ㄽ  ㄝǷȣȳȑȸȋȥŴȕǧǿŴȐȸȜȳ  ‫ྸע‬ႎᘙᅆƴ᧙Ƣǔ෇ႆƳᜭᛯ

Justin HUGHES௒ᮧ ဴஓ ヂ ➨Ϫ❶ ㆟ㄽ࡛ࡼࡃㄒࡽࢀࡿせ⣲࡜㻌㻱㼁㻌ࡀᙉຊ࡟ᮃࡴ㆟㢟㻌໭⡿ㅖᅜࡣᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࡢಖㆤ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠶ࡲࡾ㛵ᚰࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊᙼ
ࡽࡀࡑࢀࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࡑࡢᛮ⪃ࡣᗄࡘ࠿ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞ࣔࢳ࣮ࣇࢆᥥࡃࠋࡍ
࡞ࢃࡕࠊḢᕞᆺࡢᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ಖㆤἲࡣ㐣ᗘ࡟ᐁ൉ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୙せ࡞ྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࢆㄢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ኱㒊ศࡀ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦᆺࡢᵓ㐀ࢆࡶࡘࡢ࡜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࡣ㟼ⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࢆࡶࡘᶒ฼௜୚࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ฼┈ࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡍ࡭࡚ࡣḢᕞㅖᅜ࡟ᖐᒓࡍࡿ࡜ᛮᩱࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ❶࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ୺ᙇࡢጇᙜᛶࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡀࠊ᫬࡜ࡋ࡚ಟṇࢆຍ࠼࡞ࡀࡽࠊḢᕞࡢ஺΅ᢸᙜ⪅ࡀྜ⌮ⓗ࡞⌮⏤࡞ࡃ㻌㻳㻵㻌ࢆ㐣኱ホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⤖ㄽ௜ࡅࡿࠋ ➨ϫ❶࡛ࡣࠊࠕࢸ࣮ࣟ࣡ࣝࠖ࡜࠸࠺ほᛕࡣᮏᙜ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡶࡋ࡞
࠸࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊఱࡀ㻌㻳㻵㻌ἲࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚᭷ຠ࡞ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺㞴ゎ࡞ၥ㢟ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋࢸ࣮ࣟ࣡ࣝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ゎࢆၥ࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㻳㻵㻌࡜Ⴔዲရᚿྥࡢၟ
ᶆ࡜ࡢ㢮ఝᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㻳㻵㻌ࡣၟᶆ࡜ྠᵝࠊ୍㒊࡟ࡣࠕ⚄ヰࡢ࣓ࣥࢸࢼࣥࢫࠖ࡜ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⚄ヰ࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿ⊂༨ࡢࣞࣥࢺ࡟㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸿㸬┘ᰝ⤌⧊ࡢᩘ࡜ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡢ⛬ᗘ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᶒ฼୺ᙇ࡟㛵ࡍࡿⓏ㘓ไᗘ࡟ࡣᐁ൉ᶵᵓࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࡀࠊ
ࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ไᗘࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿド᫂ၟᶆ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᅋయၟᶆไᗘࡸࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔࡛ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ♧ጤဨ఍ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡼࡾࡶࠊ⤒῭࡟ᑐࡍࡿᐁ൉ᶵᵓ࡟ࡼࡿ௓ධࢆ

ࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ࣮ࢻ㸧ࡢ⬺Ỉἲࠊ⇍ᡂࡢ✀ࠎࡢẁ㝵࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏕ஙᗘࠊຍሷࠊங⺮ⓑ㉁ࡢ

క࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࠊᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽࡣࠊᨻᗓᑐᕷሙࠊ౑⏝ ࡸࠊࢳ࣮ࢬࡀᏲࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸෇࿘ࢆ࣑ࣜ༢఩࡛つᚊࡍࡿ࡞࡝

࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘࡢពᛮỴᐃࡀᨻᗓᙜᒁ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚୚࠼ࡽࢀࠊఱࢆᕷሙࡢࢩࡢἲⓗせ௳ࡀタᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࢢࢼࣝ࡟ጤࡡࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࠊࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞ၥ㢟ࡢ  ࡘࡢ஦౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ୡ⣖ࡢึࡵࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ࣡࢖ࣥ⏕⏘⪅⮬㌟ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣡࢖ࣥ

ከ࠿ࢀᑡ࡞࠿ࢀᐁ൉ᶵᵓ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊཝ᱁ᛶ࡜⇕ᚰࡉࢆࡶࡘࡶࡢࡔ

ࡢရ㉁ಖㆤ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙜึࡢᥦ᱌ࡢከࡃࡢ↹㞧࡞ᐁ൉ⓗᡭ⥆࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠕᣄྰ

ࡀࠊḢᕞ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡑࢀࡣ⡿ᅜࡢẚ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋၥ㢟࡜ࡉࢀࡓἲᚊࡣ㻌཯ᛂ réactions d’horreur ࠖࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ⌧ᅾࡢ᪂኱㝣ࡢ࣡࢖ࣥ⏕⏘⪅ࡢ཯㻳㻵㻌ἲࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ
ࠕᒣᓅࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᩥゝࡢၟᴗⓗ౑⏝ࢆつᚊࡍᛂࡣࡑࡢ෌⌧࡛࠶ࡿࠋཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ไᗘ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨻᗓࡢ㛵୚ࡢ⛬ᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸ࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᖺࡢḢᕞྖἲ⿢ุᡤ࡟ࡼࡿ⾲⌧ࡣࠊᩥゝ࡟㛵ࡍ࡚ㄽࡌࡓ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ࣡࢖ࣥᢈホᐙ࣐ࢵࢡࢫ࣭࢔ࣞࣥࡣࠕ᪂ࡓ࡞࣡࢖

ࡿᐁ൉ⓗ࡞ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆᅗࡽࡎࡶ㈘ࡵࡿ⾲⌧࡜ࡋ࡚ࡇࢀ௨ୖࡢࡶࡢࡣ

ࣥ⏕⏘ᅜ࡛ࡣ͐ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ἲᚊࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ࣡࢖ࣥ〇㐀ᴗ⪅ࡢ᭷ࡍࡿࡲࡉ

࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ

࡟ᇶᮏⓗேᶒࢆᐖࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ᫎࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௚᪉ࠊ௨ୗ࡛ㄽࡌࡿ
Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡼࡾᐁ൉ⓗ࡞࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ᥇ࡗࡓ᪉ࡀ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ࡣᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࠕ➨  ⠇ࡣࠊせࡍࡿ࡟ࠊᙜヱ〇ရࡀ㎰ᴗ┬኱⮧࡜ᾘ㈝⪅ၥ㢟┬኱⮧ࡢॖԛ meaning ࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺✚ᴟⓗ࡞㠃ࡶ࠶ࡿ࡟ࡣ࠶ࡿࠋ

࡟ࡼࡿඹྠ┬௧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡓ〇㐀᪉ἲࢆ㑂Ᏺࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ

ࡑࢀ࡜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࢆ㏻ᖖࡢၟᶆไᗘ࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜ࡣ਒

࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋྠ┬௧ࡣࠊࣛ࣋ࣝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ඲ᅜጤဨ఍ཬࡧ

ளщƷƋǔ obligatory ᐁ൉ⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆࡓࡗࡓ୍ேࡢၟᶆᑂᰝᐁ࡟ᖐࡍ

㣗ရࡢရ㉁࡟㛵ࡍࡿጤဨ఍࡟ࡼࡿㅎၥ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚᥇ᢥࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ

ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋド᫂ၟᶆࡣド᫂ᇶ‽ࢆῧ௜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⩏ົ௜ࡅࡽࢀࡓ

ࢀࡽࡢ┬௧ࡣࠊຍᕤ⫗࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ⣲ᮦࡢ㑅ᢥࠊษ᩿࣭㝖㦵࣭࣑ࣥࢳ࣭

ฟ㢪ᡭ⥆࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚௜୚ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠕᨻᗓࡣド᫂⪅ࡢ౑⏝ࡍࡿᇶ‽ࢆ⟶⌮ࡋࢺ࣒ࣜࡢ᪉ἲࠊຍሷ࣭஝⇱࣭⇺↮᪉ἲࠊΰྜᡂศཬࡧຍᕤ᪉ἲ࡟ࡘ࠸

㸦ᙜヱ≉ᐃᅋయࡢᇶ‽ࡀ㠀ᕪูⓗ࡟㐺⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞࡝ࡢ㸧ᚋⓎ࡞࠸㺁ࠋ࡚つᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㺁ࠋ

ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⾜ᨻ⿢ᐃᶵ㛵ࡸྖἲ⿢ุᡤ࡟࠾࠸࡚த࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ

⤫ไཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ appellations d’origine contrôlées ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࣇࣛࣥࢫ
ࡣࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡃఝࡓ⣽࠿࠸つ๎ࢆタࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㻭㻻㻯㻌࣡࢖ࣥࡢ⏘ᆅ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ⡿ᅜཬࡧ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ୧ᅜ࡟ࡣࠊ≉࡟࣡࢖ࣥࡢᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ྲྀࡾᢅ࠺≉ูࡢබⓗᶵᵓࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣᖺ࡟㓇࣭ࡓከࡃࡢつ๎࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࣈࢻ࢘ရ✀ࡣཝ᱁࡟⟶⌮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛



MASUI & YAMADA, supra note 37, at 28, 56, 66, 80–81.

࠼ࡤࠊࣈࣝࢦ࣮ࢽࣗ⏘ࡢ㉥࣡࢖ࣥ࡟౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡣࠊࣆࣀ࣭ࣀ

DENIS, supra note 16, at 8 ࢢ࣭࣏࣭ࣦ࢙ࣛࣥࣥࣞࢵࢡ 㻭㻻㻯ࠊ࣏࣭ࣦ࢙ࣥࣞࢵࢡ 㻭㻻㻯ࠊ࣮࣡ࣝ⏘ࡢࣈࢻ࢘ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋရ✀ࡀ」ᩘ࠶ࡿሙྜ㸦࣎ࣝࢻ࣮⏘ࡢ㉥࣡࢖ࣉ࣮ࣜࢽ㸻ࢧࣥ㸻ࣆ࢚࣮ࣝ 㻭㻻㻯 ࡜ࣉࢸ࢕࣭ࣉ࣮ࣜࢽ㸻ࢧࣥ㸻ࣆ࢚࣮ࣝ㻌㻭㻻㻯㻌ࡢせ௳ࣥ࡟ࡣ  ✀㢮ࠊࢩࣕࢺ࣮ࢾࣇ࣭ࢹ࣭ࣗࣃࣉࡢ㻌㻭㻻㻯㻌࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ✀㢮ࡢရ࡜ࡉࢀࡿṇ☜࡞ᑍἲ࡜ศ㔞࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋOLSZAK, supra note 19, at 8.࣮ࢬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㻌㻭㻻㻯㻌⾲♧࡛ࡣࠊจᅛ࡟⏝࠸ࡿ㓝⣲㸦ࣞࣥࢿࢵࢺ㸧ࠊจங㸦࢝

ALLEN, supra note 34, at 30.See, e.g., Meltzer, supra note 117, at 31 n.61㸦ࠕᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࡢᶆ❶࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⊂⮬ࡢつ

ᐃࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊၟᶆἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚ྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ

✀ࡀ࠶ࡿ ࠊྛရ✀ࡢ᭱኱ẚ⋡ࡀᣦᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ๓㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢳ



See, e.g., Alphonse Allais, L’Excessive Bureaucratie, in ALPHONSE ALLAIS, LECTURE

Ḣᕞඹྠయ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣡࢖ࣥ〇㐀ᴗ⪅ࡢ≉ู࡞฼ᐖ㛵ಀ࠿ࡽࠊ࣡࢖ࣥ࡜⵨␃㓇࡟㛵ࡍ

SUBSTANTIELLE 132–36 (1992). ࡿ≉ᐃࡢᆅ⌮ⓗ࡞ᶆ㆑࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ≉ู࡞ὀពࡀᡶࢃࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡓࡓࡵ

Cases C-321-324/94, In re Pistre, 2 C.M.L.R. 565, 570–71 (1997).

࡛࠶ࡿࠖ
㸧ࠋ



Richard Nalley, The Feudal System, EXPEDIA TRAVELS, Mar./Apr. 2001, at 71, 74. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

MCCARTHY, supra note 43, §19:91.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ࡤࡇ࣭㖠◙㢮ྲྀ⥾ᒁ 㻭㼀㻲 ࡀࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࣈࢻ࢘᱂ᇵ༊ᇦࠖ
㸦㻭㼂㻭㼟 ࡢタᐃ᮲௳ࡶ⟶⌮ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

ࢆ㛤ጞࡋࡓࠋᆅ⌮ⓗ༊ᇦࢆ 㻭㼂㻭㼟 ࡜ࡋ࡚ᣦᐃࡍࡿ㸦ヲ⣽࡞᝟ሗ㏻▱ࡢせ௳ࡇࡢ୧ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ㻳㻵㻌࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠕရ㉁ࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࠖࡣࠊ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ᕷሙࡢ

ࢆక࠺㸧⏦ㄳࡀ 㻭㼀㻲㸦⌧ᅾࡣ஦௳ᚋࡢᚋ⥅ᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡿ࢔ࣝࢥ࣮ࣝࡓࡤ

స⏝࡟ࡼࡾㄢࡏࡽࢀࡿࠋᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊḢᕞ࣡࢖ࣥࡢ 㻭㻻㻯㼟 ࡣࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝Ƣࡇ⛯࣭㏻ၟᒁ 㻭㼀㼀㼀㻮㸧㸧࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᥦฟࡉࢀࡓࠋ⡿ᅜᨻᗓࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ 㻭㼂㻭㼟ǂƯࡢࣛ࣋ࣝ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿㄒྃࢆ⟶⌮ࡍࡿཝ᱁࡞ᐁ൉ⓗ࡞ᯟ⤌ࡳࡢୗ࡟࠶

ࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ࣡࢖ࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠕཎ⏘ᆅࡢ࿧⛠࡜ࡋ࡚͐ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡿࠖ࡜⌮ゎ

ࡾࠊ㈠᫆࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㠀㛵⛯㞀ቨࡢ␲ᛕࢆ⏕ࡴࡼ࠺࡞᪉ἲ࡛࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᆅ

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ⌧ᅾࠊ㻭㼂㻭㼟 ࡣ௳௨ୖᏑᅾࡋࠊࠕࢧ࣭ࣥࣇࣛࣥࢩࢫࢥ࣭࣋

⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊࠕࣜࢨ࣮ࣦࠖࠊࠕࣉࣛ࢖࣮࣋ࢺ࣭ࢭ࣮ࣛࠖࠊࠕࣉࣛ࢖࣮࣋

࢖ࠖ࠿ࡽࠕࣀ࣮ࢨ࣭ࣥࢿࢵࢡ࣭ࢪ࣮ࣙࢪ࣭࣡ࢩࣥࢺ࣭ࣥࣂ࣮ࢫࣉࣞ࢖ࢫࠖ
ࠊࢺࠖࡑࡋ࡚ࠕࢭࣞࢡࢺࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡞ゝⴥ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡶ࡞ࡉ

ࠕ࣑ࢩࢩࢵࣆ࣭ࢹࣝࢱࠖ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ᖜᗈࡃศᕸࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࢸ࣮ࣟ࣡

ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣝ࡜ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝㛵ಀ࡞ࡃࠊᨻ἞࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑅ᣲ༊࡜ࡼࡾ㛵ಀࢆࡶࡗ࡚ᒎ㛤ࡋ࣡࢖ࣥࣛ࣋ࣝ࡟グ㍕ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ 㻱㼁 ࡀබᘧ࡟ᢎㄆࡋࡓࢥࣥࢸࢫࢺ࡛

࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ࡢ༳㇟ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ㻭㼀㼀㼀㻮 ࡣࠊㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿရ

࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽࡎࠊࡋ࠿ࡶ⡿ᅜࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࠊ࢔ࣝ

✀ࢆ㝈ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊྛ 㻭㼂㻭 ࡢᙌඥ production methods ࢆつᚊࡋࡼ࠺࡜

ࢮࣥࢳ࡛ࣥ㛤ദࡉࢀࡿࢥࣥࢸࢫࢺࡣᢎㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ㻱㼁㻌࡛ࡣࠊከᑡ

ࡍࡿヨࡳࠊࡘࡲࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚┿ࡢព࿡࡛ 㻵㻺㻭㻻 ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡾ

ຎࡿࡶࡢࡢ࡞࠾Ⰻ㉁࡜࠸࠼ࡿ࣡࢖ࣥࡢᒓࡍࡿᖜᗈ࠸ศ㢮࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕࢸ࣮ࣈ

࠺ࡿάືࡣ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ᥮ゝࡍࢀࡤࠊ㻭㼂㻭 ไᗘࡣ୺࡜ࡋ࡚

ࣝ࣡࢖ࣥࠖ㸦ࠕ㼢㼕㼚㻌㼐㼑㻌㼠㼍㼎㼘㼑ࠖ㸧࡜࠸࠺ᩥゝࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㻌㻱㼁㻌ࡢ⏕⏘⪅ࡢᶒᕷሙᒎ㛤ࡢࡓࡵࡢᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢ┠ⓗࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

㝈࡜ࡋ࡚␃ಖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㻱㼁㻌࡛㈍኎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔⏘ࠊ࠶ࡿ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔࡟ࡶ඲ᅜⓗ࡞ࠕᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ጤဨ఍ࠖ㸦㻳㻵㻯 ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ୺࡜

࠸ࡣ࢔ࣝࢮࣥࢳࣥ⏘ࡢࠕࢸ࣮ࣈࣝ࣡࢖ࣥࠖࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊࢸ࣮ࣈࣝ

ࡋ࡚ࠕ࣡࢖ࣥࡀ⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡿ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢྛᆅ᪉ཬࡧྛᆅᇦࡢቃ⏺ࠖཬ࣡࢖ࣥࡣࠊಖㆤࡉࢀࡓཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡸ㢮ఝࡍࡿӸᆅ nameࡧࠕ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ࣡࢖ࣥ〇㐀࡟࠾࠸࡚౑⏝ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࣈࢻ࢘ࡢ

࡜ΰྠࢆ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⚗Ṇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊከࡃࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞⏝ㄒࡶ

ྛရ✀ࠖࢆỴᐃࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㻳㻵㻯 ࡢሙྜࡶࠊྛᆅᇦ
ࡢရ✀࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⩏ົ௜ࡅ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⚗Ṇ஦㡯㸧ࢆつᐃࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡋࠊ⏕⏘
࣡࢖ࣥࢆつไࡍࡿᨻᗓᙜᒁ࡛࠶ࡿ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔࣭࣡࢖࣭ࣥࣈࣛࣥࢹ࣮බ♫࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࡣḢᕞ࡛᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡢ࿨ྡไᗘ㸦㼑㼓㹙ཎᩥࡢࡲࡲ㹛࣎ࣝࢻ࣮ࠊࣈࣝࢦ࣮ࢽࣗ㸧࡟㢮ఝࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡀࠊ᱂ᇵᆅཬࡧ࣡࢖ࣥ〇㐀᪉ἲ

27 C.F.R. §9.21 (2006)㸦
ࠕࡇࡢୗ఩༊ศࡢ┠㘓࡟ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓ᱂ᇵᆅᇦࡣᮏ❶ࡢ➨㒊࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ཎ⏘ᆅࡢ࿧⛠࡜ࡋ࡚౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࠖ§ Dࡢᐇ㊶㠃࡛ࡢไ⣙ࡣࡎࡗ࡜ᑡ࡞࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ၏୍ࡢไ㝈ࡣࠊᆅᇦࡢྡ⛠ࢆక 㸦ࠕ ϸ ࠺࣡࢖ࣥࡣࠊ᭱ప࡛ࡶ㸣ࠊࡑࡢᆅᇦࡢᯝᐇࢆྵ᭷ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ

ྜ⾗ᅜ㸹 Ϲ ᕞ㸹 Ϻ ࡍ࡭࡚ࡀ㞄᥋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ  ࡞࠸ࡋ  ࡘࡢᕞ㸹 LY 㒆㸦㒆࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࣛ࣋ࣝࡢᩚྜᛶࡀ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᾘ㈝⪅ࡀಖㆤࡉࢀ࡚࠸

ࡢྡ⛠࡜ྠ⛬ᗘ࡟┠❧ࡘᩥᏐ࡜ྠࡌࢧ࢖ࢬࡢᏐయ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ㒆 㼏㼛㼡㼚㼠㼥 ࠖࢆ♧ࡍゝࡿࠋⴥࡀ㆑ูࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸧㸹 ϼ ྠࡌᕞ࡟࠶ࡿ  ࡞࠸ࡋ  ࡢ㒆㸹࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣϻ  ᮏ᮲ 㹣 㡯࡛ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿ㸧᱂ᇵᆅᇦࠖ㸧ࠋ㻭㼂㻭㼟 ࡶ࣡࢖ࣥ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ㸣ࡢࣈࢻ࢘ࡀࣛ࣋ࣝࡢ♧ࡍ㻌㻭㼂㻭㻌࡛⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡿᚲ

Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation, Wine Region Overview, http://www.awbc.
com.au/Content.aspx?p=16 (last visited Nov. 5, 2006).࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ 㻳㻵㻯 ࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㸣࣮ࣝࣝ࡟㏣㝶ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋId.

せࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㆑ูࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊᾘ㈝⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᝟ሗ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡣ␲ၥࡢవᆅࡀ࠶ࡾࠊḢᕞࡢேࠎ࠿ࡽᢈุࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ័⾜࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋId. §4.25(e)(3)(ii).

ࡢሙྜ࡜ྠࡌࡃࠊド᫂ၟᶆࡢᙉᗘࡣᇶ┙࡜࡞ࡿ⤌⧊ࡢ㉁࡟ࡼࡗ࡚

ࣈࢻ࢘㓇㔊㐀ᴗ⪅࡟ࡣ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞័⾜࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᐶᐜࡉࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࠕࢼ

See CAL. WINE EXP. PROGRAM, supra note 26, at 2, 12.ࣃࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࣛ࣋ࣝࡣࠕ୺࡟ࢼࣃ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ



Id. at 11.





㻱㼁 ࡀᇦෆ⏕⏘⪅ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ప⣭ရᕷሙࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿ┠ⓗ࡛ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓゝⴥࡢ౑⏝ࢆ

Australian Wine and Brandy Corp. Act 1980, § 3(1)(f)(iii), http://scaletext.law.gov.au/

html/pasteact/0/155/0/PA000070.htm (last visited Nov. 5, 2006). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  Peel v. Attorney Registration & Disciplinary Comm’n, 496 U.S. 91, 102 (1990)㸦
ࠕၟᶆ
ࡽࢀࡿࠖ㸧
ࠋ

⮬ࡽࡢ࣡࢖ࣥ⏕⏘⪅࡟␃ಖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋId. at 2.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣࢸ࣮ࣈࣝ࣡࢖ࣥࡢྡ⛠࡜ಶேࠊ≉࡟๰స⪅ auteur ࡢࡶࡘ᪤࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿᆅ఩࠿ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿ㈨᱁࡛࠶ࡿ

ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕࢡࣟ clos㸧ࠖࠊࠕࢺ࣮ࢗࣝ tour㸧ࠖࠊࠕࣔࣥ mont㸧ࠖࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕ࣒࣮

ࡇ࡜ࢆ⮬↛࡟ཷࡅධࢀࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ┦㐪ࡣࡼࡾᗈ࠸ព࿡࡛ࡢ♫఍ⓗ࡞┦ࣛࣥ moulin㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࡇࢀࡽ

㐪࡜⤖ࡧ௜࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡀ⬟ຊ୺⩏࡟ࡢ⏝ㄒࡣཎ⏘ᆅྡ⛠ࡸ㧗⣭࡞࣡࢖ࣥࢆႏ㉳ࡉࡏࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶

ഴಽࡋࠊᮍ᮶ᚿྥࡢ♫఍࡟⏕ࡁࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃேࡣࡼࡾఏ⤫ⓗ࡛ࠊࡿࠋ

Ṕྐⓗ࡟☜❧ࡋࡓࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟࡟ᅛᇳࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢከࡃࡣ

㻱㼁㻌ࡢᖺ࣡࢖ࣥつ๎ࡣࠊ㠀㻌㻱㼁㻌ㅖᅜࡀ⮬ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣡࢖ࣥ⏕⏘ࡢ㝿࡟ࠕືែⓗ࡞⾜Ⅽ 㼐㼛㼕㼚㼓 ࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ሗ㓘ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࣭ࣔࣛࣝࣛ࢖

౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀチྍࡉࢀࡓࣈࢻ࢘ࡢရ✀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿⓏ㘓ไᗘࢆࢶࡸࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟ࢔ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ఏ⤫ⓗ▱㆑ࡢಖㆤࢆㄽࡌࡿ㝿࡟ࠕ㟼ែⓗ࡞ᆅ఩タ❧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ஦ᐇୖ⩏ົ௜ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ㻱㼁㻌ࡀ௚ࡢᅜࠎࡢࣜࢫࢺ

㼟㼠㼍㼠㼡㼟 ࠖࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍ぢࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࡣࠕᆅ఩ࠖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᶒࢆ┘どࡋࡓࡾࠊࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࢽ

฼࡟ఝ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࡣࣇ࢛࣮ࢡࣟ࢔ࡸఏ⤫ⓗ▱㆑࡟ᑐࡍ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻ࣭࣡࢖ࣥࢢ࣮࣮ࣟ࣡ࢬࡢ᭱㧗㈐௵⪅ࡀ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ

ࡿᶒ฼ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞⊂๰ᛶཪࡣ๰సᛶࡢࡼ࠺࡞ⴭసᶒἲࡸ≉チἲࡀࡶࠕ㻱㼁㻌ࡣᡃࠎ࡟ࣈࢻ࢘ࡢရ✀ࡢⓏ㘓ไᗘࢆࡶࡘࡼ࠺࡟ồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࡑ
ࡢไᗘࢆ࡝ࡇ࡛⟶⌮ࡍࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࡢ࠿㹿㺁ࠋሗ᚟ⓗ࡞ព࿡ࢆࡶࡘἲᚊࡀ
ᖺ࡟⡿ᅜୗ㝔ࢆ㏻㐣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㹀㸬⏕ែⓗ࠿ືែⓗ࠿
኱㝣ἲࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡶࠕ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࠖࢆᚿྥࡍࡿ㒊ศࡣከศ࡟࠶ࡿࡀࠊᆅ

఩ࠊ⮬↛ᶒࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣே᱁ᶒ࡟ᇶ♏௜ࡅࡽࢀࡓ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ᪉࡬どⅬࡀྥࡅࡽࢀࡸ
ࡍ࠸ࠋࡓࡔࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓどⅬࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ே࡟ࡶ඲ࡃ࡞ࡌࡳࡢ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ
࡞࠸ࠋSee William W. Fisher III, Geistiges Eigentum-ein ausufernder Rechtsbereich: Die ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ୺࡜ࡋ࡚㈈ࢆ๰ฟࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢʙЭƷ࢖ࣥࢭ

Geschichte des Ideenschutzes in den Vereinigten Staaten, in EIGENTUM IM INTERNATIO-ࣥࢸ࢕ࣦయ⣔࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ኱㝣ἲ⣔ࡢἲᚊᐙࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ

NALEN VERGLEICH 265 (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1999), translated in The Growth ofIntellectual Property: A History of the Ownership of Ideas in the United States 22, available

at http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/iphistory.pdf (last visited Nov. 5, 2006); JustinOLSZAK, supra note 19, at 45.Hughes, Copyright and incomplete historiographies: of Piracy, Propertization, and ThomasHall, supra note 10, at 20.Jefferson, 79 SO. CAL. L. REV. 993, 1058 (2006) ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ⴭసᶒἲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⮬↛ᶒⓗࡇࡢἲ᱌ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟ᣢࡕ㎸ࡲࢀࡿ࣡࢖ࣥࡀ⡿ᅜࡢつไᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࢆド᫂

どⅬࡢᏑᅾ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ see also Thomas B. Nachbar, Constructing Copy-ࡍࡿୖ࡛ࠊ࣡࢖ࣥ㍺ධᴗ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊබᘧ࡞ド᫂᭩࡜ᐇ㦂ศᯒࢆᥦฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆせright’s Mythology, 6 GREEN BAG 37, 44 (2002) ᖺࡢ㐃㑥ἲ௨๓ࡢᕞⴭసᶒἲ࡟࠾

ồࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ᮲㡯ࡣᖺ㛵⛯㛵㐃୍ᣓἲ᱌㸦Miscellaneous Trade and࠸࡚ࠊࠕ๰స⪅ࡢࡶࡘ⮬↛ᶒࡀࠊಖㆤࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚♫఍ࡢ฼┈࡜ྠࡌࡃࡽ࠸

Technical Corrections Act of 2004䠅, H.R. Res. 1047, 108th Cong. (2004) ⡿ᅜෆᅜṓධከࡃゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋἲ➨᮲ D ࡢಟṇ ࡟ධࢀࡽࢀࡓ see also Daniel Sogg, Trade Bill Could Limit

Rare-Wine Imports, WINE SPECTATOR, Jan. 31–Feb. 28, 2003, at 17.ୖ㝔࡛ࡣࠊྠἲ᱌ࡣ

Would Remove to America㸧࠘࡜࠸࠺ࣃࣥࣇࣞࢵࢺࡀ᝿㉳ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࠿

࣋ࣥࢪ࣑࣭ࣕࣥࣇࣛࣥࢡࣜࣥࡢࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡬⛣ఫࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿேࠎ㸦To Those Who࣡࢖ࣥ௨እࡢ᮲㡯ࢆ⌮⏤࡟ୖ㝔㈈ᨻጤဨ఍ࢆ㏻㐣ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋId.

ࡽࡢ⛣Ẹணᐃ⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿຓゝࢆ㏙࡭ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣࠕேࠎࡣぢ▱ࡽSee generally William W. Fisher III, Theories of Intellectual Property, in NEW ESSAYSࡠே࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᙼࡣㄡ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᙼࡣఱࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ࡜ᑜࡡࡿࠖ

IN THE LEGAL AND POLITICAL THEORY OF PROPERTY (S. Munzer ed., 2001); Justin Hughes,

࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋEdmund S. Morgan, Poor Richard’s New Year, N.Y. TIMES, Dec. 31, 2002

The Philosophy of Intellectual Property, 77 GEO. L.J. 287 (1988) ྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲࢆ≉ᚩ௜ࡅ(quoting BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, TO THOSE WHO WOULD REMOVE TO AMERICA (1784)).

࡚࠸ࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᵓ᝿࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ௚ࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ⌮ㄽ࡟ୡ⣖ᚋ࡟ࣝ࢖ࢪ࣭ࣂࣝࢪ࣮ࢽࡶ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ே࡜࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃேࡢ㛫ࡢྠᵝࡢ┦㐪ࢆᥥ෗ᇶ♏௜ࡅࡽࢀࡓ㐨ල୺⩏⌮ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ William M. Landes & Richard A.

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSee, e.g., LUIGI BARZINI, THE EUROPEANS 219–53 (Michael Curtis ed., Penguin

Posner, An Economic Analysis of Copyright Law, 18 J. LEG. STUD. 325 (1989).

Books 1984) (1983). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝࡘࡼ࠺࡞≉ᚩ࡜ࡣ↓㛵ಀ࡟ࠊఏ⤫ࡢ࠶ࡿ㣗ရࡢ౪⤥⪅ࡸ๰タ⪅ࡢᶒ฼ಖ

ࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ࡟ࡍࡿࠋㆤࢆල㇟໬ࡍࡿࠋྠ᫬࡟ࠊᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࡣࠊၟᶆࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍࡢ࡜ྠᵝࡢ᝟ሗ࠶ࡿᅜࡢཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ไᗘ࡟࠾࠸࡚ಶูࡢ⏕⏘⪅ࡀᐃᮇⓗ࡟෌ㄆドࡉࢀࡢࣇ࢕࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡢᚠ⎔ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࠺ࡿࡓࡵࠊၟᶆࡢሙྜ࡜ྠࡌ࢖ࣥࢭࣥ

ࡿࡢࡔ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࢀࡶࡲࡓ㻌㻳㻵㻌࡟㉳ᅉࡍࡿရ㉁⟶⌮ࡢࡓࡵࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ

ࢸ࢕ࣦᶵ⬟ࢆከࡃ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

࢕ࣦࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ࡳࡿ࡜ࠊド᫂ၟᶆไᗘࡣࠊရ㉁⟶⌮ࢆ⮬ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊ㉥࣡࢖ࣥࡢ࠺ࡕ࡛ࡶ࣐ࣝࢦ࣮ࢆ㨩ຊⓗ࡞≉ᚩࢆࡶࡘࡶࡽ┘どࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢሙྜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࡢ୺

ࡢ࡜ุ᩿ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ⪅ࡶ࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࣐ࣝࢦ࣮⏘ࡢ࣡࢖ࣥࡀࡑࡢࡼ

࡞ᑐ㇟ࡣရ㉁ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡶࠊ㏻ᖖࡢၟᶆࡢሙྜ࡜ศ

࠺࡞≉ᚩࢆࡶࡕ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᮇᚅࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡽࢆ᥈ࡋồࡵࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘ㢮ୖ┦㐪ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ⚾ⓗ࡟ಖ᭷ࡉࢀࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ၟᶆࠊド᫂ၟᶆࠊࡢᩘࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࡀࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾜ືࢆྲྀࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ࣐ࣝࢦ࣮ࡢ⏕⏘⪅࡟ࡣࠊᾘࡑࡋ࡚ཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡢ  ࡘࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡢᨭᣢࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ရ㉁ࢆ

㈝⪅ࡀᮃࡴ≉ᚩࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ࡚ࠊᙉ໬ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ືᶵࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺

ಖᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᑐࡍࡿᅽຊࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࠋࡇࡢ  ࡘࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࠊ D ௚ࡢ➇த࡞࠿ࡓࡕ࡛ࠊ㻳㻵㻌ࡣ〇ရࡢရ㉁⟶⌮࡜〇ရᕪู໬࡟ሗ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀ

┦ᡭࡢရ㉁ྥୖ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜ࠊ E ᪂ࡓ࡞ᕷሙࢩ࢙࢔ࡢ⋓ᚓࡣࠊ㻿㻺㻵㻯㻷㻱㻾㻿 ࡸ 㻮㻭㻮㼅㻌㻾㼁㼀㻴 ࡜࠸࠺ၟᶆࡀࠊࡑࡢၟᶆᶒ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊྠ

࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜ࠊ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡏࡼရ㉁ࡢྥୖࢆಁࡍᕷሙᅽຊ࡟ࡉ

ࡌࡼ࠺࡞ࣆ࣮ࢼࢵࢶࠊ࣓࢟ࣕࣛࣝࡑࡋ࡚ࢳࣙࢥ࣮ࣞࢺࡢ࢟ࣕࣥࢹ࢕࣮ࡢ୰

ࡽࡉࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ᪂ࡓ࡞ᕷሙࢩ࢙࢔ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᮃࡲࡋ࠸᪉ἲࡣࠊ

࡛ࠊ␗࡞ࡿࣞࢩࣆࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡢ࡜ྠࡌ࡛࠶

௨๓ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ᪂ࡓ࡞㢳ᐈࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ

ࡿࠋ᭦࡟ࠊ୺࡟୰ᑠつᶍࡢ௻ᴗ࡛⏕⏘ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࠊཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠☜❧ࡋࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣၟᶆᶒࡀྲྀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࣈࣛࣥࢻࡢୖ࡟ࠊࠕ㻺㻱㼃ࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡸド᫂ၟᶆࡣࠊ⏕⏘⪅࠿ࡽᾘ㈝⪅࡟⮳ࡿ᝟ሗఏ㐩࡟࠾࠸࡚つᶍࡢ฼┈ࢆࡶࡣࠕ㻵㻹㻼㻾㻻㼂㻱㻰ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࣛ࣋ࣝࡀ㢖⦾࡟௜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ᪂ࡓ࡞ᕷሙࢩ࢙࢔ࢆ

ࡓࡽࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࠊಶࠎࡢ௻ᴗࡀヨࡳࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸つᶍࡢᕷሙᒎ㛤ࢆྍ⬟⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣇࣞ࢟ࢩࣅࣜࢸ࢕࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ௨ୗ࡟㏙࡭




See generally Christine Haight Farley, Protecting Folklore of Indigenous Peoples: IsIntellectual Property the Answer?, 30 CONN. L. REV. 1 (1997); Paul Kuruk, Protecting
Folklore Under Modern Intellectual Property Regimes: A Reappraisal of the Tensions Be-ࡿࡼ࠺࡞㡰ᗎࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ⚾ⓗ࡟ಖ᭷ࡉࢀࡿၟᶆࡢࡶࡘࣇࣞ࢟ࢩࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡣࠊド᫂ၟᶆࡢሙྜࡼࡾࡶ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋࡲࡓド᫂ၟᶆࡢࡶࡘࣇࣞ࢟ࢩࣅࣜࢸ
࢕ࡣࠊཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡢሙྜࡼࡾࡶ኱ࡁ࠸㸦ࡇࡢⅬࡣࠊཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡢᇶ‽ࡢኚ᭦ࡣᨻᗓᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡿኚ᭦ࡢᢎㅙࢆせࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟ࡢࡳᕪ␗ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ㸧ࠋ

tween Individual and Communal Rights in Africa and the United States, 48 AM. U. L. REV.

 ཯ᑐ࡟ࠊཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡣ᭱ࡶࣇࣞ࢟ࢩࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊព࿡ࡢ

769 (1999); Angela R. Riley, Recovering Collectivity: Group Rights to Intellectual PropertyᏳᐃᛶࢆ᭱ࡶ᭷ࡋࡸࡍ࠸࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡢࡶࡘព࿡ࡢᏳᐃᛶ

in Indigenous Communities, 18 CARDOZO ARTS & ENT. L.J. 175 (2000); Susan Scafidi,Intellectual Property and Cultural Products, 81 B.U. L. REV. 793 (2001).


William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner, Trademark Law: An Economic Perspective,

30 J.L. & ECON. 265 (1987).





Id. at 270㸦ࠕࢫࢺࣟࣥࢢ࣐࣮ࢡࢆ㛤Ⓨࠊ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᢞ㈨࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠖ࢖ࣥࢭࣥ

DESSEAUVE, LA FRANCE FACE AUX VINS DU NOUVEAU MONDE 54 (2002) (“[C]ette notionࢸ࢕ࣦࡣࠊࠕ〇ရࡢ୍㈏ࡋࡓရ㉁ࢆಖᣢࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᶵ⬟࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡇ࡜ࠖࢆㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚

d’appellation contrôlée est une notion de marque en commun. Je prends un exemple facile.

