Mineralogical Magazine, June 2014, Vol. 78(3), pp. 497–505

Nestolaite, CaSeO3·H2O, a new mineral from the Little Eva
mine, Grand County, Utah, USA
A. V. KASATKIN1,*, J. PLÁŠIL2, J. MARTY3, A. A. AGAKHANOV4,5, D. I. BELAKOVSKIY5 AND I. S. LYKOVA5
1

V/O "Almazjuvelirexport", Ostozhenka Street, 22, block 1, 119034, Moscow, Russia
Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 2, CZ 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
35199 East Silver Oak Road, Salt Lake City, Utah, UT 84108, USA
4
Faculty of Geology, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 St Petersburg, Russia
5
Fersman Mineralogical Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 18-2, 119071 Moscow,
Russia2[Received 4 December 2013; Accepted 21 January 2014; Associate Editor: S. Krivovichev]
ABSTRACT

Nestolaite (IMA 2013-074), CaSeO3·H2O, is a new mineral species from the Little Eva mine, GrandCounty, Utah, USA. It is named in honour of the prominent Italian mineralogist and crystallographer
Fabrizio Nestola. The new mineral was found on sandstone matrix as rounded aggregates up to 2 mm
across and up to 0.05 mm thick consisting of tightly intergrown oblique-angled, ﬂattened to acicular
crystals up to 30 mm long and up to 7 mm (very rarely up to 15 mm) thick. Nestolaite associates withcobaltomenite, gypsum, metarossite, orschallite and rossite. The new mineral is light violet andtransparent with a white streak and vitreous lustre. The Mohs hardness is 2. Nestolaite is brittle, has
uneven fracture and perfect cleavage on {100}. The measured and calculated densities are Dmeas. =3.18(2) g/cm3 and Dcalc. = 3.163 g/cm3. Optically, nestolaite is biaxial positive. The refractive indices
are a = 1.642(3), b = 1.656(3), g = 1.722(6). The measured 2V is 55(5)º and the calculated 2V is 51º. In
transmitted light nestolaite is colourless. It does not show pleochroism but has strong pseudoabsorption caused by high birefringence. The chemical composition of nestolaite (wt.%, electronmicroprobe data) is: CaO 28.97, SeO2 61.14, H2O (calc.) 9.75, total 99.86. The empirical formulacalculated on the basis of 4 O a.p.f.u. (atoms per formula unit) is Ca0.96Se1.02O3·H2O. The Raman
spectrum is dominated by the Se O stretching and O Se O bending vibrations of the pyramidal SeO3
groups and O H stretching modes of the H2O molecules. The mineral is monoclinic, space group
P21/c, with a = 7.6502(9), b = 6.7473(10), c = 7.9358(13) Å, b = 108.542 (12)º, V = 388.37(10) Å3 andZ = 4. The eight strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [dobs in Å (hkl) (Irel)]: 7.277 (100)(100),
4.949 (110)(37), 3.767 (002)(29), 3.630 (200)(58), 3.371 (020)(24), 3.163 (2̄02)(74), 2.9783 (1̄21)(74)
and 2.7231 (112)(31). The crystal structure of nestolaite was determined by means of the Rietveld
reﬁnement from the powder data to Rwp = 0.019. Nestolaite possesses a layered structure consisting of
CaF SeO3 sheets, composed of edge-sharing polyhedra. Adjacent sheets are held by H bonds
emanating from the single (H2O) group within the sheets. The nestolaite structure is topologicallyunique.
K EY WORDS : nestolaite, new mineral, chemistry, Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, crystal
structure, Little Eva mine, Utah.

