－1－

－3－

－5－

－ 17 －Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Official Population No. for year 2017=92 million capita

248 cities

4766 villages－ 19 －

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Most of the population is allocated inonly 5% of the total area of Egypt in
the Delta and Nile Valley.
Water Resources (57.0 BCM/yr)
River Nile (55.5 BCM/yr)•

Groundwater (0.5 BCM/yr)•
Rainfalls (1.0 BCM/yr)•

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Water and Wastewater Sector ReformHCWW

NOPWASD

CAPWO

EWRA

HoldingCompany for
Water and
Wastewater

National Org.
for Potable
Water&Sanitary
Drainage

Cairo & Alex.
Potable Water
Organization

Egyptian Water
Regulatory
AgencyPurify, distillate,transport, distributeand sell drinking
water in addition tocollecting, treating
and safe drainage of
wastewater.

Responsible for theinvestments of all
water &wastewatersector to all thegovernorates except
Cairo & Alexandria.

Responsible for theinvestments ofwater &wastewatersector in Greater
Cairo & Alexandria
governorates.

－ 20 －

Supervising ,Reviewing andMonitoring all water
and wastewatersector activities.

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

General Information About HCWW

Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Number of
Subsidiary
Companies

25 Company •Service
Region27 Governorates •Holding Company for Water and Wastewater

HCWW
25 AC’s－ 21 －

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Drinking Water Production from Different
Sources in Egypt
Surface Water
WTPs

Groundwater

Total amount22.517 million
m3/dayTotal amount 2.717
million m3/day

Total amount 0.1
million m3/day

89% from total
amount10.74 % fromtotal amount0.26 % from total
amountHolding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Sea Water
Desalination

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater

General Information About Water Sector In
Egypt
Water Production(Millions m3/day)Number of Water
Treatment Plants
Coverage Percentage
97%

Water Distribution
Networks (km)WasteWater
Networks (km)－ 22 －

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Number of Wastewater 409 with total Design
capacity 13.5 million m3/day

Triple treatment2%

Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Secondarytreatment

Primarytreatment

85.3%

12.7%

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater

Urban Service ratio (According to Population)

5.8%

0.7%
ServedUnder Construction

93.5%
Un Served

10－ 23 －

Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Rural Service ratio (According to No. of Population)

27%

Served50%
Under Construction

23%
Un Served

11

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and WastewaterContinuity of Water Supply -Water Networks (2016)
Measured by Population

98.5%
Daily
Continuous
Supply

1.2%

0.2%

0.04%

From 3
to 4 days
supplyOne day
supply perweek

One day
supplyper two
weeks

Total Population for Water Networks =90Million Capita－ 24 －

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater Upgrading of Labs

2005: 0 mobile lab 2012: 225 mobile labs
2005: 3 central labs 2012: 14 central labs
A Reference laboratory established for HCWW.

13

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater Performance Indicator System 63 indicators used to measure and analyze performance of water andwastewater operations on a quarterly basis covering five areas:

Technical

Commercial
Cost per m3
Administrative

Financial－ 25 －

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater Replacement and Renovation
program for W&WW networks
 Integrated plan to address old pipes
and valves Allocation annual budget of 2 billion
LE for rehabilitation projects
BeforeHolding Company for Water and Wastewater

Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

40

After

%

Reduction of Non-Revenue Water
Annual loss precentage

35
31.8

31.4

31.3

31.8

2009

2010

2011

32.2

32
30.4

30.4

2014

2015

30

25

20
2008

－ 26 －

20122013

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater

Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Real Loss Reduction Strategy Funded By USAID, KfW, JICA, EU, GIZ, … etc
District Metered Areas Data

No.

Networks Lengths
Km

Alex.

3

10

House
Connections
No.
1510

Beherah

2

50

Giza

7

Cairo

Company

Area
Km2

Loss
%

1.3

18

7652

13

31

43

6035

3.69

22

4

195

6213

3.8

40

Sharqiah

12

112

14057

7

31

Bani Swief

3

73

8452

3.7

37

Luxor

1

4

854

0.2

34

0-20

0-10
0.23

0.23

0.23

0.265

2012

2013

2014

2015

0.36

>40
0.55

0-30
0.48

2012

0.58

0.70

2013

2014

2012

0.65

2013

2012

0.77

1.35

2014

2015

0.50

2012

－ 27 －

0.58

2013

2014

0.65

2015

0-40

0.95

2015

0.46

0.60

2013

0.72

1.175

2014

2015

Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater

Recent Challenges to Improvement of Water
Supply Services

Firstly: Rationalization of water uses:-• Reduce the leakage in water networks.
• Reduce the average water consumption to be 200
lit/cap/day.(280 lit/cap/day for the current).

Secondly: Development of Water Resources:-• Expansion of dependence on Desalination.
• Dependence on Ground Water.
• Increase coverage of wastewater treatment plants to reuse thewater in agriculture.
19－ 28 －

－ 29 －

Water Supply Administration for Better
Management of Water Supply Services

Inception Report Presentation
1. Country: Federal Republic of ETHIOPIA
3. Position: Branch Office Manager

4. Organization: AAWSAContent of Presentation
1. Back ground of AAWSA
2. Success Story of AAWSA

3. Recent Challenges to Improvement of Water Supply Services－ 31 －

Back Ground
FEDERAL STATES OF ETHIOPIACont…
ADDIS ABABA WATER SUPPLY NETWORK－ 32 －

Cont…
• The Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA) was established as an autonomous bodyby order No. 68/1971 issued on 26 February 1971, and re‐established by Proclamation No. 10/1995
with more mandates and power as an autonomous Public Authority under Region 14.

• This followed the formation of regional states. Region 14 is now converted to the Addis Ababa City
Government, which is one of the two independent city administrations established by the Federal

Government.
• The scope and dimension of water supply planning and management in Ethiopia has changed rapidly
in the last couple of years due to a number of realities.

Cont…
• Addis Ababa City is at present supplied with surface water from the Legadadi, Dire and Gefersa
reservoirs as well as groundwater pumped from Akaki and Legedadi wellfield located to the south of
Addis Ababa and other shallow wells and springs located within the city.

• The current total daily production is estimated to be more than 523,000 m3/day. Out of the total
production 200,000 M3/day is from the surface water sources and the remaining 323,000 M3/day isfrom ground water.

－ 33 －

Basic Information• Water supply Area: Addis Ababa City
• Municipal Area: 540 Km2• Service Area: 540 Km2• Total Household: 628,154• House Connection: 450,462• Municipal Population: 3,250,768• Served Population: 2,061,635• Water Supply Coverage Ratio: 71%• Water quality: WHO guideline

2. Success Story of your Water Supply Services
AAWSA achieved the following goals:-• The daily water production rate increased from 301,000 m3/day in 2010 to 523,000 m3/day in 2017
• Improved the water supply service delivery system by implementing business processing

reengineering and balanced score card
• Improve water meter reading efficiency to 96%• Improve collection efficiency to 93%－ 34 －

Cont…
Picture: Construction of reservoir in Hanamariam area

Cont…
Picture: Legedadi water treatment plant－ 35 －

3. Recent Challenges to Improvement of Water Supply Services
The major recent challenges to improvement of water supply services are:• The major portion of the existing water supply network is very much aged and needs extensive work andcapital to renew it,• Now a day the Addis Ababa City is expanding horizontally as well as vertically dramatically, hence thesocio-economic development of the city is much more faster than the water supply development works,• The rate of NRW is high, 40%, that exposed the water supply service to be poor since the NRW in otherside could cause the water contamination,• Lack of application of appropriate technology in operational activity,• The water supply coverage is below the demand for water of the people. This case suppressed thesatisfaction of the customers.
• Lack of competent personnel to cop up the prevailing challenges in water supply service,－ 36 －

WATER SUPPLY ADMINISTRATION FOR BETTER
MANGMENT OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICEINCEPTION REPORT PRESENTATION

1. Country: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
3. Position: Water Customer Service Sub-Process Owner
4. Organization:Addis Ababa Water And Sewerage Authority(AAWSA)

Outlines
 Back Ground of AAWSA
 Water supply service level Reduction of NRW
 Accounting system of water supply system Success story
 Recent challenges to improve water supply system
 Expectation to wards Japan Expectation to wards the program－ 37 －

INCEPTION REPORTWATER SUPPLY ADMINISTRATION FOR BETTER
ANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICE
Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia established in 1886 G.C
currently the population of Addis is nearly 4 million
Addis Ababa live at an elevation of 2,700 m meter high above sea
levelThe city divided in to 10 sub- city with different area coverage &population density
Whole Country:

Area: 540 km2
Coverage Water Supply: 71%
Your Water Supply System/City:

Service Area : 540 km2
Population Served: 2,250,000

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT MYORGANIZATIONThe name of the organization AAWSA
Have an employee of more than 3000
Use decentralized administration
Having 8 branch offices under head quarter
One of the important service to be given is supplying ofclean potable water
AAWSA is an autonomous governmental organization
The water supply distribution system of Addis are bothgravity & pressure－ 38 －

WATER SUPPLY SERVICE LEVELNODescription

Date

1

Water supply area coverage

540 km2

2

Number of customer /Taps/

459,2642.1. domestic

386,2642.2. Non domestic/commercial/
2.3. public tap/fountains

70,0003

24 hours supply or not

70%

4

By shift two or three times per
week

30%

Remark

3000

The level of water supply is stated in tabulation

WATER SUPPLY SERVICE LEVEL
INDICATORS

2008or 20102015 or 2017

Goals for 2027

Production capacity(m3/day)

350,000

608,000

1000,000

Water quality

WHO
Guidelines

WHO
Guidelines

WHO
Guidelines

Coverage area

20%

95%

100%

Supply duration (hr/day)10

On average 16

24

Supply pressure

0.2 bar1 bars

2.5 bars

40%

20%

99.9%

99.9%

Above 3000

5000

Staff/1,000 connections

Number of connections
NRW
Collection ratio

48%

Staff number

The level of water supply is stated in tabulation－ 39 －

MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY

I want to separate the water quality problem
in two categories:Raw water &supplied water

AAWSA USE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WATERQUALITY STANDARD

Quality tableNowater quality table1

Turbidity /degree/

Tap water/treatedwater
300-1600 /NTU// < 1 NTU

2Color /Degree/

1500-400 /NTU/

3

PH

7.4-7.8< 5 TCU
7.4-7.8

4

Hardness /PPM

34

34

5

Iron /PPM/

0.2-0.4

0.01

6

Manganese /PPm/

0.033

0.008

7

Nitrate nitrogen /PPm/

0.004

0.004

8

Others phosphate /PPm/

0.15

0.15

9

Sulfate /PPm/

0.2

0.2

Raw water－ 40 －

RemarkReduction of non revenue water /NRW/
NRW is on of the most harmful thing to
AAWSA but it doesn’t give full attention to
reduce NRW by my observation now a days
the NRW is about 40% of the total production.
If the organization can control this NRW it Is
like constructing big dam so to prevent thissevere problem AAWSA state strategy & future
plan in GTP -2 Reduce NRW to 20% until 2015 2020 and also effective system maintenancestrategies.

