WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION________________________COMMISSION FOR ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

CAS/ICSC-6/Doc.6.1(13. III. 2007)__________

INTERNATIONAL CORE STEERING COMMITTEEFOR THORPEX
Sixth Session

Item: 6.1
Original: ENGLISH

Geneva25 April – 27 April 2006
GIFS-TIGGE DEVELOPMENTS(Submitted by Philippe Bougeault and Zoltan Toth (co-chairs of the GIFS-TIGGE WG))
The attached paper is a report from the recent meeting of the GIFS-TIGGE Working Group
which met in the Chinese Meteorological Administration Beijing (21 to 22 March 2007). The
Chinese hosts are to be congratulated for the excellent arrangements made for the meetingand the warm welcome and hospitality shown to the participants.

Summary of GIFS-TIGGE 4th Meeting
CMA, Beijing, 21-22 March 2007
Attendees: Philippe Bougeault, Zoltan Toth, Chen de Hui, Beth Ebert, Dong-Joon Kim,
Richard Swinbank, Laurie Wilson, Yoshi Takeuchi, Warren Tennant, Tiziana Paccagnella,
Datong Zhao, Hee-Sang Lee, Steve Worley, David Parsons, Len Barrie, Qingliang Zhou, Jiao
Meyan, Shi Peiliang
Apologies: Barbara Brown, Martin Ehrendorfer, Tom Hamill, Ken Mylne
Note: all presentations will be available from the TIGGE Internet Site at ECMWF
http://tigge.ecmwf.int.
1. Opening ceremony
The meeting was opened by welcome messages from Zheng Guoguang, deputy administrator
general of CMA (who has bee now appointed as administrator general), and Len Barrie,
Director of WMO/AREP.
2. Report from the 3rd GIFS-TIGGE meeting
The report from the 3rd GIFS-TIGGE WG meeting (Landshut, December 2006) wasapproved by the group.
3. Progress of TIGGE at CMA
The progress of TIGGE at CMA was presented by Mrs Jiao Meyan, Director of the National
Meteorological Centre and Mr. Shi Peiliang, Director of the National Meteorological
Information Centre.
CMA as a data provider: Recently CMA has upgraded its global ensemble prediction system,
and its initial contribution to TIGGE will be based on a 15-member ensemble at T213. Initial
perturbations are based on the BGM method and will later evolve towards the ensemble
transform method. TIGGE fields in GRIB2 are essentially ready and test of data transmission
to ECMWF have been conducted since January 2007. In the near future CMA will work on
multi-model ensemble assessment based on TIGGE archives.
CMA as an archive centre: the infrastructure has recently been upgraded (a Linux Cluster
IBM X3850 with GPFS has been procured). The Internet connection has also been upgradedand data transfers with Europe and North America now occurs at sufficient speed. The
Unidata Internet Data Distribution system (IDD)/Local Data Manager (LDM) is under test fordata exchanges with several centres. Data are still being lost during transmission, andinvestigation of the problem will continue with help from NCAR and Unidata. The capability
to encode/decode GRIB2 fields is now complete. The file management and storage system
which will be used for the TIGGE archive has not yet been decided (it could be MARS from
ECMWF or a CMA proprietary system). The full TIGGE service at CMA is expected to open
before the end of 2007.