Introduction* E-mail: anatoly.kasatkin@gmail.com
DOI: 10.1180/minmag.2014.078.3.02# 2014 The Mineralogical Society

N ATURAL selenites, i.e. minerals having a[SeO3]2 group as the deﬁning-species anion,
are relatively rare. To date, 27 such minerals are

A. V. KASATKIN ET AL.

formation and is composed dominantly ofinterstratiﬁed units of sandstone and claystone.
The sandstone forms either a stratum composed ofa single lenticular bed 30 600 cm thick or strata
composed of many lenticular beds which may
have a total thickness of >2.4 m. Strata between
the sandstone units consist of dominantly grayish
and reddish mudstones and claystones with minor
sand lenses. Sandstone comprises ~58% ofvolume, mudstone ~41% and limestone about
1% (Newman, 1962). The ore deposits in the Salt
Wash member are generally tabular masses thatappear to be localized in the thicker parts ofsandstone lenses. Within a mineralized layer,
high-grade concentrations of U and V minerals
occur in masses or pods associated commonlywith carbonaceous material (Newman, 1962).
In addition to U and V as key ore elements, theMorrison formation also contains Se. Newman(1962) reports that the Se content of the sandstoneof the Salt Wash member may be as large as
15 ppm, though the average concentration of Se
in sandstone seems to be <1 ppm. After themining operations in the Little Eva mine stopped
in 1979, primary Se minerals exposed during theworkings, such as native Se and ferroselite,
underwent supergene oxidation resulting in theformation of nestolaite.
The mineral is very rare and associates withcobaltomenite, gypsum, metarossite, orschallite
and rossite. Other minerals occurring in thegeneral assemblage in the mine include andersonite, ansermetite, calciodelrioite (Kampf et al.,2012), calcite, carnotite, ferroselite, huemulite,
lasalite, martyite, melanovanadite, nashite

known and, amongst them, only ﬁve aremolecular water-bearing selenites without additional anions, ﬁtting Subdivision 04.JH in theStrunz classiﬁcation: ahlfeldite(Ni,Co)SeO3·2H2O, chalcomenite CuSeO3·2H2O,
clinochalcomenite CuSeO3·2H2O, cobaltomenite
CoSeO3·2H2O and mandarinoite
Fe3+
2 Se3O9·6H2O. In this work a new mineral ofthis mineral subgroup is reported
nestolaite,
ideally CaSeO3·H2O, which was found underground at the Little Eva mine, Yellow Cat district,
Grand County, Utah, USA.
The new mineral honours the prominent Italianmineralogist and crystallographer Fabrizio
Nestola (born 1972), Associate Professor of
Mineralogy at the Department of Geosciences,
University of Padua, Italy. Fabrizio Nestola isparticularly known for his contribution to themineralogy of diamonds and the study of crystal
structures of minerals under high-pressure conditions. In 2012 he obtained the largest ever grantfrom the European Research Council for the studyof the inclusions in diamonds and for the researchand description of new minerals. To date, Fabrizio
Nestola has been the author or co-author of morethan 130 publications, including 12 descriptionsof new mineral species (see, for example, Nestola
et al. (2009a,b, 2012), two of which come fromUtah
manganoblödite and cobaltoblödite(Kasatkin et al., 2013).
The new mineral and name have been approvedby the Commission on New Minerals,
Nomenclature and Classiﬁcation (CNMNC) of
the International Mineralogical Association (IMA
2013-074). The type specimen is deposited in thecollections of the Fersman Mineralogical Museumof the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow,
Russia under registration number 4417/1.
Occurrence
Specimens containing nestolaite were collectedunderground at the Little Eva mine, Yellow Cat
District, Grand County, Utah, USA (38º50’17’’N,
109º31’35’’W) in 1999 by one of the authors (JM).
The Little Eva mine belongs to a group of
deposits near Thompsons, Grand County, Utah
which have been worked intensively for U and V
during the 1940s 1970s. The ore ranged in gradefrom a fraction of a percent to 10% V2O5 and up
to 0.4% U3O8 (Stokes, 1952). The mineralization
was developed in the Salt Wash member of theJurassic Morrison formation. The Salt Wash
Member forms the lower part of the Morrison

FIG. 1. Light violet, rounded aggregate of nestolaite on asandstone matrix in association with white orschallite
intimately intergrown with gypsum.

498

NESTOLAITE, A NEW MINERAL SPECIES FROM UTAH

FIG. 2. Scanning electron microscopy images of nestolaite: (a) general view of a rounded aggregate, (b) fragment
showing a close-up of the crystals.

