Poster

P resenta tion

P oster Presentatlon
MedicalPhysics
MP01 O ptimum Exposure Parameter with Modified Target/Filter Combination in
DigitalMammography
MP02 MetalArtifact Correction using Model Basedlmages
MP03

MP04

-

3- 5

Using Monte Carlo digitalphantoms to evaluate the feasibility of replacing
medicaldiagnostic LCD monitors with generalpurpose LCD monitors

3 6

Quantifying Liver Fat Content Utilize Selective Saturation M R l a t 1.5 T
Scanner

MP05

Tumor Delineation using PET in Radiation Therapy
MP06 Estimate for Osteoporosis of Mice Using Different Low Energy X ray--

Real Time Dose Measurements of Automatic Tube Current Modulation in-

Using fMRlto Evaluate the VisualShort Term Memory

MP09

Application of Radiation on Nuclear Medicine,Charged Particle Therapy and
BNCT in J apan
MP10 Design of a Novellmaging Detector with Depth of interaction Decoding
Capabi i ity

- -

MP11

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-

Study of Maximum Acceptance Angle Effects onlmage Quantity of

-

MP13

MP14
MP15

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3- 1 3
-

3 14

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3 21

-

3 23

Dual Head PEM System
MP12

3- 9

3 8

3 1i

Multislice CT
MP08

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3 10

system
MP07

3 1

-

Feasibility Study of Low Energy DEXAlmaging for Bone density
Measurement of O steoporosis in Mice Using CCD and CMOS

3 24

Evaluation of lmage Restoration Methods for 188 Re micro SPECT
Quantitation

3 25

Quantitativelmaging of 188 Re BMEDA Liposome in a C26Murine Colon
Carcinoma Solid Tumor AnimalModel

3 26

-

-

-

lnvestigating and Analyzing Reconstructedlmages of MDCT Coronary

Angiography
MP16 Dose Evaluation and Analysis for Angiogra !
11
MP17 Dose Evaluation of Di fferent Tumor Models using Monte Carlo Simulation
MP18 Estimations of Equivalent Breast Phantom and Breast Dosimetryfor
Mammography of Taiwanese Women
MP19 Label Free Biomolecular Binding Kinetics Detection with Surface Plasma
wave t;l osensor

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-

3- 28
3- 3 0
3 27

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3 31

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3 35

MP20

MP21
MP22

The Experience of Using Diagnostic Computed Radiography(CR)System to
do Quality Assurance of LI NAC

3 38

Assessment of lmage Quality and Radiation Dose Reduction withln plane
Bismuth Shielding for CT Examinations:Phantom tudy

3 43

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̲̲

Development of Nucleoside Radiotracers Via in Situ Screening of HBTU
Amide Forming Libraries forlmaging HSV 1 t k Cancer Gene therapy

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MP23

̲̲̲

Using Diffusion Tensorlndex Analysis Citrus Water Distribution
MP24 Comparison of simSET and GATE in Simulation of 124 lPET..
MP25

The profit of lndependent component analysis on determining the artery

MP26

Noise Smoothing using Wiener Fi i ter

MP27

The uncertainties of diagnostic X ray machines

MP28

Evaluation of lodo,Fluoro,lodovinylArabinosylUridines against HSV 1 t k
Transfacted Murine Sarcoma Cells with MTT Cytotoxic Assay and Their
Potentialforlmaging Cancer Gene Therapy

MP29

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3- 47
3- 4 83 45

3- 5 1
3- 52
3 49

input function in dynamic susceptibility contrast MRl

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-

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AswirlBoard Dosimetry Technique for Compensating for the Scalp vVertex

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3 53

-

and Foot Sole Dosage in TotalSkin Electron Therapy

3 61

The Study of Surface Dose for Golden Coating Thermoluminescence
Dosimeter

3- 72

MP31

The O ptimalComposition of DEMBI G GelDosimeter by Taguchi method

3 75

MP32

O ptimization oftreatmentTime by definition of matrix center in Leksell

MP30

Gamma Knife Radiosurgery
MP33 Presentation of NORM:problems of their being-

3- 7 7
3 76

Radiation Education
A Few SpecialEducationalSchemes for the Course of Radiation

Measurement Laboratory in NationalTsing Hua University

RE04

RE05

RE06

0 2
9 9
一 3
一
3

RE03

Development of Teaching Materials for Radiation Education using An
lmaging Plate
Nuclear/Radiation Education at NuTEC/JAEA and a Distance Learning

5
8
一
3

RE02

1
8
一
3

RE01

System JNEN
Radiation Education using Sparklers for Entire Beginners
Newly established Aomori Branch of Radiation Education Forum:case reporton radiation educatio n implementation forthelocalresidents by Aomori
3 96
Branch-Proposalfor Active Use of 68Ge 68Ga Milking Generator in Education of
Various Categories

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3 102

-

A New Monitoring System of NaturalRadionuclides on Air Borne Dust

Sample Combined with l3一α Correlated Events as ATeaching Materialfor
Public and Student Radiation Literacy
Revivalof Radiation〃 in the New Curriculum Guideline for J unior High

3 106

Schools in J apan

3 108

-

A Few SpecialEducationalSchemes for the Course of Radiation

-

-

3 1i0
Measurement Laboratory in NationalTsing Hua University
3 112
The current basic nuclear education in Taiwan and suggestions
The Communication and PersonnelTraining Programs of Taiwan's Regulatory

Authority in the Field of Atomic Energy

-

3 113

Miscel ianea
M1

Effect of Hydrophi i ic and Hydro phobic Monomers Grafting on Biodegradable
Poly(3 hydroxybutyrate)using lrradiation

3 1i4

Rapid Deployment of Monte Carlo Simulation System by Diskless Remote
Boot in L nux

3 120

-

-

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〇ptimum exposure parameter with modified target/fiIter

combination in digitalmammography
S.L.Peng 1,',K.S.Chuang2,C.F.Chen l ,C.A.Chen lepartmen t of D iagnostic Radio1ogl1, Chang Gu ng M e moria1 Hospila1, K ao hstung 83.1i, Tlaiwa n

1Df

gl neer i ng an d E nvlronm enta1 S c ien ces, 1VationalTsingHua U niversity,
H s lnchu30 0, Taiwan

2D e partm en t o B1o m edica1 E n

Abstract
The dose delivered to patients who were performed the mammography is investigated recently, b u t

the image qualityand the exposure dose are conflicting . In clinicalmammography, i t is employed amolybdenum as the target and the filter because ofthe optimum energy spectra.The goa1of study istried to use the altemative target/filter assembly,such as molybdenum/rhodium(Mo/Rh)combination.
The figure of merit(FOM)used to evaluate the technique factor is the ratio of S N R to the average

glandular dose. The results that the FOM was higher for Mo/Rhassembly because of the fewer
glandular dose to patients and the there was no impact on the clinic diagnosis

Key words:digitalmammography,average glandular dose,breast radiography
Introduction

For early detection ofbreast cancer,the mammography is the reliable toolin the clinic withlow kVp

and h i g h m A s. To achieve the o p t i m a l k V p t h e combination of a molybdenum target and amolybdenum filter(Mo/Mo)is the most commonly used unit for mammography. In recent work,not

only the image qualityof mammography should be considered but also the patient dose is very

- -important.However,the image criterion,signa1 to noise ratio(SNR)and the dose delivered to patients-are conflicting.Maximization of S N R can beimproved by increasing the number ofthe x ray photons
butleads to increasing the patient dose[1] . Up to now,considering the altemative target/filter
combination,

such

as

molybdenum /rhodium-(Mo/Rh),rhodium/rhodium

and( Rh/Rh),

tungsten/rhodium(W/Rh)is investigated.Thilander Klang et a1 [2]co1lected965women who were-

examined mamnographic screening with screen film combination and found that both average mean-

absorbed doses to the glandular tissue andimage contrast werelower in the Mo/Rhtarget filter
combination mammography than the Mo/Mo combination.It is confirmed that the reduction in thepatient dose does be a flop in the image quality .

-Comparing with screen film mammography, t h e f u 1 l field digitalmammography(FFDM) is
improved because the displayed contrast could be adjusted.But,theinherentimage S N R is fixed as thedisplayed contrast ofthe signalis increased,so is the visibilityofnoise. The goa1ofthis study is to use
the altemative target/filter combination,Mo/Rh[3],for the breast,instead ofthe Mo/Mo combination-31

which the manufacturer recommended in the digitalmammography andtrytofiind the balance between
the S N R and the average glandulardose(AGD)using the evaluating factor, figure of merit(FOM).
Methods and Materials
The commercialfull field digitalmam」nography(FFDM)system,Seleniafrom Hologic using-

TFT based detectors overlaid with amorphous selenium was emp1oyed in this study. The-

mammographic unit was equipped with an anode made of M o and k edge filters mage of M o o r R h s othat the al1owable target/filter combinations were Mo/Mo and Mo/Rhas operators selected.The

moving grid ratio was4:1and the automatic exposure controlwas used.
79 women with various comnon clinica1 conditions were recruited and underwent the

mammography exam after the questionnaire survey. T h e mean age was52.4years±7.2(age range,-

39 70 years).For comparison,the right craniocaudal(RCC)view and theleftcraniocaudal(LCC)view

were performed with Mo/Mo and Mo/Rhcombinations,respectively. To evaluate the performance ofthe technique factors,the figure ofmerit(F〇M),was defiined as the ratio ofthe square of theimage
S N R to the average glandular dose(AGD),both a measurement of the physicalimage quality. T h emeasured SNR is where the automatic exposure contro1(AEC)detected. The AGD was determined byusing measured entrance skin exposures(XE sE ) a n d tabulated values of the norm alized average
glandular dose(DgN)[4],as fo11ows:-

AGD=Dg N X XEsE

(1)

By the way, t w o board certified radio1ogists participated in this study to assess theimage quality
from thetwo different target/fi lter assemblies .

ResuIts
The results showed that,for a given Mo/Rhcombination,the average glandular dose(AGD)was

reduced and the FOM was increased.The increasinglevelwas dependent on the kVp and the breast

thickness as figurelillustrated be1ow.For Mo/Rh assembly, t h e F〇M were decreased with the kVp
increased because the higher kVp wi11result in worse image quality. For Mo/Rh combination,thehighest FOM was represented in the rangefrom4.5cm t o 5 c m and that was the most thickness ofthe
Asia women.However,there was no impact on the clinic diagnosis,indicating that the Mo/Rh

combination is suitable for breasts in clinic practice.

-

32

一

;
:;

一一

:

i
l

l

:

- -

u
M 一一

'il

lil

?

?

il

,・

''i

Wp

,

i

1

◆

(a)

li

解

l 用1

,

・

s

(b)

FigurelThe figure portrayed the reIationship between F〇M and kVp i n ( a ) a n d F〇M and thickness i n ( b ) . F o r Mo/Rh

combination,both have higher F〇M.

Discussion and ConcIusions
In early study[5],the tabulated values of the normalized average glandular dose was suitable for-100%glandular breast,50%glandular 50%adipose breast and100%adipose breast of phantom

images. In clinic,the proportion of glandular tissue in the breast varied among the women examined
and it was not easy to fiind women with100%glandular or100%adipose breasts. The objective ofthis

study was to compare theimage qualityand dose produced with thetwo target/filter assemblies inclinicalmammography,and we implemented Dgn calculations with Matlab code. For arbitrarybreast
compositions,the interpolating polynomialwas utilized.The calculated Dgn of arbitrarybreast

compositions may not be exactly corrected because of interpolating polynomia1.We compared themean glandular dose to the right breast with that to theleftbreast in each woman,and the potentia1
error was neglected.

Mo/Rhcombination, it produces energy spectra in bremsstrahlung between20-23 ke V When

For Mo/Mo combination,it produces energy spectra in bremsstrahlung between15 20 keV and for.

employingRh/Rhcombination,it results in more penetrating beam,but it is not often used in clinicalpractice.The higher energy spectra results in not only increasing greater radiation penetration,but also

decreasing entrance skin exposure and average glandular dose.It is advantageous in mammography.
Entrance skin exposure(X EsE ) i s afunction of kVp and mAs.For the same kVp and mAs,it wi11result-in the same entrance exposures. For average glandular dose(ADG),it is afunction of x raytube-

potentia1,breast thickness,and breast parenchymaI composition.For the same x raytube potentialandbreast thickness,the breast consisted of a higher proportion of adipose tissue willreceive moreradiation dose than the breast consisted of a higher proportion of glandular tissue. Using the Mo/Rh

combination for adipose breasts which compressed thicknesses are thinner than6cm is more practicalin radiation protection.However,it may associate with the reduction in image quality. The FFDM

devices a11ow for manipulating the display contrast,like window andlevelfunctions,so that the effectofdisplay contrast from the higher energy spectra is not taken into account. Employing the altemative-

3 3

Mo/Rhcombination for smallbreasts in mammography may slightly influence for radiologists,butthere is no impact on the clinic diagnosis.Fewer dose to patients is more concemed.
References
1.

W . H u d a , A . M. Sajewicz,K. M. 0gden,and D . R. Dance.Experimentalinvestigation ofthe dose

andimage qualitycharacteristics o f a digitalmammographyimaging system. M ed Phys. 2003;30:-

442 448
2.

of anode- filter combinations on image qualityand radiation dose i n 9 6 5 w o m e n undergoing
mammography Radio1o? 1997;203:348 -354

Thilander Klang A,Ackerholm P,Berlin I,Bjurstam N,Mattsson S,Mansson L G,et a1.Influence.

3.

Mark B.Wi11iams,Priya Raghunathan,and Mitali J . More. 0ptimization ofexposure parameters in-?11 fi eld digitalmammography. M ed Phys. 2008;35:2414 2423
4.

W . T . S o b o l a n d X.Wu.Parametrization of mammography normalized average glandular dose-tables. MedPhys 1997;24:547 554
5.

X. W u , E . L . G i n g o l d , G . T . B a m e s and D . M. Tucker.Normalized average glandular dose in--molybdenum target Rhodium filter and rhodium target rhodium filter mammography. Radio1o,gy-

1994:193:83 89

-

34

-

Metalartifact correction using model based images-

Cheng Ting Shih, Jay Wu
institute f R a d1o1ogicafScfence, Cenfraf nafwan umverszか f Scie ce andTechno1ogy

Computed tomography(CT)has become one of most favorable choices for-diagnosis of trauma. However,high densitymetalimplants in the CT scans induce-

metalartifact and compromise image quality . I n this study, w e proposed a mode1
based metalartifact correction method.

-First,we built a modelimage using k; means clustering technique with spatia1

information and calculated the difference between the originalimage and mode1
image.The projection data ofthe originalimage and modelimage were then combined

together by a weighting factor estimated from an exponentialweightingfunction.At-

1ast,thecorrected image was reconstructed using the filter back projection method.
I n the cylindricalwater phantom image,the metalartifact was removed.The CT--

number of water was improved from 28 . 95±97.97to 4.76±4 .28 . In the clinica1

pelvic image,the dark band and meta11ine were removed and the continuityand
uniformityof the CT number of the softtissue were recovered as we11.The CT
numbers in the four ROI regions of the corrected image were approached to thetheoreticalvalue and standard deviations were be1ow50%as we11.
We conclude that the proposed method is useful f o r reducing the metalartifact andcould improve the diagnostic value.

-

Keywords:Computed tomography,Metalartifact k means clustering

-

35

̲

Using Monte Carlo digitalphantoms to evaluate
the feasibilityof replacing medicaldiagnostic L C D monitorswith general purpose LCD monitors

-

-

-

-

Chih Kai Chung l , Jay Wu 1 ,Shun Sheng Wang 2,Cheng Ting Shih l ,Yan Lin Liu3

f

f S c ience an d

11nstitute o Radio1lo gica1l Science,Centra1l Ta
t i wan U n iversityo

nechno1ogy

2石 s前u f e of i1omedfcaf i n glneering f Materfaf Science,Cenfraf llafwaK universiりがScience an d Tlechno1ogy
J〇eparfmenf がKadiofogl caf nechoa,Cenfraf lla l w a % Umversffy f Scfence andnechno1ogy

PurposePicture Archiving and Communication Systems provide the convenience in

medicalimages transmission.However,deve1opment ofPACS system needslarge costwhich has to carefu11y evaluation. In this study,we evaluate the feasibilityofreplace

the medicaldiagnostic LCD monitors by generalpurpose LCD monitors.

Materials a n d Methods
We assessment the display characteristics and identification rate of diagnostic--

high 1 evelBARC0 and CHILIN monitors and browse type1ower 1evelEIZ0
monitors.In display characteristics test,we used the Monte Car1o method to build

the digitalphantom which with severaldifferent size and characteristic spheres
and recorded the accuracy and error rate.In identification rate test,we asked five

radio1ogists to observe the MedicalCT simulation image display in diff el rentmonitors and evaluated the result by Receiver Operating Characteristic test.

-

Before a11tests,we also refer the TG 18report to calibrate the grayscale standard

displayfunction curve for standardized the display characteristics ofa11monitors.
Results-

In display characteristics test,the display performance of diagnostic high 1eve1-

monitors was better than1ower 1evelmonitor. In identi fication rate test,the area undercurve ofROC curve ofBARC0,CHILINand E I Z 0 monitors are 0.74,0.743and

0.717,respectively.The P value between-

36these three monitorare 0.268(EIZ0:BARC0), 0.205(EIZ0:CHILIN)and
0.897(BARC〇:CHILIN),respectively.A11P values are bigger than 0.05that mean

thereare no significant diflierences between these monitors.
Conclusion--

Diagnostic high 1evelmonitor can be replaced bylow levelmonitor after
calibrate the grayscale standard displayfunction curve and decreases the cost ofbuilding o f PACS system.

Key words:PictureArchiving and Communication Systems,LCD pane1-

37

Quantifying Liver Fat Content Utilize
Selective Saturation M R I a t 1.5 T Scanner

-

-

-

-

C. C. Chuang 1, D. M. Ye1,2, U . S.Tyan l , 2f ,g a n d Radio1ogica1 S c iences, CSMU

1 Schoo1l o Medical I magin'

2〇eparfme tがMedzcalimagfng, C M U h o s pl faf

PurposeIt is not easy to perceive the fattyliver disease which is norma11y diagnosed by thedoctor. The purpose ofthis study is to validate an MRItechnique for measuringliver
fat content by calibrating MRIreadings withliver phantoms.Then using selective

saturation MRIquantitiesliver fat content acquired from routine exam.These
measurement can be used to help fattyliver disease be easily diagnosed.Moreover,it

wi11economize the cost ofphysicalexamination so that disease and cure can be foundin the early days.
Method and Material

The MRIprotocolconsisted offat and water imaging by selective saturation
using a1.5T scanner.Liverphantoms were made as a calibration standard forquantify ingliver fat content.A water phantom andliver phantoms were scanned.
Liver fat was also estimated by l H M R Spectroscopy analysis.

-

Result

MRImeasurements oftheliver phantoms were highly reproducible.
Measurements of liver fat content in human subjects made by M R I i n twoareas ofthe

1iver were strongly correlated(r=0.97,P <0.001). MRImeasurements were highly
associated with estimates ofliver fat content made by selective saturation M R image
analysis(r=0. 95,P < 0.001)
Conclusion
We validated a technique for quantifyingliver fat content based on selective
fat imaging. T h e technique is accurate and reproducible and provides a noninvasive
method to obtain serialmeasurements of liver fat content in human subjects. The

technique is accurate and reproducible and provides a noninvasive method to
obtain serialmeasurements of liver fat content in human subjects.However,The--

method proposed here is sensitive to Bo field inhomogeneity and B l field
nonuniformity.
Keywords:Fatliver;selective saturation MRI-

38

Tumor delineation using P E T in radiation therapy
Jason WS Sun 1,2, K Y Yen 3, J A Liang 4, S S Sun 3, M S Lee 2, S K Hung 2, S M Hsu 1,*

Departmen t of Biom ed ic a1 Im a ging a n d Rad1o1oglca1 Science, China Medlca1l1amversia, llafchung, llaiwanf2Departm en t o Rad iationThe rapyand 〇nco1ogy, B u d d h istDalin Tzu Chi G enera1-

Ho ?ita1l,Chia Yi, Ttaiwan
3〇eparfme f がMucfear Medzczのe a n d P i 「 c e n f e l C h lna Medicaf

naichung, na1、,t,a nanfverszり aoッifa1,〇eparfmenf f Kadiafion llerw and 〇ncofo印,Chfna Medlcal umversfか aospffaf ,イallafc u g, lla l wan

Combining the advantages of target treatment of IMRT and IGRTwith the molecularimaging techno1ogy of PET,radiation onco1ogists can deliver a better distributed doseto the heart of tumor and to1ower the absorbed dose o f surrounding critica1organs
accurately.Thelimitation to this wonderfulmarriage oftechno1ogies nowlies with theeffort to precisely determine the targettumor1ocation and size.CT dose provide very
anatomica11y accurate images but presentslittle bio1ogicalinformation about thetumor itself;functionalimages o f P E T promises to refinetumor1ocation but the poor
spatialresolution of PET images sti111imit the abilityto correctly delineate the target
tumor.0ur aim in this study is to quantify thetumor size from PET images using
homemade cylindricalphantoms of diff el rent sizes,and to evaluate the dosimetricimpact on radiotherapy plans. PET images were acquired from a 2 0 cm cubic
phantom encompassing five FDG fi11ed cylinders with volumes of 0 . 2 t o 7 . 1 c m3
using a PET Advance N X i scanner.The value of the percent threshold that retumed
the actualvolume was measured.PET emission scans were reconstructed with the-

OSEM and FBP algorithms with diff el rent smoothinglevels.The present thresholdvalues were dependent on phantom size,concentration of F 18FDG used,andleve1o f smoothing,with phantom sizeless than 0 . 8 c m3 presenting marked sensitivityand
higher percent threshold values. Carefulconsiderations should be given when using
PET to calculate and delineate tumor volume since others factors and variables such-as image reconstruction method,smoothingleve1,geometric shape ofphantom/tumor,
backgroundleve1, andlesion concentration must be taken into account when
designing a treatment plan for patients.

Keywords: IMRIT,IGRIT,PET threshold-

39

Estimate for 〇steoporosis of Mice Using
Different L o w Energy X ray system-

H. C . L u , M . L . Jan*,H. C . L i a n g , H . Y . L a i , Y. T. Fang-

Dualenergy X ray absorptiometry(DEXA)is one of the popular clinica1
inspection for osteoporosis.This study wi11apply DEXAmethod with our home madesystem in1ow X ray energy(<50kVp)to discriminate the normaland osteoporosis
mice.

-

-

Butthere are two problems in the application of our system.First,DEXA isbased on the different mass attenuation coefficients of softtissue(µs)and bone(µB)-

with diff el rent energy(E l 。w=35kVp and Ehlgh=75kVp,for human),but75kVp o f X ray
is not suitable for sma11animalimaging .Second,the values of mass attenuation-

coefficients are estimated from ICRU 44table in single energy,not in continuous

energy spectrum.And the wide energy spectrumcan't be narrowed by filters,forfewer photons were produced from the sma11focalspot of the high resolution X ray

-

tube.

-

-

-

The com beam X ray tube(in1ow voltage of 25kV and high voltage of 50kV)

withtwotypes of flat panelsensor(CCD and CMOS)were used to get the projection
i m a g e s ( 5 1 2 x 5 1 2 a n d 5 8 6 x 5 6 0 pixels respecting to CCD and CMOS).The threephantoms in different consistency of Potassium Iodide(KI)solution were 0.25M,
0.4M and 0.5M according to the mean gray value from image ofmice bone,and were
scanned to simulate the different stage ofosteoporosis;these phantoms were also used
for evaluation the systemlinearity. T h e systemlinearityresults of CCD and CMOS
detector were R2=0.9956and R2 =0.9945;this shows that two systems were positive
correlation.Thearealdensityimages were constructed from the values of massattenuation coefficients at mean energy(E=1/3E max) a n d DEXA projection images,
and the different stage ofosteoporosis was discriminated from them.The mice in thisexperiment were divided into two groups,osteoporosis by ovariectomy(0VX)andnor ma1;then,the bone densityof their femur heads was discriminatedf 1r om area1
densityimages.
This study has deve1oped a method to discriminate the normaland osteoporosis
mice through1ow energy X ray projection images. In thefuture,it wi11be usefulfor
estimation in preclinicaltreatment experiment.

-

-

3 10

-

Real time dose measurements ofautomatic tube current modulation in multislice CT

-

-

-

-

Hui Y u Tsai,Ying Lan Liao 1*, Y u Sheng Tyan2'3,Yong Jie Chang3
epartmen t of M edlca1Im a gi ng a n d R a d1o1logica1Scien ces, Chang G u ng U n iversity,

1D

-

,

-

Tao Y u a n T a i w a n

f
g-S harl M ed lca l U n ive,l sityHospita1,TaichungTaiwan
3Dep artm en l of M ed lca1 Im a gi ng a n d R a d1o1ogica1 Sciences, Chung Shan Medicla U n iversity,

2D e p artmen t o Radio1
1 ogy, C h u nTalchung,T,aiwan-

Purpose:To estimate real time doses which are controlied by automatic tube current
modulation(ATCM)in multidetector computed tomography(MDCT),and to verif
the dose decrease with the prediction by software.
yMethod and Materials:Brilliance40 MDCT scanner(Phiiips)provides five ATCM-

methods.Thoseare automatic current selection(ACS),xy plane dose modulation(D DOM),z axialdose modulation(Z DOM),ACS combined D DOM,and ACS

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

combined Z DOM.Rea1 time doses were measured bytwo CT penci1 type detectors-

operating with a Barracuda(RTI e)electrometer connected to a PC running thesoftware oRTIgo2002(RTI e).0ne detector is DCT10 CTDI ion chamber(RTI e)
with100 m m sensitivelength.The other is CT SD16CT slice detector(RTI e)with
160mmsensitivelength.Severalgeometric phantoms,which are circular,ova1,and
e11iptic cylinders with15cm height,were fabricated to simulate body shapes and toverify the xy plane dose modulation. AnApo11o phantom was also fabricated to verif
the z axialdose modulation.
y

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Results:For circular cylindricalphantoms with16 2 4 c m diameter,doses decreased
28 6 9 % f o r ACS,28 6 7 % f o r ACS combined D DOM,and24 6 6 % f o r ACS
combined Z DOM. But dose increased13 2 0 % f o r 3 2 c m diameter.For ovaland

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

e11iptic cylindricalphantoms,doses decreased17 2 7 % f o r ACS,15 4 0 % f o r D DOM,
31 3 9 % f o r ACS combined D DOM,and15 2 8 % f o r ACS combined Z DOM.
D DOM and Z DOM rea1 time dose variation curves were similar for circular

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

cylindricalphantoms.However,rea1 time dose variation curves got c1osed a1ong withincreasing diameter.For ovaland e11iptic cylindricalphantoms,ACS and ACS
combined Z DOM rea1 time dose variations were resembling . But Z DOM rea1 timedose variations were remarkable for the Apo1lo phantom.

-

-

-

-

3 li

-

-

Conclusion:The methods established by this study could investigate the rea1 timedose variations.Using ATCM techniques in MDCT scanning could decrease patient
doses. However,it needs to pay more attention to use ATCM techniques for obese
patients.

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3 12

-

Using f M R I to evaluate the visualshort term memory

-

-

-

Jhih Jie Jiang,Chun Chao Chuang, Y e u Sheng Tyan

Department ofMedicalImage,Chung Shan MedicalUniversityHospita1

研究日的研 究 大 腦 如 何 進 行 記 憶 運 作 , 是 當 今 科 學 家 們 致 力 研 究 的 部 i分 。 短 期 視 覺 記 憶一

般公認為是最快速的記憶方式 。 當 在 評 估 視 覺 短 期 記 憶 時 , 會因為實驗設計的不同而有所差異 , 造成無法有放的描述實驗的數據結 果 。 本實驗主要研究如何有放的 評 估 視 覺 短 期 記 憶 , 所 以 本 實 驗 設 計 個 視 覺 短 期 記 憶 測 試 , 利用fMRI量測腦部 反 應 之 活 動 1重i. 域 及 訊 號 , 進 而 討 論 腦 部 在 視 覺 短 期 記 憶 時 的 運 作 情 形 。

一

,

材料典方法
以 十 位 測 試 者 , 接 受 視 覺短 期 測 試 。 在 f M R I 的 波 序 設 定 上 , 使 用 B O L D 波 序 , 循
環 問 答 判 斷 1 2 次 不 同 記 憶 問 題 。 以S p m 2 軟 體 分 析 , 將 實 驗 數 據 分 成 不 同 分 析 模組,比較不同模組間的差異及判断腦部活動區域與相對時間關係,進而分析腦部視覺短期記憶之作用 。
結果分析實驗數據可得以下結果
1.視覺短期記憶腦部激活圖及不同腦部反應區塊之訊號強度與時間之比較圖表 。
2.答題的决策 回 憶 正 雄 性 與 懷 疑 不 雄 定 性 及 不 同 的 腦 部 活 動 區 域 相 關 性 。 。

3.預測値與實際實驗數據之比較關係圖 。

討論

一視覺短期記憶在學習上是有相關的;短期記憶容量較大,記的事情也越多 ,般 也 認 為 與 智 力 有 很 大 的 關 係 。 特 別 是 在 短 期 記 憶 方 面 受 損 , 無 法 回 想 起 同,f 看
到的刺激而導致學業失敗、知覺缺陷、符號能力失常和其他學習障礙等。此外 , 若 海 馬 體 (hippocampus) 受 損 將 無 法 將 新 學 習 的 、結 果 從 短 期 記 憶 轉 換 為 長
期 記 憶 , 如 果 能 釣 有 放 的 利 用 短 期 視 覺 記 憶 實 驗 , 對 於 診 斷記憶相關疾病(例如
失憶症、學習障凝)會有很大的常助。

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3 13

Application of Radiation on Nuclear Medicine,Charged Particle
Therapy a n d BNCT i n Japan

r

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「

Ymagisawa Kazuaki ' l . Inoue † omio †2,Hayakawa K 6a s h i g e †3,Shiotari H†「 lakamura Yoshi :h ide ,Matsuyama Kazuya ,Nagasawa Kiyoshi、

taka †4,- --す,a panAto
nergyAge(oncy a( mMaEA),]
nakaaki, Gun,.1i70 1 292,ktn,
す1
2◆.・ JS,choo,1 om
f icM Eedicin
e, Y
koh
Clt
yl 2.1;U3Watanuki
niversity, ,39, sFukuur
a m aKanazawa
kuJapano, ?okohama
2 36 0004,
す3.・ Kltasato U n iversitySchoo1 l of Mledici ne, 1 15-1, Kitasato, Sagamihara-shi,Kanaga w a 22 8-8555,
す4.・ Nihon M ed i-Physics C o., Ltd , 3-4-10, Shinsuna, Koto ku, nokyo 136 0 075,
f5.・ JapanRadioisotope Association, 2 28 45, Hlonkom a gom e Bunkyo ku, nokyo 11.1i 89411,
ナ6 FuJ film M edlca1 Co, Ltd , 2 2 6 30, Nishiazabu, Minato k u . T(okyo 1l 06 0 0.1i1,
す7.・ GEYokoga w a M edicalSystems, 4 7 12 7,Asahigaoka, H1lno-shi, T,okyo 191 -850.1l

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Introduction
Our previous study performed in1997
revealed that the use of radio1ogica1
techno1ogy in medicine was spread. The
amount of reimbursement was about
10b$ (bi11ion do11ars) corresponding
either to a b o u t 4 % o f the nationalhealthexpenditures(240b$)or to about 0 . 2 % o f
the Gross Domestic Products (GDP;4,231b$) . Anaverage expenditure was
1,900$a year for the Japanese.Since
then on behalf of Japanese Cabinet wehave an opportunityto study repeatedly
an economic scale and the current
situation ofmedicine in Japan.

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those from 1997. For radio1ogica1
application,diagnosis(excluding MRI),
radiotherapy and examination byradioisotopes (RI) were taken into
consideration and45items for medicine
a n d 1 3 i t e m s for dentistrywere chosenfrom the database.A conversion frommedicalcare points to reimbursed money
was done by{Medicalcare pointsl x10
yen/ points x12months x f { adlj usting
factor;1<f<2 }.

Iil Results and Discussion
I I L 1 Reimbursed medicalcare
There occurred two significant changes
that affect the aim ofpresent study. At theyear of 1999,the Ministryof Labor,
Health and Welfare newly added an
associated health insurance to thenationaland the govemmentalinsurancesThis caused an expansion of database .
Then,at the year of 2003,the Ministry
has started to apply DPC (Diagnosis
Procedure Combination)to severalitemsof medicine; such as diagnosis andexaminations,while DPC was not applied
to radiotherapy. N o DPC applied to theitems of dentistryat a11.
t is revealed that the economic scale ofradio1ogicaltechno1ogy in medicine isa b o u t 1 4 b $ a year2005.This is either
corresponded to about4.8%(that is,4.4%
for medicine and 0 . 4 % f o r dentistry)of
the nationalhealth expenditure(301b$)
or corresponded to about 0.3 1 % o f thenominalGDP(gross domestic products,.

MethodSearchingBody
For the present study,a tota1of seven
Japanese specialists, hence medica1
doctors and researchers working atuniversities, institutes and private
pharmaceuticalcompanies were joined toform the medicalworking group.

Il
1.

.

2. Database
Reimbursements or receipts from
hospitals to patients issued by the results
ofmedicalcare are the principaldatabase.
As for Japan,atypicaldatabase relating
to this matter was issued under the title ofResearch for socio/medicaldiagnostic
acts in2005 vo1.1,outline and statistics ,by the Ministryof Labor,Health andWelfare.The target year was set at2005,
intending to do data comparison with

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3 14

1997.

mentioning that economic scale ofradiologicalitems was increased year by
year. The diagnostic imaging is the1argest in the magnitude of economic
scale.

