鳥取環境大学紀要
第 3 号（2005.2）pp.31 −38,
An Introductory Note to Gaziz Gubajdullin s History of Tatars and His Age

YAMAGUCHI Iwao

1994 年にガジズ・グバイドリンの『タタール史』がモスクワで出版された。これは最初の本
格的なタタール史であったタタール語で書かれたものの、ロシア語による抄訳であるが、驚かされるのはこれがわずか 500 部しか印刷されなかったことである。しかも著者その人はカザン大学を首席で卒業し、タタール人で最初のカザン大学の教授になり、学者としての令名も高かった人である。なぜそのようなことが起こり得たのかを知ろうとしたが、その過程で彼が 1937 年ソ連秘密警察によって拷問の上、銃殺されたことが分かった。汎トルコ主義者だというのがその罪名であった。それ以前にも名著として高く評価されていたフジャコフの『カザン汗国史要説』も 1923 年カザンでわずか 1000 部出版されただけで絶版になり目にすることができなかった。しかもフジャコフも秘密警察の手で、「人民の敵」として銃殺されていたのである．なぜこのようなことが起こったのかについて調べようとしたのがこれである。したがってこ
れは学術論文としての質を持つものでなく、単なる解説と推測に過ぎない。断っておきたい。
ガジズ・グバイドリン、フジャコフ、タタール史学者、銃殺
Abstract ： In 1994 History of Tatars was published in Moscow. This is the abridged Russian translation of the main
work of Gaziz Gubajdullin, who graduated Kazan University summa cum laude and for the first time among Tatars
became professor of his Alma Mater. Moreover, it is astonishing that only 500 copies of this book were printed.
Everyone would like to know why such a unbelievable phenomenon could occur. Searching for the reason it has comeout, that he was brutally tortured and shot to death on charges of Pan-Turkism. Coincidentally, only 1000 copies wereprinted of the famed Outline of the History of Kazan Khanate published in 1923 in Kazan by Khudjakov, who, like
Gaziz, was arrested by the hand of secret police, tortured cruelly, and shot to death as an enemy of people . The aimof this paper is only to know the background of the age through which they had to live.
Keywords Gaziz Gubajdullin, Khudjakov, Tatar historian, being shot to death.

1. Introduction(Gaziz Gubajdullin) was born into family of a rich Kazan

In 1994 an abridged Russian translation of Gaziz Gubaj,
dullin s Tatar Tarihy (Татар Тарихы, History of Tatars)

merchant and a famous patron of enlightenment and sciences.

was published by an anonymous publishe r Moscow

historian, the first professor among

lycée (Московский лицей). It may seem incredible that only

Tatars. In 1937 he was shot to

500 copies of this work were printed on bad quality paper likedeath in jail as an ideologue of

pulp. It is no wonder to see, therefore, that its front page has a

Pan-Turkism.

He graduated Kazan University summa cum laude, a writer andtiny label which reads as follows: This book is the first

We are very anxious to knowtranslation of the tribal history of Tatars, unique up to thiswhat circumstances have influenced

day. Its number of copies is 5 0 0 , thus making it almost

the destiny of the author, as well as

unavailable even at the point of its appearance.

the age in which he had to live. ThisIn this connection, on the back cover of the book we read,,perhaps it may be the publishers comment, that G. Gazizis the aim and the main motive of
this introductory note.

− 31 −

鳥取環境大学紀要

第3号

this period Russian, German, French, Greek and Latin.

2. Personal background
Materials telling about his personal background are rather

At last, in 1909 Gaziz successfully passed the entrance

scarce, among which we have an article titled Gaziz,
Gubajdullin, our fellow countryman --- Gaziz Gubajdullin s two

examination and entered into the Faculty of Jurisdiction ofkinds of life written by Moscow Council of Tatar Students

been founded all over the Russian Empire.)

