㐃⥆௻⏬㸸ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ไᗘࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬㸫᭱᪂ືྥ࡜⌮ㄽศᯒ㸫     ࡑࡢ㸰
WTOኣʗᚐൿǷǹȆȠƱ‫׎‬ᨥჷႎᝠငඥƷ‫   ᧏ޒ‬СࡇႎᚇໜƔǒƷЎௌ

Antonina Bakardjieva ENGELBREKTΏ㒊 ಇⱥ ヂ 㸯㸬ᗎ㸰㸬㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸸ࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࡜୺࡞ไᗘⓗ≉ᚩ  ࣃࢿࣝ㸦ᑠጤဨ఍㸧ᡭ⥆ࡢ㛤ጞ  ⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓ㐀  ሗ࿌᭩ࡢ᥇ᢥ࡜ࡑࡢຠᯝ
㸱㸬㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ἲᨻ⟇ࡢ⯆㝯㸸ไᗘㄽࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ  ẚ㍑ไᗘศᯒ  Ṕྐⓗไᗘㄽ  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘䛾䜺䝞䝘䞁䝇䛻㛵䛩䜛䝬䝹䝏䝺䝧䝹䞉䝅䝇䝔䝮䛻䛚䛡䜛ไᗘ㑅ᢥ  ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ᨻ἞㐣⛬ࡢ฼┈ࠊ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ࠾ࡼࡧཧຍ   Ỉᖹⓗ࡞ᑡᩘὴࣂ࢖࢔ࢫ   Ỉᖹⓗ࡞ከᩘὴࣂ࢖࢔ࢫ   ᆶ┤ⓗ࡞ᑡᩘὴࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࠊከᩘὴࣂ࢖࢔ࢫ  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲ࡜ᨻ⟇ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴ   ࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸦௨ୖࠊ➨ྕ㸧㸲㸬㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢไᗘタィ㸸ཧຍࡢ᪉ᘧ  ࣃࢿࣝࡢᵓᡂ  ୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡢᵓᡂ  ᙜ஦⪅  ➨୕⪅ཧຍ  ドᣐ཰㞟࡜᝟ሗᥦ౪  ㏱᫂ᛶ  ᩆ῭࡜㑂Ᏺ㸳㸬㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㛵㐃⣮தゎỴ࡬ࡢཧຍࡢศᯒ  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘⣮தゎỴ࡟࠾ࡅࡿຍ┕ᅜࡢ௦⾲▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘⣮தゎỴ࡟࠾ࡅࡿẸ㛫ࢭࢡࢱ࣮㸦௨ୖࠊᮏྕ㸧㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢᒎ㛤 㻱㼚㼓㼑㼘㼎㼞㼑㼗㼠 ୚࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࢆ᥍࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⣙᮰ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㻰㻿㼁  ᮲  㡯㸧ࠋ㸴㸬ᨵ㠉࡬ࡢヨࡳ  ཧຍ᪉ᘧ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ୺࡞ᥦ᱌   ᖖ௵ࡢࣃࢿࣝጤဨ   ㏱᫂໬   ࣃࢿࣝᡭ⥆࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ

ࣃࢿࣝࡣ஦ົᒁ࡟ࡼࡾೃ⿵⪅ࡀ᥎⸀ࡉࢀࠊ஦ົᒁࡢᥦ᱌࡟཯ᑐࡍࡿࠕࡸ
ࡴࢆ࠼࡞࠸஦᝟ࠖࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࢆ㝖ࡁࠊ஦ົᒁᥦ᱌ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᮇᚅ
ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㻰㻿㼁  ᮲  㡯㸧ࠋᥦ᱌࡟୙ྠពࡢሙྜࠊࣃࢿࣝࡢᵓᡂࡣࠊ㻰㻿㻮㆟㛗࠾ࡼࡧ㐺ษ࡞⌮஦఍࠿ጤဨ఍ࡢ㛗࡜༠㆟ࡢ࠺࠼ࠊ஦ົᒁ㛗࡟ࡼࡾỴᐃ   ᝟ሗᥦ౪࡜㼍㼙㼕㼏㼡㼟㻌㼏㼡㼞㼕㼍㼑ࡉࢀࡿ㸦㻰㻿㼁  ᮲  㡯㸧ࠋ஦ົᒁࡢຓࡅ࡜࡞ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊཧ⪃࡜࡞ࡿࣜࢫࢺ㸦ೃ  ྜពࢆ᥈ࡿືࡁ

⿵⪅ྡ⡙㸧ࡀ⟶⌮ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᐃᮇⓗ࡟࢔ࢵࣉࢹ࣮ࢺࠊ⿵඘ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ  ᳨ᐹᐁࡢᚲせᛶ㸽࡟ࠊೃ⿵⪅ࡢᑓ㛛ศ㔝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚グ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㻰㻿㼁  ᮲  㡯㸧ࠋ  ᬻᐃⓗ࡞⤖ㄽ㸵㸬ᢚไ࡜ᆒ⾮  ไᗘⓗ⾜ᨻࣉࣟࢭࢫ  ㆟఍࡟ࡼࡿ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺ
㸶㸬⤖ㄒ㼃㼀㻻㻌༠ᐃࡀᨻᗓ㛫ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᛶ㉁࡟㚷ࡳ࡚ࠊࣃࢿࣝࢆᵓᡂࡍ
ࡿ⪅ࡢᅜ⡠ࡣࡑࡢ⊂❧ᛶࢆಖドࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ⣮தᙜ஦ᅜࡢᅜẸࡣࠊᙜ஦ᅜ㛫ู࡛㏵ྜពࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࢆ㝖ࡁࠊཎ๎࡜ࡋ࡚ࣃࢿࣝጤဨ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸦㻰㻿㼁  ᮲  㡯㸧ࠋၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿㄽⅬ࡟ࡣᙜ஦ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿἲࡸᐇົࡢᑓ㛛ᛶࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿሙྜ࡟ࠊᙜ஦ᅜࡀ⣮த࡟㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࢆࣃࢿࣝ࡟ཧຍࡉࡏࡿ

㸲㸬㼃㼀㻻㻌⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢไᗘタィ㸸ཧຍࡢ᪉ᘧ㻌ࡇ࡜࡟ྜពࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ౛እⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ≉➹ࡍ࡭ࡁࡣࠊࡇࡢไ㝈ࡣ⣮தࡢ┤᥋ᙜ஦ᅜࡢᅜẸࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ➨୕⪅ཧຍ࡛ᙜ஦⪅࡜࡞ࡗࡓᅜࡢᅜẸ࡟ࡶྖἲࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ࡣୡ⏺ⓗ࡟ඹ㏻ࡍࡿ⊂≉ࡢ≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊไᗘタィࡢ⣽ࠋࡇࡢつᐃࡣࣃࢿࣝጤဨࡢೃ⿵
㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦㻰㻿㼁 ᮲  㡯㸧㒊ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࡢ⣽㒊ࡀࠊᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢཧຍࢆᕥྑ

⪅㑅ᐃ࡟㐣኱࡞ⴎ⦰ຠᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㻱㼁㻌ㅖᅜࡸ⡿ᅜࡣࡓ࠸࡚

ࡋࡓࡾࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ཯ᛂᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟Ỵᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟

࠸ࡢሙྜ࡟ 㼃㼀㻻㻌⣮தࡢᙜ஦ᅜ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿➨୕⪅ཧຍࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇࢀ

࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡽࡢᅜࡢᅜẸࡣࣃࢿࣝጤဨ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㹿㻰㻿㼁 ᮲࡟ࡣࠕࣃࢿࣝࡣබົဨ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆၥࢃࡎࠊ༑ศ࡞㐺᱁ᛶࢆ ࣃࢿࣝࡢᵓᡂ

᭷ࡍࡿ⪅࡛ᵓᡂࡍࡿࠖ࡜つᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⪅࡟ࡣࠊࠕࣃࢿࣝࡢጤ

ဨࢆົࡵࡲࡓࡣࣃࢿࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ၥ㢟ࡢᥦ㉳࡟ಀࡿ㝞㏙ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶
㻰㻿㻿㻌࡟ᑐࡍࡿᑛ㔜ࡣࡑࡢ኱㒊ศࢆࠊ⣮தࢆྲྀࡾᢅ࠺୺య࡜ࡑࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮

ࡿ⪅ࠊᑐ㇟༠ᐃࡲࡓࡣࡑࡢ๓㌟࡛࠶ࡿ༠ᐃࡢ⌮஦఍ࡲࡓࡣጤဨ఍࡬ࡢ௦⾲࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ㢗࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࣃࢿࣝጤဨ

ࢆົࡵࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ⪅ࠊᅜ㝿㈠᫆࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲࡲࡓࡣᨻ⟇࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᩍᤵࡋࡲ

ࡢ⊂❧ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࣃࢿࣝጤဨ㑅ฟࡢᡭ⥆࡟࠾ࡅࡿཎ๎࡜ࡋ࡚᫂

ࡓࡣⴭసࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ⪅ࠊ㈠᫆ᨻ⟇ࢆᢸᙜࡍࡿୖ⣭⫋ဨ࡜ࡋ࡚໅

♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿㻰㻿㼁㻌ࡣࠊࣃࢿࣝጤဨࡣಶேࡢ⬟ຊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⫋ົࢆ㐙⾜ࡋࠊົࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ⪅ࠖࢆྵࡴ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㐺᱁ᛶ࡟≉ู࡟ゝཬࡋࠊ࠿ࡘ㠀බ࠸ࡎࢀࡢᨻᗓࡸᅋయࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜᫂☜࡟つᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋຍ┕ົဨࡸᏛ⪅ࡀࣃࢿࣝጤဨ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ᪨ࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ

ᅜࡣࣃࢿࣝಀத஦᱌࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࣃࢿࣝጤဨ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᣦ♧ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡾᙳ㡪ࢆ

࡚ࠊ㉳ⲡ⪅ࡣ௨๓ࡢไᗘࡀ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࢡࣛࣈࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᛶ᱁࡟ᑐࡍࡿᢈุ࡟ ᮲  㡯ࢆཧ↷ࠋࠕࣃࢿࣝጤဨࡣࠊጤဨࡢ⊂❧ᛶࠊከᵝ࡞⤒Ṕ࠾ࡼࡧᗈ⠊࡞⤒㦂ࡀ☜ಖࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟㑅௵ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ᑐࡍࡿ⟅࠼ࢆᶍ⣴ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋつᐃࡣ㑅ᐃᡭ⥆࡟࠾ࡅࡿᗈ⠊


Davey (2002), see below.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢᒎ㛤 㻱㼚㼓㼑㼘㼎㼞㼑㼗㼠 ࡞ᑓ㛛ᛶࢆ᭱⤊┠ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚᫂グࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊไᗘ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ

ࠕࢮࢿࣛࣜࢫࢺࠖࡢ೫ぢࡢ࡞࠸┠࡛ぢࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ୙฼┈࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔ

ከࡃࡢᢈุࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᨻᗓ㧗ᐁࡸ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔እ஺ᐁࡣࣃࢿࣝጤဨࡢ

ࢁ࠺ࠋ཯ᑐ࡟ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸どⅬࢆຍ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡾࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲ࡜ᨻ

࡞࠿࡛౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ከࡍࡂࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㹿⟇ࢆࡼࡾᗈ࠸ᩥ⬦࠿ࡽぢࡿࡇ࡜࡟㈉⊩ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊ

ᑓ㛛ᛶ࡟ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞ඃ఩ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⌧ᅾࡲ࡛ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ▱ᙜึ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㛵㐃⣮த࡟ᑐࡋ࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿಙ㢗ࡋ࠺ࡿᑓ㛛ᛶࡀᚲせⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡀ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㛵㐃ࡢ⣮தࢆᢅ࠺ࣃࢿࣝ࡟ཧຍࡋࡓࡢࡣഅ↛࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ Fredrik Abbot ࡀࠊ㧗ྡ࡞ᅜ㝿㏻ၟἲᏛ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࡢሙྜ࡟㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿ᐇ㝿ࠊࣃࢿࣝタ⨨࡟⮳ࡗࡓ  ࡘࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘⣮தRobert Hudec ࡬ࡢ㏣᝚ㄽᩥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘⣮தࡢሙ࡛ᵝࠎ࡞ᑓ㛛ᛶࡍ࡭࡚ࢆぢ࡚ࡶࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿᑓ㛛ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࣃࢿࣝጤ

ࢆྲྀࡾ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜࡟ᑐࡍࡿᘚㆤࢆ᝟⇕ⓗ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋRobert Hudec ࡀጤဨဨࡣᩘྡ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿࠋࡑࡢ࡞࠿࡟ࡣࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻 ஦ົᒁḟ㛗ࡢ⤒㦂⪅ࡀ  ྡྵ㛗ࢆົࡵࡓ࢝ࢼࢲ་⸆ရ≉チ஦௳ࡢࣃࢿࣝࢆ౛࡟ᣲࡆ࡚ࠊAbbot ࡣࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍ேࡣ Mihàly Ficsor ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࢝ࢼࢲ་⸆ရ஦௳ࡢࣃࢿࣝ࡟ཧ