Reduction of non revenue water /NRW/
Some of the activates which are held by
AAWSA to control & reduce NRW are:Installation of Efficient flow measurement
equipmentBulk meter installation unto main supply lines
Replacement of aged transition lines
Maintenance of reservoir and son on－ 41 －

ACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICE
The final goal of all the activities done in the authority
is to give better water supply service by the reward
getting service charge. Now a day the organization isself budgeted but previously the city administration
was allocate budget in addition to the money collectedfrom water fee but not now so AAWSA facing budget
shortage due to this and some reason tariff
improvement is made for the second time with in 4 or
5 years. And also implement modern bill & accounting
system. As I mention previously the AAWSA Customers
are Categorized in to 3 main division According to thecategory the water fee also vary as mention below inthe table. The billing or water fee collection work isdone by outsource company.

ACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICE
Payment /water Tariff
Non – Domestic customers
Tariff Block

Monthly water
consumption

Revised tariff
in Birr/m3

Block 1

1.

7m3

1.75m3Charge forsolid waste
management
42%

Block 28- 20m3

3.80 m3

42%

Block 321 -40m34.75 m3

42%

Block 441 - 100m3

5.95m342%

Block 5101 -300m3

7.45m342%

Block 6301 -500m3

9.30m342%

Block 7>500/ E.g.600/ 11.60/m3

42%－ 42 －

RemarkNon –domestic customers shall
pay additional change which isequivalent of 42% total water
consumption of or sold water
management service nondomestic customers shall pay theamount in the block they aregrouped for their total
consumption. For example, if acertain organization consumers
150m3 water in a month ,it will
be grouped under block5.
Accordingly it is expected to pa
birr 7.45/m3 for the wholeconsumption

ACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICE
Domestic customers

Tariff Block

Monthly water
consumption

Revised tariff
in Birr/m3

Block 1

1-7m3

1.75m3Charge forsolid waste
management
20%

Block 28- 20m3

3.80 m3

20%

Block 321 -40m34.75 m3

20%

Block 441 - 100m3

5.95m320%

RemarkNon –domestic customers shall pay
additional change which is equivalentof 20% of their total water
consumption or solid waste
management service. Domestic
customers are treated in a progressive
tariff system. For instant

MAJOR RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS IN IMPROVEMENT OF
WATER SUPPLY SERVICE.

Increase the total treated water supply from
350,000 m3/day 608,000 m3/day
To improve water supply service increase
the number of branches from 8-12
150,000 m3/day water extract fromsewerage disposal to construction or roadwashing & plantation purpose so it support
potable water usage.

－ 43 －

RECENT CHALLENGES TO IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SUPPLYSERVICETo implement modern technology because ofskilled man power shortage
The water supply increased time to time but
the distribution system is still traditional andold enough so it cannot handle the pressure &the volume of water causes pipes are broken aevery where and results physical loss &pollution.
Interruption of electric power related topressure distribution Case customer
dissatisfactions.

－ 44 －

－ 45 －

Republic of Guinea
Ministry of Energy and Water
Guinea Water Company (SEG)“Water Supply Administration for Better Management of Water
Supply Services (A)”Inception Report Presentation

Overview of Guinea
The Republic of Guinea is a country located in West Africa. It covers an
area of 245,847 km2 and a population of 11 million inhabitants of which

3 million in the capital Conakry. The annual growth rate is 3%.

－ 47 －

Overview of the drinking water supply
In addition to Conakry, the Guinea Water Company (Société des Eauxde Guinée-SEG) covers 25 urban centers over 33. The rate of access todrinking water in urban areas is about 70 %.

Overview on Guinea water Company (SEG)

Organizational Framework
STATUS:• SEG is a Public Service Company.
• SEG is under the supervision of Ministry of Energy and Water.
• Relations between SEG and the Guinean state are governed by atriennial contract plan
MISSION Production and supply of drinking water in urban areas; Operation, maintenance, rehabilitation, renewal and development of
the sector;

 Asset management－ 48 －

Department and Participants Missions

The Department Production, Distribution and Network (DPR) is
responsible for the production and supply of drinking water and also

the management of water supply facilities and the quality of water
distributed and network maintenance.

The mission of the Division of Supplying and Pipeline Network :- Monitoring of the pipeline for transmission and distribution;- Monitoring of the level of reservoirs and their service areas ;- Maintenance coordination of network pipeline and reservoirs

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN CONAKRYPRESENTATION OF THE SITUATION OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY IN CONAKRYIn 2015, the population in the city of Conakry is 3 000 000 inhabitants
which is estimated by SEG and the demand for safe drinking water isabout 300 000 m3/day
The water supply in the capital Conakry currently consists of 80% (133
700 m3/day) by the surface waters and 20% (33 300 m3/day) by theunderground waters.
Since 2001, the water supply in the city of Conakry has been strongly
disrupted because of a Significant deficit of the production in relation
to the demand.

－ 49 －

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN CONAKRYBoth this deficit and the topography of the city of Conakry havecreated a situation of water shortage in the upper districts, some ofwhich have not been supplied for ten years.
Allthese negative

factorshave

contributed

to decreasethecontinuous access to drinking water by majority of the population andrequire a rotational water supplying:

So the high areas are supplied Tuesday, Thursday andSaturday. Low areas are other days

－ 50 －

MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY
Management of water quality or self control is carried out by the Water

Quality Division under the responsibility of the Production and Network
Manager.
This department has a central laboratory in Conakry and 4 laboratories

in the regional capitals.
The implementation of an annual schedule of the quality of raw treated
and distributed water by SEG.

This department is composed of the following members:-

1 Deputy Manager-

1 Head of Service ,-Head Section Physico- chemical control ;-Head Section Microbiological control ;-4 itinerants Chemist based in regional capitals;-

12 laboratory workers and field

SEG WATER BALANCE (Conakry-2014)

Authorized
consumption
29 661 736
m3/year
Systeminput
volume54 883971
m3/yearWater
losses25 222 235
m3/year

Revenuewater
29 621536
m3/year

Non
RevenueWater(NRW)
25 262 435
m3/year

Billed authorized
consumption
29 621 536
m3/yearUnbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting, cleaning)
40 200m3/year
Apparent losses( Unauthorized
consumption(i.e. Illegal use),
Customer metering
inaccuracies )11 764 777 m3/year
Real losses(Leakage)
13 457 458 m3/year－ 51 －

29 621 536
m3 /year( 53.97%)

40 200m3 /year( 0.07 %)11 764 777 m3/year( 21.43%)

13 457 458 m3/day( 24.52 %)ANY ACHIEVEMENTS
To improve the indicators and the situation of drinking water supply,
we have initiated some actions and projects:
1. Project of improvement of the Technical and Commercial Indicators(PACT)

The activities of PACT include the following:••••

Normalization of the branching;
Installation of water meters for customers;
Repair of the leakages on connection;
Research and destroy of the illegal connections…

Evolution of the main management indicators for the last 10 years

YEAR 2005 2006 2007
INDICATORPRODUCTION (millions M3)
BILLING Ratio
Collection Ration Privat
CustomerCollection Ration Public
Customer
GlobalNumber of connections
Out of service
Ratio Evolution

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015 Gols for 2025

30,5 32,6 35,8
50% 52% 51%

44,9
55%

51,2
57%

57,9
72%

58,8
73%

60,3
72%

61,2
55%

62,6 61,97
64% 59%59% 63% 52%

42%

37%

42%

56%

72%

73%

67%

77%

63% 54% 48%
60% 59% 50%

77%
58%

60%
49%

65%
57%

60%
59%

50%
54%

64%
67%

61%
62%

46%
58%

85 351 92 261 96 805 101 702 106 103 111 378 119 792 124 383 130 758 133 161 137 555
16 573 3 468 3 440 3491 3 526 3 532 3 257 2 541 1 189 1 999 1 959
19% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 2% 1% 2% 1%－ 52 －

153,22

ACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF WATER SERVICE

A- Tariff situation of SEG is presented as follows: - Domestic consumption
From 1 m3 to 7m3 the price is : 0,08 D US/m3
From 7 m3 to 23m3 the price is : 0,28 D US/m3
Over 23 m3 the price is : 0,44 D US/m3
 Public fountain 0,4 D US/m3
 Commercial activities 0,6 D US/m3
 General Administration 0,61 D US/m3
 Industry, International Organizations, Embassy 1,14 D US/m3

B- Balance Sheet of SEG:
 - Asset : 46 442 396 D US
 - Liabilities: 43 802 695 D US
 Profit : 2 639 701 D US
 Capital Income : 32 279 892 D US
 Expenditures : 29 640 191 D US
Note: 1 Dollar US = 9 300 GNF