Kazan University (at that time, only ten State Universities had
Since the defeat of the revolution of 1905-1907 the voice of(МТСС --- Московское Татарское Студенческое Собрание).

the reactionary Russian chauvinism was growing stronger
under the slogan of

2-1 Family of Gaziz Gubajdullin and his childhood
According to this document Gaziz Salikhovich Gubajdullin
was born in 1887, as mentioned above, into family of a rich

Russia for Russians!

stirring thus theawe and anxiety on the part of non-Russian inhabitants
throughout the Empire including, of course, Tatars.
Amidst these disquiet situations Gaziz changed his course

Kazan merchant. His mother was one of the daughters of
Aituganov, also a famous millionaire of Kazan. Gaziz started

and entered into the Faculty of Philology,

his school life according to the will of his father in a school

determined to devote his efforts not for making Russia a

attached to the Muslim Mosque,civilized constitutional state, but for searching for the answer tomadrasa, named Khalidiya . In

the question, sacramental for Tatars, and for all of the non-this period, which began in 1895

Russian inhabitants as well within the territory of Russianand continued up to 1904, there

Empire: Who are we? Where we have come from? Where wecame to penetrate even into the wall

are going to? , as the author of the above cited article put it.

being finallyof this strict and conservative
2-3 Ideological development of Gaziz Gubajdullin

religious school many kinds ofsecular topics: on the development

According to this document, about the ideological develop-of industries, on the construction ofment of Gaziz in this period wrote A. S. Alishev, a Soviet

trunk lines of railway, on thehistorian, as follows.

rushing Europeanization of theOctober Revolution was made under the influence of the social

country, etc. In the beginning of the twentieth century thecircumstances of the time, in which Tatar national intellectuals

whole of Russia was surprised at the newly invented

played certain roles. On the other hand, he underwent the ever-technologies: telephone, cinematograph and photograph.

increasing influence of progressive and democratic movement

His ideological development until theDuring this period Gaziz learned Koran, Islamic legal

especially among younger generations. He himself writes, that

regulations by heart; studied Arabic, Turkish and Persianin the year 1905 the ideologies of Leo Tolstoy, of narodniki,

languages, read works of mediaeval authors and those ofthat is, Russian populists, and of social democrats began tomediaeval Muslim philosophers in Arabic, in Turkish and in

penetrate into these generations. He was a friend of Gafuri

Persian. He is said to have come into contact with European

Kulakhmetov1), was acquainted with Kh. Yamashev2) (one ofculture through Turkish translations.

the most famous Tatar bolshevist).

2-2 Classical gymnasium and Kazan Universityof social democracy. His beloved teacher in the University,

However, as for his own view, he had not attained the level
In 1905, just when the Russo-Japanese War ended in defeat

professor N. N. Firsov firmly stood on the position of

for the Russian side, Gaziz told his father that he would notnarodniki. Outside of the University, G. Gubajdullin took partsucceed to his profession and that he would like to go another,way to acquire Western culture. Without his father s financial

in many circles of progressive Tatar youngsters. His standpoint

aid, earning money by the job of private teacher, he began todemocrats. G. Gubajdullin never was a revolutionist.

was near to that of F. Amirkhan and of revolutionary

prepare for the entrance examination of classical gymnasium.
In 1906 Gaziz passed the entrance examination and became a

2-4 Scientific career

gymnasiast, i.e. pupil of gymnasium. However, as at that time

In the year 1911 Gaziz published his first treatise under theapart from the Russian language the knowledge of other foreign

title of Essay on Marco Polo in a magazine Shura, and thenlanguages was also required, Gaziz is said to have studied in

wrote his de facto graduation thesis Marco Polo As Historical− 32 −

YAMAGUCHI,An Introductory Note to Gaziz Gubajdullin s History of Tatars and His Age

Siberia, to Vladivostok. Meanwhile in relation with thisSources of Mongols.
From 1914 to 1915 Gaziz put a great effort in research, inincident Gejda took part in the anti-Soviet White Army because

compilation of a collection of articles, which was the first

the Soviet Government intended to drive them out to the Far

fundamental historical work of Tatars, dedicated to theEast. To evade Red Army pursuing after them the legions

