Chapter 1: Introduction

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

1.1

Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

Authors
Bofeng Cai (China) and Deborah A. Ottinger (USA)

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2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 1: Introduction

Contents
1

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1.5
1.1

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1.5

1.2

General and cross-cutting issues ......................................................................................................... 1.8

1.2.1

Definition of industrial process, fuel combustion and fuel transformation emissions.................... 1.8

1.2.2

Capture and abatement ................................................................................................................... 1.8

1.2.3

Precursors ....................................................................................................................................... 1.8

1.2.4

Indirect N2O ................................................................................................................................... 1.8

1.2.5

International data sources ............................................................................................................... 1.8

1.3

Nature of non-energy uses of fuels ................................................................................................... 1.11

1.3.1

Types of uses ................................................................................................................................ 1.11

1.3.2

Accounting for feedstock and reductant uses of fossil fuels and their CO2 emissions ................. 1.12

1.3.3

Emissions from refinery processes ............................................................................................... 1.12

1.4

QC of Completeness and Allocation of CO2 from Non-Energy Uses .............................................. 1.13

1.4.1

Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1.13

1.4.2

Scope of methods ......................................................................................................................... 1.13

1.4.3

Quality control of completeness ................................................................................................... 1.13

1.4.3.1

CO2 completeness check ..................................................................................................... 1.13

1.4.3.2

Feedstock balance check ..................................................................................................... 1.17

1.4.4

1.5

Reporting and documentation of allocation and QC of completeness.......................................... 1.21

1.4.4.1

Allocation of CO2 from non-energy use .............................................................................. 1.21

1.4.4.2

Completeness of CO2 from non-energy use ........................................................................ 1.21

Choosing between the mass-balance and emission-factor approaches ............................................. 1.24

References..................................................................................................................................................... 1.25

Equation
Equation 1.1

Total feedstock requirement ...................................................................................................... 1.18

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

FiguresFigure 1.1 (Updated) Industrial Processes and Product Use categories .............................................................. 1.7
Figure 1.3

Flowchart for verification of completeness of accounting for non-energy uses of fuels. 1.20

TablesTable 1.1 (Updated) Industrial Processes and Product Use categories and their possible emissions ................ 1.9
Table 1.2 (Updated) Types of use and examples of fuels used for non-energy applications ........................... 1.12
Table 1.3 (Updated) Verification of completeness of reported CO2 from non-energy use of fossil fuels ....... 1.15
Table 1.4 (Updated) List of fuels that can be used as chemical feedstock or reductant .................................. 1.17
Table 1.5a (Updated) Comparison of feedstock supply with requirements implied by production .................. 1.18
Table 1.5b (Updated) Specific Feedstock Consumption (TJ/Gg) for feedstock/reductants............................... 1.19
Table 1.6 (Updated) Allocation of CO2 from non-energy use of fossils fuels: IPPU and other Sectors.......... 1.23

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2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 1: Introduction

1 INTRODUCTION
Users are expected to go to Mapping Tables in Annex 5, before reading this chapter. This is required tocorrectly understand both the refinements made and how the elements in this chapter relate to the corresponding
chapter in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

1.1

INTRODUCTION

This volume, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), covers greenhouse gas emissions occurring fromindustrial processes, from the use of greenhouse gases in products, and from non-energy uses of fossil fuelcarbon. The former section 'Solvent and Other Product Use' in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories has been incorporated in this volume.
Greenhouse gas emissions are produced from a wide variety of industrial activities. The main emission sources
are releases from industrial processes that chemically or physically transform materials. (Examples include theblast furnace in the iron and steel industry, ammonia and other chemical products manufactured from fossil fuels
used as chemical feedstock, the cement industry, aluminium production, and HCFC-22 production). During theseprocesses, many different greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide(N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and other fluorinated compounds such as
trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride (SF5CF3) can be produced and emitted.
In addition, greenhouse gases often are used in products such as refrigerators, foams or aerosol cans. For
example, HFCs are used as alternatives to ozone depleting substances (ODS) in various types of productapplications. Similarly, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and N2O are used in a number of products used in industry(e.g., SF6 used in electrical equipment, N2O used as a propellant in aerosol products primarily in food industry)or by end-consumers (e.g., SF6 used in running-shoes, N2O used during anaesthesia). A notable feature of theseproduct uses is that, in almost all cases, significant time can elapse between the manufacture of the product andthe release of the greenhouse gas. The delay can vary from a few weeks (e.g., for aerosol cans) to several
decades as in the case of rigid foams. (See Section 1.5 and Chapters 7 and 8 for discussions of themethodological issues associated with this delay.) In some applications (e.g., refrigeration) a fraction of thegreenhouse gases used in the products can be recovered at the end of product’s life and either recycled or
destroyed. In addition, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3, and several other fluorinated greenhouse gases may be used in
and/or emitted by processes such as electronics manufacturing. Other fluorinated greenhouse gases 1 that areused in such processes, that are not covered by Annexes A through E of the Montreal Protocol, and that have had
their global warming potentials (GWPs) listed in IPCC Assessment Reports include, for example:•

halogenated ethers and perfluoropolyethers used for temperature control, device testing, cleaning substratesurfaces and other parts, and soldering during electronics manufacturing and other processes. (e.g., HFE449s1, HFE-569sf2, and PFPMIE) 2 (see Table 6.5 of this volume for a more complete list);•

fluoroketones;•

and other halocarbons not covered by Annexes A through E of the Montreal Protocol including, for example
CF3I, CH2Br2, CHCl3, CH3Cl, CH2Cl2.

This volume of the 2019 Refinement also provides estimation methods for halogenated greenhouse gases which
are not covered by Annexes A through E of the Montreal Protocol and for which GWP values were not available
from an IPCC Assessment Report at the time the 2019 Refinement was developed. Examples of such GHGs
include:•c-C4F8O;•

perfluorotripropylamine, perfluoromethylmorpholine, 3-ethoxy-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-2trifluoromethyl-hexane, and other fluorinated liquids used for temperature control, device testing, cleaning

1 Some of these compounds are liquid at room temperature but enter the atmosphere through evaporation, particularly whenused at high temperatures, as many of them are.
2 The first two compounds are hydrofluoroethers marketed under the NovecTM Engineered Fluid tradename by 3MTM. The

last compound, PFPMIE, is marketed under the GaldenTM tradename by Solvay.

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

substrate surfaces and other parts, and soldering during electronics manufacturing and other processes (seeTable 6.5 for a more complete list) 3;•

fluoronitriles.

Product use is combined with the industrial process guidance because in many cases production andimport/export data are needed to estimate emissions in products and because product use may also occur as partof industrial activities, apart from the non-industrial sectors (retail, services, households.) It is therefore desirable
to link estimation of emissions associated with production and product use. The non-energy uses of fossil fuels
encompass their uses as feedstock, reductants and as non-energy products in which their physical properties areused directly rather than combusted for energy purposes.
This chapter presents:•

the definition and structure of the treatment of industrial processes and product use (1.1);•

a number of general or cross-cutting issues (1.2), among which are the definition of industrial process andfuel combustion emissions (1.2.1) and sources of international data (1.2.5);•

the nature of non-energy uses of fossil fuels (1.3);•

the completeness and allocation of CO2 from non-energy use of fuels (1.4); and•the choice between the mass-balance and emission-factor approaches (1.5) with specific relevance to thefluorinated gases covered in Chapters 7 and 8 of this volume.