4,552b$)Anaverage expenditure was
2 , 4 0 0 $ a year for the Japanese. It isfound that the magnitude of economic
scale in2005islarger by a factor of 1 7 %than that in 1997. It is worthy of-

I I L 2 N o reimbursed medicalcare
1. FDG PET and Lung Cancer
It was revealed in our previous study
carried out i n 1 9 9 7 t h a t the economic
scale of FDG PET was50M$(mi11ion
do11ars)for the U. S. , a n d 2 M $ f o r Japan.
Unit cost is about1,980$for the former
and about397$for thelatter.In2005,
Japan Radioisotope Association(JRIA)
studied an economic scale of FDG PET
by questioning the existing99facilities.
From replied 68, one found thatexaminations in totalwere50,558.A costo f reimbursement in public and private
hospitals varied from zero (13%),816$ ( 1 8 % ) and 1,020$ (69%),
respectively. B y using weighed averageof 981$,one found that a rebated cost for
99facilities i s 7 2 M $ ( 5 0 , 5 5 8 x 9 8 1 $ x(99/68)).It i s 3 6 t i m e s l a r g e r than in

2 Charged Particle Therapy and
BNCTWith respect to charged particle
therapy, a tota1 number of proton
treatments i n 1 9 9 7 w e r e 5 9 a n d that ofcarbon treatment was 159. A tota1
numbers218had no economic scale due
to poor reimbursement at that time.In
2005, charged particle therapy was
carried out in t h e 4 c a n c e r centers inJapan represented by the NationalCancer
Center HospitalEast,where numbers oftreatments were totaled in 927 witheconomic scale by24M$.
For BNCT(Boron Neutron Capture
Therapy),treatments were zero in1997.
In 2005, the treatment numbers are
increased up to96because of medica1
treatment at KUR research reactor be1ong
to the Kyoto University and m 4
be1ong to JAEA.The numbers,however,
had no economic scale due to poor
reimbursement.

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CT imaging f o r l u n g cancer is notreimbursed and is done as option atningen(human)dock. This fact masks an
accurate scale of economy. T h e JapaneseSociety of CT Screening (JSCTS)
reported recently (2005) that peoples
screened were 85,888 at 50 medica1
facilities,where an average expenditure
was about101$per person.Itleads thatan economic scale of lung cancer by CT
screening is about9M$. Peoples aged
from50 to59were the maj orityhaving apercentage b y 3 5 % , w h e r e numbers ofmales are greater than those offemales.
I n 2 0 0 5 , t o t a l s u m of no reimbursed
economic scale for FDG PET,CT for
1ung cancer and breast cancer in Japan
was74M$,8M$and181M$.In1997,
those for FDG PET,CT forlung cancer
and breast cancer w e r e 2 M $ , 0 M $ a n d0M$,respectively.Increase of economic
scale in those was a significant meaningthat people's qualityof l i f e ( Q O L ) i s
under improvement to a high degree.

I'V. Conclusions
With respect to medicalreimbursement
base,the economic scale of radio1ogica1
techno1ogy in medicine is about14b$a
year2005. Anaverage expenditure is
2,400$a year for the Japanese. Atota1
sum of economic scale for FDG PET,CT
for lung cancer, breast cancer andcharged particle therapy in Japan is
287M$a year2005.Corresponded value
in1997is about3M$.The needs ofthese
medicaltreatmentsare strongly expanded
and the contribution of radio1ogica1
techno1ogy is increased markedly for the
improvement of Japanese people's qualityof life(QOL).

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3 l5

Application of Radiation in Nuclear Medicine,Charged Particle Therapy
a n d BNCT in Japan
Yanagisawa Kazual(1 i '1 . Inoue Tomio †2,Hayakawa Kazushige †3,Shiotari Harutaka †4,
Nakamura Yoshihide †5,Matsuyama Kazuya †6,Nagasawa Kiyoshi †† 1◆ J,apanAtomlc E nergy Agency fMEA), 1233Wlatanuki, nakasaki,(1iu nma 370-1292 Japan,
す2.・ Schoo1, of M,edicine, Y(o kohama CityUniversity, 3 -9, F1:dcuura, Kanazawa ku, Y(o kohama 23 6-0004,† 3.・ Kitasato U n iversityS.choo1of Medicine, 1 1 5 1l, Kltasa to,Saga mlhara shi, Kanagawa 22 8 8555,
す4.・ Nihon M ed i Physics C o., L t d , 3 4 10, Shinsuna, K1o to- k u T,o: ?o 1 3 6-0 07 5,
す5. JapanRadioisotope Association, 2-28-45 Hlonkom a gom e Bunkyo ku, :nokyo 113 8941,† 6 FuJifil m M edica1 Co, Ltd, 2 26 30, Mshiazabu Mlnato-ku, nokyo 106-0031,†7◆ G E Yokoga ,va M e dicalSystems, 4- 7-127.Asahig aoka, Hino s h i , 'nokyo 191 8 5 03

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Abstract
The economic scale ofradio1ogicaltechno1ogies applied to medicalreimbursement is14b$in2005,whichislarger by a factor of 1 7 % t h a n that of 1997.The value14b$corresponds to a b o u t 4 . 8 % ( 4 .4 % f o r
medicine and 0 . 4 % f o r dentistry) of the nationalhealth expenditure(301b$).The economic scale ofradiation application at FDG PET and the charged particle therapy i s 7 4 M $ a n d 2 4 M $ i n 2 0 0 5 . I n 1 9 9 7 i t
was o n l y 2 M $ f o r the former and zero for thelatter.The radiation technologies in these fields are rapidly
deve1oping.FDG PET enhanced the surviva1of 50,558patients.Charged particle therapy e nhanced thesurviva1of 927patients at4specified hospitals and5,229patients at the Proton MedicalResearch Center
University of TSUKUBA.Radiologicaltechno1ogy is quite beneficialfor the improvement of Japanesepeople's qualityof life(QOL).
Keywords:economic scale,medicine,radio1ogicaltechnology,FDG PET,charged particle therapy

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Introduction
Application of radiation in the field of
nuclearmedicine is prominently used forthe diagnosis, the radiotherapy and theexamination by radioisotopes(RI).Incomesof hospitals are reimbursed by a nationa1
health insurance. Advanced radio1ogica1
techno1ogies represented by FDG PET,
charged particle therapy and BNCT are usedin the specified hospitals. In 2005, an
economic scale of radio1ogicalapplication
at aforementioned fields was studied andobtained results were directly comparedwith those from1997.

l

the SpecialCommittee for Studying the
Economic E f lfect of the Utilization ofRadiation. The Committee was incooperation with the Japan Atomic Energy
Agency(JAEA);the former Japan Atomic
Energy Research Institute(JAERI)under
the sponsorship by the Cabinet Office,Govemment of Japan.

.

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2. Database
The concept for the economic scale ofradio1ogy in the medica1 field was alreadydiscussed in detailand reported elsewhere(JAERI,2000).Everyyear the Ministryof
Labor, Health and Welfare reports thereimbursed medicalcares as Research forsocio/medicaldiagnostic acts in2005 vo1. 1,
outline and statistics(Ministryof Labor,
Health and Welfare 2006) .Because thesocio/medica1 diagnostic acts covered
varioustypes of medicaltreatments being
done in our country,it was necessaryfor
MWG to select the items relating to

I l Method
l. SearchingBody
A tota1 of seven Japanese specialists,
hence medica1 doctors and researchers
working at universities, institutes andprivate pharmaceutica1 companies wereassembled and established the medica1
working group(MWG). It was be1onged to

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3 l6

expenditures were composed of radio1ogica1
techno1ogies. Additiona11y MWG found that
there was a discrepancy between the sum ofnationalhealth expenditures and the sum of
expenditures
calculatedfromthesocio/medicaldiagnostic acts. To bring the
1atter intoline with the former,MWG set an
adjusting factor f,which is ranged from1.46
t o 1 .7 7 b y a year of study.Consequently,
equation/1/ is reformulated as fo11ows;

radio1ogica1 application. As a result of
selection,a tota1of 45items for medicine
a n d 1 3 i t e m s for dentistrywere revealed.
Since the unit of selected items is composedof medicalcare point ,one must convert
the point into money. For a conversion,
M W G used the fo11owing equation;{Medicalcare points l x10 yen / points
x12 months x f {adjusting factor;
1<f<2 } ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・・ '/1/{Medicalcare points l x10 yen/ points
x12months x{1.46˜ 1 .77}+0 .04DPC・・/2/

Since medicalpoints are only deduced fromone month study usua11y performed on May
it should be multiplied by12.For adjusting
factor,an explanation is madelater on.
With respect to medicalcares at advanced
radio1ogicaltechno1ogies,there existlittle
references from the Japanese authority.
Consequently, MWG co11ected necessary
data by using market reports, website,
interviews and hearing by phone.
IIl.

Conversion rate from yen (￥)to U S doliar is
1$=110.2yen to the present case.

F i g u r e l s h o w s the economic scale ofreimbursed medicalcare obtained in thepresent study.Because an economic scale ofradio1ogica1 techno1ogies in medicine(circle)is a p a r t o f expenditures in thenationalhealth care(triangle),thelatter isbigger than the former.
The economic scale of radio1ogica1
techno1ogies in medicine is a b o u t 1 4 b $ ayear2005.It is corresponded either t o 4 . 8 %(that i s , 4 . 4 % f o r medicine and 0.4 % f o rdentistry) ofthe nationalhealth expenditure(301b$)or to 0 .3 1 % o f the nominalGDP(gross domestic products, 4,552b$). A n
average expenditure was2,400$a year for
the Japanese.It is worth to mention that in1997,the economic scale of radio1ogica1
techno1ogies in medicine is about10b$.It
was corresponded either to 4 % of thenationalhealth expenditures(240b$)or to
0 . 2 % of GDT (4,231b$). A n average
expenditure was 1,900$ a year for theJapanese. The economic scale i n 2 0 0 5 i s
1arger by a factor of 17%than that in1997.
It is apparent that the magnitude of
economic scale in nuclear medicine isincreasing from year to year. The diagnostic
imaging has the largest magnitude by
12b$in2005,meaning that it is the mostusefuland convenient toolat the convenient
imaging field. Though it is not aradio1ogicaltechno1ogy,the economic scaleof MRI(magnetic resonance inspectioli) i s

Results a n d Discussion

I I L l Reimbursed medicalcare
After the previous study done in1997,
there occurredtwo systematic changes that
aff e1 ct the result of present study. I n 1 9 9 9 ,the Ministryof Labor,Health and Welfare
added an associated health insurance to theformer groups; the nationa1 and thegovem menta1 insurances. This addition
caused an expansion of database,that is,masked the accuracy of economic scales.
Subsequently, in 2003, the Ministry
introduced DPC (Diagnosis Procedure
Combination) system to the fields ofdiagnosis and examinations in medicine,where radiotherapy was exempted. N o DPC
was introduced to dentistry. Since a
principalaim of DPC is to suppress thewhole medicalexpenses,severaldiff e, rent
medicalcaresare put into one basket ofreimbursement.When M W G is to evaluate
the economic scale of radiation applicationfrom the DPC,nobody can understand thepercentage of radiation application in thebasket.To overcome this difficulty, M W G
suggested a correlation that4%oftotalDPC

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as high a s 4 b $. For examination b y R I , t h eeconomic scale was 1 .7 M $ i n 1997but
0 . 4 M $ i n 2 0 0 5 . The use of RI is tended todecrease.There is noRIusage in dentistry.
Afluctuation of data observedaround

1995was resulted in a currency conversion
from yen to do11ar, because an origina1
curve p1otted by yen was rather smooth.

j

S

l

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a
u
P

o
o
u
o
E

一

6

Z
e

S
o
e

o
一

一

2
0 8
1 1

一

u
x
d

u

-

-

0
0 0
0 0
5 2
0
5 1
0
2
5 0
1

P

︵︶﹂n:一︶﹂u一eaH一euo一

︵

0
0
5 3
0
3

0 8
6 4
2
1 1
1

q 3

ow
o
︶
:︵
︵
一
一a
一
一
一 ︶一
︐

FiscalYear

Fig . 1 Economic scale of medicine(1eft)and nationalhealth expenditure(right);
Fluctuations of data observed around1995is due to the currency conversion from Japanese
yen to the U. S . do11ar.
faciiities. From replie d 6 8 , o n e found thatexaminations were tota11y50,558.A cost of
reimbursement in public and private
hospitals varied as z e r o ( 1 3 % ) , 8 1 6 $ ( 1 8 % )and 1,020$ ( 6 9 % ) . By using weighedaverage of 981$, JRIA concluded that areimbursed cost for 99 facilities is74M$(50,558x981$x(99/68)).This value
is36timeslarger than in1997.
2Charged Particle Therapy
Radiotherapy(RT)is known as the mostusefu1 treatments for various types ofcancers.In the mid of 1990's American
patients rather than Japanese used RT
aggressively to cure their disease. Once
Americans had any cancers (1 . 15mi11ion
patients in1994),49%(560,262patients)of
those received RT. For Japanese,of the
440,001new patients i n 1 9 9 5 , o n l y 1 5 %Iii.2Advanced radiologicaltechnologies
One considered that FDG PET,1ung cancer,
breast cancer, prostate cancer, charged
particle therapy and BNCT are advanced
medicaltechno1ogies a11relating to cancer.
Medicaltreatments by those techno1ogies
are carried out at specified hospitals or
facilities. I n the present study,an economic
scale of FDG PET,charged particle therapy
and BNCT is taken into consideration.
1. FDG PETIn1997the economic scale of FDG PET
w a s 5 0 M $ f o r the U. S.,and2M$for Japan(Atomic Energy Commission2008). Unit
cost is about1,980$for the former andabout397$for thelatter.
In2005, Japan Radioisotope Association(JRIA) studied the economic scale of
FDG PET by questioning the existing99

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3 18

not certificated as specified facilities forreimbursement. In2005,as shown in Fig.2,
4cancer centers in Japan represented by the
NationalCancer Center HospitalEast got acertification as the specified hospitalfor
charged particle therapy. The numbers oftreatments carried out by those hospitals
were totaled i n 9 2 7 w i t h economic scale by
24M$in2005.Note that the Proton Medica1
Research Center Universityof TSUKUBA
had clinicalexamination up to5,229patients.

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一
一
e do﹂

0
0
8

-

d
e
u

d

1

ou
o
u
o
ua E

5

0 0
0
0
2
4

0
1

o

N
n
E

0
0
6

S
o
e
a
o
o
u
P
o

5
1

w一
一e﹂ 一

↑

-〇一Economic Scale (Left )

q
a

0
2

6
P3 u
j

0

0

2001

a

5
2

se
﹂

︵一
一
一
一
一
一
:︶
e
︶
﹂
︵﹂︶
．一 一

0
0 0
0
0 0
2 0
4
1 1 1

0
3

︶
a
一o一

Patients are summed up by(1)Shizuoka CancerCenter, ( 2 )Hyogolon Beam MedicalCenter(3)NationalCancer CenterHospital
East(4)Research Center Hospitalfor
Charged PareticIe Therapy
N I RS(Nation allnstitute ofRadiologicalSciences)
MedicalExpenses=22k$˜
28K$/patientu(71,696 patients) received RT. Japanesepatients are wi11ing to have surgica1
operations than RIT .This can be explained invarious ways. With respect to cancer
treatments,diff el rent attitudes exist between
Americans and Japanese.
With respect to charged particle therapy,atotalnumber of proton treatments i n 1 9 9 7
w e r e 5 9 a n d that of carbon treatment was
159 . Atotalnumbers218had no economic
scale at that time because a11hospitals are

2002

2003
2004
FiscalYear

2005

2006

Fig .2 Charged particle therapy.Data are co11ected from(1)Shizuoka Cancer Center,(2)Hyogo Ion Beam MedicalCenter,(3)NationalCancer Center HospitalEast,(4)ResearchCenter Hospitalfor Charged Particle Therapy NIRS(NationalInstitute of Radio1ogica1
Sciences).Proton MedicalResearch Center Universityof TSUKUBA performed a clinica1
examination up to5,229patients.
3. BNCT
By using a nuclear reaction; 1 oB(n,α)7Li
boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT)ofbrain tumors can enhance survivaland curefo11owing b1ood brain barrier disruption
with injection of sodium borocaptate andboron ophenylalanine. BNCT in JAEA for
example is mainly used for brain malignant

tumor and melanoma. BNCT operations
w e r e 2 7 a t years f r o m 1 9 6 8 t o 1 9 9 6 b y 5
Japanese research reactors. It became zero in
1 9 9 7 d u e to shut down of the research
reactors.As shown in T a b l e l , i n 2 0 0 5 ,BNCT operations were increased up t o 4 8 .
The figures, however, had no economic
scale because ofclinicalexamination.

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1997.

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Table 1 BNCT in Japan(KUR research reactor be1ong to the Kyoto Universityand J R R 4
be1ong to JAEA
FY
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
1999
2000
JRR 4
5
4
3
3
5
8
12
24
17

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KUR

4

1

3

26

7

I V.Conclusions(1) The reimbursed economic scale ofradio1ogica1
techno1ogies
inmedicine is a b o u t 1 4 b $ i n 2 0 0 5 . I t
corresponds either t o 4. 8 % ( 4 . 4 % f o r
medicine and 0.4 % f o r dentistry) of
the nationa1 health expenditure(301b$)or to 0 .3 1 % o f the nomina1
GDP(4,552b$). A n average
expenditure is2,400$a year for theJapanese. The value in 2005 is
1arger by a factor of 17%than that of
(2)

15

36

Shut
Down

the surviva1of 48patients in the two
research reactors in Japan.
(3) Radio1ogicaltechno1ogy is usefulfor
the improvement of Japanesepeople's qualityoflife(QOL).

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Acknowledgment
The authors express our appreciation to the
Cabinet Office,Govemment of Japan for
approva1ofpublication ofthe present study.
References
Atomic Energy Commission; White paperon
Nuclear
Energy2007,
n:l l;p:// ww w aec.go.i p/1icsh
l:/ r, l し / aoou l1/ naKus
o1naKusno u // wpe.paI 、 (2008.3).

The economic scale of radio1ogica1
techno1ogies used in the advanced
medicaltreatment is studied. For
FDG PET and charged particle
therapy,it i s 7 4 M $ a n d 2 4 M $ i n
2005 . I n 1 9 9 7 i t w a s 2 M $ f o r theformer and zero for thelatter.In
2005, FDG PET enhanced thesurviva1 of 50,558 patients. The
charged particle therapy enhanced
the surviva1of 927patients a t 4
specified hospitals and 5,229
patients at the Proton Medica1
Research Center University of
TSUKUBA. The BNCT enhanced-、

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute(JAERI): Survey Report f(o r Economic Scaleof Utiliza t i o n of Rad iation f?,Report to
MEXT(2000.3),[in Japanese].

-

Ministry of Labor, Health and Welfare;Research for Socio/Medica1 Diagnostic
Acts in2005 V,o1. 1,0utline and Statistics ,(2006).

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3 20

Design of a NovelImaging Detector with
Depth of interaction Decoding Capability

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Hsin Chin Liang * ,Meei Ling Jan,Wei Chih Lin,Shih Fan Yu,Po Hsiu Kuo,
Jenn Lung Su-、

P hysicsDi ;,is1o n, I nstitute of Nuclear E nergyResearch,Longtan, Tai wan ( R 〇. C )In the application of a positron breast planar imager,the detector separation
distance is suggested to be as c1ose as possible to maximize the acceptance angle andalso to improve the sensitivity. However,this causes the para11ax error to become
more criticaland degrades the image quality. A scanner which of flers the depth ofinteraction(DOI)information of the incident gamma events can provide corrections-for the image qualityimprovements. In this study a new design o f a position-of-interaction(POI)imaging detector,which can reduce the para11ax error,is presented.
A12x5array b1ock composed o f 1.4x1.6x170mm3 L y S 0 crystals was assembled.

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Two1 inch2 PSPMTs were optica11y coupled to both ends ofthe crystalb1ock. A thinplate detector was placed in the opposite of the1ong POI detector with its
0.8x13.2mm2 edge facing the point source.Via coincidence comparing, t h e N a 22
point would be co11imated to form a positronline source.The co11imatedline source
was positioned at 8, 4 , 0 , 十4 a n d 十 8cm relative to the1ong crysta1,and dataacquisitions were processed. For a11the acquired events,two crystalnumbers wereobtained from D E T l a n d DET2according to their crystalLUTsWhen they wererecognized as the same crysta1,the index valuesln(E2/E1)which comes from theenergy ratio of D E T l a n d D E T 2 a n d can be used for estimating the position inx direction were calculated.These values were co11ected in a histogram to evaluate
the accuracy ofthe position estimation ofthis DOI detector.

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Preliminaryresults show good crystalidentification in the y and z direction,whilein the x direction there is an inaccuracy of 1ocation estimation of 2 . 3 c m. To-

improve the accuracy an energy screen,which trying to estimate two photo peaks foreveryincident event, was implemented. I n calibration mode,a pair of correlation
curves ofthe photo peak energies relative to the energy ratios o f D E T 2 t o DET1,for
everycrysta1 pipe ,was built. In realapplication,for everygamma incident event,
two energy values from D E T l a n d D E T 2 a n d also their dividing ratio could beobtained. With comparing to the curves mentioned above,two expected photo peakenergies were estimated. I f both the two energy values fe11within their±7.5 %

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windows which are centered at the expected photo peaks,acquired values of thisevent were reserved. Ifnot,they would be abandoned. With the position(crysta1

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3 21

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number matching)and the energy(photo peak windowing) filters applying, t h e
inaccuracy is improved to 1 . 2 c m. S t i l l i t needs improvements on the energy
resolution ofthe detector,so that the position estimation in x direction can be moreaccurate,and thus makes this design practica1.
The preliminaryresults show that this new detector design does provide DOI

information. However the poor energy resolution(16˜2 6 % ) , w h i c h is caused by thephoton attenuation(1onglight path)and the contamination of the spontaneousradiations,makes it impracticalto be used.The analysis shows that it's difficult tomake dramatic improvement on the energy resolutions with using LS0/L YS 0 .
Therefore searching for better scinti11ation materials(higherlight yield and no
spontaneous radiation,such as LaBr3)to gain an energy resolution of about5%wi11
be required in the future work.

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3 22

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Study of maximum acceptance angle effects o n image quantityof d u a l head P E M system

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Yu Ching Ni,Meei Ling Jan*,Hsuan Yu Lai,Zhi Kun Lin,Li Ting Huang,-,

Hong Chin Lu

P hys ics D ivision, 1nstitute of Nuclear E nergyResearch, Longtan,Tai wan ( R.〇. C )-Dua1 head positron emission mammography (PEM) systems, compare toconventionalPET systems,have data with incomplete angles.C1osing the distance of
two detector heads is expected to increase the angle range,however,it wi11aff el ct

spatialresolution and para11ax error of PEM images because of the acceptance angle
being enlarged.In this work,the maximum acceptance angle eff el cts on image
qualities of dua1 head PEM system were studied.
A PEM system,which has two opposing detector heads with60 x 1 2 0 crysta1
arrays a n d 1 . 5 4 x 1 . 5 4 x 1 0 . 2 m m3 crystalsize was simulated using GATE . 3D images
were implemented by the planartomography reconstruction.Since the maximum
acceptance angle is affected by the detector to detector distances(DDs),the LORs

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(1ines ofresponse)within acceptance angles at various DDs were calculated.Standard
deviations over mean o f the LOR number acceptance-angle histograms were used todetermine the optimum DD. To realize the influences of acceptance angle on spatia1
resolution and para1lax error,a 0.4mm diameter point source was scanned withvarious D D setups(100mm,150mm a n d 2 0 0 m m ) . T h e percentages of accepted
counts with various DDs and acceptance angles were analyzed,and the influenced
images wi11be presented. Moreover,the percentages ofpara11ax error count at various
DDs were simulated and computed by usingtwo 1ayer crystaldesign.
The results show that the sma11er D D offers the more angles accepted,but from

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the shapes ofhistograms and the Std/M values,the100mmDD is considered as the
optimaldistance. The effects o f D D and acceptance angle on images o f X Yplane andY Z plane wi11be presented.The results revealthat increasing the acceptance angle,

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the degraded spatialresolution at Y Z plane is improved,however,the para11ax error
at X Y plane is increased also . For further study,acceptance angle eff el ct on scatter
factor wi11be considered.

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3 23

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FeasibilityStudy of L o w Energy D E X A Imaging for Bone density
Measurement of 〇steoporosis in Mice Using CCD and CM〇S
H. C. L u , M. L. Jan * , Y. C N i , H . C . L i a n g , H . Y . L a i , Y. T.Fang

Physlcs D ivlsion, fnstitute of Nuclear E nergyResearc h L o ngtan, T a i w a n ( R 〇. C )-Dualenergy X ray absorptiometry(DEXA)is one of the popular inspections forclinica1osteoporosis examination.Two energy peaks of 35keV/75keV are usua11y
used in clinicalDEXA,however,the high energy is toolarge for pre clinicalmice
imaging . This work is to study the suitable parameters for applying DEXAmethod forbone densitymeasurement ofmice.
X ray generated of 50 80 kVp is common for sma11animalimaging systems.
Here an x ray tube with50 kV in maximum,and twotypes of sensor(Dalsa CCD and
Hamamatsu CMOS)were used to get the projection images(512x512and586x560
pixels respecting to CCD and C M O S ) o f phantoms and mice.Phantoms with
0 .2 5 M 0.5 M consistencies ofPotassium Iodide(KI)solution were scanned. The x ray
tube was operated ranging from20 kV to50 kV for experiments.The arealdensity
was calculated from each1ow high energy pair images.The optimum dualenergy pairand thelinearityof CCD and CMOS were evaluated.The phantom study shows thex ray voltage pair of 25kV/50 kV provides the most sensitive result for theK[ consistency measurement.
The C57/BL6mice with osteoporosis by ovariectomy(0VX)surgeryand thecontrolgroup were scanned with dualenergies of 2 5 k V p/50 kVp. T h e femur headregion was chosen as the region of interest(ROI),and the bone densityof ROI was
calculated for analysis.From the results ofanimalstudy, i t reveals that the1ow energy
DEXAimaging for osteoporosis inspection of mice is promising .

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3 24

Evaluation of image restoration methods
for l 8 8R e micro SPECT quantitation

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Shiang Lin Hsu,Meei Ling Jan * , F a n Pin Tseng,Chung Hsin Yeh,Yu Ching Ni,
Zhi Kun Lin,-P hysicsDivlsion,Institute of Nucle ar E nergyResearc h L o ngtan,Tai wan ( R.〇. C )The purposes of this study are to evaluate the influence of image restoration
methods on 188Re micro SPECT images and to improve the accuracy of quantitation.

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Using proper restoration methods to improve the accuracy of quantitation is expected
to help the analysis of pre clinicalanimalexperiments for 188Re (DXR) 1iposome
drug deve1opment.
Three restoration methods,Wiener Filter,CLS Filter and Lucy Richardson,
were selected to de blur the simulated and experimentalimages.The Shepp Logandigitalphantom with noise(signa1 noise ratio:2dB,20dB,200dB)was used toevaluate their abilityof noise resistance.The images of digitalphantom with noise
were convoluted by degradedfunction of X SPECT system to simulate the measured
images.Then,restoration methods were applied on the simulated images.
Vlarious concentrations of 188Re solution(1600,800,400,200,100 a n d 5 0 ｵ

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,

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Ci/cc.) i n we11plates were scanned by X SPECT/CT(Gamna Medica Ideas Inc.)

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with high resolution para11e1 hole co11imator at time points of 0 , 4 2 , 6 0 , a n d 7 2 h .
Reconstructed images were restored by the methods described above.The restorative
results of Wiener Filter,CLS Filter,and Lucy Richardson were evaluated by the

1inearityof correlation between realactivityconcentration and average voxelvalue.
From the correlation between realactivityconcentrations and R〇I mean values,
it is concluded that LucyRichardson method can of fer the best recovered results,
particularly in the1ow activityrange. It reveals that suitable method may improve
the accuracy of micro SPECT quantitation.
,--

Keywords:quantitation,image restoration, 188Re SPECT

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3 25

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tumor animalmodel--

Quantitative imaging of l 8 8R e B M E D A Liposome in a C26murine
colon carcinoma solid

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Fan Pin Tseng,Meei Ling Jan*,Yu Ching Ni, Shiang Lin Hsu,Ya Jane Chang,
Zhi Kun Lin,Chih Hsien Chang,Te Wei Lee

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、

Physics D i 1ision,Ins前ute of Nuclear E nergyResearch,Longtan Tai wan ( R 〇.C )--The spatialresolution of micro SPECT with paralie1 hole coliimation doesn't
satisfy the requirement of sma11animalimaging. I n this study,An image restoration
method ca11ed LucyRichardson was chosen to recover the quantitative tumor bearing-

mice images,and the recovered results were compared with the biodistribution.
A Derenzo phantom(with hot regions of 1 . 2 , 1 . 6 , 2 . 4 , 3 . 2 , 4.0 a n d 4. 8mm
diameter inside)was fi11ed with 188R e (˜0.1mCi/0.2cc). The phantom scanned by
X SPECT(Gamma Medica,USA)was used to evaluate t h e 3 D LucyRichardson
method.A suitable iterative number was determined by analysis of Derenzo phantom.

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Twenty seven BALB/c mice were subcutaneously inoculated with2x105 tumor ce11s
in the right hind flank. T h e animals deve1opedtumors of about750mm3 in size,and-

the 188Re B MEDA 1abe11ed pegylated liposomes (˜0.5mCi/0.2cc) was
administered to each mouse by intravenous injection. Micro SPECT images werethen-acquired a t 1 , 4 , 2 4 a n d 4 8 h after injection(n=2).
After comparing fu11widths of maximum and noise standard deviations ofDerenzo phantom image,iterative number was chosen to be three.Standard uptake
v a l u e s ( S U V s ) o f tumor were estimated from recovered and originalimages.
Biodistribution(5mice for each time point)were studied for comparison.
It is conducted that quantitative results from recovered images can provide better
correlation with biodistribution data.After carefu11y selecting iterative number,image-

restoration can improve the quantitation of 188Re 1abeled nanoliposomes images and-might help to pre clinicaltreatment evaluation.

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Keywords:image quantitation,image restoration,micro SPECT

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3 26

Investigating and analyzing reconstructed images of
MDCT coronary angiography

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1 ・ 2Ming Che Lee, 2 Keh Shih Chuang , P h.D., 3Hsiu Chu Chen *' Ph.D.,〇epartme f がMedicalfmaging, Changhua Cみrzsfian ao ッl faf

J

g an d E nviro nm enta1Sciences, Na t1o nalTsi ng H'ua U n iverslty

g

2Biom ed ica1 E n ineer inaSuperinfendenfs のce, C h aのg ua Chrisf lan ao y 加fJ〇bjective:To investigate and analyze reconstructed images of retrospective ECG
gating multi-detector row computed tomography(MDCT)for each of the major
coronaryarteries during the cardiac cycle.

Materials and Methods:Multi-detector row coronaryarteryCT angiographies
obtained in171patients(103men,68women;mean age,55years 士11;age range,
28 83years)were reconstructed a t 3 5 % - 8 5 % o f t h e cardiac cycle in increments of
1 0 % . T w o independent reviewers who specialize in cardiac radio1ogy assessed theimage quality,obtained with three dimensionalpost processing for segments1-3(right coronaryartery),segments5-8(1eftmain andleftanterior descending coronary
arteries),and segments11and13(1eftcircumflexartery).Segments were definedaccording to American Heart Association(AHA)guidelines. The grades wereassigned:1,exce11ent;2,good;3,fair;4,poor;and5,verypoor.

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Results:The three dimensionalreconstructed image data were statistica11y analyzed
with SPSS software version10 .0.The authors analyzed171patients'data with2 way
ANOVA and found theleftanterior descendingartery;1eftcircumflex arteryand rightcoronaryarterya11were best visualized at75%ofthe cardiac cycle (p < . 0 5 ).

-Conclusion:0ur results demonstrated that the reconstructed images of coronary
arteries usua11y performed optima1ly during mid to 1ate diastole cardiac cycle . 7 5 % o f
the cardiac phase was the best visualization phase for a11coronaryarteries in thisstudy.

---

Key words:MDCT,reconstruction window,cardiac cycle,ECG gated

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3 27

The automatic dose controloperationlogic
in flat paneldetector angiography system

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Pei Ling Lai 1 ,Yung Ying Li3,Hui Ylu Tsai2,Yeu Sheng Tyan3 ,Keh Shih Chuang 1

1nstitutear
gi ni eeS c iegnic
cea1Nlat1eonnces
alTsineyrrs
ls10,,
1,Depa
rtmenel oof MNucl
ed ic
a1 IEmnag
ng ringan daRnaddio1ol Sci, C hganHgu(a1iuUni
ngvUersit
n ive
2,
Departm en t of M ed ic a1l Im a gingChung Shan M ed ica1 U n ivers10, H,ospitat3,,

P' u rpose:Automatic dose contro1(ADC)system has a direct impact on the patient's

dose.

The purpose ofthis study is to demonstrate and understand thefunctionalityand
operation o f A D C for both fluoroscopic and radiographic exposure modes on amodem angiography system.
M e t h ,r●d a n d materiaI:Tn this studv w e used the SiemensAXIOMArtis dBA Twinangiography system. The experiment consists of two parts: fluoroscopy and exposure
modes.A30cm x30cm PMMAphantom with thickness varied f r o m l t o 3 6 c m wasused for dose measurements and the thickness f r o m l t o 3 0 c m for exposure are used
to analyze the operation ofautomatic dose rate contro1.Dose was measured with the-build in DAP(dose area product)meter.The impact ofthe thickness in therelationship between spectralshaping filters with various techniques wi11be analyzed
Furthermore,tryto establish the selection oftechnique parameter in conjunction withthe different field o f v i e w ( F O V ) a s we11as pulse rate wi11be studied.

Result:In the either fluoroscopy or exposure modes,the operation1ogic of automatic

dose controlbasica11y can be divided into four to five stages.In fluoroscopy setup(fig.1),under the same FOV condition,tube potentialincreases when the thickness ofphantom increases,consequently cause the pulse width and tube current to decrease.

For exposure mode,similar behavior can be found(fig .2).
Conclusion:

The filters and the sophisticated operation1ogic design of theADRC for both

fluoroscopic and exposure modes are aimed to maintaining the tube potentialat

optimumlevels for a wide range ofpatient(PMMA thickness).

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3 28

27

一一
一

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300
'差 6 0 0

=

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tllickness(cm 1l

Fig.1

0

3 l5

10

20

thkkrless

Fig.2

Fig.lVarious imaging parameters asfunctions of phantom thickness,for fluoroscopy
with FOV=22cm.

Fig.2Various imaging parameters as functions ofphantom thickness,for exposure
with F〇V=22cm.

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3 29

apy.