3)

centenary of the birth of Tatar illuminator Sh. Mardzhani andmoved eastwards along the Trans-Siberian Railway laying

which, again, is said to be of special value mainly for Tatarsiege to the cities and occupying them. Because of the brutal

history before the October revolution.

behaviors of the members of these legions they were called

In the year 1914 Gaziz married and began to teach history
incognito in one of madrassas

Mukhamadiya

whichbelochekhs, that is,white Czechs , with hate and, with

contempt perhaps.
On the 7 th August 1918, on their way toward the East

introduced newly reformed method of education.
In 1916 Gaziz graduated University, as mentioned above,

belochekhs occupied Kazan and stayed there until the 10 thsumma cum laude. Nevertheless, he could neither enter

September. During their stay they massacred hundreds ofgraduate school nor work as a member of the University,

inhabitants by means of hanging or shooting. It is said, that all

perhaps because of his problematic political tendenciesof the poles and pillars in the Petrova Park were hung withduring his student life and, as he himself conjectured, because

corpses of citizens or with their quartered6) members. They alsoof his Tatar origin. Moreover, he was obliged to quit Kazan onplundered almost all treasures - gold, silver, platinum, jewellery

the advice of the governor, that is, he was expelled from the- throughout the city. Anyway, Czech legions finally arrived atcity. He became a teacher of history of a private Tatar seminary

Vladivostok and negotiated with the Japanese Army to be

in a small city of Troitsk.

repatriated by sea. On their way home one of the ships was

The February revolution enabled him to come back to Kazan

wrecked near Shimonoseki (Japan) while avoiding the attack ofand enter the graduate school of Kazan University. In one of his

the typhoon. The ship was brought to Kobe to be repaired andautobiographies he is said to have confessed, thatthe rescued passengers were brought to Kobe by train, and theyThe

February revolution gave me possibility to recover my former

are said to have been warmly accepted by the citizens.

enthusiasm for research in the field of science and literature.

Now, in the period between 1918 and 1925, there appeared

But this revolution has not given me the possibility to fill thefruits of the intellectual activities of Gaziz: complete works ofchair of assistant at this University in order to prepare forhis short stories (he is said to be called thenprofessorship because until the October Revolution nothing had

Chekhov ), texts books, monographs, pamphlets etc. such aschanged in the Kazan University. Only the October Revolution

History of Ancient World, History of Religion, History ofand liquidation of belochekhs from the Tatar country opened

Russia, History of Tatars, History of Classes in Tatar, Periods

before me the way for the chair of assistant .

of Social Development of Volga Tatar, and books such asa Tatar

It may be necessary to explain a little about belochekhs. The

History of Tatars, From the Past of Tatars, etc. The author

last Russian Czar Nikolaj II Aleksandrovich (1868-1918)

described in these books the past of Tatars from the antiquity

attempted to make use of the hostility of Slavic people against

up to the 19th century.

the Austro-Hungarian Empire of the House of Habsburg andPerhaps because of his point of view that in the 18th century,

intended to throw the Czech legionary within Russian Empire

after the end of feudalism it is not capitalist but a commercial-under the command of Radola Gejda (1892-1948)4) into thecapitalistic regime that was first brought into birth, which did

imperialistic war he waged then. After the Soviet Revolution,

not match with Soviet official view of historical development

Soviet Russia at first allowed Czech legions to pass throughof the society, he was arrested in 1925 on charges of a criminal

Siberia to Vladivostok according to the Treaty of Brest Litovsk.

case. He was suspected of larceny! He was saved from his

5)However, on their way to the East at Chelyabinsk a collision

charge only by virtue of professors of the University who took

took place between Czechs and Austro-German POWs in May,

pains to intercede with authorities.

1918. On the pretext of this incident US President ThomasThis incident made Gaziz determine to leave Kazan and to

Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) proposed to jointly dispatch

move to Azerbaijan, to Baku, and thence he went to Moscow

troops with Japan to rescue Czech legions asserting as thought

and Uzbekistan to teach history. In this period his interest

they were on the brink of ruin. Japan dispatched troops tobecame much wider to cover histories of all of the Turkish tribes.