SECTOR CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE
Figure 1.1 sets out the structure and classification codes for each category and subcategory for the IPPU Sector.
In the 2019 Refinement, Figure 1.1 has been updated by (1) adding subcategories for Hydrogen Production(2B10), Rare Earths Production (2C7), Micro electrical mechanical Systems (2E4), and Waterproofing ofElectronic Circuits (2G2c) to reflect the addition of new guidance for these subcategories; (2) adding several
subcategories under Fluorochemical Production to reflect the broad range of fluorochemical products, (3)updating the name of the Electronics subcategory previously called “TFT Flat Panel Display” to the morecomprehensive “Display,” and (4) removing the subcategory “Heat Transfer Fluid” from the Electronics
category, because the fluorinated liquids previously covered by this subcategory may be used in any of theElectronics sub-sectors (Semiconductors, Displays, Photovoltaics, or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)),may be used for applications other than heat transfer (including for testing, soldering, and cleaning), and are
identifiable through their chemical contents, which are reported based on the columns of Table 1.1 (see note 10
to Table 1.1).

3 The first two compounds are marketed under the Fluorinert™ trade name, along with other fully fluorinated compounds

such as alkanes, other tertiary amines and aminoethers. The last compound is marketed under the Novec Engineered
FluidTM tradename.

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2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 1: Introduction

Figure 1.1 (Updated) Industrial Processes and Product Use categories

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

1.2

GENERAL AND CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES

1.2.1

Definition of industrial process, fuel combustion andfuel transformation emissions

Allocating emissions from the use of fossil fuel between the Energy and IPPU Sectors can be complex. The
feedstock and reductant uses of fuels frequently produce gases that may be combusted to provide energy for theprocess. Equally part of the feedstock may be combusted directly for heat (Sector 1A) or transformed into otherenergy products (Sector 1B). This can lead to uncertainty and ambiguity in reporting. To help to overcome thisproblem, these Guidelines introduce practical guidance on when to allocate CO2 emissions released fromcombustion of fuel to the subcategory fuel combustion within the energy source category or to the industrial
process source category. The rule is given in Box 1.1.
Further guidance for specific source categories is also presented in the 2019 Refinement (including the revised
guidance on coke production and new guidance for hydrogen production), to include cross-references to therelevant methodology sections of the Energy Volume, and to present good practice for reporting allocations.
The problems encountered when allocating CO2 emissions to fuel combustion, fuel transformation or industrial
processes are particularly prominent when by-product fuels or waste gases are transferred from the
manufacturing site and combusted elsewhere in quite different activities. This fact has formed the principle forthe guidance given in Box 1.1, which provides a definition for fuel combustion and a criterion for deciding
whether emissions from by-product fuels should be reported in the IPPU Sector or in an Energy Sector source
category. Section 1.3 provides background information on the nature of non-energy uses of fossil fuels,
accounting for feedstock and reductant uses of fossil fuels and on the links with the fossil fuel use in the Energy
Sector.

1.2.2

Capture and abatement

No refinement.

1.2.3

Precursors

No refinement.

1.2.4

Indirect N2 O

No refinement.

1.2.5

International data sources

Good national data are to be preferred and used wherever available. In cases where data availability is a problem,
inventory compilers may consult international data sources for proxy data for IPPU estimates. Sources include:•

United Nations (UN) industrial production statistics which are available in hard copy in the ‘Industrial
Commodity Statistics Yearbook’ (UN, 2004) from 1991 onwards and as CD-ROM with statistics from 1950
onwards; data (in physical units) are given by commodity and country for all years and almost allcommodities relevant for emission inventories.

•

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) publishes production data in monetaryunits(valueofproduction)
for
the
OECD
countries(http://www.oecd.org/statsportal/0,2639,en_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_1,00.html) but data for the most recent
years are not available. OECD also sells a publication with additional data (http://www.oecd.org/
document/63/0,2340,en_2825_499554_1935935_1_1_1_1,00.html), but according to the web site the mostrecent data are for 2001. National account data can be also accessed, for a charge, for the years up to 2002.
Most useful is perhaps the STAN (Industry Structural Analysis) database of the OECD (again only available
via subscription at http://hermia.sourceoecd.org/vl=4126925/cl=58/nw=1/rpsv/cw/vhosts/oecdstats/
16081307/v265n1/contp1-1.htm), this contains monetary production data, for years up to 2002, for majorindustries. Note, however, that the monetary value reflects not only the production quantity but also theprice of the product - which may fluctuate from one year to another - so the data should be used with care.

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2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 1: Introduction•

Eurostat publishes PRODCOM data (Eurostat, 2005) for many European countries.

•

Statistics on production of a large number of commodities and capacity of individual plants are provided by
the commodity and country by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of the International Minerals Statistics
and Information (USGS, 2005).

TABLE 1.1 (UPDATED)INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE CATEGORIES AND THEIR POSSIBLE EMISSIONS
2 Industrial Processes and Product Use (Note 1, 2)

CO2

CH4

N2O

HFCs

PFCs

SF6

NF3

Other
halogenatedcompounds(Note3)

2A Mineral Industry
2A1: Cement Production
X
2A2: Lime Production
X
2A3: Glass Production
X
2A4: Other Process Uses of Carbonates
2A4a: Ceramics
X
2A4b: Other Uses of Soda Ash
X
2A4c: Non Metallurgical Magnesia Production
X
2A4d: Other
X
2A5: OtherX
2B Chemical Industry
2B1: Ammonia Production
X
2B2: Nitric Acid Production*
2B3: Adipic Acid Production*
2B4: Caprolactam, Glyoxal and Glyoxylic Acid*
Production
2B5: Carbide Production
X
2B6: Titanium Dioxide Production
X
2B7: Soda Ash Production
X
2B8: Petrochemical and Carbon Black Production
2B8a: MethanolX
2B8b: EthyleneX
2B8c: Ethylene Dichloride and Vinyl ChlorideX
Monomer
2B8d: Ethylene Oxide
X
2B8e: AcrylonitrileX
2B8f: Carbon BlackX
2B9: Fluorochemical Production (Note 4)
2B9a: HCFC-22 Production
2B9b: HFC Production
2B9c: PFC Production
2B9d: SF6 Production
2B9e: NF3 Production
2B9f: Fluoropolymer Production
2B9g: Other Fluorochemical Production(Note 5)
2B10: HydrogenX
2B11: Other*
2C Metal Industry
2C1: Iron and Steel Production
X
2C2: Ferroalloys Production
X
2C3: Aluminium Production
X
2C4: Magnesium Production (Note 6)X
2C5: Lead Production
X
2C6: Zinc Production
X
2C7: Rare Earths Production
X
2C8: Other*
2D Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use (Note 7)
2D1: Lubricant Use
X
2D2: Paraffin Wax Use
X
2D3: Solvent Use (Note 8)
2D4: Other (Note 9)*
2E Electronics Industry
2E1: Integrated Circuit or Semiconductor (Note 10)*2E2: Display (Note 10)
2E3: Photovoltaics (Note 10)
2E4: MEMS (Note 10)
2E5: Other
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*

*
*
*

*
X
X

*

X

X
*
*

*
*
*

X
X

*
*

X

*

X
X
X

*
*
*
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
*
*

X
X

X
X
X

X

*

*

*

*

X

X
X

X

X

*

X
*

*

*

X
X
X
X
*

X
X
X
X
*

X
X
X
X
*

X
X

*
*

*
*

X
X
*

*
*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

X
X
X
X
*

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
*

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

TABLE 1.1 (UPDATED) (CONTINUED)
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE CATEGORIES AND THEIR POSSIBLE EMISSIONS
2 Industrial Processes and Product Use (Note 1, 2)

CO2

CH4

N2O

HFCs

PFCs

SF6

NF3

Other
halogenatedcompounds(Note3)