MAJOR RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS IN IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SUPPLYSERVICES/MANAGENT
1. Strengthening the drinking water supply system of the city of Conakry
Funded by JICA
 Replacement FRPM pipeline DN 1100 by DN 1100 Steel pipe (3,5 Km)
Funded by Islamic Development Bank- BID
 Rehabilitation of the WTP Yessoulou-1 built in 1964;
 Renewal steel pipe DN 600 (1,6km) mm and DN 700 mm (7,7km) built in1964;
 Rehabilitation of 15 000 connections and construction of 1 200 new social
connections; Achieving four boreholes for 40 00m3/day
2. Supply project of drinking water for the cities of Boké and Télimélé(Funded by Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa- BADEA
3. Supply project of drinking water for 5 cities: Gaoul, Lélouma, Tougué, Lola
and Yomou (Funded by Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa-

BADEA)－ 53 －

RECENT CHALLENGES TO IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICE

Realization of the fourth (4th) project:
Production capacity 160 000 m3/day
 Intake Water Raw water Pipeline
 Construction of Water treatment plant Treated water Pipeline
 Construction Service Reservoirs
 Pipeline Network
 Connections

Financing to be sought

EXPECTATIONS TOWARD JAPAN Advocating for the financing of the water supply project in the towns of Fria, Koubia andBeyla Obtaining a technical assistant specializing in NRW Partnership with the fitting and faucet manufacturing companies
EXPECTATIONS TOWARD THE PROGRAM
 Acquiring Japanese experience in water services
 Through the workshops to acquire the experience of the other participants Deepen my knowledge of network sectoring , pressure management and leak detection
 Improvement of my knowledge in water quality monitoring－ 54 －

－ 55 －

For
Accepted Participants Only ≪by 14th July (Fri), 2017≫

Attachment 2
Water Supply Administration for Better
Management of Water Supply Services
Inception Report Presentation

1. Country: Jordan
3. Position: Projects Manager
4. Organization: MWI - PMU
1

Inception Report Presentation
Each applicant is kindly requested to make presentation of Inception Report(M/S Power Point file with less than 15 slides) which cover the following 7
topics about the individual water supply company/public water supply
authority to which the participant belongs.

Presentation time: 15 minutes including Q/A

3 topics:
 1. Outline of Water Supply Services of your Organization
 2. Success Story of your Water Supply Services
 3. Recent Challenges to Improvement of Water Supply Services

2－ 57 －

1. Outline of Water Supply Services of your Organization
Body sentence of the profile / Background

Whole Country:
Area: 90000

km2

Population : 11 Million Habitants
Coverage Water Supply: 97 %Your Water Supply System/City:
Service Area : 11000
Population Served: 9.5

km2
million/ thousand3

1. Outline of Water Supply Services of your Organization
Please fill in variation of the indicators below based on your situation!
(Example)
INDICATORS

2004 or 20052014 or 2015

Goals for 2025

Staff/1,000 connections

22

3.2

2

Production capacity(m3/day)

65,000300,000

400,000

Water quality

None

WHO
Guidelines

WHO
Guidelines

Coverage area

20%

90%

95%

Supply duration (hr/day)

10

24

24

Supply pressure

0.2 bar

2.5 bars

2.5 bars

Number of connections

26,88

191,092

300,000

NRW

72%

17.2%

6.5%

Collection ratio

48%

85%

95%

Staff number

3,200

4611

5000

－ 58 －

4

2. Success Story of your Water Supply Services
There are projects that have achieved very good results thatcan be considered success stories:
1- Al-Aqab Water Project: The objective of this project is tocollect all the results of the wells in the northeastern region of
Jordan and increase the quantity of water supplied to the four
northern governorates
2 - The project of the carrier line HOFA - Beit Ras: providing
additional water quantities and lifting the pressure in many
areas that were suffering from lack of water access to it as wellas providing great power
3- The main transmission pipe line from Dissi Wells in thesouth of Jordan to carry the water to the middle and the North

5

3. Recent Challenges to Improvement of Water Supply
Services2 million refugees is the biggest challenge that we face it
during the last 6 years , And in the same time Jordan is thesecond poor country in the world for water .
The main source of drinking water in Jordan is wells. And
extraction and pumping is very expensive and this is anotherchallenge6－ 59 －

Management of Water Quality :Water quality in Jordan is managed according to national standards
and international lows and WHO Guide lines .
Many types of water are monitored and managed are: 1_drinking
water2; waste water 3: industrial water 4; irrigation water.
All type of water should be complied with Jordanian standards
IF any deviation from standards control limits for drinking
water...Water sources must be stopped , taking corrective actions ,corrective measures and finally testing more samples until complying
Other points in water management are;1: water protection by implementation of the Jordanian guides forwater protection and desalination if water zones
2- WATER TREATMENT TO IMPROVE WATER QUALUTY FOR
SAFE CONTNIOUSE WATER SUPPLY
3- Water safety plane implementation to insure SAFE water fromsource to consumer’s meters
4- Reuse of reclaimed waste water in irrigation to save drinking
water for human consumption－ 60 －

－ 61 －

Lilongwe Water Board
Potable water all the time for all

WATER SUPPLY ADMINISTRATION FOR BETTERMANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICES
Attachment2: Inception Report Presentation
JICA Tokyo International Center

Lilongwe Water BoardMalawi

Outline•••••Introduction
Water supply services and service levels at LWBManagement of water quality
Reduction of Non-Revenue Water
Major recent achievements in improving watersupply services• Recent challenges to improvement of WSS• Expectation toward Japan and the programE-mail: madzi@lwb.mw

Website: www.lwb.mw－ 63 －

Introduction

E-mail: madzi@lwb.mw

Website: www.lwb.mw

Lilongwe Water Board at a glance• Sole supplier of potable water in Lilongwe city
• Established in 1947
• Mainly relies on surface water source• Has staff compliment of 482• Divided into 3 Zones• Currently has 4 departments: General Management,
Finance, Human Resource and Administration andTechnical Services
E-mail: madzi@lwb.mw

Website: www.lwb.mw－ 64 －

Water Supply Services and Service Levels
DAMS
20km

•
•
•
•

• KD1(4.5mil m3)• KD2 (19.8 mil m3)TW• 2 plants: 125 000m3• Conventional Water Treatment Processes used

Boosters • 9 Stations capacity range: 114-1700 m3
Pipe length: 2200km• 16 Res. Capacity range: 650-12000 m3
Reservoirs
PVC 69%AC 28%
Others 3%• 750 000 served(68% of city population)
Customers

E-mail: madzi@lwb.mw• Bulk, CWP, House Connections

Website: www.lwb.mw

Water Supply Services and Service Levels Cont’d
Investment Plans:• Lake Malawi Project• Raising of Dam I• Extension of Treatment Works• Studies on groundwater development

E-mail: madzi@lwb.mw

Website: www.lwb.mw－ 65 －

Management of Water Quality• Quality generally good except in rainy season(turbidity 17000NTU)• Conventional water treatment methods used
• Water sample analyses for compliance with standards• Plans to construct sediment trap at intake points• Plans to reclaim the lost vegetative cover for Lilongwe
River catchment area
E-mail: madzi@lwb.mw

Website: www.lwb.mw

Reduction of Non - Revenue water• Serious challenge mainly attributed to aged pipes
and illegal connections• Rolling average of 36% for the past five years• 12.8mil m3 lost yearly; translating to about $9mil• Target is to reach 25% in 2019
• Climate variability needs resilient facilities

E-mail: madzi@lwb.mw

Website: www.lwb.mw－ 66 －

Interventions put in place to fight NRW• Establishment of Water Balancing System-underway• DMA establishment-progress at 80%• Caretaker Area establishment-done• Pipe and meter replacement program• Pressure management• Metering and meter accuracy – state of the art meter lab
just installed

E-mail: madzi@lwb.mw

Website: www.lwb.mw

Major recent achievements in improvement of WSS• Extension of Treatment works(2016) -30 000m3/day
added• Implementation of GIS – working 90%• Development of a Hydraulic Model – 20%(underway)• Commissioning of 2 reservoirs (2015) – combined
capacity 6,650m3

E-mail: madzi@lwb.mw

Website: www.lwb.mw－ 67 －

Recent Challenges to improvement of WSS• Inadequate and aged water infrastructure• High NRW levels• Environmental degradation• Intermittent water supply and power failure interruptions• Limited financial capacity for infrastructure development

E-mail: madzi@lwb.mw

Website: www.lwb.mw

Expectation towards Japan and the program• To acquire better skills in water supply administration• To appreciate and adopt achievable practices of Japanesewater utility companies in NRW reduction activities• To get equipped with necessary skills and knowledge thatwould be used to address water supply challenges• To learn cultures of other participants• To learn water supply practices of other participating
countries

E-mail: madzi@lwb.mw

Website: www.lwb.mw－ 68 －

－ 69 －

Inception Report presentation
Water Supply Administration for Better
Management of Water Supply Services.
Country:

Nigeria

State:

Ondo State

Position:

General Manager

Organization
Corporation.

