demand in
manufactured goods production. All new sales ofpassenger cars will be EVs after 2030 and freight cars will
be BEVs or FCVs after 2040. Hydrogen demand
equivalent to 25% of total final energy consumption in2020 will be required by 2050. If all the hydrogen is
assumed to be generated through water electrolysis
domestically, electricity demand for hydrogen production
will reach 26 TWh (NZ-CCS) to 41 TWh (NZ-REN) in
2050 (Fig. 3).
The amount of electricity generated from renewableenergy sources will be 1,025 TWh (NZ-CCS ) to 1,363
TWh (NZ-REN), which means that by 2050, it will be

Fig. 253

necessary to introduce renewable energy generation that is
7.0 to 9.3 times greater than the current total amount ofelectricity generated. On the other hand, electricity
generation by coal-fired power plants will peak in 2025
and then begin to decline to zero toward 2050. Gas-fired
power plants will remain in operation in 2050, but all ofthem will be equipped with CCS. In addition, for theachievement of net-zero emissions about half of thebiomass-fired power plants will also have to be
CCS-equipped. This can contribute as negative emissions,
offsetting the residual GHGs from other sources (Fig. 3).
The cumulative amount of additional annual
investment estimated by the model in both scenarios from2022 to 2050 using the 10% discount rate is 308 billion
USD in NZ-CCS and 394 billion USD in NZ-REN. The
investment in renewables and batteries in the power
sectors will account for 65% (NZ-CCS) to 73%(NZ-REN) and EV in transport sector will account for
13% (NZ-REN) to 17% (NZ-CCS). That information on
the amount of investment, together with information onchanges in energy consumption, was passed to an
economic model to analyze the economic impact (Fig. 3).
We obtained the following implications from thedevelopment of the emission pathway towards to GHG
net zero using AIM/Enduse.
・ To achieve carbon neutrality without an unreasonabletransition, it will be necessary to set the peak year
before 2035 with more than 150 MtCO2 of CCS and
80% renewables.
・ Vietnam has a relatively abundant potential for PV andwind power and is expected to overcome technological,
economic and social barriers and achieve a large
amount of deployment for PV and wind power.
・ Power generation in coal power plants will peak in
2025 and decline to zero by 2050. Plants built after

GHG emission pathways (left: NZ-CCS, right: NZ-REN) simulated by AIM/Enduse.

54

K. TAKE (Hoa NGUYEN) et al.

2010 may become stranded assets.
・ New gas power plants should be equipped with CCS or
be prepared to install CCS. CCS should be started after
2030 at the latest.
・ More than half of new biomass power plants should beequipped with CCS or be prepared to install CCS by
2050.
・ All new sales of passenger cars should be EV after
2030 and freight cars should be BEV or FCV after
2040.
3.3 Economic Impact of Decarbonization
Countermeasures with AIM/CGE
For the AIM/CGE analysis, we prepared four
scenarios of measures in addition to the reference scenario.
First, NZ-CCS and NZ-REN were the same scenarios asin the AIM/Enduse analysis, and the information on therelationship between investment and energy efficiency
was based on the AIM/Enduse output. Then, for eachscenario, we prepared a scenario in which the investment
was made without international cooperation (sub1) and a
scenario in which all additional investment was assumed
to be provided through international cooperation (sub2).
Figure 4 shows future trends in the GDP. In the Ref
scenario, the annual GDP growth rate from 2020 to 2050
would be 5.8% per year. In the cases of both NZ-CCS and
NZ-REN, the GDP would increase continuously and theannual GDP growth rate would be 5.7% per year. The
GDP in 2050 in the NZ-CCS (sub-1) scenario would be
3.9% smaller compared to the Ref scenario, and that in
NZ-REN (sub-1), 3.8% smaller than that of the Ref
scenario. In the case of the sub-1 scenarios, additional
investment would be needed to introduce the GHG
mitigation options. As a result, production investment
would be affected and production activities would
decrease compared to the Ref scenario.

(Unit: Trillion VND at 2012 price)Fig. 3 Power generation transition (left: NZ-CCS, right: NZ-REN) simulated by AIM/Enduse.

Fig. 4GDP simulated by AIM/CGE.

On the other hand, in the sub-2 scenarios, the annual
GDP growth rate from 2020 to 2050 would be 6.2% per
year. In these cases, since the production investment
would be kept to the same level in as the Ref scenario,
and, in addition, energy-efficient technologies would be
introduced with international support, more economic
growth would be realized compared to the Ref scenario.
In 2050, the GDP in the sub-2 scenarios would be 12%
larger than that in the Ref scenario. The larger the scale ofeconomic activity, however, the larger the potential GHG
emissions, making it more difficult, as a result, to achievecarbon neutrality by 2050.
We obtained the following implications from ouranalysis of the economic impact of additional investment
to achieve net zero GHG.
Investments to achieve net zero will have the impactof reducing GDP by about 4% by 2050. It is possible toreduce this impact, however, by utilizing international
cooperation.