2F Product Uses as Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances
2F1: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
2F1a: Refrigeration and Stationary Air*
X
X*
Conditioning
2F1b: Mobile Air Conditioning*
X
X*
2F2: Foam Blowing Agents*
X**
2F3: Fire Protection*
X
X*
2F4: Aerosols
X
X*
2F5: Solvents (Note 11)X
X*
2F6: Other Applications
*
*
*
X
X
*
2G Other Product Manufacture and Use
2G1: Electrical Equipment
2G1a: Manufacture of Electrical Equipment (Note 12)
X
X
X
2G1b: Use of Electrical Equipment (Note 12)
X
X
X
2G1c: Disposal of Electrical Equipment (Note 12)
X
X
X
2G2: SF6 and PFCs from Other Product Uses
2G2a: Military Applications(Note 13)
X
X
X
2G2b: Accelerators (Note 14)*
X
X
2G2c: Waterproofing of Electronic Circuits
X
X
2G2d: Other(Note 15)
X
X
X
2G3: N2O from Product Uses
2G3a: Medical Applications
X
2G3b: Propellant for Pressure and Aerosol ProductsX
2G3c: Other
X
2G4: Other****
2H Other
2H1: Pulp and Paper Industry (Note 16)**
2H2: Food and Beverages Industry (Note 16)**
2H3: Other***
1) ‘X’ denotes gases for which methodological guidance is provided in this volume.
2) ‘*’ denotes gases for which emissions may occur but for which no methodological guidance is provided in this volume.
3) For precursors (NOx, CO, NMVOC, SO2 and NH3) see Table 7.1 in Chapter 7 of Volume 1.
4) The Tier 2 and 3 methodologies are applicable to any fluorinated greenhouse gas, including those specifically listed in the columns
above and other fluorinated compounds. In these tiers all estimates are based on measurements, either measured losses from the process
or measured emissions, and accommodate process-specific releases. For the Tier 1 methodology, default emission factors (for the
product and/or by-products) are provided specifically for production of HCFC-22, SF6 and NF3. For the production of HFCs, PFCs, andother fluorochemicals, a Tier 1 default emission factor based on a wide range of fluorochemical products and processes is provided. In
addition, a representative combination of emitted HFCs and PFCs is provided for situations when the inventory compiler does not know
the chemical identities of the emitted gases.
5) The ‘Other halogenated gases’ include but are not limited to fluorinated ethers, perfluoropolyethers, fluoroketones, fluorinated alcohols,
SF5CF3, and perfluoroamines.
6) Small amounts of CO2 used as a diluent for SF6 and emitted during magnesium processing is considered insignificant and is usuallycounted elsewhere. The ‘other halogenated gases’ here mainly comprise fluorinated ketones.
7) Emissions from feedstock uses in petrochemical industry should be addressed in 2B8 (Petrochemical and Carbon Black Production).
Emissions from some product uses should be allocated to each industry source category (e.g., CO2 from carbon anodes and electrodes 
2C (Metal Industry)).
8) Only NMVOC emissions and no direct greenhouse gases are relevant to this category. Therefore no methodological guidance isprovided in this volume. For guidance on NMVOC, see Chapter 7, Volume 1.
9) Emissions from Asphalt Production, Paving of Roads and Roofing are included here. For details, see Section 5.4 of this volume.
10) The ‘Other halogenated compounds’ may include, for example, c-C4F8O, as well as hydrofluoroethers, perfluoropolyethers,
perfluoroamines, and perfluoroalkyl morpholines used for temperature control, device testing, cleaning substrate surfaces and other parts,and soldering during electronics manufacturing. Specific compounds to be reported here include (but are not limited to) those listed inTable 6.5 of Volume 3, such as HFE-449s1 (3MTM NovecTM HFE-7100), HFE-569sf2, (3MTM NovecTM HFE-7200),
perfluorotripropylamine (PTPA, 3MTM FluorinertTM FC-3283/FC-8270), perfluoroisopropylmorpholine (3MTM FluorinertTM FC-770),
and various PFPMIE fractions marketed by SolvayTM under the GaldenTM trademark, such as HT-55 through HT-270. See Volume 3,
Chapter 6 for more potentially emitted compounds.
11) Emissions from use of fluorinated gases as solvent should be reported here. Emissions from aerosols containing solvents should bereported under Category 2F4 rather than under this category. Emissions from other solvent use should be reported under 2D3.
12) ‘Other halogenated gases’ may include fluoroketones and fluoronitriles.
13) ‘Other halogenated gases’ may include, for example, hydrofluoroethers, perfluoropolyethers, perfluoroamines, and perfluoroalkyl
morpholines used for temperature control and other applications. Specific compounds to be reported here include (but are not limited to)those listed in Table 6.5 of Volume 3.
14) ‘Other halogenated gases’ may include fluoroketones and fluoronitriles.
15) Appendix 1 of this volume includes a basis for future methodological development for estimating fluorinated GHG emissions from thetextile, carpet, leather, and paper industries. Gases that are believed to be emitted from these industries include HFCs, PFCs, SF6, andpotentially other fluorinated GHGs.

1.102019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 1: Introduction16) No specific section on these categories is provided in this volume, but methodological guidance on CO2 emissions from use ofcarbonates from these industries is provided in Chapter 2, Section 2.5 of this volume.

1.3

NATURE OF NON-ENERGY USES OF FUELSAs explained in Section 1.1 some CO2 emissions from fossil fuels arise from uses that are not primarily forenergy purposes and, in this section, the principles are described which have guided their estimation andreporting. The methods used to estimate emissions are described in the specific IPPU source category chapters(Chapters 3, 4 and 5). This section provides important and additional background information for the use of data
relating to non-energy use and the links between these data and the fossil fuel use.
Non-energy use is widespread, diverse and the correct reporting of its emissions is conceptually difficult. It isgood practice to ensure that all fossil fuels supplied for non-energy purposes can be linked to uses covered by
the inventory and the reported emissions are consistent with the carbon supplied. Accordingly, Section 1.4
provides guidance for assessing consistency and completeness of carbon emissions from feedstock use of fuelsby (a) checking that feedstock requirements of processes included in the inventory are in balance with thefeedstock supply as recorded in national energy statistics, (b) checking that total reported bottom-up calculated
CO2 emissions from feedstock sources at different subcategory levels are complete and consistent, (c)documenting and reporting how these emissions are allocated in the inventory.
Note that in the 2019 Refinement, new methods are presented to reflect the use of bio-fuels and biomass in nonenergy applications, for example as feedstock in the production of hydrogen (see Section 3.11). These IPPU
processes may generate methane or nitrous oxide for inclusion within the national inventory total, and also
generate IPPU bio-CO2 emissions as a memo item to the national inventory. The principles outlined in thissection, whilst primarily developed to account for fossil carbon across the Energy and IPPU sectors, equally canbe applied to reconcile inventory NEU and energy use data for biofuels against national commodity balance data.

1.3.1

Types of uses

Some primary fuels (coal, natural gas) and secondary fuels derived from coal and crude oil may be used for nonfuel purposes. These are commonly referred to as non-energy use of fuels although their use may involve
combustion of part of the hydrocarbon content for heat-raising.
Three categories of non-energy use can be distinguished depending on its use:
1.

Feedstock: Feedstocks are fossil fuels that are used as raw materials in chemical conversion processes inorder to produce primarily organic chemicals and, to a lesser extent, inorganic chemicals (especiallyammonia) and their derivatives (OECD/IEA/Eurostat, 2004). In most cases, part of the carbon remains
embodied in the product manufactured. The use of hydrocarbon feedstocks in chemical conversion
processes is almost entirely confined to the chemical and petrochemical industries.

2.

Reductant: Carbon is used as reducing agent for the production of various metals (Chapter 4) and inorganic
products (Sections 3.6 – 3.8). It is either used directly as reducing agent or indirectly via the intermediate
production of electrodes used for electrolysis. In most cases, only very small amounts of carbon are
embodied in the product manufactured, while the major part is oxidised during the reduction process.

3.

Non-energy product: Apart from fuels, refineries and also coke ovens produce some non-energy products
which are used directly (i.e., without chemical conversion) for their physical or diluent properties or which
are sold to the chemical industry as chemical intermediate. Lubricants and greases are used in engines fortheir lubricating properties; paraffin waxes are used as candles, for paper coating etc.; bitumen on roofs androads for its waterproofing and wear qualities. Refineries also produce white spirits, which are used for theirsolvent properties.