CAS/ICSC-6/Doc.6.1, p. 3

Shi Peiliang recommended that TIGGE be made WIS-compliant, and it was agreed that theWG will be briefed about the WIS at its next meeting. In particular, is-it possible that TIGGE
metadata could be stored in WIS-compliant format?
ACTION: Ask THORPEX Data Policy and Management Working Group (DPM WG) for
advice on most suitable format for storing TIGGE metadata. Shi Peiliang and Richard
Swinbank can be consulted.
Possible use of GLORIAD was mentioned for exchanging large amounts of data. Whether
this telecommunication framework designed for exchange of research data could be utilized
for TIGGE/GIFS is an open question.
Action: Ask THORPEX Data Policy and Management Working Group (DPM WG) to
explore potential use of GLORIAD based on CMA experience
4. Status of Phase 1
Archive centers:
Steve Worley presented the progress of TIGGE at NCAR. IDD/LDM is found to work wellfor data exchanges (it supports 172 Gbytes/day and will be able to accommodate more). Data
from 4 providers (ECMWF, NCEP, UKMO and JMA) are received routinely at NCAR. CMA
contributions are expected soon, with KMA and MeteoFrance to follow in 2 months. There
are still many missing single level fields from all providers. NCAR processes and retransmits
most NCEP data to ECMWF. The data in the NCAR archive is stored in files of 4 types(surface, pressure level, potential temperature, and potential vorticity). The NCAR TIGGEInternet portal already offers many possibilities to explore the archive and download data.
NCAR has registered about 30 users and some data are being downloaded (only global fields
in files at this stage). NCAR currently offers a number of software solutions to process thedata at the users’ site. These solutions are currently considered to be foundation steps andfurther development is needed so users can more easily manipulate ensemble data in GRIB2
format. NCAR will now put its priority on developing the direct access to user selectableparameter fields, interpolation of global data to common grids, and spatial subsetting. Stevenoted that the pace of progress at NCAR is still very much dependent on funding requests.
A longer-term goal is to mutually design web services for the TIGGE Archives that would
make the data access easy and identical from CMA, ECMWF, and NCAR.
Philippe Bougeault summarized the status at ECMWF. Data are received routinely from 4
providers, most other providers have started tests of data transmission, it is expected to have
5/6 providers routinely very soon, and 10 providers by end 2007. Occasional data gaps arevery limited and not considered a problem at the moment. Missing fields are the same as
mentioned in the NCAR presentation. ECMWF is monitoring routinely the received data andhas been able to point a number of problems of units, signs, etc... A list of these problems
was circulated and discussed during the meeting (reproduced as Annex to this report). In
most cases, corrective action will be taken very soon, and no single problem was consideredas blocking. As a consequence the data base should quickly become nominal (except for
those fields not yet delivered by the providers). Data access is currently possible only for
MARS-registered users, which is very limited (only 3 or 4 users currently). Interpolation on
limited area lat-lon grids is available through MARS. ECMWF will now put its priority on

CAS/ICSC-6/Doc.6.1, p. 4

developing the Internet access portal and the connection between this data portal and MARS
– This should be ready in 1-2 months.
CMA is expected to open up their TIGGE archive later in 2007.
A tour de table established the following status of data delivery:
ECMWF: nominal except 3 missing fields
UKMO: nominal except 3 missing fields
JMA: nominal except 10 missing fields, will move from http to LDM soon
NCEP: all specific humidity fields missing plus some single level fields missing, but this(except sunshine duration, expected by Sept 2008) should be solved by September 2007
(processing by NCAR, subject to funding) the specific humidity, the PV on 320K surface,
and the near surface (2m) dew point will likely be ready sooner
CMA: on-going transmission tests, production starts soon
KMA: on-going transmission tests
Canada: on-going transmission tests, production expected mid-June for the essential data andall fields by end 2007
BMRC: GRIB2 encoding now resolved – essentially ready to start transmission tests
Meteo-France: transmission tests should start in May
CPTEC: on-going work on GRIB2, on-going transmission tests with LDM
Metadata: following discussion at the 3rd meeting, the proposal has been reviewed andcirculated by the ET-EPS. The latest version regarding the content was agreed by the WG.
Some more work will be needed to check whether it is possible to comply with WMO WIS
standard formats for metadata (to be pursued by ET-EPS in collaboration with Mr. Shi
Peiliang).
The group asked about dissemination of data in NetCDF format. It was agreed that thisshould still be an objective, but to be pursued with a lower priority. Zoltan Toth suggested
that this should be postponed to Phase 2.
In conclusion, there is very good progress towards building the data archive. The last issues
are now being resolved and the archive centres expect to have all 10 data providers and mostfields by end 2007. The excellent collaboration between the 3 archive centres was noted withgreat satisfaction. Currently NCAR has a lead in data distribution, ECMWF will need 2 moremonths to start a service, and the CMA service is expected to start in 6 to 9 months. Priority
will now be put on tools to access and manipulate data (interpolation to limited area lat-lon
grids and further developments of the data portals).

