㐃⥆௻⏬㸸ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ไᗘࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬㸫᭱᪂ືྥ࡜⌮ㄽศᯒ㸫     ࡑࡢ㸱žTRIPsſƷσஊჷᜤ҄Ტ‫ܦ‬μ༿ὸ㐲 ▮ ᾈ つͤᮏ✏ࡣࠊ៞᠕⩏ሿ኱ᏛࡢࠗἲᏛ◊✲࠘➨ᕳ➨  ྕ ᖺ ࡟ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓࠕࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬̿ᵓ㐀࣭㐣⛬࣭୺యࠖ࡟ࠊ⣬ᖜࡢ㒔ྜ࡛࢝ࢵࢺࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㒊ศ㸦ᮏᩥ࡜ὀࡢ୍㒊ࠊᅗ㸧ࢆ᚟ඖࡋࠊࠕ᏶඲∧ࠖ࡜ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ



ࡣࡌࡵ࡟㻌

ᅜ㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㛗ᮇⓗືែࢆㄽࡌࡿᅜ㝿ᨻ἞⤒῭⌮ㄽࡣࠊぞᶒᏳᐃㄽ㸦ࣟࣂ࣮ࢺ࣭ࢠࣝࣆࣥ㸧࡟ࡏࡼࠊぞᶒᚠ⎔ㄽ㸦ࢪ࣮ࣙࢪ࣭ࣔࢹࣝࢫ࣮࢟㸧࡟ࡏࡼࠊୡ⏺ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽ㸦࢚࣐ࢽ࢚࣭࢛࣮࣮ࣗࣝ࢘ࣛࢫࢸ࢖ࣥ㸧࡟ࡏࡼࠊ⛬ᗘࡢᕪࡇࡑ࠶ࢀࠊࠕᅜᐙࡣᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡟ࡼࡗ࡚௚ᅜࢆ෽㥙ࡍࡿࣃ࣮࣡ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࠊᢏ⾡ࡢᅜእὶฟ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡑࡢࣃ࣮࣡ࢆኻ࠺ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ࢆඹ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋぞᶒࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࡸ୰ᚰ࣭
㸦༙㸧࿘㎶㛫ࡢ᱁ᕪࡢᣑ኱࣭⦰ᑠࡢせᅉ࡟ࠕᢏ⾡ࠖࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᢏ⾡ࡀࣃ࣮࣡⛣⾜ࡢせᅉ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࡞࠾࠿ࡘᢏ⾡ࡀᅜ㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ࠕ㐢ᅾ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕ೫ᅾࠖࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᅜ㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ࡣᖖ࡟ᢏ⾡ࡢ⋓ᚓࢆࡵࡄࡿᑐ❧ࡀෆᅾࡍࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᢏ⾡ຊࡢ࡞࠸㏵ୖᅜ㸦࿘㎶ᅜ㸧ࡣᾏእࡢඛ➃ᢏ⾡ࡢࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻ㸦⛣㌿ࠊᶍೌ㸧ࢆࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡋࠊᢏ⾡ຊࡢ࠶ࡿඛ㐍ᅜ㸦୰ᚰᅜࠊぞᶒᅜ㸧ࡣ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࣭ᢏ⾡㠉᪂࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡘࡘࠊᢏ⾡ࡢᅜእὶฟࢆ㜵Ṇ࣭㜼Ṇࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ᢏ⾡ࢆࡵࡄࡿᅜᐙ㛫ࡢ࣏ࢪࢩࣙࣥࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊᅜᐙ㛫ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨻ⟇ࡢ஋㞳࡜࡞ࡗ࡚⌧ࢀࡿࠋᢏ⾡ࢆᣢࡘᅜࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤᙉ໬ࢆᚿྥࡋࠊᢏ
⾡ࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ᅜࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤ࡟ྰᐃⓗ࣭ᾘᴟⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ࢆᚿྥࡍࡿ࠿
ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬㸦᏶඲∧㸧 㐲▮ ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᅜ㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ࡣࠊᢏ⾡ࢆࡵࡄࡿᨷ㜵࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊࡑࡢᘏ㛗㸯㸬ࢯࣇࢺ࣭࣊ࢤࣔࣥ࡜ᵓ㐀ⓗつ⠊㉳ᴗᐙ㻌࡜ࡋ࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻ⟇ᑐ❧ࡶࡲࡓᏑᅾࡍࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ஦ᐇࠊ

ୡ⣖ᮎ࡟㏆௦≉チไᗘࡀ☜❧ࡋ࡚௨᮶ࠊṔྐୖࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣఱᗘ࠿ᅜ㝿㸦㸧ඛ⾜◊✲ⓗ࡞ᦶ᧿ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ

ĬМႩ‫˳ׇ‬ɼ˳ᛟࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⿬ࢆ㏉ࡋ࡚ゝ࠼ࡤࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ⤯࠼ࡎࢢ࣮ࣟࣂ࣭ࣝ࢖ࢵࢩࣗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᅜ㝿ၥ㢟ࢆศᯒࡋࡓᅜ㝿ᨻ἞Ꮫ㸭ᅜ㝿ᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫࡢඛ⾜࣮ࡔࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ ࠋᖺ௦࡟ᕤᴗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢಖㆤ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣃ◊✲ࡣࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡀ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌஺΅ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ

ࣜ᮲⣙ࡢᨵゞ஺΅ࡀ༡໭ၥ㢟໬ࡋࠊࡲࡓࠊᖺ࡟ 㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌࢘ࣝࢢ࢔࢖࣭

ࡀࠊ⡿ᅜࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ⏘ᴗ㸦≉࡟་⸆ရࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔㸧ࡢ฼ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࡢ࢔ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࡟ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㈠᫆㛵㐃ⓗഃ㠃㸦㼀㼞㼍㼐㼑㻙㻾㼑㼘㼍㼠㼑㼐㻌┈ᅋయࢆࠕ୺ᙺࠖ࡜ㄆᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㻭㼟㼜㼑㼏㼠㼟㻌㼛㼒㻌㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌㻾㼕㼓㼔㼠㼟㻦㻌㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㸧ࠖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ༠ᐃ⟇ᐃࡀᣲࡀࡿ

౛࠼ࡤࠊ࣐࢖ࢣ࣭ࣝ㻼࣭ࣛ࢖࢔ࣥࡣࠊ┦஫౫Ꮡㄽ㸦እ஺ࢳࣕࢿࣝࡢከඖ

ࡲ࡛ࠊ⣙  ୡ⣖ࡢ㛫ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᅜ㝿ಖㆤయไࡀᨻ἞ၥ㢟໬ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ

໬ࠊᅜᐙࡢ⮬ᚊᛶࡢపୗ㸧࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᅜ㝿஺΅ࡀ㛤ጞ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊ㸦ᅜᐙ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸧⏘ᴗ⏺ࡢ฼┈ᅋయࡢ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣦ࡟ࡼࡗ

ࡘࡲࡾࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨻ⟇ࡢ┦㐪࠿ࡽ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨻ⟇ࡢᦶ᧿࡬ࡢ࢚ࢫ࢝ࣞ
࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡣࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢ୺యⓗዎᶵࡸㄆ㆑ࡢኚ໬ࡀస⏝ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

࡚࡛࠶ࡾࠊ஺΅ࡢ⤖ᮎࡶ㸦ᅜᐙ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸧ᅜ㝿ࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡑࡢෆᐜ
ࢆᕥྑࡉࢀࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖ࡜࠸࠺࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔㸦ࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ྛᅜࡣึࡵ࡚

ࢲ࣭࣐ࣥ࢝ࣥࢩ࣮ࣗࢬࡶࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌༠ᐃࡢ㉳※ࢆࠊ᪥⡿Ḣࡢከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆࠕ㈠᫆ᦶ᧿ࠖࡢᩥ⬦࡛⌮ゎࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸧ࡀࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ

ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㸦⡿ᅜࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ጤဨ఍㹙㻵㻼㻯㹛ࠊḢᕞ⏘ᴗ㐃┕㹙㼁㻺㻵㻯㻱㹛ࠊ୺య࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿᵓ㐀࡜㐣⛬ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ඹ᭷▱㆑㸦㼏㼛㼚㼟㼑㼚㼟㼡㼍㼘㻌᪥ᮏࡢ⤒ᅋ㐃࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿࠕẸ㛫୕ᴟ఍㆟ࠖ㸧ࡢᅽຊάື࡟ồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣆ࣮

㼗㼚㼛㼣㼘㼑㼐㼓㼑 ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ࠿ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋ➨  ❶࡛ࡣ⌮ㄽⓗ࡞⪃ᐹ࡜௬ㄝࢱ࣮࣭ࢻࣛ࣍ࢫ࡜ࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࣈࣛ࢖ࢫ࣡࢖ࢺࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢぞᶒ㸦ࢫ࣌ࢩࣕࣝ

