Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Ten years of thedecommissioning of Fukushima Daiichi
NPS

福島第一廃炉10年の歩み©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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The accident occurred on March 11, 2011
GoogleMapよりGoogleMapよりMarch 11, 2011
Earthquake occurred at 14:46
Tsunami hit at about 15:37

Unit 66号機
Unit 55号機
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3

Meltdown
Meltdown
Meltdown

Unit 11号機
Unit 22号機
Unit 33号機
Unit 44号機 Unit 4 Rooftop

wreckedUnit 5
Unit 6©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

PausedPaused

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What happened in the reactor?
Tsunami attacked
Power source lost

Damaged the sheds of Units 1,3and 4 by hydrogen explosions
Leaked radionuclide fromthe containment vessel

Spent fuel pool

Generated hydrogen/Evaporated radionuclide
Melted and collapsed fuel assembly

Emitted radionuclide
by dry vent/wet vent

Dropped molten core downPrimary Containment
vessel (PCV)©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

ReactorPressure vessel(RPV)
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What is the purpose of decommissioning?
Decommissioning is an activity to protect people and theenvironment from the risks posed by radioactive materials
while promoting the dismantling of power plant facilities.
The goal of decommissioning is to reduce the risk to a low enough level.

High-risk conditions

Low-risk conditions

Controlled and stable….
but still uncertain state

Safe even if left unattended
Everyone can feel secureAfterdecommissioning

Certain risks
remainEnsuring safetywith proactive
management©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation CorporationThe risks are
infinitely lowThe site can beused for otherpurposes

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Major risk sources

1 Spent fuel removal
Remove and store safely

2 Fuel debris retrieval
Remove and store safely

2

3

Contaminated watermanagement

Purify, reduce generation andreduce the amount of remaining

4 Solid waste
Once in storage, stabilize, reduce volumeand generation, and analyze properties

5 Various other contaminants, etc.
©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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Long-term decommissioning plan (The government’s policy)
Since March 11, 2011 December 2011
Accident

Early period Phase 1

November 2013

October 2021

Phase 2Phase 3Fulfilment

Phase 3ー①
• Cold shutdown• Significantly reducing
the release ofradioactive materials• Before the start ofspent fuel removalfrom the firstimplementing unit

• Before the start offuel debris retrieval in
the first implementingunit•PCV internal investigation•Examining fuel debris retrieval method•Stagnant water treatment in the buildings•Spent fuel removal from Unit 3 and 4•Preparing for spent fuel removal fromUnits 1 and 2

Within 2031
Phase 3ー②

• From the end of Phase 2 through the end ofdecommissioning (Target period will be 30 to 40years after Step 2)•Spent fuel removal from Units 1 to 6 completed•Trial retrieval of fuel debris gets started•Gradual expansion of fuel debris retrieval•Minimize contaminated water generation•Proceed with waste storage
Spent fuel removal
Large cover

Heavy machineryfor demolition

Spent fuel removal from Unit 3|TEPCO

The underwater ROV for Unit 3
internal inspection| TEPCO©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation CorporationRetrieval of fuel debris
Overhead craneTopaccess
上から取出

Side
横からaccess
取出
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Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Road to decommissioning

Decommissioning process of accidental reactors as considered internationally
Optional safe enclosure
Accident

Emergency
Response

Cold
Shutdown

Launch of
Clean-up

Stabilization

Remove and purify contaminant

Demolishing
Remediation

Fulfilment

Radioactive waste management

Decommissioining process of accidental reactors at Fukushima Daiichi
2021
年2021
10月
As ofMarch 11, 2011

Accident

December 2011

December 2013

Around 2031

Early period

Phase 1

Phase 2Phase 3March 11/2011

December 2011

November 2013

Phase 3ー①

Phase 3ー②

• Cold shutdown• Significantly reducing
the release ofradioactive materials

Before the start ofspent fuel removalfrom the firstimplementing unit

Before the startof fuel debris
retrieval in thefirst implementing
unit

October 2021

within 2031

Fulfilment

From the end of Phase 2 through the end of
decommissioning (Target period will be 30 to 40
years after Step 2)