CAS/ICSC-6/Doc.6.1, p. 5

5. Support for the Beijing RDP
The requirements for the Beijing Olympics 2008 RDP/WWRP-WMO were presented by Dr.
Duan Yihong, deputy director of the NMC. This project will develop a multi-model limitedarea EPS approach at high resolution. The participating systems are from CMA(GRAPES_meso EPS), NCEP (new version of SREF ), MSC (regional EPS), JMA(global/meso-scale EPS), NCAR (WRF system) and the Austrian weather service andMétéo-France joint system (ARPEGE/ALADIN/AROMECMA).
The project would benefit from- access to the existing TIGGE database in real time for early warnings of severe weather (6hourly time intervals).
- real-time delivery of lateral boundary conditions from various global models in order todrive the LAMs (at 6-hourly intervals, though access to data at 3-hourly intervals would be
preferred).
After discussion it was agreed that real time access to existing TIGGE data will be requested
through the IPO (and should be granted). CMA would like to make the first effort to develop
its own products for early warnings of severe weather based on the availableTIGGE data (e.g.
CMA’s), and welcome the technical supports from the TIGGE group.
On the other hand, support for LAMs lateral boundary conditions is not possible with current
TIGGE data. Some TIGGE data providers may want to provide special datasets to support the
RDP.
ACTION: A precise request needs to be formulated by the groups operating the LAM EPSs
for the BeiJing RDP towards specific data providers by 15 June
ACTION: It was recommended that the Beijing Olympics LAM ensemble work be
considered as a TIGGE LAM experiment, and coordination should be established between
the TIGGE LAM subgroup of the TIGGE/GIFS WG and the Beijing Olympics LAM
ensemble activities. The use of TIGGE formats in the Beijing RDP is recommended. The
liaison between the BeiJing RDP and the TIGGE-LAM panel of experts is highly
recommended. It is also recommended that the added value of LAM ensemble above what isachievable using the global TIGGE dataset be evaluated as part of the Beijing verification
activities.
CMA will undertake to archive all special datasets provided for BeiJing RDP using a systemfully compatible with its TIGGE archive.
Tests for the Olympics will take place: 24 July – 24 Aug 2007. The Olympics will run from 8
Aug through 24 Aug (with additional activities stretching through 9 Sept). To insure success,
TIGGE-related forecast activities are expected to be tested several months prior to the start of
the Olympics.

CAS/ICSC-6/Doc.6.1, p. 6

6. TIGGE-LAM subgroup activities
Tiziana Paccagnella, chair of the newly appointed TIGGE-LAM panel of experts, presented aprovisional report on the on-going and planned activities. This was noted and endorsed by the
WG. In particular, the WG expects that a proposal will be made by TIGGE-LAM for theconcept of a general coupler between global and regional ensembles. The two options are:a)
Use global driving data provided on regular lat/lon grid on standard pressurelevels. Advantage: All LAM models/groups can use same software when couplingwith any TIGGE global data. One set of coupler can serve all TIGGE applications
in each group. All or most TIGGE providers are capable to deliver data in thisformat.
b)
Use native model variable and level data from global driving ensembles
Advantage: Only one set of interpolation (instead of two above), less loss of
information? Disadvantage: All LAM groups to develop software to interpolate totheir application from all different global model outputs; no standard data format.
Z.Toth raised the question whether concerns are real regarding loss of information fromdouble interpolation under (b) above. He argued that if interpolation errors are random (asthey should be) such small errors should have no significant impact on an ensemble offorecasts (ensemble mean should filter out some of the added noise).
It was noted that TIGGE-LAM will at some stage need a physical meeting – funding is to besought from the IPO.
ACTION: The group recommended involving the THORPEX regional committees in thework of the TIGGE LAM panel. By the nature of TIGGE LAM, activities will be coordinatedregionally. The goal of the TIGGE LAM is to assure that to the extent possible; the same
standards are used in each region so research ideas and results can be easily shared among
various TIGGE LAM groups.
ACTION: It was also recommended that TIGGE LAM takes BeiJing RDP as a concrete
example to develop its proposals.
7. Status of, and plans for, Phase 2
Zoltan Toth introduced this subject, reaffirming that the Global Interactive Forecasting
System GIFS is a long-term objective for TIGGE, key to THORPEX.
A future GIFS may include a global observing system that can be adjusted to meet theobservational needs of the day; data assimilation systems that adapt to the varying data
coverage and user requirements; Numerical Weather Prediction methods, including ensemble
forecast systems, that will be configured interactively, i.e. by forecaster and end user needs,
to provide the most critical and highest quality information in response to varying user needs;
and a user interface, including applications procedures, that will allow individual users to
respond in the most efficient manner to expectations about future weather.
TIGGE is an evolutionary project. In TIGGE PHASE-1 we focus on a data archive, plus
near-real time access. This is both centralized (3 data repositories with identical data) anddiversified (the data access mechanisms will not be the same for the 3 archive centres). In
PHASE-2, we must strive to develop a real time data access in addition to the data archive.