:

Ondo State Water

OUTLINE OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICES
Institutional Framework and Ondo State Water Corporation(ODWC)
Organization
The Ondo State Water Corporation (ODWC) was formally established in May 1976. The legal Edict
providing for the establishment was signed into law on 4th November, 1977 and was published in an
official gazette No. 17 Vol. 3 of 25th May, 1978.
Water supply to the population in the urban areas of Ondo State is the task of the State Water
Corporation(ODWC). The major Urban areas are the area of Akure(the State Capital city) Ondo,
Owo, Ikare and Okitipupa.
DEPARTMENTS - The Corporation is having 9 department and 4 unit(i)Planning, Design & Statistic Department,(ii) Operation & Maintenance Department(iii)Construction Department (iv) Rural Water Supply Department(iv)Quality Control & Sanitation Department(v)Commercial Service Department(vi)Finance Department(vii) Administrative Department
Units :(i) Stores/Supplies Units (ii) Public Relation Units (iii) Internal Audit Unit (iv) Legal Unit.
The Corporation is further divided into five operational Zones for administrative convenience－ 71 －

Institutional frame work and ODWC Continued
Commissioner
Eecutive
Chairman
General Manager
Internal Auditor

Public Relation
Legal Affairs

Store
Finance

Administration

Constructionr

Panning

Quality &Sanitatiom

O ndo A/O

Okitipupa A/O

O&M
Owo A/O

Akure A/O

Ikare A/O

Outline of Water Supply services continued
Country:

Nigeria

Area:

923,769km2

Population:

185,000,000

Coverage Water Supply:

54%

Water Supply System/City:

Urban Communities of the State

Service Area:

15,820Km2

Population Served:

3,460,877－ 72 －

Key Performance indicators
No Total Connections

Unit

2011

2012

2013

2014

1

Total connections

Nos

15,46616,144

16,471

16,4692

Active Connections

Nos

4,211

3,444

2,954

2,137

3

New Connections

Nos

222

276

64

40

4

Inactive connections

Nos

11,255

12,70013,517

14,332

5

BillingNaira 80,773,166

73,744,502

13,525,898 15,169,155

6

Collection

Naira 50,819,926

50,135,417

9,292,292* 10,810,094

7Collection efficiency

%

62.9

68

68.7

71.2

Key Performance Indicators
No

Total
Connections

Unit

2011

2012

2013

2014

8

Water
Production

M3

5,773,681.25

6,475,191.2
53,036,461.9
51,973,700.
27

9Water soldM3

4,038,658.30

3,687,225.1
0676,294.91

758,457.7
5

10

Non Revenue
Water

%

30.05%

43.06%

77.73%**

61.57%**

11

Staff

Nos

962

902

868

729

12

Staff Productivity Staff/1000
Connection

62

56

53

44

•The State Government used to pay bulk from source for MDAs which was stopped late 2012
based on the policy of the State Government. Policy that MDAs should be responsible for the
Payment of their utility Bills** The above stated reason is responsible for high non revenue water as it became difficult
for the corporation to collect its revenue from MDAs despite that they received water supply－ 73 －

Outline of Water supply Services Continued
INDICATORS

2005

2014

Goals for2025

Staff/1000 Connections

35

44

20

Production
Capacity(M3/day)

6,475,191.25

1,973,700.27

Water Quality

Low

High

Coverage Area

4%

30%

Supply Duration (hr/day)

8hrs

4hrs

12-15hrs

Supply Pressure123m

Lot ofleakages b/cof urbanrenewal

To arrest allleakages.

Number Of Connections

16,467NRW

30.05%

61.57%

Collection Ratio

55%

71.2%

95%

Staff Number

Success Story of Water Supply Services
(1).
(2)

Formulation of the State Water and Sanitation Policy and passing into law theWater Sector Bill to drive the policy.
This has create an enabling environment for investor to come in andprotect the right of Investor of recouping his/her investment.

With the availability of the State Water and Sanitation Policy document and thesector law the initial overburdened on the Corporation with the responsibility for water supply
to the urban, rural and small towns has been shed to 3 agencies. Rural Water supply andsanitation agency (RUWASA), Small town Water Supply agency (yet to be fully implementedand Urban Water supply agency been handled by ODWC
Moreover, according to the law, the Corporation is in charge of its own affairs. All expenses
need is to be covered by the revenue generated through the sales of water. The
Corporation is now responsible for its:
Financial Management, based on approved annual budget
Technical Management of the water supply infrastructure;
Commercial management, including customers affairs, billing, collection, disconnection andSetting of water tariff.
Human resources management, including recruitment, training, compensation.
The law makes it possible to introduce performance based compensation.

－ 74 －

Recent Challenges to Improvement of Water Supply Services
The Corporation is faced with a lot of challenges which hinder its operational
performance. These challenges can be classified under three domains, namely(i) Institutional Framework;
Government interference and control is seen to be high as the Corporation has to run to theGovernment most of the time for funds needed to do minor maintenance and repair. Lack ofautonomy is one of the most important constraint confronting the corporation to improve its
performance.
(ii) Cost Recovery/Revenue Generation;
Revenue generated is too meagre to recover operational cost, with the cost recovery ratio
calculated approximately as 1.4%. The billing is still being manually generated which makes
the billing system prone to errors of not capturing all the available customers thereby not
giving the true picture of what is to be billed and what is to be collected.

Recent Challenges to Improvement of Water Supply Services Continued(iii) Production/NRW/Network management.

Most of the water supply schemes are not in good state. The Corporation is just managing
through strenuous effort of the management and staff to supply water to few customers thereby
leaving a wide gap in demand and supply. The situation has forced the populace to look foralternative sources of water supply thereby seriously hindering the performance of the
Corporation.
The pipeline network is inadequate and the existing ones are faced with the problem of fatigue
and aging, leading to frequent bursts and leakages. The Corporation finds it very difficult tomaintain most of its facilities due to shortage of fund for maintenance and running cost.
Water supply service quality and cost recovery are low. Water tariffs are low and many users do not pay
their bill. ODWC rely mostly on occasional subsidies from the State Government to cover the operationalcosts－ 75 －

Conclusion
From the table on slide 5 and 6 it can be seen at a glance obvious challenges
faced by the Corporationi. Active connections have been declining
ii. Similarly the number of new connections has not improved over years
iii. There has been an increase in un-active connections
iv. The collection efficiency is high because some accounts have been suppressedv. The non-revenue Water started rising when Government stopped bulk deduction of
MDAs arrears from source.

－ 76 －

Water Supply Administration for Better
Management of Water Supply Services
Inception Report Presentation

1. Country: Nigeria
3. Position: Head Monitoring and
Evaluation
4. Organization: Lagos Water
Corporation
1

1. Outline of Water Supply Services of Lagos Water
Corporation
Lagos:

Nigeria:
Area:

Population :3,577 km2

923,683 km2

Area

192 Miilon Habitants

Population : over 23 million

Coverage Water Supply: less than 68.5 %:Habitants

Coverage Water Supply: less than 10%

Your Water Supply System/City:
Service Area : 44
Population Served: 3.65

km2
million/ thousand2－ 77 －

Outline of Water Supply Services of Lagos Water
Corporation

INDICATORS

2000

2016

Goals for 2025

Staff/1,000 connections

16

17

6

Production capacity(m3/day)

681,000

954,660

1,409,260

Water quality

None

NWQ
Guidelines

NWQ
Guidelines

Coverage area

20%

44%

80%

Supply duration (hr/day)

10

18

24

Supply pressure

-

-

-

Number of connections

108,22475,000180,000

NRW

98%

66%

40%

Collection ratio

32%

34%

80%

Staff number

1812

1300

1000

Vision:“Sustainably meeting potable water demand in
Lagos State through international best practice”
Mission:“To provide safe drinking water in sufficient and regularquantity, maintain good quantity service through revenue
generation to sustain operations, meet customer
expectation by planning sustainable growth－ 78 －

3The First 2.4 MGD Iju Water Works was constructed

in 1910 and was commissioned in 1915 by Lord
Lugard to service Colonial residents of Ikoyi .
In order to meet the continuous demand of watersupply the corporation has continued to expand its
capacity and this has lead to the construction of
4MGD Ishasi to service the south west of the state in1976 and 70MGD Adiyan Water works in 1991.
Recently is the construction of 4MGD Otta-Ikosi toserve the residents of the Ikorodu which is theLagos Water Corporation now has a total installedcapacity of 210MGD(954.66MLD)
4 Major Water Works of total Capacity of
123MGD(559.16MLD)
48 Mini and Micro water works 87MGD(395mld)

 The Lagos State Water Corporation (LSWC) was
formally launched in 1986 by the then Military
Administrator of Lagos State, Group Captain
Gbolahan Mudashiru.
 Later, His Excellency, Asiwaju Bola Ahmed
Tinubu, the Third Executive Governor, Lagos
State, rechristened it Lagos Water Corporation(LWC) in the year 2004, by virtue of Lagos State
Water Sector Law (No. 14).
 The Corporation operates as an effective andefficient state government Parastatal, charged
with the responsibility of providing potable andsafe water, to over 23 million people in Lagos
State.

－ 79 －

Summary services
Lagos Water Corporation Total Asset: 40.34 billion naira.
No of Regional Business District within Lagos Water Corporation – 8
Major water works – 4 123mgd) Mini water works – 48 (87mgd)
New water works under construction – 8 (16mgd) Transmission mains(ND 200 – 600mm) – 180km Distribution Mains (ND 500 – 75) – 2,500km
Additional 200km distribution mains ongoing in 2 service areas
Total connections (size 5 – 19mm) – 75,000
12.15 M Independent Power Plant for Iju, Adiyan, and Akute Level ofservice before IPPs – 21.6% Level of Service after IPP – 57.2% Network
coverage – 44%
 Unaccounted for water – 60%

Projections show that the demand for water will increase
tremendously to close to 780 million gallons of water per
day by the year 2025. LWC has used a projected
population growth of 5% per annum to calculate theprojected demand for water giving a population of 32
million for Lagos by the Year 2025. The demand gap
estimates are as
Year

Population Water(Millions)
Demand(M
GD)

Water
DemandProduction Gap(MGD)
(MGD)

2010

18

540

210

330

2016

24

724

317

407

2018

26

664

577

88

2020

29

733

745

(12)

2025

32

780

800

(20)

－ 80 －

LWC MASTER PLAN
Short Term (2012 2017)

Medium Term (2017 –2018)

Long Term (2019 –2020)

Treatment plant

Expected
Yield(mgd)

Treatment
plant

Expected
Yield(mgd)

Treatment
plant

Expected
Yield(mgd)

Adiyan II

70

Odomola II

90

Yewa III

50

Odomola I 25

Adiyan III

70

Odomola III

95

Ishasi8
Expansion

Yewa I(Desalinatio
n)50

UpgradingIshasi23

Ota Ikosi

Ibeshe(Desalination)

50

4

Recent Challenges to Improvement of Water Supply
Services10－ 81 －

 Lack of power supply
 Supply service unreliable Supply service not cost effective
 Heavy system losses up to 66%
 Mini water works – 42 (75.9mgd)
 Level of service before IPP– 21.6%,Level of service–
57.2% Network coverage – 44%
 Rampant water theft and illegal connections
 Transmission: Developing efficient networks, storage
reservoirs and operational and financial systems.
 Ageing water plants and facilities
 Aging Workforce

Lack of data for water management - 50% of customer
database is available
Increase access and reliability
High operating costsChallenges in resource mobilizationInefficient cost recovery mechanisms
 Inefficient revenue collection system (80% of water
users on flat billing syste－ 82 －

Water Supply Administration for Better
Management of Water Supply Services.
INCEPTION REPORT PRESENTATIONCountry:Nigeria

State:Ondo State

Position:Director of Engineering (Operation &Maintenance)

Organization:Ondo State Water Corporation.