This chapter discusses emissions that result from the first use of the hydrocarbons belonging to these three
categories. Table 1.2 shows the types of hydrocarbons used in the three categories and the main applications.
The list of fuel types and processes is illustrative and not exhaustive as some lesser uses of refinery or coke ovenproducts are omitted. For example, refinery olefins are not shown because only a minor portion of the olefinsused for the manufacture of intermediate products is produced in refineries.
This section focuses on the issues surrounding the reporting of industrial process and fuel combustion emissions
from the use of fossil fuels as feedstocks and reductants (the first and second categories in Table 1.2). The
relatively simpler issues affecting estimation of emissions from the first uses of non-energy products (the third
category in Table 1.2) are presented with the methods in Chapter 5.

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

In addition to the emissions from the first use of hydrocarbons, products made from feedstocks (methanol,
ethylene, carbon black) and their derivatives may lead to additional emissions after manufacture and sale. For
example, the conversion of ethylene to ethylene oxide leads to substantial industrial process CO2 emissions(Section 3.9).
Emissions from subsequent uses of ‘used’ non-energy products (post-consumer waste) are not included in thisvolume on IPPU Sector but are covered under the Energy and Waste Sectors depending on whether the treatment
occurs with or without energy recovery or in the form of wastewater treatment.

TABLE 1.2 (UPDATED)TYPES OF USE AND EXAMPLES OF FUELS USED FOR NON-ENERGY APPLICATIONSType of use

Example of fuel types

Product/process

Feedstocknatural gas, oils, coalammonia

3.2

natural gas, oils, coal, biofuels, biomasshydrogen

3.11

naphtha, natural gas, ethane, propane, butane,gas oil, fuel oils

methanol, olefins (ethylene,
propylene), carbon black

3.9

petroleum cokecarbides3.6

coal, petroleum coketitanium dioxide

3.7metallurgical cokes, pulverised coal, natural gas

iron and steel (primary)

4.2

metallurgical cokes

ferroalloys

4.3

petroleum coke, pitch (anodes)

aluminium 1

4.4

petroleum coke, pitch (anodes)

Rare Earths Production

4.8

metallurgical coke, coal

lead

4.6

metallurgical coke, coal

zinc

4.7

lubricantslubricating properties

5.2

paraffin waxes

misc. (e.g., candles, coating)

5.3

bitumen (asphalt)road paving and roofing

5.4

white spirit2, some aromatics

as solvent (paint, dry cleaning)

5.5

ReductantNon-energy
product

1.

Also used in secondary steel production (in electric arc furnaces) (see Chapter 4.2).

2.

Also known as mineral turpentine, petroleum spirits, industrial spirit (‘SBP’).

1.3.2

Chapter

Accounting for feedstock and reductant uses of fossil
fuels and their CO2 emissions

No refinement.

1.3.3

Emissions from refinery processes

Refineries manufacture petroleum products for fuel and for non-energy uses, and in doing so produce hydrogenand other gases, intermediate products and basic chemicals. The CO2 emissions from fuel consumed by therefinery for this activity are reported as Energy Sector emissions. This principle is maintained in the Guidelines
even when some fuel use in the refinery is to support manufacture of chemicals for sale (for example, propylene
or aromatics). In the 2019 Refinement, this principle is re-iterated within the new guidance presented forhydrogen production, which is a new IPPU source category; the emissions from hydrogen production within arefinery as an intermediate product are primarily to support Energy sector activities, with emissions to bereported in the Energy sector.
The manufacture of basic chemicals in refineries is a normal occurrence usually through the treatment of byproducts of mainstream manufacture and they may be used in other refinery processes or transferred to adjoining
petrochemical works. However, in some circumstances the demand for basic chemicals may cause the refinery toadjust production processes to increase supply of the chemical and sell directly into the market. Despite this

1.12

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 1: Introduction

activity the fuel use to support all processes is still considered as refinery fuel and the emissions as Energy
Sector emissions. It is important to recognise that the production for sale of basic chemicals in refineries is
considered a secondary activity distinct from the manufacture of chemicals in adjoining or co-locatedpetrochemical works. This is consistent with the separate statistical classification of the two economic activities.

1.4

QC OF COMPLETENESS AND ALLOCATION
OF CO 2 FROM NON-ENERGY USES

1.4.1

Introduction

No refinement.

1.4.2

Scope of methods

No refinement.

1.4.3

Quality control of completeness

The CO2 completeness check (Section 1.4.3.1) starts from energy balance data and is designed to check that all
significant emissions of CO2 from the first non-energy uses of fossil fuels are reported somewhere in theinventory, without double counting. The emissions are the sum of CO2 emissions from (a) fuels used as
feedstock in the chemical industry, (b) fuels used as reductant in the metal industry, (c) fuel products oxidised
during use (partly or fully; direct emissions or emissions of carbon containing non-CO2 gases (Non-methane
volatile organic compound (NMVOC), carbon monoxide (CO) and CH4) oxidised in the atmosphere).
Subsequent CO2 emissions may occur in the waste phase if the waste oils or waste products are incinerated.
However, the amount of fossil-carbon containing products disposed of annually as waste is not equal to theamount used annually for first uses because fossil-carbon containing products may be imported or exported orthey may be used for several years before they are discarded. The complications which arise from external trade
hold equally for emissions resulting from the use of products made from feedstocks and their derivatives. Since
derivative products may also be imported or exported the emissions from their use (e.g., from ethylene oxide or
acrylonitrile production) cannot be linked directly to the first non-energy use of fossil fuels. For these reasons theCO2 completeness check is limited to the first non-energy uses of fossil carbon which lead to emissions and does
not include CO2 emissions from waste incineration. Other non-energy sources of fossil CO2 are flaring, venting
and other fugitive emissions in the Category 1B and are also excluded from this completeness checking method.
The feedstock balance check (Section 1.4.3.2) is simpler in concept and starts from non-energy statistics forfeedstock/reductant supplies and compares them with the reported (or implied) requirements for feedstock by thevarious IPPU processes. This check identifies discrepancies between the two sets of data that may indicate
omitted processes or feedstock use classified as fuel combustion.

1.4.3.1

CO 2 COMPLETENESS CHECK

The principle of this method is based on comparisons of reported CO2 emissions with potential CO2 emissions
from the fuel for non-energy uses and consists of three steps:
1.

CO2-equivalent carbon contents are calculated for the non-energy use of fossil fuels as reported in nationalenergy statistics (including the coke and other solid fuel inputs into blast furnaces).

2.

Total CO2 emissions reported per IPPU subcategory are related to (main) fuels used for non-energy
purposes. This should include emissions from by-product fuels transferred from the IPPU Sector andreported elsewhere in the Energy Sector.

3.

Total reported fossil IPPU CO2 emissions are compared with a top-down estimate of potential CO2 of the
carbon content of the feedstocks used. The comparison is made by calculating the actual CO2 released as afraction of the total potential CO2 in the input fuels. The fractions may then be compared with values
observed for different industries (see below, ‘Step 3: Actions arising from the comparison’). In case ofsignificant discrepancies, likely causes of differences should be listed, taking into account the accuracy of
the allocation of sources to individual fuels.

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

Step 1: Feedstock amount and CO 2 -equivalent carbon content
The amount of feedstock and non-energy use entered in Table 1.3 is the final consumption of each fuel for ‘nonenergy’ purposes as reported in the national energy statistics. The quantities should be expressed in, or converted
to, Terajoules (TJ) using the net calorific (lower heating) values (see Chapter 1 of Volume 2 for IPCC default
values). Next the potential CO2-eq. emissions associated with the carbon contents can be calculated using
country-specific or IPCC default carbon content values (see Chapter 1 of Volume 2 for IPCC default values).
If a country accounts separately for the production of by-product gases from chemical production processes intheir energy statistics, these should also be added in the top row of fuel amounts associated with feedstock
emissions of CO2 and the corresponding amount of CO2-eq. calculated using country-specific carbon content
values.