ࡢᥦ♧ࢆࠊ➨  ❶࡛ࡣ᪥⡿㛫࡛ࡢࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖඹ᭷▱㆑໬ࡢ᳨ドࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ᭱᮲࡟ࡼࡿᙉไ㸧ࡀ኱ࡁ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌ࡢ࢔ᚋ࡟ᮏ◊✲ࡢྵព࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࠋࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ໬ࡢỴᐃⓗせᅉࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢࣁ࢖ࢸࢡከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ࡜ 㻵㻼㻯㻌࡞࡝ࡢ฼┈
ᅋయࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜㈠᫆ࢆࣜࣥࢡࡉࡏࡿࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒సࡾ࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓࡇ࡜

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṔྐࢆᅜ㝿ᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡀヲ㏙ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊChristopher May and࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢫ࣮ࢨ࣭ࣥ㻷࣭ࢭࣝ㸦ࢥࣥࢫࢺࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࣦ࢕ࢬ࣒ ࠊSusan K. Sell, Intellectual Property Rights: A Critical History (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne

Rienner Publishers, 2005) ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒၥ㢟ࡢ⃭໬࣭ỿ㟼໬ࡢࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࢆᅜ㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㛗ᮇⓗືែ࡟㛵㐃௜◊✲ࢆࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᣋ✏ࠕᅜ㝿ᨻ἞Ꮫ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࠖࠗᗈᓥἲᏛ࠘➨௨ୗ࡟ᣲࡆࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊMichael P. Ryan, Christopher May, Ronald V. Bettig ࡢࡅ࡚ศᯒࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᣋ✏ࠕᢏ⾡ኚ໬࡜ᅜ㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢືែ  ࠖࠗᗈᓥἲᏛ࠘

ᕳ➨  ྕ ᖺ 㹼㡫ཧ↷ࠋ➨ᕳ➨  ྕ ᖺ 㹼㡫ࠊྠࠕᢏ⾡ኚ໬࡜ᅜ㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢືែ  ࠖࠗᗈᓥἲᏛ࠘➨ᕳ➨  ྕ ᖺ 㹼㡫ཧ↷ࠋIntellectual Property (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998).ࣃࣜ᮲⣙ᨵṇ஺΅ࢆᅜ㝿ᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡀศᯒࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊSusan K. Sell, Power

See Michael P. Ryan, Knowledge Diplomacy: Global Competition and the Politics ofSee Duncan Matthews, Globalising Intellectual Property Rights: The TRIPS Agreement

and Ideas: North-South Politics of Intellectual Property and Antitrust (New York: State(London: Routledge, 2002).

University of New York Press, 1998) ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

bridge University Press, 2000); and Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feu-ඹ᭷▱㆑࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊErnst B. Haas, When Knowledge is Power: Three Models

See John Braithwaite and Peter Drahos, Global Business Regulation (Cambridge: Cam-of Change in International Organizations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990)

dalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy? (London: Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2002).

ཧ↷ࠋ



See Susan K. Sell, Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬㸦᏶඲∧㸧 㐲▮ ࢡࣜࢫࢺࣇ࢓࣮࣭࣓࢖㸦ᵓ㐀ⓗᶒຊ ࠊࣟࢼࣝࢻ࣭㼂࣭࣋ࢵࢸ࢕ࢢ㸦࣐ࣝࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᶍೌഃࡣከᩘࡀ➇ྜࡍࡿ኱つᶍ㞟ᅋ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࠊࢻࢼࣝࢻ࣭㻳࣭ࣜࢳ࣮ࣕࢬ㸦ୡ⏺ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽࠊࢢ࣒ࣛ

ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤᙉ໬ࡢ౽┈ࡣᑡᩘࡢࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ௻ᴗ㸦ࣉࢩࡢ࣊ࢤࣔࢽ࣮ ࡶࠊࣟࢪࢵࢡࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࣁ࢖ࢸࢡከᅜ

࣭ࣟࣃࢸࣥࢺὴ㸧࡟㞟୰ࡋࠊࡑࡢ㈝⏝ࡣከᩘࡢᶍೌ⪅㸦࢔ࣥࢳ࣭ࣃࢸࣥࢺ

⡠௻ᴗࠊ㻵㻼㻯ࠊẸ㛫୕ᴟ఍㆟➼ࡢẸ㛫ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࢆ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌ࡢ࢖ࢵࢩ࣮ࣗ໬ࡸ

ὴ㸧࡟ᣑᩓࡍࡿࠋᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟ྰᐃⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ࡢ౽┈ࡣከᩘࡢᶍ

࢔ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ໬ࡢ୺య࡜఩⨨௜ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ೌ⪅࡟ᣑᩓࡋࠊࡑࡢ㈝⏝ࡣᑡᩘࡢࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ௻ᴗ࡟㞟୰ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࣉ

ࢡࢫ⣔ᢈุ⌮ㄽ࣭ࣟࣃࢸࣥࢺὴ࡛ࡣ฼┈ᅋయࡢᙧᡂࡸ㐠ືࡢ⤌⧊໬ࡀẚ㍑ⓗᐜ᫆࡟㐍ࡴࡶࡢࡢࠊ࢔ࣥࢳ࣭ࣃࢸࣥࢺὴ࡛ࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓάືࡣᅔ㞴࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

ĭᨼӳᘍໝᛯ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢ฼┈ᅋయ୺యㄝࡣࠊ㞟ྜ⾜Ⅽㄽ ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⤫୍ⓗ࡟⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

ࡲࡓࠊࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ⏘ᴗࡣࠊⳘ኱࡞◊✲㛤Ⓨᢞ㈨ࡢᅇ཰ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ୡ⏺ᕷሙᚿྥ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᚲせ࡞⏕⏘㔞Ỉ‽ࡀᅜෆᕤሙ࡛ࡢ᭱ᑠ᭱㐺つᶍࢆ㉸࠼ࡿሙྜ࡟

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤࡣࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᚓࢆࡍࡿ♫఍㞟ᅋ㸦◊✲㛤Ⓨࡸᢏ⾡ࡣࠊᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨࡛➨஧ࠊ➨୕ࡢᕤሙࢆᾏእ࡟タࡅࡿ࡞࡝ࠊከᅜ⡠໬ࡋ࡚㠉᪂ࢆ⾜࠺௻ᴗ࣭⏘ᴗ㸧࡜ᦆࢆࡍࡿ♫఍㞟ᅋ㸦ᢏ⾡ࡢᶍೌࡸ᝟ሗࡢ↓᩿฼࠸ࡿ௻ᴗࡀከ࠸ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᾏእ࡛ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤࢆ☜ᐇ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ

⏝ࢆࡍࡿ௻ᴗ࣭⏘ᴗ㸧࡟฼┈ࢆศ⿣ࡉࡏࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣࣉ࣭ࣟࣃࢸࣥࢺ㸦▱ⓗṚάⓗ࡟㔜せ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㈈⏘ᶒᙉ໬㸧ࡢ㑅ዲࢆࠊᚋ⪅ࡣ࢔ࣥࢳ࣭ࣃࢸࣥࢺ㸦▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᙅ໬㸧ࡢ㑅ዲࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
㏻ᖖࠊࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ⏘ᴗࡣࠊḟࡢ  ࡘࡢ⌮⏤࠿ࡽ⊂༨࣭ᐻ༨ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ
࡞ࢃࡕࠊձ཰✭㏴ቑ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝ࡣ⏕⏘㔞ࡢከᐻ࡟㛵ࢃࡾ࡞ࡃ୍ᗘ
ࡔࡅᨭฟࡍࡿࠕᅛᐃ㈝࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊᢏ⾡➼ࡢࠕබඹ㈈ࠖࡣ≀⌮ⓗᢞධ࡜␗࡞ࡾఱᗘ࡛ࡶ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞ࡓࡵࠊ⏕⏘つᶍࡢᣑ኱࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᖹᆒ㈝⏝ࡀ㏴ῶࡍࡿ㸧ࠋղᕤ⛬㠉᪂࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢻࣛࢫࢸ࢕ࢵࢡ࡞㈝⏝๐ῶࡀ㉳ࡁࡿࠋճ〇ရ㠉᪂࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᪂ᕷሙࡢ๰ฟ࣭ඛ༨ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡘࡲࡾࠊࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ⏘ᴗࡣ㞟ྜ⾜Ⅽㄽ࡛ゝ࠺ᑠつᶍ㞟ᅋࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).௨ୖࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠕኌࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ࠖࡢࡣࠊᖖ࡟ࣁ࢖ࢸ
ࢡከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ࡜ࡑࡢ฼┈ᅋయ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀࠊࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㈠᫆㛵㐃ⓗഃ㠃㸦㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㸧ࠖࡢᏑᅾࢆୡ㛫࡟ㄆ㆑ࡉࡏࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿᙉ࠸ືᶵ
ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
㸦㸧ᵓ㐀ⓗつ⠊㉳ᴗᐙࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㞟ྜ⾜Ⅽㄽ࡛ࡣࠊ࡞ࡐ⡿ᅜࡢ฼┈ᅋయ㸦㻵㻼㻯㸧ࡀࠊ௚ࡢᅜࡢ฼
┈ᅋయ㸦౛࠼ࡤẸ㛫୕ᴟ఍㆟ࡢࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࡔࡗࡓ 㼁㻺㻵㻯㻱㻌ࡸ⤒ᅋ㐃㸧ࡼࡾࡶࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌ࡢ࢖ࢵࢩ࣮ࣗ໬㸭࢔ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ໬࡟࠾࠸࡚୺ᑟⓗᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋᚓ
ࡓࡢ࠿ࢆㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡇࡢⅬ࡛♧၀ⓗ࡞ࡢࡣඛ㏙ࡢࢻࣛ࣍ࢫ㸻ࣈࣛ࢖ࢫ࣡࢖ࢺࡸࢭࣝࡢ◊✲See Christopher May, A Global Political Economy of Intellectual Property Rights: The࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢻࣛ࣍ࢫ㸻ࣈࣛ࢖ࢫ࣡࢖ࢺࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࠊ㔠⼥ࠊ㈠᫆ࠊ➇தᨻ