Dose evaluation of diffe rent tumor models
using Monte Carlo simulation--

Ruo Lan Chen,Cheng Ting Shih, Jay Wu

Institute of Radio1loglca1 S c ience,Centra1 naiwan Universityof S,c ience an dechnofoa, llazwan'〇bjectives
The MedicalIntemalRadiation Dose(MIRD)schema is widely used for internaldose
estimation in the nuclear medicine community. A s the increase oftheradioimmunotherapy,the issue oftumor and norma1organ doses caused byadministration ofspecific radioisotopes becomes more important. However,the
MIRDreference man cannot take the geometric characteristics ofthe individualtumor
into account. Therefore,the self absorbed dose oftumors and absorbed dose ofnor ma1organs caused by the tumors cannot be estimated accurately. I n this study,
different tumor models are evaluated to demonstrate the necessityofdose estimation
for the individualtumor.

-,

Methods
The Monte Car1o N Particle Transport Code (MCNP)version5was used.
Different shapes oftumor models including e11ipsoid,cone,cylinder,and cube with
masses of 10 g,50 g. l00 g,and300 g were simulated with unifom ly distributed
99'nTc , 9oY, 131I and l a;F. I n addition,we a(1lj usted the dimen sions o f t he100 gtumor
mode1 with diff el rent shape described above to evaluate the impact ofgeometricparameters on the self absorbed dose.Diffierent shapes oftumor models with a massof 100 g were inserted into the middle abdomen adjacent to theliver ofthe ORNL
reference man,respectively.Norma1organ doses contributed from the tumor mode1
were compared.

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Results
The ratio ofthe self absorbed S values for diff el rent shapes and different masses tumor
modelis above 0.96for the a11radioisotopes.We further changed the dimensions ofthe100 gtumor modelwith1ong/short axis ratio from2to8.The maximum ratio
between diff e, rent shapes and sphere is2.4for100 g cone distributed withTc 99m.
M e n we inserted a100 g cone modelinstead o f a 1 0 0 g sphere,the ratio ofcrossabsorbed dose can up to121.

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Conclusions
We conclude that although the self absorbed dose of different tumor models with thesame mass has no significant diff e, rence,the geometric parameters ofthe tumor
models significantly impact on the norma1organ doses.Therefore,rea1 time Monte
Car1o simulation ofthe individualtumor should be applied to improve the accuracy ofdose evaluation of norma1organs before radioimmunoth

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3 30

Estimations of eq uivalent breast phantom and breast dosimetry for
mammography of Taiwanese women
S L Dong l , K S Chuang 1' *l-Department ofBiomedicalEngineering and EnvironmentalSciences,NationalTsing Hua University,

Hsinchu,Taiwan

Abstract

The purpose ofthis study is to determine the optimalequivalent thickness of a PMMAblock used in-

mammography for Taiwanese w o m e n . A screen/film mammographic X ray unit(SIEMENS,,

Mammomat3000)was used.A tota1of4147craniocauda1(CC)projection mammograms were
included in this survey . The average CBT of Taiwanese women was4.1±1.0 cm.The average

equivalentthickness o f P M M A f o r Taiwanese women w a s 4 c m . T h e average A G D of Taiwanesewomen in this survey w a s 1 . 7 m G y . Theresults ofthis study can serve as a basis for further

studies to assess image quality and dosimetryofmammography for Asian women.
Keywords: Type your keywords here,separated by semico1ons;l.

Introduction

It is clear that a much higher radiation dose exposes the patient to a higher potentialradiation risk,
therefore,the average glandular dose(AGD)received must be minimized to achieve the aslow asreasonably achievable (ALARA)principle in mammography .Since it is not feasible to measure the
AGD in the breast of a woman,the AGD must be estimated by using breast phantom.Severalbreast
phantoms,such as standard test block(PMMA material)and standard breast,have been developed foruse in mammography . From our previous investigation,we determined that the compressed breast
thickness(CBT)and glandularityofthe average breast ofTaiwanese women are distinctfrom thoseofthe average breast of Westem women. This indicates that the optimalthickness ofthe standard test
block as derivedfrom assessments of Westem women would not be the optimalthickness for
Taiwanese women. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimalequivalent thickness of a
PMMAblockused in mammography for Taiwanese women.
2. Materials and Methods-

A SF mammographic X ray unit(SIEMENS,Mammomat3000)was used,which included three
anode/filter combinations that were employed in this w o r k : m olybd um /molybdenum(Mo/Mo),
molybdenum/rhodium(Mo/Rh)andtungsten/rhodium(W/Rh).The opticaldensity(0D)setting of the
f i l m w a s 1 . 6 1 .7undertypicalclinicalconditions. Thetube outputs and half valuelayers(HVL)were
measured for each anode/filter combination associated with atube potentialof 25 2 8 k V by using a
mammographic ionization chamber(Magna;RTI Electronics,Sweden).

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A tota1of4147craniocaudal(CC)projection mammograms,of2180 Taiwanese women,wereincluded in this survey.Theimaging parameters of each mammogram were recorded. The imaging

parameters ofthe mammograms included in this study are summarized in Table I.The equivalent
TabIe IThe imaging and breast parameters of mammograms for each anode/fi lter combination .

Anode/Filter Combination

Number of Mammograms

Average Age(years)

Average CBT(cm)Medium kV

Mo/Mo

3063

50 8

38

26

Mo/Rh

1001

508

54

27

W/Rh

83

50 .0

67

27

,

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3 31

thickness and the glandularityof the breast,which was defiined as the percentage by mass of glandular
tissue in the centralregion(1990),was determined for each mammogram in an approach similar to that

presented by Kruger and Schueler(2001) . The AGD ofeach mammogram was calculated on thebasis of the entrance skin air kerma(ESAK),without bcakscatter,by multiplying a series of appropriate
conversion factors,which were published by Dance(1990 and2000) .

3.

Results and discussion-

F i g u r e l s h o w s the distribution of compressed breast thickness(CBT) . The range ofCBT was1 8 . 9

cm in this study.The average CBT of Taiwanese women was4.1±1.0 cm,which was signi ficant
sma1lerlower than that ofAmerican women(5 .1cm)reported byKruger and Schueler(2001).
F i g u r e 2 s h o w s distribution ofthe equivalent thicknesses o f P M M A . T h e range ofequivalent-

thickness of PMMA was1.7 6.4cm . The average equivalent thickness o f P M M A for Taiwanesewomen was4cm,which was significant sma11erlower than that ofAmerican women(4.5cm)reported
byKruger and Schueler(2001).
Figure3shows the relationship between the equivalent thicknesses of PMMA and the CBTs.The-

results reported byKruger and Schueler(2001)for American women were also plotted.The

relationship between the equivalent thickness o f P M M A a n d the CBT of Taiwanese women in thisstudy is inline with that ofAmerican women reported by Kruger and Schueler(2001).

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The distribution of CBTs of Taiwanese women

Figure1

200

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Figure2

一一:af ̲ ・-l

The distribution of the equivalent thickness of PMMA

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3 32

Figure3--

The variations of the equivalent thickness of PMMAwith CBTs

Figu re 4 shows the AGDs of women in this study.The average AGD of Taiwanese women in thissurvey was1.7mGy.The distribution ofthe AGDs ofwomen was positively skewed because ofthe
smallnumber ofbreasts.

F i g u r e 5 s h o w s the percentage differences between the AGD of each phantom and the average
AGD of women in this study.The AGD ofeach phantom was estimated by using the conversion

factors of the4.5cm standard breast.The percentage difference ofthe AGD increases with the
thickness ofthe phantom.

l
̲

,

口
■

■

Figure4■

The distribution ofAGDs of Taiwanese women in this survey

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3 33

Figure5

The percentage differences of AGD for various thicknesses ofthe phantom

At present,the use of a 4 . 5 c m PMMAb1ock to acquu e imaging parameters appears to become the most'common AGD assessment method for a dose survey .However,the AGD o f a 4 . 5 c m PMMAblock was

greater than the average AGD ofTaiwanese women in this study by41%.Therefore,it is clearthat asubstantialoverestimation in AGD would be obtained in a nationaldose survey ifthe currently
used standard thickness ofthe P M M A b1ock applied to A G D assessment in Taiwan.However,the AGD of a 4 c m PMMA b1ock is comparable to the average AGD ofwomen in this study .This

indicatesthata4cm P M M A b1ock appears to be the optimalequivalent breast thickness of

Taiwanese women for acquiring imaging parameters in a dose survey .
The AGD of a 4 . 2 c m QC phantom was greater than the average AGD ofwomen in this study by about
10%.Although the degree of agreement betw een the AGD of a 4 . 2 c m QC phantom and the average
A G D o f women in this study is not perfect,it is informative for definitively establishing thereference values o f t h e A G D by using t h e 4 .2 c m QC phantom combined with a correction

factor in a nationaldose survey .
4.

Conclusion

The optimalthickness of a standard test b1ock for Taiwanese women was deter m ined.This information

is of great practicalimportance for the designofmammographicalbreast phantoms of Taiwanesewomen. The results ofthis study can serve as a basis for further studies to assess image quality anddosimetry ofmammography for Asian women.
Reference

Dance DR(1990)Monte Car1o calculation of conversion factors for the estimation ofmean glandular-

breast dose.Phys Med Biol35:121l 1219.

b g e r RL,Schueler B A ( 2 0 0 1 ) A survey of clinicalfactors and patient dose in mammography. Med-

Phys28:l449 1454 .

Dance DR,Skinner CL,Young KC,Beckett JR,Kotre CJ(2000)Additionalfactors for the estimation

ofmean glandular breast dose using the UK mammography dosimetryprotoco1.Phys Med Bi

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3 34

-

LabeI free biomolecular bindingkinetics detection
with surface plasma wave biosensor--

Hsieh Ting Wu,Hou Yuan Lo
Department of MedicalIimaging andRradio1ogicalSsciences,Chung Shan Medica1
UniversityTaichung402,Taiwan
l. Introduction

I n this study,biomolecularkinetics assay is performed through the use o f surface-

plasma wave(SPW)biosensor,which is based on alabe1 free and contactless-biosensing technique . This biosensing method can detect rea1 time biomolecularinteractions in a1ocalized region near meta1/sample surface to get rid of the
disturbance of non specific blending chemicalmolecules in the reaction solution.
Taking advantage of this,the kinetic behavior of target molecules can be truly
measured.

--

C reactive protein(CRP),an acute phase protein of inflammation is related to therisk factor of cardiovascular diseases and recent medicalresearch reports havedemonstrated that CRPis a prognostic indicator ofcoronaryarterydisease(CAD)due
to its rapid concentration increase within a short period.CRPhas atleast two distinct
forms in conformation,including pentamer(or native)CRP(pCRP)and modified

is a cyclic pentamer composed of five identica1,noncovalently
bound subunits and mCRPis the dissociated subunit ofpCRPwith a molecular weightof 23kDa. The expression of different epitopes in a altered confor mationalform ofmCRPis distinct from that ofpCR];),which results in the differentialbinding affinity
between antibody and CRPisoforms.Furthermore,mCRPhas a higher relativitythan
p C R P o n the deve1opment of coronaryheartdisease. Here,an interferentialSPW
biosensor is proposed to differentiate the diff e, rence in terms of kinetics between
pCRPand mCRPquantitatively.
CRP(mCRP). pCRP

2. Materials and Methods

In the experiment,atwo frequency Zeemanlaser-

is adopted to generate a pairof mutua11y orthogonalwith

slightly diff el rent tempora1
frequency andlinearlypolarizedlaser beam. After

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3 35

-

passing through a quarter wave plate which is placed at a45°angle to bothlinearlypola rizedlaser beam,one beam is converted into a state ofright handcircularpolarization,and the other one is converted into a state ofleft hand circularpolarization.These two circular polarized beams then pass through a polarized beam
splitter(PBS)to generatetwo correlated transverse magnetic(TM)waves ofdifferent
temporalfrequency,and two correlated transverse electric(TE)wavesare generated
for reference beam. Thetwo TM waves are incident into a SPW sensing device in
Kretschmann configuration(glass/meta1/samp1e)and the interferentialattenuated--reflectedlight is received by a photo detector.Due to molecular adhesion on sample
1ayer,the refractive index andlayer thickness are changed;the rea1 time binding
events between molecules on samplelayer are recorded through digitalvoltage meter-and personalcomputer.

-In kinetic binding assay,10 m g/mlsheep anti human CRPantibody(R&D

Systems,Minne a p o l i s M N ) i s immobilized onto a CM5sensing chip(Biacore,

Uppsala,Sweden)through amine coupling method.Then,diff el rent concentration ofhumanpCRPand mCRP(0.5,1,5,10µ g/m1)are separately added into sensing device
to react with the immobilized anti CRPantibody.Afterwards,the association rate
constant ka and the dissociationrate constant kd are determined by using first order---

reactionkinetics givenby 警= &g ・ いs] , EAb]
・-tf , 用,where R is the surface concentration of antigen antibody complex attime t. [Aglis
the concentration ofpCRPor mCRPin solution and[Abl is the surface concentrationof immobilized anti CRPantibody in this experiment.
3. Results and Discussion--

The kinetics detection ofhuman pCRPand mCRPinteracting with sheep anti human
C R P a t various concentrations was measured.Fig . 1 shows alinearresponse- -'l vs. various concentration of human pCRP. The
of k;,l;l d ( dR lf dtj j d R '1
association rate constant ka= 1 .30x10 6M 1 s 1 and the dissociation rate constant kd -

- - -

-

2.47x10-5 s 1 were obtained according to the previous formula of first order reaction
kinetics.Thus,the equilibrium association constant KA = 2 .01x10 6M 1 and the- -equilibrium dissociation constant KD = 4 . 4 5nM were obtained as we11.For mCRP,
Fig. 2 s h o w s alinear response of -ks vs.various concentration of mCRP.The
association rate constant, k a='9 .97x104M 1 s 1 and the dissociation rate constant k d =- -1 .67x10-3 s- 1 were obtained. These result the equilibrium association constant KA =5.9 7 x 1 07M- l and the equilibrium dissociation constant, KD=16.8nM in the-<mCRP/anti CRP>

interaction.0ur experimentalresults show that the binding-

affinitybetween pCRPand anti C R P i s different from that between mCRPandanti CRP.The equilibrium association constantKAbetween mCRPand anti CRPis

-

-

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3 36

-

four orders higher than that between pCRP and anti CRFl. The equiiibrium
dissociation constant K D between mCRPand anti CRPis four folds higher than that--between pCRPand anti CRP. This means a higher affinitybetween the epitopes ofpCRPand sheep anti CRPantibody or the number of epitopes ofpCRPrecognized bysheep anti CRPislarger than that ofmCRPto anti CRPapparently.

-

-

-

-

Figlu re2mCRP and anl1-CRP kinelics detenni n ation

Figure1.pCRP and anti CRP kino、llcs det,irm lnation

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3 37

The Experience of Using Diagnostic Computed Radiography ( C R )System to d o QualityAssurance of L I N A C
Y. T. Cheng,P.Y.Chen,Y.C.Liu-

Departm en t of Ra diation 〇ncoiogy Chang Gung M e morial Hosplta1 Linkou M edica1
Ce tel naoyuan,lla l wan
Purpose:Few years ago,not many new departments o f Radiation Onco1ogy had theconventiona1 fil m processor. During that time,the computed radiography(CR)systemused in diagnostic field was verycomprehensive. Therefore,we tryto use the same
system to do the LINAC qualityassurance(QA)Materials and Methods:First,weuse a calibrated accelerator to create a 6 M V calibration curve ofthe imaging plate(IP)The calibration curve ofIP is similar to H D curve of conventiona1 fil m system.

-

Second,the alignment between radiation field andlight field wi11be completed withappropriate M U and be analyzed accordingly.Third,we wi11utilize the CR system tocheck the mechanisms ofcouch and co11imator.Results:The absolute dose ofthe CR
system is quitelimited,ranging from 0 ˜ 20 cGy.Genera11y,it's not suitable forclinicalRT plan verification. However,the alignment between radiation field andlightfield can be analyzed with CR system.The star shot shows that whether themechanicalerror of couch and co11imator is within the acceptable range or not.
Discussions:Although using the CR system need to depend on the direction,but itsti11can be used for testing the constancy of a LINAC.Therefore,we think that theC R system can be trust for some QA ofLINAC.
Keyword:Computed radiography(CR),QualityAssurance(QA),Radiotherapy
1Introduction

introduced in diagnostic field

In extemalradiation therapy,it iscomprehensively.Therefore,many new
deve1oped departments ofradiation
onco1ogy did not have the conventiona1
film processor.
In our department,1ocalization
images were routinely taken bydiagnostic CR system before starting thetreatment.Therefore,we tryto use thesame system to do the LINAC quality
assurance(QA)

important to do the qualityassurance( Q A ) o f alinear accelerator
periodica11y(LINAC)(Kutcher et a1
1994).According to the QAprotoco1of
LINAC,conventiona1 film system is aneffectualtoolto ensure the align ment ofradiation field andlight field, field size,radiation center ofmachineflatness andsymmetryofa field.Few years ago,thecomputed radiography(CR)system was

-

3 38

2

Materialand Methods

approximated by:

2.1 C R syste m
The C R system is REGIUS
MODEL190(Konica Minolta M &(i1Inc.,Tokyo, J a p a n ) . A l m m l e a d isinserted in the cassette to prevent thecontamination of 1ow energy photons
and to improve the image quality. The
geometric size of imaging p l a t e ( I P ) i s
14by17inches(2090 by2526pixels)
The spatialresolution ofthe12bits
image is about 0. 17mm.Therefore,thepixelvalue distributes from 0 to4095.
To eliminate the potentialinfluence ofany post irradiation fading of the IP(Ang et a1 2006),the reading was

Pixe1 ?al ue = a * L n(I)) 十 b(1)

Where D is the absolute dose,pixe1

value is read from C R system directly, a
and b are constant.
2. 3 D ose Prof le andStar Shot

According to our dose calibration
curve as be1ow(fig.2),the absolute dosecan be figured approximately by pixe1
value,and the relative dose profilelike
some reports before(Homma et a1
2002).After a cassette irradiated by10
M U with severa1 field sizes,some-

generalQA items,the alignment ofradiation field andlight field,physica1
field size,can be analyzed from it.Aftermany times of exposure as our plan,some data,1ike the alignment, field size,radiation center ofmachine, flatness andalways performed1 .5minutes after
irradiation and erased twice.
2. 2 D ose CalibrationCurve
AYarian i X Linear accelerator,,

symmetryof a field can be got.These
data was usefulin QA after carefu11y
analyzing. The dose profile wi11becompared with the result ofProflier2 (Sun NuclearCorporation,
Melbourne,FL),step size i s 4 m m .
In order to get the start shots ofco1limator and couch,we placed thecassette perpendicular to the centralaxisof gantry.However,the cassette must beplaced perpendicularto the rotation axisof gantryin order to get the star shot ofgantry. A t the same time,we kept thesame field size for everysingle exposure
w a s 3 M U . T h e upper and1owerjaws
were also kept at40 cm and 0.2cm.By
analyzing the images,we can understandthe radiation center ofmachine is

6MVphoton,was used in this study.
EveryIP has its own character,so wecreate dose calibration curve for each ofthem(F ujibuchi et a1 2006).Threesquare field sizes,10 cm,15cm,20cm,
and six monitor u n i t s ( M U ) , 1 M U ,4MU,8MU,12MU,16MU,20MU,

,

,

,

were introduced in this study.The dose

willbe calculated according to the fieldsizes factor and the change o f M U. The
machine was calibrated as fo1lowing
condition:SAD=100 cm,depth=5cm,
and field size=10 x 1 0 cm.Under above

conditions,1cGy is equivalent t o l M U(Fig. 1 ) . I n this research,the cassette
was always placed at the same positionon the couch,and the SSD was kept at
100 cm.The pixelvalue can be

-

3 39

3. 2 D ose P r( f) le an d Star S:l11ot
M e n the field size is20 x20cm,

tolerable or not.

3 Results
3.1 D ose calibration Curve,the parameters a=442.28and b=2754.1,
can be calculated by the dose calibration
curve.Furthermore,dose matrix ofthe

According to the data we co11ected,
different field size makes different dose

field can also be calculated.The dose

calibration curve(Fig. 2 ) . W e also take
5MU,10MU and15MU images to--profile,Y axis a1ong gantry couchdirection,of field size20 x 2 0 cm iscompare the dose diflierence between
them and the calculated dose by the
curve,a11absolute dose diff el rences are
sma11er than 0.76%.However,wheni11ustrated and compared with the resultsof PROFILER2 (Fig. 3 ) .

Dose profile can provide somehelpfulinformation,1ike symmetry,?atness, field size o f a field,for us todose is over than20 cGy,the IP is
almost saturated.Ifa calibration curve,

2 % . T h e parameters,a and b,ofensure the qualityofbeam.The resultsof PROFILER2 ,symmetryis
0 .6619%flatness1.424%, field size is
20.06cm.The norma1 curve is trended

equation(1)are calculated by the data

to right side,but the reverse is trended

was created by a11datapoints we got,
the sma11est dose difference was more,than1.43%,but most ofthem were overto theleftside in figure3. The fieldsizes of nor ma1 and reverse curves

4500
o

10xlOcm

s 15xl5cm

4000▲

are19.87±0.01cm,and they are in our

20l1ly20cm

fit l1y 1 0 m

acceptable range.However,we can't use
the dose profile to analyze the symmetry
and flatness ofthe field size.

fitl1ly15m- fi t by 20cm

-

一j

l00

( 0 )

器

i

二

3

10

/

﹀
︶ :
︵ o︶ p
一Be﹂
一

一

2000

a

2500

〇

S

-

-

・

1 0 x 1 0 cm
15x15cm
20 x 2 0 cm

441.82442
442.28

l

l

:

a

a

l

are

approximate to1.

商
rameters
F elds ze--'

field size has its own calibration curve.However,

︐ l一
e
6

-

Fig.2Cheng̲Dose Calibration Curve.Each
the R2 value ofallthree curves

・-

we co11ected and showed in table1.

一15

b

-l 0

-

5

0

5

0

10

=

dist m e ( c m )2717.5-2740.6

Fig.3Cheng̲Dose Profile of Y axis.Norma1:

2754.1

direction ofcassette is the same to clinicaluse

TablelCheng̲Parameters of dose calibration(0o).Profiler2the resultfrom Profiler2.Reverse

curve.The parameters we getfrom different

rotate cassette180o.

dose calibration curve with different field sizes

-

3 40

15

LINAC.

The star shot shows the radiation

However,it is a tough task for acenter of gantry,co11imator and couchare a11within the acceptable range,runout sma11er t h a n l m m ( F i g. 4 ) .

I n our experience,the response toradiation ofeach pixelis so stable,and
this character can be used to check theconstancy of a LINAC.For above
reason,we can use CR system to create
dose profile right after the acceptancetest for standard. Thus,further dose

profile can be used as a power toolfor
the QA,ifit is the same as the initia1
data even the IP is not calibrated.Even

Fig.4Cheng̲Star Shot:The star shot of gantry,
co1limator and couch are shows that radiation

center is not run out t h a n l m n .

4lDiscussion
The dose calibration curve shows

though the IP need to be calibrated,themodification is about5˜10%,and the-drop off ofthe penumbra is great. We
always keep the setup error of cassette
position within 0.5mm.Therefore,theresults of alignment betweenlight field
and radiation field can stillbe trusted.

that the diagnostic CR system can't

detect the exposure dose more than
20cGy. A s the results of figure2,wesuggest the appropriate range of dose is
betweenlto16cGy,and different fieldsize needs its own calibration curve. It is

The brightness ofradiationlines ofgantryare not homogeneous in the starshot of figure4.They are affected byframe of cassette and the radiation path.
Star shot image is so easy to analyze bysome free softwarelike Image J .
5 Conclusion

not a good toolfor validating the dose inradiation treatment plan,because the IP
is solimited.Although the parameters,aand b,ofequation(1)are gettinglarger
with the increasing of field size slightly,
but we have not found any relationshipbetween them,now.

Some QA of a LINAC can sti11be

perfor med by the diagnostic CR system.
Although,some problems sti11need tobe resolved,but we sti11consider that it
is a convenient QAtoolin

I n common,the dose profile canoff el r us some usefulinformation of a

LINAC,1ike symmetryand flatness o f afield.Nevertheless,from figure3,we
can't get these messages from the dose
profile provided by the CR system.The
norma1 and reverse profiles told usthat a11the pixels ofIP need to becalibrated,because the profiles arealmost reverse.In order to calibrate I] , a-high energy photon therapy. W e
expected that we can use the CR system
to create an easier way to calibrate the IP
to replace the conventiona1 film systemin thefuture.

)

1arge and uniform field size is necessary.

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3 41

˜

Reference

Kutcher GJ,Coia L,Gi11in M,Hanson

g DBAnge1opou1os C,Katz J 0 2 0 0 6

W , L e i b e l S MortonRJ,Palta JR,

How does signalfade on
photo stimulable phosphor imaging
plates when scanned a delay and whatis the effect on image quality 〇ra1
Surg 〇ra1 M ed 〇rat Patho1l 〇ra1
RadioEndod 102(5)673 9
AttaelmananAG,Borg E,GrondahlHG.

Purdy JA,Reinstein LE,Svensson
GK, et a1. 1994Comprehensive QA,-

for radiation onco1ogy:report ofM P M Radiation Therapy

Committee Task Group40. M edPhys
21(4)581 618.

--

01ch AJ2005Evaluation of a computed
radiography system for megavoltage
photon beam dosimetry M e d Phys.
Vol.32(9)2987 99
Sonoda M,Takano M,Miyahara J,Kato

2001Signalto noise ratios o f 6
intraoraldigitalsensors. 〇ra1 Surg〇ra1 M ed 〇rai Patho1 〇ra1 Radio
Endod 91(5)611 5.

--

F l.1lJ ita M,Yamaguchi M,Katsuda T,

H1983Computed radiography
utilizing scanninglaser stimulated,

Sakamoto H,FulJ ioka T,Tada T,and
Azuma M2005Vlerification imaging

using a computed radiography system
for high energy electron beam
therapy Radiat M ed Vo1.23(8)550 6Fujibuchi T,Funabashi N,Hashimoto M,--

Abe Y,Iimori T,Matubayashi F,
Sawada K,Kurokawa M,Isobe T

Kikawa T,Komuro I2006

Examination of beam profile
measurement using an imaging plateby thelight exposure fading methodfor qualityassurance ofexterna1
radiation therapy NipponHoshasen
G11jutsu Gakkai Zasshi. Vo1.62(12)1697 706-

Homma M,Tabushi K,0bata Y,Tamiya
T,Koyama S,Ishigaki T2002A
method for measuring the dose
distribution of the radiotherapy
domain using the computed
radiography system Jp n J M ed Phs.,-,

Vo1.22(2)118 24

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3 42

1uminescence. Radio1ogy. Vo1.48(3)
833 8

-

Assessment of Image Qualityand Radiation Dose Reduction with
I n plane Bismuth Shielding for CT Examinations:Phantom Stud y

-

-

-

-

-

Ying Lan Liao 1, H u i Yu Tsai2'*, Y u Sheng Tyan3,Kai Y¥uan Cheng 1f'g
Tel chno1o? naichung, nai wan

1Institute o Rad1o1o lca1 Science,Centra1l

na i wan U n iversityof S,cience a n departm en t of M ed ic al I maging a n d Radio1ogica1Sciences, C hang G u ng U n iversity,Tat o yuan, nai wan2D--epartm en t of Radio1ogy, Chung Shan Medica1l U n iversity Hospita1, lla i〔:hung

3D

nazwa

PurposeThe purpose ofthis study is to assess the image qualityand radiation dose reduction
using bismuth shields during in plane CT scanning .

-Materials and Mathods-

Bismuth shields were used to filter the1ow energy photons to reach anACR CT

accreditation phantom.Foam rubber was placed between bismuth shields andphantom surface to decrease the beam hardening artifact at the interface.Images wereacquired by Siemens Sensation64CT scanner with four kVps. Image qualityaffectedby bismuth shields,including CT number variation(CTN△),contrast to noise ratio(CNR),noise ratio,contrast ratio and artifacts,were estimated.Image qualityin
adjacent zone(A zone),i .e. c1ose to shield,and in distant zone(D zone),i.e.far from

--

-

-

the shield,was compared.The CT numbers,CNRs,and image noises were compared
between shielded image versus unshielded images(paired t test)no matter i n A zone
or D zone.The radiation dose reduction was measured with high sensitive
thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLDs).

--

Results

-

-

-

-

Radiation dose reduction factorare 0.93 0. 85,0.68 0.76,0.58 0.65,0.58 0.64,

-

-

-

,

0.48 0.58,0.40 0 . 5 3 f o r l t o 6 ply bismuth shields,respectively.After shielding,theCT number diff e, rences comparing shielding images with unshielding images for- -water,polyethylene,acrylic,and air,a11increased(0.2 ˜ 49.5HU),whereas that ofbone decreased( 2.6 53.1HU).The CT number diff el rences werelarger i n A zone
than that in D zone.However,the variations of CNR i n A zone were slightlylarger
than those in D zone.The noise increased after shielding,and the noise ratio which iscomparing shielding with unshielding images are1 .03 1.34forA zone and1 .03 1.22

-

-

-

-

-

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3 43

-

-

-

for D zone at120 kVp.The contrast ratios diminished from1.05to 0.87when theshielding thickness increased,and they changes significantly i n A zone. A review of
a11studies revealed that noartifact was caused by the presence of shields.Differences-in CT number,CNR,and image noise between with and without shields are--

statistica11y significant both i n A and D zone.
Conclusion

Bismuth shields could filter useless1ow energy radiation and protect radiosensitive
organs.The shields coated with foam rubber which keeps shields away from patient
surface to diminish beam hardening artifact and to maintain the diagnostic-

acceptability.The radiation dose reduction with in plan shields is remarkable.
Covering the bismuth shields on patients potentia11y changes the CT number accuracy,
but it has only slight impact on image contrast.The CT number variation is slightly
apparent i n A zone.However,the variationsare acceptable.The in plane bismuth
shields are suggested to properly use as a standard procedure during routinely CT
examinations.

-

-

-

Keywords:Computed tomography, i n plane shield,bismuth,image quality,radiationdose reduction

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3 44

Development of nucleoside radiotracers via in situ screening of
HBTU amide forminglibraries for imaging HSV l t k cancer genetherapy

-

-

-

-

-

Li Wu Chiang, a Jia Rong Chen,Hao Lien Huanga Wen K . Yang, b Chung Shi Yang C,
Li Chen Wud and Chung Shan Yua*

f

-

g

g an d E nviro nm enta1l Sclences, Nlationa1

aDepartm en l o Biom edicalEn ineerin-

Tszのg aua umversfか asinchu, nafwan
bLaboratory of Ce11/Gene The rapy, Clinica l M ed ic a1 University H,ospit,a1, 'naichung,naiwan,T he Cen terf(o r Nanom edicine Research N at1o na1l H e att h ResearchIns前utes, Miaoli,
Iiai wan-epartm en t of Applied C hem istry,Nationa1 C h i Na n u nlversity, Nanto, na i wan

dD

Abstract
To monitor cancer gene therapy,PET(positron emission tomography)or SPECT-(single photon emission computed tomography)instruments combined with HSV 1 t k(herpes simplex virustypelthymidine kinase)or its mutant HSV 1 sr39tk reporter
gene have been developed.In addition,[F 18]FHBG,a nucleoside ana1og,has been
approved by the U S Food and Drug Administration as an investigationalimaging
agent recently. For deve1oping nucleoside radiotracers rapidly and efficiently,weintroduced HBTU amide forminglibraries ofnucleoside ana1ogs fo11owed by in situ
screening via MTT cytotoxic assay to find out new potentialradiotracers for probing
HSV 1 t k. During this high throughput screening(HTS),we found that the fragment
structure ofarabinosyluridine seems to be more active against HSV 1 t k than ribosy1
uridine and ribosyldihydrouridine.Besides,4 (4 Ch1oro pheny1) 4 oxo butyramide
of arabinosyluridine ana1og had14times survivalratio between HSV 1 t k transfacted
ce11s and native ce11s.The fo11owing purification ofthis arabinosyluridine ana1og toconfirm its bioactivityis in progress and the next radioiodo or radiofluorolabeling on
5 uracilare going to be carried out after confirmation.

--

-

-

--

-

-

-- -

-

-

Keywords:HSV 1tk,reporter gene,PET,SPECT,radiotracers,nucleoside ana1ogs,
HBTU amide forminglibraries,in situ screening

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3 45

Reference
1. de Vries,E.F. J.;Buursma,A.R.;Hospers,G. A.P.;Mulder,N.H.;Vaalburg,W.

Curr: P har m. Des. 2002,8,1435.

2. 姜豊武, 羅建苗, 前鐘山. 解 種 む 事 自 危 統y 2006,64,179.
3 . MichaelE.P. J N u c 1. M ed 2000,41,661.4.

,

4. Kim,E.E.;Yang,D. J. Targeted Mo lecular I magi ng i n 〇nco1ogy Springer,2001-

5. Brik,A.;Wu,C. Y.;Wong,C.H.0rg . Biomo1. C he m. 2006,4,1446.
6.

-

-

-

-

-

Lo, J. M.;Chiang,L. W.;Chen,S. W.;Fu,Z. W.; P e i , K.;Yu,C. S. C hlm. 〇ggi.
2007,25,46.

--

7. Lei Zhang,L.;Sun,F.;Li,Y.; S u n , X . ; L i u , X.;Huang,Y.;Zhang,L . H.; Y e , X. S.;
Xiao, J. C he m M edChe m 2007,1,1594.
8. Pei,K. M S Thesls 2007(Nat1.Tsing Hua Univ.)
9. Deng,W.];).;Wu,C.C.;Lee,C.C;Yang,W.K.;Wang,H.E.;Liu,R.S.;et a1. J.

Nuc1. M,ed. 2006,47,877.