࠸ࡿ see also Friedrich-Karl Beier, The Need for Protection of Indications of Source andIl y a quatre cents producteurs de chablis, qui se partagent la marque de chablis.”)>ࣇࣛࣥ

Appellations of Origin in the Common Market: The Sekt/Weinbrand Decision of the Euro-ࢫࡢࣈࢻ࢘᱂ᇵ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࣏࣮ࣞࢺࡢᇳ➹⪅࡛࠶ࡿࢪࣕࢵࢡ࣭࣋ࣝࢺ࣮ࣔࡣࠊ⤫ไ࿧

Beier, supra note 208, at 195; see also YVES ROUSSET-ROUARD & THIERRY

pean Court of Justice of 20 February 1975, in PROTECTION OF GEOGRAPHIC DENOMINA-⛠㸦appellation contrôlée㸧࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡀࠊᶆ❶ࡀඹྠᡤ᭷ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶

TIONS OF GOODS AND SERVICES 183, 195 (Herman Cohen Jehoram ed., 1980) ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࠊศ࠿ࡾࡸࡍ࠸౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࢩࣕࣈࣜ࡜࠸࠺ᶆ❶ࢆಖ᭷ࡍࡿࢩࣕࣈࣜᆅ♧ࡢ〇ရᕪู໬ᶵ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ ࠋ༊ࡢྡࡢ⏕⏘⪅ࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ@ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ࡀᙉࡅࢀࡤᙉ࠸࡯࡝ࠊᾘ㈝⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ฼┈࡜࡞ࡿࠋ᝟ሗࡣᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ࣋ᅽⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ឤࡌࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢឤぬࡣ࣡࢖ࣥࡢࣛ࣋ࣜࣥࢢ࡜

࣮ࢫ࡟ࡺࡗࡃࡾ࡜ᾐ㏱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊព࿡ࡢᏳᐃᛶࡀǑǓᙉࡃ⏕ࡲࢀࠊǑ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ᪂ୡ⏺ࡢ࣡࢖ࣥ⏕⏘⪅ࡣࠊࣈࢻ࢘ရ✀ࡢྡ⛠Ǔከࡃࡢᾘ㈝⪅࡟ࡼࡾከࡃࡢព࿡ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊࣛࣥࢹࢫᩍᤵ࡜࣏

ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚࣡࢖ࣥࡢ≉ᚩࢆఏ㐩ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾ༢⣧࡛ࡼࡾຠ⋡ⓗ࡞ࢩࢫࢸࢬࢼุ࣮஦ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣓࣮ࢩࣙࣥᶵ⬟ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࠋ࣡࢖ࣥࡢ

࣒ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊᏳᐃᛶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ไᗘࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ฼Ⅼࡶྠࣛ࣋ࣜࣥࢢ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡼࡾཝ᱁࡞⟶⌮ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࠕࢧࣦ࣮࣭࣡ࣝ

ไᗘࡢᅽಽⓗ࡞」㞧ࡉࢆ┦ẅࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᖜᗈ࠸ព

࣮࣭࢚ࣜࣝࢸ࢕ࢣࢵࢺ savoir lire l’etiquette㸧ࠖ ࣛ࣋ࣝࡢㄞࡳ᪉㸧࡜࠸࠺࠿ぢࡢ୍⮴ࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ

ࡓࡕ࡛ࡢ࣌࢖࢜ࣇࡀቑຍࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣡࢖ࣥࡢࣛ࣋ࣜࣥࢢ࡟ᑐࡍ

௨ୖࡀ᝟ሗᏳᐃᛶ࡜࠸࠺ഃ㠃࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏕⏘ࡢഃ㠃࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ࣡࢖ࣥ⏘ࡿཝ᱁࡞⟶⌮ࡣࠊ࣡࢖ࣥࣛ࣋ࣝ࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡓ≉ᐃࡢ⏝ㄒࡀఱࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ

ᴗᑓ㛛ᐙࡢ㛫࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ไᗘࡀ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆᢚไࡍࡿ࡜࠸

࠿ࢆ▱ࡿࡓࡵࡢ᫬㛫ࢆᾘ㈝⪅࡟ᢞ㈨ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࡼࡾྜ⌮ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ≧ἣ࠺ᖜᗈ࠸ពぢࡢ୍⮴ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦ࡓࡔࡋࠊࡋࡗ࠿ࡾ࡜ࡋࡓཝᐦ࡞ᐇド◊✲࡟ᇶࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࠋ࣎ࣝࢻ࣮ࡢࢡࣛࢫ࣐ࣥ classementศ㢮 ไᗘࡣࠊࡑࡢᙜึ

࠿ࡽࠊព࿡ࢆᏳᐃ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢไᗘࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣၟᶆἲࡢ



ሙྜ࡜኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ࣮ࣟࣞࣥࢫ࣭࢜ࢬ࣮࣎ࣥࡀᣦ᦬ࡍ

que ces appellations sont incompréhensibles pour le consommateur français déjà, à plusࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢡࣛࢫ࣐ࣥไᗘࡣୡ⣖ࡢ㛫࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕࣈ࣮࣮ࣟ࢝࡜ࣂ࢖࣮ࣖ

forte raison dans le monde entier.”).

࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࣎ࣝࢻ࣮࣡࢖ࣥࢆࡼࡾྜ⌮ⓗ࡟⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ព



Pascal Galinier, Le vin français “intimide” les consommateurs américains, LE MONDE,

June 21, 2005, at 17.ᅗࡉࢀࡓࠊၟᴗୖࡢࡸࡾ᪉࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࠕ୍✀ࡢࣈࣛࣥࢻ๰㐀ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖ

࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ce développement des vis du Nouveau Monde a été le développement de vins dits deROUSSET-ROUARD & DESSEAUVE, supra note 209, at 42 (“L’un des axes principaux deࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ⣧⌮ㄽⓗࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㐣ཤᙧࡢヰ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣭ࠗࣛ

cépage, reconnaissables par le consommateur au nom du cépage principal qui le compose.”)

ࣝࣅ࣮࣭ࣗࢻ࣭ࣦ࢓࣭ࣥࢻ࣭ࣇࣛࣥࢫ࠘
㸦La Revue du vin de France ࡢ⦅㞟㹙᪂ୡ⏺ࡢ࣡࢖ࣥ㛤Ⓨ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୺࡞ᡂຌࡢ  ࡘࡣࠊ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ୺せ࡞ࣈࢻ࢘ရ✀ࡢ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࢸ࢕࢚࣮࣭ࣜࢻࢗࢯ࣮ࣦ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ไᗘ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⌧ᅾࡢ᭱ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞୙ᖹࡢ  ࡘࡣࠊཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ἲࡢไᗘࡀࠊ㸦ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣ㸧ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᾘ㈝⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠕ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡋ࡚ࢢࣟ
࣮ࣂࣝ࡞࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᾘ㈝⪅࡟ࡑࢀࢆᮇᚅࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡼࡾᅔ㞴࡛ྡ⛠࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᾘ㈝⪅࡟ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࣦ࢓ࣛ࢖࢚ࢱࣝ࣡࢖ࣥࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㹛ࠋྠࡌࣃࢿ࣭ࣝࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢩࣕࣈࣜᆅᇦࡢ࣡࢖ࣥ〇㐀ᴗ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ࣑ࢩ࢙࣭ࣝࣛࣟࢩࣗࡣࠊ࣡࢖ࣥࡢࣛ࣋ࣜࣥࢢࢆ༢⣧໬ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᪂ୡ⏺࣡࢖ࣥࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁ࡞฼Ⅼࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋId. at 44–45.ྠ
ᵝ࡟ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ࣡࢖ࣥࡢࣛ࣋ࣜࣥࢢࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟」㞧࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵࡿ⪅ࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡿࠋᖺࡢ࠶ࡿㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡣࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ࣡࢖ࣥࡣࠕጾ

㻵㻺㻭㻻 ࡢ࣡࢖ࣥጤဨ఍ጤဨ㛗࡛࠶ࡿࣝࢿ࣭ࣝࢾ࣮ࡸࠊྜ⾗ᅜࡢࣇࣛࣥࢫ኱౑㤋ࡢ㎰

ࠕᡃࠎࡢࣛ࣋ࣝࡣ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡢࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠖࠋCorie Brown, Who’s Killing the Great Wines ofᴗ㢳ၥ࡛࠶ࡿࢡࣜࢫࢳ࣭ࣕࣥࣂ࣮࣮࢞ࡀ࠸ࡿࡀࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟⋡┤࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ


See Justin Hughes, Recoding Intellectual Property and Overlooked Audience Interests,

France?, L.A. TIMES, Mar. 2, 2005, at F5.࣮࣎ࢪࣙࣞᆅ༊ࡢࣈࢻ࢘㓇ၟ࡛࠶ࡿࢩ࣮ࣕ

77 TEX. L. REV. 923 (1999)㸦ⴭసᶒἲ࡜ၟᶆἲ࡟ࡼࡾᩥ໬㈈ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿሙྜ࡟⏕ࡌࡿࣟࢵࢺ࣭ࢮࣞࢩࣔࣥࢬࡣࡑࡢࡇ࡜࡟ྠពࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ࣡࢖ࣥࣛ࣋ࣝୖ࡟ࣈࢻ࢘

Ᏻᐃᛶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᾘ㈝⪅ࡢཷືⓗ࡞฼┈࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋရ✀ࢆᥖ㍕ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ່ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾᾘ㈝⪅ࡀࠕ⮬ศࡢㄞ᭩⏝࣓࢞ࢿࢆྲྀ

JACQUELINE GARDAN, LIVRE DE CAVE: PRÉCIS A L’USAGE DE L’AMATEUR ÉCLAIRÉࡾฟࡉ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ࡋࠖ
ࠊࡲࡓࠕᡭຓࡅࢆồࡵ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠋId.; see also Sarah

13–14 (Porphyre ed., 1991).

Nassauer & Christopher Lawton, French Whine, WALL ST. J., Mar. 2, 2005, at B1 ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ࣡࢖ࣥࡢ㈍኎ୗⴠࡢཎᅉࡢ୍㒊࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ」㞧࡞ࣛ࣋ࣝไᗘ࡟࠶LAWRENCE OSBORNE, THE ACCIDENTAL CONNOISSEUR: AN IRREVERENT JOURNEY

THROUGH THE WINE WORLD 74 (2004).

ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀẼ㍍࡟㓇ࢆ㣧ࡴேࡀ࣡࢖ࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᭱ࡶ▱ࡾࡓ࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࡑࡢࣈ

ࢻ࢘ရ✀ࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ୙᫂☜࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜ࡍࡿ ࠋ

ROUSSET-ROUARD & DESSEAUVE, supra note 209, at 45 (“Nous entendons souvent dire ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ಑ㄝࡀ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘᗈࡲࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ

࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ရ✀ᨵⰋ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᝏᙳ㡪ࡢ῝้ࡉࡣ༑ศ࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡟

ၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿᐇドⓗࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ௒࡛ࡣ୙ྍ⬟࡞ྍ⬟࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㻵㻺㻭㻻 ࣡࢖ࣥጤဨ఍ࡢࣝࢿ࣭ࣝࢾ࣮ጤဨ㛗ࡀࠊ᭱ୖ⣭ࡢ㻌㻭㻻㻯㻌ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿㄪᰝ࡜࠸࠼࡝ࡶࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࢆචࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸

࣡࢖ࣥࡢ⏕⏘⪅ࢆ㝖ࡃࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ⏕⏘⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠕࣈࢻ࢘᱂ᇵ࡜࣡࢖ࣥ〇㐀࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫࠊࢫ࣌࢖ࣥࠊࡑࡋ࡚࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ࡢࣈࢻ࢘ᅬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡢᡭ㡰ࠖࡢ኱ᖜ࡞ኚ᭦ࢆ᥎ዡࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵࡿ୍㐃ࡢᨵ㠉ࢆᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࡇ࡜

࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢሗ࿌ࡣከᩘ࠶ࡿࡀࠊཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⤫ไࡉࢀࡿ⏕ࢆಁࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡯࡝࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢᥦ᱌࠿ࡽࡶࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡜᪂ୡ⏺࡜⏘⎔ቃࡢ‫ٳ‬ᢿư᭦࡞ࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㐓ヰࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ౛

ࡢ㛫ࡢࣈࢻ࢘ᅬࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ᫂ⓑ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ᪂ୡ⏺࣡࢖ࣥ〇㐀ᴗ⪅ࡣ࠶ࡽ࠼ࡤࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ⮬⏤ࢆᏲࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ไᗘࡢእ㒊ࡺࡿ✀㢮ࡢ᪂ᢏἲࢆ⮬⏤࡟ヨࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊࣝࢾ࣮ࡢᥦ᱌ࡣࠊᶒ฼ࢆ



࡟㌟ࢆ⨨ࡃ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ࣡࢖ࣥ〇㐀ᴗ⪅ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿ ࠋ㞟୰ࡉࡏࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢไᗘࡢୗ࡛ࠊ㻭㻻㻯㻌ไᗘࡢ୍㒊࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ



≉ᐃࡢ᪂ᢏἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᥦ᱌ࢆᎋॾƢǔ consider ࡜࠸࠺ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞



See, e.g., ROUSSET-ROUARD & DESSEAUVE, supra note 209, at 41 ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ

ࢃࡕࠊࠕ࣡࢖ࣥ〇㐀ᴗ⪅ࡀ඲ᅜ࣡࢖ࣥጤဨ఍࡟⮬ࡽࡢពぢࢆᥦ᱌ࡍࡿሙྜ

ࢪ࢙࢖ࢥࣈࢫ࣭ࢡ࣮ࣜࢡᆅᇦ࡟㛵ࡍࡿཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡢᙧᡂ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢻࡢ཯ᑐព

࡟ࠊᡃࠎࡣࡑࢀࡽࡢᴗ⪅ࡢពぢࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ุ᩿ࡍࡿሙྜࡀ࠶

ぢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࢪ࢙࣮࣒࣭ࣟ࢟ࣚࡀㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ id. at 89 (“Le seul problème de l’AOC
est que cela a peut-être bridé les structures des entreprises françaises.”)>ࢸ࢕࢚࣮࣭ࣜࢻ
ࢗࢯ࣮ࣦࡣࠊAOC ࡢ၏୍ࡢၥ㢟Ⅼࡣࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫἲேࡢ⤌⧊ࡢᅾࡾ᪉࡟ᑐࡋ࡚₯ᅾⓗ࡞ไ⣙ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ@id. at 109–10 (“Le vrai débat pour l’AOCࡿ㺁࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㹁㸬㟼ែⓗ࡞ᶒ฼௜୚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⊂༨ⓗࣞࣥࢺࠊ㎰ᴗ⿵ຓ㔠

est de savoir pourquoi les gens les plus novateurs dans la viticulture française se sentent࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃᆺࡢཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ἲࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀ

bridés par ce système. S’ils essaient de changer ou d’améliorer, ils sont bloqués.”)>࢛࣮࢘

୙༑ศ࡜࡞ࡾࡸࡍࡃࠊ⌧≧⥔ᣢⓗ࡞᪉ྥᛶࢆࡶࡘࡶࡢࡢࠊࡇࢀࡣཎ⏘ᆅ࿧ࣝࢫࢺ࣮ࣜࢺ࣭ࢪ࣮ࣕࢼࣝㄅࡢ࣡࢖࣏࣮ࣥࣜࢱ࣮࡛࠶ࡿ࢘࢕ࣜ࢔࣒࣭࢚ࢳࢡࢯࣥࡣࠊ

⛠ἲࡢḞⅬ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢഴྥࡣ≉ᚩ࡛ࡋ㻭㻻㻯 ไᗘ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ┿ࡢㄽⅬࡣࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣈࢻ࢘᱂ᇵࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟᭱

࠿࡞ࡃࠊ┠ⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡓࡔᐇ㝿࡟ࡣࠊ㻳㻵㻌ࡀᐇ㝿࡟㻌㻱㼁㻌ࡢ㎰ᴗᨻ⟇ࡢࡲࡉࡶ㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡿேࠎࡀྠไᗘ࡟ࡼࡿไ⣙ࢆឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ⌮⏤ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶
ࡿ࡜ࡋࠊᙼࡽࡀኚ᭦ࡸᨵⰋࢆᮃࢇࡔ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࡑࢀࡀࣈࣟࢵࢡࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿ@ࠋ


See, e.g., Jancis Robinson, The Grapes of War, FIN. TIMES, Sept. 16, 1995, at I ࣇࣛࣥ࡟ࡑࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿᖺ௦ࡢึᮇ࡟ࠊࡑࢀࢆ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ༠ᐃࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡟ྵࡵࡿࡼ࠺ᙉࡃồࡵࡓⅬ࡛ࠊࣈࣜࣗࢵࢭࣝࡀᡓ␎ୖࡢ㐣ࡕࢆ≢ࡋࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡣ࠶ࡿࠋ

ࢫࡢࣈࢻ࢘ᅬ࡛౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢᢏἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ Les㻳㻵㻌ࡢಖㆤࢆồࡵࡿḢᕞ㐃ྜࡢᙉ◳࡞ጼໃࡣࠊᖺࢻ࣮ࣁ࣭ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࡀ

crus du Médoc, d’hier et d’aujourd’hui, VINS MAG., Winter 2002, at 85 ᪂ࡋ࠸ࢡ࣮ࣟࣥ

Ỵ⿣ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ┤᥋ⓗ࡞⿵ຓ㔠ᨻ⟇ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ᪂

ရ✀ࡢࣈࢻ࢘ࡢ౑⏝ࡸࠊ⶝ᛶ᳜≀ࡢ◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ Les vins de pays d’Oc:
diversification, exportation, et communication, VINS MAG., Winter 2002, at 78 ࣛࣥࢢࢻ

ࢵࢡᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣈࢻ࢘ရ✀ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ΰྜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡇ࡜ࢆៅ㔜࡟㑅ࢇࡔ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ@ࠋROUSSET-ROUARD & DESSEAUVE, supra note 209, at 29–30 (“Il y avait déjà un choixBrown, supra note 215.

délibéré dans cette région de rester autour du concept du vin de pays, parce queId.㔜せ࡞Ⅼࡣࠊࣝࢾ࣮ࡀከࡃࡢ 㻭㻻㻯 ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࣈࢻ࢘ရ✀ࡢΰྜࢆࡼࡾᖜᗈࡃ

l’appellation d’origine contrôlée semblait beaucoup trop contraignante, en particulier enㄆࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢⅬࡣᙼࢆホ౯࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㻭㻻㻯n’autorisant pas l’utilisation de cépages que je juge qualitatifs.”)>ࣛࣥࢢࢻࢵࢡ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚࣡࢖ࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᗄࡘ࠿ࡢᆅᇦ㛫࡛ࡢΰྜࢆㄆࡵࠊࠕࣈࢻ࢘ࡢရ✀ྡࡢグ㍕ࡸ᪂ୡ⏺

࣑ࢩ࢙࣭࣮ࣝࣛࣝࢩࣗࡣࠊ⤫ไཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠㸦appellation d’origine contrôlée㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡑࡢ௚ࡢ័⾜ࢆㄆࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟ 㻭㻻㻯 ࣛ࣋ࣝࡢつ๎ࢆ⦆࿴ࡍࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠋId.