New Enclosures? (London: Routledge, 2000).⟇ࠊປാつ‽ࠊ⎔ቃࠊ㏻ಙ࡞࡝ศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤒῭つไࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬ࡢ



See Ronald V. Bettig, Copyrighting Culture: The Political Economy of Intellectual

Property (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1996).See Donald G. Richards, Intellectual Property Rights and Global Capitalism: The Polit-

ical Economy of the TRIPS Agreement (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2004).せᅉࢆศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྛศ㔝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ୰ᚰ࡜࡞ࡿ୺య㸦ᅜᐙࠊᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵ࠊ௻ᴗࠊ⏘ᴗᅋయࠊ㻺㻳㻻ࠊㄆ㆑ඹྠయࠊಶே࡞࡝㸧ࡸࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽ
ࢬ࣒㸦㌷஦ຊࠊ⤒῭ⓗไ⿢ࠊሗ㓘ࠊᏛ⩦ࠊ㠀ᙉไⓗ࡞ྜព࡞࡝㸧ࢆ᳨ウࡋ

See Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory ofࡓ⤖ᯝࠊࢻࣛ࣍ࢫࡽࡣࠊᅜᐙࡀ᭱ࡶᙳ㡪ຊࡢ࠶ࡿ୺య࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࡞࠾࠿ࡘ᭱

Groups (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965).

ࡶᙳ㡪ຊࡢ࠶ࡿᅜᐙࡣ⡿ᅜ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ⤒῭つไࡢศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ

༢୍୺య࡜༢୍࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒㸦౛࠼ࡤ⡿ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿᙉไ㸧࡛ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬ࡀᐇ

ᣋ✏ࠕ཰✭㏴ቑࡢᅜ㝿ᨻ἞Ꮫ࡬ྥࡅ࡚ࠖῧ㇂ⰾ⚽࣭㉥ᮌ᏶∞⦅ࠗ෭ᡓᚋࡢᅜ㝿ᨻ἞࠘ ៞᠕⩏ሿ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊᖺ 㹼㡫ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ⌧ࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊศ㔝ẖ࡟୺య࡜࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ࢙࢘࢖ࢺࡣከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬㸦᏶඲∧㸧 㐲▮ ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌༠ᐃࡢᐇ⌧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㈈⏺ேࠊࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱ

࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࡜ࡶᵓ㐀࡜ࡶ㐪࠺ࠕᵓ㐀໬ࡉࢀࡓ୺య㸦㼟㼠㼞㼡㼏㼠㼡㼞㼑㼐㻌㼍㼓㼑㼚㼏㼥㸧ࠖࡢࣥࢺࠊࣟࣅ࢖ࢫࢺ࡞࡝ࡢࠕಶேࠖࡀࠊ฼┈ᅋయࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ㸻㈠⏘≀࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢭࣝࡣ 㻵㻼㻯㻌ࡀᐇ㝿࡟⡿ᅜࡢไᗘࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᫆ၥ㢟ࠖ࡜ࡍࡿ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆᾐ㏱ࡉࡏࡓⅬࢆホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞

࡜ࡢ๓ᥦ࡛㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆ฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿ❧ሙ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡔࡅ࡛ࠊ

䇾㼘㼑㼓㼍㼘㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼕㼐㼑㼍㻌㼑㼚㼠㼞㼑㼜㼞㼑㼚㼑㼡㼞㼟䇿㻌࡜ࡋ࡚ࣇ࢓࢖ࢨ࣮♫ࡢ࢚ࢻ࣒ࣥࢻ࣭ࣉࣛࢵࢺ

㻵㻼㻯㻌ࡢ୺ᙇ࡟ࡣ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢᙉไຊࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡔ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ
ࠕぞࡸ 㻵㻼㻯㻌ࡢࢪࣕࢵࢡ࣭ࢦ࣮ࣜࣥࡽ㹙ḟ❶ཧ↷㹛ࡢྡࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࢭࣝࡶ

ᶒᅜࠖࡢࠕ኱௻ᴗࠖࡢつ⠊㉳ᴗᐙࡣࠊᵓ㐀ⓗ࡟஧㔜࡟ 㼑㼙㼜㼛㼣㼑㼞㻌ࡉࢀࡓࠕᵓ

ࡲࡓࠊㅖ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ㑅ዲ࡟ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ඹ㏻ࡢ᪉ྥᛶࢆ୚࠼ࡓಶே㸦ࢪ㐀ⓗつ⠊㉳ᴗᐙ㸦㼟㼠㼞㼡㼏㼠㼡㼞㼑㼐㻌㼚㼛㼞㼙㻌㼑㼚㼠㼞㼑㼜㼞㼑㼚㼑㼡㼞㸧ࠖ࡜࡛ࡶ࿧ࡪ࡭ࡁᏑᅾ࡜࠸

ࣕࢵࢡ࣭ࢦ࣮ࣜࣥࡽ㸧ࡢ 䇾㼕㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌㼑㼚㼠㼞㼑㼜㼞㼑㼚㼑㼡㼞㼟䇿 ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙺ๭ࢆホ౯ࡋ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋせࡍࡿ࡟ࠊࢥࣥࢫࢺࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࣦ࢕ࢬ࣒࡛ゝ࠺ࠕつ⠊㉳ᴗᐙ㸦㼚㼛㼞㼙㻌 㼑㼚㻙㸦㸧ࢯࣇࢺ࣭࣊ࢤࣔࣥ

㼠㼞㼑㼜㼞㼑㼚㼑㼡㼞㸧ࠖࡢ᭷↓ࡀࠊ⡿ᅜࣁ࢖ࢸࢡከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ㸭㻵㻼㻯㻌࡜᪥Ḣࡢ฼┈ᅋయつ⠊㉳ᴗᐙࡀᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞Ꮡᅾࡔ࡜ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗὶ㏻ࡣࡢᙳ㡪ຊࡸ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣦ࡟ᕪࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓせᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿぢ᪉ࡀᥦᅜ㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ┦ᑐⓗࣃ࣮࣡㓄ศ࡜ᐦ᥋୙ྍศ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ฼┈♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡜ࣞࢺࣜࢵࢡࢆ⧊ࡾࡲࡐ࡞ࡀࡽࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᅋయ㸭つ⠊㉳ᴗᐙࡀࠕᅜᐙࠖࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊᨻᗓ㛫࣮࣋ࢫ࡛࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ᣑᩓ

࡞࡟ࡀ࡞ࡐၥ㢟࡞ࡢ࠿ࠖࢆࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡋࠊᨻ⟇᱌ࡢṇᙜᛶࢆㄆ㆑ࡉࡏ

ࢆ⾜࠺ሙྜࡣࠊࡑࡢഴྥࡣ୍ᒙ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

ࡿࡼ࠺࡞⌮ᛕ࣭▱㆑࣭つ⠊࡞࡝㸦௨ୗࠊ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔㸧ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ⬟ຊ㸦ࢯࣇ࣐࣮ࢧ࣭ࣇ࢕ࢿࣔ࢔࡜࢟ࣕࢫ࣭ࣜࣥࢩ࢟ࣥࢡࡢࠕつ⠊ࡢࣛ࢖ࣇ㺃ࢧ࢖ࢡࢺ㸧ࡀࠊ฼┈ᅋయ࡜࠸࠺⤌⧊య㸦ࣁ࣮ࢻ㸧࡜ඹ࡟㔜せ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ

ࣝࠖ௬ㄝࢆ᥼⏝ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ᾐ㏱ࡣࠊࡲࡎつ⠊㉳ᴗᐙࡀࡓࡔࡋࠊつ⠊㉳ᴗᐙ㸦ಶே㸧ࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡀࠕᣏ⫈ࠖࡉࢀࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࡣࠊ

࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢὶ㏻࡟࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣦࢆⓎ᥹ࡋࡑ࠺࡞ࠕつ⠊୺ᑟᅜ㸦㼚㼛㼞㼙㻌࠾ࡑࡽࡃᡤᒓࡍࡿ௻ᴗ࣭฼┈ᅋయࡢᴗ⏺ෆࡸࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣭ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡛ࡢ

㼘㼑㼍㼐㼑㼞㸧ࠖ࡟࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽጞࡲࡾࠊḟ࠸࡛ࡑࡢつ⠊ࢫࢸ࢖ࢱࢫ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿ㸦ྠࡌ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔࡛ࡶࠊ኱௻ᴗࡢ఍㛗ࡀ୺ᙇࡍࡿࡢ

୺ᑟᅜࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚つ⠊㏣㝶ᅜ࡬࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡀᣑᩓࡋࠊ᭱ᚋ࡟㏣㝶ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚

࡜୰ᑠ௻ᴗࡢ♫㛗ࡀッ࠼ࡿࡢ࡜࡛ࡣࠊὀ┠ᗘࡸࠕࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࡽࡋࡉࠖ࡟ᕪࡀ

ཷᐜࡉࢀࡓ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡀෆ㠃໬ࡉࢀࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺㡰ᗎ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ

ฟࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㸧ࠋྠᵝ࡟ࠊࡑࡢ௻ᴗ࣭฼┈ᅋయࡀ࡝ࡢᅜ࡟ᡤᒓࡍࡿ࠿࡛ࠊ

ከࡃࡢሙྜࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞つ⠊୺ᑟᅜࡢᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡢࡣ⡿ᅜ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀ

࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ᾐ㏱ຊࡶ␗࡞ࡿ࡜ண᝿ࡉࢀࡿ㸦୰ᚰᅜ࡜࿘㎶ᅜࠊぞࡣ⡿ᅜࡢぞᶒᅜ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᆅ఩࡜↓㛵ಀ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ฼┈ᅋయ㸭つ⠊㉳ᴗᐙࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚ࡶࠊぞᶒᅜࡀ࢝ࢵࢶ࢙ࣥࢩࣗᶒᅜ࡜㠀ぞᶒᅜ࡛ࡣࠊẸ㛫ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡀⓎࡍࡿ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢࠕࣈࣛࣥࢻຊࠖ
࡟ᕪࡀฟࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㸧ࠋࢱ࢖ࣥࡢゝ࠺㸦ᅜෆⓗ࡟㸧ࠕᙅ࠸ᅜᐙ࡛ࠖ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊࠕつ⠊୺ᑟᅜࠖ໬ࡣᐜ

ࡇࡇ࡛♧၀ⓗ࡞ࡢࡣ෌ࡧࢭ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋࢭࣝࡣࠊ
ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌༠ᐃࡣ 㻵㻼㻯㻌ࡀసࡗ࡛᫆࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࠕᙅ࠸ᅜᐙ㸦㼣㼑㼍㼗㻌 㼟㼠㼍㼠㼑㸧ࠖ࡜ࡣࠊ♫఍ࡢㅖ㞟ᅋࡢࡓࠖ࡜᩿ゝࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊ㻵㻼㻯㻌࡟ࡑࢀࡀྍ⬟ࡔࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊᅜ㝿ᵓ㐀ୖࡢ᭱ᙉᅽຊࡸせồ࡟┦ᙜ⛬ᗘࡢไ⣙ࢆཷࡅ࡚ᨻ⟇Ỵᐃࢆ⾜࠺ᅜᐙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟

ᅜࡓࡿ⡿ᅜࡢㅖไᗘࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌༠ᐃࡣ࢚ᑐࡋࠊ♫఍ⓗ㑅ዲ࠿ࡽ⊂❧ࡋ࡚⾜ື࡛ࡁࡿᅜᐙࡣࠕᙉ࠸ᅜᐙ㸦㼟㼠㼞㼛㼚㼓㻌㼟㼠㼍㼠㼑㸧ࠖ





See Braithwaite and Drahos, op. cit.; and Drahos with Braithwaite, op. cit.



See Sell, op., cit.



See Sell, op. cit., p.53.

ᅜ㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣃ࣮࣡ࡢ┦ᑐⓗ㓄⨨࡜࠸࠺ࠕᵓ㐀ⓗせᅉࠖࢆᅜ㝿ᨻ἞ࡢศつ⠊㉳ᴗᐙ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊMartha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, “International Normᯒ࡛㔜どࡍࡿ❧ሙ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊKenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics

Dynamics and Political Change,” International Organization, Vol.52, No.4, 1998,(Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1979) ཧ↷ࠋ

pp.887-917 ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

See Finnemore and Sikkink, op. cit.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬㸦᏶඲∧㸧 㐲▮ ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࠋ

ᨻᗓ⮬㌟࡟つ⠊㉳ᴗᐙⓗᛶ᱁ࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡼࡾࣃ࣮࣡㔜ど࡟࡞ࡶࡋ⡿ᅜࡀࠕᙅ࠸ᅜᐙ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕᙉ࠸ᅜᐙ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊᨻᗓ࣭ᐁ൉

ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠕࢯࣇࢺ㺃ࣇ࢛࣮ࣟ࣡ࠖࡣࠕୗ࠿ࡽࠖ࡜ࠕᶓ࠿ࡽࠖࡢ࢔࢖

ᶵᵓࡀ⮬ࡽࡢ㑅ዲࢆዎᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕୗ࠿ࡽࠖࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆࠕᏛ⩦ࠖࡍࡿࡇࢹ࢕࢔ཷᐜᅽຊ࡟ࡉࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊཎᙧࡢࡲࡲ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆෆ㠃໬ࡍࡿྍ࡜࡛ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌ࢆࠕၥ㢟ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃྍ⬟ᛶࡣ༑ศ࡟࠶ࡿ㸦ḟ❶᳨࡛⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࠕࣁ࣮ࢻ࣭ࣇ࢛࣮ࣟ࣡ࠖࡣࠕୖ࠿ࡽୗ࡬ࠖ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢෆ㠃ウࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟᪥ᮏࡀࡇࡢࣃࢱ࣮࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿ㸧ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊୗ࠿ࡽࡢᅽຊ࡛࢔࢖

໬ࢆᙉไࡍࡿࡀࠊ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ཷᐜࡢ㝿࡟ࡣᨻᗓࡢ㑅ዲ࡟ࡼࡿࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࡀ࠿

ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆཷᐜࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࠋ⡿ᅜࡀᵝࠎ࡞ᨻ⟇㡿ᇦ࡛つ⠊୺ᑟᅜࡓ࠿ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
௨ୖࡢࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࢵࢺ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊ
ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡣࠊࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ⏘ᴗ࡟つ⠊㉳ᴗᐙࡾᚓ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ฼┈ᅋయ㸭つ⠊㉳ᴗᐙࡢᏑᅾ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊ⡿ᅜࡀࠕᙅ࠸ᅜᐙࠖ
࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ  ࡘࡢせᅉ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌ࡢ࢖ࢵࢩ࣮ࣗ໬࡛

ࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓࡀࡺ࠼࡟⡿ᅜ࡛ㄌ⏕ࡋࡓ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡀࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᅜෆⓗせᅉ㸦ᙅ฼┈ᅋయ୺యㄝࢆ࡜ࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡀࠕᙅ࠸ᅜᐙ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾ௚ࡢඛ㐍ᅜ࠸ᅜᐙ㸧࡜ᅜ㝿ᵓ㐀ⓗせᅉ㸦ぞᶒ㸧ࡢ┦஌ຠᯝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ୡ⏺࡟ᣑᩓࡍࡿࡇ

ࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ࡇ࡜㸦≉࡟᪥ᮏࡀࠕᙉ࠸ᅜᐙ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜㸧ࢆ⪃៖࡜࡛࢖ࢵࢩ࣮ࣗ໬ࡋࡓࠊ࡜௬ㄝⓗ࡟⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋ

ࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ㻵㻼㻯㻌ࡢࢫ࢟ࣝࢆ㐣኱ホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᙉ࠸ᅜᐙ㸭ᙅ࠸ᅜᐙࡢ㆟ㄽࢆᑐእⓗ࡞ᅜᐙࡢᙉᙅࡢ㆟ㄽ࡜⤌ࡳ㸰㸬㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻦㻌㼒㼞㼛㼙㻌㼁㻿㻌㼠㼛㻌㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㻌ྜࢃࡏࡿ࡜ࠊ⾲ࡢ㏻ࡾ  ࡘࡢᅜᐙ㢮ᆺࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ⾲⌧ࡢΰྠࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ࣐ࢫࢱࣥࢹࣗࣀࡽ࡟ೌ࠸ࠊᑐෆⓗ࡟ᙉ࠸ᅜᐙࢆࠕ◳ᮏ❶࡛ࡣࠊࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ㸻㈠᫆ၥ㢟㸻㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌࣐ࢱ࣮ࠖ࡜ࡍࡿ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔

࠸ᅜᐙ㸦㼔㼍㼞㼐㻌 㼟㼠㼍㼠㼑㸧ࠖࠊᑐෆⓗ࡟ᙅ࠸ᅜᐙࢆࠕᰂࡽ࠿࠸ᅜᐙ㸦㼟㼛㼒㼠㻌 㼟㼠㼍㼠㼑㸧ࠖ㸦௨ୗࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆ஧㔜ᣓᘼ࡛ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘࡜⾲グ㸧ࡀࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛࡜⾲グࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜ௨እࡢඛ㐍ᅜ㸦౛࠼ࡤ᪥ᮏ㸧ࡣࠊ୰ᚰ࣭࿘㎶ᵓ㐀ㄌ⏕ࡋᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟ఏ᧛ࡋࡓ㐣⛬ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᮏ✏ᇳ➹᫬Ⅼ࡛᏶஢ࡋ㸦༡໭㛵ಀ㸧ࡢ୰࡛ࡣᑐእⓗ࡟ࠕᙉࡃࠖࠊぞᶒࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸦᪥⡿㛵ಀ㸧ࡢ୰࡛࡚࠸ࡿㄪᰝ࣭ศᯒࡢ㔞ⓗไ⣙࠿ࡽࠊ᪥⡿㛫࡟ᑐ㇟ࢆ㝈ᐃࡍࡿࠋ

ࡣࠕᙅ࠸ࠖࡀࠊᮏ✏ࡣඛ㐍ᅜ㛫ࡢࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࡓࡵࠊ୰ᚰ࣭࿘㎶ࡢᵓᅗࡣᤞ㇟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ








㸦㸧㻰㼑㼜㼍㼞㼠㼡㼞㼑㻌㻔㼁㻿㻕Ĭ቟‫׎‬ငಅမưƷσஊჷᜤ҄⾲ 㸲ࡘࡢᅜᐙ㢮ᆺ㼕㼚㼠㼑㼞㼚㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼍㼘㼘㼥㼐㼛㼙㼑㼟㼠㼕㼏㼍㼘㼘㼥㻌㼣㼑㼍㼗㻌㼟㼠㼞㼛㼚㼓㻌

㼟㼛㼒㼠㻌㻿㼛㼒㼠㻌㻲㼛㼘㼘㼛㼣㼑㼞㻌㻿㼛㼒㼠㻌㻴㼑㼓㼑㼙㼛㼚㻌㼔㼍㼞㼐㻌㻴㼍㼞㼐㻌㻲㼛㼘㼘㼛㼣㼑㼞㻌㻴㼍㼞㼐㻌㻴㼑㼓㼑㼙㼛㼚㻌㸦➹⪅సᡂ㸧ᑐእⓗ࡟ࡣᙉ࠸ࡀᑐෆⓗ࡟ᙅ࠸ࠕࢯࣇࢺ㺃࣊ࢤࣔࣥࠖࡣつ⠊୺ᑟᅜ࡟࡞
ࡾࡸࡍ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ⡿ᅜࡀࡇࢀ࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿࠋࠕࣁ࣮ࢻ㺃࣊ࢤࣔࣥࠖࡢእ஺ࡣࠊ

D ࣉࣛࢵࢺ࣭ࢫࣆ࣮ࢳ
ᖺ௦๓༙ࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠕࢸࢡࢽ࢝ࣝ࡞ἲᚊၥ㢟࡛ࠖ࠶
ࡾࠊ㈠᫆ࡸᅜ㝿ၥ㢟࡜ࡣ↓㛵ಀ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀᖖ㆑ⓗ࡞࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞୰ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆࠕ⏘ᴗ➇தຊࠖ࡟⤖ࡧ௜ࡅ࡚㈠᫆ၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࣇ࣮࣑ࣞࣥࢢࡋࠊ㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌࡛᪂ࡓ࡞ᅜ㝿᮲⣙㸦ᚋࡢ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌༠ᐃ㸧ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡜ࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆ╔᝿ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊࣇ࢓࢖ࢨ࣮♫㸦་⸆ရ࣓࣮࣮࢝㸧఍㛗ව 㻯㻱㻻㻌ࡢ࢚ࢻ࣒ࣥࢻ࣭ࣉࣛࢵࢺ㸦㻱㼐㼙㼡㼚㼐㻌㼀㻚㻌㻼㼞㼍㼠㼠㻘㻌㻶㼞㻚㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ




See Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of

Advanced Industrial States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978).

See Michael Mastanduno, David A. Lake, and G. John Ikenberry, “Toward a Realist

Santoro and Lynn Sharp Paine, Pfizer: Global Protection of Intellectual Property, Harvard

Theory of State Action,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol.33, 1989, pp.457-474.

Business School Case (1992, rev. 1995) ࡟ヲࡋ࠸ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣇ࢓࢖ࢨ࣮♫ࡢᨻ἞ⓗάື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊMichael A.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬㸦᏶඲∧㸧 㐲▮ ࣉࣛࢵࢺࡣᙜ᫬ࠊࠕ⡿ᅜᨻᗓࡢࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ㛵ಀࡢ㢳ၥ᱁ࡢ୍ே㺁࡜ホࡉࢀࠕ⡿ᅜࡢ➇தຊࢆᏲࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࠖ࡜㢟ࡉࢀࡓㅮ₇ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࣉࣛࢵࢺࡣࠊ

ࡓே≀࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣭ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࢸ࣮ࣈࣝࡢ఍㛗㸦㹼ᖺ㸧ࢆᚋᖺ⡿ᅜࡢ⏘ᴗ➇தຊࡀపୗࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ⏕⏘ᛶࡢపୗ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞

ົࡵࡿ࡞࡝ᨻ㈈⏺ࡢ኱≀࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡃࠊእᅜࡢࠕ୙බṇࠖ࡞➇தࡢࡓࡵࡔ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞

ࡑࡢࣉࣛࢵࢺࡀࠊᖺ᭶᪥࡟⡿ᅜᅜ㝿ࣅࢪࢿࢫホ㆟఍㸦㼁㼚㼕㼠㼑㼐㻌ࠕ୙බṇࠖࡢ୰࡛≉࡟῝้࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀࠊእᅜ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ▱㻿㼠㼍㼠㼑㼟㻌㻯㼛㼡㼚㼏㼕㼘㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㻵㼚㼠㼑㼞㼚㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼍㼘㻌㻮㼡㼟㼕㼚㼑㼟㼟㻦㻌㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮ࠋከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࢆ୰ᚰ࡟⣙ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ౵ᐖ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࢆ᫝ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿࠕ᪂ࡋ

♫࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿ⏘ᴗᅋయ࡛ࠊ㈠࣭᫆㔠⼥࣭ᢞ㈨➼࡟㛵ࡍࡿ฼┈ࢆෆእࡢᨻ

࠸ໟᣓⓗ㸦㼏㼛㼙㼜㼞㼑㼔㼑㼚㼟㼕㼢㼑㸧࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨻ⟇ࠖࡢ☜❧ࡀ୙ྍḞࡔ࡜ッ࠼࡚ᗓ࣭⏘ᴗᅋయ࣭ᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵࡟཯ᫎࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿ㸧࡛⾜ࡗࡓㅮ₇࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ⟇ࡣࠊࠕᢏ⾡ࡢᾏእὶฟࢆチࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᅜෆἲ

ࡣࠊࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢᄏ▮࡜఩⨨௜ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ 㸦ᅗࡢᨵṇࠖ㸦୙ṇၟရ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨩๎ᙉ໬ࠊ་⸆ရࡢ㈍኎ᢎㄆ⏦ㄳࡢࡓࡵᨻᗓ

ࡢձཧ↷㸧ࠋ

࡟ᥦฟࡋࡓヨ㦂ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᝟ሗබ㛤ἲᨵṇ㸧࡜ࠊࠕእᅜࡢ➇த⪅࡟ᢏ⾡ࢆ┐⏝ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿᅜ㝿༠ᐃࡢᨵ㠉ࠖࡢ  ᮏᰕ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ

ᅗࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᾐ㏱ࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊᚋ⪅ࡢᅜ㝿ᡓ␎࡜ࡋ࡚ḟࡢ  Ⅼࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋձ㈠᫆ࡸᾏእᢞ㈨࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿஺΅ࡢ୺せ࡞┠ᶆ࡟ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤࠖࢆᥖࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࠋ



ղ㏵ୖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤࢆ᥎㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ಖㆤࡀ୙༑ศ࡞ᅜ࠿

ࡽࡢ୍⯡≉ᜨ㛵⛯฼┈ࡢ๤ዣ➼ࡢᥐ⨨ࢆㅮࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࠋճ㏵ୖᅜ࡜ࡢ஧ᅜ㛫▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ༠ᐃࡢ⥾⤖ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠋմ≉チࡢ᤼௚ⓗᙉไᐇ᪋ᶒࡢ⚗Ṇ࡜ྛ✀▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࣑ࢽ࣐࣒࣭ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ㸦᭱ప㝈ࡢಖㆤᇶ‽㸧ࢆ᫂グࡋࡓ༠ᐃࢆࠊ㻻㻱㻯㻰㻌ࡸ 㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕࡼࡾᗈ࠸ᇶ┙ࢆᣢࡘ⤒῭ᶵ㛵㸦㼙㼛㼞㼑㻌㼎㼞㼛㼍㼐㼘㼥㻌㼎㼍㼟㼑㼐㻌㼑㼏㼛㼚㼛㼙㼕㼏㻌㼛㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㸧࡛ࠖྜពࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠋ
E ⡿ᅜᅜ㝿ࣅࢪࢿࢫホ㆟఍ࣉࣛࢵࢺࡣࡇࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆ⏘ᴗ⏺඲యࡢࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫ࡜ࡍ࡭ࡃࠊ඲⡿እᅜ㈠᫆ホ㆟఍㸦㻺㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼍㼘㻌㻲㼛㼞㼑㼕㼓㼚㻌㼀㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌㻯㼛㼡㼚㼏㼕㼘ࠋᅜ㝿஦ᴗࢆᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ⣙♫࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿ⏘ᴗᅋయ࡛ࠊ⡿ᅜᨻᗓࡢ㈠᫆ᨻ⟇ࡸᢞ㈨ᨻ⟇࡟฼┈ࢆ཯ᫎࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿ㸧ࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣭ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࢸ࣮ࣈࣝ㸦⡿ᅜࡢ୺せ௻㸦➹⪅సᡂ㸧


⸈୰୕༑஧ࠕ࢞ࢵࢺ࣭࢘ࣝࢢ࢔࢖ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻ࡜▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒၥ㢟ࠖࠗᅜ㝿ၥ㢟࠘➨ᴗ⣙♫ࡢ 㻯㻱㻻㻌࡟ࡼࡿಶேຍ┕⤌⧊㸧࡞࡝࡛ࡶࠊ㈈⏺ேᩘⓒேࢆᑐ㇟ྕ ᖺ 㡫ࠋ

America’s Competitive Edge,” a Speech by Edmund T. Pratt, Jr. to the U.S. Council for⡿ᅜᅜ㝿ࣅࢪࢿࢫホ㆟఍Ⓨ⾜ࡢᑠ෉ᏊA Guide to the Multilateral Agreement on௨ୗࠊࣉࣛࢵࢺ࣭ࢫࣆ࣮ࢳࡢෆᐜ࣭ᘬ⏝ࡣࠊ“Intellectual Property – Safeguarding

Investment (MAI) (1996) ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ

International Business (October 10, 1984) ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ

ࣉࣛࢵࢺ࣭ࢫࣆ࣮ࢳࡢヲ⣽࡞ศᯒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᣋ✏ࠕ⡿ᅜᅜ㝿ࣅࢪࢿࢫホ㆟఍ࡢࣉࣛ඲⡿እᅜ㈠᫆ホ㆟఍ࡢ࣮࣒࣮࣍࣌ࢪ㸺http://www.usaengage.org/archives/backgroundࢵࢺ࣭ࢫࣆ࣮ࢳ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹ  ࠖࠗᗈᓥἲᏛ࠘➨ᕳ➨  ྕ ᖺ 㹼㡫ࠊ/nftc.html㸼 ᖺ᭶᪥࢔ࢡࢭࢫ ཧ↷ࠋྠࠕ⡿ᅜᅜ㝿ࣅࢪࢿࢫホ㆟఍ࡢࣉࣛࢵࢺ࣭ࢫࣆ࣮ࢳ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹ  ࠖࠗᗈᓥἲᏛ࠘

➨ᕳ➨  ྕ ᖺ 㹼㡫ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣭ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࢸ࣮ࣈࣝࡢ࣮࣒࣮࣍࣌ࢪ㸺http://www.businessroundtable.org/㸼ᖺ᭶᪥࢔ࢡࢭࢫ ཧ↷ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

࡟ㅮ₇άືࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬㸦᏶඲∧㸧 㐲▮ 

࡟ᾐ㏱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ㈠᫆஺΅ࡢᡂᯝ㸦᮲⣙➼㸧ࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿἲ᱌

ࡑࡢດຊࡣࠊ ᖺᚋࡢᖺ⛅ࠊ㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮㻌ࢆࡋ࡚ᥦゝࠕ᪂ከゅⓗ㈠᫆஺΅

ࡣࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺ࣭ࢺࣛࢵࢡᡭ⥆࡛᥇ᢥ࣭ྰỴࡉࢀࠊ㆟఍࡛ࡢಟṇࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ

̿▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟ඃඛ㡰఩ࢆࠖࢆ⧳ࡵࡉࡏࡿᡂᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠᥦゝ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ஺΅ࡢ㐣⛬࡛Ẹ㛫ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ฼┈ࢆ཯ᫎࡉࡏࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡢ⥲ព࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪂༠ᐃࡢ஺΅ࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࣛࢆ 㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌࡜ࡾࠊࡑࡢ┠ⓗ࡛ᨻᗓ࡟タ⨨ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡀ 㻭㻯㼀㻺㻌࡛࠶ࡿ㸦⏕⏘⪅ࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࠊປࡍ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࠊ༠ᐃ࡟ࡣ≉チᶒ࣭ⴭసᶒࡢ࣑ࢽ࣐࣒࣭ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ࡜ᮾிࣛ

ാ⪅ࡢ௦⾲࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࠊ㐠Ⴀࡣ㏻ၟ௦⾲㒊㹙㼁㼚㼕㼠㼑㼐㻌 㻿㼠㼍㼠㼑㼟㻌 㼒㼛㼞㻌 㼀㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌 㻾㼑㼜㻙࢘ࣥࢻ࡛୙ᡂ❧࡟⤊ࢃࡗࡓ୙ṇၟရࢥ࣮ࢻࡀྵࡲࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ

㼞㼑㼟㼑㼚㼠㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑㻦㻌㼁㻿㼀㻾㹛ࡀᢸᙜ ࠋ࡜ࠊẸ㛫ࢭࢡࢱ࣮࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿㅎၥጤဨ఍ࢆタ⨨ࡍ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜➼ࢆᨻᗓ࡟ッࣉࣛࢵࢺཬࡧ 㻭㻯㼀㻺㻌ࡢࡶ࠺୍ேࡢ୰ᚰே≀࡛࠶ࡗࡓ 㻵㻮㻹㻌఍㛗ව 㻯㻱㻻㻌ࡢ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣑ࢽ࣐࣒࣭ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࡑࡢෆᐜࡶලయⓗ࡟ᥦ᱌ࡋࢪ࣭ࣙࣥ࢜࣌ࣝ㸦㻶㼛㼔㼚㻌㻾㻚㻌㻻㼜㼑㼘㸧ࡣࠊ㻭㻯㼀㻺㻌ෆ࡟࢜࣌ࣝࢆ㛗࡜ࡍࡿࠕ▱ⓗ㈈࡚࠸ࡿ㸦≉チᶒࡣࠊձ〇ἲ≉チ౵ᐖࡢ❧ド㈐௵㌿᥮ࠊղᚤ⏕≀ࡢಖㆤᑐ㇟

⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢱࢫࢡࣇ࢛࣮ࢫ㸦㼀㼍㼟㼗㻌 㻲㼛㼞㼏㼑㻌 㼛㼚㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㸧ࠖࢆタ⨨໬ࠊճฟ㢪࠿ࡽᖺࡢ≉チᮇ㛫ࠊմ᤼௚ⓗᙉไᐇ᪋ᶒࡢ⚗Ṇࠊյ㍺ධ࡟ࡼ