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3 46

來的多
表
圖。表
檢檢
視視
。 。

Using Diffusion Tensor Index Analysis Citrus Water Distribution-

Yun Y,a Huang

Schoo1of M edica1l I maglng a n d Radio1ogicat S c iences, Chung S han M ed ic a1

am versfか'

研究日的
利用核磁共振造影可以不破壞外表而得到測量物的内部影像的一大特性'本研

究 希 望 能 用 核 磁 共 振 造 影 來 檢 視 有 日 照 充 分 和 日 照 較 少 的 相- 福 類 其 内 的 水 分 的

合 量 變 化 , 以期望本研究可以在生物産業的研究上有更多的常助。

材料典方法
我們選擇國 産 的 桶 柑 來 做 為 實 驗 水 果 , 取 様 為 摘 取 同 一 探果樹上葉子多和葉子
少的部 i分 各 1 0 顆 , 在 水 果 不 同 取 様 條 件 下 送 進 M R I 取 得 其 内 部 影 像 。 將 水 果 外

包覆 一 層 純 水 的 介 質 並 利 用 d i f f u s i o n 的 波 序 , 選 擇 頭 部 的 線 圈 來 進 行 實 驗 。 將 取
得的影像利用MATLAB的DTI程式去計算出水分子擴散係數ADC 値和等項性̲

指標FA値來評估水果内部的水分含量分作以及鐵維素量的多寡。

結果( 1 ) 分 析 桶 柑 在 不 同 的 日 照 充 分 條 件 下 其 内 部 水 分 分 体 的 影 響 , 作 成 一 相對圖( 2 ) 分 析 桶 柑 在 不 同 的 日 照 充 分 條 件 下 其 内 鐵 維 含 量 分 11布的影響 , 作 成

一相對討輪對 水 果 而 言 , 人 們 常 常 以 「 汁多味美 」 來 形 容 其 好 吃 的 程 度 。 在 詳 細 紀 録 各 日

照 方 位 和 目 測 觀 察 水 果 表 面 的 充 分 條 件 下 , 本 研 究 希 望 能 利 用 D T I 來 找 出 相- 福類水果在有無日照中水分的變イヒ 。最後由這些數據來評イ古相桶類水果的内部結構
變化和日照多寡的關係。預期在日照較少的水果其水分分体也較日嚏充分的水果

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3 47

Validation of a PET Monte Carlo Simulator for i8F and l 2 4I PET imaging

-

-

-

Hsin Hon Lina, Y i Hsing Lina, S h i h Chi Lua,Han Kuoa,
Chang Shiun Lina, K e h Shih Chuanga

-

,

f
g
g & E n、1ironmenta1l SciencesNa, t1o na1 Tsing-H ua University, T a i wan

a Departme n t o Biom ed ic a1 E n 加eerin

PurposeNon pure positron radionuclides compared with the conventionalpositron emitters--have advantages of 1onger halflife and target specific.It's suitable for studying
pro1onged bio1ogicalprocess and drug ana1ogues in animals.However,theseradionuclides also emit cascade gamma rays(ca11ed associated gam ma)that may be
detected within the energy window and cause additionalscatter and random

coincidences with the annihilation photons.
I n this study,our purpose is to perform Monte Car1o simulations of PET--

tomograph for F 18and I 124isotope with SimSET(Simulation System for Emission
Tomography)Monte Car1o software.
Materials&Methods
The SimSET software(a Simulation System for Emission Tomography)is widelyused in nuclear medicine,but its current modeldidn'tprovide the simulation of-non pure positron emitters. In order to perform the characteristics ofPET system,we-integrated a module for radioactive decay scheme to support the non pure positron
emitter. The modified SimSET software for non pure positron emitters was validated-by comparsion to the generalpurpose Monte Car1o transport code(GATE)that has
been extensively validated.A phantom studies was performed to evaluate the effects
ofthese non true coincidences to the imaging o f F 18and I 124positron emitter on
the PET scanner.

-

-

-

Results&Conclusion--

Preliminaryresults indicate that the modified SimSET software for F 18and I 124

positron emitter gets rather good agreement with GATE simulator. 0 u r new mode1
a11ows fast and accurate modeling of PET acquisition for the non pure positron-

emitter . We wi11exp1ore the possibilityoffu11y Monte Car1o simulation to correct a11
the non ture coincidences for the non pure positron emitter in thefuture.

-

Keywords:--

PET,Monte Car1o simulation,non pure isotope

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3 48

The profit of Independent com ponent analysis on determining thearteryinput function in d ynamic susceptibilitycontrast M R I

-

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-

Sharon Chen1 , K e h Shih Chuang 1,Yuan Yu Hsu2, H o Ling Liu3 , 4 *f M ed i c a l Radio1ogy K ao hsiung M edicalUnlversity, K aohsiung, Taiwan
f Biom ed ica1 E ngineering a n d E n viro nm enta1 S c iences, NationalTsi ng-H ua U n iversity,

1 Facultyo-

1

2Departm en t o

Hsl i n C hu, Tai w a n- 11
a1 Hospita1 - T,a l pei, T,a l pei, na i w a n〇epartmenf イ M e dicaf fmagf Kg andRadfofogica1Scfences,Cんang Gung Umversfか, f a o-「 a a n,

3Radio1ogyDepartm ent,Buddhist Tzu C li G enerJ

「aiwa n,MR I Center, Chang-Gung M e morialH1osp lta1,Tao-Yul a n, Talwa n

-

,

)

〇bjective. Quantitative cerebralb1oodf1ow(CBF)measurement using dynamic
susceptibilitycontrast(DSC)MRIrequires accurate estimation of the arterialinput
function(AIF). The present work utilized the independent component analysis(ICA)
method to determine the AIF from T2signalchanges in the regions a(1j acent to the
middle cerebralartery(MCA). The deter mined AIF was emp1oyed to calculate
absolute CBF because of the a11eviated confounding of partialvolume effect.
Absolute CBF can be calculated by the AIF derived from the ICA and compared withmanua11y determined AIF .

-Subjects and Methods. A series of spin echo EPI M R scans(1.5Tesla,TR=1.5s,-

TE = 60 ms,7axialslices,slice thickness=6mm,matrix s i z e = 6 4 x 6 4 , i n plane
resolution=3.4mm x 3 .4 m m , 6 0 dynamic measurements)were performed i n 1 0
normalsubjects. A11subjects received 0.2mmo1/kg Gd DTPA contrast agent.
AIFs were calculated by two methods:(1)from the region of interest(ROI)selectedmanua1ly and(2)weighted average of each component selected by ICA(weighted
ICA). The ICA produced40 spatia11y independent m a p s ( c o v e r 9 9 % o f theeigenvalues).These maps were examined to selecttwo interest maps:map(ICA aw)
of arteryand map(ICA sw)oftissuearoundmiddle cerebralartery(MCA).The AIF
candidate voxels were selected from the fiftylargest voxels of z value(z value was-defined asZi=lg

AjF = ・jし x c

̲

-

-

-

-

-,, j j ,jl , l ) . Afterward,the AIF was determined after weighting:a] lmap1
map --,where Q is the weighting f「om z value and C is the cOncentration of

selected voxels. The CBFs were compared from these two AIF determinations after

adaptive singular value decomposition(SVD)calculation5 .

Results.

--

Three selected ROIs for AIF determination with Manu roi and

ICA weighting methods are presented in Figure1 . ICA a11eviates partialvolume

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3 49

-

effect and results in better boundarydiscrimination andless inter subject variance.
The corresponding time courses show physio1ogicalproperties of b1ood from thesethree regions,such as a recirculation response for arteryand a flatter response forsurrounding tissue(see Figure2) . The CBF values calculated by the weighted ICA
method were41 . 1士4.9and22. 1 士2.3mL/100g/min for corticalgray matter(GM)anddeep white matter(WM)regions,respectively . The CBF values obtained based on
the manualROIs were53.6士12.0 a n d 2 7 . 9士5.9mL/100g/min for the same tworegions,respectively . The CBF values and GM/WM ratios obtained from bothmethods were in good agreement with those found in theliteratures6 .

Discussion. In this study,two ICA weighting ways are used to determine AIF:
average and weighting average . The comparison(see Figure2)between average ICA
and weighted ICA showed that there was no significant difference because theselected voxels are highly consistent each other.Therefore the partialvolume effectwithin these voxels had alimited influence.In conclusion,this work provides three--benefits to achieve the more precise calculation ofCBF:(1)ICAprovides asemi automatic toolto select interest component;(2)ICA decomposes signalwithout-

partialvolume eff el ct;(3)ICA determinesAIF in the tissue aroundarteryfor CBF
quantification.

Figurel.Regions selected by m a n u a l R 〇 I
and ICA method(blue:manualselection;redand green:arteryand its surrounding tissue
selected by weighted ICA). The bigger VOI
are shown in the subsection figure.

-

一
一︐

Figure2.Different AIFs were determ ined by(1)the arterywith weighted ICA(red solidline);(2)average of the arterywith manua1
ROI(blueline);(3)surrounding tissue withweighted ICA(dark green solidline).This
figure also shows the result for the
average ICA in the regions of arteryand thesurrounding tissue with pink dashline andgreen dashline,respectively .

印 Il

0
0
6
:
o
u

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E
﹂

0
4

0

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o
u
a
u

J

0

0
0
2
0

-

10

20

40

30

50

60

Time

Key W o r d s : MR [,Cerebralblood fl o w ( C B F ) , A rterialinput function(AIF),weighted Independent-

component analysis(weighted ICA).

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3 50

Image Restoration By Using Wiener Filter

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Yi Lin Chena,Hui Jun Yanga,Chang Shiun Lina,Hsin Hon Lina, K e h Shih Chuang a、epartm e n t of Biom ed ica1l E nglneering & E n 1iro nm enta1l SciencesN,ationa1 Tsing H u a U n iversity, T,aiwan

a D-

PurposeRecent techno1ogicaladvances have made digitalradio1ogy a practicalaltemative
to the fil m based system.The relation between noise and image qualityis always animportant issue. We propose a hybrid method which combine Moran test and Wiener
filter to estimate noise distribution and restore image,hoping the method can improveimage qualities ofthe degradedimage and increase correct diagnosis rate.

--

Materials and Methods

We assume that the data bits o f a pixelin digitalimages can be divided into signa1
and noise bits.The signalbits occupy the most significant part ofthe pixeland thenoise bits occupytheleast significant part. The signalpartsare correlated ofeach
pixelwhile the noise parts are uncorrelated. According to the diff el rence of signalandnoise bit,using Moran test divided the pixe1ofimage into signalbits and noise bitthen redistributes the pixels ofthe image.Fina11y noise distribution and power
spectrum can be estimated.
Assume the degradation function is uniform and homogeneous. The noise
infor mation estimated prior treated as a parameter ofWiener filter,and a degradedimage can be restored correctly by the Wiener filter. The compression ratio calculatedby Huffman coding used to assess the proposed method.
Results&Conclusion

The preliminaryresults show the proposed method could remove noise ofthe

degraded data eff el ctively and correctly.Wiener filter is effective and correct as noise
power spectrum,which estimated by Moran test,have known.By this method,we canget correct quantization and increase the image quality. The method can be applied inclinica1 flexible and fast.

Keywords:Moran Test,Wiener Filter,Image Restoration.

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3 51

-

The uncertainties of diagnostic X ray machines--

Weng Song Feng and Tzong Jer Chen

Departm en l of M ed ic al I magi ng an d Radio1ogy Shu Zen Co11ege of Mledlcine an dManage m ent1 Lullu Kaohsiung,,82144 llarl,l1,a n-

There are severalX ray machines use differenttype of generator clinica11y inmedicalhospitals nowadays,for example,high frequency X ray machine and X raymachine offu11wave rectifier and12pulse.Wi11the image qualityand radiation
dosimetry have consistency when these diffierenttype ofgenerator machine operated
by radiationtherapist to scan patients.
The main purpose ofthis experiment is based on IS013528to calculateinterlaboratorytotaluncertainty(En),analyze the varietyofoutput voltage 、
accumulated exposure t i m e 、 exposure rate and doseareaproduct(DAP kerma/cm2)

using different X ray machines.This experiment focuses ontwotypes of generator X
ray machines,SEHWA 325(high frequency generator of4KHz)andSEHWA 325 GM(fullwave rectifier of 60Hz and12pulse),which both use the same
Toshiba Mode1 E7239X raytube.
This research measure the voltage,timing,exposure rate,and DAP values ofthesetwo X ray machines by Fluke Victoreen4000M+and calculate the tota1
uncertaincity (En)after measurement. Under diff el rent voltage(50˜110 kVp),En
value oftwo X ray machines is between 0.03and2.1,average 0.68,which is in an
acceptable range(≦1.0). However,the voltage raise causes the En value toincrease,which means high voltage increases uncertainties. Exposure time change
causes En value between 0.01and 0.36,average 0.15. Also,the En value decreases,
which is acceptable while voltage increases. Nevertheless,voltage change causes highE n value ofexposure rate between8.3and37.0,average20.62,and high En value of
DAP between33.56and82.06,average20 .62. The higher voltage,the higher
uncertainties are.

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-

The result o f E n value calculation explains high frequency X ray machine and?11wave rectifier X ray machine are acceptable in voltage and exposure time change,
but diversityofexposure rate and DAP value. Exposure rate and DAP value o f X
ray machine of fu11wave rectifier tend to1ow,while high frequency X ray machine
use the same condition to scan,it wi11cause the DAP shortage and image brighter,,increase the percentage ofhigh reject and repeat images,and have an impact on thepatience's dosimetry

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3 52

EvaIuation of iodo,fluoro, iodovinylarabinosyI uridines against
H S V l t k transfacted murine sarcoma cells with M T T cytotoxic assay
and their potentialfor imaging cancer gene therapy

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-

-

-

-

Li Wu Chiang,aJia Rong Chen,Hao Lien Huanga Wen K.Yang, b Chung Shi YlangC,
Li Chen Wud and Chung Shan Yua*--':'Departm en t of Biom ed ic a1 E ngineer ing an d Enviro nm enta1 S c iences, N ationa1-?sing H ua Un iversity Hsl inchu,Tat iwanfbLaboratory o Ce11/Gene T he rapy, C l i n ica l M edicail UniversltyHospita1,

naichung,

,

Taiw
t
an
CThe Cen terf(or Nanom edlcine Researc h National Health ResearchInstitutes, M iao1l1,
natwan-d〇eparfmenf f iw f ledChemisfry, MafzoKaf Chi Man umversi加,Manfo, llaiwan

Abstract

Up to now,the cha11enge ofcancer gene therapy is how to deliver suicide gene totarget tissue or organ. In order to monitor therapeutic gene,PET(positron emission
tomography)or SPECT(single photon emission computed tomography)instruments
combined with HSV 1tk(herpes simplex virustypelthymidine kinase)or its mutant
HSV 1 sr39tk reporter gene have been deve1oped and[F 18]FHBO a GCV ana1og,
has been approved by the US Food and DrugAdministration as an investigationa1
imaging agent recently. I n this study, w e evaluated the potentia1ofiodo, fluoro,
iodovinylarabinosyluridines(IaraU,FaraU,IVaraU)for imaging HSV 一 1 t k with
MTT cytotoxic assay using murine sarcoma ce11model We found out that both FaraU
and IaraU i n l n M had significantly different survivalratio between HSV 1 t ktransfacted ce11s and native ce11s. However,the concentration ofGCV had to be

-

--

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,

,

・

.

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-

greater than10 100nMto make diff el rent survivalratio between transfacted ce11s andnon transfacted ce11s.This study indicated that both FaraU and IaraU have morepotentialthan GCV for probing wild type HSV 1tk reporter gene.

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-

Keywords:HSV 1tk,reporter gene,PET,SPECT,[F 18]FHBG FaraU,IaraU,
IVlaraU,suicide gene,GCV

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3 53

Reference
1. Chiang,C.S .; Y u , C . F.;Chiang,L.W;Chen,S.W.;Lo, J . M . ; Y u , C . S . C he m.

P harm Bu11.2008,56,109.
2. de Vries,E.F. J.;Buursma,A.R.;Hospers,G.A.P.;Mulder,N.H.;Vaalburg,W.

Curr:Pharm. Des. 2002,8,1435.
3. 姜豊武, 羅建苗, 前鐘山. 我國%を事9を學事W 2006,64,179.
4. MichaelE.P. J N uc1. M ed 2000,41,661 .
t
ted Mo lecular I magi ng i n 〇nco1ogy Springer,2001
5 . Kim,E.E.;Yang,D. J. Targe
6. Yu,C.S.;Chiang,L.W.;Wu,C.H.;Hsu,Z.K.;Lee,M.H.;Pan,S.D.;Pei,K.

Synthesls 2006,22,3835.
7. Yu,C.S.;Chiang,L . W ; W u , C . H.; Wang,R.T.;Chen,S.W.;Wang,H . Y.;Yeh ,C . H . Nuc1. M ed Bio1 2006,33,367.
8 . Yu,C . S. ; W u , C . H. ;Chiang,L.W.;Wang,R. T.; Wang,H.Y.; L i n , K . I . C he m.
i e f f . 2005,34,l390.
9. Deng,W.P.;Wu,C.C.;Lee,C.C;Yang, W . K . ; W a n g , H . E.;Liu,R.S.;et a1. J

Nuc1. M ed 2006, 47,877 .

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3 54

-

Development of nucleoside radiotracers via i n situ screening of amide
forminglibraries for imaging HSV 1 t k cancer gene therapy

-

-

-

Jia Rong Chena, L i Wu Chianga,Wen K. Yang b,Chung Shi YangC,

-

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,

Li Chen W ud and Chung Shan Y ua,e,、,epartm en t of Biom ed ic al E ngi neering an d E n ;,iro nm enta1 Sciences, Nat1ona,l'Tsing H ua U niversityHsinchu, T,aiwan
6iaろorafory f CefMGene lleraw,China Medicaf amversiり ao ッl faf ,Taichung, Taiwan
CThe Center f ior N,anom ed iclne Researc h, N ational H,ea l t h ResearchInstitutes,Miao l i,
TaiwanaD-,-

Departm en t of Applied C hemistry,Nationa1 C h i N an u nlversity, Nanto,T,aiwan
eInstitute of Nuclear E nglneering andScience,NationalTsing H ua U n iversity
Hsinchul, Taiwand-Abstract
To monitor cancer gene therapy,PET(positron emission tomography)or SPECT(single photon emission computed tomography)instruments combined with HSV 1tk(herpes simplex virustypelthymidine kinase)or its mutant HSV 1 sr39tk reporter
gene emerged as an important too1.For deve1oping nucleoside radiotracers efficiently,
alibraryofnucleoside ana1ogs through rapid amide forming reaction fo11owed by i nsitu screening via MTT cytotoxic assay to probe HSV 1 T K was deve1oped. From thisscreening,the core structure with arabinosyluridine moieties is more active against
HSV 1 t k than ribosyluridine and ribosyldihydrouridine moieties. Besides,

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--

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,

ch1oro pheny1 oxo butyramide of arabinosyluridine ana1og(AC13)exerted aselective index of 14between HSV 1 t k transfacted ce1ls and native ce11s.The-

subsequent preparation and purification ofthis arabinosyluridine ana1og

to confirm
its bioactivityis in progress and the subsequent radioiodo and radiofluorolabeling on
5 uracilwi11be performed in due course.

--

Keywords. HSV 1 tk,reporter gene,PET,SPECT,radiotracers,nucleoside ana1ogs,
amide forminglibraries, i n situ screening-・

1. Introduction

Cancer gene therapy is a novelapproach to cancer treatment.Combination of the--expression of a non host gene fo11owed by the uptake of its substrate,a so ca11ed
suicide gene therapy wi11be committed.The1ocalization of this expression event

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3 55

could be traced by a tagged probe such as radiolabeledtracers. In order to accelerate-

the deve1opment of suicide gene therapy,the noninvasive monitoring of the i n vlvo
expression through PET or SPECT modalities is of importance(de Vries EFJ et at2002) . Up to date,there have been two common reporter genes for monitoring gene-therapy namely HSV 1tk(herpes simplex virustypelthymidine kinase)and themutant HSV 1 sr39tk(de Vries EFJ et a1l2002) . The imaging substrate such as[F 18]FHBG,a nucleoside ana1og,has been approved by the US Food and Drug
Administration as a imaging agent(Yaghoubi and G a m b h i r 2 0 0 6 ) . 0 n e of thebottom necks in this approach rests on the deve1opment ofmore potentialprobes withexce11ent binding selectivitybetween the foreign TK genes and the host TK genes
such as T K 1 o r TK2. 0ne of the goals of ourlaboratoryis to discover a potentia1
nucleoside ana1og to probe wild type HSV 1 t k gene.
In order to discover drugs efficiently, m situ screening oflibraries obtained fromdiversity oriented synthesis(DOS)is an altemative due to its convenience eventhough automated para11elHPLC could purify hundreds ofcompounds per day.The
main advantages of i n situ screening on microtiter plates are no protection in
generatinglibrary,no isolation and micro scale for bioassay(Brik et a1 2006).DOS
for i n situ bio screening has to be high yield and in nontoxic water compatible solvent(Brik et a1 2006).To date,these reactions used for i n situ bio screening after
completing DOS have contained atleast six kinds ofreactions.They were HBTU and
NHS based amide bond formation,triazole forming reaction from coupling of alkynes
and azides,Pictet Spengler reaction,tetrabuty1ammoniumfluoride assisted rapid
alkylation,and epoxide opening with amines(Brik et a1 2006).In this study,weselected HBTU based amide forming reaction to constructlibraries ofnucleoside
ana1ogs ofwhich the number ofcompounds is318before their i n situ MTT cytotoxic
assay for discovering potentialstructure ofnucleoside radiotracers.(Zhang et a1 2007)

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2.Materials a n d Methods

2. 1l . Celi Culture.

-

Both NG4T TK and NG4T ce11s supplied from Dr. Wen K . Y a n g were cultured
with M E M medium,supplemented with10%fetalbovine serum(FBS).Both ce11s
were maintained at37°C a n d 5 % C 02 in a humidified incubator.(Deng e1l a1 2006)

2. 2 Constructionof HBTU a mi def〔o rming librar ies
Three kinds of libraries containing318crude products were constructed with amide

forming reactions which were coupledamino ribosyluridine(U),arabinosyluridine(A),dihydrouridine(D)with106various carboxylic acids.These reactions were a11

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3 56

catalyzed with HBTU salt for activating ali carboxylic acids to create corresponding
active esters.(Brik et a12006,Zhang et a1l2007,Lo et a1l2007)-

2. 3MTT cytotox:ic assayf(or i n situscreenlng of HBTU bas1ed amide f(o rming librar ies

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M T T { 3 (4,5 dimethy1 2 thiazoly1) 2,5 dipheny1 2H tetrazolium bromide}(1g)dissolved in PBS saline(5L)was used for evaluating the proliferation ofboth HSV 1--

tk transfacted ce11s(NG4T TK)and native ce11s(NG4T).Before insitu screening of
nucleosidelibraries, ˜3000 ce11s were seeded on96 we11microtiterplates f o r l d a y .

--After dilution process of each crude product of libraries,each was added to96 wel1
microtiter plates. Ce11s and ˜100µ M crude product ofHBTU based amide forming
reaction in each we11were incubated for2days.After incubation of2days,each we11
was added10µ L MTT reagent for incubating4h fo11owed by removing medium,
adding D M S 0 to dissolve purple MTT formazan,and recording the absorbance on
570 n m in an ELISA plate reader . (Pei2007)-,

3. Results-

Before screening of pyrimidine based nucleoside ana1ogs,we used GCV as positive
controland uridine(U)as negative contro1(figure1). Figure2 4show a11results of
MTT cytotoxicityassay with ln situ screening ofHBTU amide forminglibraries of--nucleoside ana1ogs against HSV 1 t k transfacted ce11s and native ce11s. 106carboxylic

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-

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acids were divided into five parts:A1 A23were mono aromatic acids,B1 B22weremulti cyclic or heterocyclic acids,C1 C26were ha1ogenated cyclic acids,D1 D18

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were aliphatic acids or aliphatic acids containing oxygen or nitrogen,E1 E15werealiphatic acids containing ha1ogen or sulfur or phosphorus.In the first round ofscreening,we found out three potentialcompounds(UC3,AC13,DC19)based on thecriteria ofwhich ratio ofsurvivalratio between non TK and TK transfacted ce11s was

-

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-

more than four.In addition,ch1oro pheny1 oxo butyramide ofarabinosyluridine-

ana1og(AC13),might have14times ratio of survivalratio between NG4T TK and
NG4T ce11s.

4. Discussion
Why could we use MTT cytotoxicityassay to evaluate the potentia1of radiotracers of
nucleoside ana1ogs for imaging HSV 1tk?The mechanism underlying the principlethat we proposed is based on the uptake ofthe potentialcompounds before thesubsequent suicide.Three potentialnucleoside ana1ogs might target some intrace11ular
bio macromolecules(eg,DNARNA,proteins)upon phosphorylation of HSV 1
thymidine kinase and inhibition ofthymidylate synthase or incorporation o f D N A

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(Balzarini eta1 1994,de Vries EFJ et a1 2002).However,the confirmation of our-

proposalusing radioiodo or radiofluorolabeling o n 5 uracilfo11owed by ce11uptake
assay and i n vlvo bio distribution study is needed. Moreover,some HBTU associatedby products might result in false positive(Brik ef a1l2006)in ce11surviva1or
proliferation assay.Therefore,preparation and purification ofthree potentialamide
forming products to confirm the cytotoxic activityagainstNG4T TK is crucia1

-

-

-

S0oo
60oo
i0oo
:1 0oo00 o-

1'l lL)oo
100oo

1i 0

〇.〇

(1.t1〇l l l l l ● ◆,lI ● ll ●
̲

l

̲1

-

、

、

t J s l:1 ree n i n p ,rl f a r a h i n r sv1 l l ri ,rli n e hased a m i d e fi r m i n o l ih r a r v
Fi ,pr l l r e 'l f n e l ,5. Conclusions-

For discovering the potentialpyrimidine based nucleoside ana1ogs for imaging
HSV 1 t k cancer gene therapy efficiently,the i n situ screening without isolation after-

amide forming reactions discovered three potentialcompounds(UC3,AC13,DC19).
The most potentialcompound,ch1oro pheny1 oxo butyramide ofarabinosyluridine

-

-

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3 58

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ana1og(AC13),exerted a selective index o f 14between HSV l tk transfacted ce11s
and native ce11s . The confirmation using purification is essentialand radio ha1ogen-1abeling fo11owed by ce11uptake study is going to be carried out after confirmation ofcytotoxic activityagainst NG4T TK.

-

●

、
、

HS 'tk十

●HS

一tk

・

l?0 ol o

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.

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3 59

Acknowledgements

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We are grateful t o the NationalScience Counci1of Taiwan and CGMH NTHU

- - - --

Joint Research for providing financialsupport(NSC 95 2113 M 007 039and
CGTH96N2342E1).

References
1.

Balzarini J,Bohman C,Walker RT,Declercq E1994Comparative cytostatic
activityofdiff el rent antiherpetic drugs against herpes simplex virus thymidine
kinase gene transfected tumor ce11s Mo1 P harmaco1 451253 8

-

2.

-

-

-

Brik A , W u CY,Wong CH2006Microtiter plate based chemistryand in situ
screening:a usefulapproach for rapid inhibitor discovery 〇rg Biomo1C he m 41446 57-

3.

Deng WP,Wu CC,Lee CC,YangWK., W ang HE,Liu RS, s1ja12006Serialin-

vivo imaging ofthelung metastases modeland gene therapy using HSV1 tk andgancic1ovir JNuc1 Med 47877 84
Lo JM,Chiang LW,Chen SW,Fu ZW,Pei K , Y u CS2007Recent advances insolution phase derived syntheticlibraries and rapid bioassays on microtiter plates
Chim 〇gg1 2546 50
Pei K2007 M S Thes is (Nat1.Tsing Hua Univ.)de Vries EFJ,Buursma AR,Hospers GAP,MulderN H,Vaalburg W2002
Scintigraphic imaging ofHSVtk gene therapy C u r r P har m Des 81435 50

-

4.

5.
6.

7.

8.

-

-

-

-

Yaghoubi SS,Gambhir SS2006PET imaging ofherpes simplex virustype1
thymidine kinase(HSV1 tk)or mutant HSV1 sr39tk reporter gene expression inmice and humans using[F 18]FHBG N,atProtoc 13069 75

-

-

-

-

Zhang L,Sun F,Li Y,Sun X,Liu X,Huang Y,Zhang LH,Ye XS,Xiao J2007-

Rapid synthesis ofiminosugar derivatives for ce11 based in situ screening:
Discoveryof "Hit"compounds with anticancer activity C he m M edChe m 11594 7

-

3 60

-

A S W I R L B〇A R D D〇SIMETRY TECHNIQUE F〇R
C〇MPENSATING F〇R THE SCALPVERTEX AND F〇〇T S〇LED〇SAGE I N T〇TAL S K I N ELECTR〇N THERAPY̲

1'2'3'4Jia Ming̲wu, 1'2'3Shyh A nYeh, l'2 Kuan ̲AnChu, 4Max M.Chao, 4,5S.W.Leung- ao ッitaf,Kaoみs加ng, f a wan
Departme n t of M ed c a l I magines an d Radio1lo gica1l Sc ence, I-Shou Univers lty,!〇eparfme % f f Radlatlon Oncofoa, i 〇a
2

l

l

l

,

Kao hsi ung, T a i wan
3Departmen t of M,
ed ical Imagi ng an d Rad1o1lo g y S h u Zen Co11ege of M edicine an dManagement, Kao hslung, Taiwan
4Depar tm en t of M ed ica1 Imagi ng andRadio1logica1 Science Institute of Radio1ogica1l
Science,Centra1l T,aiwan U niversltyof S,c ience an d Tec hno1ogy , TaiChung, Taiwan-

i〇eparfmenf f Kadlatlon Oncofoa, Muan'sge eraf

ao ッifaf, Kaoんsfung, llafwaのPurposeThe aim of this study is to present a noveltechnique in which uniform dose to thewhole body as we11as the soles and vertex of scalp can be achieved in one electron-

beam treatment fraction.Anexperiment was undertaken with a home made aswir1
board that enables the patient tolie in supine or prone position for treatment.
Materialand Methods

A 6 M e V nominalelectron beam was delivered using Elekta Precise Sli throughout

this experiment.The patient is treated at a source to skin distance of 350 cm.The
1argest field size available at SSD100cm is40x40cm2 and a high dose rate of 3000
M U min- 1 was used. A 0.6cm thick acrylic beam spoiler was placed90cm away fromthe surface of the patient to scatter the electron beam for a more homogeneous surface
dose.Patients are treated with two groups in prone and supine position byleaning on
inner rotationalboard in prone and supine position,each group canfurther be
separated into two subgroup with tilting and rotation positions for treatment. By

incorporating a11these four groups ofpatient positions(Prone Group1,Prone Group2,
Supine Group1,and Supine Group2)on the aswirlboard with the optimalgantry
angle,the patient wi11 finalaccumulate compensated dosages on whole body surface.
Results

One of the gantrybeam was directed15.5°upward and the other15.5°downward
from the horizontalaxis to provide a field size aslarge as200cm in height and140cm
in width.An incline angle of 31.5°anteriorly(forward)or posteriorly(backward)of
the middle frame and an angle rotated60°c1ockwise or counterc1ockwise ofthe inner
frame is found to be most appropriate.The output dose rate for the AB TSET was

-

-

3 61

-

0.085cGy/mu at SSD350 cm.The beam characteristics of theAB TSET depth dose

curves were R5o=1.25cm,dmax=o.6cm Eo=2.913MeV:, Rp=1.75cm.
Conclusion-

The A B TSET technique presented in this study is able to deliver a uniform dose to

the patient's skin surface as we11as to the vertex and the soles a11in one time,eliminating the troubles of having tofurther booth irradiate these two regions whenusing the Stanford Six Field Technique .
Keywords:TotalSkin Electron Therapy,vertex and the soles,aswirlboard,skincancer-

3 62

ASWIRL BOARD DOS I METRY TECHNIQUE FOR COMPENSAT ING
FOR THE SCALP VERTEX AND F 0 0 T SOLE D〇SAGE I N T〇TALSKIN ELECTR〇N THERAPY

:

̲

̲

̲

Ming w u , 1'2'3 S h y h An Y e h , 1'2 Kuan Yin Hsiao ,W.Leung

1'2'3'4 Jia
4,5 S.

4

Max M.Chao-

Department of Radiati on O ncology , E DaHosp ital,Kaohsiung ,Taiwan
Department of Medicallmag ines and RadiologicalScience ,l Shou University ,Kaohsi l」ng ,Taiwan
3. Depa rtment of Medlcallmaging and Radiology , S h u Zen College of Medicine andManagement, Kaohsiung ,Taiwan
4.Depa rtment of Medicallmaging and RadiologicalScience,lnstitute of Radiolog icalScie nce,CentralTaiwan University of Science andTechnology ,TaiChung , Taiwan
5 Depa rtment of Radiation O ncology,Yuan 's generalHospital,Kaohsiung ,Taiwan

-

,

-

,

Abstract

This study presents a noveltechnique in which a uniform radiation dose to the whole body , soles and scalp vertex
can be achieved in one electron beam treatment fraction.An experiment was undertaken with a home made aswi lr1
board that enables the patient tolie in a supine or prone position fortreatment.

-

Key words:TotalSkin Electron Therapy , vertex and the soles , aswirlboard, skin cancer-

discussed the dose distribution analysis in wholebody superficialelectron therapy(3 4). Boost
treatments are often given to the scalp to ensure
an adequate dose(5).
The aim of this stud y is to present a novel
technique inwhich a uniform dose is delivered tothewhole bod y , the soles and scalp vertex in asingle electron beam treatment fraction . An
experimentwas undertaken using a home madeaswl rlboard that enabled the patient tolieln thesupine or prone position . Measurements were
performed experimentally to determ ine the mostappropriate gantryangle, the tilting and rotational
angles of the aswi rlboard to provide a uniforml ylarge electron field implemented in a
homogeneous dose to patient's entire bod yl.Introduction

The Stanford total skin electron beamtechnique is the most commonl y accepted
treatment for patients w th skin cancer orcutaneous T celll ymphoma(1).ln this technique,the patient must stand still in six different
subsequent positions. S o m e skin areas are notuniforml y irradiated(2). Forstanding position
totalskin electron beam therapy , the contributionof tangentialbeams isless than the dose fromdirect verticalbeams. Therefore, the dose to theve rtex willbe inadequate in this approach as it isalways treated tangentially . Many papers have

-

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3 63

su rface including the scalp ve rtex and soles ofthe feet simultaneously in one treatment.
2.MateriaIs and Methods

Totalskin electron irradiation is used to treat
the first few millimeters of the skin . Therefore , a 9
MeV nominalelectron beam was delivered using
the Elekta Precise Sli throug hout this experiment
The patient is treated at alsocentric point to a
Skin Distance of 350 cm (lSD350 cm). The
largest field size available at SSD100cm is40 x
4 0 cm 2 and at a high doserate of 3000 MU min 1.
A 0 . 6cm thick acrylic beam spoilerwas placed90
cm away from the su rface of the patient toscatter the electron beam for a morehomogeneous surface dose. ln the standard
Stanford TSET techni que , the patient is treatedin a standing position . Unfo rtunatel y , the dosage
to the scalp vertex and soles of the feet was
found to berelativel y low. Furtherirradiation after
treatment must be given to compensate for thisdose insufficiency. This process is time
consuming . A n aswirlboard with three wooden
frames was designed(Fig. 1 ) t o deliver a uniform
radiation dose to the totalskin area including thenormally under dosed foot soles and scalp
vertex . The procedures in this experiment wereas follows:
Determination of the most suitablecombination of gantryangles to produce a single
irradiation beam providinglimited coverage andinhomogeneous dosage.
Determination of the patient' s position on theaswirlboard for one treatment cycle.
Measurement of the absoIute dose output
Measurement of the multiplication factor
All measurements were performed using
PTW30013ion chamber,Unidose electrometer ,XV Films and TLDs.