Step 2: Allocating source category CO 2 emissions to one or more feedstock fuels
The CO2 emissions reported in the IPPU Sector that arise mainly from the metal and chemical industries, shouldbe allocated to the corresponding fuel types used as input for the process. Emissions resulting from the nonenergy use of fossil fuels reported elsewhere should be included here too. Guidance for this allocation isprovided in Table 1.3, where for each subcategory the most common feedstock fuel is marked as a bolded box.
Other fuels that are known to be used as feedstock for these sources are indicated with a regular box. In mostcases these boxes are the only allocations to be checked for the country-specific application. If no specificinformation is available, all CO2 emissions may be assigned to the bold box. Where country-specific informationshows that several fuels are used as feedstock, either the specific fractions for each fuel can be used or each may
be given an equal share of the source total.

Step 3: Actions arising from the comparison
The fraction of potential CO2 actually released may be calculated per fuel type or per group of fuels, and can beassessed for their level, trend and interannual variation. The values of the fractions may be compared with values
inferred from the information provided for the methodological tiers for the source categories or from literature(e.g., Neelis et al., 2005).
Small differences or changes may be expected due to process-specific technological or operational differences.
Major differences can arise from large differences in technologies or, when comparing with other countries’ dataor literature, from the use of a different definition of feedstocks (for details see Section 1.3). A third explanationof discrepancies may be due to errors in the presumed allocation of source category emissions to specific fueltypes used as feedstock in the process.

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2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 1: Introduction
TABLE 1.3 (UPDATED) VERIFICATION OF COMPLETENESS OF REPORTED CO2 FROM NON-ENERGY USE OF FOSSIL FUELS
NOTES
1
2
3
4
5

6

Year:__________
A: Declared NEU (from commodity balance)
B: Carbon Content
C: Total supplied for feedstock/non-energy
D: Total supplied for feedstock/non-energy
E: Implied carbon fraction oxidised7
7(Please specify the subcategory.)
2B: Chemical Industry

7

7

7

CO2

IEF

Emissions a)

CO2

F: Total fossil IPPU CO2 reported
2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
2A: Mineral Industry

7[C = A * B / 1000][D = C * 44/12][E = F / D * 100]
Activity a)

SolidsUnit
Coal
TJ
kg C/GJ
Gg C
Gg CO2-eq.
%(CO gas) b)

Total solids

Gg CO2
Gg CO2
Gg CO2

2B6: Titanium Dioxide Production

Gg CO2

2B8: Petrochemical and Carbon Black Production

Gg CO2

2B8a: Methanol

Gg CO2

2B8b: Ethylene

Gg CO2

2B8f: Carbon BlackGg CO2

2B10: Hydrogen

Gg CO2

2B11: Other

Gg CO2
Gg CO2

2C1: Iron and Steel Production

Gg CO2

2C2: Ferroalloys Production

Gg CO2

2C3: Aluminium Production

Gg CO2

2C5: Lead Production

Gg CO2

2C6: Zinc Production

Gg CO2

2C7: Rare Earths Production

Gg CO2
Gg CO2
Gg CO2

2D1: Lubricant Use

Gg CO2

2D2: Paraffin Wax Use

Gg CO2

2D3: Solvent Use

Gg CO2
Gg CO2
Gg CO2

2H1: Pulp and Paper Industry

Gg CO2

2H2: Food and Beverage Industry

Gg CO2

2F3: Other

Gg CO2EXCEPTIONS REPORTED ELSEWHERE
1A FUEL COMBUSTION ACTIVITIESBF/OF gas

Gg CO2

Gg CO2

2D4: Other
2H: Other

Coal oils

Gg CO2

2B5: Carbide Production

2C8: Other
2D: Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use

Coal tars

Gg CO22B1: Ammonia Production

2C: Metal Industry

Coke

Gg CO2
Gg CO2

1A1a: Main Activity Electricity and Heat Production

Gg CO2

1A1b: Petroleum Refining

Gg CO2

1A1c: Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries

Gg CO2

1A2: Manufacturing Industries and Construction

Gg CO2

a)
b)
1:
2:
3:
4:

Same Activity Data and emissions as in sectoral background table (also for Activity Data NE, NO, C, and for emissions NE, NO, IE, where applicable).
To be included only if coke production is reported as part of integrated iron and steel production.
To be specified per year
Cf. Auxiliary worksheet for CO2-Reference Approach to subtract the NEU from total apparent consumption
IPCC default or country-specific values
So-called potential emissions, i.e., carbon embodied in the feedstock/non-energy fuels expressed in CO2-eq.

5:
6:
7:

Ratio of CO2 emissions (direct emissions as well as atmospheric inputs of CO2 from other carbon (non-CO2)) at some aggregation level (by detailed fuel type or by major fuel type) to total potential CO2 in feedstock NEU fuels consumed
Sum of subcategories below including IPPU sources allocated to Fuel Combustion Activities 1A (due to transfer of by-product fuels to another source category (and 1B, 4C when appropriate))
Sum of subcategories of that category

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

TABLE 1.3 (UPDATED) (CONTINUED) VERIFICATION OF COMPLETENESS OF REPORTED CO2 FROM NON-ENERGY USE OF FOSSIL FUELS
NOTES
1
2
3
4
5

Year:__________
A: Declared NEU (from commodity balance)
B: Carbon Content
C: Total supplied for feedstock/non-energy
D: Total supplied for feedstock/non-energy
E: Implied carbon fraction oxidised[C = A * B / 1000][D = C * 44/12][E = F / D * 100]
Activity a)
CO2
Emissions a)

6

F: Total fossil IPPU CO2 reported

Liquids
Unit
Naphtha Gas oil Fuel Oil Ethane LPG b) Petcoke OtherTJ
kg C/GJ
Gg C
Gg CO2-eq.
%
IEF
Gg CO2
Gg CO2

7

Gg CO27(Please specify the subcategory.)
2B: Chemical Industry

7

7

7

Gg CO2
Gg CO22B1: Ammonia Production

Gg CO2

2B5: Carbide Production

Gg CO2

2B6: Titanium Dioxide Production

Gg CO2

2B8: Petrochemical and Carbon Black Production

Gg CO2

2B8a: Methanol

Gg CO2

2B8b: Ethylene

Gg CO2

2B8f: Carbon BlackGg CO2

2B10: Hydrogen

Gg CO2

2B11: Other

Gg CO2

2C: Metal Industry

Gg CO2

2C1: Iron and Steel Production

Gg CO2

2C2: Ferroalloys Production

Gg CO2

2C3: Aluminium Production

Gg CO2

2C5: Lead Production

Gg CO2

2C6: Zinc Production

Gg CO2

2C7: Rare Earths Production

Gg CO2

2C8: Other
2D: Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use

Gg CO2
Gg CO2

2D1: Lubricant Use

Gg CO2

2D2: Paraffin Wax Use

Gg CO2

2D3: Solvent Use

Gg CO2

2D4: Other

Gg CO2

2H: OtherGg CO2

2H1: Pulp and Paper Industry

Gg CO2

2H2: Food and Beverage Industry

Gg CO2

2F3: Other

Gg CO2EXCEPTIONS REPORTED ELSEWHERE
1A FUEL COMBUSTION ACTIVITIES

Total gas

CO2

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
2A: Mineral Industry

7

Gas
Chem. gas Lubricants Waxes Bitumen Total liquids Nat Gas

Gg CO2
Gg CO2

1A1a: Main Activity Electricity and Heat Production

Gg CO2

1A1b: Petroleum Refining

Gg CO2

1A1c: Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries

Gg CO2

1A2: Manufacturing Industries and Construction

Gg CO2

Note: In the tabular part, bolded boxes mark the main fuels as feedstock or reductant for the processes at the left hand side. Regular boxes mark other known feedstock/reductant for the processes atthe left hand side.

