How open access is changing
scholarly publishing
Deborah Kahn, Publishing Director, BioMed Central
Presentation for the APAME conference,Tokyo, 3 August, 2013

What I will cover
Current trends affecting scholarly publishing• Changing demographics• Continuing growth of article output• The move from print to electronic• Changes in the way research is carried out
Publishing responses to these trends• Researcher Identification• Language services• Portable peer review• Article metrics• Mobile technologies• Research management tools• Open access and open data
How open access is changing scholarly publishing• Pros and cons of open access• Impacts of open access• Open access policies around the worldChanging demographics: Article Output 2001-11 by region
Article Share2001

Article Share
2011

5.1%

30.8%

23.7%

86,693

10.8%

3.0%

3.9%

341,758

580,866

5.4%

32.6%

26.0%

Eastern Europe

73,321132,157

6.1%

7.0%

5.9%

Asia

213,245695,706

12.6%

20.3%

31.1%

Pacific

28,86966,851

8.8%

2.8%

3.0%

Middle East

27,871

105,397

14.2%

2.7%

4.7%

Northern Africa

2,563

10,381

15.0%

0.2%

0.5%

Central Africa1,952

8,280

15.5%

0.2%

0.4%

Southern Africa

6,126

17,401

11.0%

0.6%

0.8%

1,049,341

2,234,036

7.8%

100.0%

100.0%Country/Region

Articles 2001

Articles 2011

Northern America

322,673

530,304

Latin America

30,963

Western Europe

Total

CAGR

(Source : SCImago. (2007). SJR — SCImago Journal & Country Rank. Retrieved January 16, 2012, from http://www.scimagojr.com)

Growth in output from Asia
Country

Articles 2011

Growth 2011

CAGR 2006-11

China

151,689

17.6%

14.3%

Japan

72,822

2.4%

-0.3%

India

44,798

8.7%

10.4%

South Korea

43,728

10.6%

9.2%

Taiwan26,5839.3%

7.9%

Singapore

9,356

6.9%

7.1%

Malaysia

7,694

31.3%

32.7%

Thailand

5,770

10.5%

13.2%

Vietnam

1,401

13.3%

17.0%

Indonesia

1,123

11.0%

11.7%

Philippines

911

19.1%

12.0%

Total World

1,172,933

6.3%

5.0%

Source: Web of Science, English-language articles only

The move from print to electronic• 25,282 English language, peer reviewed academic journals world wide
• ~ 18,700 are both print and online• ~ 3,700 are online only
• ~ 2,900 are print only
• More than 96% of STM journals are available online (fewer in the humanities and arts)• Why move to online?

• Online versions offer benefits not available in print, e.g. remote access, integrated
video, linking and sharing, file management, etc, which better suit user behaviour• Mobile technology is addressing issues of portability and readability.
• Digital printing allows print on demand for small groups of users who still needaccess to print.
• LOCKSS /CLOCKSS addressing issues of archiving and preservation.
Source: Ulrichs: The STM report, Mark Ware and Michael Mabe, November 2012

Research is changingChallenges of changing demographics and increasing article output• Researcher identification• Language barriers• Cultural differences• Different understanding of how to present research or what constitutes plagiarism• Appropriate attribution• Understanding of submission guidelines• Pressure on peer reviewers• Assessing quality and impact• Gaining visibility of researchResearcher identification

Researcher identification
ORCID is• an open, non-profit, community-driven effort to create and maintain aregistry of unique researcher identifiers• a transparent method of linking research activities and outputs to theseidentifiers.
• a tool for scholars to distinguish their research activities from those ofothers with similar names and to easily and uniquely attach their identity toresearch objects• a hub that connects researchers and research through the embedding of
ORCID identifiers in key workflows, such as research profile maintenance,manuscript submissions, grant applications, and patent applications.

ORCID records hold non-sensitive information such as name, email,organization and research activities.
ORCID reaches across disciplines, research sectors and national boundaries.

Training, tools and services to combat and monitor unethicalbehaviour

New author services

Challenges in peer review
Peer reviewers overloaded:• Often many experts need to be invited: good peer-reviewers are very busy
and decline many invitations to review manuscripts• If a manuscript is rejected from a high impact (or broad interest) journal, it isusually submitted to another lower impact (or more specialist) journal• The manuscript may then be sent to the same reviewers that reviewed it for
the first journal

A solution: portable peer review• Sharing reviewers’ reports between journals can speed up the publication
process and reduces the burden on reviewers