2. Nestolaite is brittle, has an uneven fracture
and perfect cleavage on {100}. The density of
nestolaite measured by ﬂotation in heavy liquids(CHBr3 + CH2I2) is 3.18(2) g/cm3 and thecalculated density (by X-ray diffraction) is
3.163 g/cm3.
Optically, nestolaite is biaxial positive. The
refractive indices are a = 1.642(3), b = 1.656(3),g = 1.722(6). The measured 2V is 55(5)º and thecalculated 2V is 51º. In transmitted light nestolaite
is colourless. It does not show pleochroism but
has strong pseudo-absorption caused by highbirefringence. In crossed nicols acicular crystals
show positive elongation. Many crystals show
straight extinction. The crystals oriented parallelto the optical axis plane show that the angle
between the direction of the crystal elongation
and Z is 4(2)º.

(Kampf et al., 2013), native Se, natrozippeite,
pascoite, pyrite, schröckingerite, sherwoodite anduraninite.
Physical and optical properties
Nestolaite occurs as light violet, roundedaggregates (up to 2 mm across and up to
0.05 mm thick) on the surface of sandstone
blocks (Figs 1, 2a). These aggregates consist oftightly intergrown oblique-angled, ﬂattened toacicular crystals up to 30 mm long and up to 7 mm(very rarely up to 15 mm) thick. Some crystals arecoarse, distorted, twisted, slightly divergent, or
skeletal (Fig. 2b). Nestolaite is transparent, has awhite streak and a vitreous lustre. It is not
ﬂuorescent in ultraviolet radiation or when
exposed to cathode rays. Its Mohs hardness is

TABLE 1. Chemical composition (wt.%) of nestolaite.

CaO
SeO2
H2O*
Total

Mean (n = 5)

Range

SD

28.97
61.14
9.75
99.86

27.30 30.86
59.36 62.93

1.47
1.49

Formula calculated on the basis of 4 O a.p.f.u.
Ca
0.96
Se4+
1.02
H2O
1
* H2O content was calculated by stoichiometry499

A. V. KASATKIN ET AL.

Chemical composition and chemical
properties
Preliminary chemical analyses using a CamScan
4D electron microprobe in energy-dispersive
spectroscopy mode (20 kV, 3 nA and a beam
diameter of 5 mm) showed the presence of Ca, Se
and O in the mineral. No other elements withatomic numbers higher than 8 were observed.
Further chemical analyses (5) were obtained using
a JEOL Superprobe 733 scanning electron microscope equipped with an INCA wavelengthdispersive spectrometer. Operating conditions
were as follows: accelerating voltage 20 kV,
beam current 20 nA, beam diameter 1 mm. The
following standards were used: diopside (Ca) andsynthetic CdSe (Se). H2O was not determined
directly because of the scarcity of pure material.
The H2O content was calculated by stoichiometry
and conﬁrmed by the crystal-structure reﬁnement
and Raman spectroscopy. The latter also shows
the absence of CO2 in the mineral. Analytical data
are given in Table 1. The empirical formula(calculated on the basis of 4 O a.p.f.u.) is

Ca 0.96 Se 1.02 O 3 ·H 2 O. The ideal formula is
CaSeO3·H2O, which requires CaO 30.25, SeO2
60.00 and H2O 9.75, total 100.00 wt%.
The values of the Gladstone-Dale compatibility
index [1(Kp/Kc)] (Mandarino, 1981) for
nestolaite are: 0.003, using the calculated
density; and 0.008, using the measured density.
Both values are rated as superior.
Nestolaite is insoluble in water but dissolves
easily in both diluted and concentrated HNO3.
Raman spectroscopy
The Raman spectrum of nestolaite (Fig. 3) wasrecorded on a Thermo Scientiﬁc DXR Raman
Microscope interfaced with an Olympus microscope(objective 650) in the 50 6400 cm 1 spectral
region with ~5 cm 1 spectral resolution. The powerof the frequency-stabilized single mode diode laser(532 nm) impinging on the sample was set to 5 mW
(10 s exposure, accumulation of 64 scans). The
spectrometer was calibrated by a softwarecontrolled (Omnic 8) calibration procedure using
multiple Ne emission lines (wavelength calibration),