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

1.16

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.4.3.2

F EEDSTOCK BALANCE CHECK

The principle of the feedstock balance check method is to compare the supply of feedstock/reductants as reported
in national fuel statistics with the requirements for the feedstocks by each of the processes using them. A
significant difference between the supply and the requirements of a feedstock leads to several suggested actions
intended to identify omission of feedstock uses from the inventory or uses of fuel as feedstock that have beenreported as fuel consumption or conversion.
Unlike the CO2 completeness check the feedstock balance check is conducted at the level of fuel quantities andnot CO2 emissions. The method seeks confirmation that all feedstock carbon has been satisfactorily attributed tosource categories identified in the inventory.
The workings of the method are explained below and readily set out in a worksheet (Table 1.5a). A list offeedstock fuels to be considered is presented in Table 1.4.
TABLE 1.4 (UPDATED)
LIST OF FUELS THAT CAN BE USED AS CHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK OR REDUCTANT
SolidsLiquids

Gases

Other fuelscoalrefinery gas

naphthanatural gas

other fuelmetallurgical coke*

Ethanekerosene

waste (fossil carbon)

petroleum coke*propanegas oilBiofuels / biomass

coal tars and oils*

butanefuel oil

LPG

waste oils

* Includes uses as electrodes.

Step 1: Feedstock supply
Figures for supply of each feedstock/reductant are taken from national fuel statistics presented in commodity orenergy balances. They will be shown as non-energy use or feedstock use according to the country’s particularconventions and reductants as inputs to a transformation process. The quantities should be expressed in, orconverted to, Terajoules (TJ) using net calorific (lower heating) values (see Chapter 1 of Volume 2 for IPCC
default values).
The definitional basis for feedstock reporting differs between countries and this consideration is fully discussed
in Sections 1.2.1 and 1.3.2. Some care is therefore needed to identify and use the correct hydrocarbon input
figures that will correspond with a process’s gross hydrocarbon requirements for the feedstock or reductant(including inputs not or only partly labelled as non-energy use in energy statistics). The total hydrocarbon
process input attributed to feedstock/reductant use is required for the feedstock balance check described here,
because the Specific Feedstock Consumption (SFC) figures of each process, as given in the table, include thefuel requirement. The SFC is the amount (expressed in TJ/Gg) of feedstock/reductant required per tonne ofproduct produced.

Step 2: Feedstock requirements
The feedstock requirements of each process will include fuels taken directly or indirectly from the feedstock.
Where the necessary data are available from industry sources they can then be entered into the ‘requirements’part of the worksheet. Where the data are not available the requirements should be calculated from theproduction figures for the processes and where necessary, using expert judgement based on the emissions
estimation used for the process(es). The figure for the process requirement is likely to be identical to the quantity
supplied (taken from energy statistics) only when the latter has been obtained from industry sources.
When requirements are calculated from production using the spreadsheet the production figures are those
relevant to the process for the given feedstock. If two or more feedstocks supply a single process then thecorresponding production figures should be used for each feedstock.
Table 1.5b provides SFC factors linking production figures to feedstock requirements. The factors are thespecific feedstock requirements of the process and include fuel use of the feedstock. The factors provided inTable 1.5b have been derived from the methods described in this volume of these Guidelines and may beconsidered as default values. It is good practice to use national factors if they are demonstrably more relevant
than the default factors given here.
If Rij represents the feedstock requirements of process i for feedstock j, then the total requirement for feedstock j(Rj), can be expressed as:2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

1.17

Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

EQUATION 1.1
TOTAL FEEDSTOCK REQUIREMENT
R j = ∑ Rij = ∑ SFC ij • Pij

(

i

)

i

Where:
Rj= total requirement for feedstock j, TJ

Rij= feedstock requirements of process i for feedstock j, TJ

SFCij = Specific Feedstock Consumption of feedstock j in process i, TJ/Gg
Pij= production from process i using feedstock j, Gg

The Rj is then compared with the figure for the supply of feedstock j. The difference appears in the Table 1.5a.
The implementation procedure for this check is set out in the flowchart in Figure 1.3.

Step 3: Actions arising from the comparison
It is suggested that if the difference observed exceeds 10 percent of the feedstock supply action should be taken
to check the data and, if the difference is confirmed, it should be investigated. The 10 percent threshold isnecessarily arbitrary and chosen to reflect the likely overall inherent uncertainties in the data.
It is considered good practice to focus the investigation on differences in which feedstock supply significantly
exceeds the apparent requirements because this suggests that:•

Processes and therefore sources of emissions may have been omitted; or•

The specific energy requirements used in the method are too low. The specific energy requirements should
then be adjusted to reflect the national situation.

When the calculated requirements exceed the apparent feedstock supply it suggests that:•

Uses of feedstock fuels are reported elsewhere as fuel combustion or fuel conversion uses.

•

A ‘net’ definition of feedstock supply may have been used in the energy statistics instead of a ‘gross’
definition (see the reference to ethylene and other chemicals in Section 1.3.2).

•

Feedstock requirements, obtained directly from industry sources, are overstated through the inclusion offuels entering the plant (or more generally, the source category) which are not used in the process andtherefore not for feedstock use. The inclusion of non-feedstock fuels should not occur when the feedstock
requirements are derived from production data.

Where significant discrepancies remain the likely causes of differences should be listed, taking into account theaccuracy of the calculation with default Specific Feedstock Consumption values per source category/feedstock
combination.
TABLE 1.5A (Updated) COMPARISON OF FEEDSTOCK SUPPLY WITH REQUIREMENTS IMPLIED BY PRODUCTION
FeedstockorProcess
Production
Reductant SFC (TJ/kt) (Gg [=kt])
(TJ)

YEAR

MetalsChemicals

Feedstock
Quantity delivered

1.18

Difference
Ammonia prodn
Silicon carbide
Calcium carbide
Ethylene
Methanol
Carbon black
Hydrogen
Other
Iron and steel
Ferroalloys
Aluminium
Zinc
Lead
Rare Earths
Other

Valuesfrom
Table 1.5b

Table 1.5a is a reduced form of the fulltable in which the tabular part is
replicated as many times as there aretypes of feedstock or reductant. In each of
the replications the ‘Feedstock or
Reductant’ heading in column 1 is
replaced by the name of the fuel. The
corresponding SFC values are thenentered in column 2. The default SFC
values are given in Table 1.5b below.
An Excel workbook is provided in the
2006
IPCC
Guidelines
CDROM
containing the full table, the default
values and the formulae to carry out
automaticallytherequirements
calculation.

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 1: Introduction

TABLE 1.5B (Updated) SPECIFIC FEEDSTOCK CONSUMPTION (TJ/Gg) FOR FEEDSTOCK/REDUCTANTS

MetalsChemicals

CoalAmmonia prodn
Silicon carbide
Calcium carbide
Ethylene
Methanol
Carbon black
Hydrogen prodn
Other
Iron and steel
Ferroalloys
Aluminium
Zinc
Lead
Rare Earths
Other

Met coke

Pet Coke

Coal tars
and oils

Ref gasEthanePropaneButaneLPG

NaphthaKeroseneGas oilFuel oil

Waste oils Natural gas

42(l)

37(o)

37(m)
60(n)

34(p)
12(q)
165 (r )

36(e)
17(f)
59(j)

100(k)

104(k)

102(k)

137(k)72(a)60(h)
215 (r )165 (r )165 (r )

14(b)
12(g)

3(i)

4 (s)

1 (s)

21(c)
7(d)