− 33 −

鳥取環境大学紀要

In 1927 his doctoral dissertation was received under the title

internet materials written by

Question about the Origin of Uzbek People, and then he

Professor M. A. Usmanov in August

第3号

became a professor and dean of the Faculty of Oriental Studies

1990, Khudjakov was born in aof Azerbaijan State University and at the same time became afamily of Russian merchants. After

member of State Council of Scholars of Azerbaijan, Chair- man

he ended the first Kazan gymnasiumof Central Bureau of Enlightenment of Academy Center ofhe studied at the Historico-Uzbekistan, professor of the Muslim East Studies of Tashkent

Philological Faculty of Kazan

and Samarkand Universities, thus founding a school of

University (1913-1918). Then, he began to work at the Easternorientalists.

Pedagogical Institute. Here he published a series of

In 1929 he was elected the regular member of the Scientificethnographic and archaeological works concerning history of

Research Institute of Ethnic and National Cultures of the Orien-

the nations of the region either of the Turkish or of the Fino-

tal Nations in Moscow.

Ugrian origin. The abovementioned work concerning history ofKazan Khanate belongs also to this period, having beeen
published in 1923.

2-5 CatastrophethWhen Gaziz returned to Baku, on the 17 March 1937, he

In the period from 1926 up to 1929 he studied in Leningrad

was arrested and all of the manuscripts of the works made in his

in the graduate school and after the end of the course he was tolatest years were confiscated, and lost once and forever. After

devote himself to the further study of problems concerning themany months of torture, he was shot to death in the jail byhistory of the nations settled in the middle reaches of the river

NKVD (Bureau of secret agents, notorious successor of former

Volga. In the year 1936 he was granted a degree of Doctor ofGPU) of Baku.

History. However, his seemingly brilliant future was destined to

According to the protocol of his being grilled, it is reported

take the worst turn: in the same year on September the 9th hethat usually he underwent examination several times a month.

was unexpectedly arrested as an

Three times in the course of the whole period of his arrest theprosecuted as a Trotskyist , and on 19 December, on the same

examination was continued for 10 days and nights without

day when he was pronounced guilty, he was shot to death justinterruption, during which he was not permitted to sit down,

as Gaziz Gubajdullin was and all of the works were confiscatedwhereas inquirers, sitting down on chairs, often changed to rest.

and destroyed just as at the time of the notorious Shi Huan Di

The examination covered every kind of crime inquirers could(始皇帝).

enemy of the people

andcontrive, no matter how they may seem probable or not, only to

However, according to Fauzia Bajramova, in the eighties ofmake him guilty: whether he was not the agent of Turkey?,

the 20th century an existing copy happened to be discovered inGermany?, Japan?, or whether he did not act to restore athe hands of a man, Bashikirov by name, who also hasconstitutional regime of Russia?, regime of mediaeval

experienced both the national resurrection in the years after thecaliphate?, or to found unified Turkish-Tatar state? or to found

fall of Tzarism and the days of following oppression. On thebourgeois-democratic state of Azerbaijan? etc.etc.

front page of this unique copy was written the autograph by theThis is the outline of the case of Gaziz Gubajdullin

author which reads: To deeply estimated Alexis Stepanovich

according to the document made by Moscow Council of Tatar

Bashikirov, from the author, L(eningrad), 26, 1926.

Students.

thanks to this unique copy that his capital work was saved from

It iseternal oblivion. Perhaps it may be that Aleksej Stepanovich
3. Case of Mikhail Georgievich Khudjakov

Bashikirov (1885-1963) who worked during the period 1919-

3-1 His life and destiny

1943 in the Academy of History of Material Culture, and who wasAnother cruel destiny very alike to that of Gaziz Gubajdu-

engaged in the study of architecture of ancient cities along thellin awaited Mikhail Khudjakov (1894-1936), a RussianBlack Sea coast, as well as the study of Muslim architecture of7)historian born in Malmyzh on the river Vjatka, a tributary of

the Crimean Peninsula. Since then, this work has been

the river Oka. He is famous for his An Introduction to thereproducedseveral times, at least four times as far as the author