OUTLINE OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICES:
Introduction:
Ondo State Water Corporation (ODWC) is the main
Agency of Ondo State Government responsible forwater delivery services in the Urban towns. The
Corporation was established in May 1976. The Legal
Edict that established the Agency was signed into law
on 4th November, 1977 Towns that fall into urban areasof Ondo State are: Akure (State Capital), Ondo, Owo,
Okitipupa and Ikare.

－ 83 －

Water Corporation Organogram
Commissioner
Board Chairman
General Manager

Internal Auditor

Public Relation
Legal Affairs UnitStore Unit
Construction
Dept.

Admin
Dept.

Akure A/O

Operation &Maintenance

Finance

Owo A/O

Commercial
Services
Dept.

Ikare A/O

Panning

O ndo A/O

Continuation of Outline of Water Supply services
Country:

Nigeria

Area:

923,769km2

Population:

185,000,000

Water Supply Coverage:

54%

Urban Cities of Ondo:

Population Above 100,000

Present Service Area:

15,820Km2

Population Covered:

3,460,877－ 84 －

Quality &Sanitation

Okitipupa A/OKey Performance indicators
No Total Connections

Unit

2011

2012

2013

2014

1

Total connections

No

15,46616,144

16,471

16,4692

Active Connections

No

4,211

3,444

2,954

2,137

3

New Connections

No

222

276

64

40

4

Inactive connections

No

11,255

12,70013,517

14,332

5

BillingNaira 80,773,166

73,744,502

13,525,898 15,169,155

6

Collection

Naira 50,819,926

50,135,417

9,292,292* 10,810,094

7Collection efficiency

%

62.9

68

68.7

71.2

Key Performance Indicators continue
No

Total
Connections

Unit

2011

2012

2013

2014

8

Water
Production

M3

5,773,681.25

6,475,191.2
53,036,461.9
51,973,700.
27

9Water soldM3

4,038,658.30

3,687,225.1
0676,294.91

758,457.7
5

10

Non Revenue
Water

%

30.05%

43.06%

77.73%**

61.57%**

11

Staff

No

962

902

868

729

12

Staff Productivity Staff/1000
Connection

62

56

53

44

•The State Government used to pay bulk from source for MDAs which was stopped late 2012
based on the policy of the State Government. Policy that MDAs should be responsible for the
Payment of their Utility Bills** The above stated reason is responsible for high non revenue water as it became difficult
for the corporation to collect its revenue from MDAs despite that they received water supply－ 85 －

Outline of Water supply Services Continued
INDICATORS

2005

2014

Goals for2025

Staff/1000 Connections

35

44

20

Production
Capacity(M3/day)

6,475,191.25

1,973,700.27

Water Quality

Low

High

Coverage Area

4%

30%

Supply Duration (hr/day)

8hrs

4hrs

12-15hrs

Supply Pressure123m

Lot ofleakages b/cof urbanrenewal

To arrest allleakages.

Number Of Connections

16,467NRW

30.05%

61.57%

Collection Ratio

55%

71.2%

95%

Staff Number

Recent Achievements (Success Story) of
Water Supply Services in Ondo State(1) The State Water and Sanitation Policy was formulated with the law to drive the policy for
Water Sector.
(2) This development has created the enabling environment for investors to come in, and thisprotects the right of Investors recoup their investments.
The State Water and Sanitation Policy document and thesector law have provided for the sharing of responsibilities among the three water supply
agencies: Urban, Small towns and Rural Water. Namely Rural Water and Sanitation Agency(RUWASA), Small Towns Water Supply Agency (yet to be fully implemented) and Urban Water
Supply Agency, which is Ondo State Water Corporation, ODWC.
Moreover, according to the provision of the law, the ODWC will be in charge of its own affairs(autonomous). This means that incurred expenses, particularly on operation and maintenance, must be recovered by the revenue generated through the sales of water. The Corporation isis rightly expected to stand on its own (independent), executing Financial Management,
based on approved annual budget; Technical Management of the water supply infrastructure;
Commercial management, including customers’ care / affairs, billing, collection, disconnection
and tariff Setting; Human resources management, including recruitment, training,
compensation. The law makes it possible to introduce performance based compensation.

－ 86 －

Recent Challenges to Improvement of Water Supply Services
The Corporation is currently facing a lot of challenges which are hindering its operational
performance. These challenges can be classified under three categories, namely :(i) Institutional Framework
Government interference and control are high. The Corporation has to run to theGovernment all of the time for funds needed, even to do minor maintenance and repair
works. Lack of autonomy is one of the most important constraint confronting the Corporation
to improve its performance.
(ii) Cost Recovery/Revenue Generation
Revenue generated is too meager to recover operational cost, with the cost recovery ratio
calculated approximately as 1.4%. The billing is still being manually generated which makes
the billing system prone to errors. It is still very difficult to capture all the available customers
and this has not enabled the Corporation to have true picture of billing and collection.

Recent Challenges to Improvement of Water Supply Services Continued(iii) Inadequate Production / Non Revenue Water (NRW) / Poor Network management.

Most of the water supply schemes are not in good state. The Corporation is just managing
through strenuous effort of the management and staff to supply water to few customers thereby
leaving a wide gap in demand and supply. The situation has forced the populace to look foralternative sources of water supply, and this has been hindering the performance of the
Corporation.
Township Distribution networks are grossly inadequate, while the existing ones are aged
thereby leading to frequent pipe bursts and leakages. The Corporation finds it very difficult
to maintain most of its facilities due to shortage of fund for maintenance and running cost.
Similarly, the past Government officials and offices were very reluctant to pay.

Water supply service quality and cost recovery are low. Water tariffs are low and many users do not pay
their bill. ODWC rely mostly on occasional subsidies from the State Government to cover the operationalcosts－ 87 －

Expectation from JICA Training Program
To training is aimed at availing the to acquire better knowledge on the Conceptof Public Utility Sustainability and Water Projects Management for improved
service delivery.

Conclusion
Water Supply situation in Ondo State Nigeria is presently far from where it is expected
to be, but as earlier mentioned, the current government is really planning to break awayfrom what it used to be. Investors are being sourced for Urban Water Supply. It is on thisnote that JICA is enjoined to come and expend the scope of its activities in the state byinvesting in Urban Water Supply with a very high prospect of recovering investment.

－ 88 －

－ 89 －

Water Situation in Jerichomunicipality
Prepared by :Eng.
“Head of Water and sewer Dept.”1

Jericho City
Jericho City has a very special feature being situated in
the Jordan valley near the Dead Sea which is thelowest point on earth. (- 250-350 m below
S.L)and it is the oldest city in the world.

Location of Jericho:- 38 km to the north east of Jerusalem- 8 km to the west of the Jordan River- 14 km to the north west of the Dead Sea- The area of the city is about 45 km2.
- The average maximum temperature is about 45o C
in summer.
- Average minimum temperature is 5 Co in winter- The average rainfall is about 150mm per year.

2－ 91 －

Population :The estimated population of Jericho at 2016 was 25000 people.

Note: the actual population of Jericho City should be more than
the above estimated residents by considering the 1 million of
tourists and passengers visiting or passing through Jericho during
the year.

3

Water and sewer Department

Organizational Structure4－ 92 －Domestic Water Network
Domestic water network in Jericho has been established in 1997.

- The main target of this project was to improve the water network andreduce the losses by replacing the old and inefficient asbestos Pipes
with new isolated steel pipes and extending of Jericho water
network to include new areas lies under the border of Jerichomunicipality.
- Total length of domestic water network is 86 Km in 1997 andaccording to the data in 2016 the length of water network is 194km.
- The coverage area with water supply service about 33 km2.
-The population served 25000 capita.
5

Domestic Water Network Components
Main source
Ein-ALsultan spring:
Average Discharge 650 M3 / Hr

Pumping Stations
1- Main Pumping Station
Q= 450M3 / Hr , H= 20m
2- Northern Tank Pump station
Q= 100M3 / Hr , H= 100m
3-Southern Tank Pump station
Q= 90M3 / Hr , H= 40m

Water Tanks
1- Main Tank/ 2000 M3
2- New Tank / 1000 M3
3-Northern Tank /500 M3
4-Southern Tank/ 500 M3

5-AL-Duke Tank /5000m3

Water Meters(Residential , Commercial)

Meter Type6½’’,3/4’’ Volumetric Meter－ 93 －

Ein-sultan spring
The main source for water in Jericho is (Ein-sultan)
spring located to the east of Wadi Al-Qilt inJericho city , it is related to the Upper
Cenomanian - Turonian Aquifer. It’s annual
flow (discharge about 5.5 MCM (averageannual flow) equal to 650 M3/ Hr divided
into:- 42% for domestic consumption= 273
cum/ Hr- 58% for irrigation use=377m3/hr
The percentage mentioned above was proposedfor distribution of Ein-sultan water between
sultan Water Association )J.M and(Agriculture).
Worth to be mentioned, in 2016 J.M was obliged
to exceed the proposed Quota with average
consumption of 390cum / Hr during the dry
season.