CAS/ICSC-6/Doc.6.1, p. 7

The concept is moving towards a distributed archive (about 10 data repositories, with no
duplication of data, and no need to ship very large amounts of data in real time) and a unified
access mechanism.
There are many issues to address before developing this new approach (data policy issues,
how to best share developments, how to organize production, e.g. where should de-biasing or
products be done, etc…). NAEFS can be used as a model for some of these issues.
In the following discussion it was noted that some aspects of the GIFS will need input fromother THORPEX groups before GIFS-TIGGE can work on them (e.g. adaptive data
assimilation needs research from DAOS, products presentation needs input from SERA) andthat TIGGE/Phase 2 (a distributed data base system offering fast real-time access) is anecessary technical step for the GIFS. Several centres will need to see results from Phase 1
before anything else can be started. However, Phase 2 in itself will take several years todevelop, so planning needs to start soon in order to secure funding. A prototype for GIFS is
to be tested before the end of the THORPEX program in 2014 (even earlier), and initialefforts will be directed toward the ensemble forecast component of GIFS.
A subgroup was appointed to explore the various issues of the GIFS and Phase 2 and toreport to TIGGE WG by Sept 2007 (Beth Ebert, Richard Swinbank, Warren Tennant, Zoltan
Toth).
8. Observations / 9. Verifications
This broad area was introduced by presentations by Zoltan Toth, Laurie Wilson and BethEbert. Some of the material for these presentations had been contributed by Barbara Brown,
who could not attend the meeting. This was followed by a broad discussion, in which thegroup was able to agree on a list of desirable features and to start discussing the main issues
and opportunities for the evaluation of global (and regional) ensemble forecasts in the TIGGE
archive.
Observations:---------------Firstly, it is of course anticipated that many users will conduct verification against
observations. Therefore it is desirable to provide access to observations for the research basedon TIGGE archives. The TIGGE/GIFS WG, however, does not see the provision ofobservational data as part of its charter. The WG, however, will work with other interested
parties to ensure access to TIGGE ensemble data and observational data are coordinated.
There was consensus that TIGGE does not have the resource to build its own observational
dataset. The TIGGE portals should direct users towards existing observational datasets.
Z. Toth reported the interest of D. Waliser (NASA, USA) in work related to the “TropicalYear” in 2008/09:
a)D. Waliser indicated a possible request from the Tropical Year community for
TIGGE to provide a few additional variables in the TIGGE archive related toconvective and related processes. The TIGGE/GIFS WG gave a positive response,
as long as the variables are available at the producing centers.

CAS/ICSC-6/Doc.6.1, p. 8

ACTION: The Tropical Year community (D. Waliser) to prepare and send to the
TIGGE/GIFS WG co-chairs a list of requested variables as soon as possible.
b)

D. Waliser expressed interest in providing access to the community to specificsatellite observations in a way consistent with TIGGE. The TIGGE/GIFS WG
strongly encouraged such development and expressed an interest in collaboratingwith D. Waliser in his endeavour.

S. Worley and D. Parsons briefly described some observational data archived at NCAR that
could be linked to the TIGGE archive. NCAR can offer a global observational dataset (basedon NCEP observations, with quality flags arising from NCEP data assimilation) andcomputing resources to conduct verification activities.
ACTION: It will be necessary to seek CBS help to identify a set of reliable surface
observations.
Verification:
The group strongly felt the need for standardized verification procedures, fair to all
forecasting systems, and allowing for objective decisions concerning the future of the GIFS.
In particular it is central to TIGGE objectives that one or several versions of a multi-model
forecasting system be verified systematically and compared to single-model systems in a fairway.
This will require fair verifications against the various analyses (e.g. verify against each of theexisting analyses), and verification against a common set of high quality observations, with
common algorithms. It was discussed that both observations and numerical analysis can beused to evaluate TIGGE forecasts. Both data sets have various errors and it is important thatthe errors be assessed and carefully considered in the verification process.
It is desirable that these verifications of TIGGE forecasts become available routinely at some
central facility, not depending on individual research projects. The TIGGE/GIFS WG agreed
that the JMA ensemble verification web page, coordinated under the CBS Expert Team on
Ensemble Prediction can serve as a coordinating mechanism and place to deposit TIGGE
verification information. Y. Takeuchi expressed an interest on JMA’s part to continue as alead center for ensemble verification. Also, the format of verification information for TIGGE
data, where appropriate, can follow the conventions laid out by the Ensemble Prediction
Expert Team.
The initial priority for these routine verifications was agreed to be against surface
conventional observations (2mT, 10m wind, precip) and radiosonde observations. Note that
the Expert Team on Ensemble Prediction has not yet considered verification against
observations.
The TIGGE/GIFS WG recognized the need for continued collaboration in the area of TIGGE
verification between:
WGNE Verification team: They agree on standards for existing methods and develop new
methods of verification
Ensemble Prediction Expert Team: They agree on how standard algorithms are applied ingeneral for ensemble applications