༠ᐃࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࡣࣃࢿࣝࡢጤဨࡀ㈠᫆ᨻ⟇࡟ᑐࡍࡿᗈ࠸ど㔝ࢆ᭷ࡋຍࡋࡓ㧗ྡ࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ஦௳ࡣᙼ⮬㌟ࡢᑓ㛛ศ㔝࡛࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ㔜せᛶࠊࡇࡢ௳࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࡉࡽ࡟බ⾗⾨⏕ᨻ⟇࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⬟ຊ࠶ࡿⴭసᶒἲ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ≉チἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㹿 ࡶ࠺୍ேࡣ Ma-ࡶồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿ᐇ㝿ࠊᑓ㛛▱㆑࡬ࡢᙉㄪࡣ☜࠿࡟ಖrino Porzio ࡛ࠊ୰ᅜᇳ⾜ไᗘ஦௳ࣃࢿࣝࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢳࣜᨻᗓ࡟ᑐ

ドࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ᑓ㛛ᛶࡢ⿬ഃࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᑓ㛛ᐙ࡟ࡼࡿࡍࡿ▱㈈࢔ࢻࣂ࢖ࢨ࣮࡛࠶ࡿ㹿 ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒἲ஦௳ࡢࣃࢿࣝጤဨ㸦ࡑࡋ࡚ど⏺⊃✽ࡸᑓ㛛ᛶ࡟క࠺ᴗ⏺ࡢࣂ࢖࢔ࢫ࡟ࡶὀពࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ

࢝ࢼࢲ≉チಖㆤᮇ㛫஦௳ࡢୖ⣭ጤဨ఍࣓ࣥࣂ࣮㸧ࡔࡗࡓ Arumugamangalam࡛࠶ࡿࠋGanesan ࡣ㛗ࡽࡃ▱ⓗ㈈⏘஺΅ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⡿ᅜ୍⯡ṓฟἲ⊂❧ᛶ࡜ᑓ㛛ᛶ࠾ࡼࡧ⤒㦂࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᐈほⓗ࡞㑅ᢥ࡜࠸࠺ཎ๎ࡣࠊࣃࢿࣝ

஦௳ࡢࣃࢿࣝጤဨࢆົࡵࡓ François Dessemontet ࡣᗈ⠊࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢࣂጤဨ㑅ᢥࡢࡶ࠺ࡦ࡜ࡘࡢᣦ㔪࡛࠶ࡿጤဨࡢᖹ➼࡞ᆅ⌮ⓗ㓄ศ࡟࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࢵࢡࢢࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࢆࡶࡘᏛ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࢀ௨እࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㛵᢬ゐࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࣃࢿࣝጤဨࡢ௵࿨࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࠊ㏵ୖᅜࡢ≉ูࡢ฼┈㐃ࣃࢿࣝࡣࠊ㼃㼀㻻㻌⣮தࡢሙྜ࡜ྠᵝࠊ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔እ஺ᐁࡸᅜ㝿㏻ၟἲࡢᑓ

ࡀ㓄៖ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㏵ୖᅜࢆᙜ஦⪅࡜ࡍࡿ⣮த࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ

㛛ᐙ࡟ࡼࡾᨭ㓄ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ྡࡢࣃࢿࣝጤဨࡀ㏵ୖᅜฟ㌟࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㻰㻿㼁ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣᙜ↛࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘㛵㐃⣮தࡀ≉ูࡢ⿢ุᡤ࡛ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᅜ

᮲㡯㸧ࠋ

ࡢ⤒㦂࡜ᑐ↷ࢆ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ௚᪉࡛ࠊ≉チᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ౛እࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆᖺ࡟ࡣࠊ᭱ึࡢ 㼃㼀㻻㻌ἲົ㒊㛗࡛࠶ࡿ William J. Davey ᩍᤵࡼࡾࠊࡍ

㝖࠸࡚ࠊᅜෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ၥ㢟ࡀᖖ࡟≉ูࡢ⟶㎄⿢ุᡤ࡟㞟⣙ࡉࢀ࡭࡚ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡢ 㼃㼀㻻㻌⣮த࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣃࢿࣝጤဨࡢᅜ⡠ศᕸ⤫ィࡀሗ࿌࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶὀពࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ၥ㢟ࢆ

ࡉࢀࡓ㹿ᖺ࠿ࡽᖺࡢ㛫࡟ࡢࣃࢿࣝጤဨࡢ࣏ࢫࢺࡀタࡅࡽࢀࠊLowenfeld (2002).



Dreier (2005); Dreyfuss (2008).See Dreier (2005).

㻰㻿㻿 ࡢึᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ◊✲⪅ࡢᩥ⊩࡟࠾࠸࡚ 㼃㻵㻼㻻 ஦ົᒁࡢ⫋ဨࡣࣃࢿࣝጤဨ

࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀไ⣙ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࡀㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋከᩘពぢࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࢆᑓ㛛࡜ࡍィேࡀጤဨ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ࡞࠿࡛ከᩘὴࢆ༨ࡵࡓࡢࡣࢫ࢖ࢫ 㸧ࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻ 㸧ࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ 㸧ࠊࣈࣛࢪࣝ 㸧ࠊ㤶㸧ࠊ༡࢔ࣇࣜ࢝ 㸧ࠊ࢝ࢼࢲ 㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㻱㻯 ㅖᅜ࠿ࡽࡣࠊྜ⾗ᅜ࠿ࡽࡣ ࡘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ඲యⓗ࡟ࠊࡢ࣏ࢫࢺ 㸣 ࡀ㏵ୖᅜ࠿ࡽࡢࣃࢿࣝጤဨ࡛
࠶ࡗࡓ㹿ࣃࢿࣝጤဨࡢೃ⿵⪅ྡ⡙࡟ᐤ୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㛫㐪࠸࡞࠸୺せࡿ⤌⧊࡟㞠⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇ⮬యࡀḞ᱁஦⏤࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ



࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋAbbott ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࢀࡣ 㼃㻵㻼㻻 ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࡑࡢ௚ࡢᅜ㝿࡞࠸ࡋᅜෆࡢ



Abbott (2003).▱㈈ᅋయࡢ⿕ധ⪅࡟࠶࡚ࡣࡲࡿࠋAbbott (1997), 416 et seq.



Davey (2002).ᐇ㝿ࡢᩘᏐࡣࡉࡽ࡟పࡃࠊ㻰㻿㻿 ࡟ࡼࡿᑂ⌮ࡢࡓࡵ 㻱㻯 ࡟ࡼࡾᥦฟࡉࢀࡓ⤫ィ࡟ࡼDreier (2005), 52. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢᒎ㛤 㻱㼚㼓㼑㼘㼎㼞㼑㼗㼠 ࡞ 㼃㼀㻻㻌࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ࠾ࡼࡧᚋⓎ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ 㻸㻰㻯 ࠿㼃㼀㻻㻌඲య࡟ࡼࡾ௵࿨ࡉࢀࡿࠋ௵ᮇࡣ  ᖺ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ෌௵ࡶ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿ㹿௵ᮇࡽࡢ௦⾲ࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿཎᅉࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓไᗘ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛

ࡀᐃࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣୖ⣭ጤဨ఍࡟ᖖタ⿢ุᡤ࡜࠸࠺ᛶ㉁ࢆࡶࡓ

࠶ࡿࠋࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋጤဨࡣᖖ໅࡛࠶ࡿᚲせࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊࡑࡢሙྜࡀከ࠸ࠋୖ⣭⣮தࡢᩘࡀቑຍࡋࠊࡼࡾ」㞧࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ࢔ࢻ࣭࣍ࢵࢡ

ጤဨ఍ጤဨࡢ㑅ฟࡣᑓ㛛ᛶ࡜ရᛶ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋ㻰㻿㼁 ᮲  㡯ࡣࠊࡢࣃࢿࣝጤဨࡢ௵࿨ࡣ࠸ࡲࡲ࡛࡟ࡶቑࡋ࡚ၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡸࡍࡃ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡣࠕἲࠊᅜ㝿㏻ၟ࠾ࡼࡧᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ༠ᐃࡀ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿᑐ㇟୍⯡ࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᖺ࡟ 㻱㼁㻌ࡀᥦฟࡋࡓ⤫ィ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊࣃࢿࣝጤဨ

࡟ࡘࡁᑓ㛛ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿᶒጾ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ⪅࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠖ࡜ᐃࡵࡿࠋୖ

ࡢ௵࿨࡟࠿࠿ࡿᖹᆒᮇ㛫ࡣᖺࡢ᪥࠿ࡽᖺ࡟ࡣ᪥࡟ᘏࡧ࡚࠸

⣭ጤဨ఍ጤဨࡣ࠸࠿࡞ࡿᨻᗓ࡜ࡶ↓㛵ಀ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࣃࢿࣝጤဨࡿ㹿 ࡇࡇ࡛㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊᖺ࠿ࡽᖺ  ᭶ࡢ㛫࡟タ⨨ࡉࢀࡓࡢࣃ

࡟ồࡵࡽࢀࡿ᮲௳࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࠊୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ጤဨࡢࡑࢀࡣᑓ㛛⬟ຊࢆᙉㄪࡋ

ࢿࣝࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ㻰㻿㼁 ᮲  㡯࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚஦ົᒁ㛗࡟ࡼࡾ௵࿨ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡀ

࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ጤဨࡢ࡞࠿࡟▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚῝࠸ᑓ㛛ᛶࢆ㸣 ࡟ୖࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿 ௦⾲ࡀᆅ⌮ⓗ࡟୙ᖹ➼࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡜

᭷ࡍࡿ⪅ࡣ࠸ࡲࡲ࡛ᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ᢈุⓗ࡟ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿ࣃࢿࣝ௵࿨ࡢ㐜ࢀࡀࠊ࢔ࢻ࣭࣍ࢵࢡ࡞ࣃࢿࣝ࠿ࡽୖ⣭ጤဨ఍࡜ྠᵝࡢࡼࡾ㻰㻿㼁㻌ࡣୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡀ 㼃㼀㻻㻌࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࢆࠕᗈࡃ௦⾲ࡍࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࢆồࡵ࡚࠾ᖖタ࡟㏆࠸ጤဨྡ⡙ไ࡬ࡢኚ᭦ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿ⌮⏤࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿ࡾࠊᆅᇦⓗ࡟ࡶᖹ➼࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᑛ㔜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ༢࡟࣓ࣥ

ࣂ࣮ࡀ≉ᐃࡢ⣮தᙜ஦ᅜࡢᅜẸ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠕ୙㐺᱁ࠖࡢᙧᘧⓗ࡞⌮⏤࡟ ୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡢᵓᡂ

ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ☜࠿࡟ࠊୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ጤဨࡣ┤᥋ⓗࡲࡓࡣ㛫᥋ⓗ࡟฼┈ࡢ⾪✺ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡼ࠺࡞⣮தࡢ᳨ウ࡟ཧຍࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸦᮲  㡯ࠊRule ofୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡣ  ྡ࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ  ྡࡀጤဨ㛗࡜ࡋ࡚ጤဨࡢ஫


Conduct II ࡶཧ↷㸧ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᅜ⡠ࡣ⮬ືⓗ࡟฼┈ࡢ⾪✺ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶࡢ࡛

㑅࡛㑅ฟࡉࢀࡿ㹿 ୖッࡣ  ྡࡢୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ጤဨ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ㒊࡛ᑂ⌮ࠊỴᐃࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࡢ 㻰㻿㼁㻌ࡣᅜ⡠࡟㛵ࡋ࡚≉࡟つᐃࢆタࡅ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋୖ⣭ጤဨ఍᳨ウᡭ⥆つ๎ Working Procedures for Appellateᡭ⥆つ๎ไᐃࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࠊୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ጤဨ㛗ࡀᅜ⡠ࡣỴᐃⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺

Review  ᮲  㡯࠾ࡼࡧ  ᮲  㡯࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊಶࠎࡢୖッ࡟ᑐࡍࡿỴᐃࡣୖཎ๎ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࠊࠕᅜ⡠ၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡋ࡚௚࡟࡞ࢇࡽ࠿ࡢ᪉ἲ࡟ࡼࡾྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ࡇ

⣭ጤဨ఍ࡢ๭ࡾᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࡓ㒊ࡢࡳ࡟ࡼࡾ⾜ࢃࢀࠊᙜヱ㒊ࡀ๭ࡾᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࡓ࡜ࡣ୙せ࡛࠶ࡾᮃࡲࡋࡃࡶ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㹿ಶูࡢ஦௳ࢆྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ጤဨࡣࠊࠕ࣮ࣟࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡀࠊࣛࣥࢲ࣒

ୖッࡢᑂ⌮࠾ࡼࡧỴᐃ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᶒ㝈࠾ࡼࡧ⮬⏤ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋ
ୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡢ㑅ᢥ࠾ࡼࡧ௵࿨࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᝿ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᡭ⥆ࡣࠊࣃࢿࣝ㑅࡞㑅ᢥࠊணぢ୙ྍ⬟ᛶࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢጤဨࡀࡑࡢฟ㌟ᅜ࡜ࡣ↓㛵ಀ࡟ᶵ఍ࢆ୚

ᐃࡢࡑࢀ࡜ࡣᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡢጤဨࡣ 㻰㻿㻮ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ

࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ㅖཎ๎ࡶ⪃៖ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠖ㑅ࡤࢀࡿ㸦ୖ⣭ጤဨ఍᳨ウᡭ⥆
ࡿ࡜㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋTN/DS/W/1 of 13 March 2002 (EC) ࢆཧ↷ࠋTN/DS/W/7 of 30 May 2002 (EC) ࡣ࢖ࣥࢻࡢ㉁ၥ࡟ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢഴྥࢆ⿬௜つ๎  ᮲  㡯ࢆཧ↷㸧ࠋ࣮ࣟࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞㑅ᢥ࡜࠸࠺ཎ๎ࡣ᫂
ࡽ࠿࡟ࠊጤဨ㑅ᐃࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ୖッࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟୙ṇ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿヨࡳࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ㑅ᐃ࡟㝿ࡋ࡚㉳ࡇࡾ࠺ࡿᆅ⌮ⓗ࡞࠸ࡋᅜ⡠ୖࡢࣂ࢖࢔ࢫ

ࡅࡿ᭱᪂ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊTN/DS/W/90 of 16 July 2007, Diagnosis of The Problems

Affecting the Dispute Settlement Mechanism, Some Ideas by Mexico ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

TN/DS/W/7 (EC).ࡶࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࠊ௵ᮇࡣ  ᖺ㛫ࡔࡗࡓࠋ ྡࡣᢳ㑅࡟ࡼࡾ㑅ฟࡉࢀࡓࠋ㻰㻿㼁᮲  㡯See TN/DS/W/1 (EC), below.