History of Kazan Khanate of which, just as the case ofknows, in 1982 in Ufa, in 1990 in Kazan and in 1991 in

Gubajdullin, only 1000 copies were published. According to

Moscow, and the whole text was included inthe anthology− 34 −

,
An Introductory Note to Gaziz Gubajdullin s History of Tatars and His Age

YAMAGUCHI

On the Contact of Continents anddescribed Tatars as desperate warriors, and pointed out that

Civilizations, from the Experience

the fall and decay of Kazan Khanate was for Tatars such aof Formation and Fall of Empires

tragedy, as is nothing comparable in the entire course of thein X-XVI Centuries, edited by I. B.

history of the nation. M .G. Khudjakov consistently describes

Muslimanov and published inlife of Kazan Khanate from the moment of its formation, its

1996, in Moscow.

development up to its annihilation. He describes how long theTatar State had been obliged to endure bloodthirsty attacks andthe sieges of Russians13).

3-2 What is his main work
about Kazan Khanate?

This rather sentimental narration suffices for us to understandThis work is about the history

the pride and national pathos Tatars foster against Russians.

of Tatars from the formation ofPerhaps, as it seems, the fear of Russians for this pathos might

Kazan Khanate in 1438 until its fall by the cruel attack ofbe the true reason responsible for the death of this talented

Moscow headed by Ivan the Terrible in 1556.

historian.
It may serve a testimony of such a view a passage written by

Concerning his work historian of the Republic of Tatarstan
8)

Sh. F. Mukhamedjarov wrote in his introductory note in theM. Z. Zakiev in his History of research for the origin ofabove- mentioned anthology as follows: As it is well known,

Tatars14). Here it is:even the history of tribes along the

In the thirties communist party began to spread propaganda

river Volga, having so intimate

to fabricate the consciousness of unified Soviet Nation.

relation with Russia (Tatars,

Everyone, who intends to recover, to keep or develop his own

Bashkirs, Chuvashes, Maris,

national identity, was declared as an enemy to constructing

Mordvins) has been only feeble

communism, that is, as an enemy to Soviet people, and wasreflection

alienated from the work, or got rid of physically.

in

the

Russianhistoriography such as works of N.
9)Nevertheless, as the creation of the ethnic history of minor

10)

M. Karamzin , S. M. Solovijov , V.

nations is in relation with the policy of resurrection and

O. Kljuchevskij

11)

succeeding development of each nation, study of the ethnic

owes

to

and others. It
poor

origin of Tatars will not stop. However, active research in thisknowledge of their own past. However, the main reason offield had to wait until the end of (so called) Great Patriotic War

defect in their knowledge consists, as it seems, in their attitude(i.e. Russo-German War of 1941-1945 - I.Y.).

partlytheir

to study history from the exclusively imperialistic point of view

Worried about the tendencies among minor nations withinof Russo-centrism. This sort of themes always receded into theSoviet Union to pay attention to their own history, Moscow

background and the fate of non-Russian people came into

adopted a resolution to hinder non-Russian nations from theconsciousness only when Russians waged war against them.

study of the history of their past. Such is the decree issued by

The standpoint of the book written by M. Khudjakov is different

Central Committee of Inter-Union Communist Party (Bolshe-

from the official historiography and therefore it provoked greatvist) as of the 9th August 1944. About the present state ofinterest of the public of the time.

affairs and resolutions to improve mass-political and

12)

F. Bajramova commented about the work of Khudjakov as

ideological work in the Tatar Party Organization , the seventh

follows: This book is the most honest and the most complete

point of which was To offer Tatar District Committee of Inter-study of the history of Tatars, written in Russian by a RussianUnion Communist Party to organize scientific research of

author. Neither before, nor after the appearance of the book

history of the country of Tatars, to eliminate serious defects andstill no work has been published comparable in its objectivity

errors concerning questions of nationality in elucidatingwith this book. Perhaps, no such book will come out hereafter.