7

Quality of Jericho Domestic Water
Chemical Prosperities
T.D.S

320 ml/l

Conductivity

640

Salinity

0–2%

Potassium ( K)

20.25
mg/l

Sodium ( Na )50.8 mg/l

So424.3 mg/l

Turbidity

1-5 NTU

PH

6- 8

Temperature

21 – 25o C

T.C

Nil

F.C

Nil

* Most of the consumers don't use any kind of filtration systems for domestic waterin Jericho City . However some are using simple home filters.
8－ 94 －

WATER SUPPLY SERVICE LEVEL
INDICATORS

Before 2005
Estimated

2016
ActualGOALS FOR
2025

Staff¥1000 connections

3.3

6.6

Max.=5

Production capacity (m3/day)

6552

8477

15000

Water quality

PWA ST./WHOPWA ST./WHOPWA ST./WHO

Coverage area

About 40%

62%

90%

Supply duration (hr./day)

24 hr.

9 hr.

24 hr.

Supply pressure

Less than 1Less than 1

2-2.5

Number of connections

3626

6990

9500

NRW

More than 30%

17.45%

Less than 10%

Collection ratioLess than 40%

73%

95%

Staff number

15 water section

65as total
39water
section75 as total
45water
section9

Success story- one of the best achievement in the municipality is applying thebilling system (one single visit ( read- spread- collect)) , at the end of
this year we will work on this system , this work integrated with thecollection department.
The objective to improve the collection ration to become more than95%.
- Reduction of non- revenue water: there is an improvement indecreasing the head loses in 2015-2016, which become less than 20%.
- The municipality succeed in preparing water master plan in 2011 andnow we work on updating the plan depending on the hydraulic analysis
for the water net work.
10－ 95 －

Success story- The municipality owned an electronic system to follow thewater quality for ein sultan spring (the main source of water) but
for part of test not all.
- We used the performance indicator in cooperation with watersector regulatory council and we need to compare with othercountries and what are the procedures used in japan to measure
the indicator.

- In 2014 we finished and operated waste water treatment plantand cover more than 40% of the city with sewer network, we
implemented projects related to house connections concentrated
on the areas surrounding ein sultan spring the main source ofwater supply.
11

Recent challenges to improve water supply
services- There is limited water resources , which Ein sultan spring theonly source of water in Jericho , there is a continuous increase of
population in addition to tourism and agricultural projects which
need a large quantities of water.
- In summer the municipality face big problem, water supplied tothe costumer in two phases , During the day and night with 9 hr
for each phase because of shortage of water
sources , there is no control for the Palestinian in the water source.

12－ 96 －

Recent challenges to improve water supply
services- water dep. facing a problem related non-revenue issues (illegal connections and leakages).it needs long time to solve
and find the problem because there is no equipment's andtechnology to determine exactly where is the point of illegal
connection or leakage, the percentage of loses arrived 30% in
sometimes. And the absent of regulations and laws which
encourage the people to practice this wrong behavior.
- There is big problem in Jericho that is the sewage system notcover all the city which threat the quality of water and possible
to cause a pollution in the future.

-

13

Recent challenges to improve water supply
services-We trained on non-revenue but we need more in this field
specially in the technologies used to find and determine exactly
where is the location of problem to secure and save more waterand increase the supply for the customer.
- We worked on preparing water master plan, but we need tolearn how to determine the challenges and threats, find theweaken and strong point to build actual improvement plan.

14－ 97 －

Argent support for Water Sector

Sewage System

Construction of Sewage
Network to cover all
jericho city.

connecting the houses on
the sewer network.
Construction of new
facilities for reusing ofRecycled Water.

Irrigation Water Network

Domestic Water Network

Supplying of Spare
Parts

Prospecting for extra water
resources (additional
resources)

Improvement of Irrigationwater network & Pumping
Stations
Replacement of theinefficient water meter
facility

Improvement of water
network .
Supplying of new
equipment & water
facilities.

15－ 98 －

－ 99 －

INCEPTION REPORT

Water Supply Administration for Better Management of
Water Supply Services

Country: RWANDA
Position: Branch Manager
Organization: Water and Sanitation Corporation
Limited (WASAC Ltd)

1Country Overview
Rwanda is located in the great
lakes region of East Africa. Its
Neighbouring countries are
Uganda in the North, Tanzania
in the East, Burundi in the
South
and
Democratic
Republic of the Congo in theWest. The country covers an
area of 26,338 Km2 and an
estimated population of 12
million people, with an annual
population growth rate of 3 %.

2

－ 101 －

Water Supply Services
National targets

The water Sector is committed to reaching ambitious targets in watersupply and sanitation, with the vision to attain 100% service coverage by
2020. Water supply and sanitation services are critical drivers for socialand economic development, poverty reduction and public health. To
achieve these targets, the Sector needs to increase drinking water accessof 4% every year.
Whole country
Area: 26,338 Km2Population: 12,642,240 habitants
Coverage of water supply : 82 %Water supply :Service area: 22,123 Km2Population served: 2,523,909 persons
3

Water supply services in WASAC Ltd
2014-2015

Staff/1000

2015- 20162016- 2017

5/100

5/100

Water Quality

41,061,229
WHO

43,558,705
WHO

Coverage area

74%

82%

Supply duration

14-16 h14-16 h14-16 h2-6 bars

2-6 bars

2-6 bars

156,61838

172.747

Production
capacity(m3/day)

Supply pressure

Number of connection
NRW
Collection ration
Staff number

WHO

35.7
59

834

－ 102 －

793

4

820

Success story of Water Supply Services• WASAC treats and distributes clean water Countrywide to supply water to all
populations especially those in urban habitats.
• 3,512,250 residents of 13 urban areas including Kigali City are the population
targeted for clean water services• WASAC manages 23 treatment plants which provides clean water (74.4 m3 perday) through 7,781,477m of pipes to reach 191,684 Its water supply
connections which supply various categories of users (Households, Industries,
Publics services, …)• WASAC systems combines a new and an old network (some of pipes are oldfrom colonial period) which are the main cause of leakages influencing the
gap between the supplied and the billed quantity of water
5

Success story of Water Supply Services(cont’d)• WASAC faces regularly water losses due to water leakage in the network,and fraudulent connections.

• Water registered for billing compared to quantity supplied to networks is anindicator of distribution efficiency• New pipes have since been laid and old pipes rehabilitated.
• Provision of meter to every client has been made so that each meter could
be read and fraud reduced.

• Many development partners supporting the water supply and sanitation sub
sector. These include Vitens Evidens International, JICA, Water for People,

UNICEF, WHO, World Vision, Humburg Wasser
6－ 103 －

Water Rates And Bill Collection System•The WASAC bills are issued on the basis of actual
readings recorded from the meter by our Meter
Readers.
•All water services are billed monthly. Customers cansettle their bills at the WASAC bank accounts indicatedon their bills or by using a mobile phone.

•All WASAC bills for water supply, meter rent, repair
works and any other services are payable before thedeadline indicated on the bill

7

Water Prepayment Service

In a bid to promote good service delivery and revenue collection, theManagement of WASAC LTD is implementing Water Prepayment Services.

This service consists of the following:

Prepayment between WASAC Ltd and Customer who prefer to pay Bills in
advance. Customers on this prepayment system will sign an agreement with
WASAC Ltd to pay for their water bills according to the previous average
consumption of six months or one year depending on the choice of thecustomer.

8－ 104 －

Water Tariff/m3

Tariff

FRW/m3TVA

TTC

TTC+VAT

Water Tap

323

0.18

58.1

381

0-5

323

0.18

58.1

381

6-20

331

0.18

59.6

391

21-50

413

0.18

74.3

487

51-100

736

0.18

132

868

>101

847

0.18

152

999

Factories

736

0.18

132

868

9

Water Quality Management• The water supplied by WASAC is treated according to the international standards

and it benefits of a regular control at water treatment plants and distribution
network• In order to meet current water standards, specific water purification steps aretaken that include: Physical and chemical treatment; and Laboratory analysis toassure the water quality.
•After these steps have been taken and it is ascertained that the water is safe, it isthen distributed.

10－ 105 －

New Nzove Water Treatment Plant

11

Water Treatment Plants Capacities
Supplied City, Town or Center

Kigali City

Southern

Nyarugenge, Kicukiro,GasaboHUYE
MUHANGANYANZA & RUHANGONYANZA & RUHANGO

Western
Northern

NYAMAGABERUBAVU
RUSIZI
KARONGIMUSANZE
GICUMBIRWAMAGANA
RWAMAGANA

Eastern

BUGESERANGOMANYAGATARENYAGATARENYAGATARENYAGATARE
Total

Name of water
treatment plant

Kimisagara WTP
Nzove WTP
Karenge WTP
Kadahokwa WTP
Gihuma WTP
Mpanga WTP/CU
Mpanga WTP / LV
WATSAN
Gisuma WTP
Gihira WTP
Cyunyu WTP
Kanyabusage WTP
Mutobo WTP
Nyamabuye WTP
Muhazi WTP
Muhazi WTP / LV
WATSAN
Ngenda WTP/CU
Rwasaburo WTP
CyondoGihengeri
Tovu
LV WATSAN－ 106 －

Date ofinstallation/
extension

Installed
capacity(m3/day)

1981/1988
2003/2009/2016/2
017
2008
1982/2005 /2015
1987/2015
1984/2006/2014

24,000

2017

5,040

1987/2005
1987
1987
1986
1987/1994
1988
1986/2004/2014

1,200
8,640
1,300
850
12,500
1500
3,960

2017

2,800

1998/20141986
1982/2014/2015
1982/20161982/2012/2015
2017

4,840
1000
5,000
3,500
1,200
2,400
161,390

50,00015,000
8,500
4,320
3,840

Average of water
Production/May2017
24,36737,641
15,578
5,833
3,990
1,471
1,786
1,331
8,409
494
975
6,155
1,012
1,299
791
3,140
847
2,843
1,572
112
400
120,04512

Monthly Production
N0
1
2

WTP
Kimisagara
KarengeJul-16
840,913497,982

Aug-16872,943494,717

Sep-16
818,914470,283

Oct-16884,156449,757

Nov-16
842,073464,386

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

NZOVE
Kadahokwa
GihiraMutoboGihumaCyunyuGisumaMpangaMuhaziRwasaburo
Kanyabusage
Nyamabuye
Nyagatare
Ngenda1,335,740
188,073
280,176
229,508
81,87771,45256,152
73,114106,221
39,26039,71452,308
175,795
106,648