-

Fig1
The outermost frame is mainly for fixation . The middle frame
has a horizontalrotationalaxis that enables clockwise orcounterclockwise rotation and islocked to the outermost
frame. The middle frame islocked to the outermost framewith a verticalaxis that enables the board to be tilted forw ard-

or backward.Allof these movements willenable any possible
position for the patient to be irradiated whilelying on the
middle frame with a tennis racket suppo rt . A tennis一racket
step on board is attached to the middle frame forthe patient
to tread on . This design provides firm suppo rt to the patient ,allowing the electron beam to fu1ly penetrate the entire skin--surface.

backward . The inner frame has a verticalrotationalaxis held b y the middle frame thatenable clockwise orcounterclockwise rotation .
A1l of these frames enable any positions
necessaryfor the patient to be irradiated whilelying on the innerframe with a tennis racket
suppo rt. The trammelmaterialtautened on inner
frame is Nylon6(polyurethanes), at1 . 1 5 g /cm 3
density . The trammelmesh size i s 5 c m X 5 c m .
The Nylon v lire thickness is 1 . 5 mm . The
electron beam attenuation using these Nylon
wires was measured using film . The dose
reduction produced by the Nylon wires shown by-

Asw/ff 8 o a f d
The aswirlboard is an assembly of threewooden frames(Fig1) . The outermost frame ismainly forfixation, the middle frame is held to theoutermost frame with a horizontal a i s thatenables the board to be tilted forward or

、

-

3 64

Fig2.

film is minute . Patients are fastened to the frame
using cloth belts whilelaying on the inner frame
trammels. A tennis racket step on board is
attached to the innerframe for the patient to stepon . This design provides firm support to thepatient while allowing the electron beam to fully--

penetrate.
Opt/ma /8eam Ang /eLack of electron scatter from a single
horizontalbeam to the peripheralof the patient at
a distance of 350 cm wiIl cause an
inhomogeneous dose along the ve llical andhorizontaldose profiles. T h e area coverage at
this distance is notlarge enough. Measurements
were made to determine the optimalcombinationof gantryangles.

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F l g 2 P r o n e g r o u p o f A B TSETtechnique

Pat/ent treatrnentpos前ons
O nce the optimalbeam angle is determined ,the next procedure is to determine the mostsuitable patient position to achieve a uniformly
delivered electron dose to the entire patient
surface. T h e patient is firmly1ocalized to thetennis racket suppo rt so that the middle frame
can be easil y tilted and the inner frame easil yrotated to achieve the desired treatment-

positions.
Multiple patient position integration for acomplete irradiation course is described as
f 0llows.
(A)Patient prone with the bod y leaning forward
on the innerframe(Fig2,left column)
i.Prone Forward(P F)(Fig2left upper)
ii.Prone Forward Counterclockwise(P F CCW)The patient is prone on thetennis racket suppo rt; the middle frame
inclined forward, with the inner frame
rotated counterclockwise. (Fig2left middle)iii . Prone Forward Clockwise(P F CW)
The patient is prone on the tennis racket
supportthe middle frame inc1ined forwardwith the innerframe rotated clockw se(Fig2
leftlower)
B . Patient prone with the bod y leaning
backward on the innerframe(Fig2, rightcolumn)i. Prone Backward No rotation(P B ) ( F i g 2right upper)

--

- --

-

-

- -

-

--

-

-

-

3 - 65

Patient pronewith the bodyleaning forward on the inner
frame(Fig2,left column)i.Prone Forward(P F ) ( F i g 2
left
upper)ii.
Prone Forward Counterclockwise(P F CCW)
(Fig
2
left
middle)iii.
Prone Forward Clockwise(P F CW)(Fig2left bottom)
B.Patient prone with the bodyleaning backward on the inner
frame (Fig 2, right column)i. Prone Backward No
rotation(P B)(Fig2rightupper)ii.
Prone Backward Counterclockwise(P B CCW)(Fig2rightlower)iii.Prone - Backward Clockwise(P B CW)(Fig2rightbottom)
A.

--

-

- --

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

---

-

ii.Prone Backward Counterclockwise(P B CCW)The patient is prone on the innertennis racket support , the middle frame
inclined backward, with the innerframe
rotated counterclockwise(Fig2rightlower)iii . Prone Backward Clockwise(P B CW)
The patient is prone on the innertennis racket suppo rt , the middle frame
inclined backward, with the inner frame
rotated clockwise

- --

-

-

--

-

Patient supine with the bod yleaning forward
on the innerframe(Fig3,left column)
i . Supine Forward Norotation(S F ) ( F i g 3 l eft
upper)---

Fig3.

Fig4.

-

-

-

i . Supine Backward No rotation(S F ) ( F i g 3
right upper)ii .
Supine Backward Counterclockwise

-

--

-

( S F CCW)
The patientis supine on the innertennis racket support , the middle frame inclined
forward, with the inner frame rotatedcounterclockwise(Fig3rig ht middle)iii .Supine Forward Clockwise(S F CW)
The patient is supine on the innertennis一racket support , the middle frame inclined
fo rward , with the innerframe rotated clockwise(Fig3rightlower)

-

-

-

--

The distance of the patient to the gantry(source) is shorter in the position inclining
forward, thus delivering a hig her dose to thesu rface . By incorporating these four groups ofpatient positions(Prone Group1,Prone Group2,
Supine Group1 , and Supine Group2)on theas lvi rlboard with the optimalgantry angle, thepatient will accumulate the compensateddosages on entire body surface.

、

Patient supine with the bodyleaning forward on the
innerframe(Fig3,left column)i.Supine Forward No rotation(S F)(Fig3left upper)
ii.Supine Forward Counterclockwise(S F CCW)(Fig3leftA.

- - -middle)
iii.Supine- Forward -Clockwise(S- F -CW)(Fig3left bottom)

Patient supine with the bodyleaning backward on the
innerframe(Fig3,right column)i.Supine Backward No rotation(S F)(Fig3right upper)
ii.Supine Backward Counterclockwise(S F C C W ) ( F i g 3
right middle)
iii.Supine- Forward Clockwise(S F CW)(Fig3right bottom)

B.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

--

--

--

-

i i.Supine Forward Counterclockvl/i se( S F CCW)
The patient is supine on the innertennis一racket support , the middle frame inclined

forward , with the inner frame rotatedcounterclockwise(Fig3left middle)
iii.Supine Fo rward Clockwise(S F CW)
The patient is supine on the innertennis racket suppo rt, the middle frame inclined
forward, with the inner frame rotated clock N se
(Fig3leftlower)

-

-

-

--

T w o 2 c m acrylic boards were assembled with XV film
sandwiched between the boards at the sagittalplane tocalculate the dose to the head and soles. Two XV films were、、placed at the transverse plane representing the dose
irradiated to the chest and a b d o m e n ( F i g 4 a ) . A special
hole puncher was designed to overcome the inability of thecurrently available hole puncher to create holes at any-

Patient supine with the bodyleaning backward
on the innerframe(Fig3, right column)

-

3 66

-

Fig5.

-

the ionization reading depth curve wasmeasured, the readings at each depth were
multiplied by the stopping power to derive theabsorbed dose at the depth andrenormalized to
dmaxto obtain the percent depth dose.
O utput Dose measurement
According to AAPM Report # 2 3 , page38 ,section6.5, the output calibration point was
positioned at the as 1vi rlboard geometric center.
A Farmer 0 . 6cc chamber was embedded at a
depth of 0.7 c m ( d m a x o f percent depth dose
derived from ionization depth curve).The PTW
Unidose was connected to the Farmerchamber
to takereadings and followthe TG 21protocolto
derive the absolute dose.
Percent Depth Dose measurement for otherposition needed. The hole puncher has a circular steelunit
attached to a spring . 0 n c e t h e spring is stretched andlet go,
the steelunit bombards the film creating a circularcut edge
on the film(Fig4b).

Acリ//c Phantom

A whole body acry lic p hantom was designed
to inspect if the dose coverage is sufficient. A set、of 2cm acrylic boards were assembled and a XV
film was sandwiched between the boards at thesagittalplane to be further measured to calculate
the dose to the head and soles. Two XV films
were placed at the transverse plane representing
the dose irradiated to the chest and abdomen(Fig4a). Whether or not the expected uniform
dose to the surface is achieved can be inspectedusing dose measurements to the films inserted
between the aG rylic boards. A special
hole punchertoolwas designed to overcome thedisability of the currently available hole puncher
to create holes at any position needed.The
designed hole puncher has a circular steelpiece
attached to a spring . 0nce the spring is stretched
andlet go, the bombardment of the metalto thefilm willcreate a circuIar cut edge on the film(Fig
4 b ) . T h e films can then be easil y held tightly tothe phantom with a plastic bolt. The air gap
perturbation between the film and phantom canbe eliminated(6-7).

-

areas

-

To know if the Percent Depth Dose of theother positions differed from the aswirlboard
geometric center, films were embedded in theacry lic phantom at the head and foot sagi ttall y tocompare the Percent Depth Dose difference at
the abdomen , head and foot areas.

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Percent Depth Dose measurement
The distance from the aswirlboard geometriccenter to theradiation source point does notremain consistent with the board movement
when tilting or rotation during treatment,
therefore, the site of the aswirlboard geometriccenter is positioned with a solid water phantom
to determ ine the percent depth dose
measurement. A PTWTM23343 3765parallel
plate chamber is embedded in the solid acry lic
phantom with the chamber 1vi ndow facing theradiation . The gantry irradiation angles set up isdenoted in figure8. The ionization reading depth
dose cu rve was measured step by step using
those gantryangles(P3, S 6 ; P 1 , S 4 ; P 3 , S 5 )after each irradiation cycle was completed.0nce-

Combination of a dual beam technique was used tocompensate for the field sizelimitation projected from asingle horizontal beam to a distance of 350 cm away from theisocenter. 0 n e beam was directed15.5°upward and theother15.5°downward from the horizontalaxis . These two-

beams were combined to provide afield size aslarge as200
cm high(Fig5a)and140 cm wide(Fig5b).

、

3.Results

The O ptimalGantry , Middle andlnner Frame
Angles

-3 67

4.Discussion

GantryAngle Determinationln our experiment to determine the mostsuitable angle, the estimated beam angle wasused first to deliver the dose at three points. The
upper , middle and lower points were thenmeasured.lf the measured dose to the middle
point was smaIler than the othertwo points, thebeam angle was then directed closer to thecenter and vice versa to obtain a homogeneous
dose distribution. A combination dual beamtechnique was used to compensate forthe fieldsizelimitation projected from a single horizontal
beam to a distance350 cm away from theisocenter. 0 n e beam was directed15.5°upward
and the other 15.5° downward from thehorizontal a i s. These two beams werecombined to provide a field size aslarge as200
cm high(Fig5a)and140 cm wide(Fig5b).

Dose Profi ie
F i g u r e 5 a represents the composite dose
profile from ion chamberreadings obtained fromthe complete irradiation of paired angle beams
directed 15. 5° upward and down ward . The
middle frame was tilted 31 . 5 ° and the inner
framerotated60 ° The schematic diagram ontheleft shows the actualaswirlboard position
with ion chamber readings measured diagonallyat the inner frame. The schematic diagram on
the rig ht shows the actualas、N rlboard position
to measure the dose profile along the verticalaxis of the innerframe. This verticaldose profileis shorter than that obtained diagonally . The
beam was directed ±15. 5° upward anddownward, thelower field edge of the40 x 4 0 cm
field size projected atlSD350cm would b e 2 5 .7
cm away from the horizontalplane and the field
centralaxis would intersect at a distance97.1cm
away from the horizontalplane. Because there isa symmetryarea beyond thislength,the totaI
ve rticallength required 1lvi llbe200 cm . Figure5b
represents the composite horizontaldose profile
obtained with the middle frame tilted and inner
frame rotated. Similar to the configuration
anal yzed above,the centralaxis of the original
40 x 4 0 cm field size at SSD100 cm willintersect
at a distance70.9cm away from the verticalplanewhen projected atlSD350cm . Thus, a
1vi dth of 140 cm would provide enough coverage .
Based on the measurements shown in Figures
5a and5b,we conclude that a uniform dose canbe delivered to an area of 200 x 1 4 0 cm atlSD
350 cm-、The optimal angled beams were obtained
based on the experimentalmeasurement results.
The dose profile from a horizontalbeamwith afield size of 40x40 cm, I S D 350 cm wasmeasured to investigate the dose efficiency .
Dose profi es fromtwo angled beams Mth one
directed above the horizontalwhile the otherdirected be1ow were then obtained. The
individualdose profiles were then summed into acomposite dose profile to estimate the angle
needed to tilt for a uniform dose. The estimatedtilt angle was then carried out on thelinac andmeasurements were made to confirm a uniform
dose. O ur experiment found that the mostsuitable angle beam would be±15.5°
.

、

、

、

、

lnnerand Middle Frame
The frame incline angle toward or away from thesource is an important factor for dose
homogeneity to the scalp vertex and soles of thefeet. From our experiment, the best tilt angle forthe middle frame is31.5 ° and the best rotational
angle forthe innerframe i s 6 0 ° (because6
beams are directed to thewhole bod y , 360
divided by 6 e q u a l s 6 0 ) . Treatment can bedelivered to the patient in either the prone
position from P l t o P6(Fig2)or supine position
from S l t o S6(Fig3).

Dose Distribution
Figure6shows the film dosimetry obtained
from the entire body acry lic phantom irradiatedusing awhole treatment course. We can see thehomogeneous dose accumulations on the
exposed films, and therelative dose converted
from the opticaldensity also revealed that the
90%isodose is uniforml y delivered at a depth of
0 . 8 c m .According to ourStanford Six Fields
experience(8 9), the phantom was also used toirradiate standard Stanford TSET(Fig9)film for

-

-

3 68

-

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llb)1

/
l◆

MeV.

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comparison . lt is clear that the AB TSET
dominates the Stanford Six Fields technique forbetter dose homogeneity in the foot soles andscalp vertex. l n orderto know the PDD of otherareas, dose from a film irradiated with aconventional 9 MeV at S S D 100cm wascompared to the dose obtained from the films
placed on the head , abdomen and foot sole
regions of the phantom using the aswi rlboard
with whole cycle irradiation . There were only
slight differences forthe various PDD areas
shown in the filmresults.

I/ f

Figure7
The PDD obtained from the tangentialbeams move closer tothe surface when compared to the one obtained from ve rt ical
beams in this Fig . ln AB TSET, the beam characteristics of
R5o = 2 . 4 8 c m , Eo can be obtained w i t h 2 . 4 8 x 2 . 3 3 二 5.78-

l
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Determination of beam multiplication

Flg6

-

Figure6
Figure6shows the films dosimetry obtained from the wholebody acrylic phantom with a whole irradiation treatment
course. W e can see the homogeneous dose accumulations
on the exposed films,and the relative dose G onve rted fromthe opticaldensity also revealed that a 9 0 % i s o d o s e isuniformly delivered at a depth of 1.4cm.

M F = 5 . 4 2 ( r a n g e 5 . 0 6.01

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Percent Depth Dose and O utput
The AB TSET described here achieved auniform dose distribution to the skin using a
combination of the tangentialbeams. T h e PDD
obtained from the AB TSET tangentialbeams
moved closerto the surfacewhen compared tothose obtained from verticalbeams(Fig7). ln
the AB TSET, the beam characteristics of R5o =2.48cm , Eocan be derived f r o m 2. 3 3 x 2 . 4 8 =5.78MeV. The output dose for the AB TSET was
0.046cGy/ mu atlSD350 cm(10).
Multiplication Factorand MU Calculations
A fiIm was placed directly at the geometricalisocenterof the phantom for the opticaldensity
measurement The same numberof MUs were

P

Fig8

-

-

.

Multiplica tion Factor(MF)=D p l a n d DM 十 D pJ and D 十 D p and Dssdose from ve rtical fields

Figure8
The Points P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , P 5 a n d P 6 i n Figure8represent
Prone Folward (P1), Prone Forward CCW (P2), Prone
Forw ard CW(P3),Prone Backward(P4), Prone Backward
CCW(P5)and Prone Backward CW(P6). Points S 1 , S 2 , S 3 ,S4, S 5 a n d S6represent Supine Forward(S1),Supine
Forward CCW (S2), Supine Forward CW (S3), Supine
Backward(S4), Supine Backward C C W ( S 5 ) a n d Supine
Backward C W ( S 6 ) . l n one complete irradiation of allthe
beams, the film placed directly on the geometricalisocenter(Point A)willbe irradiated12times with the angled beams .

-

-

3 69

OO

一 一一

SET

St

Multiplication factor was then derived by the ratio of the doseconve rted from opticaldensity of the Points P 3 , S 6 a n d P2,
S 5 a n d P l a n d S 4 t o the dosefrom the vertical fi elds . l n our
experiment , the multiplication factorwas calculated as5.42.

given to the fields directed ve rtical i y . The dose
ratios converted by measuring the opticaldensityfrom these two sets of irradiated films wascalculated as the multiplication factor.Points P1,
P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , P 5 a n d P 6 i n Figure8represent
Prone Fo lward(P1) , Prone Forward CCW(P2),
Prone Fo lward CW(P3),Prone Backward(P4),
Prone Backward CCW(P5)and Prone Backward
C W ( P 6 ) . Points S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , S 4 , S 5 a n d S 6
represent Supine Forward(S1),Supine Forward
C C W ( S 2 ) , S u p i n e Forward C W ( S 3 ) , S u p i n e
Backward(S4), Supine Backward CCW(S5)andSupine Backward C W ( S 6 ) . ln one complete
irradiation from allbeams, thefilm placed directl yon the geometricalisocenter(Point A) wi l l b eirradiated12times with the angled beams. The
multiplication factorwas then derived by thedose ratio converted from the opticaldensity ofPoints P 3 , S 6 a n d P 2 , S 5 a n d P l a n d S 4 t o thedose from the verticalfields. ln our experiment,
the multiplication factor was calculated a s 5.42.

0

●

通

F i g 9 T h e c o nl parisonofABTSETandStanfordsix fie l d T S E T

Figure9This figure show the phantom was also used to be irradiatedwith the films of standard Stanford TSETfor comparison . The
AB TSET dominate over Stanford Six Fields technique on abetterdose homogeneity i n soles and vertex is clearly seen.

-

5.ConcIusions-

The AB TSET techni que presented in thisstudy is able to deliver a uniform dose to thepatient's entire skin surface including the scalp
vertex and the soles of the feet at one time,eliminating the trouble of having to fu rt her
irradiate these two regions when using the
Stanford Six Field Technique. Based on thesemeasurements, we found that the dose
homogeneity of the skin surface was within±10% . The supine and prone position on the
AswirlBoard provides fullcomfortto patients,
preventing soreness. We conclude that the
AB TSET is a more convenient and timeeffective approach forfuture clinicalskin cancer
treatments.
Ackno 1vledgement:The author wouldlike tothank Professor Chen Shou Chui for his
contributions on this study ..

MF =d o s e of p l a n d S 4 + d o s e of p 3 a n d S 6+ dose o2
d dS5
dose from v e r t i c a l f i e l d s

This value is used mainly to calculate therequired MU foreach beam to achieve a uniform
dose distribution .
The equation is-

MU=
prescribe doseM . F . x output of aswirlboard
x 6

、

-

Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Prof Chen-

Shou Chui for his contribution on this study .

-

3 70

-

101
475 108.
478.

References
1 . American Association of Physicists in
Medicine. Totalskin electron therapy techni queand dosimetry . Report No. 2 3 . NewYork(NY):
Americanlnstitute of Ph ysics;1988
2 . Peters V G,FCCPM . Use of an electron
reflectorto electron therapy . lnt. J . Radiation
O ncology Biol. Ph ys. 2000,46(4):1065 1069.
3 . Weaver RD , Gerbi BJ, DusenberyKE .
Evaluation of dose variation during totalskinelectron irradiation using thermo luminescentdosimeters. lnt J Radiat O ncolBiolPh ys1995;33

-

-

-

4.Antolak JA,Cundiff JH,Ha C S . Utilizationof thermo luminescent dosimetryin totalskinelectron beam radiotherapy of mycosis
fungoides. l n t J RadiatOncolBiolPhys1998;40:
5 . TAREK SH〇UMAN , M .D. and ZEI NAB
EL TAHER,Ph . D. TotalSkin Electron Therapy:
A Modified Technique for SmallRoom Linear
Accelerator. Jou m a/ of the Egyptian /Vat Cancer/nst20041161 4 ):202 2 09
6 . Ellen El Khatib. Evaluation of film
and thermo luminescent dosimetry ofhigh energy
electronbeams
inheterogeneousp hantoms .
Medical
Ph ysics1992;19(2):317 323.
7. Tatsuya Fuljisaki.Contribution of Cerenkov
radiation in high energy x一 ray and electron beamfilm dosimetryusing water substitute phantoms.
Phys Med Biol .2003;48:105 109.
8.
J M Wu , S W Leung , e t a l . Lying on
position of T o t a l S k i n Electron Therapy .
lnt J Radiat O n c o l B i o l P h ys . 1 9 9 7 S e p
1;39(2):521 8 .
9. Leung S W , H s u HC, Huang PH. Total
Skinelectronbeam
irradiationinscleromyxoedema . British J oumalof Radiology
1998;71:84 86.
1 0 . Ester Carrasco Pav on , Francisco
S anchez Doblado et a l , T o t a l s k i n electron
therapy treatment verification:Monte Carlosimulation and beam characteristics of large
non standard electron fields . Phys . Med.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

--

-

-

-

-

'

-

'

-

Biol . 2 0 0 3 : 4 8 : 2 7 8 3 2 7 9 6 .

-

3 71

The Study of Surface Dose for Golden Coating
Thermoluminescence Dosimeter
Yi Chi Liu 1 , Jao Perng Lin 1 , * ChiChang Liu2、、

gical nechno1ogy, Yiianpei Univers1ly, na1 , ,anf

1Departmen t o Radio1lo

Z Radfafion Momforing Cenfend i C

Purpose
Dose enhancement was found in an environment oftissue equivalent materia1-c1ose to the surface o f a meta11ic gold thin film.Validityofestimation ofdose-

perturbations is criticalin the evaluation ofradiation ef fect associated with high Z

interface. The magnitude ofdose enhancement has been debated due tolimitation of
measurement device and the thickness ofhigh z materials. I n this research,we tried to--

study the interface effect of sub micro scale meta11ic gold thin fil m that is thinner thanother reported works.
Materials a n d Methods
Monet Car1o simulation has been proposed for interface effect but been questioned

about the results due to poor statistics in sma11spatialbins.Pene1ope2006was shown
to be a Monte Car1o code suitable for micro dosimetric study that might be also
acceptable for this work.GR 200S thin fiim thermoluminescence dosimeters covered--

with different thickness of gold foilwere used as interface dose measurement device
The irradiation source used in this work is photons generated by a 6 M V LINAC.
Results

The results simulated by PENELOPE show dose reduction for the thickness of gold-

foilwithin sub micrometer region.The dose enhancement can only be found whengold foilthicker than severalmicrometers.The measured data were not exactly thesame as simulation ones however the trend seemed quite consistent.This phenomenon
might be due to the range of secondaryelectrons induced from gold by photon withenergy above severalhundred keV. Ifgold foilis thick enough,the flux ofsecondary
electron increases and enhances the interface dose.
Conclusion
I n this work,we found that the interface dose enhancement is related to the thickness--

ofgold film.The ultra thin fil m with high Z materialcould reduce interface dose isconfirmed by Monte Car1o simulation and measurement.With proper design thisultra thin film might be applied for skin dose reduction.

-

Keywords:Interface dosimetry,gold, Monte Carlo

-

3 72

/
L

5
l

1l l

．．
﹂

Fig.1

-

Hitachi ion sputter coater E 1010-

Fig .2The gold foilarea is4.5x5cm,
Fig.3Simulated by Penelope2006
overlaps100 pieces,thickness is10microns

、: .」
l

Fig .4The irradiation source used6MVLINAC

-

3 73

-

Fig.5Dose reduction for the thickness of gold foilwithin sub micrometer region.The
dose enhancement can only be found when gold foilthicker than severalmicrometers.

Refrences-

1 . McCaff 1rey J.P.,Shen,B . Downton,E.Mainegra Hing.RadiationAttenuation by-

Radiation Shielding Garments,MedicalPhysics,2007;34:530 537
2.Hedi K.,AmelA.,Mohamed Karim K.Monte Car1o simulation X ray buildup

-

-

-

factors of lead for shielding calculations,MedicalPhysics,2007;34:505 515
3 . Helmut S.,MariaZ,HeinrichE.,Christoph H.,Shieldingproperties oflead free--protective clothing,MedicalPhysics,2007;34:4270 4280
4.Regu1la D.F.,Hiebert L.B.,Seidenbusch M.,Physicaland Bio1ogicalInterface
Dose Eff e, cts in Tissue due to X Ray Induced Release of SecondaryRadiation from
Meta11ic Gold Surfaces.Radiation Research,1998;150:92 100- --5.Byongim J.Min,SookilKim, John J.K.Loh,Young Kap Cho.Photon energy
dependence ofthe sensitivityofLiF TLDs1oaded with thin materia1. J.Korean Soc
Ther Radio10nco11999;17:256 260.

-

-

3 74

0.997.

The optimaI composition of D E M B I G geldosimeterby Taguchi method

-

-

-

-

Chi Tsung Chiang,Yuan Jen Chang2, Ji AnLiang3, B o r Tsung Hsieh1 *〇bject

The malignant disease has been a main death reason for threatening Taiwanese

1ife a11the time in Taiwan.The way to management the malignant disease wasinvasion such as surgeryand non invasion such as chemicaltherapy,radiotherapy.
This study was used Taguchi method to determine optimalcomposition of DEMBIG
geldosimeter and observe the dose response,sensitivity,dose response range.

-

MethodThe base composition ofgeldosimeterf 1rom reference was Gelatin:5%,-,

m o n o m e r : 3 % , B I S : 3 %. Using zero point proportionalofTaguchi method,when

based on reference's composition,found the optimalgelcompositions that have best
sensitivityandlinearityofdose response curve by diffierence gelcomposition.
Results
The optimalcomposition ofDEMBIG gelwas G e l a t i n : 7 % , D E M A : 5 % , B I S :4 % . T h e recipe was varied three times to find good reproducible ofDEMBIG ge1.The-

s1ope was 0 . 9 9 % m m l Gy-1 andlinearitywas 0.99.
Conclusion
1.

Three ma1j or results were obtained in this study.
The optimalgelcomposition:Gelatin:7%,DEMA:5%,BIS:4%,ca11ed
DEMBIG ge1.

-

2.

The dose response sensitivityofDEMBIG ge1:S1ope:0.0 9 % m n 1 Gy-1; R2:

3.

Thelinear dose range ofDEMBIG ge1:0 30 Gy.

-

-

3 75

〇ptimization of treatment time by definition of matrix center in

LeksellGamma Knife Radiosurgery--

Cyong Lian Guo,M.Sc.,Cheng Loong,Liang,M.D.,M. Sc.

--

Departm en t of Neurosurgery, E D a H,ospita1,I Shou University, Kal ohsiung, Taiwan 2
Introduction

The Lekse11GamnaKnife Radiosurgery(GKRS)is widely used for the intracrania1
1esions.The propertyofhigh dose and single fraction makes the accuracy oftreatment
time should be calculated carefu11y. Ifthe uncertainty o f the treatment time reachedrisky effect on radiation output.The purpose ofthe study is
to optimize the treatment time by comparison of three diff el rent methods for thematrix center definition.
Materials and Methods
3%,there wi11be someThe dose distribution in a GKRS treatment planning is calculated by31x31x31
matrix calculation points(CP)in the region ofinterest(ROI).The ROI can be verified
by altering the grid size and changing the center of matrix.There ara three diff e1 rent
methods ofthe matrix center definition for comparison in this study. The first method
isthe random method that the center of matrix is defined randomly with a minima1
grid size.The second method is the geographic center method that the center ofmatrix is defined as the center of a11the isocenters with a minimalgrid size.The third
method is the maximaldose point(MDP)method that the center of matrix is definedaccordance with that the MDP is1ocated on one ofthe CP.

˜

Results and Discussion-

ong the30 treatment plans,15have a sma11tumor size(range:2.8 4.9m1)and theremainder have thelarge tumor size(range:9.3 15 .2m1) . The treatment time of thesame treatment planning calculated by the random method,geographic center method
and the MDP method were compared.The treatment time of the MDP method is theshortest compared with the other methods.There is a 2 3%difference between MDP
method and the other methods.The results of the study suggest that matrix center
defined by the MDP method could optimize the treatment time.
Conclusions--

After GKRS planning is completed,using the MDP method to defined the matrix
center could obtain an optimaltreatment time
Keywords: GammaKnife Radiosurgery,exposure time,maximum point,calculated
point

-

3 76

Presentation of N〇 R M : problems of their being
Etsuko FURUTA〇chanomizuUniversity

1. I n t r o d u c t i o n

examined with the products themselves;the idea that these effects are indeed

Radioisotope o f 226Ra was added tohealthful i s genera11y accepted by the

consumer products in Europe in the early
20 th century l ).These consumer products
are ca11ed Radioactive Consumer

public,though no actualevidence foreach product exists. Almost a11 theseproducts have no problems lega11y.
However,some of them,for example,

Products (RCP). Fluorescent paint for

writing figures on c1ockfaces and gas
lantem mantles are famous RCP.Inthat

cosmetics prohibited in the EU4) because
they contain radioactive materials, areaccepted as N O R M i n Japan.There are
no prohibitions to add radioactive
materials to products in Japan.Thereare
only densityand quantitylimits when
adding radioactive materials to consumer
products.How is in your country?Dothese products need the addition ofradioactive materials?Is there any risk topeople from radiation exposure bynormaluse or misuse?My purpose ofthe
poster is the presentation of some NORM
and the consideration ofthe risk and theirjustification.

era,some cream and powder cosmetics
added uranium.However,production ofalmost a11these RCP in Europe stopped
in thelate1970s.These RCP are not soldin the European markets today. However,theremight be sti11sma11numbers ofRCP
sold on the antique markets1).
There are1ots of RCP,which containradioactive materials,in ourliving spacen o w . W h e n the radioactive sources in

RCP are naturalmaterials,they are ca11ed

NORM(natura11y occurring radioactive
materials) . Recently many NORM are
sold a11 over the world through theIntemet.These N O R M c l a i m hormesis--

eff el cts2 ), m i n u s ion effects,infrared rayeff el cts and so on.Makers claim these

2.Experimental
Twelve kinds of radioactive consumer

productsare healthfulfor users. I foundthat some of their home pages(HP)are
1inked to one HP which presents theeffects of irradiation by 1ow energy
γ(X) ray on ce11s and/or sma11 size
animals3). However, the effects that

products were chosen as samples with arandom selection,which are commonly--

sold in Japan.
Radioactivities-

contained

the

in

-

samples were determined by gamma ray
spectrometry using a high purity Ge
detector (HPGe). The measurement

people consider healthfulhave not been

-

3 77

condition of the HPGe detector and theTable1-

Radioactivitydensities(Bq/g)

M C A ( C A N B E R R A ) a r e 4 M e V 8192ch

Sample T h series U series

and relative efficiency is 3 5 % . Each-sample was measured for 1 9 6 h o u r sdepending on their activities. The
efficiency was calculated by using
analysis softwareof LabSOCS(CANBERRA) 5) .

l

44

l5

2

68

l3

3

l

1

4

220

4

5

460

88

3. Evaluation of exposure

6

l7

2

Externalexposure: The skin equivalentdose rate constants intended for only

7

l60

33

8

33

4

gamma rays of 2π directions. The

90.3

calculation used irradiation geometry
from the front to the b a c k ( A P ) w h i c h

l0

330

1l

l70

was one ofthe skin absorption dose(DT/KA)mentioned in the Table A 1 4 o f
ICRP 746 ) . The calculation of the

l2

〇ther

nuclides(4oK).

l38L a : 0 ;3690

as shown in Table 2. However, R ncontribution by the beta rays used andensities were higher in some cases.
Though we cannot confirm that theclaimed eff e1 cts of a11NORMare correcteffiectiveness dose to the skin by electrons
mentioned in the Table A 4 3 o f I C R P 7 4 .
Intemalexposure:The concentrations ofradon ( R n ) were measured by theor not,we can detect higher densities of
R n w h e n we use them.Moreover,when
we use hormesis cosmetics, inhalation of-monitor of pico rad and/or Lucas
scinti11ation ce11 . The calculation ofthem increases the risk of lung damage
and so on.

intema1 exposure from the hormesis
cosmetices were used the software of
IDEC Ver.1.07).