Portable peer review
Some initiatives:
Neuroscience Peer Review Consortium (NPRC)
Initiated in 2008, currently involves 40 Medline-indexed journals. If a manuscript is
not accepted by one journal in the Consortium, the authors can transfer theirmanuscript and associated reviews to a second Consortium journal
Rubriq• Provides reviews with a standardized scorecard that can then be submitted to any
journalPeerage of Science• A community of peers signed up to submit and review manuscripts in a transparent
format. Manuscripts are submitted anonymously and any peer can then choose toreview it. The aim is to ensure reciprocal participation in the review process.
eLife transfers
eLife to journals published by BioMed Central, PLOS and EMBO. If a manuscript is
not accepted by eLife, the authors can transfer their manuscript and associatedreviews to a journal of their choiceNew models of peer review

Measuring impact and quality of research
The IF of a journal is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to recently
published articles2012 Impact Factor of journal X = A/B
A: the number of times that articles published by journal X in 2010 and 2011 werecited by other indexed journals in 2012
B: the total number of articles published by journal X in 2010 and 2011
IFs cannot be used to see how many times an individual article has been cited – there
is a great degree of variation in the citation rates of different articles in the samejournalThe IF of a journal should not be used to judge the quality of individual articles
published in that journal

Journal level metric

Article level metricsAltmetrics or alternativemetrics (ALMs) refer to arange of measures which
provide insight into 'impact'
or 'reach' of an individualarticle.
ALMs aim to measureresearch impact in atransparent andcomprehensive manner
beyond citations and usage/ downloads.
ALMs do not replace but
add to traditional metrics,
such as the ISI Impact
Factor.

New mobile formats
Mobile friendly design of journals and articles• Device-specific formatting forsmart phone or tablet users• Mobile-optimised figure
presentation, content navigationand search• Articles can be saved to readoffline and used by apps such asiBooks, Dropbox and Papers

Mobile formats

Platform independenttechnology:
Articles published in
BioMed Central andSpringerOpen journals
are available in the ePUB
format which iscompatible with all ereaders (Kindle, iPAD,Nook etc)

New research management tools

Open accessFree availability, permitting any user toread or re-use for any purpose

The only constraint and role for copyright is
to give authors control over the integrity of
the work and to be properly acknowledgedand cited

Free access alone is not necessarily open accessCreative Commons Licensing

Allows users to share andadapt the work AS LONG
AS the work is attributed
to the author
Does not affect theauthors other rights

What is different about the openaccess publishing business model?
Traditional

Open access

The research community
transfers the rights to
the research to thepublisher

No exclusive rights
retained by thepublisher

Publisher covers costs byselling access to thecontent

Publisher is paid forthe service ofpublication

Growth in open access articles

Source: Anatomy of open access publishing: a study of longitudinal development and internal structure, Mikael Laaksoand Bo-Christer Björk
BMC Medicine, 2012, 10: 124

Open Access adoption in Asia is higher than in most other regions
Share of articles published in full APC OA journals

World average = 5.9%

ChinaJapan
South Korea
India
TaiwanHong Kong
Singapore
Malaysia
Thailand
VietnamIndonesia
Philippines

7.9%
6.4%
7.9%
5.1%

8.0%
5.4%
6.4%

Sources: Journal Citation Reports 2011, Web of Science, DOAJ

14.9%
9.6%
10.4%
10.4%
8.3%

Strong Growth in Submissions and Publications from Asia
Submissions and publications from Asia to BioMed Centraljournals
20000
18000

1600014000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2008

2009

2010
Subs

2011
Pubs

2012

Some advantages of open access• Unlimited access to all who need it• Continuous publication• not limited by page budgets• Space allows inclusive policies• Focus on increasing visibility of articles through blogs, blurbs,
tweets• Articles are openly licensed so can be reused• Allows text mining of data and literature• No limits on size, number of colour figures, videos, additional
files…..

Benefits, issues and impacts of Open Access: Accessibility”I will be seeing a doctor who is new tome..... I have a lesion in my shoulder that is..... causing a lot of pain. I read and copied
both the publications on surgical and pain
management. They are precise andinformative. I believe these articles will
prove to be invaluable for all of us as weseek proper care for this disease.”

Reader of Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases

Visibility

BioMed Central’s magazine highlighting the best from BioMed Central:-Covers biology & medicine
Designed for the research community
Research- Plain language summaries ofkey research articles- Q&As with authors
Perspective- Summaries of significant
review articles- Comment from field leaders- Thematic series overviews
Community- Discussion of topics important
to authors, reviewers & editors- Open access highlights

Benefits, issues and impacts of Open Access: Visibility

Enables new collaborations“ I received comments through my blog, Twitter network where I
have over 6000 followers, Facebook which I use for professional
reasons, and Friendfeed, where there is a scientific community...”“getting feedback online and being able to ask scientific questions(through crowdsourcing) were not surprising. What was surprisingthough is that scientists who work in the same field as us found us
now easily and we managed to launch new collaborations based on
this (we plan to share the data with a group in the US and combine
our efforts for a new study). From this perspective, publishing in an
open access journal can provide enormous opportunities if thecommunication methods of social media are also used by theauthors properly and with strategy.”
http://www.oastories.org/2011/09/hungary-researcher-dr-bertalan-mesko-open-access-and-social-media/

How does the business model of OA publishing work?
•No subscription revenue.