ไ⣙ࡣࠊ≉࡟ࠊ㐺ษ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࣈࢻ࢘ရ✀ࡢ౑⏝ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛኱ࡁࡍࡂ

ࡿࡓࡵࠊྠᆅᇦ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠕࣦ࢓࣭ࣥࢻ࣭࣌࢖ vin de pays㸧ࠖࡢศ㢮࡟Ṇࡵ࡚࠾ࡃࡤࡽࡃࡢ㛫 㻱㻯 ࡢ㎰ᴗᨻ⟇ࡢ᰾ᚰ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠖ㸧ࠋ

O’Connor, supra note 17, at 35㸦ࠕ㻳㻵 ࡢಖㆤࡣࠊᅜෆⓗ࡟ࡶࡑࡋ࡚ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟ࡶࠊࡋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ୡ⏺ࡢ㎰ᴗ࡜ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ࡞➇தࡶ⌧ᐇ࿡ࢆᖏࡧ࡚ࡁࡓ௒᪥ࠊ㻳㻵㻌࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ

ㄝ᫂࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢺ࣐࣮࣭ࣈ࣮ࣝࢻᩍᤵࡀ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢸ࣮ࣟ࣡ࣝࡣ

⊂༨ⓗࣞࣥࢺࢆ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ㎰ᴗ⏕⏘࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⿵ຓ㔠࡜ࡋ࡚฼⏝ࡍࡿ࡜ࠕࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢᑐᴟ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ౛ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕሙᡤ࡜ே࡜ࡀ཯ᫎࡋ

࠸࠺ᡓ␎࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡢㄽ⌮ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ㻱㼁㻌ࡀᾘ㈝⪅ࡢΰྠ࡟࠶࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢ౛ド࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢከࡃࡢᆅᇦ࡟࠾

ᑐࡍࡿಖㆤࢆࡣࡿ࠿࡟㉸࠼ࡓᙉຊ࡞㻌㻳㻵㻌ἲࢆせồࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࡀ᫂☜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ᲫᲨᢿЎႎƴˡወႎưƋǔƱƍƏྵܱ࠸࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᐙ᪘⤒Ⴀᆺࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞㎰ᴗ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊࢻ࣑ࢽࢡ࣭ࢹ
ࢽࢫᩍᤵࡢゝⴥࢆ೉ࡾࡿ࡜ࠊ
ࠕ㸣࡟㏆࠸࢝ࣜ࢝ࢳࣗ࢔࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࡶ
ࡣࡸ⌧ᐇ࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㺁ࠋ㻳㻵 ࡢಖㆤࢆồࡵࡿ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢᙉ◳࡞ጼໃࡢ୰ᚰ࡜࡞ࡿᛮ᝿ࡢ  ࡘ࡟ࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃᆅᇦࡢከࡃ࡛ࡣ㎰ᴗࡢつᶍ࡜⏕⏘᪉ἲ࡜ࡀḟ➨࡟⏘ᴗⓗ࡞໭⡿ࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ᪂ୡ⏺ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㎰ᴗ⏕⏘ࡀࠕ⏘ᴗⓗ࡞ࡶࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗᆅ༊ࡢࣈࢻ࢘㓇㔊㐀ᴗ⪅ࡢ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ㎰ᴗࡣࠕఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸

࡛࠶ࡿࣦ࣮ࣦ࣭ࢡࣜࢥࡣᖺ࡟୓ࢣ࣮ࢫࡢⓎἻ࣡࢖ࣥࢆ⏕⏘ࠊ㈍኎

࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ヲ⣽࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿᩘᑡ࡞࠸ࣇࣛࣥࢫ

ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࣃ࢖ࣃ࣮࣭࢚ࢻࢩࢵࢡࡣ୓  ༓ࢣ࣮ࢫࢆ㈍኎ࡋࡓࠋ᭱኱ࡢ

ࡢἲᏛ⪅ࡢ୍ே࡛࠶ࡿࣀ࣮࣭ࣝ࣋ࣝ࢜ࣝࢫࢨࢵࢡᩍᤵࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⪃࠼᪉ࢆ᥇ࡿ඾ᆺⓗ࡞ே≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡣ᪂ୡ⏺ࡢ㎰ᴗࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᥥ෗ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࠕᗈ኱࡞ᩜᆅࡢᏑᅾ࡜ᢏ⾡࡟㢗ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ኱㔞ᾘ㈝⏝ࡢᶆ‽ⓗ࣡࢖ࣥࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿᕧ኱࡞௻ᴗࡢⓎᒎࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡋࡓ㺁ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ඛ❧ࡗ࡚࢜ࣝࢫࢨࢵࢡࡣࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ドᣐࡶ♧ࡉࡎ࡟ࠊࠕ᪂ୡ⏺ࠖࡢࠕࢸ࣮ࣟ࣡ࣝࠖ


CNAOC ... un représentant du ministre ... a dit tout simplement : ‘Ici, vous êtes des produitsde terroir; ailleurs, ce sont des produits industriels.’”).ࡇࢀ࡟ࢡࣜࢫࢳ࣭࣮ࣕࣥ࣎ࢲࣥࡀ
ᖺ࡟㏙࡭ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆຍ࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡣࠊᖺ௦ࡢ⤊ࢃࡾ࡟㸦㣗ရࡢ㸧෭෾ࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡟฼⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊᕤሙ࡛సࡽࢀࡓ㣗஦ࡀ㣗༟࡟㸦┤᥋㸧ฟࡉࢀ࡟ࡣࠕ☜ㄆྍ⬟࡞༊ูᛶࡀ୙㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᆅ⌮ⓗཬࡧẼೃⓗ࡞≉Ṧ஦᝟ࡢࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⏕⏘ᛶࡢྥୖࢆᐇ⌧ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᗢẸࡀ㣗஦ࡢ‽ഛከᵝᛶࡀ㊊ࡾ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜㟢㦵࡟㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠࡌഴྥࡢⓎゝ࡜ࢆᡭసᴗ࡛⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢ⤊ࢃࡾࡢጞࡲࡾࢆ࿌ࡆࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡋ࡚ࠊᩘᖺ๓࡟ࠊ࠶ࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᐁ൉ࡀࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ࣡࢖ࣥ〇㐀ᴗ⪅ࡢ఍ྜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕࡇࡇ࡟ࡣࠊࢸ࣮ࣟ࣡ࣝ࡟ࡼࡿ〇ရࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ௚ࡢ࡜ࡇBOUDAN, supra note 3, at 424.ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠕ⤊ࢃࡾࠖࡣ᮶࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡋࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᩱ⌮ἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡼࡾៅ㔜࡟ࡳ࡚࠸ࡅࡤࠊ㐣ཤᖺ㛫࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ㏫ࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ
ࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ᦬࡛ࡁࡿ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

ࢁ࡟ࡣᕤᴗ〇ရࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠࡌ㊃᪨ࡢ

Cultural Protection in WTO Law, 26 U. PA. J. INT’L ECON. L. 623, 651–52 (2005).ࡇࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣈ࣮ࣝࢻࡢ⿵㊊ࡣὝᐹ࡟‶ࡕ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞>ࢸ࣮ࣟ࣡

OLSZAK, supra note 19, at 4 (“Les vastes espaces et le recours à la technologie

Tomer Broude, Taking “Trade and Culture” Seriously: Geographical Indications andpermettent le développement d’entreprises de très grande taille produisant des vins

ࣝ@࡟ಖㆤࢆཷࡅࡿ౯್ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡣ␲࠸࡞ࡃࠊಖㆤࡢᣑᙇ࡟ࡶ್ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣၟᴗ

standards pour une consommation de masse.”).

ⓗ࡞ຊࡀᆒ୍໬ࢆᙉไࡋࠊ⏘ရࢆࡵࡄࡿࢸ࣮ࣟ࣡ࣝ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ᆅ᪉ᩥ໬ࢆቯ⁛ࡉࡏࡿ

Id.࢜ࣝࢫࢨࢵࢡࡢㄝ᫂ࡣࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㡿ᅵࡀ௚ࡢᅜࠎ࡜ẚ࡭࡚⊂≉ࡢ㇏㤨ࡉ࡜ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࡢಖㆤ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲ྥࡁ࡟ࡣ㞃ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ㻳㻵 ࡟බⓗ࡞ᐃ⩏ࢆ୚࠼ࠊࡲࡓ

ከᵝᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜ಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫேࡢഴྥ࡜㛵㐃௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࡑࡢ⠊ᅖࢆタᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ྛࢸ࣮ࣟ࣡ࣝ࡟⊂❧ࡋࡓಖㆤࡢἲⓗ᰿ᣐࢆㄆࡵ

See, e.g., FERNAND BRAUDEL, THE IDENTITY OF FRANCE 63–65 (Siân Reynolds trans.,࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡑࡢಖㆤࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓᡭẁ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ
ࠋId. at 652. 1988)㸦ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㇏࠿࡞ࠕᒁᡤẼೃࠖ࡜ࠕᒁᡤ⎔ቃࠖࢆ໭࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࠊࣈࣛࢪࣝࠊ

DENIS, supra note 16, at 3㸦ᐙ᪘㎰ሙ㸦exploitation familiale㸧࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉࡟ࡘ࠸

࣐ࢲ࢞ࢫ࢝ࣝࠊࡑࡋ࡚࢔ࣝࢮࣥࢳࣥࡢࣃࣥࣃࢫࡢࠕ༢ㄪࡉࠖ࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ㸧ࠋࡶࡕࢁ࡚ࠊከࡃࡢᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࡶࡣࡸጇᙜࡋ࡞࠸࢝ࣜ࢝ࢳࣗ࢔࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋSeeࢇࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡀ⮬ᅜ୰ᚰⓗ࡞ࠕ౛እㄽࠖࢆㄒࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋSee

generally Broude, supra note 225㸦㻳㻵 ἲࡢᙉ໬ࡣఏ⤫ⓗᩥ໬࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᆅ᪉ᩥ໬ࡢ⥔ᣢ

generally SEYMOUR MARTIN LIPSET, AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM: A DOUBLE-EDGED

࡟㈨ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞௬ᐃࢆၥ㢟࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠋ

SWORD (1997).





ィᩘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ఍♫࡟࠾ࡅࡿྜィᩘ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ὀពࡋ࡚࡯ࡋ࠸㸧ࠋ

ROUSSET-ROUARD & DESSEAUVE, supra note 209, at 34 (“[Au] congrès national de laUncorking Success, THE ECONOMIST, Dec. 21, 2002, at 46㸦ࡇࢀࡽࡣ≉ᐃࡢ᥄௡ࡢྜ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝࢩࣕࣥ࣌ࣥ఍♫࡛࠶ࡿ࢚ࣔ࣊ࢿࢩ࣮࣭ࣝ࢖ࣦ࢕ࢺࣥࡣẖᖺࡑࡢ୺࡞ⓎἻ࣡ࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ධࡿ⵨Ẽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᛴ㏿ຍ⇕ࡉࢀࡿሙᡤ ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㏦ࡿࠖࡇ࡜࡟ࡲ࡛ཬࡪࠋ

࢖ࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ɢ million ࢣ࣮ࢫ௨ୖࢆฟⲴࡍࡿࠋ኱ࡁ࡞ࢩࣕࣥ࣌ࣥ

࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢࢳ࣮ࢬ⏕⏘ࡣྠᵝࡢ」㞧࡞≧ἣࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ࡢ

఍♫࡟ࡼࡿࠕ⏘ᴗつᶍࡢᩘ㔞㺁ࡢⓎἻ࣡࢖ࣥࡢ⏕⏘ࡣᐇ㝿࡟ఱ༑ᖺࡶࡢ

ࣃ࣑ࣝࢪ࣮ࣕࣀ࣭ࣞࢵࢪ࣮ࣕࣀࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿ᪋タࡢከࡃࡣࠕⓑ࠸ࢱ࢖ࣝࠊࢡ

㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢸ࢕࢚࣮࣭ࣜࢻࢗࢯ࣮ࣦࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ

࣒ࣟྜ㔠ࡢタഛ࡜సᴗྎ࡜ᕧ኱࡞㖡㔩ࢆഛ࠼ࡓ࠶ࡽࡺࡿព࿡࡟࠾࠸࡚࢟

ࠕ୍⯡ⓗ࡞  ࣮ࣘࣟࡢ࣎ࣝࢻ࣮ࡣ௚ࡢ⏘ရ࡜ྠࡌࡃᕤᴗⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࠕ኱ࣛࣜ࡜ගࡿᕤሙ᪋タ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋྠᆅᇦࡢ᭷ྡ࡞ࢳ࣮ࢬ⏕⏘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ኱つᶍ࡟㈍኎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡑࢀࡀ㻌㻭㻻㻯㻌࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜௨እࡣࠊ ࣮ࣘࣟࡢつᶍ࡞ࣅࢪࢿࢫࡢ㞺ᅖẼࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊከᩘࡢ༠ྠ⤌ྜࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᑠつᶍ㎰ࡑࡢ௚ࡢࣦ࢓ࣛ࢖࢚ࢱ࣭ࣝ࣡࢖ࣥ࡜ఱࡽኚࢃࡾ࡞࠸㺁ࠋ

ሙࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ᑡ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡑࡢ≉ᚩࢆホࡍࡿ⪅ࡶ࠸ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࡢࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㻌 ⏕⏘᪉ἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢹࢽࢫᩍᤵࡀㄆ㆑ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ୍㒊ࡢࣈࢻ࢘᱂ᇵ

㻭㻻㻯㻌ࢳ࣮ࢬࡣࠊ㎰ᐙ⏕⏘ fermier㸧ࠊᡭᕤᴗ⏕⏘ artesanal㸧ࠊ༠ྠ⤌ྜ⏕ᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ㎰Ẹࡀ⏕⏘ᕤ⛬ࢆ⟶⌮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ௚ࡢᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠕࣈࢻ࢘᱂ᇵ࡜

⏘ cooperative㸧ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᕤᴗ⏕⏘ industriel㸧࡜࠸࠺  ࡘࡢ⏕⏘ࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟࣡࢖ࣥ⏕⏘࡜ࡣࠊἲᚊⓗཬࡧ≀⌮ⓗ࡟࡯ࡰ᏶඲࡞ศ㞳ࠖࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㻭㻻㻯㻌ࡢศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋከࡃࡢ㻌㻭㻻㻯㻌ࢳ࣮ࢬࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢ  ࡘࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿࡟࠾

ࢩࣕࢺ࣮ࢾࣇ࣭ࢹ࣭ࣗࣃࣉࡢሙྜࠊࡑࡢ〇㐀᪉ἲࡣࠊࠕࢫࢸࣥࣞࢫ㗰ࢆഹ

࠸࡚ᕷ㈍ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊᖺ࡟⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡓࢺࣥ௨ୖࡢ࣏

࠿ཪࡣ඲ࡃ⏝࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸ྂ࠸ᶔᶡࠖࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ࣡࢖ࣥ㔊㐀ᴗ⪅࣭ࣦ࢙ࣥࣞࢵࢡ࣭ࢳ࣮ࢬࡢ࠺ࡕ㎰ᐙ⏕⏘㸦㎰Ẹ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ㸧࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠕࡑࡢࣈࢻ࢘ࢆࢫࢸࣥࣞࢫ㗰ࣃ࢖ࣉ ࣈࢻ࢘⓶ࡀࣃ࢖ࣉࡢእ㒊෭༷⟄࡟ࡢࡣࡓࡗࡓ  㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋṧࡾࡣᡭᕤᴗ⏕⏘ࠊ༠ྠ⤌ྜ⏕⏘ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᕤ



ᴗ⏕⏘࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣟࢵࢡࣇ࢛࣮࣭ࣝࢫ࣭ࣝࢫ࣮ࣝࢰࣥᮧ㸦ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㻌㻭㻻㻯㻌

Id.㸦ᖺࡣୡ⏺୰࡛୓ࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀ࡟ࡣࢻ࣭ࣥ࣌ࣜࢽࣙࣥࡢࡼ

ࣟࢵࢡࣇ࢛࣮ࣝࡢ㈨᱁ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ㸧ࡢὝ✰࡛㈓ⶶࡉࢀࡓ୓௨ୖࡢࢳ࣮ࢬ

࠺࡞࢚ࣔ࣊ࢿࢩ࣮࣭ࣝ࢖ࣦ࢕ࢺࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᑠつᶍ࡞㈍኎ࡣྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ seeࡢ࠺ࡕࡑࡢ㸣ࡣ  ♫࡟ࡼࡾ〇㐀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㻌㻭㻻㻯㻌ࢳ࣮ࢬ

also Michael Franz, Boutique Champagnes, WASH. POST, Dec. 29, 2004, at F7㸦ࠕ࢚࣭ࣔࡢ⥲⏕⏘ࡣࠊᖺࡢࢺࣥ࠿ࡽᖺࡢࢺࣥ௨ୖ࡟ࡲ࡛㐩࢚࣭ࢩࣕࣥࢻࣥࡣẖᖺ୓ᮏࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿ࡜ఏ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣ୓ࢣ

ࡋࡓࠋ㎰ᴗேཱྀࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻࡀᶓࡤ࠸࠿ࡘୗⴠࡢഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࣮ࢫ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺㸧ࠋ

Uncorking Success, supra note 227, at 47.

ALEXIS LICHINE ET AL., ALEXIS LICHINE’S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WINES & SPIRITS 173,࡜ࠊቑຍࡢ୺࡞ཎᅉࡣࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᑠつᶍ㎰ᐙࡀቑ࠼ࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊつᶍࡢࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞⏕⏘ᙧែࡀࡲࡍࡲࡍቑ࠼ࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿྍ

185, 187 (Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1968) (1967)㸦ࠕ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢࢩࣕࣥ࣌ࣥࡣᕧ኱࡞



ᾏ㐠఍♫ࡢᆅୗᐊ࡛ⓎἻᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ࣡࢖ࣥ࡟࡞ࡿ͐ࠋࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗᆅ᪉ࡢ᱂ᇵ⪅ࡀNalley, supra note 185, at 71, 73.⮬ศࡢࣈࢻ࢘ࢆ㔊㐀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡈࡃᑡᩘࡢᩓⓎⓗ࡞ሙྜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡢࡳ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡢPAMELA SHELDON JOHNS, PARMIGIANO! 16 (1997).࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣈࢻ࢘ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᾏ㐠఍♫ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿࡟኎༷ࡉࢀ



Id. at 13.ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ͐ࠖ
㸧ࠋྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞ᕷሙࡢ㞟୰ࡣࢥࢽࣕࢵࢡ 㻭㻻㻯 ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ



See MASUI & YAMADA, supra note 37, at 28.ࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ࡯ࢇࡢ୍ᥱࡾࡢ఍♫ࡀ⡿ᅜ࡟㍺ฟࡉࢀࡿࢥࢽࣕࢵࢡࡢ⏕⏘ࢆ⟶⌮ࡋ࡚࠸

Id. at 20–21, 48, 51, 187, 188, 196–97, 208 (Abondance AOC from Rhône-Alpes;

ࡿࠋSee Terry Robards, The Mystique of Brandies, N.Y. TIMES MAG., Dec. 26, 1982, at 34

Beaufort AOC from Rhône-Alps; Bleu d’Auvergne AOC from Auvergne; Livarot AOC㸦ᙜ᫬ࠊ ࡘࡢ఍♫ࡀྜ⾗ᅜ࡟㍺ฟࡍࡿࢥࢽࣕࢵࢡࡢ㸣ࢆ⏕⏘ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬

from Basse-Normandie; Maroilles AOC from Picardie; Neuchâtel AOC from Haute-Nor-ࡍࡿ㸧ࠋ

mandie; and Pontl’Evêque from Basse-Normandie).

ROUSSET-ROUARD & DESSEAUVE, supra note 209, at 133.





DENIS, supra note 16, at 5 (“Dans d’autres pays viticoles, il existe au contraire une

Réunis); see also Roquefort Société, http://www.roquefort-societe.com (last visited Nov. 5,

See MASUI & YAMADA, supra note 37, at 217 (the Société des Caves et des Producteursséparation presque totale, physique et juridique, entre la production du raisin, et2006).

l’élaboration du vin.”).