ࡉࡏ㸦᫬ᮇࡣ୙᫂ࡔࡀᖺ୰㡭࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ㸧ࠊ㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌࡬ࡢࢥࣥࢧࣝࢸ࣮ࢩࡿᐇ᪋せ௳ࢡࣜ࢔ࠊ࡞࡝ࠋⴭసᶒࡣࠊձࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢᩥⱁ

ࠋࣙࣥࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓ㸦ᅗࡢճཧ↷㸧ⴭస≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢಖㆤࠊղ༙ᑟయࢳࢵࣉ࣭ࣞ࢖࢔࢘ࢺ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢಖㆤࠊ࡞

ࢥࣥࢧࣝࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ࢚ࢵࢭࣥࢫࡣࢱࢫࢡࣇ࢛࣮ࢫࡀ⧳ࡵࡓࠕࣇ࢙࣮ࢬ

࡝㸧ࠋࣉࣛࢵࢺ࣭ࢫࣆ࣮ࢳࡣ≉チᶒ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿၥ㢟ᥦ㉳ࡀ㝿❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ

ࠕࣇ࢙࣮ࢬϩࡢせⅬࠖ㸦ᖺ  ᭶ ࡢ  ࡘࡢϨࡢせⅬࠖ㸦ᖺ᭶ ࠊ㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮㻌ᥦゝࡣ≉チᶒࡼࡾࡶⴭసᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿグ㏙ࡀከࡃࠊࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡀ〇⸆ᴗ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮࠿ࡽ❚࠸▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ༠ᐃࡢᚲせ⏺ࢆ㉺࠼࡚ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ㸭ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ᴗ⏺࡟ࡲ࡛ᨭᣢࢆᣑࡆ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ

ᛶ࡜ෆᐜࢆࠊᚋ⪅ࡣྠ༠ᐃࢆᐇ⌧ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᨻᗓࡀ࡜ࡿ࡭ࡁᡭẁࢆ່࿌࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᅗࡢղཧ↷㸧ࠋ

ĭɦƔǒɥǁD ㈠᫆஺΅ㅎၥጤဨ఍
㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮㻌ᥦゝࡀ┤᥋ᨻᗓࢆື࠿ࡋࡓᙧ㊧ࡣ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀ㸦㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮㻌ᥦゝࡣࡴࡋࢁࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗᣑᩓ࡟ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㹙ᚋ㏙㹛㸧ࠊࡑࡢ㊃᪨ࡣࣉࣛࢵࢺࡀጤဨ㛗ࢆົࡵࡿ㈠᫆஺΅ㅎၥጤဨ఍㸦㻭㼐㼢㼕㼟㼛㼞㼥㻌 㻯㼛㼙㻙㼙㼕㼠㼠㼑㼑㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㼀㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌㻺㼑㼓㼛㼠㼕㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻦㻌㻭㻯㼀㻺㹙࢔ࢡࢺࢗࣥ㹛㸧ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚࣮ࣞ࢞ࣥᨻᶒ



㈠᫆஺΅ㅎၥጤဨ఍ 㻭㻯㼀㻺 ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᐑ㔛ᨻ⋞ࠗ⡿ᅜ㏻ၟ௦⾲㒊 㼁㻿㼀㻾 ̿⡿㏻ၟᨻ⟇ࡢỴᐃ࡜௦⾲㒊ࡢᙺ๭࠘ ࢪࣕࣃ࣭ࣥࢱ࢖࣒ࢬࠊᖺ ➨  ❶ࠊ㛵ୗ⛱ࠗ➇தຊᙉ໬࡜ᑐ᪥㏻ၟᡓ␎̿ୡ⣖ᮎ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢⱞᝎ࡜෌⏕࠘ 㟷ᮌ᭩ᗑࠊᖺ ➨ ❶ཬࡧ➨❶ཧ↷ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ㻭㻯㼀㻺 ࡣᖺ࡟㈠᫆ᨻ⟇࣭஺΅ㅎၥጤဨ఍ 㻭㼐㼢㼕㼟㼛㼞㼥㻌㻯㼛㼙㼙㼕㼠㼠㼑㼑㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㼀㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌㻼㼛㼘㼕㼏㼥㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻺㼑㼓㼛㼠㼕㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻦㻌㻭㻯㼀㻼㻺 ࡟ᨵ⛠ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡓࡔࡋ㏻⛠ࡣࠕ࢔ࢡࢺࢗࣥࠖࡢࡲࡲ ࠋ㻭㻯㼀㻺 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣉࣛࢵࢺཬࡧ࢜࣌ࣝࡢάື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௨ୗࢆཧ↷ࠋPeter Drahos,“Global Property Rights in Information: The Story of TRIPS at the GATT,” Prometheus,
Vol.13, No.1, 1995, pp.6-19; Ryan, op. cit., chapter 4; Susan K. Sell, “Multinational Cor-

porations as Agents of Change: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights,” in A.

See Drahos with Braithwaite, op. cit., chapter 4.

Claire Cutler, Virginia Haufler, and Tony Porter, eds., Private Authority and InternationalSee “A New MTN: Priorities for Intellectual Property,” a paper by Task Force on Intel-

Affairs (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999), pp.169-197; Braithwaite andlectual Property, United States Council for International Business (1985).ࡇࡢᥦゝࢆ⧳ࡵDrahos, op. cit., chapter 7; Drahos with Braithwaite, op. cit., chapters 4 and 7; and Sell, op.

ࡓ 㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮 ࡢࢱࢫࢡࣇ࢛࣮ࢫࡢ㛗ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࣉࣛࢵࢺࡢྑ⭎ⓗᏑᅾ

cit. (2003), chapters 2 and 5.

࡛࠶ࡗࡓࣇ࢓࢖ࢨ࣮♫ἲᚊ㢳ၥࡢ 㻸㼛㼡㻌㻯㼘㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㼑 ࡛࠶ࡿ ᚋ࡟ 㻵㻼㻯 ࡢ୰ᚰே≀ࡢ୍ே࡜࡞ࡿ ࠋࢱࢫࢡࣇ࢛࣮ࢫࡣࡑࡢࡲࡲᖖタࡢᨻ⟇ጤဨ఍࡜࡞ࡾࠊ㻯㼘㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㼑 ࡣᖺ

erty to the Advisory Committee for Trade and Negotiations (October 1985).࠿ࡽᖺࡲ࡛ࡑࡢጤဨ㛗ࢆົࡵࡓࠋ㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮 㛵ಀ⪅ ஦ົᒁ ࠿ࡽࡢ࣓࣮ࣝᅇ⟅ᖺ᭶᪥௜ࡅࠊྠ᪥௜ࡅ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

See “Summary of the Phase I,” recommendation of the Task Force on Intellectual PropSee “Summary of the Phase II,” recommendation of the Task Force on Intellectual Prop-

erty to the Advisory Committee for Trade and Negotiations (March 1986).

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬㸦᏶඲∧㸧 㐲▮ ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୧࣮࣌ࣃ࣮ࢆᐇ㝿࡟㉳ⲡࡋࡓࡢࡣࣉࣛࢵࢺ㸭࡛࢜࣌ࣝᩥⱁⴭస≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢಖㆤࠊճ༙ᑟయࢳࢵࣉ࣭ࣞ࢖࢔࢘ࢺ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢಖㆤࠊ

ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࢜࣌ࣝࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱࣥࢺවࣟࣅ࢖ࢫࢺࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࢪࣕࢵ

մ་⸆ရࡢᨻᗓᥦฟࢹ࣮ࢱࡢಖㆤࠊյ▷࠸≉チᮇ㛫ࡸᙉไᐇ᪋ᶒࡢ᫝ṇࠊࢡ࣭ࢦ࣮ࣜࣥ㸦㻶㼍㼏㼝㼡㼑㼟㻌㻶㻚㻌㻳㼛㼞㼘㼕㼚㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

նᶒ฼⾜౑ᡭ⥆㹙Ỉ㝿ᥐ⨨ࢆྵࡴ㹛ࡢ☜❧ࠊշ⣮தฎ⌮ᡭ⥆ࡢ☜❧ࠊ࡞࡝E ࢪࣕࢵࢡ࣭ࢦ࣮ࣜࣥ

ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠋࢦ࣮ࣜࣥࡣࠊ㻭㻯㼀㻺㻌ࡢ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮సᡂ௨๓࡟ࠊ࢜࣌ࣝࡢ౫㢗࡛඲㡫࡟ཬ୍᪉ࠊࠕࣇ࢙࣮ࢬϩࠖࡣ๓㏙ࠕ㈠᫆࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠖᩥ᭩ࡢ࡯ࡰせ⣙࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡪ㼁㻿㼀㻾ၨⵚࡢᩥ᭩ࠕࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ⴭసᶒಖㆤ