history of Tatars which have been made by some individual

Mikhail Khudjakov first in Russian history accused RussianState of destructing Kazan Khanate, calling its act as anhistorians and literary persons (beautification of Golden Horde15),,
popularization of feudal epos of Idegee16) in the period of khan soutrage of invasion. He called first in Russian history Tatars asreign). To pay special attention to the study and elucidation ofa highly civilized nation having had their own state andthe history about the joint strife of Russians, Tatars and the− 35 −

鳥取環境大学紀要

第3号

other nations within Soviet Union against foreign occupants,

author describes, that of the Turkish tribes Pechenegs live in theagainst czarism and against the oppression of landowners andnearest region to Byzantine Empire, then toward the East tribes

capitalists.

of Kyfchak/Kipchak, Oguz, Jemek, Bashkirn, Basmyl, Kaj,
Jabaku, Tatar, Kyrgyz. Kyrgyz is nearest to China (Kashgarly

4. Historical backgroundMl, 1992, vol.1, 28)19). Again according to Zakiev, M. Kashgar

4-1 Origin of Tatars

also refers to the dialects of Kajs, Jabakus, Tatars, Basmyls

views of historians seem to be not so different in that they aredescribing that they have their own languages though they,
speak Turkish well. Kyrgyz Kyfchakis, Oguzys have different

people of the Turkish origin and originally lived somewhere not

Turkish languages to which languages of Jemeks and Bashkirts

so far from China. Because it is beyond question, that whenare similar.

Genghis Khan began to wage war against neighboring tribes,
the number of Mongols under his banner could not be so great

From this description Zakiev concludes that Tatars in,
antiquity lived somewhere side by side with Kyrgyz , perhaps inas to conquer whole of the two Continents. Therefore, it may beCentral Asia, in Mongolia maybe, but their languages werequite natural to think that he added elsewhere the conquered

different from those of Bashkirs and Jemeiks. Zakiev perhaps

people to his army marching to the West. M. Z. Zakiev (op.

seems to want to say by this analysis that the Tatars living incit.) wrote, referring to the Chronicle of Rashid ad-din: In thisTatarstan and Tatars described by Zakiev are not the same,

passage of the Chronicle of Rashid ad-din17), the author insists,

because the Tatars referred to by Kashgar used the language

describing about Turks, that in the above mentioned countries

different from the language of Bashkirs nor from that ofTurks are called Tatars. From the other sources we know, that

Jemeiks which belong to the Turkish language family together

it is not only Turks, but also all of the inhabitants of the Mongol

with the language of the modern Tatars.

Though the origin of Tatars has not yet been quite clear,

Empire were called Tatars.
However, according to Tatar Encyclopedia18), from about 9th

4-3 Fall of Kazan Khanate

to the 10th centuries here came and built a state Volga Bolgars,

According to Khudjakov, until the end of 1540s Moscow had

which was conquered by the army led by Batu khan in 1236-

not the political ambition to conquer Kazan. But in the end of1237 and then this district became a part of the Golden Hordethis period its policy toward Kazan was essentially changed. It(Kipchak Khanate) until in this territory was formed the Kazan

was caused mainly by the religious fanaticism and racial hatred

Khanate in the 15th century. During the reign of the Golden
Horde began to be formed the process of ethno-culturalof the Christian priests who experienced the oppression of so,called Tatar s yoke , hatred toward Tatars, toward thisconsolidation of the Turkish people, finally resulting in thegodless and pagan people --- Tatars adopted Islamism in 922

formation of Tatars as an independent nation.

as the state religion.