ࢆཧ↷ࠋ



See Article 17(1) DSU Appellate Review.ୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ጤဨࢆ㑅ᐃࠊ௵࿨ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢᨻ



Dreyfuss (2008).

Quoted after Lowenfeld (2002), 168.἞ⓗ࡞㞴ࡋࡉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ Lowenfeld (2002) ࣮࣌ࢪࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ࣮ࣟࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ ྡࡢ࠺ࡕ  ྡࡢ௵࿨ࡣ 㼃㼀㻻 ༠ᐃࡢⓎຠ᪥ࢆ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢᒎ㛤 㻱㼚㼓㼑㼘㼎㼞㼑㼗㼠 ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ␲ᛕࢆ⦆࿴ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶពᅗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࢆᵓ᝿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࠊ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘࡀ⣮தゎỴᡭ⥆࡟࠾࠸࡚ୖッࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ࠿ண

༠ᐃࡢᶒጾ࠶ࡿゎ㔘ࢆᚓࡿ࡜࠸࠺⣧⢋࡟ἲⓗ࡞㛵ᚰࡣᥦッᶒࢆᇶ♏௜ࡅࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜᥎ㄽࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋྠ᫬࡟ࠊPauwelynࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࡢ

ࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㼃㼀㻻㻌つ๎ࡢ㐪཯࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㻳㻭㼀㼀㻛㼃㼀㻻 ࡢุ౛ᐇົ࡟࠾࠸࡚ୖッࡀண᝿௨ୖ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ጤἲ࡛ࡣࠊᐇ㝿࡟ྲྀᘬࡢὶࢀࡀኚࢃࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡲ࡛ࡣཎ࿌࡟ド᫂ࢆồࡵ࡞࠸࡜ဨࡢᩘࡀ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊୖッࢆຠᯝⓗ࠿ࡘ㎿㏿࡟ฎ⌮ࡍࡿ㞀ᐖ࡛࠶࠸࠺ࡢࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ௒ᚋ⏕ࡌ࠺ࡿࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡀ  ࡘ௨ୖࡢୖッࢆྠ᫬࡟᳨ウࡍࡿࡇྲྀᘬ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕྲྀᘬࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ

࡜ࡣ୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊከࡃࡢ஦௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡢሗ࿌᭩

ド࡛᫂ࠖ࠶ࡿ㹿ୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡣᙜ஦⪅㐺᱁ࡢつ๎࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᐶ኱࡞㐺⏝ࢆ⾜ࡣ 㻰㻿㼁㻌᮲  㡯ࡀᐃࡵࡿ㎿㏿࡞ᡭ⥆ࡢせ௳࡛࠶ࡿ᪥ࢆ㉸࠼࡚Ⓨ⾜ࡉࢀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ୍⯡ṓฟἲ᮲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊḢᕞඹྠయ࡟ࡣ

࡚࠸ࡿ㹿  ᖺࡲ࡛࡟Ⓨ⾜ࡉࢀࡓࡢୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ሗ࿌ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ௳

┤᥋ⓗ࡟ࡶ₯ᅾⓗ࡟ࡉ࠼ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡉ࡞࠸࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊᕪูⓗྲྀᢅ࠸㸣 ࡣ㏵ୖᅜ࠿ࡽࡢጤဨࢆᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ  ྡྵࡴ㒊࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ

࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃḢᕞඹྠయ࡟ࡼࡿ⡿ᅜ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୺ᙇࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୺ᙇࡉࢀࡓ௳ 㸣 ࡣ  ྡࡢጤဨࡢ࠺ࡕ  ྡࡀ㏵ୖᅜ࠿ࡽࡢጤဨ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿ㒊ᕪูⓗྲྀᢅ࠸࡜ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢཎጞⓗ࡞ᶒ฼⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࢟

࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿࣮ࣗࣂᅜẸ࡜ྜ⾗ᅜᅜẸ࡛ྲྀᢅ࠸ࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㹿ྠᵝせ⣙ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࣃࢿࣝࡢᵓᡂ࠾ࡼࡧタ⨨࡟㛵ࡍࡿཎ๎ࡣ௰⿢࡜ྖἲᶵ㛵୧ࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࡑࢀ௨๓࡟ࡶ 㻱㻯 ࣂࢼࢼ஦௳࡟࠾࠸࡚᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿᪉ࡢ≉ᚩࢆ࣑ࢵࢡࢫࡋࡓ⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ୍᪉࡛ࠊୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡣ⊂❧ࡋࡓ⿢ุࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ◊✲⪅࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ⏦❧ᅜࡀ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ྲྀᘬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ฼┈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾

ᡤ࡟ࡼࡾ㏆࠸ཎ๎࡟ᣐࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ

ࡽࡎ௚ࡢຍ┕ᅜࡢ฼┈ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᥦッࡋࡓࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ஦౛࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⿕⏦❧ᅜࡣ⏦❧ᅜࡢᙜ஦⪅㐺᱁ࢆதࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡣࡇࡢㄽⅬ ᙜ஦⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂☜࡟཯ᑐࡢ❧ሙࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㹿㻳㻭㼀㼀᮲ࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ 㼃㼀㻻㻌ຍ┕ᅜࡣࠕ㹙㻳㻭㼀㼀 ࡢୗ࡛ࡢ㹛฼┈ࡀ┤᥋ࡲࡓࡣ㛫᥋࡟↓ຠ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࡾᦆ࡞ࢃࢀࡿࠖ࡜⪃࠼ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᡭ⥆ࢆ㛤ጞ ➨୕⪅ཧຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ᪨ࢆᐃࡵࡿ㹿ࡇࡢ᮲ᩥࢆ᰿ᣐ࡟ࠊࣃࢿࣝ࡟ࡼࡿ 㼃㼀㻻㻌ࡇࡢไᗘࡀࠊ⣮த࡟ࡼࡾ⮬ࡽࡢ฼┈ࡀᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ➨୕⪅ࡀ⣮

தゎỴᡭ⥆ࡢ࡝ࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡶᡭ⥆ཧຍࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣព⩏῝࠸ࠋ㻰㻿㼁  ᮲㡯ࡣ༠㆟࡟࠾ࡅࡿ➨୕⪅ࡢᙺ๭㸦࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞➨୕

TN/DS/W/2, Communication from Thailand ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࠊሗ࿌ࡢⓎ⾜ࡲ࡛᪥௨ୖ࠿࠿ࡗࡓ 㻰㻿ࠊ㻰㻿ࠊ㻰㻿ࠊ㻰㻿ࠊ㻰㻿ࠊୖッࡢ㏻▱࠿ࡽ᪥ᚋ࡟ሗ
࿌ࡀ㏦௜ࡉࢀࡓ 㻰㻿ࠊ㻰㻿࡬ࡢゝཬࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
TN/DS/W/1 (EC).



౵ᐖ࡜㠀౵ᐖࡢ⏦❧࡚ࡢ༊ู࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊPetersmann (1997) ࣮࣌ࢪ௨㝆࠾ࡼࡧ

Pauwelyn (2003a), at 943.

Lowenfeld (2002)࣮࣌ࢪࢆཧ↷ࠋ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌᮲  㡯ࢆ࠺ࡅ࡚ࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ୖࡢ⩏ົ࡟

United States – Section 211 Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998, WT/DS176/ AB/R,ᑐࡍࡿ㠀౵ᐖࡢ⏦❧࡚࡟㛵ࡍࡿぬ᭩ࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡣὀ┠ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢぬadopted 1 February 2002, paras. 273–96. See Pauwelyn (2003a), at 943.

᭩ࢆᗫṆࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿヨࡳ Ministerial Declaration, WT/MIN(05)/DEC, Art. 45, of 18

December 2005 ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊࡇࡢ௳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡲࡔ࠸࠿࡞ࡿỴᐃࡶ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸tion of Bananas, WT/DS27/AB/R, adopted on 25 September 1997. Cf. Pauwelyn (2003a),

AB Report on European Communities – Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribu-

࡞࠸ࠋぬ᭩ࡢຠᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ༠ᐃࡢゎ㔘࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾᚤጁ࡞ၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⣮தࢆat 942.

ᥦ㉳ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ୙ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋDreyfuss (2008) ࣮࣌ࢪࡢὀࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

Pauwelyn (2003a), at 944.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

⪅ ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ୍᪉ࠊྠ᮲  㡯ࡣ➨୕⪅ࡀࣃࢿࣝᡭ⥆࡟࠾࠸㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢᒎ㛤 㻱㼚㼓㼑㼘㼎㼞㼑㼗㼠 ‶㊊ࡢ࠸ࡃࡼ࠺࡞ゎ㔘ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ඹ㏻ࡢ฼ᐖ㛵ಀࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜ุ࡚ពぢ᭩ࢆᥦฟࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆᐃࡵࡿࠋ༠㆟࡟࠾ࡅࡿ➨୕⪅ཧຍࡣࠊࡑࡢ༠㆟᩿ࡋࡓሙྜ࡟ࠊ༠㆟ࡸࣃࢿࣝᡭ⥆࡟ཧຍࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࡓ࡜࠼

ࡀࠕᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞㏻ၟୖࡢ฼ᐖ㛵ಀࠖࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ

ࡤࣈࣛࢪࣝࡣ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒἲ᮲஦௳࡟ッゴཧຍࡋࡓ㝿࡟ࠕࣈࣛࢪࣝࡀᮏ

᮲௳࡜ࡉࢀࡿ㹿ࣃࢿࣝᡭ⥆࡬ࡢཧຍࡣࡼࡾ⮬⏤࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞฼ᐖ⣮த࡟ཧຍࡋࡓືᶵࡣࠊ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㈠᫆㛵㐃ࡢഃ㠃࡟㛵ࡍࡿ༠ᐃ㸦㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㛵ಀࠖ㸦ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶ㏻ၟୖࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿᚲせࡣ࡞࠸㸧ࢆ♧ࡋࡓຍ┕༠ᐃ㸧࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡿ౛እつᐃࡢᑕ⛬ࡢゎ㔘ࡀࡶࡘྵព࡟ᑐࡍࡿᇶᮏⓗ࡞⤌ᅜ࡟㛤࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᮲  㡯ࡣࠕࣃࢿࣝ࡟௜クࡉࢀࡓၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᐇ㉁ⓗ⧊ⓗ฼┈࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㹿࢝ࢼࢲ་⸆ရ≉チ஦௳࡟ᑐࡍࡿពぢ᭩࡞฼ᐖ㛵ಀࢆ᭷ࡋࠊ࠿ࡘࠊࡑࡢ᪨ࢆ⣮தゎỴᶵ㛵࡟㏻ሗࡋࡓຍ┕ᅜ͐ࡣࠊ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࣈࣛࢪࣝࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕᮏ௳࡟࠾࠸࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺

ࣃࢿࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ពぢࢆ㏙࡭࠾ࡼࡧࣃࢿࣝ࡟ᑐࡋពぢ᭩ࢆᥦฟࡍࡿᶵ఍ࠖࢆ࡞Ỵᐃࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌༠ᐃ࡟࠾࠸࡚බ┈࡜㏻ၟୖࡢ⩏ົࡢࣂ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋពぢ᭩ࡣ⣮தᙜ஦ᅜ࡟ࡶ㏦௜ࡉࢀࠊࣃࢿࣝሗ࿌࡟ࡶ཯ᫎࡉࢀ

ࣛࣥࢫ࡜࠸࠺ほᛕࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿ࠿࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ࡛࠶

࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࣃࢿࣝࡣ➨୕⪅ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ⩏ົࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㻰㻿㼁ࢁ࠺㹿㺁᮲  㡯࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ➨୕⪅࡛࠶ࡿຍ┕ᅜࡣୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡢᡭ⥆࡟ཧຍࡍࡿࡇ

࡜ࡶㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊୖッࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㹿 ドᣐ཰㞟࡜᝟ሗᥦ౪

ࠕࣃࢿࣝ࡟௜クࡉࢀࡓၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿ฼ᐖ㛵ಀࠖࡣࠊ⏦❧࡚ࡢᑐ㇟࡟ಀࡿ