1,334,753
185,574
287,934
207,953
80,15380,72462,85976,708104,367
39,23539,64051,255
175,372
106,4071,241,120
171,194
254,574
196,91076,361
74,62360,09873,699101,418
36,71637,85747,238
154,462
103,429

1,276,620
171,424
261,395
185,91385,41375,91162,65380,119101,658
38,86339,43949,636
131,817108,993

1,148,422
167,316
239,202
196,740
74,351
67,77557,736
67,67894,93739,04437,011
47,634
134,264
101,062

1,269,078
179,903
277,061
208,000
84,071
72,55958,16574,614
94,14843,99837,566
48,662
166,366
109,901

7,605,733
1,063,484
1,600,341
1,225,024
482,226
443,044357,663445,932
602,749
237,116
231,227
296,733
938,076
636,440

4,174,932

4,200,594

3,918,897

4,003,766

3,779,631

4,021,557

24,099,377
13

Total

Dec-16 Total
821,678
5,080,677
475,787
2,852,912

Production from July to December 2016
Monhtly production from Jun 2016 to Dec 2016
1,600,000
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0Jul-16Aug-16

Sep-16Oct-16

Nov-16

Dec-1614－ 107 －

BIGGEST CHALLENGES

1. Water losses of any nature which has many consequencesfrom finances resources to environment wastage

2. Inappropriate technology in water supply services
3. Lack of funds for large scale projects implementation
4. Non revenue Water is still high15

－ 108 －

－ 109 －Water Supply Administration for Better
Management of Water Supply Services
Inception Report Presentation

1. Country: Sudan
3. Position: manager of civil works
department
4. Organization: DWSU
1Drinking Water & sanitation Unit

2

－ 111 －

1. Outline of Water Supply Services of DWSU
 The Drinking water & Sanitation unit (DWSU)

is a national institution, which is responsible
for planning, designing and execution of water
facilities, financed by national government or
foreign funds across the country
 It is under the umbrella of the ministry of water
resources and electricity of Sudan
 training is one of major responsibilities of theunit With contribution of JICA established training
Centre which conducts annual program totrain the staff from state and federal levels

3

Annual Courses , planned and actual number of trainees forlast year
Training Course

Training

Water Treatment Plant
Water Supply Facility
Data management/GIS
Well management
Water Quality Analysis
Organizational Management
Pipe Network Management

4
5
5
3
2
3
2

Total

24

Actual
58
82
73
58
17
24
17
329

－ 112 －

Plan
Remarks
84 Remaining 1 time
110 Remaining 1 time
80 Completion
63 Completion
30 Remaining 1 time
45 Remaining 1 time
30 Remaining 1 time
442
5 timesShandi water supply services
For the purpose of case study, I will take a town north of Khartoum(Shandi), where we constructed a proper water facility for first time

Whole Country:Area: 1.8 million km2

Population : 37 million Habitants
Coverage Water Supply: 62%

Your Water Supply System/City:
Service Area : 36
Population Served: 100

km2
thousand－ 113 －

The network layout

Main Performance Indicators
INDICATORS

2004 or 20052014 or 2015

Goals for 2025

Staff/1,000 connections

5

3

2

Production capacity(m3/day)

6,000

12,00050,000

Water quality

Sudanesestandards

Sudanesestandards

WHO
Guidelines

Coverage area

25%

70%

90%

Supply duration (hr/day)

10

20

24

Supply pressure

2 bar

6 bars

8 barsNumber of connections

8,000

14,30020,000

NRW

45%

35%

15%

Collection ratio

25%

40%

90%

Staff number

40

45

40

8

－ 114 －

2. Success Story of your Water Supply Services
Due to the lake of any suitable water facilities in the town theplanning administration decided to build water treatment plant
to cover the water demand of the growing town
 They designed a treatment plant with capacity 12,000mᶟ
 The plant will be executed in 2 phases with capacity 6,000mᶟ
for each The network has various diameters 12 – 4 inches After finishing the construction works we start operating the
project for 6 months,
 We requited people from local and brought experience
employees from out as to led the work specially financial one
 In our plan the local staff should replace the outsider within
one year

9

The Goals achieved
•
•
•
•
•
•

Establish water supply system
Provide the habitants with sustainable potable water.
Decrease waterborne diseases
Customers are willing to pay for services
Training the locals to operate, maintain and manage
their system
Teach the managers how to utilized their budget－ 115 －

3. Recent Challenges to Improvement of Water Supply
Services
Marketing the opportunities for investment in water sector
inside and out side of Sudan by mapping our needs andcreating stabile environment
 To establish fair water tariff system
 Establish central laboratory in every state and reference one atfederal level
 Provide manuals for operation and maintenance Provide spare parts from good manufacturers
 Use more modern technologies in water treatment processes
and network monitoring Conduct training courses at states and federal level Decentralization the senior staff and rotate them around thecountry Enhancement the work environment
 Enhancement salaries and benefits for workers to make thesector attractive11－ 116 －

Water Supply Administration for Better
Management of Water Supply Services
Inception Report Presentation1

Republic of Sudan
Blue Nile State－ 117 －

Drinking Water
Corporation

Country: Sudan
Name: Abdelrhman Mohammed Ahmed
Position: Director General
Organization: Blue Nile State, Water corporation.

Water Supply Services
Water Resources :1- Ground Water :2- Surface water :Water Sources
Ground Water
Water Yards
150

Hand Pumps
1900

Surface water
W .T.P
5－ 118 －

Dams

Hafirs6127

Water source Photos :W.T.P Rosaries Town

Boot Dam

Geriwa Hafir

Guli – Hand Pump

Al - Gari Water Yard

－ 119 －

Organization Chart : Director General
Project implementation Administration

Urban Water Administration

Rural Water Administration

Whole state:Area: 46,000 km2

Population : 1,193,293 Habitants
Coverage Water Supply: 62 %Water Supply System/City:
Service Area : 55 km2

Population Served: 450,000
7Outline of Water Supply Services
INDICATORS

2004 or 20052014 or 2015

Goals for 2025

Staff/1,000 connections

10

15

19

Production capacity(m3/day)

10,00032,67850,000

Water quality

WHO &SudaneseStandards(SSMO)
Guidelines

WHO &SudaneseStandards(SSMO)
Guidelines

WHO &SudaneseStandards(SSMO)
Guidelines

Coverage area

20 %

62 %

95 %

Supply duration (hr/day)

10

18

24

Supply pressure

6 bar

10 bars

15 bars

Number of connections

12,00045,00080,000

NRW

-

40%

20%

Collection ratio

29%

60%

90%

Staff number

120

700

1500

－ 120 －

8

2. Success Story of your Water Supply Services

attached video show about 5 minutes and 30 sec showing the 
success story of water supply in period 2013-2017

9

Recent Challenges to Improvement of Water Supply Services
 Capital income less than operation andmaintenance cost .
 Weakness of water tariffrate Lack of water policy
 Weakness of Capacity building High turbidity of surface water High cost of chemicals used in treatment

 limited ground water basin
 High rate of non – revenue water－ 121 －

Pipe net leakage

Fittings leakage

Blockage of water pipelines with trees roots

Blockage of water pipelines with trees roots－ 122 －

11

－ 123 －THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIAREVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT OF ZANZIBARA COUNTRY REPORT ON
WATER SUPPLY ADMINISTRATION FOR BETTERMANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICESPRESENTED BY
ACTING COMMERCIAL DIRECTORZANZIBAR WATER AUTHORITY (ZAWA)MINISTRY OF LAND, WATER, ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTZANZIBAR - TANZANIA1TANZANIA

2－ 125 －ZANZIBARZANZIBAR  UNGUJA & PEMBA +ABOUT 50 SMALLER ISLETSCAPITAL: ZANZIBAR TOWNAREAUNGUJA
PEMBA

:
:
:

2,580 km2
1,660 km2
980 km2

POPULATION (2012):
1,303,569
UNGUJA
:
896.721
PEMBA:
406,848,
URBAN POPULATION: 20 – 25%
LOCATION : 5 – 6 S OF EQUATOR
40 km EAST COAST OF AFRICA

3

•
-

•
•
•
•

ECONOMY AND CLIMATEECONOMY
Agriculture (clove as main cash crop) contributes about 75% of
Foreign Exchange)
Other minor economic activities:– Tourism– Carpentry– Petty business,– Small-scale industries.
CLIMATE
Zanzibar experiences a tropical climate with:Heavy rains during March /June (called Masika)
Hot east monsoon winds during December/February (Kaskazi).
Cool weather during June/August (Kusi).
Short rains during September / October (Vuli).
TEMPERATURE: max 39° c, average 25° c
ANNUAL RAINFALL: UNGUJA: 1,857mm – 1,625mm Pemba :1,912mm – 1,531mm－ 126 －

4

ABOUT ZANZIBAR WATER AUTHORITY-

It is a semi-autonomous water utility established in 2006-

Historically, it was a Central Government Department.

-

It is responsible for clean and safe water supply services in both
Urban and rural areas of Zanzibar.

-

The main source of water supply is the ground water with about 311

boreholes out of which, 160 found in Unguja and 151 in Pemba.
There are however, some springs and caves produce water fordomestic purposes.

-

The total production of the operation boreholes are estimated 163,
038, 281 litters/d with the existing transmission mains convey
pumped water from the boreholes to either the storage tanks ordirect to the distribution system. The GIS database provides 56km oftransmission mains made of AC – DICI-PE-PVC pipes from 100 to
600mm

5

THE ORGANIZATION CHART OF ZAWA-

Zanzibar Water Authority falls under the Ministry of Land, Water,
Energy and Environment.