NOTES (a) Methanol: From Section 3.9.2.2; Table 3.13 Consult table for precise value according to process used.
(b) Iron and Steel: From Section 4.2.2.3:"Coke is consumed at a rate of about 475 kg/tonne of iron (or hot metal) produced." so coke requirement is 0.475 x cv(coke) 28.5 = 3.54 GJ/t iron.
(c) Zinc: From Section 4.7.1 (pyrometallurgical process only) taken from Sjardin(2003) Coke consumption is 0.74t coke/t zinc. That is: 0.74 x 28.5 GJ/t or 21 GJ coke / t zinc.
(d) Lead: taken from Sjardin(2003) Coke consumption is 0.26t coke/t lead. That is: 0.26 x 28.5 GJ/t or 7 GJ coke / t lead(e) Silicon carbide: From Section 3.6.2.2: ". . . This implies a typical emission factor of 2.3 tonnes CO2/tonne petroleum coke used (IPCC, 1996), or 2.62 tonnes CO2/tonne carbide produced.
Or 2.62/2.3 t coke per t carbide; = 1.14 t coke/t carbide. That is; 1.14 x 32 = 36 GJ per tonne of SiC.
(f) Calcium carbide: From: Section 3.6.2.2 "1750 kg limestone (or 950 kg CaO), 640 kg of petroleum coke and 20 kg carbon electrodes are required to produce 1 tonne of carbide."
So coke requirement is:Prodn x (640-20) x CV(coke) per tonne of CaC2. or .620 x 32.5 = 20.15 GJ/tonne CaC2(g) Aluminium: From Section 4.4.2.2; Table 4.11 average of two processes 1.65t CO2/t alu. = 0.45tC/t alu. Assume anodes contain 84% coke and 16% pitch. (Sjardin 2003). Assume coke is 92% C
and pitch 93% C. Assume CV calcined coke is 30MJ.kg and NCV for pitch 35.6MJ/kg. Then coke requirement is 12.3 GJ/t alu and pitch requirement 2.8 GJ/t alu.
(h) Carbon black: Assumed identical to fuel oil.
(i) Aluminium: See note for pet coke.
(j) Ethylene: From Section 3.9.2.3; Table 3.25 Ethane requirement is: NCV(Ethane)x1/yield matrix value. That is:47.5 x 1/0.803 = 59.15(k) Ethylene: See ethane for sources and method.
(l) Ammonia: From 3.2.2.2; Table 3.1;Partial oxidation assumed(m) Methanol: From Section 3.9.2.2; Table 3.13. Consult table for precise value according to process used.
(n) Carbon Black: Based on Voll et al and BREF LVIC Table 4.13(o) Ammonia: From Section 3.2.2.2; Table 3.1(p) Methanol: From Section 3.9.2.2; Table 3.13;Consult table for precise value according to process used.
(q) Carbon black: Based on Voll et al and BREF LVIC Table 4.13(r) Hydrogen: From Section 3.11.2.2; Table 3.30 Consult table for precise value according to process used.
(s) Rare Earths: From Section 4.8.2.2; Table 4.26 indicates average emissions of 0.15 tC / t RE produced, which is one third that of Aluminium production.
Applying the same assumptions as for Aluminium in item (g) above derives the values for RE production for coke and pitch.

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

Figure 1.3

Flowchart for verification of completeness of accounting for non-energy uses of fuelsStart

Do you havefeedstock data from energy
statistics?

No

Obtain data.

Yes

Do you haveactual process feedstock
requirements?

Yes

No
Yes
Do youhave all production
data?
Yes

Put Rij data
in table. (Table 1.5a)

Are any Rij
missing?

No
Use expert judgement
to obtain missing Pij

Put Pij in table.
(Table 1.5a)

Do youhave any national SFCij
values?

Yes

No

Accept defaults
in Table 1.5b.

Put SFCij intable. (Table 1.5a)

No

Make
comparisons.
Note:
Rij = feedstock requirements of process i for feedstock j, TJ
SFCij = Specific Feedstock Consumption of feedstock j in process i, TJ/Gg
Pij = production from process i using feedstock j, Gg

1.20

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.4.4

Reporting and documentation of allocation and QC
of completeness

It is good practice to review, summarise and document the completeness checks, if performed, for non-energy
uses of fuels and fugitive emissions from fuel manufacture. This involves identifying the uses within the IPPU
Sector, Fuel Combustion Activities (Category 1A) and Fuel Transformation activities (Category 1B) in the
Energy Sector, as discussed in this section.
Different national methods exist for accounting for feedstock use of fuels in energy statistics and there is apossibility, in exceptional cases, of reporting part of the CO2 in the Energy Sector (see Sections 1.2.1 and 1.3.2).
Consequently, it is good practice to show in the inventory report:•

Where and how non-energy use of fuels has been accounted for in the inventory (whether in the Energy
Sector or the Industrial Processes and Product Use Sector.) (Section 1.4.4.1).

•

Where and how carbon emissions, other than CO2, have been accounted for in the inventory. These arise
from non-combustion and non-biogenic processes involving fossil carbon such as solvent use.

•

Results of completeness checks performed, when applicable. Details on the QC activities on completenessshould be kept as internal documentation (Section 1.4.4.2), in accordance with the guidance on QA/QC (seeChapter 6 of Volume 1).

The first bullet point refers to the allocation of corresponding emissions, in the IPPU Sector or, possibly, also in
the Fuel Combustion Activities (Category 1A) in the Energy Sector, and to the definition of ‘non-energy’ or‘feedstock’ used in the national energy statistics. Depending on the definition of the source categories, thecontribution of feedstock and non-energy use CO2 emissions varies from less than a percent up to about 5
percent of national total fossil fuel related CO2 emissions.
The description of the completeness check should explain any allocation of a particular source to several sectors.
In particular, how adjustments have been made to industrial process emissions should be explained in cases
where fuel by-products (off-gases or process vent gas) are transferred to another source category in the IPPU
Sector or in the Energy Sector.

1.4.4.1

A LLOCATION OF CO 2 FROM NON - ENERGY USE

Table 1.6 can be used to document and report the following information, summarising the subcategories inwhich the sectoral CO2 emissions (other than those from fuel combustion) from the fossil fuels used are reported.
The amounts of each fuel type consumed for non-combustion purposes (which correspond to excluded carbon in
the CO2 Reference Approach) should be recorded as internal documentation. This relates to:•

The division between manufacturing process emissions reported in the IPPU Sector and fuel combustion
emissions reported in the Energy Sector.

•

The allocation of CO2 emissions from the direct use of ‘fuels’ for their physical properties and from the useof chemical products in the IPPU Sector. The emissions from the waste disposal of these products (e.g.,incineration) are dealt with in the Waste Sector.

In the allocation reporting table (Table1.6) the ‘Primary NEU fuel type’ and ‘Other NEU fuel types’ should beentered for each category. The same CO2 emissions reported in the IPPU sectoral background table are enteredinto the IPPU emissions column (or the notation keys NE, NO, IE, where applicable). Then CO2 emissions
related to the use of fossil fuels for non-energy purposes reported in source categories other than IPPU are added
to the appropriate 1A subcategories. These are labelled in the IPPU source categories as (partly) included
elsewhere in the IPPU reporting with a reference to where they are reported. Thus the table includes all
emissions from the IPPU Sector wherever they are reported and so documents the complete reporting of theseemissions in the IPPU and Energy Sectors.
The inclusion of the Energy Sector improves transparency of complete CO2 emissions reporting as regards theemissions from waste gases and other gases such as blast furnace gas produced from industrial processes but
used for fuel combustion in other economic sectors and thus reported in the Energy Sector.

1.4.4.2

C OMPLETENESS OF CO 2 FROM NON - ENERGY USE

In addition to the summary of the review of the allocation and completeness of emissions from non-energy usesof fossil fuels it is good practice to document:2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use•

A description of the emission calculation methods used, in the respective source category sections of thereport. This should include the reason for any departure of allocations compared to the suggested IPCC
source classification, if applicable.

•

The results of the CO2 completeness check if used, for at least the base year (where data permit) and the lastreported year, presented in a table such as Table 1.3, as internal documentation.

•

If the feedstock balance check for completeness was also used, a table showing the difference between theinferred estimate of feedstock consumption and the reported feedstock deliveries; at minimum for the baseyear (where data permit) and the two most recent years (i.e., as in Table 1.5a) as internal documentation.

•

An explanation of significant unexpected discrepancies, if any, in level or trend. This should include themain cause of these differences.