4-2 Other theories concerning the origin of Tatars

called Ivan the Terrible, who first took the title of Czar,

In December 1546, Ivan Vasiljevich IV(1530-1584), later
The above-mentioned theory stated in Tatar Encyclopedia

following the advice of mitropolit, a metropolitan bishop of theseems to assert that Tatars are descendants of people who

Russian Orthodox Church, named Makarij (1482-1563,

formed at least the basic layer of the Golden Horde. This view

mitropolit since 1542), declared that he had attained to his adultseems to implicitly presuppose that, apart from the question ofage and began to rule as a Czar. At the same time the clergy

their racial origin, they are descendants of Tatarsof thehad begun to spread propaganda to put into this young man an

Golden Horde. This view may be called a Tatar-Tatar theory as

idea, as if it depended on his conscience to go or not on aM. Z. Zakiev put it (op. cit.).

Crusade against heathens. Thus, since 1549 a series of repeatedZakiev criticizes this theory as dilettante view. He supportssieges of, and attacks on Kazan, the capital of Kazan Khanate,

the Bulgar-Tatar conception, which insists that fundamental

had begun. On the second October 1556, Russians finally brokeelement of Tatar was Bulgars inhabited on the river Volga.

the wall of Kazan, entered into the city, and began

According to him, the first study on the ethnogenesis of Tatars

elsewherehand-to-hand fights, which ended with the slaughter

is made by Makhmud Kashgar in his Divanu lugat it-tjurk

of almost all men not excepting many children. As for women,(Collection of Turkish Dialects) written in Arabic, in which thesome were slain, others were caught and raped, their treasures were

− 36 −

YAMAGUCHI,An Introductory Note to Gaziz Gubajdullin s History of Tatars and His Ageplundered and brought away, and the city was set on fire. In
short, this prosperous rich capital was in the name of Christ

в (supra) pp.9-72
Кунцевич, Г. З. История о Казанском царстве или Казанский ле

reduced to nothing, together with its highly developed cultural
heritage.

тописец (1905) С-Петербург.
МТСС Татароведение, Наши земляки Губайдуллин Газиз. Две жизни Газиза Губайдуллина http://www.mtss.ru/?page=gaziz?gub#

5. ConclusionМуслиманов, И.Б. На стыке континентов и цивилизаций, Из опытWhat we can conclude from this brief introductory note mayа образования и распада инперий X-XVI вв. (1996) Москва.

be perhaps too little to understand the true reason for mutualПохлебкин, В. В. Татары и Русь, 360 лет отношений 1238-1598.

distrust among Russians and other nations within the territoryСафаргалиев, М. Г. Распад Золотой Орды (1996) in: Муслиманов (supra)of the former Russian Empire. However, it seems to come up
with an outline of the matter, though yet too subtle and delicate,

pp.277-526.
У с м а н о в , М . А . О М и х а и л е Х у д я к о в е и е г о к н и г е (1990)

like a shadow, to discern what it may be. It may be a kind offear coming out of the vague memory of their history, the

http://tabrika.by.ru/hudyar_okaz/html/about.htm#fnrefХудяков, М. Г. Очерки по истории Казанского Ханства (1996) in: Мусmemory of the past rule of the Kipchak Khanate and of
succeeding it, the Kazan Khanate on the part of Russians. Itлиманов (supra) pp.527-758.
Эренджен Хара-Даван Русь монгольская, Чингис-хан и монгол

may be a kind of a physical antipathy caused by the memory ofосфера Reprint (2002) Москва.

the tragic catastrophe suffered by Kazan or of the oppressive
policies during the rule of the Communist system on the part of
Tatars.
Anyway, in the materials collected by the author, we can findthe sincere and scientific attitude of study of these authors
facing up to the past of the country. We can expect good resultsfrom such research in the future.
Notes

Thanks:I am very grateful to my colleague Bettina Begole, lecturer of1)

Gafur Junusovich Kulakhmetov (1881-1918), writer,

our university, who kindly revised my English and gave me

participated in the revolutionary movement at theuseful suggestions.

beginning of 20 century as a propagandist of socialistic
thoughts.
2)

Bibliography

Khusani Mingazetdinovich Jamashev (1882-1912), He

Malá ˇceskoslovenská encyklopedie (1984) Praha.

took part in the revolution of 1905-1907. In January 1907Большой энциклопедический словарь (1997) Москва, Санкт-Пет

he founded the first legal social-democratic newspaper
Ural supported by Ural and Ufa committees of the Russianербург.