฼ᐖࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⏦❧࡚࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿ㔜せ஦㡯࡟ಀࡿࡶࡢࡶྵࡴ࡜ゎ㔘ࡉ㻰㻿㼁㻌᮲ࡣࠕྛࣃࢿࣝࡣࠊ㐺ᙜ࡜ㄆࡵࡿ࠸࠿࡞ࡿಶேࡲࡓࡣᅋయ࡟ᑐࡋ

ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⏦❧ᅜ࡟ࡼࡾၥ㢟࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿἲࡸつไ࡜㢮ఝࡢ࡚ࡶ᝟ሗ࠾ࡼࡧᢏ⾡ୖࡢຓゝࡢᥦ౪ࢆせㄳࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠖ࡜ᐃࡵࡿࠋ

ࡶࡢࢆ᭷ࡍࡿᅜࡀࠊ⿕⏦❧ᅜࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࢆ㐍ࡵࡓ࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡶཧຍࡀㄆࡇࡢつᐃࡣ᫂☜࡟᝟ሗࡸᑓ㛛ᛶࡢ཰㞟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣦࢆࣃࢿࣝ

ࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㹿୍⯡࡟ࠊࣃࢿࣝࡸୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡣ➨୕⪅ཧຍ࡟୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㛵㐃⣮த࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᮲ࡣࣃࢿࣝࡀ 㼃㻵㻼㻻 ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࡟ᐶᐜ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ┤᥋ⓗ࡞฼ᐖࡢドᣐࡀ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࡑࢀࢆㄆᐜࡋ࡚ᑓ㛛ᐙពぢࡸゎ㔘ᣦ㔪ࢆၥ࠸ྜࢃࡏࡿ㝿ࡢ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㹿࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ 㼃㼀㻻㻌⣮த࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᖺࡢᐇド◊✲࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ⣮தᙜ஦▱㈈ၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣃࢿࣝࡢᑓ㛛ᛶࡀ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢពぢࡣ࠿ᅜ௨እ࠿ࡽࡢ༠㆟࡬ࡢཧຍࡢᕼᮃ௳ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊᣄ⤯ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣ௳ࡢࡳ

࡞ࡾࡢᶒጾࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋྠ᫬࡟ࠊࡇ࠺

࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣃࢿࣝᡭ⥆࡬ࡢ➨୕⪅ཧຍࡣࡼࡾ࣮࢜ࣉ࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿ㹿ࡋࡓពぢࡢ఩⨨௜ࡅࡸἲⓗᇶ♏ࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋAbbot ࡀᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㛵㐃⣮த࡟ᑐࡍࡿ➨୕⪅ࡢពぢ᭩ࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ⤌⧊ⓗ฼ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࠕ㼃㻵㻼㻻 ஦ົᒁࡣ࠸࠿࡞ࡿከᅜ㛫᮲⣙ࡸ 㼃㻵㻼㻻 ࡢ័⩦ἲࡢୗ࡛ࡶ

┈࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᥮ゝࡍࡿ࡜ࠊຍ┕ᅜࡣࠊ⣮தゎỴࡀ㔜せ࡞༠ᐃ࡟

㼃㻵㻼㻻 ࡀ⟶⌮ࡍࡿ᮲⣙ࡢබᘧゎ㔘ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖࡋࠊ



Busch and Reinhardt (2006).

Dreyfuss and Lowenfeld (1997) ࣮࣌ࢪࡢὀࢆཧ↷ࠋࠕࡋ࠿ࡋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ≧ἣ࡟ࠕࣃࣜ᮲⣙ࡸ࣋ࣝࢾ᮲⣙ࡢゎ㔘࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⊂❧ࡋࡓබᘧ࣭ṇᘧ࡞ 㼃㻵㻼㻻 ஦ົᒁࡢ❧ሙ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸㺁㹿࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ➨୕⪅ࡣ⣮த࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ᐇ㝿ⓗ࠿ࡘ⌧ᅾࡢ㏻ၟୖࡢ฼ᐖ㛵ಀࢆ᭷ࡉ࡞ࡅࢀ



ࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊୖッᡭ⥆࡬ࡢཧຍࡣࣃࢿࣝᡭ⥆࡟ཧຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ



WT/DS/160/R, Brazil, oral statement at the third party hearing, p. 164.

ຍ┕ᅜ࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࠖࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ๓㏙ୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ሗ࿌࡟㛵WT/DS/114/R, Brazil, submission, p. 106; see also India, 119.

ࡋ࡚ Lowenfeld ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ⡿ᅜ୍⯡ṓฟἲ஦௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣃࢿࣝࡣ 㼃㻵㻼㻻 ஦ົᒁ࡟ᑐࡋࠊࣃࣜ᮲



Lowenfeld (2002), 170; Zimmerman (2006), 66.⣙  ᮲  㡯ࠊ ᮲ࠊ ᮲ࡢ  ࠊ ᮲ࡢ  ࠊ ᮲࡟㛵ࡍࡿ஦ᐇ᝟ሗࡢᥦ౪ࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ



Lowenfeld (2002), 174.

DS/176/R, paras. 6.1 et seq.

Busch and Reinhardt (2006), 451, note 22.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  Abbott (1997), 417.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢᒎ㛤 㻱㼚㼓㼑㼘㼎㼞㼑㼗㼠 ୙᫂☜࡞ࡢࡣࠊ⣮தᙜ஦⪅࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ᅜᐙ௨እࡢᙜ஦⪅ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ 㻺㻳㻻ࠊᅜ㝿⤌⧊ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣಶேࡀ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣦࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ᥦฟࡋࡓ᝟ሗࢆࣃࢿࣝ

 ㏱᫂ᛶ
ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ྲྀࡾᢅ࠺࡭ࡁ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜ࢚ࣅ஦௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ୖ

ࣃࢿࣝ࠾ࡼࡧୖ⣭ጤဨ఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭ⥆ࡣ㛗࠸㛫බ⾗࡟ࡣ㛢ࡌࡽࢀࡓࡶ

⣭ጤဨ఍ࡣࠊࠕ᝟ሗࢆ཰㞟ࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࡣࣃࢿࣝ࡟ࡼࡿせㄳ࡞ࡋ࡟ᥦฟࡉࢀࡓ

ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⛎ᐦᛶࡢཎ๎ࡣ 㻰㻿㼁㻌᮲  㡯࠾ࡼࡧྠ᮲㡯࡟ࡼࡾᨭᣢ

᝟ሗࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜ྠࡌࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࣃࢿࣝࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡀせㄳࡋࡓࡶࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣࠊࣃࢿࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᑂ⌮ࡣ⛎ᐦ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ࡋࠊ

ࡢ࠿ྰ࠿࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊᥦฟࡉࢀࡓ᝟ሗࡸຓゝࢆཷࡅධࢀ࡚⪃៖ࡍࡿ࠿࠶

ᚋ⪅ࡣୖ⣭ጤဨ఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭ⥆ࡣ⛎ᐦ࡟ࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜つᐃࡋࡿ࠸ࡣᣄ⤯ࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⿢㔞ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㹿ࡇࡢゎ㔘

࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏱᫂ᛶࢆḞࡃࡇ࡜࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ⣮தゎỴᡭ⥆ࡢ┠ⓗࠊࡣࣃࢿࣝࡀᨻᗓ௨እࡢಶேࡸᅋయ࠿ࡽࡢ amicus curiae ពぢ᭩ࢆཷࡅධࢀ

ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⣮தࡢゎỴࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡍࡿ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ⛎ᐦࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣ࢔ࢫ࣋ࢫࢺ஦௳࡛☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓ㹿ᛶࡣᙜ஦⪅ࡀ⮬ࡽࡢ❧ሙ࡟ࣟࢵࢡ࢖ࣥࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃㆡṌ࡟ྥࡅࡓ஺΅ࡇࡢ஦௳࡛ࡣࠊୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡣ  ẁ㝵ࡢ࢔ࢻ࣭࣍ࢵࢡ࡞ᡭ⥆ࢆຠᯝⓗ࡟Ⓨᒎࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋᖺ࡟୪⾜ࡍࡿ  ࡘࡢ⣮த࡛࠶ࡿ⡿ࡉࡏࠊ➨  ẁ㝵࡛チྍࡣࣃࢿࣝ࡟ࡼࡾỴᐃࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋࠊ➨  ẁ㝵࡜ࡋᅜ⥅⥆ⓗ⩏ົ␃ಖ஦௳࠾ࡼࡧ࢝ࢼࢲ⥅⥆ⓗ⩏ົ␃ಖ஦௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣃࢿࣝ

࡚ࣃࢿࣝࡀᢎㄆࡋࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣ᭷ຠ࡞ᥦฟࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ

ࡣᙜ஦⪅࠿ࡽࡢ᫂♧ⓗ࡞ࣜࢡ࢚ࢫࢺ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࠊᙜ஦⪅࡬ࡢཱྀ㢌ᑂ⌮ࢆබ㛤ࡇࡢ㐠⏝ࡣᴟࡵ࡚㆟ㄽࢆ࿧ࡪࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓ㹿 ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃ

ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆỴᐃࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࣃࢿࣝࡣ 㻰㻿㼁㻌᮲  㡯ࡢࡽࡎࠊamicus curiae ពぢ᭩ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣࣃࢿࣝࡢ⿢㔞஦㡯࡛࠶ࠕࣃࢿࣝࡢᑂ㆟ panel deliberation ࠖࢆ⊃ࡃゎ㔘ࡋࠊࣃࢿࣝෆ㒊࡛ࡢసᴗ࠾

ࡾࠊᅜᐙ௨እࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢᡭ⥆ୖࡢᶒ฼࡜ࡋ࡚ᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞

ࡼࡧỴᐃࡢࡳࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊពぢ⫈ྲྀ࡟ࡲ࡛ཬࡪࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸

࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣᙉㄪࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㛵㐃⣮தࡣ࡜ࡋࡓ㹿௚ࡢࣃࢿࣝࡶබ⾗࠿ࡽࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡇࢀࡽࡢ᭱ึࡢ஦

⌧ᅾࡲ࡛ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ 㻺㻳㻻 ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㨩ຊⓗ࡞ᥦฟᑐ㇟࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࠊ

౛࡟⥆ࡁࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࠊ㼃㼀㻻㻌⣮தࡢ  ศࡢ  ࡶࡢᑂ⌮࡟࠾࠸࡚බ㛤ࡢពぢࡇࡢ✀ࡢ⣮த࡟࠾ࡅࡿ amicus curiae ពぢ᭩ᥦฟࡢヨࡳ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠶ࡗࡓ

⫈ྲྀࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏵ୖᅜࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏱᫂ᛶࡀቑࡍࡇ

࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝グ㘓ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸㹿࡜࡟ᑐࡋᙉࡃ཯ᑐࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⣮தᙜ஦ᅜ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡾ➨୕⪅ཧຍࡋࡓሙྜ࡟

ࡣἲᘐࢆ㠀බ㛤࡟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ᭱㏆࡛ࡣࠊ㏵ୖᅜ࡛࠶ࡗ
࡚ࡶබ㛤ἲᘐ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᥦฟࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿ୖ⣭ጤဨ఍࡛ࡢពぢ⫈ྲྀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㻰㻿㼁㻌᮲㡯࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ⛎ᐦࡢᑂ
ࡇࡢゎ㔘ࡀึࡵ࡚ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊᖺ᭶  ᪥࡟᥇ᢥࡉࢀࡓ⡿ᅜ࢚ࣅ࠾ࡼ

⌮ࠖ࡜᫂☜࡟つᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡇࢀࢆබ㛤࡜ࡍࡿἲⓗྍ⬟ᛶࡣ࡞ࡧ࢚ࣅ〇ရࡢ㍺ධ⚗Ṇ஦௳࡟ᑐࡍࡿୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ሗ࿌࡟࠾࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋWT/DS58/

࠸࡜ಙࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊᖺ࡟ࠊ⡿ᅜ࡜࢝ࢼࢲࡢ⥅⥆ⓗ

AB/R, paras. 99–110, para. 108.

⩏ົ␃ಖ஦௳ࡢేྜᡭ⥆࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ୧ᙜ஦⪅ࡣ෌ࡧබ㛤࡛ࡢពぢ⫈ྲྀࢆせ





See European Communities – Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing

Products, WT/DS/135/AB/R, adopted on 5 April 2001. amicus curiae ࡢᥦฟ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㼃㼀㻻 ᩥ᭩ 㼃㼀㻛㻰㻿㻝㻟㻡㻛㻥 ࡶཧ↷ࠋㄳࡋࠊୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡣ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟᮲㡯ࡣᙜ஦⪅ࡀ⛎ᐦᛶ࡟ࡼࡿಖㆤࢆࡸࡵ
ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆጉࡆࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜ࡢ⤖ㄽ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࠋ

See Bartels (2004).ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊබ⾗ࡣពぢ⫈ྲྀࢆഐ⫈ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᪂ࡋ

⡿ᅜⴭసᶒἲ஦௳࡛ࡣࠊᶒ฼⟶⌮ᅋయ 㻭㻿㻯㻭㻼 ࡢ௦⌮ே࡛࠶ࡿἲᚊ஦ົᡤࡀ

࠸ᐇົ័⾜࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊṔྐⓗ࠿ࡘࡶ࡜࡟ࡣᡠࢀ࡞࠸୙ྍ㏫ࡢ㌿᥮࡛࠶ࡗ㼁㻿㼀㻾 ࡟㏦௜ࡋࡓࣞࢱ࣮ࡀࣃࢿࣝ࡟ࡶ㏦௜ࡉࢀࡓࠋࣃࢿࣝࡣᥦฟࡉࢀࡓ᝟ሗࡸຓゝ

ࢆཷ⌮ࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣཷ⌮ࡋ࡞࠸࠿ࡣࡑࡢ⿢㔞࡟࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓ

Ehring (2008), 1024 et seq.