Contaminated water→→→→Treated water
Management
management
Waste management©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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The danger level of reactors has decreased dramatically over time
Heating value of the reactor
100%

0.04%
Right after
事故直後

the accident

Present
現在

Radioactivity of the reactor
100%

0.18%
Right after

事故直後
theaccident

Present

現在©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Value for Unit 3
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Radiation safety has significantly improved in the last decadeCs-137 emitted from Units 1 to 4
over the past decade

WHO drinking water standards

Exposure dose (mSv/year)

Concentration of Cs-137 in seawaterat the south side of the port

Monthly average exposure dose for workers
TEPCO
employee

Workers’ exposure dose

The general public can also visit without protective gear

作
業者
被ばく線
量Subcontracting
company

0.30mSv/MM(Provisional value)(Sv/MM)（Sv/人月）2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Site inspection by local residents in February
2020|METI©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Immediate after the accident in 2011
Unit 1

Unit 2

Unit 3292587514

Spent fuelSpent fuelSpentfuel
使用済料

Fuel debris

Fueldebris
燃料デブリ

Fuel debris

Equivalent to400

Equivalent to548

Equivalent to548

Unit 4

Unit 5

Unit 6

1331

826692Spent fuelSpent fuelSpent fuelCore fuelCore fuel

548

764

©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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In 2021

Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Unit 1

Unit 2292

587

Unit 3

使用済燃料
Spent fuelSpent fuel燃料デブリ
Fueldebris

Fuel debris

Equivalent to400

Equivalent to548

Unit 4

Unit 5

Unit 613741456

Spentfuel
使用済燃料

Spent fuel©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Fuel debris

Equivalent to548

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Around 2031

Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Unit 1

Unit 2

Fuel debris

Fuel debris

Equivalent to400

Equivalent to548

Unit 4

Unit 5©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Unit 3

Fuel debris

Equivalent to548

Unit 6

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The priority is to ensure safe storage Spent fuel removed from accident reactor issecurely stored in dry casks (custody facility).

 Large amount of solid radioactive waste has
been stored in temporally storage will be
stored in a robust waste storage facility thatis being expanded, with efforts to reduce theamount generated in the future and volumeof waste.

Rubble storage facility

Spent fuel Storage custody facility
Miscellaneous solid waste
incineration facility

New waste storagefacility©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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Cooperative systems has been established for the past 10 years…

Developing the systems andmechanisms by fully taking controlof the situation

Technology

Fortify TEPCO’sorganization
Enhance technical skills

Knowing the situation

Lowering the risk

１

To perform decommissioning
project in a reliable, prompt andsafe manner.

Organization

Conducting decommissioning

Gain local understanding

Government/NDF

２

To determine exit strategies forlong-term decommissioning
project.

Align with reconstruction

Secure long-term funding for decommissioning
Build a system to mobilize fully

Cooperation
with theLocal
community

Establish a command/cooperation system under the government

Study technological strategies for decommissioning©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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Collaboration and roles toward decommissioning
Organizational collaboration has beenbuilding across the country to ensure
safe and steady progress indecommissioning
Overseeing TEPCO andtechnical support

Nuclear Damage
Compensation andDecommissioning Facilitation
Corporation (NDF)

Research and development

IRID/JAEA/universities

Providing major policy
and progress management

Japanese Government
Enforcing safety regulations

Nuclear Regulation
Authority (NRA)

Reliable decommissioning

TEPCO HD(Fukushima Daiichi D&DEngineering Company)©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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Learn from global examples (International cooperation is essential)
Learn from the global examples
1979 to 1989

Fuel debris retrieval operation inThree Mile Island Unit 2 in the US

The case of debris trapped inside
the RPV. The operator retrieved
remotely and the retrieval completed
in 10 years. In the case ofFukushima Daiichi, since fuel debris
is leaking out of the RPV, it will be amuch larger scale operation. But
helpful examples.