Net Zero Emission Scenarios in Vietnam

4. Conclusions
While it is true that it will be difficult to achieve thepathway proposed by this AIM analysis, other pathways
would not be easy either. These results, however, at leastindicate that the earlier hydrogen and CCS can be
introduced, the earlier GHG emissions will peak, making
it possible to avoid a rapid emission reduction in a shorttime after the peak. To avoid stranding assets, CCS must
be ready for installing in industrial and power plants wellin advance.
To achieve net-zero emissions, renewable energy and
CCS technologies will be fundamental for reducing theenormous GHG emissions. The amount of investment will
be around 300 to 400 billion USD (investment costs after
2022 are discounted at a rate of 10%). Investment inrenewables and batteries in the power sectors and EV in
the transport sector will account for the majority of theadditional costs. International support will accelerate thepeak out, helping Vietnam achieve both GDP growth and
GHG emission reduction.
Even though the National Strategy on Climate
Change to 2050 has been approved, it will still need goodand effective coordination amongst the line ministries,
with direction from the top leadership in implementing
existing climate change policies. Regular review andupdate of the ministries’ action plans will be important forachieving Vietnam’s net-zero emissions target by 2050.
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K. TAKE (Hoa NGUYEN) et al.

56

Kyoko TAKE (Hoa NGUYEN)
Dr. TAKE (Hoa NGUYEN) is a Research Fellow at
the Strategic Management Office of the Institute for
Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) in Japan.
She holds a PhD from the Department ofEnvironmental Engineering, Graduate School ofEngineering, Kyoto University. Her researchinterests cover using the Asia-Pacific- Integrated
Model (AIM) to design and analyze the Asian net-zero carbon scenarios.
She has engaged in developing the Vietnam net-zero carbon scenario; anddeveloped the number of scenarios at the city level such as Hai Phong, Da
Nang, Can Tho, Ha Noi, Khon Khen-Thailand, and Luang Prabang-Laos.

Tung Lam NGUYEN
Dr. Nguyen Tung Lam is formally working in the
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
and Environment of Vietnam, and currently he isworking at Ministry of Science and Technology. He
has involved with the process of preparing theVietnam National Strategy on Climate Change aswell as other related climate change documents. His works are based on themodeling of GHG emissions using AIM models and it is not limited to thenational level but also at the local provinces and cities of the country.

Takaharu OTA
Takaharu Ota is a consultant for the Sustainability
Consulting Division of Mizuho Research &Technologies Co., specializing in quantitative
analysis using models. His research with the
National Institute for Environmental Studies AIM
project includes the use of energy supply anddemand, technology selection models for
estimating emissions, and investigation of innovative decarbonization
technologies, such as the use of hydrogen for direct reduction ironmaking.

Tomoki HIRAYAMA
Tomoki Hirayama is a meteorologist engaged
mainly in supporting formulation of the Ministry of
the Environment’s mid- to long-term plans andresearch with the National Institute forEnvironmental Studies’ AIM project. His work
includes estimating GHG and air pollutant
emissions using energy supply and demand andtechnology selection models and analyzing theemission reduction effectiveness of measures and policies. He is currently
senior consultant for Sustainability Consulting Division 1 at Mizuho
Research & Technologies, Ltd.

Yuko MOTOKI
Dr. Motoki received her Ph.D. in policy andmedia. She is responsible for energy supply anddemand analysis for the National Institute forEnvironmental Studies’ AIM project, research on
implementation of carbon pricing in Japan andoverseas, support for review committee operation,
including that of the Central Environment
Council’s subcommittees as well as lecturing andconsulting for private sector companies. She currently serves as chief
consultant for Sustainability Consulting Division 1 at Mizuho Research &Technologies, Ltd.

Go HIBINO
Go Hibino received his master’s degree from the
Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of
Science. From 1991, he worked at the now
Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Mizuho
Research & Technologies, Ltd. He has served in
his current position since July 2020. Since theearly 1990s, he has been involved in the
Asia-PacificIntegrated
Model
(AIM)
Development Project, primarily with the development of AIM/Enduse andits application to Japan. He has also been a long-time contributor to reviews
on Japan’s emission reduction targets and reduction plans. He is currently
the research collaboration coordinator (Asia-Pacific Integrated Model) for
the Decarbonization Measures Assessment Section, Social Systems
Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES).

Yuki OCHI
Yuki Ochi received his master’s degree from the
Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University.
He joined E-Konzal Co. Ltd. in 2013 and served asa researcher. He works with local governments andNPOs to achieve a decarbonized society from thelocal level. He has engaged in calculating andanalyzing municipal greenhouse gas emissions anddeveloping future scenarios for decarbonization. He conducts
decarbonization scenario studies with the Asia-Pacific Integrated
Assessment Model.

Toshihiko MASUI
Prof. Masui received his Ph.D. from the Graduate
School of Engineering Osaka University. He joined
NIES as a researcher in 1998. He has held his
current position since April 2022 after serving as
senior researcher and director. He has a concurrent
appointment as a visiting professor at the Tokyo
Institute of Technology School of Engineering. His
research focuses on development of the Computable General Equilibrium
Model, one of the component models of the Asia-Pacific Integrated Modelbeing developed at the National Institute for Environmental Studies, andapplication of the model to assessing climate change mitigation measures.
Prof. Masui currently serves as Social Systems Division Director at NIES.

(Received 1 September 2022, Accepted 28 December 2022)