Social-Democratic Workers' Party.

Татарский энциклопедический словарь (1999) Казань.
Полное собрание русских летописей т.19, (История о Казанско

3)

Shibabuddin (Shikhab ad-din) Mardzhani (1818-1889).
Theologist, philosopher, historian and illuminator. He wasм летописце) (2000) Москва.
Дмитриев, Л. А., Лихачев, Д. С. Казанская история (1985) Москва.

one of the first Muslim scholars, member of the Society of

K_mpfer, F. Historie vom Zartum Kasan (Kasaner Chronist) _bersetzt, eingeleitet und erkl_rt (1969) Graz Wien K_ln.

archeology, history and ethnography at Kazan University.

Алишев, С. Х. Казань и Москва: Межгосударственные отношения

4)

Pseudonym of Rudolf Geidl. With the consent of Czech
Government he worked in the Siberian Army under theв XV-XVI вв. (1995) Казань.

command of Aleksandr Vasiljevich Kolchak (1973-1920).

Газиз Губайдуллин История Татар (1994) Москва.
З а к и е в , М . З . П р о и с х о ж д е н и е т ю р к о в и т а т а р (2002)

5)

A city along Trans-Siberian Railway, situated on the
Eastern slope of the Southern part of the Ural mountains.

http://bolgar.by.ru/ct.nesost.htm
Крачковский, И. Ю. (ред.) Путешествие Ахмеда Ибн- Фадлана на р6)еку Итиль и принятие в Булгарии ислама (1996) in: Муслимано

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Chetvertiti, a kind of capital punishment in Mediaeval
Russia (up to the end of the 18th century) and in Europe,

鳥取環境大学紀要

according which four members of the convicts were, dead第3号18) Татарский энциклопедический словарь, ред. М. Х. Хасано

or alive, cut off and then their head too.

в, Казань, 1999 (cf. Bibliography).

7)

Now in Kirov prefecture, a plateau country West of the19) Makhmud Kashgari (Makhmud ibn al Khusejn ibn
Mukhammed) (11c.). Divanu (dictionary) was written in

8)

Ural Mountains.
,,
Shamil Fatykhovich Mukhamed jarov (923- ), historian1072-1074.

working mainly with the history of Kazan Khanate,
Moscow and Kazan
in the year 1820

ethnogenesis of Tatars etc.
9)

Nikolaj Mikhailovich Karamzin (1755-1826). One of themost famous historians in Imperial Russia. The author ofHistory of the Russian State in 12 volumes (1816-1829).

10) Sergej Mikhailovich Solovjjov (1820-1879). Historian,member of Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg,
President of Moscow University (1871-1877). The authorof History of Russia from the Antiquity in 29 volumes(1851-1879).
11) Vasilij Osipovich Kljuchevskij (1841-1911). Historian,Academician and honorable member of Academy of
Sciences of St.Petersburg.
12) Fauzija Aukhadievna Bajramova (1935- ), writer, one ofthe organizer and chairperson of the party Ittifak (Unity) .
13) A book about the life of Mikhail Khudjakov,
Azatlyk(Freedom), Social and political newspaper ,http://www.azatlyk.com/other/01_02r.html
14) Mirfatykh Zakievich Zakiev (1928- ), linguist, specialist of
history and language of Tatars. http://bolgar.by.ru/ct/
nesost.htm15) Kipchak Khanate.
16) Idegee or idegej,Tatar historical epos. Idegee narrates
about the complicated period, full of contradictions, ofGolden Horde from the end of 14th century up to thebeginning of 15th. Idegee is the hero of this epos, carried aterrible fight with khan Toktamysh and expelled him fromthe country.
17) Fazlallakh ibn abu-l-Khajl Khamadani Rashil ad-din(1247-1318). A Persian Scholar, the author of Collected

A part of the map downloaded fromhttp://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/russian_empire_1820.jpg

Chronicles.

（2004 年 12 月 9 日受理）

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