-

The Director General is the Chief Executive Officer who is appointed
by the President of Zanzibar and is in charge of all Jurisdictional
responsibilities in both Unguja and Pemba Islands. He is an ex-

Officio member of the Board of Directors and responsible to the
Chairman of Board of Directors who is also appointed by the
President and the three members appointed by the Minister

responsible.
-

The DG is assisted by five directors who form top management of
ZAWA, the Technical Operation Director, Commercial & Customer

Service Director, Finance & Administration Director, Water
Development Director and Pemba Branch Office Director (see theorganizational structure below).
6－ 127 －ZAWA ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
ZAWA BOARD OF
DIRECTORSDIRECTOR
GENERAL

PUBLICRELATIONSLEGAL UNIT

INFORMATION&COMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGY

INTERNAL AUDITPROCUREMENTTECHNICALOPERATION
DEPARTMENTWATER
DEVELOPMENT
DEPARTMENTFINANCE &ADMINISTRATIONDEPARTMENTCOMMERCIAL&CUSTOMERSERVICE
DEPARTMENTPEMBA BRANCHOPERATION
DEPARTMENT

Sewerage Section(Future)Planning & ProjectManagement
SectionCorporate Accounts

Credit Control
SectionTechnical Section

Network Operations
SectionResearch Innovation& Development
SectionPlanning & Policy

Customer Service
SectionFinance &Administration
SectionWater Production
SectionWater Resource
Management
Section

Data Management
Section
Human Resources& Training

Customer Service
Section7
Water Development
SectionMonitoring &Evaluation Section

REDUCTION OF NON-REVENUE WATER-

The percentage of water lost due to leakage is around 30%•

Leakages-

Leakage which is caused by frequent break down of pipes in
distribution system is the leading part of unaccounted water in
Zanzibar.

-

The major causes of leakages are old age systems, corrosion,
vandalism and quality of pipe and fitting materials. They altogether
contribute to about 20%of unaccounted water•

Leakage repair

It comprises many processes including:--

Collecting and documenting of the complains from the customers
through main customer complaints. (see the table below).

－ 128 －

A table showing Collecting and documenting of complains from the customers
No Name

Date

Place

Phone

comments

Number1

Muarabu A.

8/1/2016

Hamad

Michenzani

0777 489097 They complain to

Block/10

have taken manydays since they
sent theirapplication

2

Daudi M.

11/1/2016

Daudi

Malindi0777437219

BrunchThey complain
not to havereceived water
for six months

3

Khamis M.

11/1/2016

Magogoni

Machano0777475648

They complain
for a pipe
breakdown near
9
their habitations-

Survey work which comprises the network staff surveying the area todetermine the nature of the problem like size, material and types offittings required for that particular repair.
- Repairing the leakage where, the network people now repair the leakage
so as to improve the service to the people
A Picture showing some ZAWA staffs doing leakage repair

10－ 129 －• Illegal Use of Water- it has become a scenario since the introduction of water fees
especially in irrigation and other business activities.
- The Zanzibar Water Authority suffers from legal shortcomings
caused by over politicization of water sector, weak managerial
authority, resulting into inadequate, poor sustainability of the water
distribution to other customers and in many cases poor water quality
due to unauthorized connection. Illegal use of water contributes toabout 8% of all unaccounted for water in Zanzibar.
• Measures Against Illegal Use of Water:- Increasing daily patrol for the networks.
- Reducing conflicts during registration of new customers.
- Promoting house connection group.
- Reducing registration fees.
- Supplying more water to users.
- Improving the penalty for persons found guilty of illegal connection.
• Metering System: There are two systems of metering used;- Bulk systems installed in large consumers (see the diagram below).

1112－ 130 －

•Individual systems installed in small consumers

13

MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY
It can be looked into two perspectives. The first is from sources of water
while the second is to the ending for user.
Starting with from sources of water, it is important to know that the main
sources of water in Zanzibar are Boreholes (see the diagram).

－ 131 －

Several initiatives are taken to ensure the quality and safety of water,
including:- Chlorination/disinfection of water from water sources, it is conducted at
the main water station at Saateni or in some other small plants (see thediagram).

15-

The bacteriological tests are done monthly. Although in some part ofthe islands, water is directly pumped to the distribution system, but
the practice is greatly discouraged as it is now insisted that any built
up scheme shall include the construction of a distribution tank (seethe diagram).

16－ 132 －

- Location of Well at a reasonable Distance from the Ocean andresidential houses. Wells in Zanzibar are located at a reasonabledistance from the ocean beaches. In this respect, the salt water in theaquifer can be held far enough from the seaward by the remaining
fresh water flow so that the well can always yield fresh water.
- Control of Pumping hours to Prevent Seawater Intrusion. The
pumping time is controlled (i.e. less than average recharge) in order tomaintain the interface between salt water and fresh water at a safe
distance from the seaward to the well site in order to prevent seawater
intrusion.
- Well Field Management. Wells are being managed right from
exploration before construction of water facilities, i.e. performgeophysical survey test drilling, test pumping, draw accurate map of
test holes, and record fluctuation of groundwater levels.
On the side of the end user, some surveys are conducted to see theamount of residual chlorine.
17

WATER QUALITYa) Raw water (from Mtoni and Mwanyanya springs)
Turbidity: 0.02 – 0.03 NTU
Color:

ColorlesspH:

7.1 average (Neutral)b)Tap water (Treated water)
Turbidity: 0.02 NTUColor:

ColorlesspH:

7.1 average (Neutral)

Iron:

0.02 mg/l Fe (kaburi Kikombe 2-5mg/l)

Manganese: Negligiblev Hardness: 70mg/l CaCO3 Moderate hard
Nitrogen Nitrate: 0.2 – 0.5 mg/l NO3－ 133 －

18

WATER SUPPLY SERVICE STANDARDS• Water coverage
According to the vision 2020, access to water should reach 100%. In 2005
it should be 95% for urban and 60 % for rural. For Pemba should be at least
50 %. It is good to mention that the water coverage reached to thosestout goals by the ZPRP.
• Urban water supply
The present urban water supply comprises of four urban water supply
schemes: The Zanzibar town in Unguja, Wete, ChakeChake and
Mkoani towns in Pemba under the assistance of Finland through
FINNIDA. These schemes serve about 300,000 inhabitants. Despite all
improvements assisted by FINNIDA since 1991 as well as the efforts fromthe Government, the condition of the schemes and service standard are still
unsatisfactory. There are distribution interruptions mainly due to old andworn infrastructure and poor maintenance. There is about 10% of urban
population, which is yet to be served. The current supply for four towns
from the operational sources is as shown in the table below .
19

NumberDescription Zanzibar town Wete

1

SourceChake

Mkoani

Borehole

77

13

8

7

Springs

2

1

2

0

Local wells

1

0

0

0

Water
production
m3/day66,298,584

12,929

11,20011,94820－ 134 －

• Rural Water Supply
The Government of Zanzibar has implemented the Zanzibar Rural
Water Supply Project with the assistance funds from ADB and Abu
Dhabi Fund for Development. The actual implementation covered a
population of more than 250,000 people since they are operational
during the year 2000. The old schemes established before thepreparation of the Master Plan for the rural areas continue to serve
more than 60,000 inhabitants in their respective areas.
• Service Ratio
If we compare the total population with the served population, theservice ratio is about 62%. Though the service ratio is high in terms of
Coverage, demand/supply ration is a major setback towards the totalsatisfaction of those favorable consumers.
This situation has instigated a number of households to install booster
pumps and indoor water storage and provided a flourishing businessfor water boozers.
21• Service Hours
Since the water distribution system are in both, gravity flow andpumping system, the service hours is 24 hours a day, 7 days aweek.
• Water Supply Capacity
Practically, the current water sources have capacity of producing
99,080m3/day. But this production is not fully realized due to various
interactions which include lower capacity pumps, pump breakdown,
power failures etc. Water supply network expansion based on capacity
has always led to the intermittent supply in some areas covered by
piped water supply schemes.
• Average Water Supply Volume
The average water supply production is about 75,106m3/day for both
Unguja and Pemba Islands. The average supply volume that is
estimated to reach the consumers is 228, 716, 430 litres/day.

22－ 135 －

MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICE ON SELFSUPPORTING BASES-

Clean and safe water supply service delivery is entrusted to ZAWA

alone in Zanzibar as per the Water Act of 2006. However there are a lotof other private providers of the service including the politicians, NGOs,
SBOs, and other institutions. The role of ZAWA is also to set theStandards, regulate and ask such private providers to follow thestandards.

•

Major recent achievements in improvement of water supply

There is an improvement of water supply service delivery in Zanzibar.
The main reasons behind it being the various water projects

supported by The UN and other partners including:UNDP, UNICEF, IRAN, USA WORLD BANK, Red Cross, JICA, and23

Alyouseif Charitable Society.

More specifically, the JICA funded projects including The Zanzibar
Water Supply Improvement Projects which had two phases. In thisproject, a total of four (4) water tanks have been constructed which
are Welezo Water Tanks (2), with the storage capacity of 8,000,000 liters,
Kijichi Water Tank with the storage capacity of 2,000,000 liters, Kinuni
Water Tank with the storage capacity of 2,000,000litres-

JICA Makadara Pilot Area project, this project aims at capacity building

to ZAWA staff so as to apply the same knowledge and expertise to theremaining area of the Islands. Soon after the project completion, it expected
to replace the old pumps with the new ones.

24－ 136 －

EXPECTATIONS FOR THE JAPANESE PRIVATE COMPANIES AND
TOWARD THE PROGRAM
With ongoing cooperation between Japan and Tanzania specificallyZanzibar, coupled with various projects. The Japanese privatecompanies have a good chance to apply for expertise in suchprojects. Again, they have a good chance of increasing production of
the plumbing materials in their companies and sell to Zanzibar because
most of our network is outdated/aged and need replacement.
Toward the program, the trainee will increase the capacity regarding
issues of water through various lectures, visits and discussions withwater practitioners from various countries. By transferring the expertiseback to Zanzibar, the country will also benefit by having more effective
25

and efficient management of water supply services.

－ 137 －