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

See MASUI & YAMADA, supra note 37, at 77.▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ⬟ᛶࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟㧗࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ

ࣥࢫࡀ㣗ရࡢᕤᴗ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᢬ᢠࡍࡿ⊂≉࡞≧ἣࢆ♧ࡑ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࢡࣜࢫ

ࡶࡕࢁࢇࣈࣝࢦ࣮ࢽࣗࡸࣞࢵࢪࣙࢿ࣑ࣞࣜ࢔ࡢୣ㝠࡟ከࡃࡢᑠつᶍ㎰ࢳ࣭࣮ࣕࣥ࣎ࢲ࡛ࣥࡉ࠼ࠊᡭᕤᴗⓗ࡞㣗ရ⏕⏘ࡣ㸦࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖᅜࢆྵ

ᴗ⏕⏘⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྰᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔ᕞࠊࢽ

ࡴ㸧ඛ㐍ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚∦㝮࡟㏣࠸ࡸࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡶࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⏕⏘࡜࣮ࣗࢧ࢘ࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࣝࢬᕞ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࣓ࣥࢻ࣮ࢧᕞࡼࡾࡶேཱྀ࡟༨ࡵࡿ㎰ᴗ

ᾘ㈝ࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻ࡟ᚑࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

⏕⏘⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡣ☜ᐇ࡟ከ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡟ࡣす࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛᭱ࡶᗈ

࠸㎰ᆅࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㎰ᆅ࡛ࡉ࠼ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡼࡾࡶ࠿࡞ࡾᑠࡉ

ᲬᲨ૎඙ऴѬƱᠾಅя঺᣿ǛЪถƢǔ‫ן‬щ࠸ࠋ࣎ࣝࢻ࣮ᆅᇦ࡟ࡣࣇࣛࣥࢯ࣭࣑࣡ࢪࣦࣕ࢕ࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣈࢻ࢘㓇㔊㐀 ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᨻ἞࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ⮬Ⴀ㎰ᴗࠖၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ᴗ⪅ࡀከࡃᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊᙼࡢࢸࣝࢺ࣭࣮ࣝࣟࢺࣈࢵࣇ࣭ࢧࣥ㸻ࢸ࣑ࣜ࢜ࣥ

ࡿࡀࠊḢᕞ㐃ྜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㎰ᴗ฼ᶒࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢሙྜࡼࡾࡶ࠸ࡗࡑ࠺ᨻ἞ⓗᙳࡣᖺ㛫ࡓࡗࡓࢣ࣮ࢫࡋ࠿⏕⏘ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࡢ฼┈ࡣࢼࣃࡢࢩ࣮ࣙ

㡪ຊࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋす࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡜⡿ᅜࡣ࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ➨  ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ௨㝆ࠊ࣭ࣥࢧࢵ࣮࢝ࣜ࡜࠸࠺᭷ྡ࡞࣡࢖ࣥࡢᖺ㛫ࡢ⏕⏘㔞࡟࡯ࡰ┦ᙜࡍࡿ ࠋ㎰ᴗປാຊࡢᛴ㏿࡞ୗⴠࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊࡑࡢேཱྀ⤫ィࡢ್࡟ࡣ౫↛࡜

ࡇࡇ࡛㏙࡭ࡓ඲యⓗ࡞࣏࢖ࣥࢺࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ㎰ᴗࡀ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔

ࡋ࡚ᕪ␗ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣࠕ඲యࡢປാேཱྀࡢ⣙  㸣ࠖࡀ㎰ᴗ⏕ࡸ໭࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㎰ᴗ࡜ྠᵝ࠿࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࢀ௨ୖ࡟ࠕᕤᴗ໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜

⏘࡟ࠊ㸣ࡀࠕ㣗ရຍᕤᴗࠖ࡟ᚑ஦ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㞟ᅋࡀࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ 㻳㻰㻼㻌࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟஦ᐇࡣࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࠋࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡇࡇ

ࠕ㎰ᴗࡣ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
ࡢ࠾ࡼࡑ㸣ࢆ⏕⏘ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡜ᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊ࡛ࡢ࣏࢖ࣥࢺࡣࠊࠕᆒ୍໬ࡋࡓࠖᖹᆒ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡟ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾព࿡ࡀ࡞࠸࡜

ປാຊࡢ⣙  㸣ࢆ㞠⏝ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓᅜෆ⥲⏕⏘ࢆ༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡣ

࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㝿࡟ࡣࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢࢳ࣮ࢬつ๎࡟࠾࠸࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ 㸣௨ୗ࡛࠶ࡿ㺁ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ ᐃ್࠿ࡽࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㎰ᴗ࡞࠸ࡋ࢔ࢢࣟ࢔࣐ࣜ

ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ✀㢮ࡢ㣗ရࡢ⏕⏘ࡀ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡜᪂ୡ⏺ㅖᅜ࡜࡟࠾࠸



࡚㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣᕤᴗⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࢆ㠀ᖖ࡟ከࡃྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ ࠋࣇࣛBOUDAN, supra note 3, at 231 (“Mais en France ce régime avait bien résisté grâce à lasuivie tardive du monde rural et aux produits d’une agriculture diversifiée.”)㹙ࡋ࠿ࡋࣇࣛ



ࣥࢫ࡛ࡣࡇࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀࠊᆅ᪉ࡢ⏣⯋ࡢⓎᒎࡀࡺࡗࡃࡾ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࡜ከゅⓗ࡞㎰⏘≀ࡢከᵝᛶࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊኚ໬ࢆᣄࢇ࡛ࡁࡓ㹛㸧ࠋ㎰ሙつᶍࡢᖹᆒࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㎰ᴗࡢ᪉ࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ࠕ኱つᶍࠖࡢࡼ࠺

࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ⡿ᅜࡢ㎰ሙࡢᖹᆒࡣ࣊ࢡࢱ࣮ࣝ㸦࢚࣮࣮࢝㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊᑐࡍࡿࣇ

ࣛࣥࢫࡢ㎰ሙࡢᖹᆒࡣ࣊ࢡࢱ࣮ࣝࠊࡲࡓ 㻱㼁 ࡢ㎰ሙࡢᖹᆒࡣ࣊ࢡࢱ࣮࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ

alimentaire et culinaire traditionnel, régime encore suivie par les personnes âgées, mais

Embassy of France in the United States, http://www.info-franceusa.org/atoz/agriculture.asp

rejeté par les jeunes générations.”)>㧗㱋ࡢேࠎࡀ࠸ࡲ࡞࠾Ᏺࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊⱝ࠸ୡ௦ࡀ

Id. (“[I]l semble qu’on assiste en France même à un effritement sérieux du régime

(last visited Nov. 5, 2006).ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᩘᏐࡢẚ㍑ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᕧ኱㎰ᣄ⤯ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ఏ⤫ⓗ࡞㣗஦࡜ᩱ⌮࡜ࡀࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᔂቯࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ῝้࡞≧ሙ࡛ࡣ✐≀࡜∵⫗⏕⏘ࢆᑓ㛛࡟⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡣᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࢆࡵࡄࡿၥ㢟ࡢἣࡀ┠๓࡛ᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ@ࠋ᰾ᚰ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣࠊ㎰ᆅࡢ㸣ࡀ࣊ࢡࢱ࣮ࣝ௨ୖ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࠾ࡑࡽ

ࡃࡇࢀࡽࡶ✐≀࡜ᐙ␆࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋId.

www.infofrance- usa.org/atoz/agriculture.asp.Ṕྐⓗ࡟ࡳࡿ࡜ࡇࡢ┦㐪ࡣ᭦࡟኱ࡁ࠸ࡶ

BERNARD VIAL, FRENCH AGRICULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPE (2001), http://

JAY MCINERNEY, BACCHUS & ME: ADVENTURES IN THE CELLAR 124 (2002).

ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢡࣜࢫࢳ࣭࣮ࣕࣥ࣎ࢲࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊᖺࡢ࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢ㎰ᴗேཱྀࡣ㸣

Id. at 189㸦ࢱࢵࢡ࣮ࣞࡢ⏕⏘ࡍࡿ࢜ࣛ࢖࢜ࣥ࡜࠸࠺࣡࢖ࣥ㸦⣙ࢣ࣮ࢫ㸧࡜ࡑ௨ୗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࡣ㸣ࠊ⡿ᅜࡣ㸣ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡣ㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋSee BOUDAN,

ࡢࣅࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࣉࣞ࢔ࢹࢫ࣭ࢩ࣮࣮ࣛ࣋ࢫࡢࣈࣞࣥࢻ㸦⣙ࢣ࣮ࢫ㸧supra note 3, at 221–22.

ࡢ⏕⏘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠋSee VIAL, supra note 246.





KATHRYN L. LIPTON, WILLIAM EDMONDSON & ALDEN MANCHESTER, THE FOOD AND

See, e.g., L’industrie du sans saveur, GAULT-MILAU MAG., June/July 2006, at 78㸦  ࡘࡢࠕᕤᴗⓗ࡞ࠖࢪ࣭ࣕࣥ࣎ࣥࢩ࣮࣭࣭ࣗ࣌ࣜ࢘ࣝ࢜ࢺࣝࢩࣙࣥ㸦jambon supérieur au

FIBER SYSTEM: CONTRIBUTING TO THE U.S. AND WORLD ECONOMIES 1 (1998), available

torchon㸧㸦ࠕⰋ㉁ࠖ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿ㯞ᕸ࡛⇍ᡂࡉࡏࡓࣁ࣒㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡋࠊᢈホࡍࡿ㸧ࠋ

at http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib742/AIB742.pdf.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ⌧⾜ไᗘ࡛ࡣࠊ⿵ຓ㔠࡜⏕⏘ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࣥࢸ࣮ࣝ agroalimentaire ࡢ฼ᐖ㛵ಀࡣࠊ໭⡿ࡼࡾࡶࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ

ࣟ࡬ࡢቑຍࡀண

ࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞ᨻ἞ⓗᙳ㡪ຊࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ

㛵ಀࢆࠕศ᩿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡓࡵࠊ㎰Ẹࡣ୍ᐃࡢᨭᡶ࠸ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊࠕ཰ධࡢᏳ

௚ࡢඛ㐍ᅜ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜ඲యࡢ 㻳㻰㻼 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㎰ᴗࡢᐃᛶࢆಖࡕ࡞ࡀࡽࠊఱࡀ⮬ࡽ࡟᭱ࡶ฼┈࡜࡞ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊ⮬ࡽ⏕༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡣୗⴠࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢഴྥࡣࠕ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡜࠸

⏘ࡋࡓ࠸ࡶࡢࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㺁ࠋṧᛕ࡞ࡇ࡜࡟࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࡣ࠸

࠺༢୍ᕷሙࡢ㣬࿴࡟క࠺ࠊ୍⯡≀౯࡜ࡢ┦㛵㛵ಀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㎰⏘≀౯᱁ࡢ⥅ࡲ࡞࠾㠀ᖖ࡟ࢃ࠸᭤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ㻌㻱㼁㻌㛶൉࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊຓᡂࡣཅ  ᪽൑ƴ⥆ⓗ࡞పୗ࡟ᖐᅉࡍࡿ㺁 ࠋᖺ๓࡟ࣝ࢖ࢪ࣭ࣂࣝࢪ࣮ࢽࡣࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡀଐ  ࣮ࣘࣟࡢ⛬ᗘࡢࡲࡲ࡛⥔ᣢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ

Ḣᕞඹྠయ࡟ຍࢃࡿືᶵ௜ࡅ࡟㛵ࡍࡿศᯒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆṇ☜࡟ᣦࡇࡢຓᡂࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᢚไࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣᕧ኱࡞ᅽຊࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ࢔

᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᙼࡣࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᨻ἞ⓗᣦᑟ⪅ࡽࡣࠕ⮬ᅜࡢ㎰⏘ရࢆ㎰Ẹ㐩࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡣࠊᅽຊࡣᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟⏕ࡌࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡀࡕࡔࡀࠊḢᕞ㐃ྜࡢϋᢿ

paysans ࡢᖾ⚟ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿୖ࡛༑ศ࡟㧗࠸౯᱁࡛኎ࡽࠖ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞

ƴƓƚǔ㈈ᨻⓗᅽຊࡣࠊࡑࢀ࡜ྠ⛬ᗘ࠿ࡑࢀࡼࡾࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ

࠸࡜࠸࠺ಙᛕ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ືᶵ௜ࡅࡽࢀࡓ࡜⤖ㄽ௜ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࣂࣝࢪ࣮ࢽࡣ

ຓᡂ㔠ࡢ୙බᖹ࡞ศ㓄ࡀࠊㄽதࡢ᰿※࡟࠶ࡿࠋᖺࡢ఍ィᖺᗘ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ

ࠕࡑࡢࢥࢫࢺ㧗࡞ᐙ∗㛗ไ㎰ᴗࠊ͐㠀ᖖ࡟㧗౯ࡔࡀඃࢀࡓ࣡࢖ࣥࠊ⣲ᬕࡽࣇࣛࣥࢫࡣ⥲㢠ࡢ⣙  ศࡢ  ࡟࠶ࡓࡿ൨࣮ࣘࣟࡢຓᡂ㔠ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡗ࡚

ࡋ࠸ࢳ࣮ࢬ͐ࠖࢆᨭ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࡢࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⣔⤫ⓗ࡞ྲྀ⤌ࡳ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

࠸ࡿࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ༨᭷⋡ࡣࢻ࢖ࢶࡢ  ಸ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣⱥᅜࠊ࢔࢖

ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࣝࣛࣥࢻࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ໭Ḣ㻌㻱㼁㻌ㅖᅜࢆྜࢃࡏࡓ༨᭷⋡ࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸ࠋ

ࣂࣝࢪ࣮ࢽࡣᖺ௦࡟ࡇࢀࡽࡢᩥ❶ࢆ᭩࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢᙜ᫬࠿ࡽḢᕞ㐃Ḣᕞጤဨ఍ࡣᖺ௦ึᮇࡲ࡛࡟ࠊ㻯㻭㻼 ࡀࠕᚲࡎࡋࡶ㎰Ẹࡢ᭱኱ࡢ฼┈࡟ྜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㎰ᴗຓᡂ㔠ࡣቑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋḢᕞඹྠయࡀ㛤ጞࡋࡓᙜึࡢ㈨ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࠊࡲࡓᾘ㈝⪅࡜⣡⛯⪅ࡢᨭᣢࢆᚓ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ

ᖺ௦ᚋᮇࠊࠕඹ㏻㎰ᴗᨻ⟇ࠖ 㻯㻭㻼 ࡣ㎰Ẹࡢᡤᚓᨭ᥼ᵓ㐀ཬࡧ㣗≀⏕⏘≀ࡓࠖࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᖺ࡟࣮ࣟࣞࣥࢫ࣭࢜ࢬ࣮࣎ࣥࡣࡼࡾ่⃭ⓗࡢ⮬⤥⮬㊊ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿᡭẁ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀணᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⏕⏘㧗ࡢᛴ࡞࡞ゝ࠸᪉࡛ࠊࠕࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㎰Ẹࡣࠊ୺࡟Ḣᕞ㐃ྜࡢ௚ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᅜࠎࡢ㒔

ቑຍ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᖺ௦ࡢ㛫࡟す࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡣ㣗ᩱࡢ⣧㍺ฟᅜ࡟㌿᥮ࡋࡓࡀࠊ㎰ᴗຓᡂ㔠ࡣ⏕⏘㧗࡜㐃ືࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊ㎰ሙࡢຠ⋡ᛶࡀྥୖࡋࡓ
ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊຓᡂ㔠ࡣ๻ⓗ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋࡓࠋ㻱㼁㻌㎰ᴗຓᡂ㔠ࡢࢥࢫࢺࡣᖺ
࡜ᖺࡢ㛫࡛  ಸ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋᖺ௦ᚋᮇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ 㻯㻭㻼 ࡢᨵ㠉ࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳࡣࠊ⌧ᐇ࡟ࡣィ⏬ࡉࢀࡓࢥࢫࢺࡀ㢧ⴭ࡟ቑຍࡍࡿᘬࡁ㔠࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡍ
࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࠶ࡿヨ⟬࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ᖺࡢ൨࣮ࣘࣟ࠿ࡽᖺࡢ൨࣮ࣘ



Interinstitutional Agreement of 6 May 1999 between the European Parliament, theCouncil and the Commission on Budgetary Discipline and Improvement of the Budgetary
Procedure, 1999 O.J. (C 172) 1.ᖺ࡟ࡶ෌ࡧࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྲྀ⤌ࡳࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ㈶ྰ
ࡢΰ஺ࡍࡿࣞࣅ࣮ࣗ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋEU Agrees “Radical” Farm Reform, BBC NEWS, June 26,
2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3021728.stm.ࢫࢥࢵࢺࣛࣥࢻ⮬἞ᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࢀ
ࡤࠊᖺࡢᩘ್ࡣ൨࣮࡛ࣘࣟ࠶ࡗࡓࠋSee Scottish Executive, supra note 252, ¶ 2.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION, AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT, THE COMMONAGRICULTURAL POLICY䠉A POLICY EVOLVING WITH THE TIMES 3 (2004), http://europa.



eu.int/comm/agriculture/publi/capleaflet/cap_en.pdf.



VIAL, supra note 246.





BARZINI, supra note 205.

available at http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564, 1619380,00.html.



Id. at 124; see also DENIS, supra note 16, at 5.





See SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE, HISTORY OF THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY (2004),

Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund, Guarantee Section, 2003 Financial Year,http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/1037/0003475.pdf.

Daniel Wortmann, Zwei Euro pro Tag für jede Kuh, DEUTSCHE WELLE, June 18, 2005,
Commission of the European Communities, 33rd Financial Report on the European

COM (2004) 715 final (Oct. 27, 2004).



Id. at 3, ¶ 10.



Id.



Id.



