Regenerating the Current
Faecal Sludge Management
System - Lessons learnt and mean
to achieve SDG6.2

Thammarat Koottatep
April 22, 2022

Agenda01 Toilet and SDG6.2 challenges
02 Key lessons learnt from case studies
03 FSM Innovations
04 The Next Normal Sanitation

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01Toiletchallenges

3.6 BILLIONPEOPLE GLOBALLY LACK ACCESS TO
SAFELY MANAGED SANITATION•494 million people do not have toilet, practice opendefecation•At least 48% of people in urban areas, do not use

toilets which provide full sanitation services

4/22/2022

3The Urban Sanitation
Challenges❑

Asia and Pacific cities are growing rapidly.
❑❑❑

By 2030 more than 55% of the region’s population will
live in urban areas.

With higher population densities and urban
expansion, managing large amounts of humanwaste is becoming ever more challenging.
Inadequate sanitation services have asignificant impact on•city and national economies•

quality of life for all residents•

public health•productivity and competitiveness•the environment and real estate values.

© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|•© J. MillerUrbanization

5Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

A NEW ALTERNATIVE APPROACH
DEWATS•A new alternative approach DEWATS is gaining greater attention to bridge the gap between sanitation coverage and its post management
for lower and middle income countries.

DEWATS: A PROGRESSIVE SANITATION APPROACH
Malaysia: Example for other regional nations

Technology
Prior to 1950-s

Early Days inMalaysia

Pour Flush

Septic Tank

Imhoff Tank

OP/AL

1950-s1960-s1970-s1980-sBasic / Primary Treatment(Address Public Health)

Source: Dr. Christoph Lüthi, Ewag, Sandec

Partial / Full Secondary Treatment(Address River Pollution)Activated Sludge/ Biological
Filters

Fully Mechanised Plant

1990-sYear
Future Tertiary Treatment(Address Environment)

PER CAPITAINVESTMENT
For different
systems

Source: UNDP, HDR 2006
4/22/2022

10

SDG6.2
challenges
Current solutions, both centralized anddecentralized, have significant limitations
that jeopardize health and safety and, inmany cases, perpetuate open defecation

Septic tank

Sewer

Hanging toilet

Pit latrine

practices.

4/22/2022•Foul odors•

Poor user experience•

Safety hazards•

Environmental contamination•

Expensive to install, maintain•Require infrastructure•

Require considerable water•

Treatment not assured

11

The Way the World is Measuring
Progress in Sanitation is Insufficient

Sewerage

MDGs

SDG Targets

WaterclosetSewer network pumping stations

Treatment
plant

Vacuum truck
Fecal Sludge
Managementfor on-site
systems

Latrine or
septic tank

Treatment
plant
Primary
emptying

Transfer© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|

12Unveiled Sanitation Issues in Thailand
Daily production

Domestic wastewater
management
Faecal sludge management

X 2,100 mg/L
73.5 tons

Source: UNICEF 2022

What should be “Innovated or Reinvented”?

Sewerage

Fecal Sludge
Managementfor on-site
systems

MDGs

SDG Targets

WaterclosetSewer network pumping stations

Treatment
plant

Vacuum truck
Latrine or
septic tank

Treatment
plant
Primary
emptying

Innovative WCor containment?

Transfer

Efficient truck or
emptying equipment?

Advancedtreatment?

02

Key lessons learnt fromcase studies

Covered Lagoon

Thongthawil Service Co,.Ltd Rayong, Thailand

Current capacity: 350 m3/day
Maximum capacity : 500 m3/day

FS Truck
Emptying

SolidsDryingbed

Covered lagoon
Gas collector

CH4Electricity
generator
from biogas

LiquidAerobic
pond

Constructed wetland

Storagepond

RO+UV plant

Tap water
storage

Flow diagram

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General Information – FS treatment
Technology
Operated Year
AreaInvestment
Maximum Capacity
Current Capacity
Treatment retention
time
Products and byproducts
No. of operators
Treatment fee
Maintenance Plan

FS Treatment Plant
Monitoring

Covered lagoon, sand drying bed, pond, and constructedwetland2006
0.048 km2 (30 Rai)
6,500,000 Baht or 185,000 USD (Year 2006)
500 m3/day
250-350 m3/day
36-40 days (Overall plant design criteria)
Dried sludge, water, bamboo shot, biogas, electricity~2-3 persons
1,200 Baht/m3 or 40 USD/m3 (Only industrial sector is charged
base on Factory Act)
• Remove debris at screening tank: Everyday ~30 kg/day• Remove sand at screening tank: Every 3-4 months• Remove scum: Every 3-4 years
Every 6 months (Only liquid samples)22Treatment Performance after Covered
LagoonParameter
mg/l