EURATOM(96/29)is a publication ofchartered organization of theEuropean Union. Items to whichradioactive materialmay not be addedthat

3. Results and discussion

A11samples contained thorium(Th)andmentioned in this publication. At theuranium (U) series except sample
numbers 9 and 12. The radioactivity

same time,import of these radioactive
items is prohibited,too. The items are

densities of samples were from 0.3Bq・g- 1
of 138La to690 Bq・g 1 of 238U as shown in
Table1.A11exposure doses by norma1
use were1ower than thelimits set bylaw

foods, drinking water, feed, toys,
accessories and cosmetics. Six countries,-

Germany and so on,in the EU

-

3 78

100000

10000

f,

「

212p b

m

差,

、 ∞
10

m

0

1 500

1000

?
Figure1

、

m

2500

3000

(ke /)

γ一Ray spectrum of hormesis je11measured f o r l h by HPGe detector

Table2

Exposure dose
External

AnnuaI doseInternalexposurelexposure(µ S v / h )0.2

2

6X10 2

0.l

3

1Xl02

4

0.1

2.0 X 1 0 2
0.2

5

2

4

6

8Xl0 6l.6 X l 0 5

7

2.3 X l 0 3

8

0.26

R n : 7 9 B q / m3

91

4.6 X l 0 3
0.5
0.2

l0

0.7/ 1 p a c k

1.4(228 Ac, 2 l 2p b, 212B l, 2o8Tl)

1l

9

l8

12

40(βray)80(βray)

Sample(mSv / 2000h)
0.4

-

-

-

-

B o r n : 6 0 µ Sv/ y-

Lung:5.5mSv/ y

R n : 3 4 B q / m3--

they do not check each NORM's
radioactivity densities. The idea ofalara (as1ow as reasonably achievable)by the I C R P i s very important for ourestablished a prohibition of simiiar items
bylaw.The EU has decided that there isno justification to add any radioactive
materials to the items on thelists and so

-

3 79

1982.

safetyfrom the radioactive materials.The
idea is suitable for consumer products
containing N O R M . I f w e cannot provethe benefit of each N O R M i s greater than
the risk,then there is no place for the
N O R M i n ourliving space.
4. Conclusion

Many kinds of consumer products
which contain radioactive materials(NORM) exist in our living space.
Almost a11 kinds of NORM containminerals of Th and U series. Some o f

NORMraises the risk of exposure in our
everydaylives.
References
1) J.Shaw,J. Dunderdaleand R . A

Paynter: Rad iat i o n Pr o tect i o n,146,p14,2007.
2 ) T . D . L u c k y : H,e alth Phys. , 4 3 , p 7 7 1 ,,3)Hoshi Y,Nomura T , 0 d a T,Iwasaki T,,

F'ujita K,IshikawaYKato A,Ikegami
T,Sakai K,Tanooka H and Yamada T.: J-

Radiat. Res. 4l,p129 137,2000.
4) EURATOM;CouncilDirective96/29,,

0 J L159,p7,1996.
5) F.L.Bronson: J Radioana1. Nuc1.

-

C he m.,255, p137 141,2003.
6)ICRP74E:Conversion coefficients foruse in radio1ogicalprotection against
extema1 radiation, I C R P , 1 9 4 ,,223,1997.(In Japanese)

7) JAEA,Intemaldose easy calculation
code:
IDEC Ver. 1 .0, 2000. (InJapanese)-

3 80

A few specialeducationalschemes for the course ofradiation measurementlaboratoryin NationalTsing Hua
University-

Chih Hao Lee,H.]).' Chou and S.H.Jiang「

Departmen t of E ng1nee r″
1g a n d Syste m Sclence, N,atl o nalTsingHua University. Hs″
lc1llu. T;a n van

,

'

.

1nstltule ofNuclear E ngi1eer1ng a n d Sclence, Nat1onalTslngHua Unlve s ity, Hsinchu 1lalw a n'

Abstract

With30 years of teaching experience in NationalTsing Hua University,the schemes for thelaboratorycourse ofradiation measurement experimentalwere mod面ed many times to inspire the creativityofthe students and toleam
the correct concepts by making errors.A few specialdesigned schemes for this course were introduced andelucidated in this manuscript.

̲

Keywords:radiation measurementlaboratory;radiation measurement teaching;nuclear instruments
1.

Introduction

on radiation measurement.Among them,a few
good examples were elucidated in the fol1owing:

Thelaboratoryteaching course on nuclear
radiation detection and measurement is a very
unique curriculum in Co1lege ofNuclear Science,
NationalTsing Hua University .The goalof thiscourse is to offer the student a clear hand on
experiments on the nuclear instruments,such as
Geiger Mue1ler(G M)counter,gas proportionalcounter,scintillation counter, surface barrier
detector and Si and high pure germ anium(HPGE) detectors to measure the charged
particles,X and Gamma rays and neutrons. In
addition,this course also teaches students tounderstand the electronics of nuclear instrument
modules and the counting statistics on theapplications o f nuclear industries and radiation
applications on allthe scientific aspects.This
course is offered for more t h a n 3 0 years at
NationalTsing Hua University.More than1000
students have attended this course. The major
content of this course is based on the technica1
notes of ORTEC and CANBERRAcompanies.
This is a supplementalcourse to a classroom
course of radiation detection and measurement
using the textbook written by G.F .Knol1(1989).
With 30 years of teaching experiences, theradiation measurement experimenta1 schemes
were modified many times to inspire thecreativityofthe students and to Ieam the correct
concepts by making errors. A few special
designed schemes for the course were preparedto educate the students major in nuclear
engineering in setting up a wholesome concept

2. Specialdesign of experimentalschemes
In the foliowing,thirteen specialfeatures inexpermentalschemes were designed and given:-

2.1 To understand theimpedance match

To understand theimpedance match is very
important for the student to realize whether therealsignalis observed by an osci1loscope. In
the experiment of setup of basic nuclear
electronic modules,to monitor the pulse height
output from a module using a T connector
connected to an osci1loscope is found to bedifferentfrom the voltage measured with open
loop measurement.Studentsleam that the output
voltage wi1lbe dropped due to the1oading effector impedance mismatch.By calculating the input
resistance of next nuclear module and the output
impedance of the output of nuclear module to bemeasured,the voltage drop and calculated.

--

2.2Error propagation resulting negative detector
dead time-

Two methods were used in thelaboratorytomeasure the dead time of the G M counter,namely,the d irect osci11oscope observation andtwo source
method.
The
osci11oscopeobservation is verystraightforward to see thetime depending pulse height output to measure

-

-

3 81

not.

the dead time and recoverytime.Usualiy , astrong source was used in these experiments toenhance the dead time contribution.However,inthe dead time measurement of a two source
method, a weak radiation source wasdeliberately used resulting in a very bad
statisticalerror in determining the dead time.
Many groups of students found a negative deadtime after the error propagation in data analysis .
Those negative dead time measured wereautomatica11y deleted by students and neverreported, resulting in a biased statistica1
distribution in the error determ ination after
averaging the resultsfrom the whole class ofstudents.The instructor,then give a waming to
the students that a human judgment resulting in abias distribution is not a right way to do theexperiment.The studentsleam the academic
discipline and the right meaning of a scientist
should acted as a nature observer only.

electronic system is under normalconditions or-

2.5 T o set the right trigger slope andleve1of aosci11oscope
To realiy measure the correct pulse shape on
the osci1loscope,the triggerlevel and s1ope
should be set at right position.A pulse withshape of undershot was prepared on purpose by
detuning the P/Z cancellation for student totry.
Many students can not get the right pulse shape
shown on the osci11oscope.Figurelshows theresult of pulse measurementfrom the output ofan amplifie r . A n undershot pulse can be seen
with the thetrigger point at A of Figure1.Theobserved pulse is positive.However,when theoscil1oscope set attrigger point B with thenegativetrigger slope of oscilloscope,andlarger
time base,the pulse height is negative(see inset
in Fig. 1 ) a n d the measured pulse height is no1onger correct.The students usually set a wrong
trigger s1ope a n d l e v e l a n d wrong time baseresulting in a measurement of only incomplete
pulse shape.In order to perform this experiment,
only ana1ogy oscil1oscope was used instead ofusing the verypopular digita1osci1loscope.

2.3Noise ofthe discriminator
To test thefunction of lowleveldiscriminatorusing the output of a pulser as an input source,
the instructor asked students to ac11just the gain of
pulser to obtain half of the count.A difficulty
was faced to adlj ust the gain to an exact half ofthe counting rate due to the high precision ofelectronics. 0nly the noisy electronics can easily
achieve half count by ac1ljusting the gain.By
counting the data many times,the standard
deviation reveals the noisy situation of theelectronics system.The student go through thedifficultyto adjust the gain own a better nuclear
module actua1ly.

--

2.4Concept of Gaussian distribution and P value
test

-,

-

f '

For the student toleam about the P value testin the counting statistics,a ensemble of couting
data was co1lected. Chi square test was
performed to see ifthe data distribution follows
the Gaussian distribution.A mixture of output
signalfrom pulser and the detector preamp1面er
was feed inthe amplifier.A counting statistics on
the output of pulses was performed to show a
1arge P value.The pulser provides a 6 0 Hz pulse,with the weakradiation source,the counting
result is distributedin a verynarrow distribution
which awayfrom the Gaussian distribution withthe radiation source a1one. 0 n the hand,for a
mixture signa1of white noise and the radiation
source signals, the result wi11 be wider
distribution compared to a Gaussian distribution
and sma1lP value can be observed. Students
leam the P value to judge whether the nuclear,:、 f f, 1

Fig. 1 T h e measurement of an pulse outputfrom
an amplifier with osci11oscopetrigger point set at
A.The inset shows thetrigger point set at B withnegative trigger s1ope.

-

2.6Error reduction after cumulating the counts

To teach students in understanding the rightconcept of counting statistics,a group of 30
counts experiments with each measurement10 s
was conducted. The standard deviation obtained
from the counting of 30 times is to compare withthe one measurement of 300 s.Students might
not know which counting scheme can get abetter counting statistics error.The comparisonof standard deviation obtained by30 counts each
10 s and one measurement with300 s should

--

-

3 82

-

spectroscopy gives no energy shift for the
gamma ray or X ray because no stopping powerfor photons.

be similar,which many students get confused.
2.7 Gamma ray response to the neutron

proportionalcounter2.10 Gamma ray
insufficient bias

To test the gamma ray sensitivity of aneutron proportionalcounter,an intensive 6oCo
gamma source was put veryc1ose to the BF3
detector after calibrating by neutron nuclear
reaction peaks. The measured spectra show nopeak of 6oCo at the position of 1 . 1 7 2 a n d 1.332
MeV on MCA.Can students rea1ly understand
why these peaks are missed? Usually, thegamma ray interaction with the BF3 gas
proportionalcounter is sma1l.No signalcan bedetected.With a strong gamma ray source,theinteraction probabilitycan be increased,but sti11
no signalcan be detected.Why?The interactionof gamma ray with gas molecules inside thedetector creates a 1ong track of ion pairs
compared to the neutron signa1.Thelimited
diameter of the proportionalcounter co1lects
only sma1lpart oftrack of ion pairs generated by
the gamma ray. T h e pulse height due to the
gamma ray usually is so1ow to discriminate
from the electronic noise.

For the gamma ray spectroscopy, u s u a liy
3000 V is needed for an HPGe detector.The
instructor asked students to compare theresponsefunction of detector run at only300 V
to see the peak broaden, peak shiftand decreaseof peak to Compton ratio for them to rea1ly
understand thefunction of HPGe detector.The
peak shiftwith poor resolution is mainly due toincomplete charge co1lection.The smallpeak toCompton ratio is due to the sma11depletion
region in the germanium underlow bias voltage.
The peak efficiency was found to be decreased
also. From the peak efficiency decrease an
estimation of active depletion region can be
estimated .

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2.11 Understand thecalibration of an MCA.

off s1 etenergyof

During the energy calibration of MCA of the
gamma ray spectroscopy measurement,using the
HPGE measurement,the instructor asked thestudents to measure the keV/channel using
calibration sources 6oCo and 137Cs.Then,using
the calibrated keV/channelvalue to predict the
peakposition of 2 4 l Am source. Usua11y,themeasured channelnumber is different fi om theprediction one due to the non zero offset of
MCA which was deliberately detuned by the
instructor. The student usually suspect that thekeV/ch they calibrated is not accurate enoughinstead of aware of the MCA consists of an
offset in the zero channel.

2.8Thelowleveldiscrimination for the slope ofcounting curve

To measure the diffierence of the s1opes ofcounting rate vs . applied bias on BF3 counter andboronlining neutron detector to understand theimportance ofthe responsefunction of a detector
under applied bias related to the discriminationlevels.In the boron 1ining neutron counter,theresponsefunction is usua1ly flat at everyenergy
unti1 the maximum energy. The low leve1
discriminator wi1l cut substantially counts
resulting a steep slope in the counting curve asfunctions ofbias voltage.

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2. 12Understand of the major background ofnaturalradiation

2.9 A l p h a spectroscopy correction due to theself absorption ofthe source-

In the HPGe background measurement for
30 min,usua11y severalbackground gamma ray
peaks can be found.The most pronounced peakis 4oK and the intensitycan be increased ifmany
students getting together to share one detector.
This is to i11ustrate that the major radiation
background comesfrom a human being. A very
important understanding on the naturebackground can be set quantitatively.Anotherpeak, 4 l Ar,wasfrequently found when the Tsing
Hua open poolreactor(THOR)was o n . T h eintensityof 4 l Ar usua1ly is sma1ler than 4oK toshow the radiation safetyof the operation of
THOR. In the experiment,usua1lytwo peaks are

In the alpha spectroscopy measurementtwo
kinds of 241 Am alpha sources were used.0ne ofthem is a standard thin source prepared byelectroplating technique.The other one is athick
2 4 l A m source by depositing for alonger time.
The result shows a peak shiftto thelower energy
and poor energy resolution in measuring the
thick sample.Students spend alot time toleamthat the problem of different results is not due tothe detector system at all It might be due to thesource itself also. Actua11y, only the alpha
spectroscopy gives a serious problem of energy
shiftdue to the self absorption.The gamma ray.

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spectroscopy under the

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always observable with energy of 1 .173 and1.332MeV1. This result is due to the poor
experiment condition of the student who never
put the standard 6oCo source far awayfrom thedetector.Students alsoleam how far the 6oCoshould be put away and how thick thelead
shielding is needed to remove this gamma

spending on understanding the experimenta1
result. The instructor wi1l not sign off theexperimentalcourse ifthe student cannot answer
the questionslisted in the experimentalnote.A
group discussion always took place with a hot
debate under the guidance ofthe instructor.

signa1.

In summary,we present thirteen points which
to beleamed in the teachinglaboratorycourse.
Each scheme demonstrates an important concepto f using the detector with a deep understanding .
The students do not onlyleam how to operation
detectors and also to understand the principle
thoroughly.

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2.13 XRF ( X ray fluorescence) spectroscopyusing S i- pin diode and using digitalprocessor
instead of amplifier and MCA
An XRFmeasurement was carried out using
an Amptek Si pin diode and digitalprocessor
system.The studentsleam that thetraditiona1ana1ogy ampli fiers and ADC might be obsoleted
in thefuture. The USB connection to a PC might
be the best data acquisition system for a great
convenience . The XRFexperiment is to identify
the composition of a material. Usually, acurrency coin was used as a standard sample
together with a token coin (a fake coin)measurement for students t o l e a m the forensic
science. After this experiment, students are
eagerly to put their golden rings or platinum
necklaces to check their genuineness.It is anexperiment of great interest for the students.

Acknowledgements
The constant support of Department of
NuclearEngineering,
Department
ofEngineering and System,Department ofNuclear
Science for maintenance of equipment andoperation cost of the radiation measurement
1aboratoryis acknowledged.
References

KnollG . F . Radiation detection and measurement
John Wily and Sons,New York1989.

l.Discussion a n d Conclusion

In thislaboratorycourse,students work moret h a n 5 h each week in thelab.Most oftheir time

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Development of teaching materiaIs for radiation education
using an imaging plate
Eisaku Hamada

Departm en l of L i beralArts an d E nglnee ring S c iences, Hachinohe N ationali Co11ege ofnechno1logy, Hachinohe, A omo r i 039 1192 J a pan--

Imaging plates have been used astwo dimensionalposition detectors forradiation imaging. A s the imaging plate with the high detection sensitivitycan also
record the distribution ofthe 4oK in the plant,it is usefulas a teaching materialwhich
can visua11y confirm the existence ofnaturalradiation. However,the imaging platescannot be used in the schoo1,because the expensive equipment with a photomultipliertube(PMT)to read theimage.
In order to use the imaging plate for theteaching materials ofradiation educations,anew imaging plate reader has been deve1oped.

The photostimulatedluminescences(PSLs)

released from the imaging plateare detected
instead ofthe PMT by a cooled charge coupled-through an optica1 filter and an objectivelens.
Optica1 filter(SURUGA SEIKI,S76-BG25)isdevice(CCD)camera(BITRAN,BS 44UV)

̲ ̲ ̲

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.

l i

̲

、

1maging plate

placed front ofthe CCD camera to b1ock
scatteredlaserlight,and tolet the stimulated
1uminescencelight pass through.
For confirming the validityof this-equipment,a Pb sheet with five holes was held
between the 241 Amalpha ray source and an
imaging plate(FUJI PHOT0 FILM,BAS MS)
Figure shows the PSL image measured by the
new imaging plate reader.

--

Figure The image of imaging pla le、measured by the ne v imagi ng plate reader.

By the preliminaryexperiments,it is confirmed that the image of PSL emitted
from the imaging plate can be measured by this new method using a cooled CCD
camera.

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Development of Teaching Materials for Radiation Education
Using an Imaging Plate
Eisaku Hamada *

,

,

, -

Depa -lmen1 of L l be a l A1・ ts and ,Engineering Sclences. Hachinohe NatIonal Co /1ege of Techno/ogy. Hach1nohe, A o mo1・ 01l9 1192, Jlapan

Abstract-

In order to use an imaging plate for the teaching materials of radiation educations,a new imaging plate reader has been devel
oped. The photostimulatedluminescences released from the imaging plate are detected instead o f a photomultiplier tube by acooled charge coupled device(CCD)camera through an optica1 fi lter and an objectivelens. The imaging plate which partially
irradiated the alpha ray was read in order to confirm the performance of this system. By the preliminaryexperiments,it iscon firmed that the image of the photostimulatedluminescences emitted from the imaging plate can be measured by the newimage reader using the cooled CCD camera.

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、

Key vords: imaging plate;photostimulatedluminescence;teaching materials

However,it is difficult to use theimaging plates ina schoo1,because the expensive equipment with aphotomultipliertube needs to read the radiation image
In this study,a new im aging plate readerhas been
deve1oped in order to utilize theimaging plates as theteaching materialof radiation educations.

1.Introduction--

The imaging plates have been used as twodimensionalposition detectors for radiation imaging.
It has a wide dynamic range and high spatialresolu
tion . Because ofthese advantages,it has been utilized
in many fields,such as medicine,bio1ogy and physics(Miyahara et a1 1986,Amemiya et a1 1988).
By using theimaging plates with high sensitivity,
distribution images ofnaturalradioactivitycontainedin various naturalmaterials can be observed(Mori et
a1 1996) . Theseimages are veryexciting for the stu
dent.Therefore imaging plates are extremely usefu1
as a teaching materialwhich can visually confirm theexistence of naturalradiation and radioactivity . I n
addition,the imaging plates can be used repeatedly
by exposing itto visiblelight.

2.Experimentaland results

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2.1. T he m echanis m o n thestorage a n d readout
processes of imagingplates
The mechanism of an imaging plate has been
known as fo1lows(Takahashi et a1 1984,Miyahara
and Katol984,Takahashi et a l 1 9 8 5 ) : I n the sensi
tivelayer of theimaging plate made of BaFX:Eu2+

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'Corresponding author.Te1 + 8 l 298 27 7249;fax:+81 298 27 7249;e mai1:hamada g@hachinohe ct. ac jp

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3 86

an optica1 filter and an objective lens(KOWA,
LM8HC) . The absolute quantum efficiency of thisCCD camera is a b o u t 4 0 % f o r 3 9 0 n m . T h e CCD
camera is contro11ed by the computer,and thelaser iscontro11ed manua11y .
〇ptical fil t e r ( S U R U G A S E I K I , S 7 6 - B G 2 5 ) i s
placedfront ofthe CCD camera to b1ock the scatteredlaserlight and t o l e t the photostimulatedlumines
cences pass through.

(X=Cl,Br,I)phosphor,ionizing radiation creates alarge amount oftrapped centers,which record infor
mation about the deposited energy and its position.
M e n the exposed imaging plate isirradiated by
He-Nelaserlight(633nm),a photostimulatedlumi
nescence is releasedfi・o m the position ofthetrapped
centers.

--

2.2. 〇utline of t he n e w readout syste m

2. 3. ixper!ment procedures

The photostimulatedluminescences emittedfrom
the storage phosphor a r e l o w intensityultraviolet
1ight(centralwavelength is about390 nm).Generally ,theluminescences are detected by a photomultipliertube in the image reader.
A charge coupled device(CCD)slightly has thesensitivityfor the ultravioletlight.Ifthe photostimu
latedluminescences can be detected by the CCD
camera,it is possible to utilize theimaging plate as
the teaching material.

-

For confirming the validityof this equipment,a
Pb sheet(1.5mm thickness)with five holes was inserted between the 2 4 l Am alpha ray source(3kBq)
and animaging plate(Figure2).Diameters of eachhole were as fo1lows:The centralhole w a s 3 .0 mm,
and the holes in the outside were1.2mm.
Theimaging plate used was BAS M S manufac
tured by Fuji Photo Film Co.The size w a s 7 0 x 8 0
m m . T h e exposure time was8days in the shielding
box ofthe simplicitymade bylead b1ocks ofthe5cm
thickness.

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alpha ray

-l・

!
i
i
i
!
(

0

Pb sheet︐l◆!ln aging pla te

Figure1:0utline ofthe new readout system-

Figure2:The exposure condition for confirm ing theperformance ofthe new system.

Figure l s h o w s the outline of the new readout sys
tem.The exposed imaging plate is irradiated by the
He Nelaserlight(KIKOH GIKEN,MLXI A13 660).
The wavelength of laser is660 n m ( 4 0 mW),and theintensity distribution of laser beam has a non
gaussian profile.The photostimulatedluminescences
releasedfrom theimaging plate are detected by acooled CCD camera(BITRAN,BS 44UV)through-- -2.4 Results-

Figure3shows the photostimulatedluminescence
image obtained by the new maging plate reader.

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3 87

could not perfectly cut off scatteredlaserlight.Then,the contrast and brightness of theimage were adjusted(Figure3(b)).
We can observe the five circularimages.Those
positions are corresponding to the arrangement oftheholes ofthe Pb sheet.

The exposed imaging plate was measured in thedarkroom in order to cut offthe ultravioletlight ofthe outside as a noise.The cooling temperature of
CCD was -8°C. The measurement time was only fiveseconds. Thelaser was on while the shutter of the
CCD camera was open.

--

3.Conclusions

By this preliminaryexperiment,it is confirmedthat theimage of the photostimulatedluminescences
emittedfiom the imaging plate can be measured suf
ficiently by the new readout system .
The cost ofthis new equipment is1/5ofthe reader
which the company sells.However,this equipment
uses the expensive cooled CCD camera to reduce thenoise in the measurement.Iftheluminescences canbe detected by a generaldigitalcamera,it is possible
to utilize theimaging plate in various scenes as teaching materials ofthe radiation education.

--

Acknowledgements
This study was partia1ly supported by the Ministryof Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology(MEXT),Grant in Aid for Young Scientists(B)(19700622).

---

References
Miyahara J,Takahashi K,Amemiya Y,Kamiya N
and Sato Y 1 9 8 6 A newtype o f X ray area detec
tor utilizinglaser stimulatedluminescence Nuc1.
1nstr. M eth. inPhys. Res. A 246572 578
Amemiya Y,Matsushita T,Nakagawa A,Sato Y,
Miyahara J and Chikawa J1988Design and performance of animaging plate system for X ray
difliaction study Nuct I nstr. Meth i n Phys Res.
d 2 6 6 6 4 5 653
Mori C,Suzuki T,Koido S,Uritani A,Miyahara H,
Yanagida K,Miyahara J and Takahashi K 1 9 9 6
Effect of background radiation shielding on natu
ralradioactivitydistribution measurement withimaging plate ]hic l I n s t r. M eth. i n Phys. Res. A
369544 546
Takahashi K,Kohda K,Miyahara J,Kanemitsu Y,
Amitani K and Shinoya S1984Mechanism of

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This measurement time was veryshorter than thato f the conventionalreading method.In case of theconventionalreader using the photomultipliertube,afew minutes was necessaryin order to read theimage,
because the photostimulatedluminescence was detected by scanning point by point bylaser beam.
The profile ofthelaserlight was observed in the
raw image(Figure3(a)),because the optica1 filter

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,

Figure 3: Photostimulated luminescence image
measured by the new imaging plate reader . (a):raw
mage,(b):processed image.

,

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3 88

、

photostimulated luminescence in BaFX:Eu2+(X=Cl,Br)phosphors J Lumin 31 32266 268
Miyahara J and Kato H l 9 8 4 〇UY〇 BUTURf 53
884 890[in Japanese]
Takahashi K,Miyahara J and Shibahara Y 1 9 8 5 P h otostimulated Luminescence(PSL)and Co1or Cen
ters in BaFX:Eu 2+ (X=C1,Br,I)Phosphors J.
E lectroche m S oc 1321492 1494.

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3 89

Nuclear/Radiation Education at NuTEC/JA E A

a n d a Distance Learning SystemJNEN
Kouhei N.KUSHITA,Hiroshi KAT0,Hisao O JIMA * and Jun SUGIMOT0
f り a n d f o m lc i ergdgency
Nuclear nechno1lo gyandEducation Cen ter

At NuclearTechno1ogy and
Education Center(NuTEC)of JAEA,

While the energy crisis has become ofgreat concern,and the g1obalwarming
has got more apparent,which could
seemingly be ascribed to the increasing
consumption ofthe oi1 originatedfuelsin the world,nuclear energy receives
specialattention to be one ofthe
promising answer to these issues. Thenthe constructions of new nuclear plants
are scheduled in US,Europe andAsian
countries in the coming years.A
problem is that welack nuclearhumanresources because ofthe1ong slackening
years in the nuclearworld after several
serious nuclear accidents.For themade cooperation agreements with14

coming possible nuclear age,we needsufficient number of nuclear human

graduateuniversities andluniversityfor
the nuclear/radiation education,as ofresources to conduct those plans and2008.We dispatch55 JAEA staff as theoperate the plants safe and sound.
Thereare number of activities ofvisiting professors to these universities,
and accept23graduate students under
the agreements.

,

we have organized various kinds oftraining courses to meet the domestic
and internationalneeds.
We have conducted intemationa1-

nuclear/radiation training through JTC(Joint Training Courses)with some

Asian countries,and cooperated with
FNCA,ANSN,or IAEA activities. We
also cooperate with domestic
universities for nuclear/radiation
education,in addition to research
activities.

nuclear and radiation education in Japan

JAEA,throughNuTEC,has

as we11as in the world. JapanAtomic
Energy Agency(JAEA),as thelargest
nuclear institute in Japan,tries tocontribute to the nuclear/radiation

We also cooperate for the Nuclear
Human Resources Deve1opment

education through originaltraining

Techno1ogy)and METI(Ministryof
Economy,Trade and Industry)of Japanby dispatching our staffas thelecturers,
accepting facilityvisitors,or by

Program conducted by MEXT(MinistryofEducation,Culture,Science andcourses and cooperative education
activities,in addition to research
activities.

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3 90

JAEA.

make Q&A or to discuss on the topic ofproviding the students with experimenta1
training using ourlaboratories. Specia1
cooperation has been carried out
between JAEA and the Nuclear

interest through wide monitors-

multi directiona11y on the realtime . The
students can review thelessons by the-ProfessionalSchoo1,Universityof

e 1eaming system after thelectures. I nMore than100
JAEA staff,researchers and engineers

2007,about70 students ofparticipant

Tokyo(NPS/UT).

universities took thelectures throughthis system.

cooperate with NPS/UT in thelectures
and training experiments.
A new multi directionaldistanceIn addition to thelectures,some-experimentalcourses are organized in
the summer vacation season to

1eaming system for the nuclear/radiation
education has been forma11ylaunched in
2007connecting severalcites o f J A E A
and three universities based on theexperience the handling ofnuclear
materials,radioisotopes,or g1ove boxes,

using the facilities ofNuclear Fue1
Cycle Engineering Laboratories ofagreement. This system is ca11ed theJapan Nuclear Education Network(JNEN),which expanded in2008toinclude five universities.

We plan to expand this network tosome more universities ofJapan,andpreferably to some foreign universities

Through JNEN,students of distantuniversities can takelectures ofthein thefuture.

professors of another universityon therealtime. The professors and thestudents ofvarious universities can

Fig . 1 Japan Nuclear Education Network

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3 91

Radiation Education using Sparklers for Entire Beginners
MichiAratani

Rokkasho Culture Societ,Rokkasho CulturalExchange Plaza,Swany
1 8,Nozuki,0buchi,Rokkasho,Aomori,039 3212, Japan--

Abstract
Localresidents at the nuclear site as Rokkasho are said to be entire begin」1ers of radiations,because they
have not been given any kind offundamentalknowledge on nuclei and radiations at their schooltimes.
Lectures by Public Acceptance(PA)activities are sometimes performed for them,but these kinds ofofficialefforts are not sofruitfulthat they may beleftas ignorant as before. After many try and errors
during severalyears,a hint is comefrom an essay of Terada Torahiko on a Japanese sparkler(toyfirework,線香花火).The toy firework is made of 0.1g of black gunpowder,which is packaged by thince11ulose paper,andtwisted into a thin string as incense. After firing,the powder is molten to be afireba11.
Soon it begins emitting sparks during about40 sec . Thisfireba11of molten salt may be regarded as avisualmodelof exited state of a nucleus, from which radiations(sparks)are emitted on theirinherent
1ifetimes.Neither nuclei nor radiationsare seen by our eyes.Both a fireba1land sparks,however,are seen
wellby our eyes.It has been concluded that Japanese sparkler is a powerfu ltoolfor radiation educationfor entire beginners ofradiations above mentioned.
Keywords ◆ Japanese sparkler 1 Tl〔lyfi rework;Vlsu a l m o de1 of nuclelandradiations- --l. Introductionn u c l e a r a l i ergy i s a l w a y s b e i n g
rorepduced by v a r i o u s k i n d s o fanti nuclear expressions or people . So,
those who work in public acceptance forn a t i o n a l p o l i c y o f nuclear energy ,especia11y with recycling facilityof spent
fuelas at Rokkasho site,must powerfu11y
give a great sense of security to1oca1
residents as entire beginners,before theyA b o u t 3 5 % o f electric power depends
o n 5 4 a t o m i c power stations in Japan.
People,however,have i11feeling on
atomic power,nuclear energy,radiation,and so on.Even after63years of then u c l e a r events at Hiroshima a n d
N a g a s a k i , a nuclear a11ergy,what isso ca11ed,is seen widely among Japanesesociety. To make bad things worse,the

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*Corresponding author Te1.:+8 117 572 3400;fax:+8 117 572 3404;e mai1:suwany97@jomon.ne .jp

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3 92

一
一一 一 一-have encountered to the anti nuclear
people or expressions. Severalmethods
for radiation education are tried and areobserved to be effective or not.0ne of
the most efliective methods has beenshown to be utilization of a periodic
table,which serves as a verypowerfu1
too1,especia11y those who have studied
chemistry(Aratani M . a n d Osanai Y.
2000).This method,however,seems to
be limited to rather highly educatedpeople.So,an almightymethod even to
entire beginners has been exp1ored forseveralyears.0ne of hints is come fromthe Essay of Terada Torahiko(18781935),a famous earthscientist and,atthe same time,a notable man of letters.
His essay on a sparkler has been adopted
and appeared in a nationa1 language
textbook ofjunior high schoolauthorized
by the M inistryofEducation.

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2. Materials and Methods
The sparkler is made of 0.1g of black
gunpowder,components of whicharepotassium nitrate,sulfur,and very finecarbon powder from specialpine tree
resin(thelast materialis said to be samewith high class ink stick for art of
ca11igraphy).The powder is packed withthin ce11ulose paper,which is twisted intoa thin string as incense.After firing at thebottom o f the string, combustion of
packing paper is seen to start.Terada
described sparkler combustion processes
from startto end as four stages(Terada
1927):The first stage is great flickering
flames o f a packing paper combustion aspeony petals;the second one is meltingof gunpowder due to heat of the paper
combustion, formation of a quietly
bubbling fireba11 of molten powder
fo11owed by emitting of sparks as pineneedles; the third one is weakened
hanging sparks with a partia11y parabolic
orbit as a weeping willow;the fourth
one is veryweak,short,and thin sparks
from the fireba11diminishing smaller as

報
識
︒ 報 議
一

一

2
0

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S2007Let's Learn the Universe andRadiation using Sparklers Science
Fair AomoriArena October
10: Atatani M and Inomata Y 2 0 0 8
Learning of Natura1 Radiation
through Nuclear Phenomena in theuniverse ne M加sfrys Summer
Schoo1 f(or E g g s of Scientists an d
E nglneers
Nationa1
Women's
Education Center Musashi Ranzan
Augustsparklers by Terada is so beautifulthat
we may go back to a juvenile mind,
because we a11have experiences andreminiscences on the sparkler playing insummer evening or night with family or
friends. Terada himself wrote thatwhenever his mother and he played
sparklers,she had enjoyed expressing at
the stage of the weak short sparks as
scattering chrysanthemum petals!
Recently Prof.Dr.Yamana(Yamana
2008)talked about big ba11skyrocket offireworks,sparklers,and firefly blinking
orflickering as what correspond to kindsof radiations and counting rates ofradiation sources. In Japan men of
fireworks express their works as stars(Yoshida et a1 2007). This fact has
symbolica1 meaning in history ofsciences.Gamov has told that his big ban
theoryhad been stimulated by the firstexp1osion with mushroom shaped c1oudin the first plutonium bomb experiment
in N e v a d a . A fireba11,irrelative to besma11 or big, seems to leads us anessentialrecognition.So,this m o d e l i seasily expanded to the s u n ( a l s o star,
which is fireba11of nuclearfusion ofhydrogen into helium,and the supemova,
which seems to us a s l i k e as cosmic
firework(Aratani2003,Agawa2007)inpractice.

The fireba11above described seems togive us intuitively an image(P03 0 6 ) o f
energetic condensed mass emanatingenergies,and plays an important role as avisualmode1of excited nucleus emitting
radiations.Although neither nuclei norradiations are to be seen by our eyes,
both the fireba11and the sparks due tosparklers are seen we11by our eyes,evenin case of children in Kindergartens(P01 02).Both children and adult(theirparents)have in mind a clear image of
nucleus aslike as the fireba11. I n case ofrather the highly educated,this modelis
to be able tolead them f a r f r o m the earthor Japan and to bring them tolimit ofthe
universe. I n other words,the present
modelis able to elevate us to height ofuniversality in recognition, and evenmake us go farther across the right(energy for d a i l y l i f e ) a n d the wrong(bombs).In some big events of sciencesome house wives have confessed that
her image on nuclei and radiations had
drastica11y changed (P05 10) after
observation of sparklers and fo11owing
radiation measurements. They feelthat
nuclei and radiations in theuniverse may
be so beautifulas the fireba11and thesparks from the sparkler. This resultmeans that they have recognized nuclei
and radiations free from i11feeling they
have had held before without reason.