EUROPEAN COMMISSION, supra note 256, at 2.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝᕷ⣡⛯⪅࡟ࡼࡿຓᡂࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ㯤㔠᫬௦ࡶࡶ࠺⤊ࢃࡾ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞

ࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ᲭᲨૼƠƍᠾಅя঺᣿ƱƠƯƷ ᾖᾘ ཯ҩႎȬȳȈ࠸ࠋఱࡋࢁࠊࢻ࢖ࢶே࡜࢖ࢠࣜࢫேࡶࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㎰Ẹ࡟㔠ࢆᡶ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟

ࡶࡋ࠶࡞ࡓࡀ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢᨻ⟇ᙜᒁ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡟ࡳࡿ࡜㎰ᴗຓᡂࡣ࠺ࢇࡊࡾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ண ࡣᖺ࡟⌧ᐇ㔠ࡢ⦰ᑠࡀ࡯ࡰ☜ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ㎰Ẹࡢࡓࡵ࡟௜

࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡀ 㻯㻭㻼㻌ࡢࠕ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞ࠖኚ᭦ࢆồࡵࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࢺࢽ࣮࣭

ຍⓗ࡞཰ධࢆᚓࡿᡭẁࢆ᥈ࡍ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡶࡋ࠶࡞ࡓࡀ⮬ᅜࡢ㎰⏘≀ࡢᕷሙࣈࣞ࢔㤳┦ࡀࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸ᢏ⾡࡜ᩍ⫱࡜࡟༑ศ࡞ᢞ㈨ࢆࡏࡎ࡟ᪧ

㛤ᨺࡢᣑ኱ࡶࠊูࡢཎᅉ࡛ࡲࡍࡲࡍࡑࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᝅࡗࡓ

᮶ࡢ⏕⏘ᵝᘧࢆᨭ᥼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊຓᡂ㔠ไᗘࢆ㗦ࡃᨷᧁࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶

࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ⮬ᅜࡢ㎰ᴗࡢ㞠⏝ࢆ࡛ࡁࡿ㝈ࡾከࡃ⥔ᣢࡍࡿ᪉ἲࢆᶍ⣴ࡍࡿ࡛ࡿࠋࢻ࢖ࢶࡢ࢔ࣥࢪ࢙࣭࣓ࣛࣝࢣࣝ㤳┦ࡣ 㻯㻭㻼 ࢆ⦰ᑠࡍࡿࣈࣞ࢔㤳┦࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡘࡢᅇ⟅ࡣ⮬ᅜࡢ⏕⏘ࢆ᭗ኢԼ࣓ӼƷဃငཋ high-end prod-ࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳࢆᨭᣢࡋࡓࠋ

ucts ࡟⛣⾜ࡉࡏ࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㧗⣭ရᚿྥࡢ⏕⏘≀࡟ᑐࡍࡿᾘ㈝⪅㟂せࢆ

๰ฟࡋࠊ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚⏕⏘≀௦᭰ཬࡧ㸭ཪࡣᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ㞳⬺ࢆ㜵ࡄ

OSBORNE, supra note 212, at 156.ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡋ࡚⮬ᅜࡀᏙ❧ࡋ┠ⓗ࡛ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㧗⣭ရᚿྥࡢ⏕⏘≀ࡢྡ⛠ࢆྍ⬟࡞㝈ࡾᗈࡃ⟶⌮ࡍࡿࡇ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆḟ➨࡟ㄆࡵࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋSee Réforme de la PAC, grogne des agriculteurs, LE࡜࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡀ௒ࡲ࡛ࡢḢᕞ㐃ྜࡢ୍㈏ࡋࡓᡓ␎࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡶࡗ࡜FIGARO, June 27, 2003, at 1 ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡀ㻯㻭㻼㻌ᨵ㠉ࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୍␒ࡢ཯ᑐ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㎰Ẹࡢࡶࡘᨻ἞ⓗᙳ㡪ຊࡶࡲࡓᙅ
ࡲࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋSee Robert Graham, The French Love Affair With Farming
Life Starts to Wither, FIN. TIMES, Mar. 6–7, 2004, at 4 ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᨻ἞ᐙࡀࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ
㎰Ẹࡢᢞ⚊ࡼࡾࡶࠕ㒔ᕷࡢ୰㛫ᒙࡢᢞ⚊࡟ࡼࡾ㛵ᚰࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠖ

ࡶࣈࣜࣗࢵࢭࣝࡣࡑࢀࢆࡣࡗࡁࡾ࡜㏙࡭ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣៅ㔜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ᖺཎ⏘ᆅつ๎ࡢ๓ᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ㻳㻵㻌ࡢಖㆤࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㎰Ẹࡢ཰ධࢆᨵၿࡋࠊᆅ᪉⤒῭ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ௚᪉࡛ࠊḢᕞጤဨ఍ࡢ
ᖺ  ᭶ࡢබᘧⓎ⾲࡛ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟୺ᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋDavid Rennie & Toby Helm, Now Blair Gives Up Pounds 7bn for Nothing in Return,㻳㻵㻌ࡣᡃࠎࡢ⏕⏘⪅࡟௜ຍ౯್ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㻌㻳㻵㻌ࢳ࣮ࢬࡣ 

DAILY TELEGRAPH (London), Dec. 17, 2005, at 1.
࣮ࣘࣟࡢࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒௜ࡁ࡛㈍኎ࡉࢀࡿࠋᖺ࡟㻌㻳㻵㻌࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓩ㘓ࡉࢀSee Anthony Browne, A Wind of Change Starts to Blow Across Europe, TIMES (London),࡚࠿ࡽࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ࡢࠕࢺࢫ࣮࢝ࣀࠖ࢜࢖ࣝࡣ㸣ࡢࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒௜ࡁ࡛

June 25, 2005, at 30 㻯㻭㻼 ࡢ㈈※ࢆࠕᑗ᮶ࡢ⏘ᴗࠖࡢࡓࡵ࡟⛣ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆồࡵࡿḢᕞ㆟㈍኎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྡ⛠ࡀಖㆤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⏕⏘≀ࡢከࡃࡀ㍺ฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸

఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣈࣞ࢔ࡢ₇ㄝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿ ࠋࣈࣞ࢔ࡀ㎰ሙຓᡂ㔠ࡣᩍ⫱࡜⛉Ꮫ࡟ᑐࡿࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㍺ฟ࣡࢖ࣥࡢ㸣ࡣ㻌㻳㻵㻌ࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㻌㻱㼁㻌࠿ࡽ㍺ฟ

ࡍࡿ 㻱㼁 ࡟ࡼࡿ᥼ຓࡢᒎ㛤ࢆጉࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿⅬࡣ㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿࠋSee Wortmann,supra note 257 ᩍ⫱࡜⛉Ꮫ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ 㻱㼁 ࡟ࡼࡿ᥼ຓࡀ㎰ᴗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㻌㻱㼁㻌ຓᡂ㔠ࡢ⥲ࡉࢀࡿ⵨␃㓇ࡢ㸣ࡣ㻌㻳㻵㻌ࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㻳㻵㻌ࡣࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ୓  ༓㢠ࡢࡓࡗࡓ㸣࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࠊ㻯㻭㻼㻌࡟ࡼࡿ୙බᖹ࡞ศ㓄

ࡣ᫇࡞ࡀࡽࡢ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡜ࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡜ࡢᑐ❧ࢆ࠶࠾ࡗࡓࠋ࠶ࡿⱥᅜࡢసᐙࡣᙼࡢ༡௖

mand, GUARDIAN, July 30, 2006, at 5㸦ࠕࢺࢽ࣮࣭ࣈࣞ࢔࡜ࢻ࢖ࢶࡢ࢔ࣥࢪ࢙࣭࣓ࣛࣝ

࡛ࡢኟᏘఇᬤࢆ࣮ࣘࣔ࢔ࢆ஺࠼࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ண᝿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕࡑࡇ࡛ᙼࡽࡣḟࡢࡼࢣࣝ㤳┦ࡣࠊ⮬⏤໬࡬ྥࡅࡓᥦᦠࢆ⤌⧊ࡋࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢࢪࣕࢵࢡ࣭ࢩࣛࢡ኱⤫㡿ࢆ࠺࡟ゝ࠺࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㸸‘Non, mais, enfin, dites-nous la vérité, qu'est-ce qu'il mijote la, ceᏙ❧ࡉࡏࠊ㻯㻭㻼㻌ࢆ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࡀཷࡅධࢀࡸࡍ࠸ࡼ࠺࡟⦰ᑠࡍࡿྜព࡟Ḣᕞ㐃ྜࢆᘬ

Tony Blair?’㹙ࠕ࠾࠸ࠊ࠸࠸ຍῶ࡟ࡧࡃࡧࡃࡋ࡞࠸࡛ࠊᮏᙜࡢࡇ࡜ࢆゝ࠼ࠋࢺࢽ࣮࣭

ࡁධࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆຓ㛗ࡋࡓࠖ㸧ࠋࣈࣞ࢔ࡣఱࢆࡓࡃࡽࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࢇࡔ㸽ࠖ㹛ࠊࡑࡇ࡛⚾ࡣᙼࡽ࡟ 㻯㻭㻼㻌ࡣࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡟ࡣࡼ࠸

࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ௚ࡢᅜࠎ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㠀ᖖ࡟ᝏ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ࡜࡚ࡶぶࢆ㎰ᴗࡢಖㆤ࡜ᨭ᥼ࡢ᭦࡞ࡿ๐ῶ࡟ࡼࡿ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ㎰Ẹ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ⦆࿴ࡍTestimony of Michael Pellegrino, supra note 15, at 5㸦ࠕ㻱㼁㻌ࡣ㻌㻳㻵㻌࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸つ๎ษ࠿ࡘὀព῝ࡃㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡀࠊᙼࡽࡣ཭ዲⓗ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ࠶ࡿព࿡ࢆ㎸ࡵ࡞ࡀࡽࡿᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㸧ࠋఱᅇ࠿⚾ࢆࡓࡓࡃ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࠖMiles Kingston, A Traveller’s Guide to Anglo-FrenchDialogue, INDEP. (London), July 7, 2005, at 40.

ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ㎰Ẹࡢ཰ධࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅᆅ᪉ࡢ⤒῭ࠊ≉࡟࠶ࡲࡾඃ㐝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᆅᇦཪࡣ㐲㝸ᆅ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ┦ᙜ࡞฼┈࡜࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ㸧ࠋ

Heather Stewart, For George Bush, a Fair Deal Means What American Farmers De-

1992 Origins Regulation, supra note 142, pmbl.㸦ࠕ୍ᐃࡢ≉ᚩࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ⏘ရࢆ᣺⯆ࡍ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ࡢ㎰ሙ࡜୓ேࡢ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ࡢᚑᴗဨࡢ⏕࿨⥺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡋಖㆤࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢ౯್ࡣⴭࡋࡃ౵ᐖࡉࢀࡿࠋ㻱㻯 ࡢ┠ⓗࡣ࣡࢖ࣥࠊ⵨␃㓇ཬࡧࡑࡢ௚ࡢ㎰⏘≀ࡸ㣗ᩱရࡀࠊࡑࡢရ㉁ࠊ♫఍ⓗࡇࡢබᘧⓎ⾲ࡣḢᕞጤဨ఍ࡢᡓ␎ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊホ౯ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ≉ᛶࡀᙜヱ〇ရࡢᆅ⌮ⓗཎ⏘ᆅ࡜ఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘࡟

ࡑࡢ┿ࡢពᅗ࡜ࡣ࠿ࡅ㞳ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ࣡࢖ࣥ㍺ฟࡢ㸣ࡀ㻌୺࡜ࡋ࡚ᖐࡏࡽࢀࡿሙྜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡽ࡟ᑐࡍࡿබṇ࡞ᕷሙ࢔ࢡࢭ

㻳㻵㻌ࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ࣡࢖ࣥࡣࠊཝ᱁࡞㻌㻳㻵㻌ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ᭷

ࢫࡢᶵ఍ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࣡࢖ࣥ⏕⏘ᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㐣ཤᩘᖺ㛫࡟໭⡿࡜ⱥᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊ‫ئ‬ҩஊྙǛ‫ڂ‬ƬƯࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢබᘧⓎ⾲ࡣࠊ㻳㻵㻌ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀࡑࢀ⮬య࡛⏕ࡑࡋ࡚Ḣᕞጤဨ఍ࡣ㻌㻱㼁㻌ࡢ㎰Ẹ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠕࡲࡍࡲࡍ⮬⏤໬ࡍࡿୡ⏺࡛ࡣࠊ㻌⏘≀ࡢ౯್ࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྵពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ࡢࠕࢺࢫ࣮࢝ࣀࠖ

㻳㻵㻌ࡣᡃࠎࡢ⏕⏘⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚௚࡟㢮ࡢ࡞࠸㈨⏘࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ࡶ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

࢜࢖ࣝࡣᖺ࡟㻌㻳㻵㻌࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓩ㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠿ࡽ㸣ࡢࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒௜ࡁ࡛㈍኎

㧗⣭ရᚿྥࡢ㣗ᩱရࡸ࣡࢖ࣥࡑࡋ࡚㓇㢮ࡢ㈍኎ᗑ࡛㈙࠸≀ࢆࡍࡿே࡞

ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ௬ᐃ࡟ࡣ⿬௜ࡅࡀ࡞࠸ࠋ౯್ࢆ๰ฟࡍࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ

ࡽㄡ࡛ࡶ᩿ゝ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡔࡀࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ㣗ᩱရ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠕබṇ࡞ᕷሙ࣒ࡣࠕ㻳㻵ࠖࡸࠕ㻭㻻㻯࡛ࠖࣛ࣋ࣝࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ᕷሙ࡛ᛴ㏿࡟ᡂ㛗ࡋ࡚࠸࢔ࢡࢭࢫࠖࡣᐇ㝿ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࡣ㣗ᩱရࡢࠕ౯್ࡢࡿ 㻭㻯㻻 ࣡࢖ࣥࡣࢩ࡛ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ໭⡿࡜᪥ᮏ࡛ᕷሙ࡟ฟࡉࢀࡓ࣎ࢺ

ᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞㒊ศ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣၟᶆࡀ౯್ࢆࡶࡘࡢ࡜ྠࡌ⌮⏤ࠊࣝ࡟ࡣ⤫ไཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡢࣛ࣋ࣝࡣ௜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸦ࢩࣕࣥ࣌ࣥ఍♫ࡣᕷሙྠࡌ᪉ἲ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡑࢀࡣࣛ࣋ࣝࡀ௜ࡉࢀࡓ⏕⏘≀࡟⢭㏻ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡋ࡚㻌㻭㻻㻯㻌ࡢࣛ࣋ࣝࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࠊ࢝ࢼࢲ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᪥ᮏ

࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ேࠎ࡟ࣉ࣑ࣞ࢔࣒ࢆᨭᡶࢃࡏࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊᆅ⌮ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࡢࡓࡵ࡟࡯࡜ࢇ࡝᝟ሗࢆ௜ຍࡋ࡞࠸㸧ࠋࢫࢥࢵࢳ࢘࢖ࢫ࣮࢟࡜࢔

ⓗ࡞ྡ⛠ࡢ౯್ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࣈࣜࣗࢵࢭࣝࡢ㐠ືࡣࠊ࡝ࡇࡀࠕ㻿㼡㼞㼒㻌 㻯㼕㼠㼥㻘㻌࢖ࣜࢵࢩࣗ࢘࢖ࢫ࣮࢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝࡢ஦ᐇࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ᕷሙ࡟ฟࡉࢀ

㼁㻚㻿㻚㻭㻚ࠖ࡞ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚தࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔ࡢ  ࡘࣅ࣮ࡓࣈࣛࣥࢻࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࢃࡊࢃࡊࡑࢀࡽࡀಖㆤࡉࢀࡓᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࠕࠗ㻺㼑㼣㻌㼅㼛㼞㼗࠘ࢆ♧ࡍ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᶒ฼ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸
ࢳࢱ࢘ࣥࡸࠊ

᭩ࡇ࠺࡜ࡣƠƳƍࠋ
ࡇࡢබᘧⓎ⾲ࡣᑐእⓗ࡞ㄝᚓ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ᇦෆྥࡅࡢᨻ἞ⓗ࡞ゝㄝ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ㎰Ẹࡀ㧗⣭ရᚿྥࡢ㣗ᩱရ࡟⛣⾜࡛ࡁࢀࡤࠊ㎰ᴗࡢ㈠᫆⮬⏤໬࡟క࠺ຓᡂ㔠ࡢῶᑡࡣ㸦ࡼࡾ┦ᑐⓗ࡟㸧⪏࠼ࡽࢀ
Commission Proposal 625/02 of Dec. 16, 2002, Modalities in the WTO Agriculture

Negotiations 4, available at http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2005/september/tradoc_111447.pdf; accord Why Do Geographical Indications Matter to Us?, supra note 106,ࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜㻌㻱㼁㻌ࡢ㎰Ẹࢆㄝᚓࡍࡿྲྀ⤌ࡳࡢ୍㒊࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋḟat 3.

࡟㏙࡭ࡿㄽᣐࡣࠊᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࡢྡ⛠ࡢ⊂༨ⓗ౑⏝ᶒࡣࡑࢀࡽࡢ㧗⣭ရᚿྥࡢᕷሙࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿ㸦⊂༨ࡍࡿ㸧ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

Fernandez-Martos, European Commission Directorate-General Trade, Powerpoint Presen-ከࡃࡢ㎰⏘≀ࡢ౯್ࡢᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞㒊ศ࡜ࡋ࡚ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡶ

Why Do Geographical Indications Matter to Us?, supra note 106, at 4; see also Antonio

tation, Nov. 21, 2003, slide 5 (on file with author) Ḣᕞጤဨ఍ࡀࠊ
ࠕࡼࡾᗈ࠸ᩥゝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㻌㻳㻵ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ㻯㻭㻼㻌ᨵ㠉ࠖࢆ㡯┠࡟ᥖࡆࡿࠕ㻳㻵㻌࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㻌㻱㻯㻌ࡢ┠ⓗࠖ࡜࠸࠺࣊ࢵࢹ
࢕ࣥࢢࡢ࠶ࡿࢫࣛ࢖ࢻ࡛ࠊ㻳㻵㻌ಖㆤࡢᙉ໬ࡀ㻌㻯㻭㻼㻌⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ⦰ᑠࢆ┦ẅࡍࡿᡭẁ࡜ࡋ

࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆබᘧ࡟ㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋWhy Do Geographical Indications Matter to Us?, supra note 106, at 1.





See Brown, supra note 215 ࢩࣕࣥ࣌ࣥࢆ㝖࠸࡚ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ࣡࢖ࣥ㍺ฟ㢠ࡣࠊࠕ᝺

at A1 ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔ࡢࣁࣥࢸ࢕ࣥࢺࣥࣅ࣮ࢳ࡜ࢧࣥࢱࢡࣝࢫࡣࠕSurf City, USAࠖ᠋ࡓࡿࠖྲྀᘬࡢ≧ែࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡓᖺࡢᚋࠊᖺ࠿ࡽᖺࡢ㛫࡟㸣ῶᑡ

࡜ࠕOriginal Surf City, USAࠖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿၟᶆᶒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚தࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡔࡀࡇࡢ⣮த࡛

Kimi Yoshino, Two Surf Cities Claim the Same Wave of PR, L.A. TIMES, Jan. 31, 2005,ࡋࡓ Nassauer & Lawton, supra note 215 ྜ⾗ᅜ࡬ࡢࣇࣛࣥࢫ࣡࢖ࣥࡢ㍺ฟ㔞ࡣࠊࡣࠊ ࡘࡢᆅ᪉⮬἞యࡀᆅ⌮ⓗ࡞࿧⛠ࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅࡔࡀࠊከᑡ࡞ࡾ

ࢩࣕࣥ࣌ࣥࢆ㝖࠸࡚ࠊᖺ࡟㸣ࠊᖺ࡟ࡣ㸣௨ୖୗⴠࡋࡓ ࠋ࡜ࡶࢨ࣭ࣅ࣮ࢳ࣭࣮࣎࢖ࢬ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ࡿࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡᕷࠊࡑࡋ࡚ㄡࡀ┿ࡢࠕ㻿㼡㼚㼟㼑㼠㻌㻿㼠㼞㼕㼜ࠖࢆಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿

ࢫࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᙜヱཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗Ṇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓ

࡟㛵ࡋ࡚தࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࣁࣜ࢘ࢵࢻ࡜すࣁࣜ࢘ࢵࢻ࡜␗࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࡵࠊ࢖ࣦ࣭ࢧࣥ㸻࣮ࣟࣛࣥࡣࢩࣕࣥ࣌ࣥࢆ㧗⣭ရᚿྥࡢ㤶Ỉࡢྡ๓࡜ࡋ࡚

ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡜࠸࠺ࠕ௚࡟㢮ࡢ࡞࠸㈨⏘ࠖ࠿ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿ⊂༨ࡢࣞࣥࢺࢆ᭱኱

౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ࣮࢜ࢺࢡࢳ࣮ࣗࣝࡢ఍♫ࡣࠊࢩࣕࣥ

໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ㻱㼁㻌ࡢ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ᏶඲࡟⌮࡟࠿࡞࠺ࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ┠ⓗࡣࠊ࣌ࣥ࡜࠸࠺ྡ⛠࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕୡ⏺ⓗ࡞ホุࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ఍♫࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ၟရ໬ࡉ

D࣡࢖ࣥ࡜⵨␃㓇࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᪤࡟౛ࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸧ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ㻌㻳㻵㻌࡟㛵ࡍࡿ

ࢀࡿ㉕ἑ࡞〇ရ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢྡ⛠ࡢ౯್ࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡓࡾࠊᙅయ໬ࡉࡏࡓ

ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞ಖㆤ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ〇ရࢆ≉ᐃࡋࡓ୙ṇ౑⏝ᇶ‽࡬࡜ᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡇ

ࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣋ࣝࢠ࣮ἲ

࡜ࢆᮃࡴḢᕞ㐃ྜࠊ E໭࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡀ㎰⏘≀ agroalimentaire ࡢศ㔝࡛࡛ࡣࠊཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡀ࠸ࡗࡓࢇᢎㄆࡉࢀࡓሙྜࠊཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡢࠕᑐ㇟࡜ࡉࢀ

ࡼࡾከࡃࡢ⊂༨ⓗࣞࣥࢺࢆࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡟ாཷࡍࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿ㸧ၟᶆࡼࡾࡶ㻌࡚࠸࡞࠸〇ရࠖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙜヱᩥゝࡢ౑⏝ࡶ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࡋࠊຍ࠼࡚ࠊᾘ㈝⪅㻳㻵㻌ࡀඃ఩ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿḢᕞ㐃ྜࠊ F ከࡃࡢᅜ࡛ᬑ㏻ྡ⛠࡜࡞ࡢΰྠࡶᚲせ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ┦ᙜᩘࡢᆅ⌮ⓗ࡞⏝ㄒࢆྲྀࡾᡠࡍࡇ࡜ࢆồࡵࡿḢᕞ㐃ྜࡢែᗘ

ࡑࢀ⮬య࡟᫂ⓑ࡟⾲ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢⅬࡢྛࠎ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௨ୗ࡛ྲྀࡾୖ



ࡆࡿࠋ

᳛Შ཯ҩႎȬȳȈƷஇ‫҄ٻ‬ƷƨǊŴᾖᾘ ƴƸՠ೅ƴ‫ݣ‬৴Ƣǔໜǋԃǉ̬ᜱƷ࠼ƍ‫ࡨٳ‬ǛஊƢǔƜƱƴƳǖƏࡶࡋ࠶࡞ࡓࡀᕷሙࡢྲྀᘬ࡟࠾࠸࡚ၟᶆ࡟㢗ࡿྲྀᘬ┦ᡭ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᆅ⌮ⓗ

C. CON. art. L. 115-5; BERTRAND, supra note 20, at 147.ࡑࢀ࡜ᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜

ࡶ࣋ࣝࢠ࣮ࡢ࠶ࡿ⿢ุᡤࡣࠊᙜヱࣅ࣮ࣝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿၟᶆࡣ⤫ไཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡀ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡣ࣋ࣝࢠ࣮ࡀ࣡࢖ࣥࢆ⏕⏘ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟
ΰྠࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤࠿ࡽࠊࠕࣈࣝࢦ࣮ࢽ࣭ࣗࢹ࣭ࣇࣛࣥࢻࣝ Bourgogne desFlandres㸧ࠖ㹙ࣇࣛࣥࢲ࣮ࢫࡢࣂ࣮࢞ࣥࢹ࢕㹛࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࣅ࣮ࣝࢆㄆࡵࡓࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
BERTRAND, supra note 20, at 147.