TABLE 2. X-ray powder diffraction data for nestolaite.
Iobs

dobs

dcalc

Icalc

h

k

l

Iobs

dobs

dcalc

Icalc

h

k

l

100
22
37
6
3
29
58
24
*
13
74
74
2
31
20
9
4
2
21
1
1
2

7.277
5.033
4.949
3.884
3.780
3.767
3.630
3.371
3.347
3.292
3.163
2.97832.86062.72312.68392.51252.35192.31092.28402.21192.16192.0806

7.259
5.025
4.941
3.880
3.777
3.767
3.630
3.372
3.363
3.288
3.157
2.97432.85912.72692.68662.51232.35322.30452.2775
2.2113
2.15412.0807

89
33
65
2
3
40
55
4
25
4
76
100
2
46
34
12
7
2
18
1
2
3

1
0
1
1̄
1
0
2
0
1̄
0
2̄
1̄
2̄
1
2
0
0
2̄
3
2
0
1̄

0
1
1
0
1
0
0
2
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
2

0
1
0
2
1
2
0
0
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
3
2
0
1
1
3

1
3
2
1
1
*15
1
3
8
13
1
1
2
8
2
2
2
5
1
1
3
1

2.03262.0154
1.94451.93011.91041.9013
1.88281.8356
1.79681.78671.72941.7134
1.68781.67371.66071.64551.58081.48871.46381.41951.28871.27192.03352.0162
1.94501.93021.91111.90051.8831
1.8344
1.79501.7854
1.73461.71261.68591.67481.65901.64691.58451.48781.4686
1.41931.2856
1.2701

11
5
2
4
1
22
3
9
2
13
3
1
2
8
2
47
1
4
<1
4
3
1

3̄
1
1̄
2̄
2
1̄
4̄
4̄
3
3̄
3
1̄
0
0
2̄
3
3
5̄
2̄
5
1
3̄

2
3
3
3
3
1
0
1
0
2
1
3
4
3
3
3
2
1
3
1
2
1

1
1
2
1
0
4
2
1
2
3
2
3
0
3
3
0
2
2
4
0
5
6

3 70º2y, CuKa radiation, 0.01º per step, counting time 0.5 s per step (accumulations of 20 scans).
* due to quartz present in the specimen. dhkl in Å.

500

NESTOLAITE, A NEW MINERAL SPECIES FROM UTAH

FIG. 3. Raman spectrum of nestolaite with the important vibration regions highlighted.

multiple polystyrene Raman bands (laser frequency
calibration) and standardized white light sources(intensity calibration). Spectral manipulation, suchas background correction and band-component

analysis, was performed with Omnic 8 software.
The interpretation of the spectrum follows those by
Peercy (1970), Torrie (1972) and Mička et al.
(1994, 1996).

TABLE 3. Crystal data and statistics for the Rietveld reﬁnement of the structure of nestolaite.
Structural formulaSpace groupa, b, c (Å)
b (º)
V (Å3)Z
Dcalc. (g/cm3)
Temperature
Source; wavelength
SpecimenCollection modey range for data collection (º), step size (º)
Absorption correction, coefficient (mm–1)

Ca(SeO3)(H2O)
P21/c
7.6502(9), 6.7473(10), 7.9358(13)108.542(12)388.37(10)
4
3.129
298 K
X-ray tube; CuKa1,2, (1.54056+1.54443) ÅPowder in 0.3 mm glass capillaryy–2y scans; specimen rotation along j axis
3 to 90, 0.01
Cylindrical, 23.71

Rietveld refinement by JANA2006 on F2Profile function; asymmetry
Data/obs/restraints/parameters
Rp, Rwp
RF, RBragg
GOF, w2
Drmin, Drmax (e/Å3)
Weighting scheme

Pseudovoigt; by divergence (Finger et al., 1994)
6691/313/4/45
0.0134, 0.0191
0.0488, 0.0799
1.61, 2.59
–0.85, 0.62s, based on measured s.u.’s

501

502

2.25(14)4.1(2)
1.62(15)
2.10(15)
2.29(18)0.29(4)0.104(8)0.060(9)0.066(12)0.095(11)0.055(9)0.074(11)* reﬁned with isotropic displacement parameter.