ࡀࠊሗ࿌࡛ࡣ⤖ᒁᙜヱࣞࢱ࣮࡟ゝཬࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

Ehring (2008), 1027.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢᒎ㛤 㻱㼚㼓㼑㼘㼎㼞㼑㼗㼠 ࡚ࠊ㻰㻿㻿㻌ࢆᅜෆ⿢ุᡤࡸᮏ᱁ⓗ࡞ᅜ㝿⿢ุᡤ࡟≉ᚩⓗ࡞⿢ุᶆ‽࡟㏆௜ࡅ

ࡔࡅ࡟୰㏵༙➃࡞ྲྀ⤌ࡳࢆ⾜࠸ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྲྀ⤌ࡳࡀᐇຠⓗ࠿࡝࠺࠿☜ㄆࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊไᗘ࡬ࡢಙ㢗ࡸㄝ᫂㈐௵ࢆቑࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ホ౯ࡍࡿㄽ⪅ࡀࡿࡓࡵ࡟ 㻰㻿㼁᮲  㡯ࡢࠕ㑂Ᏺࣃࢿࣝࠖࢆ⾜౑ࡍࡿࠊ࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㼃㼀㻻㻌



࠸ࡿ㹿 

ไᗘࡢ୺せ࡞ࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡀࡋࡤࡋࡤ⩏ົࢆᒚ⾜ࡏࡎࠊከᅜ㛫ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝ࡟ᇶ

᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ࣃࢿࣝሗ࿌᭩ࡣⓎ⾜ࡉࢀ 㼃㼀㻻㻌ࡢ࢙࢘ࣈࢧ࢖ࢺ࡛ࡶ㜀ぴྍ⬟࡟࡙ࡃᅜ㝿㏻ၟࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࢆ㍍どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ᭷ྡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛࡟ࡣ࠿࡞ࡾࡢ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿ㹿ከࡃࡢ஦౛࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ౵

ࡇࡇ࡟ࠊᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ᨻᗓ㛫ࡢ༠ຊࡢୖ࡟ᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿไᗘࡢ㝈⏺ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿ᐖ࣭㠀౵ᐖࡢ⏦❧࡚ࡣᙜ஦⪅㛫࡛ࡢ࿴ゎ࡟⮳ࡿࠋᡭ⥆ࡀ⏦❧࡚࡟ࡼࡾ㛤ጞ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡉࢀࡓሙྜࠊ࿴ゎ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⤊஢ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ࿴ゎࡣබ㛤ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ


௚ࡢ㏻ၟ㛵㐃ၥ㢟࡟ẚ࡭ࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㐪཯஦౛࡟࠾ࡅࡿ 㻰㻿㻮 ່࿌࡬ࡢ㑂Ᏺࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᙜ஦⪅࡟ࡣࠊ࿴ゎࡢ୺せㄽⅬࢆ㛤♧ࡍࡿ⩏ົࡣ࡞࠸㹿 ࡼࡾ」㞧࡛ࠊ┘どࡋࡓࡾ⟶⌮ࡍࡿࡢࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ≉࡟ᇳ⾜࡜ᡭ⥆ၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⩏ົ㐪཯ࡢሙྜ࡟࠶࡚ࡣࡲࡿ㹿ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ୙㑂Ᏺ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᩆ

 ᩆ῭࡜㑂Ᏺ῭ࡣ≉࡟ᇳ⾜ࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㻰㻿㼁 ᮲  㡯ࡣࠊ⏦❧ᅜࡣࠕࡲࡎࣃࢿࣝࡲࡓࡣୖ⣭ጤဨ఍࡟ࡼࡾ㐪཯ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ↓ຠ໬ࡲࡓࡣ౵ᐖ
㼃㼀㻻㻌⣮தゎỴไᗘࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿ㔜せࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡓศ㔝࡜ྠ୍ࡢศ㔝࡟㛵ࡍࡿㆡチࡑࡢ௚ࡢ⩏ົࡢ೵Ṇ࡞せ⣲ࡣࠊ⿕␲౵ᐖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᩆ῭ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ಙ㢗ࡋ࠺ࡿぢ㏻ࡋ࡛࠶ࢆヨࡳࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ཎ๎ࢆᡴࡕฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㈠᫆㛵㐃ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡿࠋ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ㻰㻿㻮 ່࿌ࡢ㑂Ᏺࡣከᅜ㛫ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㏻ၟ⟶⌮࡟ᑐᶒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ࠕศ㔝 sector ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡣ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌༠ᐃࡢ➨  㒊  ࠥ  ⠇ࡍࡿಙ㢗ᛶࢆᙉ໬ࡋࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡟ࡶ஺΅ຊ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡶᙅ࠸❧ሙ࡟࠶ࡿഃ࡛

࡛࢝ࣂ࣮ࡉࢀࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢྛ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࠊ➨  㒊㸦ᇳ⾜㸧ࡢୗ࡛ࡢ⩏ົࠊ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ 㻰㻿㻿㻌࡬ࡢッ࠼࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆቑᙉࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᩆ῭➨  㒊㸦ᡭ⥆ⓗഃ㠃㸧࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ㹿ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊఱࡀ≉ᐃࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡜㑂ᏲࡣࡇࡢไᗘࡢᙅⅬࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓࠋ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌ࢆྵࡴศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠕㆡチࡢ೵Ṇࠖࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ゎ㔘ࡍࡿ㼃㼀㻻㻌༠ᐃ࡬ࡢ㐪཯ࢆホỴࡉࢀࡓᙜ஦ᅜࡣࠊཎ๎࡜ࡋ࡚⮬ᅜࡢἲࡲࡓࡣᥐ

ࡢࡣᴟࡵ࡚㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋ㐪཯ᅜࡢ௻ᴗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ಖㆤࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ

⨨ࢆࡋ࠿ࡿ࡭ࡃᨵṇࡍࡿ⩏ົࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ୙㑂Ᏺ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᩆ῭ᥐ⨨ࡣ୙㏻ၟ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ௚ࡢㆡチࢆ೵Ṇࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࡣࡿ࠿࡟ᗈ⠊࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ᭷᏶඲࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊࣃࢿࣝࡣ㐪཯࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊ

ࡍࡿ୙᫂☜࡛」㞧࡞⤖ᯝࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡼ࠺࡟ᛮ࠼ࡿࠋᒚ⾜࡜ࡑࡢࡓࡵࡢᥐ

ࡑࡢ㐪཯ࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿ᪉ἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚♧ࡍ⩏ົࡣ࡞࠸ࡋࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡶᖖ࡟ᥦ᱌ࡋ

⨨࡜ࡢ㔮ࡾྜ࠸ࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㹿➨஧࡟ࠊࣃࢿࣝࡀᅜᐙࡀ㑂Ᏺࡍ࡭ࡁ᪉ἲࢆᣦ♧ࡋ୙༑ศ࡞ᩆ῭࡜୙㑂Ᏺࡣ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒἲ஦௳ࡢవἼ࡜ࡋ࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ

ࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࣃࢿ່ࣝ࿌࡟ᚑࢃ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㎿㏿࡛ຠᯝⓗ࡞ไ⿢ࡣ⾜ࡓࠋࡇࡢ஦௳ࡣࠊ᮲  㡯࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ່࿌ࡢᒚ⾜ࡢࡓࡵࡢጇᙜ࡞ᮇ㛫ࢆỴᐃ

ࢃࢀࡀࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࡢไᗘࡣᩋッᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ពᅗⓗ࡞㐜ᘏᡓ␎ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ࠕඛᘏࡤࡋ࡟ࡍࡿࠖከࡃࡢ᪉ἲࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ㻰㻿㻮 ່࿌ࡢ㑂Ᏺࡢࡓࡵࡢጇᙜ࡞ᮇ㛫࡟ࡘ࠸࡚த࠺㸦㻰㻿㼁㻌᮲  㡯㸧ࠊሗ᚟ᥐ⨨ࢆ㜼Ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵ

See Mavroidis (2000), 794 et seq. See, however, the AB report in the US – Continued

Suspension of Obligations in the EC – Hormones Dispute (DS 320).㡰␒௜ࡅ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡢ┒ࡾୖࡀࡾ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊMavroidis (2000),࣮࣌ࢪ௨㝆ࠊZimmerman (2006)



࣮࣌ࢪࢆཧ↷ࠋEhring (2008).





See Procedures for the Circulation and De-restriction of WTO Documents, adopted by㻰㻿㻿 ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡞࠸୺࡞⌮⏤ࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋFukunaga (2008).

Fukunaga ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡀᇳ⾜Ỉ‽ࡀ୙༑ศ࡞㏵ୖᅜ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ඛ㐍ᅜࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝

the General Council on 18 July 1996, WT/L/160/Rev.1.



See Article 22(3)(f)(iii) DSU.

See Pauwelyn (2003a).

Abbott (1997), 433.㻰㻿㼁 ࡟ࡼࡿࡇࡢ௚ࡢᩆ῭࡟ࡣࠊྠ୍ࡢ༠ᐃࡢࡑࡢ௚ࡢศ㔝࠶

See Pauwelyn (2003a). Mavroidis (2000), 779; Zimmerman (2006), 67.ࡿ࠸ࡣ௚ࡢ 㼃㼀㻻 ༠ᐃ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㆡチࡢ೵Ṇࡀ࠶ࡿ 㻰㻿㼁᮲  㡯 E ࠾ࡼࡧ F 㸧ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢᒎ㛤 㻱㼚㼓㼑㼘㼎㼞㼑㼗㼠 ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ௰⿢ࠊ↓ຠ໬࠾ࡼࡧ 㻱㻯 ࡢ฼┈ࡢᦆኻࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࢆỴᐃࡋࠊ㻱㻯 ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡔࡅࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᡃࠎࡍ࡭࡚ࠊࡑࡋ࡚࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡣ≉ࡽ 㻰㻿㻮 ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ 㻰㻿㼁 ᮲  㡯ࡢㆡチࡑࡢ௚ࡢ⩏ົࢆ೵Ṇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢせㄳ࡟ᮏไᗘࡢ୺せ࡞ࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖࡀࠊ⣮தゎỴ⌮ゎ࡟ࡼࡾࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿ࣮ࣝࣝ

࡟ࡘ࠸࡚Ỵᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࠊ㻰㻿㼁 ᮲  㡯࡟ࡼࡿ௰⿢ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࠋ⡿ᅜࡣࡢᒚ⾜࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ✲ᴟⓗ࡟ࡣ⤒῭ᢸ㐪཯࡜ࡉࢀࡓἲࢆኚ᭦ࡍࡿ௦ࢃࡾ࡟ࠊ୍ᐃ㔠㢠ࡢᨭᡶ࠸࡟ࡼࡿ࿴ゎࢆᥦ᱌ᙜ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ┿ࡢᏳ඲ಖ㞀ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸㺁㹿ཧຍࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ㑂Ᏺࡋࡓ㹿 ࡇࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡣ 㻰㻿㼁 ᮲  㡯࡟ᐃࡵࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ່࿌ࡢ᏶඲࡞ᒚ⾜ࡢண࡟௦ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⡿ᅜࡀୖ⣭ጤࡵࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࢆపῶࡉࡏࡿࡦ࡜ࡘࡢ㏣ຍⓗせ⣲࡛࠶ࡿ㹿ဨ఍່࿌ࡢ㑂Ᏺ࡜ࡋ࡚⾜ࡗࡓࡢࡣࡲࡉ࡟௦ൾࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋDreyfuss ࡜Dinwoodie ࡣࠊ௦ൾࡣᩆ῭࡜ࡋ࡚ྍ⬟ࡔ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࡔࡀࠊࡇࡢ᪉ἲ

㸳㸬㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㛵㐃⣮தゎỴ࡬ࡢཧຍࡢศᯒ㻌ࡣ㇏࠿࡞ᅜ࡟ࡋ࠿౑࠼ࡎࠊ㏵ୖᅜ࡟୙฼┈ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ୙ᆒ

ྍ⬟ᛶࡀప࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣ㏵ୖᅜࡸᚋⓎ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࡀ 㻰㻿㻿㻌ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡓ

⾮ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿 ௦ൾࢆࠕ㑂Ᏺࡢ࡞࠿࠿ࡽ⮬㻰㻿㻿㻌ࡢไᗘⓗࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢ᳨ド࡟⥆࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀᅜᐙ࠾ࡼࡧᅜᐙ௨እࡢ

ศࢆ㈙࠸ฟࡍ buy oneself out of compliance ࠖ᪉ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ

࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘⣮த࡟ཧຍࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟

⌧ᅾࡢไᗘ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡍ࡭࡚ࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟ᅛ᭷࡞᰿ᮏⓗ࡞୙ᖹ➼ࢆᛮ࠸ฟࡉ

ᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆㄪᰝࡍࡿࡢࡀ⮬↛࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓㄪᰝࡣ㛫㐪࠸࡞ࡃࠊࡏࡿࡉࡽ࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ୙㑂Ᏺࡣ୍⯡ṓฟἲ᮲࡟ᑐࡍࡿ 㻰㻿㻮 ່࿌▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ⟇ᐃࡢ㐍ᒎ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ 㼃㼀㻻㻌⣮தゎỴᶵ㛵ࡀ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᙺ๭࠾

࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⡿ᅜࡢᑐᛂ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ㻱㻯 ࡜⡿ᅜࡢ㛫࡛ྜពࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢಟ

ࡼࡧ⾜࠸࠺ࡿᙺ๭࡟ᑐࡍࡿᡃࠎࡢ⌮ゎࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

ṇࡸᒚ⾜ࡢࡓࡵࡢጇᙜ࡞ᮇ㛫ࡢᘏ㛗㸦᭱ᚋ࡟ྜពࡋࡓࡢࡣᖺ᭶᪥

࡛࠶ࡾࠊᒚ⾜ᮇ㝈ࢆᖺ  ᭶᪥࡟ᘏ㛗ࡋࡓ㸧ࡢᚋࠊ⡿ᅜࡣ࠸ࡲࡔ࡟༑

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘⣮தゎỴ࡟࠾ࡅࡿຍ┕ᅜࡢ௦⾲ศ࡞ᒚ⾜ࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

⡿ᅜࡢ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㐪཯ࢆྵࡴ  ࡘࡢ୺せ࡞⣮த࡟㛵ࡍࡿ່࿌࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟

ึᮇࡢศᯒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊDreyfuss ࡜ Lowenfeld ࡣ 㼃㼀㻻㻌ࡢ⣮தゎỴไᗘࡣᑐࡍࡿ⡿ᅜᨻᗓࡢᾘᴟᛶࡣࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࠊࣃࢿࣝᡭ⥆ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ 㼃㼀㻻㻌ࡢ⿢ุ▱㈈㞟⣙⏘ᴗ࡟㔜せ࡞฼ᐖ㛵ಀࢆ᭷ࡍࡿᙉຊ࡞ᅜᐙ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡼࡾ฼⏝ࡋᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡿྖἲ⾜ື୺⩏࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ⡿ᅜ㆟఍ࡢᙉ࠸୙‶ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡸࡍࡃ㨩ຊⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜ணゝࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢ  ேࡣࠊࢥࣥࣆࣗ

ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⡿ᅜࡀ௚ᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚✚ᴟⓗࠊࡸࡸࡶࡍࡿ࡜ᨷᧁⓗ࡟ 㻰㻿㻿㻌࣮ࢱ࣮࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢࡼ࠺࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟ಀࡿ฼┈ࡢ㧗ᗘ໬ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿ⏘ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟୙฼࡞࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ່࿌࡟ᑐࡍࡿ┠ᴗࡀᅜᐙ⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚㧗ࡃホ౯ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚≉࡟࠶࡚࡟వࡿ↓どࡣࠊࣃ࣮࣡ࡢ㠀ᑐ⛠࡜࠸࠺ឤࢆᙉࡃࡉࡏࠊࡇࡢไᗘࡢಙ㢗ᛶࡀࡣࡲࡿ࡜᥎ᦆ࡞ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆド᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡶ࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋᖺ࡟⾜ࢃࢀࡓᙜ᫬

ᐙࡀ⿕⏦❧ᅜࡸ⏦❧ᅜ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡋࠊ㹙➨୕⪅㹛ཧຍ࡟ᚲ㻱㼁㻌ࡢ㏻ၟ௦⾲ࠊ⌧ 㼃㼀㻻㻌஦ົᒁ㛗࡛࠶ࡿ Pascal Lamy ࡀࢫࣆ࣮ࢳ࡛㏙࡭ࡓ

せ࡞ࠗᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞㏻ၟୖࡢ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ࠘ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠖ࡜㏙࡭

࡜࠾ࡾࠊࠕ࣮ࣝࣝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃไᗘࡣ༢࡟࣮ࣝࣝࡀ⢭⦓໬ࡉࢀ᥇ᢥࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᙼࡽࡣࠕࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྍ⬟ᛶࡢప࠸ᅜ




Transatlantic Business Dialogue, 8 November 2002, speech 02/553, available at: http://⡿ᅜࡣࠊ㻱㻯 ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐇ₇ᶒ⟶⌮ᅋయ㸦ࡑࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮࡟ᑐࡋ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᨭ᥼ࢆࡋࠊ

europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/02/553 &format=HTML&aged

ⴭసᶒࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࣔࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧࡟ࡼࡾタ❧ࡉࢀࡿࠊ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୍⯡=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en.⡿ᅜࡢ㏻ၟ㞀ቨ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠊᖺࡢḢᕞጤဨ఍ⓗ࡞ᨭ᥼࡜ⴭసᶒࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࣔࢩࣙࣥࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵࡢࣇ࢓ࣥࢻ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ୓ࢻࣝࡢ୍

ࡢሗ࿌᭩ “US compliance with WTO Dispute Settlement Recommendations” ࢆཧ↷ࠋᩆᣓᨭᡶ࠸ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ྜពࡋࡓࠋ῭࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊMavroidis (2000) ཧ↷ࠋ





Dinwoodie and Dreyfuss (2004). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

See Sutherland report (2004), para. 243.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢᒎ㛤 㻱㼚㼓㼑㼘㼎㼞㼑㼗㼠 ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿  㻰㻿㻿㻌ࡢไᗘࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡸࡇࢀࡲ࡛⏦❧࡚ࡢ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㛵㐃㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᪂⯆ᕤᴗᅜࠊ㻺㻵㻯㸧࡜࠸ࡳࡌࡃࡶㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠊࡍ࡞

⣮தࢆᴫほࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢணゝࡀṇࡋ࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ⿬௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊࢃࡕࠊ࢔ࣝࢮࣥࢳࣥࠊ୰ᅜࠊ࢖ࣥࢻࠊࣈࣛࢪࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊᛴ⃭࡞⤒῭ᡂ㛗ඛ㐍ᅜࡀᖖ࡟ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌༠ᐃ࡜ࡑࢀ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ 㻰㻿㻿㻌࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᭱ࡶ⇕ᚰ࡞฼⏝ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋࡓࡀ௒ᚋࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡸ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ▱㆑ࡸ᝟ሗ࡬

⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ௳ࡢ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㛵㐃⣮தࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ⡿ᅜࡣ௳࡟࠾࠸࡚⏦❧ᅜ࡛ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡀ୙ྍḞ࡞ᅜࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿⡿ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿ⏦❧࡚ࡣ  ௳ࡀ㏵࠶ࡿ㸦࠺ࡕ  ௳ࡣ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔࡜ࡢඹྠ⏦❧㸧ࠋ ௳ࡣ 㻱㻯 ࡟ࡼࡿ⏦❧࡚ୖᅜࢆ┦ᡭ࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸦࢖ࣥࢻ  ௳ࠊࣈࣛࢪࣝ  ௳ࠊ࢔ࣝࢮࣥࢳ

࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ⣮தࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤୡ⏺㈠᫆ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ୺せ࡞ࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖ࡟ࣥ  ௳ࠊࣃ࢟ࢫࢱࣥ  ௳ࠊ୰ᅜ  ௳㸧ࠊ㻱㻯 ࡣ  ௳ࡋ࠿㏵ୖᅜࢆ┦ᡭ᪉࡜ࡋ㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ⡿ᅜࡢ⏦❧࡚ࡣ  ௳ࡀḢᕞඹྠయ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࢆ

࡚࠸࡞࠸㸦࢖ࣥࢻ㸧ࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊ㏵ୖᅜࡣ࡞ࡐ⣮தゎỴࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㑂Ᏺࢆ☜┦ᡭ࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸦㻱㻯 ௳ࠊࢠࣜࢩࣕ  ௳ࠊࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥ  ௳ࠊࢹಖࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡶࡗ࡜⏦❧࡚ࢆཷࡅ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ

࣐࣮ࣥࢡ  ௳ࠊ࣏ࣝࢺ࢞ࣝ  ௳㸧ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡜࢝ࢼࢲ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚  ௳ࡎࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

Ꮫ⪅ࡣࡇࡢ࠸ࡉࡉ࠿▩┪ࡋࡓ⤖ㄽ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡘ࠿␗࡞ࡗࡓㄝ᫂ࢆ⾜Ḣᕞඹྠయࡣ࢝ࢼࢲ࡜᪥ᮏ࡟ᑐࡋ  ௳ࡎࡘࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ  ௳ࡢ⏦❧࡚ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋFukunaga ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ㏵ୖᅜࡢഃ࡛ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌ࢆ㑂Ᏺࡍࡿ㝿ࡢᮏᙜࡢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣃࢿࣝሗ࿌᭩ࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡓ  ௳࡜ࠊ⣮த඲యࡢ࠺ࡕ  ௳࡟࠾࠸ၥ㢟ࡣࠊࡑࡢᐇ᪋࡜ಶࠎࡢ஦౛࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㐺⏝࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࡚ࠊ ࡘࡢᕧ኱࡞▱㈈ࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⡿ᅜ࡜Ḣᕞඹྠయࡢ㑂Ᏺࡢၥ࠿ࡋࠊ᭱ప㝈ᗘࡢỈ‽࡟㛵ࡍࡿྜព࡜࠸࠺ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌༠ᐃࡢᛶ㉁ࡣࠊᙼࡢぢゎ㢟ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ㏵ୖᅜࡀ⏦❧ᅜ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࡓࡗࡓ  ௳࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ࣈ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⣮தࡢゎỴ࡟ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㝈ࡽࢀࡓᙺ๭ࡋ࠿ᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ

ࣛࢪࣝ㸧
ࠋ

࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㹿⤒῭ⓗ࡟ᙉຊ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮㸦ࡑࡢ᭱ࡓࡿࡶࡢࡀ⡿ᅜ㸧࡟ࡼࡾ୍▱ⓗ㈈⏘⣮தࢆᖺ௦㡰࡟ぢ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜ࠊึᮇ㸦ࠥᖺ㸧࡟ࡣ⡿ᅜࡀ᪉ⓗ࡟ᅽຊࢆ࠿ࡅ⥆ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ᫬㛫ࡢ࠿࠿ࡿ‽ྖἲⓗ࡞ᡭ⏦❧࡚ࢆ࡯ࡰ⊂༨ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㏵ୖᅜ㸦࢖ࣥࢻࠊࣃ࢟ࢫࢱࣥ㸧ࡸඛ㐍ᅜ㸦࢝⥆࠾ࡼࡧᑂ⌮࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࡼࡾຠᯝⓗ࡞ᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࠊ ᅜ㛫࡛ࢼࢲ࠾ࡼࡧ࣏ࣝࢺ࢞ࣝࠊࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥࠊࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡࠊࢠࣜࢩࣕ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ 㻱㻯ࡢ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌ࣉࣛࢫ༠ᐃࢆ㏻ࡌࡓᅽຊ࡟ㄝ᫂ࢆồࡵࡿ⪅ࡶ࠸ࡿ㹿 ඛ㐍ᅜࡀㅖᅜ㸧ࢆ┦ᡭ࡜ࡍࡿከᩘࡢ⏦❧࡚ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡢᚋࠊ⡿ᅜ⮬㌟

㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࡸᚋⓎ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ッゴᥦ㉳ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ᾘᴟⓗ࡛࠶ࡢ▱㈈つ⠊ࡀၥࢃࢀࡿ᫬ᮇ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒἲ஦௳ࡸ⡿ᅜ୍ࡿࡉࡽ࡟ูࡢ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾᨷᧁⓗ࡞ッゴᨻ⟇ࡣᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞▱㈈࢞ࣂࢼࣥ

⯡ṓฟἲ஦௳࡞࡝㸧ࠋࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᶒຊࡢ㠀ᑐ⛠ᛶ࡜࠸࠺᪤Ꮡࡢឤ᝟ࢆຓ㛗ࡋࠊ⣮த࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠕࢲᙉຊ࡞▱㈈⏘ᴗࢆ᭷ࡍࡿඛ㐍ᅜࡀ⏦❧ᅜࡢഃࢆ⊂༨ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㦫ࡃ࡟ࣅࢹᑐࢦࣜ࢔ࢸࠖ࡜࠸࠺Ẹ⾗ࡢㄆ㆑ࢆᙉᅛ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺Ⅼࡶᣲࡆ್ࡋ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊ㏵ୖᅜࡀ⿕⏦❧ᅜഃ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡀࡑࢀ࡯࡝ከࡃ࡞

࠺ࡿࠋࡼࡾ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ㏵ୖᅜ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⣮தࡣ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ᮲࠾ࡼࡧ  ᮲࡜࠸࠸࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇࡣ┤ឤ࡟཯ࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ୍ぢࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊከࡃࡢ㏵ୖ

࠺┠ⓗࠊཎ๎࡟㛵ࡍࡿつᐃࢆάᛶ໬ࡉࡏࠊᅜᐙ⮬἞࡜ᅜ㝿つ⠊࡬ࡢ㑂Ᏺ࡟ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌ࡢせồ࡜ẚ࡭ࡓሙྜ࡟▱㈈ಖㆤࡢỈ‽ࡀ୙㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᑐࡍࡿཝ᱁࡞ぢゎ࡜ࡢ⥭ᙇ㛵ಀ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ㔜せ࡞බ࡜ุ᩿ࡉࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋLowenfeld ࡜ Dreyfuss ࡀ㏙࡭┈࡜ࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫ࡜࠸࠺ࠊ ࡘࡢࢹࣜࢣ࣮ࢺ࡞ၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࣃࢿࣝࡀࡼࡾ᫂

࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ
ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌ᵓ᝿ࡢ┠ⓗࡣ㏵ୖᅜࡀࡼࡾຠᯝⓗ࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ಖㆤࢆ☜࡞ぢゎࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆᙉ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᒎ㛤ࡣࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌⾜࠺ࡼ࠺ㄏᑟࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿ 㼃㼀㻻㻌ッゴࡢ኱༙࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ▱㈈ไᗘࡢ୺せ࡞ࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞฼┈࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡣ⏦❧ᅜ࡛࠶ࡿඛ㐍ᅜ࡜⿕⏦❧ᅜ࡛࠶ࡿ㏵ୖᅜ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡟
࡞ࡿ࡜ண᝿࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠖࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ▱㈈⣮தࡢ࠺ࡕ㏵ୖᅜࡀ㛵

ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ  ௳࡟ࡍࡂࡎࠊࡑࡢ࠺࠼ࡇࢀࡽࡢᅜࡣ᭱㏆ࠕThe Middleࠖ



See Dreyfuss (2008); Reichman (2000).