Properties of Dried Sludge

Influent

Effluent (storagepond)

Efficiency

BOD (mg/L)

700 - 1,590

36 – 190

88%

COD (mg/L)

687 – 2,390

114 – 370

85%

TSS (mg/L)

1,200 – 3,108

32 – 78

97%

TDS (mg/L)

939 – 2,964

423 – 1,011

66%

Total Coliforms

93×106 - 210×106

46×104 - 93×104

2 Log

Faecal Coliforms 28×106 - 63×106

6×104 - 14×104

E.coli2×103 - 25×103

18×106 - 53×106

Parameter (% byweight)

ResultStandard*

pH (unit)

3.5

5.5-8.5

Moisture

37.6

≤ 35

Nitrogen

2.2 – 2.7

≥ 1.0

Phosphorous

1.7 – 2.4

≥ 0.5

Potassium

0.1 – 0.2

≥ 0.5

Organic Carbon

14.8 – 26.8

-2 LogOrganic Matter

25.5 – 46.2

≥ 30

3 Log

C/N (ratio)

6:8 - 10:1

≤ 20:1* Thailand Department of Agriculture. Organic Fertilizer Standard 200523

Financial Analysis
Cost (operation)
FS collection truck 17,497,699 Baht/year (~583,000 USD/year)
Total cost

(Administrative 43.62%, Personnel 30.62%, Fuel 19.75%, Maintenance 5.69% and License0.31%)

FS treatment plant 774,600 Baht/year (~25,820 USD/year)(Personnel 60.61%, Maintenance 16.67%, Plant performance monitoring 10.33% and Other12.39%)

Revenues

Total Revenue

FS Collection Revenue: 27,375,000 Baht/year (~912,500 USD/year)
FS Treatment Revenue*: 91,980,000 Baht/year (~3,066,000 USD/year)(**Note: Treatment fee were collected from industrial sector only)

Net Profit~ 101,082,701 Baht/year (~3,369,000 USD/year)(Exclude Depreciation)

24

Treatment Facilities

Case study: Advanced FS treatment. BMA-NongKhaem, Thailand

Solid Fraction
Coase and Fine screen

Thickening

Grit removal

Belt press

Liquid Fraction
Sedimentation
Nitrification- Denitrification + RBC

Disinfection
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FSM in Odisha, India: Inclusive Sanitation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-TAUEWUNw8

4/22/2022

26

Case Study of FSM• Downloadable at https://natslab.wixsite.com/website/download-copy

4/22/2022

27

03

FSM Innovations

4/22/2022

28

SANITIZER TRUCK• Sanitizer truck is an innovative product for fecal sludge management.
• It is a modified vacuum truck, equipped with a solid-liquid separator, and disinfection
system for the separated solid and liquid portions of the sludge.
• The sanitizer truck decreases the cost of transportation and treatment, and increases both
FSM efficiency, leading to more revenue generation through sludge recycling.
98%

water
Conventional
Truck

Households

Conventional
Truck

FS treatment plant

Idea
Sanitizer truck
Solid-Liquid
separation

Target: …%

SolidsLiquidBenefits(More) Households(Smaller)FS treatment plant

Disinfection
Sewer systemAgricultural area
30

SANITIZER TRUCKDesign31

Omni-Processor
Combusts fecal waste, destroying all pathogens
Recycles water from sludge into clean drinking water
Creates excess electricity
Does not require electrical grid

Revenue producing and profitable for owner

Sludge/Combustion Gasses

Recycled Water32
http://www.wired.com/2015/01/week-on-the-internet-5/

05 The Next Normal Sanitation

Sanitation is not only a “Treatment” business but
Infrastructure Development•••

Policy/regulation

Regulated sanitation services
Job creating industry
Promote resource recovery

Conducivebusinessenvironment

••
•
•
•

Local investment
Market structuring
Licensing / contracts / tenderService provision standards
Competitive business environment

Supply Chain /manufacturing••

Local / regional manufacturing
or assemblyMarketing of the product•••new equipment
Innovative systems
Waste-to energy processor

Technologies

The Next
Normal inSanitation

Source: UNICEF 2022

The Next Normal in Sanitation•

Source: UNICEF 2022

Climate Smart
WASH Technology
Catalogue

AIT x UNICEF, 2022

Climate Smart
WASH Technology
Catalogue

AIT x UNICEF, 2022

Thank You

4/22/202239