0.096(13)*0.067(7)0.013(10)*0.013(10)*0.013(10)*0.03(2)*0.354(4)0.492(3)0.699(3)0.379(5)0.460(6)0.630(6)0.145(5)0.6559(19)0.574(8)0.437(4)0.806(6)0.103(10)0.098(5)0.248(3)0.264(6)0.203(8)0.063(4)0.349(6)
Ca
Se
O1
O2
O3
O4

U23
U13
U12
U33
U22
U11
Uiso/UeqzyDue to the small size of nestolaite crystals andunsuccessful attempts to obtain single-crystal
data, a Rietveld reﬁnement of the structure fromin-house powder X-ray diffraction data wasundertaken in order to prove the structural
equality of the new mineral and the synthetic
Ca(SeO3)(H2O) (Valkonen et al., 1985).
Powder data were collected on a PANalytical
Empyrean powder diffractometer equipped with a
Cu X-ray tube and PIXcel3D solid-state detector.
The powder data were measured in capillaries(Debye-Scherrer focusing geometry, provided bya Göbel curved primary mirror), in the range
3 90º2y with step size 0.013º2y and a total
counting time of 48 h by accumulation of repeatedscans. Prior to the measurement, the diffractometer was calibrated against the LaB6 standard

x

X-ray crystallography and structure
determination

TABLE 4. Atom coordinates, displacement parameters (Å2) and bond-valence sums for the structure of nestolaite.

The spectrum is dominated by the Se O
stretching vibration of SeO3 groups. Ideally,
they are trigonal pyramidal (C3v) symmetry,showing four fundamental vibration modes, ofthe A1 (u1 and u2) and E (u3 and u4) symmetries.
In the crystalline state the lowering of the real
symmetry (site and factor group) leads to thesplitting of the degeneracy of the E modes andthus leads to the split of the vibration bands. The
vibration band with the highest intensity at~825 cm 1 was attributed to the u1 Se O
stretching vibration. Such a large value for the
stretching frequency matches the frequency
observed for the SeO23 ‘free’ anion in thesolution (Torrie, 1972). The less intensive bandat ~750 cm 1 was assigned to the split doublydegenerated u3 Se O stretching vibration. The
bending O Se O modes occur at ~470 cm 1(u2) and 410 370 cm 1 (split u4), followed by theexternal, lattice modes in the lowest region.
Since nestolaite is a monohydrate, the O H
stretching frequencies are expected to occur in the
spectrum. Raman spectrum shows their presencein the very characteristic spectral region between
3400 and 3200 cm 1. According to the empirical
relation given by Libowitzky (1999), the corresponding separation O_O distances of the
H bonds are expected to be at around
2.7 2.8 Å, which is a similar range to thevalues for O_O interatomic distances obtained
from the Rietveld reﬁnement (see Table 5). The
H O H (u2) bending vibration of the H2O
molecules occurs at 1680 cm 1.

BV

A. V. KASATKIN ET AL.

NESTOLAITE, A NEW MINERAL SPECIES FROM UTAH

FIG. 4. The result of the Rietveld reﬁnement, showing observed data (points), calculated proﬁle (solid black line) anddifference proﬁle (below the data). The vertical dashes correspond to the Bragg peaks. Q = quartz admixture.

with the same settings. The unit-cell reﬁnement
was performed with the software Celref (LMPG
suite of programs). The monoclinic unit-cellparameters reﬁned from the powder data
(Table 2) are a = 7.655(8), b = 6.750(7), c =7.944(8) Å, b = 108.35(2)º with V = 389.5(7) Å3.
The Rietveld reﬁnement was performed using
the JANA2006 program (Petřı́ček et al., 2006,
2014) with the structure model given for thesynthetic phase by Valkonen et al. (1985) andthe following variables: background, shift,
FWHM function, unit-cell parameters, theasymmetry by divergence, anisotropic broadening, atomic coordinates and their displacement
parameters. The reﬁned values were corrected
for correlations after Bérar and Lelann (1991).
The ﬁnal reﬁnement plot is provided in Fig. 4.
The unit-cell parameters obtained from theRietveld reﬁnement are, for the monoclinic
space group P2 1 /c, a = 7.6502(9), b =6.7473(10), c = 7.9358(13) Å, b = 108.542(12)º, V = 388.37(10) Å3 and Z = 4. The
reﬁnement converged with the ﬁnal indices ofagreement: Rp = 0.0134, Rwp = 0.0191, RF =0.0488, RBragg = 0.0799 and a GOF = 1.61. Other
details for the reﬁnement are given in Table 3.
The atom positions and displacement parameters
are given in Table 4; selected interatomic
distances are given in Table 5. All atoms,

except Se, were reﬁned with isotropic displacement parameters. The O atoms within the SeO23
pyramidal group were reﬁned with their displacement parameters constrained softly to the same
Uiso value; a soft constraint was also applied to
the Ca O2 distance.