Fukunaga (2008).





Abbott (2005), 88 et seq. See Kur and Grosse Ruse-Khan, Ch. 8, 2.1.1, in this volume.Dreyfuss and Lowenfeld (1997). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢᒎ㛤 㻱㼚㼓㼑㼘㼎㼞㼑㼗㼠 ࡔࢁ࠺㹿

┠ᶆࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓ㹿㻰㻿㻿㻌ࡢ  ඪὴ࡟ࡼࡿእ஺ⓗᛶ᱁࠿ࡽࡃࡿไ⣙ࢆ┦ẅࡍࡿࡦ࡜ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᴫࡋ࡚ࠊ➨୕⪅ཧຍࡢไᗘࡣ௒᪥ࡲ࡛ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡼࡃ☜❧ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ▱ᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊྛᅜ࡟➨୕⪅࡜ࡋ࡚⣮தゎỴᡭ⥆࡟ཧຍࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜

㈈⣮தゎỴไᗘ࡟࠾࠸࡚ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ⬟ຊࡣ≉࡟ᚋⓎ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࣃࢿࣝࡸୖ⣭ጤဨ఍࡟ពぢ᭩ࢆᥦฟࡋぢゎࢆఏ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ

ᅜ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ᏶඲࡟Ⓨ᥹ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣ࠸࠸ࡀࡓ࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ☜⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ㏵ୖᅜࡸᚋⓎ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࡀỴᐃ㐣⛬࡟␗࡞ࡿぢゎࢆὀධࡋࠊ

࠿࡟ࠊ㏵ୖᅜࡸᚋⓎ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࡣ 㻰㻿㼁  ᮲㡯ࡸྠ᮲  㡯ࡢᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌つᐃࡢゎ㔘ࡀ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡸ㏵ୖᅜࡢ⤒῭ⓗࠊ♫఍ⓗⓎ

㸦㏻ၟୖࡢ㸧฼ᐖ㛵ಀ࡜࠸࠺せ௳࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᩿ᛕࡉࡏࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡣ࠶ᒎ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ㝿❧ࡓࡏࡿࠊḼ㏄ࡍ࡭ࡁ⤒㊰ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋᐇ

ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡍ࡛࡟㏙࡭ࡓ࡜࠾ࡾࠊࣃࢿࣝ࡜ୖ⣭ጤဨ఍ࡣ࠸ࡲࡲ࡛ࡇࡢせ㝿ࠊ࢝ࢼࢲ་⸆ရ≉チ஦௳ 㻰㻿 ࡛ࡣࠊࣈࣛࢪࣝࠊࢥࣟࣥࣅ࢔ࠊ࣮࢟ࣗ

௳ࢆᙧᘧⓗ࡟ゎ㔘ࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ༠㆟ࡸࣃࢿࣝᡭ⥆࡟ᑐࡍࡿẚ㍑ⓗᗈ⠊࡞➨ࣂࠊ࢖ࣥࢻࠊࢱ࢖ࡀᡭ⥆࡟ཧຍࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᑡ࡞࠿ࡽࡠ㏵ୖᅜࡢཧຍࡀ࠶ࡗ

୕⪅࢔ࢡࢭࢫࢆ☜ಖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ㻱㻯㻌ၟᶆ࣭ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧஦௳ 㻰㻿 ࡣࠊ࢔ࣝࢮࣥ

㏵ୖᅜࡀᙜ஦⪅࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ➨୕⪅࡜ࡋ࡚⣮தゎỴᡭ⥆࡟ཧຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ

ࢳࣥࠊࣈࣛࢪࣝࠊ୰ᅜࠊࢥࣟࣥࣅ࢔ࠊ࣓࢟ࢩࢥࠊྎ‴ࡢ➨୕⪅ཧຍࢆಁࡋ

ࡼࡾᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞㞀ᐖࡀࠊᅜ㝿㏻ၟ⿢ุ࡟క࠺㧗㢠࡞㈝⏝࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㆟ㄽࡢࡓࠋ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒἲ᮲࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⣮த࡛ࡣࣈࣛࢪࣝࡀពぢ᭩ࢆᥦฟࡋ࡚࠾

వᆅࡀ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋไᗘࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ฼⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࡣࠊᴟࡵ࡚ඃ⚽ࡔࡀࡾࠊ⡿ᅜ୍⯡ṓฟἲ᮲஦௳ 㻰㻿 ࡛ࡣࢽ࢝ࣛࢢ࢔ࡀ➨୕⪅ཧຍࢆ⾜㈝⏝ࡢ࠿࠿ࡿἲࡸ⤒῭ࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ࡟౫㢗ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᑐ↷ⓗࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠᵝ࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤ࡜ᇳ⾜࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍᥐ⨨࡟㛵ࡍࡿ

࡟ࠊ㏵ୖᅜࡸ≉࡟ᚋⓎ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ࡟ࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⬟ຊ㹙ヂ⪅ὀ㸸ไᗘࢆ฼⏝⡿ᅜ࡜୰ᅜࡢ⣮த 㻰㻿 ࡣࠊ࢔ࣝࢮࣥࢳࣥࠊࣈࣛࢪࣝࠊ㡑ᅜࠊ࣓࢟ࢩࢥࠊ

ࡍࡿ⬟ຊ㹛ࢆ✚ࡳୖࡆࡿࡓࡵ࡟⮬ᅜࡢ⛥ᑡ࡞㈨※ࢆ౑࠺࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࡣ

ࢱ࢖ࠊྎ‴࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㏵ୖᅜࡢഃࡢ㛵ᚰࢆᣍ࠸ࡓ㹿➨୕⪅ཧຍࡢṔྐࡣ࠾࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢⅬࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆࡶ࡜࡟ᡠࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㏵ୖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᝟

ࡑࡽࡃࠊ≉࡟᪂⯆ᕤᴗᅜࡢഃࡢ⮬ಙࡀቑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⾜ືሗ࡜⬟ຊᨵၿ࡟ྥࡅࡓྲྀ⤌ࡳࢆồࡵࡿኌࡣከࡃࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᐇົ࡟࠾ࡅࡿከ

୺⩏ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣ␲࠸࡞ࡃไᗘ࡬ࡢཧຍࢆ✚ࡳ㔜ࡡࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿ

ࡃࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳࡀࡍ࡛࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿 ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㼃㼀㻻㻌ࡢྖἲẁ㝵࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㏵ୖᅜࡢ୙ᅾࡣࠊࡼࡾ῝้࡞ᵓ㐀ⓗ㏵ୖᅜࡣࡑࡢッゴཧຍ࡟࠾࠸࡚ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌༠ᐃ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡ⓗ▱㆑ࢆ⏕ࡳ㠀ᑐ⛠ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ‽ྖἲⓗ࡞▱㈈ἲไᐃ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ฼ᐖ㛵ಀࡀప࠸࡜ㄆ㆑ࡉ

ฟࡍഃࡢᶒ฼⩏ົ࡜ࡑࡢ▱㆑ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿഃࡢᶒ฼⩏ົࡢ㛫࡛ࡢࡼࡾⰋ࠸

ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࡃࡿཧຍ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࡢḞዴࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿 ࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢయ⣔ⓗ࡞㆟ㄽࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢝ࢼࢲ་⸆ရ≉チ☜࠿࡟ࠊࡇࡢ≧ἣࢆኚ࠼㏵ୖᅜࡀ 㻰㻿㻿㻌ࢆྵࡴ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㛵㐃ࡢỴᐃ࡟ཧຍࡍࡿ

஦௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣈࣛࢪࣝ࡜࢖ࣥࢻࡣ➨୕⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᶒ฼⪅ࡢ฼┈࡜ຠᯝⓗᶵ఍ࢆᨵၿࡍࡿ၏୍ࡢ᪉ἲࡣࠊᙼࡽࡢ⤒῭࠾ࡼࡧᅜෆࡢᨻ἞ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢᵓ

࡛ᐇ⌧ྍ⬟࡞බ⾗⾨⏕ไᗘࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾᗈ࠸♫఍฼┈࡜ࡢࣂࣛ㐀ࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ✲ᴟⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ㏵ୖᅜࢆࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞▱㈈࢞ࣂࢼࣥ

ࣥࢫࢆ࡜ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ຍ┕ᅜࡀホ౯ࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵࡢࡼࡾᗈ࠸వᆅ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࢝ࢼࢲࡢぢゎࢆᨭᣢࡋࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌༠ᐃࡢᩥゝࢆࡇࢀࡽ  ࡘࡢࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤ⾪✺ࡍࡿ
࢖ࣥࢻࡣࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ༠ᐃࡢ๓ᩥࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ᭷ຠ࠿ࡘ༑ศ࡞ಖㆤࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿ୍᪉

࡛ࠊྠ᫬࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⾜౑ࡢࡓࡵࡢᥐ⨨࠾ࡼࡧᡭ⥆⮬యࡀṇᙜ࡞㈠᫆ࡢ㞀ᐖ࡜

࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿᚲせᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ᫂☜࡟♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ



Reichman (2000).

Canada Pharmaceutical Patents, p. 119.

࢖ࣥࢻ࡜ࢺࣝࢥࡣ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ࡟Ẽ௜࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊᥦฟࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ





ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤึᮇࡢ࢖ࣥࢻ≉チ 㻱㻯 ஦௳ 㻰㻿 ࡛ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢࡳࡀ➨୕⪅ཧຍࡋ࡚

WTO Law, see TN/DS/W/90 (Mexico); cf. Nordström and Shaffer (2008).࠾ࡾࠊ㏵ୖᅜࡢཧຍࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  See Reichman and Lange (1998–9); Shaffer (2006). Concerning the Advisory Centre onShaffer (2005a).

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࢫไᗘࡢᖹ➼࡞ࣉࣞ࢖࣮ࣖ࡜ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊࡼࡾẸ୺ⓗ࡞ᨻᗓ࡜⤌ࡳྜࡏࡓࠊ

㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢᒎ㛤 㻱㼚㼓㼑㼘㼎㼞㼑㼗㼠 ⌧ᅾ Havana Club ࣒ࣛࢆୡ⏺࢝ᅜ௨ୖ࡛㈍኎ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㹿⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡜ᢏ⾡ⓗ㐍ᒎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ௒᪥ࣈࣛࢪࣝࡸ࢖ࣥࢻ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ

⡿ᅜⴭసᶒἲ஦௳࡛ࡣࠊIrish Music Rights Organisation ࡟ࡼࡾ 㼃㼀㻻㻌࡬ࡢᅜࠎࡢ఩⨨௜ࡅࡀኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊከࡃࡢ㏵ୖᅜ

⏦❧࡚ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㹿ࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢ⣮தࡣᖺ᭶᪥

࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓኚ㠉࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡢ㞀ᐖࡣࠊ」ྜⓗ࡛」㞧࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡟ᡂ❧ࡋࡓࠊ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒἲ᮲  㡯ࢆಟṇࡍࡿ Fairness in Music LicensingAct ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟධࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕᐙᗞෆࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕ஦ᴗࠖ࡟ಀࡿ౛እ࡜

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘⣮தゎỴ࡟࠾ࡅࡿẸ㛫ࢭࢡࢱ࣮

㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿࡜ࡢᩚྜᛶࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿ࡇࡢ஦౛ࢆ⢭ᰝࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ

㛵ಀࡍࡿ཮᪉ࡢ฼┈ᅋయࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㡢ᴦⴭస≀ࡢᶒ฼⪅࡜㡢ᴦࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿ฼┈ࡢỈᖹⓗ㓄ศ࡟┠ࢆྥࡅࡓሙྜࠊᅜᐙࡢࡳࡀ⣮தゎỴᡭ⥆ࡢᙜ஦⪅஦ᴗ⪅㸦ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥࠊࣂ࣮࡞࡝㸧ࡀࡼࡃ⤌⧊ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ❧ἲ㐣⛬࡜࡞ࡿ⬟ຊࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⏦❧࡚ࢆ⾜࠺ᶒ฼ࡣ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ኌࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿ㹿ࡋ࠿ࡋ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌ไᗘ࡛ࡣࠊෆᅜ