Cour d’appel[CA]>ᆅ᪉ࡢ᥍ッ㝔@Paris, 1e ch., Dec. 15, 1993, D. 1994, 145, note le⾲♧࡜࠸࠺၏୍ࡢ࢔ࢻࣂࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡓሙྜࠊ㻳㻵㻌࡟ၟᶆ࡟

Tourneau ࢖ࣦ࣭ࢧࣥ㸻࣮ࣟࣛࣥ࡟ࡼࡿᙜヱᩥゝࡢ౑⏝ࡣࠕࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࡢ⏕⏘ᑐࡍࡿఱࡽ࠿ࡢඃ఩ᛶࢆࡶࡓࡏࡓ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࠶ࡿ⪅ࡀ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ⪅࡜ᕷሙ࡛኎㈙ࡍࡿேࠎࡔࡅࡀࠊ࣡࢖ࣥࢆၟရ໬ࡍࡿ㝿࡟฼⏝ࡋ࠼ࡓホุࢆ㌿⏝ࠖࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࠕḢᕞඹྠయࡣၟᶆ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࡢ୍ᐃࡢඃ㉺ᛶࢆ௬ᐃࡋࡓ
ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ಖㆤࡢᴫᛕࢆᚑ᮶࠿ࡽ㏣ồࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡢࡣᙜ↛ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶᗄࡘ࠿ࡢ㻌㻱㼁㻌ᇦෆᅜࡢἲᚊ࡛ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿⴭྡၟᶆ

ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ุ᩿ࡋࡓ ࠋOLSZAK, supra note 19, at 46.

Loi du 14 juillet 1991 sur les pratiques du commerce et sur l’information et la protection

du consommateur>ྲྀᘬ័⾜ཬࡧᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ᝟ሗ࡜ಖㆤ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᖺ  ᭶᪥ࡢἲ

ࡢࢲ࢖࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥಖㆤ࡜ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶྠࡌ࠿࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡑࢀࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ⛬ᗘᚊ@, Chapitre III, art. 20(3), available at http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/fr/be/be054fr.

࡟㻌㻳㻵㻌ࡢಖㆤࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓಖㆤ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᆅ⌮ⓗ࡞ゝⴥ࡟㛵ࡍhtml (“Il est interdit ... (3) de fabriquer, d’offrir en vente et de vendre sous une appellationࡿΰྠࢆ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ၟᴗⓗ࡞౑⏝ࡶ᤼㝖ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ

d’origine des produits non couverts par une attestation d’origine lorsqu’une telle attestation౛࠼ࡤࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫἲࡣ㢮ఝࡢ〇ရࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠕᙜヱ౑⏝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡢホุࢆ㌿⏝ࡋࠊཪࡣᙅࡵࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡎࢀࡢၟရཪࡣࢧ࣮ࣅ

est requise.”).࣋ࣝࢠ࣮ἲࡣಖㆤࡉࢀࡓཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ⩻ヂࡶ᫂☜࡟⚗Ṇࡋ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ Id. art. 21(3) (“L'emploi abusif d'une appellation d'origine reste interdit
nonobstant ... l’utilisation de mots étranger lorsque ces mots ne sont que la traduction d’uneappellation d’origine ou sont susceptibles de créer une confusion avec une appellation

d’origine.”).ࡲࡓࠊཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠࡜ඹ࡟ࠕᵝᘧ 㼟㼠㼥㼘㼑 ࠖཪࡣࠕᆺ 㼠㼥㼜㼑 ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᩥゝ

Thomas S. Mulligan, The Big Apple Wants Its Slice, L.A. TIMES, Feb. 22, 2005, at A9.ࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌༠ᐃ➨᮲ࡢᇶ‽ࢆࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ〇ရ࡟㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡼBob Pool, W. Hollywood Stakes Claim to Sunset Strip, L.A. TIMES, Aug. 16, 2004, at࠺࡟ᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋId. art. 21(1) (“L'emploi abusif d'une appellation d'origine reste

B1.


Goebel, supra note 128, at 973.

interdit nonobstant ... l’adjonction de termes quelconques à ladite appellation d’origine
notamment de termes rectificatifs, tels que ‘genre,’ ‘type,’ ‘façon,’ ‘similaire.’”).ཎ⏘ᆅつ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ࡶࡋࢲ࢖࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥ࡟㢮ఝࡍࡿ࠿ࠕࢲ࢖࣮ࣜࣗࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࣉࣛࢫࠖ࡜ྠ

࣋࢞ࢫࡢࢥ࣮ࣛࢫ࣮࢞ࣝࢆ࿧ࡪࡓࡵ࡟ࠕࢩࣕࣥ࣌ࣥ 㻯㼔㼍㼙㼜㼍㼓㼚㼑㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⛬ᗘࡢಖㆤࡀ௚ࡢㅖᅜ࡛ᑟධࡉࢀࡓሙྜࠊࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗᆅ༊ࡢ࣡࢖ࣥ⏕༢ㄒࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ೵Ṇࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡟࠾

⏘⪅ࡣࠊ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔ࡢ 㻯㻴㻭㻹㻼㻭㻳㻺㻱 ࡜࠸࠺࢝ࣇ࢙ࢳ࢙

ࡅࡿᙉຊ࡞㻌㻳㻵㻌ἲࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࡣ᫏˩Ƣǔࡍ࡭࡚ࡢၟᴗୖࡢ౑⏝࣮ࣥࠊ㼀㻱㼄㻭㻿㻌 㻯㻴㻭㻹㻼㻭㻳㻺㻱 ࡜࠸࠺࣍ࢵࢺࢯ࣮ࢫ ࠊࢫࢸ࢕࣮࣒࣮࣎ࢺ࣭

࠿ࡽಖㆤࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ㻌㻳㻵㻌ἲ࡜ၟᶆἲ࡜ࡀᦶ᧿ࡍࡿ㒊ศࢆቑຍࡉࡏ

ࢫࣉࣜࣥࢢࢫ࡟࠶ࡿ 㻯㻴㻭㻹㻼㻭㻳㻺㻱㻌㻼㻻㼃㻰㻱㻾 ࡜࠸࠺ࢫ࣮࢟ࣜࢰ࣮ࢺࠊ࢝

ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ஺㘒ࡍࡿ⟠ᡤ࡛ࡣ㻌㻳㻵㻌ࡀඃໃ࡜࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ࢜ࣝࢫࢨࢵ

ࢼࢲࡢ 㻮㼁㻮㻮㻸㻱㻿㻙㼀㻴㻱㻌 㻯㻴㻭㻹㻼㻭㻳㻺㻱㻌 㻻㻲㻌 㻯㻭㻾㻌 㼃㻭㻿㻴㻱㻿 ࠊ࣮ࣖࢻ࣮ࣞࣟ

ࢡᩍᤵࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࠕࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡢ⤯ᑐᛶࡣࠊၟᶆἲࡀ

ࣥࢻࣥࡢᾎ⏝▼㮯ࡢၟᶆ࡛࠶ࡿ 㻯㻴㻭㻹㻼㻭㻳㻺㻱㻌 㻾㻻㻿㻱ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࢫ࢖ࢫࡢ

ࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞ࣇࣞ࢟ࢩࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࢆࡶࡘࡇ࡜࡜ᑐ↷ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ㺁ࠋ

㻿㻯㻴㻭㼁㻹㻼㻭㻳㻺㻱㻾 ࡜࠸࠺Ἳ❧࡚๣ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦ࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽ

ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࡢᙉᅛ࡞ಖㆤࡣࠊ
ࠕ୙ṇ౑⏝ 㼡㼟㼡㼞㼜㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㸧ࠖཪࡣࢲ࢖

ࣗᆅᇦࡢ⏕⏘⪅ࡣᖺ࡟ࢪࣗࢿ࣮ࣈࡢ⿢ุᡤ࡟࠾ࡅࡿッゴ࡛ࡇࡢ᭱ᚋ

࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㠀ᖖ࡟ᗈ⠊࡞ᶒ฼ࡢእᘏࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟

ࡢ୺ᙇࢆ༷ୗࡉࢀࡓ㸧ࠋ₯ᅾⓗ࡟ࡣࠊᙼࡽࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ஦᱌࡟࠾

ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊಖㆤࡉࢀࡓཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡣỴࡋ࡚ၟᶆ࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜

࠸࡚ࡶࠊᾘ㈝⪅࡟ࡼࡿΰྠࡢせ௳࡞ࡋ࡟ࠊ⃰࠸㯤Ⰽࡢቨࡢ࣌ࣥ࢟Ⰽࡸࣛࢫ

࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉࡟㏆࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡑࢀ࡜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊᆅ⌮ⓗ࡞ゝⴥࡀド᫂ၟ
๎➨᮲ D ⮬యࠊ㻼㻰㻻㼟㻌ཬࡧ㻌㻼㻳㻵㻌ࡢ཮᪉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕࡑࢀࡽࡢ〇ရࡀⓏ㘓ࡉࢀࡓ〇ရ࡟㢮ఝࡋ͐ӍƸࡑࡢ౑⏝ࡀಖㆤࡉࢀࡓྡ⛠ࡢホุࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿ㝈ࡾ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊⓏ

ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ಖㆤࡉࢀࡿሙྜࠊࢲ࢖࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥ࠿ࡽࡢಖㆤࡢሙྜࢆ㝖࠸࡚ࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡢΰྠࡢ࠾ࡑࢀࡀ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊ➨୕⪅ࡣࡑࡢゝⴥࢆၟᴗⓗ࡟౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ㻵㻰㻭㻴㻻㻌㻿㻯㻵㻱㻺㼀㻵㻲㻵㻯 ࡜࠸࠺ၟᶆࡣࠊࢪࣕ࢞࢖

㘓࡟ྵࡲ࡞࠸ၟရࢆ┤᥋ⓗཪࡣ㛫᥋ⓗ࡟ࠊⓏ㘓ࡋࡓྡ⛠ࡢ฼⏝ࢆၟᴗୖ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇࣔࡢド᫂ၟᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࢔࢖ࢲ࣍ 㻵㼐㼍㼔㼛 ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ΰྠࢆ⏕ࡌࡿࡼ࡜ࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᅜෆἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ಖㆤࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࢆせồࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋཎ⏘ᆅつ๎➨࠺࡞㢮ఝᛶࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㻯㻻㻳㻺㻭㻯 ࡣࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢド᫂ၟᶆ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡀࠊ᮲ E ࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ㻌㻼㻰㻻㼟㻌ཬࡧ㻌㻼㻳㻵㻌ࡀࠕᙜヱ〇ရࡢ┿ࡢཎ⏘ᆅࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ

ሬ⿦ᴗࡢ఍♫ࡀࢦ࣮ࣝࢻⰍࡢ୰ࡢ  ࡘࢆࠕࢥࢽࣕࢵࢡ 㼏㼛㼓㼚㼍㼏 ࠖ࡜ྡ௜ࡅ

ሙྜࠊཪࡣಖㆤࡉࢀࡓྡ⛠ࡀ⩻ヂࡉࢀࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕᵝᘧ 㼟㼠㼥㼘㼑 ࠖࠊࠕᆺ 㼠㼥㼜㼑 ࠖࠊࠕ᪉ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆጉࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋド᫂ၟᶆࡀࢲ࢖࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥಖㆤࡢࡓࡵࠊࠕᶍ㐀 㼕㼙㼕㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㸧ࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕ㢮ఝ 㼟㼕㼙㼕㼘㼍㼞㸧ࠖἲ㸦㼙㼑㼠㼔㼛㼐㸧ࠖࠊࠕ㹼⏘ 㼍㼟㻌㼜㼞㼛㼐㼡㼏㼑㼐㻌㼕㼚㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞⾲⌧ࢆకࡗ࡚౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡶྠᵝ࡟ࠊㄗ⏝ࠊഇ㐀࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣႏ㉳ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠖ࠿ࡽᗈࡃಖㆤࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ


U.S. Trademark Registration No. 1,526,014 (filed Feb. 21, 1989) 㻔㼀㻱㼄㻭㻿㻌 㻯㻴㻭㻹㻙㻼㻭㻳㻺㻱㻌࡜࠸࠺ド᫂ၟᶆࡣ㻌㼀㼑㼤㼤㼟㼠㼍㼞㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼡㼞㼏㼑㼟㻌㻔㼁㻿㻭㻕㻘㻌㻵㼚㼏㻚㻌ࡀᡤ᭷ ࠋ᫂☜࡟ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊḢᕞ㐃ྜࡣࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ༠ᐃ➨᮲ ࢆࣇࣛࣥࢫἲཬࡧࣜࢫ࣎ࣥ༠ᐃ➨  ᮲࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡿᗈ⠊࡞୙ṇ౑⏝ࡢᇶ‽࡬࡜ᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᥦ᱌ƠƯƍƳƍࠋḢᕞ㐃ྜࡢ⌧ᅾࡢጼໃࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚

Canadian Trademark Registration No. TMA375924 (filed Nov. 16, 1990) 㻮㼁㻮㻮㻸㻱㻿㻌࡜࿧ࡪࡶࡢࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡑࡢ〇ရࡢศ㢮ෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡢࡳඃ఩ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ᪉㼀㻴㻱㻌 㻯㻴㻭㻹㻼㻭㻳㻺㻱㻌 㻻㻲㻌 㻯㻭㻾㻌 㼃㻭㻿㻴㻱㻿㻌 㻭㻺㻰㻌 㻰㻱㻿㻵㻳㻺㻌࡜࠸࠺ド᫂ၟᶆࡣ㻌㻮㼡㼎㼎㼘㼑㼟㻌 㻵㼚㻙㼠㼑㼞㼚㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼍㼘㻌㻯㼍㼞㻌㼃㼍㼟㼔㻌㻯㼛㼞㼜㻚㻌ࡀᡤ᭷ ࠋࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊⴭྡ࡜࡞ࡗࡓド᫂ၟᶆ࡟ࡶࠕඃඛᛶࠖࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

㻯㻴㻭㻹㻼㻭㻳㻺㻱㻌

U.S. Trademark Registration No. 2,456,466 (filed May 29, 2001)㻼㻻㼃㻰㻱㻾㻌࡜࠸࠺ド᫂ၟᶆࡣ㻌㻿㼠㼑㼍㼙㼎㼛㼍㼠㻌㻿㼗㼕㻌㻒㻌㻾㼑㼟㼛㼞㼠㻌㻯㼛㼞㼜㻚㻌ࡀᡤ᭷ ࠋࡢ༑ศ࡞ⴭྡᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢၟᶆ࡜ၟᶆୖࡢ౑⏝ࡣಖㆤ

Canadian Trademark Registration No. TMA430664 (filed July 22, 1994) 㻯㻴㻭㻹㻙ࡢ㻌㻳㻵㻌ࡢಖㆤ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ➹⪅ࡀ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ〇ရࢆ≉ᐃࡋࡓ୙ṇ౑⏝ᇶ‽ࠖἲࢆᶍ⣴ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࣈࣜࣗࢵࢭࣝࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ


㻼㻭㻳㻺㻱㻌㻾㻻㻿㻱㻌࡜࠸࠺ド᫂ၟᶆࡣ㻌㻹㼡㼑㼘㼔㼑㼚㼟㻌㻳㻹㻮㻴㻌㻒㻌㻯㼛㻚㻌ࡀᡤ᭷ ࠋOLSZAK, supra note 19, at 46.





BERTRAND, supra note 20, at 147 (“L’antinomie des notions de marque et d’appellation

OLSZAK, supra note 19, at 37–38.⡿ᅜ࡛࠸࠼ࡤ㻌㻾㻻㼅㻭㻸㻌㻮㻭㻵㻺㻌㻰㻱㻌㻯㻴㻭㻹㻼㻭㻳㻺㻱㻌ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢫ࢖ࢫࡢ〇ရࡀ┦ᙜࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋU.S. Trademark Registration No.

d’origine conduit à la prohibition du dépôt de l’appellation d’origine à titre de marque.”).