•Some revenue from reprints and advertising.

•The majority of revenue is generated through article processing charges(APCs), payable on editorial acceptance of articles•

APCs are paid out of research grants, by research funders, universities,
societies, governmental agencies, charities … the infrastructure is rapidly
evolving

Who pays?
100%
90%

Other
8%

80%

15%

24%
70%
60%

35%

46%

19%

Fee waived
Personal funds

50%

Discretionary funds(institutional)

40%

Institutional funding (OApolicy)
National funding (OA policy)

30%

Grant or contract

20%
10%0%
Agriculture andForestry

Business andEconomics

Chemistry, Earth Education, Social Health Sciences,Sciences, Physics, Sciences, Law, and Biology, and Life
and Astronomy Political Science
SciencesTechnology,Engineering,
Mathematic andStatistics,
Computer Science

Solomon, D. J. and Björk, B.-C. (2012),Publication fees in open access publishing: Sources of funding and factors
influencing choice of journal. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci., 63: 98–107. doi: 10.1002/asi.21660

Open access policies around the world
302 mandates• 81 Funder Mandates•177 Institutional•29 Sub-institutional•5 Multi- institutional

2841 repositories worldwide
containing 26,498,237 items

Key mandates worldwide: UKThe RCUK Policy on Open Access aims to achieve immediate, unrestricted, on-line
access to peer-reviewed and published research papers, free of any access charge. Our
vision is for all users to be able to read published research papers in an electronic
format and to search for and re-use (including download) the content of publishedresearch papers, both manually and using automated tools (such as those for text anddata mining), provided thatany such re-use is subject to full and proper attribution.
Peer-reviewed research articles which acknowledge Research Council funding that aresubmitted for publication from 1st April 2013, in journals that are compliant with theRCUK policy on Open Access.
Criteria which journals must fulfil to be compliant:––

The journal provides, via its own website, immediate and unrestricted access to the final
published version of the paper, which should be made available using the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) licence, and allows immediate deposit of the final published version inother repositories without restriction on re-use.
The journal consents to deposit of the final Accepted Manuscript in any repository, without
restriction on non-commercial re-use and within a defined period (within 6 months ofpublication).

Some unscrupulous people aretaking advantage of the open
access business model to makemoney out of researchers by
publishing anything submitted
to them. They have been called“predatory publishers” byJeffrey Beall who publishes alist of suspects.

Building trust
Open Access Scholarly Publishers
Association•Criteria for membership•Code of Conduct•Ethical standards•Identifies the members as legitimate openaccess publishers

Journals should be members of theCommittee on Publication Ethics

Interesting New Journals (all OA)
eLife- Highly selective journal backed by HHMI, Max Planck Society andWellcome Trust- Reviewing editors lead online discussions resulting in a single concise set ofinstructions for revisions
F1000 Research- All articles are published within days following an in-house check for obvious
inappropriateness- Peer review takes place immediately after publication; reviews and reviewers’
identities are published alongside articles
PeerJ- Authors pay to become members (starting at $99) instead of paying APCs
- Must commit to providing at least 1 review each year

Mega journals

Open Data
For science to progress rapidly, it is important to allow access, analysis and reuse of large data sets such as genome sequences
Open data is the idea that certain data should be freely available to everyone
to use and republish as they wish, without restrictions from copyright, patents
or other mechanisms of control
Open data is covered by a special Creative Commons licence called CC0:

The author has dedicated the work to the public domain by waiving
all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law
You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even forcommercial purposes, all without asking permission

Open Data

Many “regional” journals are converting to open access• Wider dissemination, visibility and more international reach• Increase in number and quality of submissions (partly becauseof growing demand from authors whose funding bodies may
require open access)• Indexing can often be improved (e.g. all BioMed Central
journals are indexed in PubMed)• Improvement of bibliometric performance / impact factor

Case study: Genetics, Selection, EvolutionOwned by INRA and now in volume 45, Genetics Selection, Evolution moved to
BioMed Central and from subscription to open access in 2009. Since then its Impact
Factor has nearly trebled and submissions continue to rise.
4.00
120

3.50

100

3.00

80

2.50

60

2.00

40

1.50

3.494
2.89

1.65

1.78

1.78

1.74

1.00

20

1.26

1.40

1.48

2009

2010

0.50

02009

2010

2011
Subs

Pubs

2012

2013 (ytd)

0.00

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2011

2012

Summary• Open access publishing is growing globally• Funding for Open Access is being put in place all over the world• Open access publishers provide an improved service
─Visibility and impact
─Distribution
─Accessibility• Future: to support science as it develops

─Data sharing─Reproducibility