TABLE 5. Interatomic distances for the structure of
nestolaite (Å).
Ca O1i
Ca O2
Ca O2ii
Ca O3iii
Ca O3ii
Ca O3iv
Ca O4<Ca O>

2.51(6)
2.11(5)2.83(5)2.48(5)2.64(5)2.23(6)2.43(5)
2.46

Se O1
Se O2
Se O3
<S O>

1.70(4)
1.71(3)
1.69(4)
1.70

O1
O1
O1
O2
O2
O2
O3
O3

O2
O3
O4v
O3
O3ii
O4i
O3vii
O4vi

2.60(5)2.56(5)2.84(6)2.86(6)2.95(5)3.00(7)2.93(6)
2.94(6)

Symmetry codes: (i) x, y+1/2, z 1/2; (ii) x, y 1/2,
z+1/2; (iii) x, y 1, z; (iv) x, y+1, z+1; (v) x+1,
y+1/2, z+3/2; (vi) x, y+1, z.

503

A. V. KASATKIN ET AL.

FIG. 5. The crystal structure of nestolaite viewed along c.
The sheets of Ca-polyhedra (green) and SeO3 groups(pyramidal) are linked by H bonds (dashed, in blue).
Unit-cell edges are outlined.

FIG. 6. A fragment of the sheet found in nestolaite. The
polyhedra of [7]-coordinate Ca2+ ions share edges toform six-membered rings, additionally interconnectedby the pyramidal SeO3 groups.

similar to the structural order, which is also thecase for the mineral hannebachite (Hentschel etal., 1985; Schröpfer, 1973) that is, however, basedon a different topology, representing a framework
structure instead of sheets.

Description of the crystal structure
The asymmetric unit of the nestolaite crystal
structure (Table 4) contains one Ca site, occupiedby the Ca2+ cation, one Se site, occupied by theSe4+ cation and four O sites. One of these O sites is
occupied, according to the bond-valence analysis(Table 4), by the (H 2 O) group. Nestolaite
possesses a layered structure, which is composedof sheets of CaO H2O edge-sharing polyhedra,
also interconnected by the (SeO3)2 groups(Figs 5, 6). The Ca2+ cation is [7]-coordinatedwithin the sheet with the mean bond length Ca F
(where F is a miscellaneous ligand) of 2.46 Å
(Table 5, Fig. 6). The Se4+ is stacked up towards
the interlayer, which suggests that the loneelectron pair is active. The adjacent structure
sheets are linked by the H bonds (Fig. 5)
emanating from the (H2O) group (O4 atom) with
one H bond accepted by the O1 atom (the bondvalence sum indicates considerable undersaturation, see Table 5) with the corresponding O_O
separation distances of ~2.8 Å, which is areasonable value for the H-bond length. The
second H bond is probably accepted by the O2
atom, with the O...O separation distance of ~2.6 Å.
The mechanism by which the Ca-polyhedra
share edges to form six-membered rings, is very

Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Ladislav Lapčák(Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague) and
Igor V. Pekov (Moscow State University) for their
help with Raman spectroscopic analysis andscanning electron microscopy images, respectively. The authors thank Vladislav V. Gurzhyi
and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive
comments that helped to improve the manuscript.
This research was ﬁnancially supported by the
post-doctoral project 13-31276P of the Grant
Agency of the Czech Republic to JP.
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Crystallography, 24, 1 5.
Finger, L.W., Cox, D.E. and Jephcoat, A.P. (1994) A
correction for powder diffraction peak asymmetry
due to axial divergence. Journal of Applied
Crystallography, 27, 892 900.

504

NESTOLAITE, A NEW MINERAL SPECIES FROM UTAH

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