-

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-

5. Conclusion
Neither nuclei nor radiations are seen by
our eyes.But,the fireba11and the sparks
ofsparklers are we11seen by our eyes. So,
the fireba11and the sparks off e, r visua1
mode1of nucleus at excited states andradiations being emitted there. It is
concluded that sparklersare powerfu1
t o o l f o r radiation education of entire
beginners who have not been given any
kind of fundamenta1 knowledge on
nuclei and radiations in their schoo1
times. They may have an intuitive image
on nuclei and radiation through thebeautifulprocesses of sparkler co-

4. Discussion
The description of the four stages of

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3 94

Education A n nualReport of Societyof Japanese W:omen Scientists4
知atani M2006the Societyof Japanese
Women Scientists NEWS N o 1 0 0 5
知atani M,0sanai Y,Tsushima K 2 0 0 6
Science Education in Life1ong
Education2ibid29 45
知atani M , 0 s a n a i Y2006Miracu1ous
Science Experiment Class, Life1ong
Learning Fair SocialEducation Center
Aomori知atani M,0sanai Y,Tsushima K 2 0 0 7
Radiation Education using sparklers
Proceedings of the 51stua1
meeting of Radiochemistry, theSociety of Japanese Radiochemica1
Sciences,Shizuoka
Agawa H 2 0 0 7 L i v e s o f Stars Bungei
Sh可u7
Terada T 1927 Essay Co11ections 2
Sparkler Iwanami Edited by Komiya T
Yamana H 2008 Environmenta1 andEnergy in Future and Recycling
Factoryof Spent Nuclear FuelThe16th Pacific Basin Nuclear Conference
Cultura1 Exchange Program, Open
Lecture for Citizens Aomori
Yoshida T et a12007Introduction toFire works Research Pleiades Press

Acknowledgements
The author expresses her thanks to
Late Dr Y Osanai for her sincere interestin sparklers, and for her winning of
Inspiration Laboratory Agilent 2007
Prize.The author expresses her thanks to
Mr Konishi, Director of Agilent
Techno1ogy Co Ltd for his appreciationof our idea and activities for science
Education using sparklers.The author
also her thanks to Ms K Tsushima for her
suggestion of utilizing a tea storage box
as a safety chamber for sparkler
demonstration because of its innersurface made of a zinc sheet.

-˜

References
Aratani M,0sanai Y,Tsushima K 2 0 0 4
Periodic Table as a powerfultoolfor
Radiation Education Proceedings of
the Third IntemationalSymposium on
Radiation Education Nagasaki
知atani M 2 0 0 3 C a u g h t Neutrinos at
the Kamioka Mine Institute ofEnvironmenta1 Sciences Mini
Encyc1opedia83 Photograph of theSupemova1987A
Aratani M and Osanai y Tsushima K
2003Science Education in Life1ong

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3 95

Newly established Aomori Branch of Radiation Education Forum:case report on radiation education implementation for thelocal
residents byAomori Branch
Sumiko Sasagawa
NP〇RadiationEducation Forum----S h imokubo 1 3 6 C,Misa w a , A omori P refeecture 033 0 02 3 , J a pan
Background a n d introduction

Many kinds ofnuclear industryfacilities are1ocated in the districts,e.g.
Rokkasho mura,Higashidori mura,Mutsu shi,0oma machi,etc. throughout the
Shimokita Peninsula inAomori Prefecture, Japan.In Rokkasho mura nuclearfue1
cycle facilities have been constructed on the comnercialbasis and alarge scale
processing facilityis now on the finalstage oftest run before the commencement ofoperation in due time.In Higashidori mura a nuclear power plant ofTohoku ElectricPower Co.Ltd. is in operation and generating electricityof 1 . 1 G W h . I n Mutsu shi
the project to construct an interim storage facilitystoring spent fuelis in progress
by Recyclable FuelStorage Co.Ltd.In Ooma machi,construction o f a n advanced
boiling water reactor(ABWR)which uses mixed oxide nuclearfuelis now under way
These situations around the Shimokita Peninsula area,thus,have enhanced the need to

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--

provide precise and up to dateknowledge and information relating to nuclear andradiation safetyto a11people including1ocalresidents,1ocaladministrative bodies,
operators ofthe plants as we11as consultative specialists.
,

Radiation Education Forum(REF)has recognized a new role to meet such asituation and decided to establish its branch inAomori(Aomori Branch,REF A B ) i n-

F Y 2 0 0 7 i n order to eff el ctively assign its manpower and experiences to socialand1ife1ong education as we11as schooleducation in which REF has been entirely
concerned so far. The mission ofREF A B is,therefore,to comnunicate with the1oca1-

residents,and to help them feelat ease where nuclearand radiation safetybecomes ofconcern,taking fu11y into account the interests and anxietyoccurring in their minds.

--

REF A B has been organizing seminars(REF AB seminar)near the sites as aneff e, ctive means to facilitate information exchange with the1ocalresidents.
I n this paper,we are introducing the experience ofREF AB in the first year
when we started our activities.
Results and discussions--

The firstREF A B seminar was held at14 July in Rokkasho as Commemorative

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3 96

seminar with a theme Harmony of Nuclear Energy,Radiation and Music . The

seminar was opened by a musicalperformance o f a trio ofpiano,koto which is aJapanese traditionalmusic instrument,and ce11o,fo11owed by a keynotelecture by Dr.
Tatsuo Matsuura,Secretary genera1ofREF and a specia11ecture by Dr.AkitoArima,-

President ofREF.The reason why the musicalperformance was set up in the opening
ofthe seminar was to create an atmosphere which a11the participants could feelat

ease and spend pleasant time,as ifthey were in a caf e.
The second REF A B seminar was held at10 November,in Rokkasho,with a

-

theme

Radon spa,its components and health eff el cts ,to which Dr. KimikoHoriuchi,a board member ofREF,was invited to present a specia11ecture.The

seminar also included an experimentalsection in which a11the participants could
handle usualradiation measuring instruments and carry out measurements ofradiation
surrounding them.
At each seminar,REF A B carried out an inquiryto the participants by asking tofi11a questionnaire on what issues to be focused in the discussion at the seminar andon how to be organized the seminar.From analysis ofanswersREF A B recognized
the necessityto organize an occasion where any stakeholder can easily meet andexchange each other information on what the problem is.REF AB also recognized thenecessityto organize sma11meetingslike so ca11ed science cafe where everyone canparticipate in the discussion not only on the scientific issues conceming nuclear
energy and radiation eff el cts but also on the culturaland socialsciences,including art,
music andliterature as he or she participates in a chatting on his or her ordinarylife.

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3 97

-

Newly established Aomori Branch of Radiation Education Forum:case report on implementation ofradiation education for the1ocal
residents by Aomori Branch
Sumiko Sasagawa

,

-

---

NP〇RadiationEducat1o1 For1 m. Shimok! lbo 1l 3 6 C, Misal lv a A o mor l P ref iecture 033 0 023, Japan

Abstract-

Radiation Education Forum Aomori Branch(REF A B ) w a s established with a mission to communicate with the1ocal
residents,and to help them feelat ease taking fu11y into account interests and anxiety occurring in their minds where issues on
nuclear and radiation safety become ofconcem . In the fi rst year ofFY2007,REF AB organized two seminars near the sites as
an effective means to facilitate information exchange with thelocalresidents and carried out an inquiryto the participants byasking to fi11a questionnaire on what issues to be focused in the discussion at the seminar and on how to organize the seminar.
Analysis ofthe answers suggested that it was necessaryto organize an occasion where any stakeholder could easily meet andexchange each other information on what the problem is. REF AB also recognized the necessityto organize smallmeetings
1ike so ca11ed science cafl1 where everyone could participate in the discussion not only on the scient面c issues conceming
nuclear energy and radiation effects but also on the culturaland socialsciences,includingart,music andliteratureashe or she
participates in a chatting on his orher ordinarylife.

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・

keywords radiation education.lifelong education.1ocalresidents,nuclear safetyRokkasho

Introduction---

Many kinds of nuclear industryfaci iities arelocatedin the districts,e.g.Rokkasho mura,Higashidori
mura, Mutsu shi, Ooma machi, throughout the
Shimokita Peninsula in Aomori Prefecture, Japan(Sasagawa2007).In Rokkasho mura nuclear fJLe1
cycle facilities have been constructed on thecommercia1 basis and a large scale spent ?e1
reprocessing facilityis now on the finalstage oftest
run before the commencement of operation in duetime.In Higashidori mura a nuclear power plant of
Tohoku Electric Power Co.Ltd.is in operation andgenerating electricityof l . l G W h . I n Mutsu shi theproject to construct an interim storage facility storing
spentfuelis in progress by Recyclable FuelStorage

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-

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Co. Ltd . I n Ooma machi construction of a nuclear
power plant with an advanced boiling water reactor(ABWR)which uses mixed oxide nuclear fue l i s now
under way . These situations around the Shimokita
Peninsula area,thus,have enhanced the need toprovide precise and up to date knowledge andinformation relating to nuclear and radiation safetyto
all people including 1ocal residents, 1oca1
administrative bodies,operators ofthe plants as wel1
as consultative specialists(Sasagawa2007).
Radiation Education Forum ( R E F ) h a s recognized a
new role to meet such a situation and decided toestablish its branch in Aomori(Aomori Branch,REF
A B ) i n F Y 2 0 0 7 i n order to effectively assign its
manpower and experiences to socialandlife1ong
education as wellas schooleducation in which REF
has been entirely concemed so far(Sasagawa2006).
The mission of REF A B is, therefore, to

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3 98

them .

and carry out measurements of radiation surrounding

communicate with the1ocalresidents,and to help
them feelat ease where nuclear and radiation safety
becomes of concem, taking ? l l y into accountinterests and anxietyoccurring in their minds. REF
A B started its activityby organizing seminars(REF
ABseminar)near the sites as an effective means tofacilitate information exchange with the 1oca1
residents.
In this paper, the author is introducing theexperience of REF A B in the first year.

--

2. 4 A nalysisof q uestionnaire
At each seminar,REF AB carried out an inquiryto
the participants by asking to fi1 l a questionnaire onwhat issues to be focused in the discussion at theseminar and on how to organize the seminar.The
response rate through two seminars was around60%,
i.e ., 2 2 o u t of 45participants replied at the first
seminar,whereas20 out of25participants replied at
the second seminar.There were a1ot of informative
findings which would help us to pursue our activities
more effectively, especia11y on the measures for
notifying our plann ing and program and groups ofresidents to be noti fied. It is not so easy in generalto
attract interests ofthe1ocalresidents to the issues on
nuclear and radiation safety, which is rather
complicated to understand and far fiom their ordinary
lives.It would be important,therefore,toknow how
the participants got information on the REF A B
seminars and who intended to attend them.
According to the result of questionnaire,source of
information about the seminar for the participants
was mainly handbi1lwhich REF AB printed anddistributed and word of mouth(Fig. l ) . The seminars
were noti fied through three commercialnewspapers
and one vi11age paper Koho Rokkasho printed anddistributed by Rokkasho Vi11age 〇ffice,but these
papers seem not to have been much effective . Thismeans that face to face communication is a key
measure to inform the activities of the private sector
organizationlike REF to the1ocalresidents.As amatter of course,widely distributed papers may be
usefu1l, judging from the fact that participants camenot only ? o m Rokkasho mura but also fromneighboring cities including Misawa,Towada,0irase,and districts al1 over Aomori Prefecture.
The age of participants in two seminars ranged
from30s to70s and over.However,the elderly older
than50s had the maJority than younger generations(Fig . 2),and the number ofwomen was almost twice
as many as that of men.This meant that participantsof the seminars were occupied by elderly women
rather than younger men . Infuture REF AB seminar,
it wi11be anticipated that younger men and women as
wellas the elderly are encouraged to join and deve1op
the scienti ficliteracy .

--2. 〇utline and Activities of R E F A B in the First
Year

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2. f . 〇rgamzat1onがdomori i r a n c h
REF A B is composed of a chief,a secretariat
genera1,and severalstaff REF A B is also composedof voluntarymembers and1ocalsupporters who join
the seminars and share partly monetaryfunds for theactivities of REF A B.

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2.2. First R E F AB sem inar
The first REF A B seminar(Radiation Education
Forum Aomori Branch2007 1)was held at14 July in
Rokkasho mura as a commemorative seminar with atheme Harmony of Nuclear Energy,Radiation andMusic . The seminar was opened by a musica1
performance o f a t r i o of piano,koto which is aJapanesetraditionalmusic instrument, and cel1o,
fol1owed by a keynote lecture by Dr. Tatsuo
Matsuura,Secretary genera1of REF and a specia1
1ecture by Dr.AkitoArima,President of REF.The
reason why the musicalperformance was set up in
the opening of the seminar was to create an
atmosphere which allthe participants could feelat
ease and spend pleasant time as ifthey were in a caf e.

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2.3. Seco n d R E F AB seminar
The second REF AB seminar(Radiation Education
Forum Aomori Branch2007 2 ) w a s held at 10
November,in Rokkasho mura,with a theme Radon
Spa,its Components and Health Effects ,to which
Dr. Kimiko Horiuchi,a board member of REF,wasinvited to present a speciallecture. The seminar also
included an study class in which allthe participants
could handle usualradiation measuring instruments

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3 99

The speakers were outstanding in the field ofconcem and we1lknown to the generalpublic in
Japan,therefore,the participants were pleased withsucn an occation and discussion set up after each
1ecture.
Furthermore,fiom analysis of answers,REF A B
recognized the necessityto organize an occasion
where any stakeholder could easily meet andexchange each other information on what the
problem w a s . I n this context,the REF AB felt theefficiency and efficacy of sma1lmeetingslike so
ca1led science caf e (Watanabe 2005) where
everyone could participate in the discussion not only
on the scientific issues conceming nuclear energy andradiation effects for instance but also on the cultura1and socia1 sciences, including art, music andliterature as he or she participated in a chatting on his
or her ordinarylife(Sasagawa2002,Sasagawa2004,
Sasagawa and Matsuura2007).And the analysis ofquestionnaire showed that a musicalperformance o f atrio of piano,koto,and ce1lo at the opening of thefirst seminar was willingly accepted by a l l t h eparticipants.

50

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40

-

10
0

40s

30s

50s

60s

70s+

Noa nswer

Age
Fig.2.Dis tlibutionofages ofthe participants

Acknowledgements-

The author wouldlike to appreciate a11the staff
and a1lthe participants to seminars ofREF AB.
References

Sasagawa S 2 0 0 2 A storyof the NobelPrize:atria1of scienceliteracy for citizens Ann S oc Japl)
Wome n S c1 3 5 6 6 0 ( i n Japanese)
Sasagawa S 2 0 0 4 H o w public relations can bind
nuclearsafetyand peoples'anxiety Radiatio!
Educatio t 8 3 1 8 ( i n Japanese)
Watanabe M 2 0 0 5 H o w can we plan science andtechnology communication: from one way
communication to two way communication
S c ience & Techno1lo?J'ourna1 N o . 4 2 0 1 ( i nJapanese)
Sasagawa S2007Report of FY2007activities of
Aomori Branch of Radiation Education Forum
Radiatto n E d ucation 1141 52(in Japanese)
Sasagawa S 2006 Toward establishing Aomori
Branch Radiation Education Forum Nlewsletter
N o . 3 4 p.6(in Japanese)
Sasagawa S,Matsuura T 2 0 0 7 F Y 2 0 0 7 r e p o r t of
Aomori Branch of Radiation Education Forum
Proceedings ? 44th A m u a 1 M e eting on
R a d o sofope andKad1ationResearch T o り o 4
6 July2007p.127(in Japanese)

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0
8
%
0
6

,

%
0
4

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%
0
2
%
0

Fi l・s t seminar■Handllill
画Koho Rokkasho
口 N o a nswer

,

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Second seminar

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國 Wold of mouth

国 Newspape rs

Fig.1.Sou ree of info rmation ofseminar

,

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3 100

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-

Radiation Education Forum Aomori Branch(ed)2007 1 Harmony ofNuclearEnergy,Radiationand Music Proceed i n g s of first seminar ofRadi,atio n Educatio n F o r u m A omori Branch
Rokkasho mura14 July2007(in Japanese)
Radiation Education Forum Aomori Branch(ed)2007 2 Radon Spa,itsComponents and Health
Efliects Proceedings of second seminar of
R a diation Education Forum Aomo r i Branch
Rokkasho mura10 November2007(in Japanese)

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Proposalfor active use of 68Ge 68Ga milking generator in
education ofvarious categories
T. Nozaki,,

HonorarySclent 1s t of R IKEN a n d Retired P ・of iesso ・ of Kitasato Unlve1・ sity,Japan

---

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、

,

Hom e addreM 4 2 .1l 1 0 5 H ig ashinaruse , 1seha ・a, Kanaga va 2 59 1117, J a p a n-

Milking generator of 6 8Ge 68Ga can be regarded as highly usefulfor education of various categories,offering by actual
experiments experiences of the handling of radiation and radioactivityas we11as someknowledge about the nature itself The
measurement ofdecay cu rv e over severalhalf lives,the most basic experiment in radiation education,is thought to be highly
instructive for students ofhigh schools and universities of al1 fields and adults of a1loccupations,arousing notable interest in
the exponentialdecrease . This experiment can be meaningfulenough for economists and politicians,to whom thoroughunderstanding of exponentialfunction is now indispensable. The cow and daughter of this generator both are of nuclear
properties wellsuitable for the education use. The fol1owing experiments with relatedlectures and exercises are probablyinteresting and impressive for science oriented students:(1)observation of approach to radiochemicalequilibrium;(2)distribution measurement of positron emitters;(3)preparation of 68Ga labeled compounds and their tracer use.For wide
education use ofthe generator,organizations should be founded for producing and keepinglarge numbers ofthe generator andfor supplying them to users preferably under rentalsystem .

-

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Keywo d s: 6 3Ge 6 8Ga milking generator;education;decay measurement;exponentialfunction;distribution measurement;positron emitters

Introduction

Main characteristics and use of

Table1.

radioisotopes
Radionuclides have existed on the earth since its
birth,and now their unique properties provide us withinform ation valuable for the elucidation ofthe nature
itselfas we1las various means widely usefulin ourmodem life, as shown in Table 1. The author
believes that radionuclides can be used effectively
also for the education of students and adults ofalmost a11situations to give vivid experiences ofactual observation ofnaturalphenomena,although
R a d iation Educa tion now means usua1ly the teachingon radiation and radioactivity themselves .
Particularly important and effective would be thedecay curve measurement for the teaching on the
exponentia1 change, which should have beenthoroughly understood by politicians and economists
before the present world wide economicalcrisis.

̲̲ ̲ - ̲ ̲ ̲

Use

1.Decay properties:
Age determination,dating
Exponentialdecay
Education ofexponentia1
independent ofchemical ?nction and reaction,、・ , A, o,ni・v,;, i 、,, i i ・, l lj

l ・lo o

)し

r

l

l

し

l

l

o

t,;

l , l

、・; 。
o

i 」 ,t l し j

2. Behavior identicalRadiotracerstudies of、ario,,i ki nds
wit
i h stable i s,r、tooes
3.Emission of radiations: Radiation source for-reactions ofradiation
Capabilityof highsensitivitydetermination chemistryand bio1ogy
1ocalization;and non
Elementalanalysis
destructive.continuous Gauging source、a gno・, ,,・ an cl lh

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-

Corresponding author:Te1:+8l 463 92 3 l 3 6

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3 102

,

,

- - --

fax:+8l 463 92 3 l 3 6 ; e mai1:nozatadism11li) niftv .com

Milking generatorsare regarded as the bestsource of radioactivityfor these u s e s . 0 f them,the68Ge 68Ga generator can be expected to be the mostsuitable.In the education of science oriented students,
this generator can offer a variety of uniquelyinteresting subjects of experiment.

--

Table2. Nuclear properties of 68Ge and 68Ga

.NuclideHalf 1 fe
Decay mode

69 Ce
288d
EC(100%)Gamma - rav

none

-i

-

used.The 68Ga was elutedfrom this generator withdilute hydrochloric acid .

'8Ca
.
68.1m
.
β+ ( 9 0 % ) , 1 . 8 9 M e V
EC(10%)
1 .08MeV ( 1 % ); etc?

Based on experiences ofresearch on the
production of radionuclides andlabeled compounds
i n RIKEN, Japan,and of the education bylecturesand experments in radiochemistryand related fields
in Kitasato University, Waseda University andRadioisotope Schoo1, JAERI, Japan,the author has
looked for subjects of experiments welladoptable inuniversitycurricula to provide students with vivid
impressions effective for understandingfundamenta1
principles in naturaland socialphenomena.Lecturesand exercises related to the experiments have also
been considered.
Some candidate experiments were tested in the
Schoo1of Hygienic Sciences,Kitasato Universityby
the use of its facilities and instruments forundergraduate experiments.As the radiation detector,
2 x 2 N a I scintillators were mostly used undersuitable shielding or collimation withlead blocks,
often with single channelpulse height selectors.Two
scinti1lators operated in coincidence were used for thedetermination of 68Ga positron activity . Some otherdetectors were also used for comparison.A11reagentswere ofreagent grade and used without purification.
Milking generators were selected underconsideration of the half 1ife for the cow anddaughter,usefulness,accessibility,and various otherfactors. An aged 68Ge 68Ga generator made as
calibration source was offered fi o m a hospitaland

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、

3 2. Miiking a n d dec? c u r,e m easure m ent
First of a1l,the milking propertyof the given
generator should be known by receiving the milking
eluate in sma11fractions and measuring 68Ga activity
in eachfraction to give the elution curve.For themeasurement of decay,the fo11owing procedure isthought to be suitable:(1)Elute 68Ga at oncefrom thegenerator,and divide the eluate infractions eachcontaining (1˜1 0 ) x 1 04 cpm of 68Ga in dishes orvials for counting; (2)Measure the radioactivity
frequently for thefirstlhour and then with intervals
conveniently selected,or continuously by the use ofa recorder for 12hours or more; (3)After thesubtraction of background,draw the decay curve onsemi 1ogarithmic papers;(4)0btain the half 1ife andthe decay constant of 68Ga,and,discuss on possible
uncertaintyin the result..
This experment,coupled with suitable exercise
problems,is thought to be highly effective for theunderstanding of exponentia1 and 1ogarithmic
functions,particularly for those who are not directly
related with science and technology . Before theadvent of electronic calculators, many people
unconsciously became acquainted with theexponentialchange by the use of slide rule and in theplay of mahjong. T h e author guesses with great
regret: If scientist had taught the property of

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1 1. Usefulness of the generator
The nuclear properties in Table2together withsome expermenta1 results proved the 68Ge 68Ga
generator to be more suitable than the fo1lowing
generators often used forthe education ofundergraduate students: l37Cs(30.2y) - 1 3 7 mBa(2.55m), 9oSr(28.8 y ) - 9oY(64.1 h), l 4oBa(12.8 d ) l 4oLa(40.2h),and 99Mo(66.0 h) - 9 9 m Tc(6.02h).Half
1ives of 68Ge and 68Ga are highly suitable for cow anddaughter,respectively, a n d 68Ga can be measured
easily and reliably by many kinds of comnon
detectors in the presence of 68Ge. Also, someinteresting radiotracer experiments are found by theuse of 68Ga,as shownlater in this article..
l.

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2.Materials a n d Methods-

3.Results

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3 103

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exponentialfunction to politicians and economists
who continue to regard exponentia1 economic
expansion as profitable or even indispensable,thepresent world financialcrisis would have been inmuch mitigated form . S o m e comments after theexperiment,however,would be necessaryon the factthat Radionuclides are always decaying, butborrowed money is ever growing due to the interest,
both exponentia11y .
The fol1owing are examples ofexercise problems(1) How many hours does it take for 68Ga
radioactivityto decrease to1/10 and1/1000?0btainfrom your experimentalresult and by calculationfrom the half life of 6 8 . l m i n . .
( 2 ) ( a ) H o w much is the decrease of radioactivityin
1/10 half 1ife?,and(b)How many half 1ives does ittake forthe radionuclide to decay to1/1000? You
had better to remember the 加o results inapproximate values of 7 % and 10 half lives,
respectively,for mentalarithmetic.
(4) Half life of l l C i s 2 0 . 4 m i n , a n d thus its
radioactivitydecreases a b o u t 3 . 5 % i n everyminute.
The entire production and consumption in the world,on the other hand,were growing about3.5%per year
just before the fiinancialcrisis.Calculate by menta1
arithnetic how many tim es the world economy
would expand i n 2 0 , 4 0 , 6 0 and100 years,ifthe
expansion rate would remain constant at thisleve1.
How many years,do you think,the nature could
withstand such an expansion of economy?
( 5 ) W h o noticed as early as in1798that population
would increase exponentia1ly but food production
onlylinearly,to result in starvation age?Similar
notice is now imposed on the human societyin
modemized and more urgent form (Brown and Kane(A)The obtained decay curve is a beautifulexample
to depict the first order reaction in the study ofchemicalkinetics.
( B ) Growth of 68Ga radioactivityafter milking canbe observed easily by the measurement ofannihilation radiation from the cow. It is highly
instructive to examine the fitting of the observed
growth curve with the curve obtainedfrom thedifferentialequations. It should be remembered in
the curve fitting that 68Ga cannot be eluted
quantitatively in each milking .
(C)Coincidence measurement of thelocation ofpoint source positron emitters is effective forunderstanding the principle of PET (positronemission tomography). For the preparation of
positron source,the eluate containing10 50 kBq 68Ge
is evaporated close to dryness and absorbed in a
micro bal1of filter paper(less t h a n 3 m m diameter),which is then covered with thick aluminum foils forthe annihilation of positron. Two scinti11ators
shielded bylead plates with beam entrance holes(1cm diameter)are carefu11y placed face to face,with
one straightline passing through the centers of bothholes. The radiation source is placed at various
positions on and near the straightline,and count rateof annihilation radiation from the source wasmeasured by t h e t w o detectors operated both incoincidence and as individualdetectors.
The result is then examined to indicate adramatica1ly sharpchange of positionalsensitivityinthe coincidence counting of positron emitters.It is
now the opportunityto give alecture on PET,
preferably showing realimages for medicaldiagnosis.
(D) In nuclearmedicine 67Ga(78.3 h , E C ) i n various
chemicalforms has been used widely(Weiner and
Thukur2003),and 68Ga has recently been actively
studied as PET radiopharmaceuticals, as can be
consulted,e.g. , i n Google,Intemet.In spite of theshortlife, 68Ga is usefulin the study of coordination
chemistryas we1las plant physio1ogy .
( E ) B y simultaneous use oftwo isotopictracers,theresident time (tumover time) together with the
distribution pattem can be measured for this element
or its compounds in various parts of the sample(Nozaki and Saito1955). For this use, 67Ga 68Ga isthought to be a suitable pair. Although somewhat
highlevelknowledge,experiences and techniques

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1994).

(6)Aging is inevitable for a11animals and plants,but
radionuclide wi11decay away suddenly without aging .
What is the reason of this difference?In measuring
radioactivity,we can only observe the decay of
individualatoms occurring independently with one
another;but anylife phenomenon takes place as theresult of co1lective change of huge numbers ofconstituent atoms in various parts ofbody working incorrelation with one another.)-

3-3. Exper im ents a n d ex:erclses fto r sc ience-o r iented
students-

3 l04

1305.

Radionuclides can be utiiized as highly
effective tools for the education of large varieties ofpeople to give interest in undertaking experiments bythemselves and someknowledge on prope rties,rules
a n d l a w s in naturaland socialphenomena. As thesource of radionuclides in this use, milking
generators are almost always the most suitable,and
the 68Ge 68Ga generator is now probably ofthe widest
utility.Various kinds ofexperiments can be preparedby the use of this generator for individualcategories
of people. Decay curve measurement with related
exercises is guessed to be highly instructive to almost
a11categories ofpeople,and to be pa rticularly usefu1
for teaching the exponentialfunction to non scientificspecialists. These educations with experimental
practice can be expected also to give some feeling of
intimacy with radioactivityto many attendants. T h i s
wi11deepen people's understanding of science andtechnology in related fields,to result in the activationof these fields.For realizing wide education use,
efforts should now be made also in some nonscient面c works.

would be required for such uses of 68Ga,students andinstructors are encouraged to trysuch a measurement.
4 . Discussion-

Although many Japanese people are nervous in
the use of radioactivityin our every d a y l i f e , a s isoften called'radiation altergy ' , P E T is exceptiona11y
welcomed and prosperous in Japan as we11as someother O rientalcountries at present.This is anotherprofitable reason for the education use of 68G 68Ga
generator.
Many universities in Japan have withdrawn
experiments using radionuclidesfrom their education
curricula,due principally to too complicated contro1by the law (Ministry 2007) . The maximum
radioactivitypermitted to be used without t h e l a w
controlis100 kBq for both 68Ge and 68Ga existing
separately and also for 68Ge as the cow. These
activitylevels are enough or superfluous for theexperiments given above . In the experiment of'milking and decay measurement',for example,thedecay of 4 k B q 68Ga can be fo1lowed f o r 1 2 h o u r
under a suitable background shielding. Hencefrom agenerator giving60 kBq 68Ga in the first milking,15
samples of 4 k B q 68Ga are given in the first time andthen every7samples are repeatedly given w i t h 1

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Acknowledgements
The author w o u l d l i k e to express his sincere
thanks to Dr. Koji 〇gawa,Schoolof A1lied Health
Sciences,Kitasato University,for his valuable andeffective suggestions and aids.

hour intervals.

References
Brown L R and Kane H(Worldwatch Institute)1994
FullHouse W.W. Norton&Company New

For wide education use of the generator,it isnecessaryfor us to propose to the govemment theaddition of a new item to thelaw conceming thehandling of radioactivityin education. It is alsoneeded to set up an organization to produce,keep andsupply the generator preferably under a rentalsystem.
The organization should be responsible to the checkon the breakthrough of 68Ge . A cyc1otron giving
severa1 tens MeV protons is needed for the
production of 68G e , a l o n g 1ived even even nuclide,but the production efficiency is ratherlow for any
nuclear reaction. The production of such kinds ofusefulbut expensive nuclides under collaboration of〇rientalcountries can be expected to offerfruitful

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York.
Japan ministryof education,culture,sports,science,and technology2007 Law conceming prevention? o m radiation hazards due to radioisotopes Tokyo .
Nozaki T. and Saito J.1995Isotopic doubletracers
for the measurement of the bio1ogicalhalf 1ife ofan element or compound,exemplified by 125I 131 I
taken up in a seaweed Appl . radiat.isot.461299
,

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Weiner R.E. and Thukur M.L. 2003 Chemistryof
ga11ium and indium radiopharmaceuticals
in
Handbook of radiopharmaceuticals - Radiochemistry and application Ed . Welch M.J. andRedvanly C.S . John Wiley Sussex p.p.363 40

results .

-5.Conclusions

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3 105

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A new monitoring system of naturalradionuclides
on air borne dust sample combined with β一αcorrelated events
as a teaching materialfor public and student radiation literacy--〇Tetsuo Hashimoto *,Hisanobu Ishiyama**, Shigeki Itou***f

f N ilgata Universl t y ( NR I-1nstitute), 2-2-10 neraom a e-dori,* Em e ritus Pro iess o r o--N ish i ku, N i ig ata 950 205 3 , J,a pan
c ctura1 Institute of E n 1,ironmen t a l Rad iat1o n M,o nltoring, 314-1 S o , ,a,* * N i ig ata Prefe
Nishi ku Mlgata950 2144, J a p a n* * * Z C〇SM〇SLtd , 1962 Sone, Nishikan ku,M igata 959 0422 J a pan

-

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、、

、

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,

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I n front of public or educationa1 radiation 1iteracy places, an on 1ine-

demonstration of naturalradioactivities on the air borne dust samples should be
efficient for easy understanding ofradionuclides existing in nature.

-

For this purpose,a phosfich typeα一 andβ一ray radiation counter,which isdistinguishable into α一 and l3 rays combined with a ZnS(Ag) and a plastic
scinti11ation detector,respectively,was fixedjust above the dust co11ecting filter paper

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within a space in few mm.Bothα一 and l3 ray pulses from the counter were provided
to a rapid pulse intervalanalyzing(TIA)system during continuous co11ection of
air borne dust.Both pulse input times were registered into the memorybuf lfer in the
TIA system,fo11owed immediately to the data processing using a MTA(multiple

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TIA)technique . Resultant l3一αTIA spectrum(or decay curve of β一αcorrelated-

events due to interpolating short 1ived nuclide withµ slife)and changing trends of α一and β一counting rates, which can confirm preferably the natura11y occurring
radio activities,were demonstrated on a PC display with on 1ine contro11ing software,

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having time resolution inµ s scale.
Thus,three practicalvalues,includingl3一αcorrelated event rates(nαp)according to--

the TIA analysis between l3 andα一pulses,α一(na),andβ一ray counting rates(ne,)were
demonstrated on the PC display as we11as finalacquisition of rea1 data in

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exce1 format,from the present TIA measurement system.

-

A uranium deposited A1 plate(as mixture of α一 andβ一 ray emitters),a uranium-

mineralpowder specimen fixed on an adhesive tape,and a 226Ra source(asβ一source)
showed negligible contribution onβ一αcorrelated events in TIA spectrum,giving
constantα/ l3 counting ratios. I n the case of air bome dust samples,the l3一αcorrelated
events in TIA spectrum showed certainly a presence of 164µ s decay curve due to214Po,based on successive decay process of 222Rnprogenies such as 214Bi(β)→2 l 4Po

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(α:T l12=164µ s)→by passing through a short 1ife nuclide withµ s orders.

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3 106

By using three measuring values,new parameters,Rαand R ll [ e q u a l t o ( na or
n13 ) * ( nα+np)/nα13],have been introduced for rea1 time indicators of natura11y occurring
radionuclides on the air borne dust as seen in Fig . 1.Practica11y,R,,and R o values
usua1ly give respective constant ones because of constant proportion of α一and l3 counting
rates against l3一αcorrelated event rate within the 222Rnprogenies.
Otherwise,this new parameters can be utilized as a highly sensitive index forthe existence of artificialnuclides,even under the inevitable existence of 222R n

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progenies in the air borne dust sample.