CAS/ICSC-6/Doc.6.1, p. 9

TIGGE/GIFS WG: Agrees on special procedures for comparing TIGGE multi-center
forecasts with single center ensemble forecasts
Issues related to standardized verification of TIGGE forecasts:-------------------------------------------------------------------------Verification software should be shared among the participants inasmuch as possible. A
software or algorithm “toolkit”, shared among all TIGGE participants, is encouraged.
Work will continue at each forecasting centre to verify individual ensembles, with increased
standardization. There was consensus to rely on the guidance of WGNE-WWRP verification
WG and ET-EPS to improve standardization of verification algorithms and their application.
A place to develop verification for the multi-model ensemble is not yet identified. Althoughinterest exists in several centres, no centre can already commit workforce. Systematic
verifications at the archive centres are an option, but all 3 centres felt it is too early to commit– the issue will need to be revisited soon.
There was a strong consensus to use the JMA verification Internet site to display results of
TIGGE standardized verifications.
A special effort for TC forecasts verifications was agreed. Beth Ebert will explore the format
of TC forecasts, then data providers and archive centre will examine the possibility to add
this information to the TIGGE archive. If possible, this will be used this during T-PARC(Summer 2008).
10./11. Links between TIGGE and GEO/SERAThis was introduced by a presentation by Dr. Lu Naimeng about the participation of CMA to
the GEOSS. Dr. Zhao Datong, from the GEO Secretariat, recalled that many of the GEO
objectives rely on TIGGE, for instance DA-06-03, HE-06-03, EN-06-03, WE-06-04, AG-0605. A special mention is deserved for WE-06-03, which is TIGGE itself.
GEO support to TIGGE is strongly appreciated and TIGGE will try to meet GEO
expectations – for instance by contributing material for the upcoming GEO ministerial
conference.
It was noted that the help of the THORPEX IPO will be required to establish/maintain liaison
with the GEO tasks where TIGGE is involved.
The group agreed to maintain a list of demonstration projects where TIGGE is used and to
appoint a contact point for each of these. the current list is as follows: B08 RDP – Dr. Y.H..
Duan, T-Parc – D. Parsons, E-TREC – G. Craig, Winter 2010 Olympics – L. Wilson,
SWFDP in South-Eastern Africa – W. Tennant. We should also seek to re-establish contact
with HEPEX and give a TIGGE presentation at the 3rd HEPEX workshop (contact point: Z.
Toth).
Finally a member of the WG was appointed to liaison with SERA (Laurie Wilson).

CAS/ICSC-6/Doc.6.1, p. 10

12. Plans for a TIGGE User workshop
There was consensus for the need to organize a User workshop to get feedback on the service
delivered under Phase 1. This should take place about a year after the start of the service.
Assuming the service could be declared open by mid-2007, the optimal time frame for a user
workshop is the second half 2008.
It was felt desirable to tie this event to another THORPEX event (e.g. a 2-day workshop
joined with the 3rd Thorpex science symposium). This should be re-visited after ICSC-6.
SERA and GEO should be closely involved in the preparation of the User workshop. The
offer from Chen De Hui, to provide feedback from the Shanghai EPS Workshop/WMO (to beheld late 2007) was welcome.
13. Report to the ICSC-VI meeting
A set of slides was agreed to guide the report to the ICSC.
14. Working group membership
The group reviewed its membership, taking into account the THORPEX general policy of
WG membership and the constraints due to the special nature of TIGGE as an infrastructure
project supporting the science of several THORPEX WGs, and GIFS as a delivery
mechanism for research to operations. The recommendation is to have members from eachdata provider organization and from the archive centres, and to maintain the links with theusers (essentially the THORPEX science WGs) by inviting the co-chairs of all THORPEX
science WGs to attend TIGGE-WG meetings or to send representatives. The TIGGE/GIFS
WG co-chairs will provide detailed recommendations to the Director of the IPO/EB.
15. Next meeting
It was agreed that the optimal time-frame for the next meeting of the group is towards March
2008. The venue will be chosen after the ICSC-VI meeting.
The agenda of the next meeting should comprise inter alia the following items:- Status of Phase 1 (including early science results)- Progress of verifications- The GIFS/Phase 2 concept developed by the subgroup- Progress of TIGGE-LAM- Status of the Beijing RDP- Report of the Shanghai EPS Workshop/WMO-late 2007
- Review of plans for the User workshop- Presentation on the WISAnnex: TIGGE data archive status and data check result (as of 12 March 2007)
1. Data Status
OCT 2006