Over the past decade, Japan has built
strong partnerships with variousnations and internationalorganizations.

©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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Making technological decisions and gaining peace of mind still work in progress- ALPS-treated water issue
Environmental Impact

Insufficient information
Insecurity….
Reputational damages

Fuel debris
Should never discharge to theenvironment
Solid waste
Maximum effort required
No discharge to the environment
Exists in the environment Careful approach required
Released before the accident
Massive amount stored on site

Tritiumdecades©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Hundreds of years

Tens of thousandsof years

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Disseminating information and dialogue with local residents
Sharing knowledge among stakeholders and organizations involved in
Safety Monitoring Council on decommissioning ofStudy on Specified Nuclear Facility Monitoring andThe Fukushima Advisory Board fordecommissioning
Nuclear Power Station in Fukushima prefecture
Assessment
Decommissioning and contaminated andtreated water management

Exchange of opinions with residents and young people at the International
Forum on the Decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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Prospects for future decommissioning
Since March 11, 2011 December 2011
Accident

Early period Phase 1November 2013

October 2021

Phase 2Phase 3Fulfilment

Phase 3ー①
• Cold shutdown• Significantly reducing
the release ofradioactive materials

Safety on
nuclearinstallation
Contaminatedwatermanagement
Spent fuel

Fuel debrisRadioactivewaste• Before the start ofspent fuel removalfrom the first
implementing unit

• Before the start offuel debris retrieval in
the first implementing
unit

Accident reactors stably maintainedRadiation leakage minimized/ensured monitoring
Tsunami and earthquake resistance ensured
Proceeded with processing of high-risk source
Improved radiation safety environment
Measures to reduce contaminated water generation
implemented
Stagnant water in the buildings reduced
ALPS-treated water gradually accumulated
Spent fuel removal from Units 3 and 4 completed
Preparation of spent fuel removal from Units 1 and 2
initiated
Stored part of spent fuel in dry cask storage
Inside of the accident reactors inspected/ internal conditions
presumed
Developed fuel debris retrieval equipment/ preparation oftrial retrieval
Waste storage facility expanded /volume reduction
operation started
Condition of waste in temporary storage improved
Radioactive waste characterizing
Radioactive waste analytical facility constructed©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Within 2031
Phase 3ー②

• From the end of Phase 2 through the end of
decommissioning (Target period will be 30 to 40years after Step 2)

Strictly continue radiation containment andenvironmental improvement
Dismantle/maintain unnecessary facilities
Reduce contaminatedwater generation
Reduce stagnant water
Planning ALPS-treated water release
complete spent fuelremovalReactor internal inspection
Small scale fuel debris
retrieval in Unit 2

Expanding scale of fueldebris retrieval in Units 1
to 3

Eliminate outdoor storageof rubbles
Store waste/reduce volume/stabilize
Analyze waste and debris in analytical facilities
Carefully consider the long-term exit strategy(decommissioning plan) in line with the statusconfirmation and progress of retrieval method.
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Future of reconstruction progressing together with decommissioning

2021

20112050

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Environment decontamination

Lifting evacuation orders
Development of specific reconstruction
ands revitalization centers
Development of service infrastructure/return/rebuilding of livelihoods/others

Further strengthening ofinfrastructure
Activation of educational
human resources development
International center for
education and research

Activation of Specified
reconstruction andrevitalization baseCreation of industry
including Innovation
Coast Framework
More residents returning home

Decontaminationof areas other thanspecifiedreconstruction andrevitalization base

Growing the numberof relocation andexchange population

Overcoming decommissioning
mountains through careful preparation

Future use ofFukushima Daiichi
site by locals©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

Thank you

©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation

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