The present radiation measurement system,combined with l3 一αcorrelated
events, has been proved to be usefu1 for the detection of extremely sma11
contamination withartificia1α一nuclides andβ一nuclides as we11as the preferable
demonstration of existence of natura11y occurring radionuclides in a radiationliteracy
room for generalpubic and students.Additiona11y,this rapid TIA system serves as toa remote monitoring ofartificialradionuclides from nuclear faci価es and so on.

i]
70000

一
一
一

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o 50000

ll:

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m
r
P

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;
:

i

e
n
:

0

40000

:1e

o
u

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営

a30000

0

20000

0000

31

1l1

91

121

151

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2l1

241

Co1lecting t i m e ( m i n ) o f air bome dust-

Fig . 1 Changes of parameter Ra and R b from air borne dust sample
without and with insertion ofradioactive sources

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Revivalof Radiation in the New Curriculum Guideline
for Junior High Schools in Japan
R:yuichi Tanaka

NP〇RadiationEducation Forum

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a

〇aiichzS l r a h w a 9uffdfng-

3 23 6 N i s hlshimbash1, M i nato, 103 001 3 Tokyol
Leaming of the propertyand utiiization o f radiation is required in scienceclasses in junior high schools the first time in 30 years in Japan by recent
curriculum guideline reform.This reviva1of radiation education in compulsory
education is quite significant,because the education has been in difficult situation insenior high schools under restrictions due to current system of subject selection,
co11ege entrance exam and etc.
Considerable numbers of science and engineering co11ege students are notaware of naturalradiation and radioactivity,and most students and the community
have a fear of radiation,even ifthe extremely sma11amount of it.This has a major
impact on risk perception ofnuclear energy.
It is expected that such situation w i l l b e improved on the basis o f the revised
guideline. The reviva1 of radiation education wi11 help students deve1op
comprehensive understanding ofenergy and environment issues.
The paper describes historicalbackground of radiation education in nationa1
curricula and essentialeducationalcontents for students to be acquired on thepropertyand utilization of radiation .
1. Main points of the new curriculum guideline for science in junior high schools
from the viewpoints ofenergy,nuclearpower,and radiation
Emphasis on education of energy and environments
Emphasis on energy conversion (science) and requirement of relevant
techno1ogy study(industrialarts and homemaking)
Reviva1of radiation and structure of atom and addition of
g1oba1warming in keywords to be studied(2) A n e w viewpoint sustainable society
Science: Eff el ctive use oflimited resources.Comprehensivejudgment
Socialstudies: Qualities and abilityfor active participation in public matters
Industrialarts and homemaking:The relation of techno1ogy with societyand
environments
(1)

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3 l08

2.

Historyof guidance on radiation in curriculum guidelines for junior highschools

1951

In a revised tentative guideline,aleaming target was set for study of the-properties and utilization of X rays, based on the recognition thatdeve1opment o f science has expanded visible world.
1958 The guideline was set as a minimum nationalstandard.Radiation education
was positioned in the study of atomic structure and fo11owed by next revisionin1969.It was introduced on the basis ofpeacefuluse ofnuclear power.
1977 Radiation disappeared in the curriculum guideline.
2008
Radiation reappeared in the curriculum guideline.
3.

A recommended curriculum for study of propertyand utilization of radiation
A propertyof radiation,transmission,is studied by radiation penetration

through matter,in the same way as reflection and refraction are studied as basic
properties of light.Another concept of radiation,action of radiation,is required tounderstand the fact that the detected number of penetrated radiation decreases withthickness of the matter.
It is important to understand that radiation1oses its energy in the matter by
repeated actions to the matter during transmission into the matter.Basic recognition oftransmission and actionleads students to understand the influence of radiation onhuman body and the utilization ofradiation on matters.

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A few specialeducationalschemes for the course of radiation
measurementlaboratoryin NationalTsing Hua University-

Chih Hao Lee,H.P.Chou and S.H.Jiang
Department of E ngi neering an d Syste m Sclence, N ationalTsing Hua U n iverslty,
H sinchu, na rw an.

,a

ins前ufeがMucfear ingfzeering a dScience,MafzonafTsi%g aua amversl , asfnchu,
Taiwa nA few specialdesigned schemes for the course of radiation measurementlaboratory

were introduced in past35years to educate the students major in nuclear engineeringin setting up a wholesome concept on radiation measurement.During the past years ofteaching history,the radiation measurement experimentalschemes were modified
many times to inspire the creativityofthe students and toleam the correct concepts
by making errors.A few good examples were elucidated inthe fo11owing:(1)In theexperiment of setup ofbasic nuclear electronic modules,to measure the output o f amodules using a T connector is found to be diff el rent from the voltage measured with
open1oop measurement.The studentslearn that the output voltage wi11be dropped
due to the1oading effiect or impedance mismatch. ( 2 ) I n the dead time measurement of
a G M counter using a two source method,a weakradiation source was deliberately
used resulting in a verybad statisticalerror in determining the dead time.Many
groups of students found a negative dead time after the error propagation in data
analysis.Those negative dead time measured were automatica11y deleted by students
and never reported,resulting in a biased statisticaldistribution in the error
determination. (3)To test thefunction of 1owleveldiscriminator using the output o f apulser as an input source,the instructor asked students to adjust the gain ofpulser toobtain halfofthe count. A difficultywas faced to adlj ust the gain to an exact halfof
the counting rate due to the high precision ofelectronics. 0nly the noisy electronics
can easily achieve halfcount.By counting the data many times,the standard deviation
reveals the noisy situation ofthe electronics system. (4)For the student toleam about
the P value in the counting statistics,a counting statistics on the output ofpulser was
use to show alarge P value,and the effect ofelectronic noise to show a sma11P value.
(5)To rea11y measure the right pulse shape on the osci11oscope,the triggerleveland
s1ope should be set at right position.Apulse with shape of overshot was prepared on
purpose by detuning the P/Z cance11ation for student to try. Many students can not get
the right pulse shape shown on the osci11oscope. I n order to perform this experiment,
only ana1ogy osci11oscope was used instead ofusing the verypopulardigita1
osci11oscope.(6)To teach students in understanding the right concept ofcounting

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3 l i0statistics,a group o f 30 counts experiments with each measurement10 s is conducted.
The standard deviation obtained from the counting o f 3 0 times is to compare the one

measurement with300 s. Studentsmight not know which counting scheme can get abetter counting statistics error. (7)For a neutronproportionalcounter measurement,a6oCo gamma source was put veryc1ose to the BF3 detector after calibrating by neutron

nuclearreaction peaks but found no peak for 6oCo at the position of 1.172and1.332
MeV on MCA . Can students rea11y understand why these peaks are missed?(8)To
measure the difference ofthe s1opes ofcounting rate vs.applied bias on BF 3 counterand boronlining neutron detector to understand the importance ofthe response?nction o f a detector under applied bias related to the discriminationlevels. ( 9 ) I n thealpha spectroscopy measurementtwo kinds of 241 Amalpha sources were used.0ne
ofthem is a thick 241 Amsource results in a peak shiftto the1ower energy and a poor

energy resolution. Students toleam that some problems were not due to the detector
system a11the time.(10)For the gamma ray spectroscopy,usua11y3000 V is neededon an HPGe detector. The instructor asked students to compare the responsefunctionof detector run at only300 V to see the peak broaden,peak shiftand decrease ofCompton to peak ratio for them to rea11y understand thefunction ofHPGe detector.
(11)In the HPGE measurement,the keV/channelwas obtained using calibration
sources 22Na, 6oCo and 137Cs.Then,using the calibrated kev/channelvalue to predictthe peakposition of 2 4 l Amsource. Usua11y,the measured one is different from theprediction one due to the non zero offset of MCAwhich was deliberately detuned by
the instructor. (12)In the HPGe background measurement for30 min,usua11y a few
peaks can be found.The most pronounced peakis 4oK and the intensitycan beincreased ifmany students getting together to share one detector.This is to illustratethat the maj or radiation background comes from a human being . A veryimportantradiation concept on the nature background can be set quantitatively.Another peak,
41 Ar,was frequently found when the THOR reactor was on.The intensityof 4 l Ar
usua11y is sma11er than 4oK to show the radiation safetyofthe operation of THOR.(13)
Fina11y,an X ray fluorescence(XRF)measurement was carried out using anAmptek
Si pin diode and digitalprocessor system.The studentsleam that the traditiona1ana1ogy amplifiers andADC might be obsolete in thefuture.The USB connection to a
PC might be the best data acquisition system for a great convenience . The XRF
experiment is to identify the composition o f a materia1.Usua11y,a currency coin wasused as a standard sample togetherwith atoken coin(a fake coin)measurement for
students tolearnthe forensic science.After this experiment,students are eagerly to
put their golden rings or platinum necklaces to check their genuineness.It is anexperiment of great interest for the students.

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3 l i1

The current basic nuclear education in Taiwan and su ggestions-

Yu Tzu Huang-

Dep artmen t of Bioenvironm entali Engineering Chung yiian Christian U n iversity-

The forth nuclear power plant is going to be buiit in Taiwan,and there wi11beeight nuclearreactors for operation.The densityof nuclear power plants in a sma11
area with a1ot of peoplelike Taiwan wi11be c1ose to the highest in the world.
However,when we1ook at the basic education on the nuclear energy,there is nearlyno nuclear related knowledge in the textbooks in the primaryand junior high schools
and only some information about the nuclear reactions in the senior high schools. In
Japm. on the contr町,the basic educationポ nuclear en
is wider t h m Taiw 加 ,1ti l l 1af .き ;トand they also have some experimentaldisci科 i1ite for the d e 細 o n ofnuclearradiationin the emergency case.Therefore,we strongly suggest that w e should actively
increase our basic
advantageg ) I nuc l ear power. 1n oraer io ao 者, we snoula encourage

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.

the primary, j unior high and senior high schoolteachers to,nirsiuoe 'further education.
ll'promote basic education on nuclear energy and safetytraining,and educate a11
citizens the correct knowledge and attitude ofnuclear power.

台湾即將有 四 座 核 能 發 電 廠 , 預計有 八座 機 組 可 供 運 行 , 對 地 狭 人 :稠的台灣而言,核能發電廠的密度將位居世界前幾位。檢視目前台灣的基礎核能教育,在義務教育的國小自然課和國中理イヒ課課程中,鮮少提及核能相關知識,僅高中的
物理課和化學課課程中,有教導核反應等基礎知識 。反觀鄰近國家如日本除了基
礎核能教育的授課内容比台灣廣泛之外,也有核能イ資、測 等 相 關 實 驗 的 訓 練 , 以 因
應危急時的處理。因此建議台灣也應該積極的對核能安全、核能使用 、核能的優缺 點 等 方 面 , 加 強 國 中 小 和 高 中 相 關 課 程 教 師 的 進 修 , 以 提升基礎的核能教育與

安全言y l l 練 , 進 而 建 立 全 民 對 核 能 的 正 確 觀 念 與 態 度 。

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3 1l2

The Communication a n d PersonnelTraining Programs of Taiwan's
RegulatoryAuthorityin the Field ofAtomic Energy--

Chen,Wen fang ** Semor i n g i eer&Secfion Ch l

Ang,Su hui * *f 〇りarfmentがPfamiのg,Atomic E nergyCounci1, E)cecutive Yuan**Assocla te nechnica1 Specialist Departm en t of P lanning,,
Atomlc EnergyCounci1,Execut1 1e「iian、,It is we11known that the deep fostering ofknowledge start to accumulate
since elementaryschools,and the knowledge related with radiation and nuclearsafety
is essentialfor each modem citizen. However,in our current educationalsystem,basic

radiation concepts has not been brought into the curriculum.The result is that we areunable to meet the requirements in this aspect. In order tolet the generalpublic
understand the basic knowledge of nuclear and radiation safety,Taiwan's regulatory
authorityon ionizing radiation and nuclear safety,the Atomic Energy Counci1(AEC)of the Executive Yuan,is providing the generalpublic information on atomic energy,

nuclearpower and radiation safetyvia the intemet,variousflyers,advertisements,
publications,and by holding press conferences,exhibitions,and through the media topromote our citizens'cognition on nuclearand radiation safety.

Over the past few years,severalco11eges and universities in Taiwan haveprovided courses such as Nuclear energy,Radiation,and Life''to their students andthese courses become more popularby them. I n addition,pro active approaches weremade byAEes staffsthrough visiting diff el rent cityand countyhigh schools and theirsupervising institutes of education in Kaohsiung,Pingtung and Tainan with supportsof nuclear energy and radiation related speeches,demonstration and exposition
services regarding radiation measurement to help deliver proper knowledge to highschoolteachers.The AEC has also set up a free channelnamed Radiation to you andme to provide the generalpublic inf ol r mation regarding radiation and nuclear energy
safetyfor their dailylife.
Talents of people are the foundation for knowledge based economy era.
Over the past few years,the AEC has done trainings including on the j ob training,co11aboration and exchange training courses with universities,industria1 groupplanning and science and techno1ogy academic cooperation with the NationalScience
Counci1(the AEC/NSC mutualfund)to strengthen the deve1opment of personne1
skills=o n nuclear and radiation safety.

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3 1 i3--Effect of Hydrophilic a n d Hydrophobic Monomers Gra 価ng on
Biodegradable Poly(3 hydroxybutyrate)using Irradiation

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Wen Chuan Hsieha*,Chih Pong Chang b,Yuki WadaC,Hiroshi MitomoC,Noriaki Sekod

and Masao Tamadad
Departmen t of Bio11 ogica1Science a n d Tlechno11 ogy, I-Shou U n iversity
bDepartmen t ofTle)ctile E ngineering, Chinese Culture U niverslty
Departmen t of B1o1loglca1 a n dC he mlca l E ngi neering, G u ma U niversity, J a p a n
dEnviro nm entIndustria1M,
ater i a l s Researc h D iv ision,JapanAtomic E nergyAgency, J a p a na--

The radiation induced graftpolymerization of hydrophilic [sodium pstyrene sulfonate(SSS),acrylic acid(AAc)]and hydrophobic[styrene(St),methy1
acrylate(MAAc)]monomers o n t o m i c r o b i a l p o l y ( 3 hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)
powder was performed and the characteristics of the both grafting films
obtained after remolding were compared.The grafting of various monomers onto
the PHB powder increased with reaction time.The degree ofgrafting(Xg)onto the
PHB by these various monomers fo11owed the order St,SSSMAAc andAAc.The
PHB films onto which were grafted St, SSS, MAAc and M c werecharacterized by measuring the contact angle,the adsorption of enzyme PHB
depolymerase,and biodegradability, a s we11as by diff el rentialscanning ca1orimetry.
Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers affected the contact angle of grafted
PHB fil m with S t , S S S M A A c andAAc monomers.However,the adsorption of
enzyme on the grafted PHB fil m increased with the amount of hydrophilic
monomer and degree of grafting . Consequently,the enzyme PHB depolymerase
easily approached the PHB fil m when the hydrophilic groups were graftedonto its
surface . The enzymatic degradation of grafted PHB films with hydrophilic
monomer proceeded more quickly than that ofhydrophobic monomers.

-

-

5
3

Keywords: Grafting;Biodegradable poly(3 hydroxybutyrate); Enzymatic
degradation;Irradiation.
0 5 0
3 2 2

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Time(h)Fig . 1.Relationship between reaction time and degree ofgrafiing(Xg).Monomer
concentration:(◆):100wt%St;(◇):0.5 M SSS;( ● ) : 1 0 w t % M A A c ; a n d ( o ) : 3 0
w t % A A c.

-

3 1l4

-

Effect of Hydrophilic a n d Hydrophobic Monomers Grafting on-

Biodegradable Poly(3 hydroxy butyrate)using Irradiation--- - - -- - Wen-Chuan Hsieh ,Chih-Pong Chang ,Yuki Wada ,Hiroshi Mitomo ,NSC97 2221 E 214 014,97 2815 C 214 001 E
b

*a

C

C

Noriaki Sekod and Masao Tamadad-'

aDepartment o i' Bio1ogicalScience and Tech no1ogy, I S hou Univef sit y: l Department ofcehem1calEng1neer
e En9inee「i n9:Chine
Se Cultu「e lln iyV e」apan;「 S ity;qePa「lment ofBio1o9i
C alandng,Gumna
Un1verslt
E n v1ronmentand
l nL dustr1a1
lC,

Materials Research Division, JapanAtomic EnergyAgency, Japan; * Emai1:
wenchu:lnla,isu.edu.tw

Abstract
The
radiation induced
graft
polymerization of hydrophilic [sodium
p styrene sulfonate(SSS),acrylic acid(AAc)] and hydrophobic[styrene(St),methylacrylate(MAAc)]monomers onto
microbia1
poly(3 hydroxybutyrate)(PHB)powder was performed and thecharacteristics of the both grafting films
obtained after remolding were compared.
The grafting of various monomers onto
the PHB powder increased with reaction
time. The degree of grafti n g ( X g ) o n t o
the PHB by these various monomers
fo11owed the order S t , S S S , M A A c andA A c . T h e PHB films onto which weregrafted S t , S S S M A A c a n d A A c werecharacterized by measuring the contact
angle,the adsorption of enzyme PHB
depolymerase, and biodegradability, as
we11 as by differentia1 scanning
ca1orimetry. Both hydrophobic andhydrophilic monomers af fected thecontact angle of grafted PHB fil m with St,
SSS, M AAc and M c monomers.
However,the adsorption of enzyme on
the grafted PHB fil m increased with theamount of hydrophilic monomer anddegree of grafting. Consequently, theenzyme PHB depolymerase easily
approached the PHB fil m when thehydrophilic groups were grafted onto its
surface. The enzymatic degradation ofgrafted PHB fiims with hydrophilic
monomer proceeded more quickly thanthat ofhydrophobic monomers.

-

-

-

-

-

K
ords:Grafting;Biodegradablepoly(3 hydroxybutyrate);Enzymatic-

degradation;Irradiation.

Introduction
The
microbia1
polyesters
poly(3 hydroxybutyrate) P(3HB), is abiocompatible
andbiodegradable
thermoplastic polymer that is producedby various bacteria in nature as an
intrace11ular carbon and energy source[1,2]. The degradable P(3HB) had
attracted considerable attention for its
many agricultura1,industria1,and medica1
appl cations[2].However,the brittlenessand stiff 1ness of P H B l i m i t its range ofpracticalapplications,and the enzymatic
degradabilityof PHB must be contro11ed
to enable uti ization.
Three techniques have been applied
to overcome this shortcoming of PHB.
One ofthe approaches is to biosynthesize
copolymers
that
containPoly(hydroxyalkanoate)(PHA)units. The
second is to prepare the blend polymers
of PHB and other chemicalsynthesizedpolymers. The third is radiation grafting
onto PHB. Another application ofradiation
graft polymerization isdeve1opmenta1
research
intotheseparation and refinement of proteins toseparate functiona1 materials [3] . For
environ menta1 reasons, materials arebeing deve1oped as graft adsorbents toremove toxic metals from industria1
waste waters and the harmfulconstituentsof the atmosphere[4 6].Research into
the recoveryof useful r a r e metals fromsea water and hot springs is currently
being undertaken[7]. The graft adsorbent
has been used to recover rare metals such

3 1 i5

l

-

i

i

-

as scandium (Sc), vanadium (V) andarsenic (As) from the hot springs ofKusatsu in the Gunma Prefecture.These
graft adsorbents are improved bychanging thefunctionalgroups on thegraftchains to promote the recoveryof
required metals.
This authors' research group
recently succeeded in contro11ing the
enzymatic degradabilityofPHB using theradiation graftcopolymerization method[8 12]. In an earlier work our group
described grafted hydrophilic monomers(2 hydroxyethy1 methacrylate (HEMA)[9], acryl c acid (AAc) [8] and thehydrophobic monomers, styrene (St)
[10 12]and methylmethacrylate(MMA))
onto PHB.These experiments indicatedthat while grafting PHB into thehydrophobic M M A sharply reduced its
enzymatic degradability, introducing
hydrophilic HEMA increased enzymatic
degradability[9].Accordingly,the effectof the hydrophilicity of the grafting
chains on the enzymatic degradation of
the PHB was approximately determined.
In this work,onto microbialPHB
wasgraftedvarioushydrophilic
monomers,including sodium p styrene
sulfonate(SSS)and acrylic acid(AAc),
and hydrophobic monomers, such as
styrene(St)and methylacrylate(MAAc),
usingγ一rays.The thermalproperties ofgraftedPHB
weredetermined.
Furthermore,the enzymatic degradability,
contact angle and enzymatic adsorption
ofthe grafted samples were discussed.

-

-

i

-

2

2.1Materials

Experimental

PHB was purchased from Aldrich
ChemicalCo. , L t d. (USA). PHB was
purified as fo11ows: PHB (20 g ) w a s
dissolved in ch1oroform(1000 m L ) a n dthen poured into a solvent that consistedof n hexane and methano1(2000 mL,1:1
vo1%). The precipitated PHB powder wasthen isolated by filtration and dried undervacuum.The mean particle size of theobtained PHB powder was about20µ m .
The St monomer,purchased from Kanto
ChemicalCo.,Inc., w a s used after the
inhibitor was removed at graftproceeding .
The monomers of SSS,AAc(purchasedfrom Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Co.,Ltd.)and
MAAc(purchased from Kanto Chemica1
Co., Inc.) were used without further--

purification-

2.2Radiation induced graft- -- ---

polymerization onto P H B powder
The PHB g SSS, PHB g St,
PHB g AAc,and PHB g MAAc powders
were prepared by the pre irradiation
beforeradiation induced
graft
polymerization.The PHB powder(2.0 g)
was placed on one side of an H shaped
glass an l po Ll l e that was seal cd at r c duccdpressu l e ( 1 0- L1) rr j l ,, 1l e l HB 1-as t h en
pre i 1 radi i l te( l v 1 tll ( ̲ oγ一l a s ( dose rate
= 10 kGy/ h ) a t 10 kGy in the glass
ampoule at-70 °C. Fo11owing irradiation,
the monomer(10 m1)was poured into the
opposite side of l]l e ampoule and it was
1 cscalcd and evacuated(10 3 torr).The
degree of grafii n g ( Xg ) given by the
fol owing equation[13]:

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i

Xg( % ) = ( Wg-W0 ) X 1 0 0 / W0

-

,

-

、 、
,

----------(1)where Wo and Wg are the weights of the
PHB powder before and after the graftpolymerization,respectively.
The grafting reactions ofthe St,SSS
AAc andMAAc monomers proceeded ina temperature contro11ed water bath at
60 °C for10 min,30 min a n d 3 h before
the grafted powders were imnersed in asolvent to terminate the grafting reaction
and to remove the homopolymers.The
concentration of monomer in the St was
denoted100wt%solution in this study.
The monomer concentration of the SSS
solution was adjusted to 0 . 5 M using
water as the solvent and the monomer
concentrations of t h e A A c a n d M A A csolutions were adjusted to30 a n d 1 0 w t % ,respectively, using methano1 as thesolvent.

-

2.3Thermalanalysis
The thermalproperties of the PHB
powder and fil m were investigated usinga Shimadzu DSC 50(Japan). About2mg
ofthe sample was packed in an aluminum
pan and heated from25°C to190 °C at a
rate of 10 °C/min in a 3 0 m1/min nitrogenflow.The enthalpy ofmelting(△Hm) w a s
determined by DSC from the area underthe endothermic peak. The temperature
was calibrated using highly pure benzoic
acid standards.
The△Hm value was corrected using
the weight fraction of PHB in the grafted

3 1i6

-

reaction time of three hours .

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△Hm/(△Hm)corr.=(100 Xg)/100 (2)6-

2.4Measurement of contact angle(PHB fil m )The contact angles of various
monomers on the grafted PHB films were
measured using a contact angle meter(Kyowa Scientific Co.,Ltd. ) . The contact
angles were determined using a drop of
0 .05 M NaOH solution at room
temperature.

:

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2.5Enzymatic degradation
The grafted PHB powder wasformed into a fil m by hot pressing at
190 °C.The obtained fi ms were150µ m
thick and were isotherma11y crysta11ized
a t 9 0 °C for one week before use.The
enzymatic degradation o f the irradiated
PHB films was evaluated at37°C in 0.1
M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) . PHB
depolymerase purified from Ralstonla
pickettii T1[14]was used.The irradiated
PHB films(150一µ m thick)were cut into
squares of 1 0 m m x 1 0 m m a n d thenplaced in sma11testtubes that contained
1.0 m 1 o f buffer solution. The reactions
were initiated by adding4µ g of PHB
depolymerase.The weight1oss o f the
fil m was periodica11y measured after it
was removed and washed using methano1and distilled water. In this work. theweight1oss(mg/cm2 ・ h ) w a s calculated
from the weight after48h of enzymatic
degradation.

i

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5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0
4 4 3 3 2 2 1 -samples and the foliowing equation[8,9](Corrected enthalpy of melting ( △Hm)corr).

1

2

3

4

Time(h)-Figurel:Relationship between reaction
time and degree of grafting (Xg).
monomer c o n c e n t r a t i o n : ( ▲ ) : 2 0 w t %AAc s o l u t i o n , ( o ) : 3 0 w t % A A c solution,( ● ) : 5 0 w t % A A c solution.
5
3
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3 Results and discussion
3.l G r a 価ng PHB powderwith acrylic
acid
Acrylic a c i d ( A A c ) w a s gra量ed
onto the PHB powder w i t h 2 0 w t % ( ▲ ) ,3 0 w t % ( o ) , a n d 5 0 w t % ( ● )monomer
solutions a t 1 0 KGy.Figurelp1ots therelationship between the reaction timeand degree of grafting(Xg).The Xg of
PHB increased with the reaction time on
the grafted PHB powder for eachconcentrations of monomer solution.
Moreover, the monomer concentration
af fected the degree of grafting.The Xg of
PHB increased with the monomer
concentration( ● : 5 0 w t % A A c > o : 3 0
wt%AAc > ▲:20wt%AAc)over a

1

2

3

Time(h)Figure2:Relationship between reaction
time and degree of grafting (Xg).
monomer concentration:(◆):100wt%St;( ◇ ) : 0 . 5 M S S S ; (● ) : 1 0 w t % M A A c ;a n d ( o ) : 3 0 w t % A A c.
3.2Grafting PHB powderwithhydrophobic /hydrophilic monomers
To evaluate the eff 1ect of the graftingof hydrophobic/ hydrophilic monomers
onto the PI IB po w d e r , S t ( 1 0 0 w t % ; ◆ ) ,SSS(0.5M;く>),AAc(30wt%;o),andM A A c ( 1 0 w t % ; ● )were grafied onto thePHB
powderusing
various

-

-

3 117

concentrations of the monomer solutions.
Figure2p1ots the relationship between
the reaction time and the degree ofgrafting (Xg) . The gra?ing ratios ofgrafted PHB powder to various
monomers increased with the reaction
time t o 3 h . T h e degree of grafiing(Xg)onto the PHB by these various monomers
decreased in the order S t , S S S , M A A c ,andAAc.Grafted PHB powders,suchpowders were made by hot pressing toevaluate their contact angle,adsorption of
enzyme and biodegradability.

simiiar chemica1 structures, they havedifferent hydrophilic properties.
Figure 4 p1ots the relationshipbetween Xg [PHB g AAc ( o ) &PHB g M A A c ( ● )]and weight1oss after
48 h of enzymatic degradation. The
diffierence between the enzymatic
degradability of the PHB powder towhich was grafted A A c ( P H B g AAc)
and that to which was graftedMAAc(PHB g MAAc) was examined. These
results demonstrate that the weight1ossof PHB g MAAc was1ower than that of
the PHB film,while that of PHB g AAc
was higher,in each case to an extent that
increased with the Xg ofthe samples:thedegradation of grafted PHB g AAc
polymer increased with the amount ofhydrophilic monomer (AAc) af;ergrafting, while that of grafied
PHB g MAAc polymer declined as theamount of hydrophobic monomer(MAAc)increased after grafting.Similar
results were obtained,as indicated above,
for the grafting of St and SSS monomers
onto PHB powder.

--

---

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2

0

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5

10

15

20

25

30

-

35

Degree o f g r a fting ( % )

0.25

・
,

l

0.20

N

E

Figure3:Enzymatic degradation ofPHB
and grafted PHB films against degree ofgrafting(%). (◇):PHB g SSS film;(▲):
PHB fi m;(◆):PHB g St film.

, 0.15E'- -- -

i

警°
・'°

量

i

3.3Enzymatic degradation of PHB
fil m gra価ng various monomers
The hot pressed PHB and various
grafted monomer(St,SSS,MAAc,AAc)
films were degraded using the enzyme
1 l-i B depoly m erase . Fig ure3p1ots the
1 elatlonship betwee l l Xg[PHB g St(◆)& P H B g SSS(◇)]and weight1oss after
48 h o f enzymatic degradation. The
weight 1oss of PHB g St significantly
decl ned and that of PHB g SSS
substantia11y increased as Xgincreased.
This difference between the weight1oss
characteristics of thetwo grafted films
was related to the presence or absence ofthe hydrophilic side chains on the graft
chains,indicating that the grafting of St(PHB g St)and S S S ( P H B g SSS)onto
PHB powders affected their enzymatic
degradability,althoughSt and SSS have

-

--

)

・

i

--

0.00
0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Degree of g r a f t i n g ( % )

--

--

0.05

Figure4:Enzymatic degradation of PHB
and grafted PHB films against degree ofgrafti n g ( % ) . ( o ) : P H B g AAc film;(▲):
PHB fi m ; ( ● ):PHB g MAAc fil m.

--i- -- -

4 Conclusions
The grafting ofvarious monomers to
the PHB powder increased with themonomer concentration and reaction time.
The degree of grafting(Xg)onto the PHB
by these various monomers decreased in
the order St,SSS,MAAc,andAAc.
The therma1 properties of the

--

-

3 ll8

-

2003
21
1996.
1998.
29,2005.
.

1g90.

---- -----

T.and Saito K., Nuc1.nechno1.,l44(2),274 278,2003 .
5 . Shiraishi T.,Tamada M , K. Saito andSugo T., R a d iat. Phys.C he m. , 6 6 , 4 3 47,-

PHB g St, PHB g SSS, PHB g MAAc
and PHB g AAc fiims were very similar.
A comparison of the enzymatic
degradabi ity of the pair of PHB g St and
PHB g SSS films with the pair of
PHB g MAAc and PHB g AAc films
demonstrated that the presence ofhydrophilic groups in the grafting chainsaffected the enzymatic degradability of
the grafted PHB films.
The grafted PHB fil m washydrophilic because of the grafting ofhydrophilic monomers. Therefore, theenzyme PHB depolymerase easily
approached the surface of the PHB film.
Accordingly,the enzymatic degradabilityof these grafted PHB films exceeded thatof films to which were grafted withhydrophobic monomers.

-- -- i--

References

-

-

,

6 . Seko N.,Katakai A.,Tamada M.,Sugo
T., and Yoshii F., Sep. Sci nechno1.,
39(16),3753 3767,2004 .
7.Seko N.,Tamada M.,Yoshii F., Nuc1
1nstr And M eth. 1n P h ys. Res B 236,

-

,

-

8. Mitomo H,Sasaoka T,Yoshii F,Saito T
Sen '1 (]akkaishi ( Japan), 52,623 627,,

9. Mitomo H , E n j o j i T, WlatanabeY
Yoshii F,Saito T, J M acromo1. SciA,
32,429 442,1995.

-

10.Bahari K,Mitomo H , E11]joji T,Yoshii
F,P o ly m Degrad Stab. , 6 l , 2 4 5 252,

1. Anderson, A.J., and E.A . Dawes,
Microbio1. Mo1. B i o l Rev. ,54,450 457,,

2.Doi,Y.,Microbialpolyesters.New
York,NY:VCH publishers(1990).
3.Miyoshi K.,Saito K.,Shiraishi T. , a n d
Sugo T., J. M embrane Scz., 264,
97 103,2005.
4 . S e k o N.,Katakai A.,Hasegawa S.,
Tamada M.,Kasai N.,Takeda H. , S u g o

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,

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11 . Bahari K . , M i t o m o H., EnJoji T.,
Hasegawa S.,Yoshii F., D ie A ngew.
Makromo1l.C he m ,250,31 44,1997.
12.Cakmakli B,Hazer B,Borcakli M ,Macromo l B1osc1., 1,348 354,2001 .
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Sugo,T.,Kume,T., J . I o n Exchange,
14,209 212,2003.
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Macromo1.,15,215 1993 .

-

-

-

,

,

-

,

3 l19

,

,

,

,

-

Rapid Deployment of Monte Carlo simulation system
by Diskless Remote Boot in Linux-

Yan Lin Liu, Jay Wu

Departmen l of Radio1ogica1 techno1ogyCentra1l naiwan U n iversityof S,c ience a n dnechno1ogy.

Monte Car1o simulation is a usualiy used as a golden standard for analyzing
radiation doses in medicalphysics.This technique solves complex problems by astochastic way to improve the accuracy ofresults,but it requires1onger processing
time. Through the use ofhigh performance computing clusters,we can improve theoperation efficiency.However,clusters cannot be applied for other purposes.In thisstudy,we insta11ed the Diskless Remote Boot in Linux(DRBL)and Linux 0 S on theexperiment environment containing one server and50 non hard disk computing nodes
Without affecting the intemalsystem,DRBL can provide the services ofthe Dynamic
Host Configuration ProtocolServer(DHCP),TrivialFile Transfer Protocolserver(TFTP),Network File System(NFS),and Network Information Service(NIS).

--

Through the Intemet,the simplified Linux 0 S was transferred to each computing
node as we11as the MCNP4C(Monte Car1o N Particle Transport Code Vlersion4C)-

simulation program. Through the Para11elVirtualMachine(PVM),the efficiency of
the Monte Car1o simulation can be raised and the clusters can be extensive uses.We
conclude that The DRBL a11ows Monte Car1o simulations to be used broadly on the
research and on the radio1ogy education.

-

3 120

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E mai :service@feynman. com.tw
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'* 操作人員十八小時取代輻安證書訓練'illF: 企業或 E 療院所内部定期輻防教育訓練服務
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寄 直線加速器輻射安全評估/光子及中子滲漏輻射量測,ii,: 放射性物質生産設施規i!l /評估/輻射量測
寄 放射性物質作業場所輻射安全評估/輻射防護偵測
寄 放射性物質運送有關 之輻射防護及偵測*輻射防護設備/輻射偵検儀器採購諮詢服務/校正代送服務

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