ᅜᐙ࡜ࡑࡢᨻᗓ௦⾲࡟␃ಖࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡜ྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ⪅ࡢࡓࡵࡢ஦ᚋⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ຊ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ぢࡽࢀࡿࡿࠋࡍ࡛࡟ㄽࡌࡓ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ⚾ேࠊಶேࠊ௻ᴗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㠀ᨻᗓᅋయࡣ⏦❧࡚ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᅜෆࡢᨻ἞ⓗጇ༠ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㹿ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡾᡭ⥆࡟ཧຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋྠ᫬࡟ࠊ㼃㼀㻻㻌⣮தゎỴᡭ⥆ᅜෆࡢ⤒῭ⓗ฼┈ࢆᏲࢁ࠺࡜ࡍࡿᨻᗓࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ഴྥࡣࡉ࡚࠾ࡁࠊ⣮த࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏦❧ᅜࡢ୺ᙇࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟ࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤᙉຊ࡛ࡼࡃ⤌⧊ࡉࢀࡓ⏘ᴗࡸࠊゎỴ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜᐙࡢ✚ᴟ୺⩏ࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤࠊẸ㛫ࡢ⤒῭ⓗ฼┈ࡀᨻᗓ࡟ᒆࡃ

ࡓࡲ࡟ࡣ⚾௻ᴗࡢ฼┈ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᗈࡃㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSusan

ࡼ࠺࡞෇⁥࡛ࡼࡃไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࡓᡭẁࡢᏑᅾࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋGregory

Sell ࡣ⡿ᅜ࡟ࡼࡾ 㼃㼀㻻㻰㻿㻮 ࡟௜クࡉࢀࡓ᭱ึࡢ  ௳ࡢ⣮தࢆࡦ࡜ࡘࡎࡘ

Shaffer ࡣ⡿ᅜ࡜ 㻱㼁㻌ࡢ 㼃㼀㻻㻌༠㆟࠾ࡼࡧ⣮தゎỴ࡬ࡢ௜ク࡟㝿ࡋ࡚බ࡜⚾㎺ࡾࠊ⤌⧊໬ࡉࢀࡓ⏘ᴗࡢ฼┈ࡀ 㼁㻿㼀㻾 ࢆㄝᚓࡋ࡚༠㆟࠾ࡼࡧࣃࢿࣝタ⨨ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡀᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚グ㏙ࠊศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᙼࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛᪩ᮇ࡟ࢆせㄳࡉࡏࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ✺ࡁṆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㻼㼔㻾㻹㻭 ࡟ࡼࡾ௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿ⡿ᅜࡢ་ᡂ❧ࡋࡓ᮲ࡢᡭ⥆ѸѸẸ㛫ࡀㄆ㆑ࡋࡓ㏻ၟ㞀ቨࡸ₯ᅾⓗ࡞㏻ၟࢡ࣮࣒ࣞ

⸆ရ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ௚ࡢ஦ᴗ⪅ᅋయ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᙉຊ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ጼࢆ⌧ࡋ࡚ࢆ⡿ᅜᨻᗓ࡟㏻▱ࡍࡿࡼ࠺Ẹ㛫࡟౫㢗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿѸѸࡣࠊ⏘ᴗ⏺ࡢ฼┈ࢆ᥎ࡋ࠸ࡿࠋྠᵝ࡟ࠊၥ㢟࡜ࡉࢀࡓ⡿ᅜἲࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤࠊᑐ❧ࡍࡿ⤒῭ⓗ฼┈ࡢ㛫㐍ࡵࡿ㔜せ࡞ࢳࣕࣥࢿ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡾࠊ㼃㼀㻻㻌ᡭ⥆࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⡿ᅜࡢຠ⋡ᛶࢆ㒊ศ࡛ࡢ❧ἲ஺΅ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⾲ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊᖺࡢ⡿ᅜ୍⯡ṓฟⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࡢㄝ᫂ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㻱㼁㻌࡛ࡣࠊTrade Barriersἲ᮲ࡀࠊHavana Club Holdings ࡢၟᶆ࡛࠶ࡿ Havana Club ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⡿ᅜRegulation ࡢ᥇ᢥ࡟ࠊẸ㛫ࡢ⤒῭ⓗ฼┈ࢆබⓗ࡞㏻ၟᨻ⟇࡟ኚ໬ࡉࡏࡿࡓ

࡛ࡢಖㆤࢆጉࡆࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࣂ࣑࣮ࣗࢲ⡠ࡢ Bacardi ♫ࡀ⾜ࡗࡓࣟࣅ࣮άືࡢ
⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ᑟධࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ⛎ᐦ࡛ࡶ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸㹿Ḣᕞඹྠయࡀࡇ



ࡢ௳࡟ཧຍࡋࡓࡢࡣ Pernod Ricard ♫ࡢ฼┈ࢆᏲࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡋ



See Commission press release IP/01/1188 of 6 August 2001. See Brennan (2002).

See Brennan (2002).ࡇࡢ஦௳ࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠊබඹ㑅ᢥ⌮ㄽ࡜ἲࡢ⤒῭ศᯒࢆ㐺⏝ࡋࡓヲ⣽࡛ㄝᚓ࠺ࡿࠋPernod Ricard ♫ࡣࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᕧ኱࡞㓇㢮஦ᴗ఍♫࡛࠶ࡾࠊᖺ࡟࣮࢟ࣗࣂࡢ Havana Rum and Liquors ♫࡜ࡢྜᘚ஦ᴗ࡛ Havana Club Hold-ⓗ࡞ศᯒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊHelfer (2000)ࠋ

ings ࢆタ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋḢᕞඹྠయࡢࣉࣞࢫ࣮ࣜࣜࢫ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊྜᘚ఍♫ࡣ᭤ᐙࠊసモᐙࠊ㡢ᴦฟ∧♫ࡢᐇ₇ᶒࢆ㞟୰⟶⌮ࡍࡿ  ࡘࡢ୺せ࡞ᅋయ 㻭㻿㻯㻭㻼㻮㼞㼛㼍㼐㼏㼍㼟㼠㻌㻹㼡㼟㼕㼏㻘㻌㻵㼚㼏㻚㻿㻱㻿㻭㻯㻘㻌㻵㼚㼏㻚㸧ࠋࡇࡢ஦౛࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞ࡢࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ❧ἲ⪅ࡣ᮲ࡣࠊ࣮࢟ࣗࣂ࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿၟᶆ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚࢝ࢫࢺࣟయไࡢୗ࡛ἐ཰࣭ᅜႠ໬ࡉ

ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥ࠾ࡼࡧᑠ኎஦ᴗ⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚඲⡿ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥ༠఍ 㻺㻸㻮㻭㸧ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊస

ࢀࡓ஦ᴗ⪅ࡀ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࠕྠ୍࡞࠸ࡋᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟㢮ఝࡍࡿࠖࡶࡢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ

ࡇࢀࡽࡢᅋయࡀᥦ౪ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᙼࡽ࡟ࡼࡿࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫዎ⣙ࢆᇶᮏ௨๓ࡢᡤ᭷⪅ࡀᩘ༑ᖺ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ࡑࡢ࣐࣮ࢡࢆᨺᲠࡋ࡚࠸ࡓሙྜ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ⡿ⓗ࡟」〇ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᅜࡢ⿢ุᡤࡀᢎㄆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗Ṇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

Dinwoodie and Deryfuss (2004).

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㼃㼀㻻⣮தゎỴࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢᒎ㛤 㻱㼚㼓㼑㼘㼎㼞㼑㼗㼠 ࡵࡢྠᵝࡢヨࡳࢆぢ࡚࡜ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㹿ࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㏵ୖᅜࡣ᫂

ࡿ㏵ୖᅜࡢከᩘὴ฼┈࡜᝟ሗࡸᢏ⾡ࡢ฼⏝⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚୙฼࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ

ࡽ࠿࡟୙฼࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㛗ᖺ࡟ࢃࡓࡿᨻ἞ⓗࣟࣅ࣮άືࡸཧຍᆺẸ୺୺⩏ࡢᐇ㆟ㄽࡢవᆅࡀ࡞࠸㹿ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ㼃㼀㻻㻌ࡢᑗ᮶࡜⣮தゎỴไᗘࡢᵓ㐀ᨵ㠉⾜ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ⓎᒎࡍࡿไᗘⓗὙ⦎ࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊከࡃࡢㄽ⪅ࡣࠊไᗘࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆ࡜ࡾ┤ࡋࠊཧຍ㞟⣙ࡉࢀࡓ㉃ࡅ㔠ࡢ㧗࠸⤒῭ⓗ฼┈࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࠊ฼⏝⪅ࡢᖜᗈ࠸฼┈ࡣࡢ㠀ᑐ⛠ᛶࢆᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ୍㒊ศ࡛ࡶ┦ẅࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟࡜ࡾ࠺ࡿ᪉⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㛵㐃ࡢ⣮தゎỴᡭ⥆࡟࡯ࢇࡢ୍㒊ࡋ࠿⾲ࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ㠀ᑐ⛠ᛶ

㏵ୖᅜ࡜ 㻺㻳㻻 ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࢆᨵၿࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ௨ୗ

࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᫂☜࡞⌮⏤ࡢࡦ࡜ࡘࡣࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌ࡀ⮬ᕫࡢ฼┈ࢆᶒ฼⪅ࡢ฼┈࡜ྠ

࡛㏙࡭ࡿ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ୍⯡ࡢཧຍࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡘࡘࠊྖἲࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆᐇຠⓗ࡟ಖࡕ୍どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣㄽ⌮ⓗ࡟ࡣ༠ᐃ㐪཯ࡣ▱㈈⏘ᴗࡢ฼┈ࢆᨻ἞ᅽຊ࠿ࡽࡢ⤯⦕ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞㐺ษ࡞ไᗘ㓄⨨ࢆぢฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ᦆ࡞࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢドᣐ࡟᰿ᣐ௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿 ⌧ၥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅾࡢ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌༠ᐃࡢᵓ㐀࡟ࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ౛እ࡜ไ㝈ࡀᐃࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿ
ࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡣ฼⏝⪅ࡢᶒ฼࡜࠸࠺ᆅ఩࡟ࡲ࡛᱁ୖࡆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞
࠸ࠋ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ࠊᅜᐙࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ౛እࢆ☜ಖࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌ୖࡢ⩏ົ㐪཯࡜ࡣ࡞ࡽࡎࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚⣮தゎỴᡭ⥆ࢆᇶ♏௜ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㹿ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ㛫᥋ⓗ࡟฼⏝⪅ࡢ฼┈ࢆ⾲᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㏵ୖᅜࡣࠊୖ㏙ࡢ
ᵝࠎ࡞⌮⏤࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⿕⏦❧ᅜ࡜ࡋ࡚࡛ࡉ࠼ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᡭ⥆ࡢᙜ஦⪅࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⛥࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ㻺㻳㻻 ࡸಶே࡟ࡼࡿ┤᥋ཧຍࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ 㻰㻿㻿㻌ࡢไᗘࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙜ஦⪅㐺᱁ࡣᅜᐙ࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠾
ࡾࠊamicus curiae ពぢ᭩ࢆᥦฟࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣୖ⣭ጤဨ఍࡟ࡼࡾៅ㔜࡟ṧࡉࢀ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㛵㐃⣮தࡣ௒᪥ࡲ࡛ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ 㻺㻳㻻 ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡑ
ࢀࢆᥦฟࡉࡏࡿ࡯࡝ࡢ㨩ຊࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㛵㐃ࡢ⏦❧࡚࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜࡢ⾜ື୺⩏࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠊ▱㈈⏘ᴗࡢ㞟⣙ࡉࢀࡼࡃ⤌⧊໬ࡉࢀࡓ฼┈࡟ࡼࡿ┠࡟ぢ࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣࠊ⣮தゎỴᡭ⥆࡟࠾ࡅࡿỈᖹ࠾ࡼࡧᆶ┤ࡢᑡᩘὴ฼┈㛫ࡢඹ⏕㛵ಀ࡟᫂☜࡟཯ᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ
ࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࠊࣃࢿࣝࡀ࠿࡞ࡾࡢ⛬ᗘ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ಖㆤࡢỈ‽ࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡿ᪉ྥ࡟ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌ࡢつ๎ࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿࣜࢫࢡࢆక࠸ࠊᐇ㝿ࡼࡾ㐣ᑡ࡟⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸

OJ L349 of 31 December 1994, as modified by Council Regulation no. 365/95, OJ L41

of February 1995. Cf. Shaffer (2001); Zimmerman (2006), 60.ึᮇࡢ EEC Regulation
no. 2641/84 ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊPetersmann (1997)࣮࣌ࢪࢆཧ↷ࠋSee Fukunaga (2008), 887; Dreyfuss (2008).ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᅜෆࡢ฼⏝⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ༠ᐃࡢຠᯝࡀ┤᥋ཬࡤ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ぢゎ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ࡞࠾ࡉࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋSee Kur and Grosse Ruse-Khan, Ch. 8, 2.2.1 in this

volume; cf. Dreyfuss (2004), Dreyfuss (2008), 12. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

ྠ᪨ࠊDreyfuss (2008)࣮࣌ࢪࠋ

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   