0856169 (filed Apr. 4, 1967) 㻾㻻㼅㻭㻸㻌㻮㻭㻵㻺㻌㻰㻱㻌㻯㻴㻭㻹㻼㻭㻳㻺㻱㻌࡜࠸࠺ド᫂ၟᶆࡣ 㻼㼍㼞㻙㼒㼡㼙㼟㻌㻯㼍㼞㼛㼚㻌㻶㼛㼕㼚㼠㻌㻿㼠㼛㼏㼗㻌㻯㼛㻚㻌ࡀᡤ᭷ ࠋ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋSee General Council Trade Negotiations Committee, Doha➨᮲  ࡣࠕ୙ṇ౑⏝ࠖ࡜ࡣ㏙࡭࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊḢᕞ㐃ྜࡀࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟⌮ゎࡋ࡚ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ᙜヱ㻌㻳㻵㻌ࡢ〇ရศ㢮ෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿᨻᗓࡀᢎㄆࡋࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞㻌㻳㻵㻌࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡛  ༓ᖺ௨ୖ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚⏕⏘ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊᖺ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚Ҿင‫ע‬᪤Ꮡࡢၟᶆࡀ᤼㝖ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡶᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ

Ԡᆅ࡜఩⨨௜ࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋ࣡࢖ࣥ࡜⵨␃㓇࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ࣇࣛࣥࢫ

ࡇࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㻌㻱㼁㻌ᥦ᱌ࡢࡶࡘᝏᙳ㡪ࡢࢥࢫࢺࢆ⟬ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴ࡢ㻌㻭㻻㻯㻌ࡀ๭ྜ࡟ᐃᮇⓗ࡟௜୚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㻳㻵㻌ࡀࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᅜ࡛ᨻ⟇ⓗ࡜࡞ࡿࠋᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞㻌㻳㻵㻌ࡢ᏶඲࡞⠊ᅖࡀศ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࡢ࡜ࡇᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ⓨᒎࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࡀ୙᫂☜࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ㻳㻵㻌ࡢၟࢁ㻌㻳㻵㻌ࡣḢᕞ㐃ྜ࡟ࡼࡿ㎰ᴗᨻ⟇ࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡈࡃ᭱㏆ྲྀࡾධࢀࡽࢀࡓࡶ

ᶆ࡟ᑐࡍࡿඃඛࢆㄆࡵࡿᥦ᱌࡬ࡢᠱᛕࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔࡛ࡣ࢟ࣕࣥࢸ࢕࡯࡝ࡢ⏤⥴࠶ࡿ࣡࢖࡛ࣥࡉ࠼ࠊᖺ

㻳㻵㻌ࡢᆅ఩ࡀ༢࡟࠶ࡿᅜࡢᨻᗓࡢỴᐃ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡋࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ 㼃㼀㻻ࡲ࡛ಖㆤࡉࢀࡓཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ denominazione ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛

ࡢຍ┕ᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ಖㆤ⩏ົࢆㄢࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊྛຍ┕ᅜࡢᅜෆἲไᗘ࡟

ࡣࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞㻌㻳㻵㻌ࡢ⏕ࡌࡿࠊࡺࡗࡃࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ╔ᐇ࡞ὶࢀࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃ

࠾࠸࡚ၟᶆᶒ⪅ࡀ฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿู㏵ࡢᑂᰝࡶ࡞࠸ࡢࡔ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࢀࡿࠋ௳௨ୖࡢࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢳ࣮ࢬࡢಖㆤཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ⏕ࡲ࡟ၟᶆ࡬ࡢඃ఩ᛶࢆ୚࠼ࡿไᗘࡣ≉࡟ཷࡅධࢀ㞴࠸ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ

ࢀ࡚࠿ࡽᖺ௨ୖࡢࡶࡢࡣ௳ࡋ࠿࡞࠸ ࠋ࣐࣮࢝ࣥ࣋ࣝࡀಖㆤࡉࢀࡓ㻌ࡇ࡜ࡀ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ༠ᐃࡢ஺΅࡟࠾ࡅࡿḢᕞ㐃ྜࡢᥦ᱌ࡢᮏ㉁࡟࠶ࡿࠋ

㻭㻻㻯㸦࣐࣮࣭࢝ࣥ࣋ࣝࢻ࣭ࣀ࣐ࣝࣥࢹ࢕㸧࡟ຍࢃࡗࡓࡢࡣᖺ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚

࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠᵝ࡟࢝ࣥࢱ࣭ࣝࢳ࣮ࢬࡶࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ࣮ࣦ࢙࢜ࣝࢽࣗᆅ᪉

᳜Შ཯ҩႎȬȳȈƷஇ‫҄ٻ‬ƷƨǊŴᾔᾤ Ƹ୍ᡫӸᆅ҄Ơƨ‫ྸע‬ႎƳဇᛖƷ
Work Programme䠉The Extension of the Additional Protection for Geographic Indicationsžӕ৏ƠſǛƢǔƴᢌƍƳƍ㎰ᴗ㒊㛛ࡢࡓࡵ࡟㻌㻳㻵㻌࡟ࡼࡿ⊂༨ⓗࣞࣥࢺࢆ๰ฟࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺㢪ᮃ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ

to Products Other than Wines and Spirits, WT/GC/W/540/Rev.1, TN/C/W/21/Rev.1, at 3Ḣᕞ㐃ྜ࡟ࡼࡿ௳ࡢᆅ⌮ⓗ࡞⏝ㄒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠕྲྀᡠࡋࠖࣜࢫࢺࡀᥦฟࡉࢀ

(Dec. 14 2004) ࣈࣝ࢞ࣜ࢔ࠊḢᕞඹྠయࠊࢠࢽ࢔ࠊ࢖ࣥࢻࠊࢣࢽ࢔ࠊࣜࣄࢸࣥࢩࣗ

ࡓ⌮⏤ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣜࢫࢺࡣࠊḢᕞ㐃ྜࡢ؏ϋưǋᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟ᬑ㏻ࢱ࢖ࣥࠊ࣐ࢲ࢞ࢫ࢝ࣝࠊࣔࣝࢻࣂࠊ࣮࣐ࣝࢽ࢔ࠊࢫ࢖ࢫࠊࢱ࢖ཬࡧࢺࣝࢥ࡟ࡼࡿఏ

ྡ⛠࡜ࡋ࡚౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕࣇ࢙ࢱ 㻲㼑㼠㼍㸧ࠖ࡜ࠕࣃ࣓ࣝࢨࣥ 㻼㼍㼞㼙㼑㼟㼍㼚㸧ࠖ㐩஦㡯 㸦ࠕ㻳㻵㻌ࡢᣑᙇࡣࠊᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୙ṇ౑⏝࡜㐪ἲ࡞౑⏝ࢆ೵Ṇࡉࡏࡿᶒ฼ᇳ⾜ᡭ⥆࡟࠾ࡅࡿ❧ド㈐௵ࡢ⦆࿴ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ㻳㻵㻌࡟ಀࡿ〇ရࡢṇᙜ࡞⏕⏘⪅ࡢッゴ

ࢥࢫࢺࢆᢚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㺁 Trade Negotiations Committee, Statement byࡲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋSee OLSZAK, supra note 19, at 20 n.23.

Switzerland-Joint Statement by the GI-Friends Group, TN/C/4 (July 13, 2004) ➨᮲ MASUI & YAMADA, supra note 37, at 94–96.

࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕ࣡࢖ࣥཬࡧ⵨␃㓇௨እࡢ〇ရࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀฟᡤࡸရ㉁ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸〇ရࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣᖺ࠿ࡽᖺࡢ㛫ࡔࡅ࡛ࡶ࣡࢖ࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ  ௳ࡢ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚౵ᐖࡉࢀࠊࡓࡔ஌ࡾࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠖࡓࡵࠊ㻳㻵 ࢆࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ〇ရ࡟ᣑᙇ᪂ࡋ࠸ཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡀຍࢃࡗࡓࠋGARDAN, supra note 211, at 135 ࣦ࢓ࢣࣛࢫ ࣛࣥࢢࢻࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࢵࢡᆅ᪉ࠊ ࠊࢡ࣐࣭ࣞࣥࢻ࣭࣒࣮ࢗࣜ ࢫࢗࢻ࣭࢚࢘ࢫࢺᆅ᪉ࠊ ࠊࣇࣟOSBORNE, supra note 212, at 219.

ࢵࢡ࣭ࢻ࣭࢞ࢫࢥ࣮ࢽࣗ ࢫࢗࢻ࣭࢚࢘ࢫࢺᆅ᪉ࠊ ࠊ࣐ࣝࢩࣕࢵࢡ ࢫࢗࢻ࣭

MASUI & YAMADA, supra note 37, at 28. ࣐࣮࢝ࣥ࣋ࣝࡢ࡯࠿ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᖺ㛫࢚࢘ࢫࢺᆅ᪉ࠊ ࠊ࣏࣮࣭ࣔࢻ࣭ࣀ࣐ࣝࣥࢹ࢕ ࣀ࣐ࣝࣥࢹ࢕ᆅ᪉ࠊ

ࠋ࡟௜୚ࡉࢀࡓࢳ࣮ࢬࡢཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠࡟ࡣࠊ࣮ࣟࢾ࢔ࣝࣉࢫᆅ᪉㸦ࣇࣛࣥࢫ㸧ࡢࣈ࣮࣭ࣝ

ᖺ࡟ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ  ௳ࡢ㻌㻭㻻㻯㻌࣡࢖ࣥࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSee Une A.O.C. pour les rougesࢹ࣭࣮࣭ࣗ࢜ࢪࣗࣛ  ࣑ࢹ࢕࣭ࣆࣞࢿ࣮ᆅ᪉㸦ࣇࣛࣥࢫ㸧ࡢࣈ࣮࣭ࣝࢹ࣭ࢥ

de Limoux, VINS MAG., Winter 2002, at 10; see also MCINERNEY, supra note 241, at 37.ᙼ

࣮ࢫ  ࣮ࣦ࢙࢜ࣝࢽࣗᆅ᪉㸦ࣇࣛࣥࢫ㸧ࡢ࢝ࣥࢱࣝ  ࢖࣭ࣝࢻ࣭ࣇࣛ

ࡣࣈࣝࢦ࣮ࢽࣗࡢ࣐ࢥࣥᆅᇦ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋࠊࠕࣦ࢕࣭ࣞࢡࣞࢵࢭࡢཎ⏘ᆅ࿧⛠ࡀࣥࢫᆅ᪉㸦ࣇࣛࣥࢫ㸧ࡢࣈ࣭ࣜࢻ࣭࣒ࣛࣥ  ࣑ࢹ࢕࣭ࣆࣞࢿ࣮ᆅ᪉㸦ࣇࣛࣥࡼ࠺ࡸࡃᢎㄆࡉࢀࠊᖺ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚ࡇࡢ≉ู࡞ᮧ࡛⏘ฟࡉࢀࡓ࣡࢖ࣥ࡟౑⏝ࢫ㸧ࡢ࣐ࣟ࢝ࢻ࣮ࢗࣝ  ࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋId.

ࡉࢀࡓࠖࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋId.





Id. at 92. ᐇ㝿࡟ࠊࠕ࣐࣮࢝ࣥ࣋ࣝ 㼏㼍㼙㼑㼙㼎㼑㼞㼠㸧ࠖ⮬యࡣࠊᖺ࡟࢜ࣝࣞ࢔ࣥࡢ

Lerosier, supra note 38 ࢻࣥࣇࣟࣥࢸᆅ༊ࡣࠊᖺ᭶᪥࡟࢝ࣝࣂࢻࢫ

⿢ุᡤ࡛ᬑ㏻ྡ⛠࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ุ᩿ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㻭㻻㻯㻌࡜ࡋ࡚⟶⌮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ࣐࢝ࣥ

㼏㼍㼘㼢㼍㼐㼛㼟 ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㻌㻭㻻㻯ࠊᖺ᭶᪥࡟࣏࣡ࣞ 㼜㼛㼕㼞㽴㸧㹙ࣜࣥࢦ࡜すὒࢼࢩࢆ࣋

࣮࣭࣋ࣝࢻ࣭ࣀ࣐ࣝࣥࢹ࢕ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࠕ࣐࣮࢝ࣥ࣋ࣝࠖࡣᬑ㏻ྡ⛠࡜ࡉࢀࡓࡲ

࣮ࢫ࡜ࡋࡓ⵨␃㓇㹛࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㻌㻭㻻㻯㻌ࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ࡜࠸࠺  ࡘࡢ⏝ㄒࢆྵࡴⅬ࡛ᗄศ࠿ࡢ⓶⫗ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࠕࣇ࢙ࢱࠖ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗࠊࣇ࢙ࢱࠊࣂ࣮࣎ࣥ㸸ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿάⓎ࡞㆟ㄽ 㻴㼡㼓㼔㼑㼟 ࡣ ࡑ ࡢ 〇 ရ ࡟ ࠕ ࣃ ࣝ ࣓ ࢨ ࣥ 㢼 㼜㼍㼞㼙㼑㼟㼍㼚㻙㼘㼕㼗㼑 ࠖࠊࠕ ࣃ ࣝ ࣓ ࢨ ࣥ ᵝ ᘧࢠࣜࢩ࢔ᨻᗓࡀཎ⏘ᆅつ๎࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᖺ࡟ 㻼㻰㻻 ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙜヱᩥゝࢆ㼜㼍㼞㼙㼑㼟㼍㼚㻙㻌㼟㼠㼥㼘㼑 ࠖࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᾘ㈝⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚〇ရࡢ≉ᚩࢆຠ⋡ⓗ࡟ఏ㐩ࡍⓏ㘓ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࠊࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫཬࡧⱥᅜᨻᗓ࠿ࡽ

ࡿఱࡽ࠿ࡢ⾲♧ࢆࣛ࣋ࣝ࡟௜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ

␗㆟ࡀ⏦ࡋ❧࡚ࡽࢀࡓࠋࢠࣜࢩ࢔ࡣᖺ࡟Ḣᕞྖἲ⿢ุᡤ࡛᭱⤊ⓗ࡟຾࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠᵝ࡟ࠊࣞࢫࢺ࡛ࣛࣥᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ᕷ㈍ࡢຍᕤ㣗ရ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆၥ

฼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࢃࡎࠊᖜᗈ࠸ᩱ⌮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢྡ⛠࡟ࠕࣃ࣓ࣝࢨࣥࠖࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇࠕࣃ࣓ࣝࢨࣥࠖࡶ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ࡣᬑ㏻ྡ⛠࡜ࡋ࡚౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚

࡜㸦ࠕ࢚ࢵࢢࣉࣛࣥࢺ࣭ࣃ࣓ࣝࢨࣥࠖࠊࠕࢳ࣭࢟ࣥࣃ࣓ࣝࢨࣥࠖ➼㸧ࡀ⚗Ṇᗈࡃ⾜ࡁΏࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᖺ  ᭶࡟Ḣᕞጤဨ఍ࡣࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࡀྠ⏝ㄒࡢಖㆤࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣຍᕤ㣗ရ࡟ᮏ≀ࡢࣃ࣑ࣝࢪ࣮ࣕࣀ࣭ࣞࢵ

ࢆ᠔ᛰࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࠊࡲࡓࢻ࢖ࢶࡢࢳ࣮ࢬ〇㐀ᴗ⪅ࡀྠ⏝ㄒࢆ౑⏝ࡋࢪ࣮ࣕࣀ࣭ࢳ࣮ࢬࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿሙྜ࡛ࡶヱᙜࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊྠጤဨ఍ࡀḢᕞྖἲ⿢ุᡤ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢻ࢖ࢶᨻᗓ࡟ᑐࡍࡿッゴࢆ㛤ጞࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠕពぢࠖ㸦⌮⏤ࢆ௜ࡋࡓពぢ㸧ࢆබ⾲ࡋࡓࠋḢᕞྖἲ⿢ุᡤࡣࠕࣇ࢙ࢱࠖࡣᬑ㏻ྡ⛠࡜ࡣ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ุ᩿
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ௚᪉࡛ࠊࣇ࢙ࢱ࣭ࢳ࣮ࢬࡢ⏕⏘ࡣࠕ௚ࡢㅖᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᗈ⠊ᅖ࠿ࡘ┦ᙜ࡞ᮇ㛫㸦ࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣᖺ࠿ࡽࠊࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡ࡛ࡣᖺ௦࠿ࡽࠊ
ࢻ࢖ࢶ࡛ࡣᖺ࠿ࡽ㸧ࠖ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
௬࡟ࣃ࣑ࣝࢪ࣮ࣕࣀ࣭ࣞࢵࢪ࣮ࣕࣀࡢࢳ࣮ࢬ⏕⏘⪅ࡀࠕࣃ࣓ࣝࢨࣥ
㻼㼍㼞㼙㼑㼟㼍㼚 ࠖࡢၟᴗ౑⏝ࢆୡ⏺ⓗ࡟ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓ࡜
ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ⌧ᅾࠕࣃ࣓ࣝࢨࣥࠖࡢࣛ࣋
ࣝࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢳ࣮ࢬ࡜ࢳ࣮ࢬ〇ရࡢ〇㐀ᴗ⪅ࡣࠊ⮬♫〇ရࡢ㈍኎ࢆ೵
Ṇࡋ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᙼࡽࡣࣛ࣋ࣝࡢ㈞ࡾ┤ࡋࡸࠊࣜࣈࣛࣥࢻࢆࡍ
ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓฎ⌮ࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢ⏕⏘⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ィ ྍ⬟࡞ࢥࢫࢺࢆ


ࡑࡢᑕ⛬ࡣᙜヱἲᇦࡀࠊḢᕞྖἲ⿢ุᡤ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡜ྠ⛬ᗘ࡟ᙉᅛ࡞㻌㻳㻵㻌ಖㆤࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡼࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋCase C-469/00, Ravil S.A.R.L. v.

ㄢࡍ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓฎ⌮ࢆࡍࡿୖ࡛ࠊィ㔞໬ࡋ࡙ࡽ࠸ࢥࢫࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ

Bellon Imp. S.A.R.L., 2003 E.C.R. I-5053; Case C-108/01, Consorzio del Prosciutto di㠀ᖖ࡟ከࡃࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࡢΰ஘ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡶࡋࠊ➨᮲࡟ࡼࡿಖ

Parma and Salumificio S. Rita SpA v. Asda Stores Ltd., 2003 E.C.R. I-5121. 㻾㼍㼢㼕㼘 ஦௳࡛ࠊㆤ㸦࣡࢖ࣥ࡜⵨␃㓇ࡢ〇ရ࡟≉ᐃࡋࡓ୙ṇ౑⏝ᇶ‽㸧ࡀࢳ࣮ࢬࡢ㻌㻳㻵㻌࡟ᣑḢᕞྖἲ⿢ุᡤࡣࠊࢢ࣮ࣛࢼ࣭ࣃࢲ࣮ࣀ࣭ࢳ࣮ࢬ࡜ࣃ࣐࣭ࣝࣁ࣒ࡣࠊ㻼㻰㻻㻌ࡢ౑⏝࡟ᙇࡉࢀࡓ࡞ࡽࡤࠊΰ஘ࡣ᭦࡟ቑ኱ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⏕⏘⪅㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊᦾࡾୗࢁࡋࠊࢫࣛ࢖ࢫཬࡧໟ⿦ࡢ᮲௳ࢆㄢࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ุ᩿ࡋࡓࠋࡑ



ࢬ⮬యࢆᦾࡾୗࢁࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊࠕࢢ࣮ࣛࢼ࣭ࣃࢲ࣮ࣀࠖࡢྡ⛠ࡢ౑⏝

Press Release No. 92/05, Eur. Court of Justice, Judgment of the Court of Justice inࢆᕪࡋṆࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋྠᵝ࡟ࠊⱥᅜࡢࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࢳ࢙࣮ࣥࡣࠊ㦵ᢤࡁࢆࡋࡓ

Joined Cases C-465/02 and C-466/02, The Court of Justice Upholds the Name ‘Feta’ as aࣃ࣐࣭ࣝࣁ࣒ࢆ㉎ධࡋࠊࡑࡢࣁ࣒⮬యࢆⷧࡃษࡗ࡚ࠊໟ⿦ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢࣁ࣒࡟ࠕࣃ

ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫἲேࡢ㻌㻾㼍㼢㼕㼘㻌ࡣࠊࢢ࣮ࣛࢼ࣭ࣃࢲ࣮ࣀ࣭ࢳ࣮ࢬࢆ㉎ධࡋࠊࡑࡢࢳ࣮

Protected Designation of Origin For Greece (Oct. 25, 2005), available at http://curia.euro-࣐ࣝࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࣛ࣋ࣝࢆ௜ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᕪࡋṆࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋRavil, 2003 E.C.R. at I-5119.Ḣ

pa.eu/en/actu/communiques/cp05/aff/cp050092en.pdf.

ᕞྖἲ⿢ุᡤࡣࠊ㻼㻰㻻㻌ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㅖไ⣙ࢆ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ㄢࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢㅖไ⣙

Consortium du fromage Parmigiano-reggiano, Le Parmesan: plus qu’un patrimoineࡣ㻌㻼㻰㻻㻌ࡢရ㉁ࡢ⥔ᣢ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿホุ࡜࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿ࡜ุ᩿ࡋࡓࠋId. at I-5106.ᦾ

national, VINS & GASTRONOMIE (Dec. 2004), at 88.ࡾୗࢁࡋࠊࢫࣛ࢖ࢫཬࡧໟ⿦ࡣࠊၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗࡓ 㻼㻰㻻㼟㻌ࡢရ㉁ࡢ⥔ᣢ࡜ホุ࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿ࡜ㄆᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋId. at I-5104.

Press Release No. 92/05, supra note 293, at 2.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   