NOV 2006

DEC 2006

JAN 2007

FEB 2007MAR 2007

Operational
ECMWF
From 1 Oct 06, 00/12UTC, 0-360h by 6h
UKMO
From 1 Oct 06, 00/12UTC, 0-360h by 6h
JMA
NCEP

From 1 Oct 06, 12UTC, 0-216h by 12h (on test by 6h)
L
From 1 Nov 06 at NCAR. From 4 Mar 07, 00/06/12/18UTC, 0-384h by 6h

Test
CMA
From 22 Feb 07, 00/12UTC, 0-6h by 6h

2. Data Check(a) P level
Name

Abbreviation

Unit

Geopotential height

gh

Gpm

Specific humidityq

kg kg-1

TemperaturetK

U-velocity

u

m s-1

V-velocity

v

m s-1

PressureEcmwf Ukmo
Level (hPa) Ecmf Egrr
Prod
prod
1000
925
850
700
500
300
250
200
50
1000
925
850
700
500
300
250
200
1000
925
850
700
500
300
250
200
1000
925
850
700
500
300
250
200
1000
925
850
700
500
300
250
200

Jma
rjtd
test

Ncep
kwbc
test

CMA
babj
test
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

CAS/ICSC-6/Doc.6.1, p. 12(b) Potential temperature level (theta=320K)
Name

Abbre- UnitviationPotential vorticity (new plot?)

pv

Ecmwf Ukmo
Ecmf Egrr
Prod
prod

Jma
rjtd
test

Ncep
Kwbc
test

CMA
Babj
test

Ecmwf Ukmo
Ecmf Egrr
Prod
prod
B

Jma
Rjtd
test

Ncep
Kwbc
test

CMA
Babj
test

Ecmwf Ukmo
Ecmf Egrr
Prod
prod

Jma
Rjtd
test

Ncep
Kwbc
test

CMA
Babj
test

E

F
F

K m2 kg-1 s-1(c) Potential vorticity level (2PVU)
Name

AbbreViation

Unit

Potential temperature

Pt
U
V

K
m s-1
m s-1

U-velocity
V-velocity(d) Single level
Name

Abbre- Unitviation10 meter u-velocity
10u
10 meter v-velocity
10v
Convective available potential energy
Cape
Convective inhibition
Ci
Field Capacity
Cap
Land-sea mask
Lsm
Mean sea level pressure
Msl
Orography
Orog
Skin temperature
Skt
Snow depth water equivalent
Sd
Snow fall water equivalent
Sf
Soil moisture
Sm
Soil temperature
St
Sunshine duration
Sund
Surface air dew point temperature
2d
Surface air maximum temperature
mx2t6
Surface air minimum temperature
mn2t6
Surface air temperature
2t
Surface pressureSp
Time-integrated outgoing long wave radiation Ttr
Time-integrated surface latent heat flux Slhf
Time-integrated surface net solar radiation
Ssr
Time-integrated surface net thermal radiation Str
Time-integrated surface sensible heat flux
Sshf
Total cloud coverTcc
Total column water
Tcw
Total precipitation
Tp
Wilting point
Wilt
•

•
A
B
C
D

m s-1
m s-1
J kg-1
J kg-1
J kg-1
ProportionPagpm
Kkg m-2kg m-2kg m-3
K
s
K
K
K
K
Pa
W m-2 sW m-2 sW m-2 sW m-2 sW m-2 s%kg m-2kg m-2
Proportion

Colour index
green : OK
white : no data
red : problem
Symbol explanation: CMA-may be multiplied by g(9.8), so
geopotential not geopotential height: UKMO-too high around the tropics: JMA-0h data only
: JMA- no data around north poleÎmaybe
different field

E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L

C

D

G

H
H
I
H

J
K
F

: NCEP- different order, maybe different unit
: CMA-different order(1/1000), maybe different
unit like [m] instead of [mm]
: UKMO-land only, no data for ocean: JMA-opposite sign (downward positive for flux): CMA- different order, maybe different unit
: CMA-strange distribution (maybe problem withdata writing): CMA-different unit, not %: Available only at NCAR. Fields may be missing
and not compliant with TIGGE parameterencoding standards.