•

Conclusions from the comparison in terms of whether significant CO2 emissions seem to be missing, and if
so, in which part of the inventory they occur, and an estimate of the sizes of the omissions.

•

A summary of bio-CO2 emissions from the use of bio-fuels and biomass feedstocks that are reported asmemo items to the national inventory.

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Chapter 1: Introduction

TABLE 1.6 (UPDATED)
ALLOCATION OF CO2 FROM NON-ENERGY USE OF FOSSILS FUELS: IPPU AND OTHER SECTORS

Category
Primary NEU fuel(1)

Other NEU fuel(s)(1)

Emissions Amount
Reported in IPPU
SectorCO2 (2)(Gg)

In case reported
elsewhere:
Sub-category in 1A
where theseemissions are(partly) reported

2 Industrial Processes and Product Use
2A Mineral Industry(Please specify the sub-category)(coal, ..)2B Chemical Industry
2B1 Ammonia Production
natural gas
2B5 Carbide Production
pet coke
2B6 Titanium Dioxide Productioncoal
2B8 Petrochemical and Carbon Black Production
2B8a Methanol
natural gas
2B8b Ethylene

naphtha2B8f Carbon Blacknatural gas

2B10 Hydrogennatural gas

Notes

Reported in year: ……..

4

oil, coaloil

coal, oilgas oil; butane, ethane,
propane, LPG
oil, coke oven gas
LPG, naphtha, coal,methanol

5
5

6

2B11 Other
2C Metal Industry
2C1 Iron and Steel Production

coke

2C2 Ferroalloys Production(carbon electrode)
2C3 Aluminium Production(carbon electrode)
2C5 Lead Productioncoke
2C6 Zinc Production
coke
2C7 Rare Earths Production(carbon electrode)
2C8 Other(carbon electrode)
2D Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use
2D1 Lubricant Use
lubricants
2D2 Paraffin Wax Use
waxes
2D3 Solvent Use(mineral turpentine)
2D4 Other2H Other
2H1 Pulp and Paper Industry
2H2 Food and Beverages Industry coke
2H3 Other
1 ENERGY

coal, pet coke (carbon
electrode)coke, coalcoke, coal

Main Activity Electricity and(BF gas)Heat Production
1A1b Petroleum Refining
Manufacture of Solid Fuels and
1A1c
BF gasOther Energy Industries
Manufacturing Industries and
1A2(BF gas)Construction

88

coke, coalcoke, coal

8

greasescoal tars and oils

910

Reported in
Sector 1A (3)1A Fuel Combustion Activities
1A1a7(chemical off-gases)

11(lubricants, chemical offgases))(1)

The columns ‘Primary NEU fuel’ and ‘Other NEU fuel’ should be completed with the actual fuel types used.

(2)

These are the same emissions reported in the sectoral background table (also the same emissions notation keys NE, NO, IE, where applicable). If (partly) reported
elsewhere, a reference to that other source category should be added in the next column.

(3)

Report here only the CO2 emissions from combustion of waste gases produced from industrial processes but used for fuel combustion in other economic sectors
and reported in the Energy sector.(e.g. from combustion of blast furnace gas or chemical off-gases transferred offsite to another source category).

(4)

For example powdered anthracite coal may be used in Glass Production (2A3).

(5)

In cases where the production of off-gases (i.e. byproduct gases) is fully accounted for in the energy statistics, the combustion of these gases may be used to
calculate and report CO2 emissions from the feedstock losses. Part of these off-gases may be combusted off-site (i.e. in a sector other than the petrochemicalindustry) and should thus be accounted for separately as fuel combustion in the Energy Sector.

(6)

In some cases the emissions from feedstock use to produce hydrogen will be accounted for within other source categories, including petroleum refining (1A1b) andammonia production (2B1).

(7)Part of the blast furnace gas produced from coke used in blast furnaces may be combusted off-site (i.e. in a sector other than the iron and steel industry) and should
thus be accounted for separately as fuel combustion in the Energy Sector.

(8)

Carbon electrodes are generally manufactured from coke, coal or tar either on-site by the users themselves or separately by anode production plants and then soldto users domestically and/or exported. If anodes are also imported and/or exported, there is no direct correspondence between fuels used for anode production andthe amounts of anodes used in the country.

(9)

Mineral turpentines are often used as solvent, possibly blended with other liquids. Aromatics derived from coal oils may also be used as solvents.

(10)

Emissions from asphalt production, paving of roads and roofing should be reported under 2D4. However, bitumen - and other oil as diluent or 'road oil' - used for thisactivity does not result in CO2 emissions.

(11)

CO2 from blast furnace gas and chemical off-gases should be reported here only when utilised in public power or heat production.

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

1.5

CHOOSING BETWEEN THE MASS-BALANCE
AND EMISSION-FACTOR APPROACHESNo refinement.

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2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 1: Introduction

References
References copied from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines
SECTIONS 1.1 AND 1.2
EEA (2005). “EMEP/CORINAIR. Emission Inventory Guidebook – 2005”, European Environment Agency,
Technical report No 30. Copenhagen, Denmark, (December 2005). Available from web site see:
http://reports.eea.eu.int/EMEPCORINAIR4/en
Eurostat (2005). Europroms. PRODCOM Data. The PRODCOM annual dataset DS-008451 is available atwebsite: http://fd.comext.eurostat.cec.eu.int/xtweb/setupdimselection.do
IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Houghton, J.T.,Y. Ding, D.J.
Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, and C.A. Johnson (eds.)]. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 881pp.
Milbrath, D. (2002). “Development of 3M™ Novec™ 612 Magnesium Protection Fluid as a Substitute for SF6
Over Molten Magnesium,” International Conference on SF6 and the Environment: Emission Reduction
Technologies, November 21-22, 2002, San Diego, CA.
UN (2004). 2001 Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook. United Nations Statistics Division, Energy andIndustry Statistics Section, Report no. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.P/41, 17 September 2004. Series P, No. 41,
Sales number: E/F.03.XVII.10. Also available on CD-ROM as ‘Industrial Commodity Statistics Dataset(1950-2002)’. See internet: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/industry/publications.htm
USGS (2005). International Minerals Statistics and Information. U.S. Geological Survey. Available at website:
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/index.html#pubs

SECTIONS 1.3 AND 1.4
EU Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (2004). Draft Reference Document on Best Available
Techniques in the Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Solid and Others Industry. (Draft August 2004)
Neelis, M.L., Patel, M., Gielen, D.J. and Blok, K. (2005). Modelling CO2 emissions from non-energy use with
non-energy use emission accounting tables (NEAT) model, Resources, Conservation and Recycling,
Volume 45, Issue 3, pp. 226-251.
OECD/IEA/Eurostat (2004). Energy Statistics Manual. IEA PUBLICATIONS, 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739
PARIS Cedex 15 PRINTED IN FRANCE BY STEDI, September 2004. Available at website:
http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/statistics_manual.pdf.
Patel, M.K. (1999). Statistical definitions of non-energy use. 1st NEU-CO2 project workshop, 23-24 September
1999. IEA, Paris. Available at website: http://www.chem.uu.nl/nws/www/nenergy/wrkshp1c.htm.
Sjardin, M. (2003). CO2 Emission Factors for Non-Energy Use in the Non-Ferrous Metal, Ferroalloys andInorganics Industry. Copernicus Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands. June 2003.
Voll, M. and Kleinschmit, P. (1997). ‘Carbon Black’ in Ullman’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. 5th ed.
on CD-ROM, Vol. A5. John Wiley and Sons; 1997.

SECTION 1.5
Schaefer, D. (2002). A Potential Error Associated with Using Chemical and Equipment Sales Data to Estimate
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Long-lived, Pressurized Equipment, Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases:
Scientific Understanding, Control Options and Policy Aspects, Proceedings of the Third International
Symposium, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 21-23 January 2002, pp. 229- 230. Millpress, Rotterdam,
Netherlands, 2002.

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