ከᅜ㛫஺΅࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࣂ࢖ࣛࢸࣛࣝ㸭ࣘࢽࣛࢸࣛࣝ࡞ᥐ⨨ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡢࡓࡵࡢ㈠᫆࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠖ
㸦ᖺ  ᭶㸧ࢆసᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋྠᩥ᭩࡛ࢦ࣮

࡜ࠊ㼏㼍㼞㼞㼛㼠㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼟㼠㼕㼏㼗 ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ࡜ࡿ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࡀ່࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㼟㼠㼕㼏㼗 ࡜ࣜࣥࡣࠊᙜ᫬ࡲࡔᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟ᬑཬ㏵ୖࡔࡗࡓࠕⴭసᶒ࡟ࡼࡿࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭

ࡋ࡚㛵⛯ἲ᮲ࡸ㏻ၟἲ᮲ࡢ㐺⏝ࡀ㏣ຍࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊ⡿ᅜᨻࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ಖㆤࠖ㸦౛࠼ࡤ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ⴭసᶒࡢ☜❧ࡣᗓෆ㒊ࡸ 㻽㼁㻭㻰㸦ᚋ㏙㸧➼ࡢᨻᗓ㛫஺΅࡟࠾࠸࡚ 㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌ࡀࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫ࣭

ᖺ  ᭶㸧ࢆᅜ㝿࣮ࣝࣝ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊձ⣮தฎ⌮ᡭ⥆ࢆഛ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ

ࣅࣝࢹ࢕ࣥࢢࢆ୺ᑟࡍ࡭ࡁ࡜ࡢせồࡶ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㻳㻭㼀㼀࡛஺΅ࢆ⾜࠺࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࠊղከᅜ㛫༠ᐃ⥾⤖ࡢດຊ࡜ᖹ⾜ࡋ࡚ࣂ࢖ࣛ

ࢸࣛࣝ㸭ࣘࢽࣛࢸࣛࣝ࡞ᡭẁࢆ⿵᏶ⓗ࡟⾜౑ࡍ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜㸦ࡑࢀࡣ 㼏㼍㼞㼞㼛㼠㻌Į቟‫׎‬Ʒᙹርɼ‫҄׎ݰ‬㼍㼚㼐㻌㼟㼠㼕㼏㼗㹙࢔࣓࡜࣒ࢳ㹛࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㏵ୖᅜࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒไᗘᩚD ᪂㏻ၟᨻ⟇ഛࡢࡓࡵࡢᩍ⫱ⓗ࣭ᢏ⾡ⓗᨭ᥼࡜≉ᜨ㛵⛯฼┈๤ዣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ไ⿢ⓗᥐ⨨ࡢ〇㐀ᴗࡢ㈠᫆㉥Ꮠゎᾘࢆồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࣮ࣞ࢞ࣥᨻᶒ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ⏘ᴗ➇୧㠃సᡓ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸧࡞࡝ࢆッ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣉࣛࢵࢺࡢࠕ≉チࠖ࡜ࠕ⏘ᴗ➇தຊᅇ᚟ࢆㅻ࠺ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡣ㨩ຊⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᖺ  ᭶᪥Ⓨ⾲ࡢࠕ᪂㏻தຊࠖࢆᙉㄪࡋࡓ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔࡜୪ࢇ࡛ࠊࢦ࣮ࣜࣥࡢࠕࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ⴭసᶒࠖ

ၟᨻ⟇࡛ࠖ᪩ࠎ࡜ࡑࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡣ೉⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦Ⓨ⾲ࡣ㻭㻯㼀㻺࣓ࣥࣂ࡜ࠕ஺΅ᡓ⾡ࠖࢆ㔜どࡋࡓ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡣࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡢࡶ࠺  ࡘࡢ※ὶ࡛࠶ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ᪂㏻ၟᨻ⟇ࡣ࣮ࡽࡢ๓࡛ࢫࣆ࣮ࢳࢆ⾜࠺࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛࡞ࡉࢀࡓ㸧ࡾࠊ୧⪅ࡢ⼥ྜࡀ๓㏙ࡢ㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮ᥦゝ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ࢦ࣮ࣜࣥࡣ 㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮㻌ᥦゝࡢ㉳㈠᫆㉥Ꮠࢆᢈุࡍࡿ㆟఍࡜⏘ᴗ⏺࡬ࡢࣜࢵࣉࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡜࠸࠺ᛶ᱁ࡀᙉࡃࠊ

ⲡ⪅ࡢ୍ே࡛࠶ࡿ 㸧ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨻ⟇ࡢලయⓗ┠ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡽࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊձ⡿ᅜࡢ〇ἲ≉チࢆࡑࡢࢦ࣮ࣜࣥࡀ㉳ⲡࡋࡓࠕࣇ࢙࣮ࢬϨࠖࡣᴫࡡ 㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮㻌ᥦゝࢆ㋃くࡋࠊ౵ᐖࡋࡓ〇ရࡢ㍺ධྲྀ⥾ࠊղチㄆྍᡭ⥆୰࡟ኻࢃࢀࡓ㎰ᴗ໬Ꮫရࡢ≉チᮇ㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌࡛୙ṇၟရࢥ࣮ࢻ࡜ໟᣓⓗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢥ࣮ࢻࡢ  ࡘࢆタᐃࡍ࡭ࡁ㛫ࡢᘏ㛗ࠊճ᝟ሗබ㛤ἲࡢᝏ⏝ࡢ㜵Ṇ࡞࡝ࠊ᩿∦ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡋ࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓ

࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ໟᣓⓗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢥ࣮ࢻࡢෆᐜ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊձ໬Ꮫ≀㉁࣭㣗㸦ࡋ࠿ࡶղࡣ㈠᫆ၥ㢟࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸㸧ࠋရ࣭ࣂ࢖࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮➼ࡢ≉チಖㆤࠊղࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࡢ

୧࣮࣌ࣃ࣮ࡢᴫせࢆ⤂௓ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡟ࠊỤཱྀ㞝ḟ㑻ࠕ࢞ࢵࢺࡢᙉ໬࡜▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒಖㆤ ࡜ ࡢ ㄪ ᩚ ࠖࠗ ≉ チ ⟶ ⌮ ࠘ ➨  ᕳ ➨  ྕ  ᖺ  㹼  㡫 ࠊ Drahos with
Braithwaite, op. cit., chapter 7 ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
E ㏻ၟ௦⾲㒊ࡢໟᣓⓗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨻ⟇㻭㻯㼀㻺㻌ࡢࢥࣥࢧࣝࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡀຌࢆዌࡋࠊࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࢆᇶᮏ⌮ᛕ࡜ࡍࡿࠊ
⏘ᴗ⏺ࡀᮃࡴ┿࡟ࠕໟᣓⓗࠖ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨻ⟇ࡀ⡿ᅜᨻᗓ㸦㼁㻿㼀㻾㸧
࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊ᪂㏻ၟᨻ⟇࠿ࡽ༙ᖺ௨ୖࢆ⤒ࡓᖺ  ᭶  ᪥ࢪࣕࢵࢡ࣭ࢦ࣮ࣜࣥ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ᖺ᭶᪥ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋࢦ࣮ࣜࣥࢆ

㻭㻯㼀㻺 ࡢࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱࣥࢺ࡜グ㏙ࡍࡿᩥ⊩ࡀከ࠸ࡀࠊࡇࢀࡀㄗࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྠ࢖ࣥ



ࢱࣅ࣮࡛ࣗ☜ㄆࡋࡓ ṇࡋࡃࡣࠊ࢜࣌ࣝಶேࡢࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱࣥࢺ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ

᪂㏻ၟᨻ⟇ࡢ⫼ᬒ࣭ព࿡➼࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊⲡ㔝ཌࠕ⡿ᅜᑐ᪥㏻ၟᨻ⟇ࡢᅜෆⓗどⅬࠖSee Jacques J. Gorlin, “A Trade-Based Approach for the International Copyright Protec-ࠗᅜ㝿ၥ㢟࠘➨ྕ ᖺ 㹼㡫ࠊ㛵ୗ࣭๓ᥖ᭩➨  ❶ࢆཧ↷ࠋ᪂㏻ၟᨻ⟇tion for Computer Software,” an unpublished paper prepared for IBM (September 1985).ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ㒊ศ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊỤཱྀ࣭๓ᥖㄽᩥࢆཧ↷ࠋࢪࣕࢵࢡ࣭ࢦ࣮ࣜࣥ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ๓ฟ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ⡿ᅜ኱౑㤋ᗈሗ࣭ᩥ໬஺ὶᒁሗ㐨㒊ࡢ 㻻㼒㼒㼕㼏㼕㼍㼘㻌㼀㼑㼤㼠㻌 㻻㼀㻙㻤㻡㻙㻣㻝 ཧ↷ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬㸦᏶඲∧㸧 㐲▮ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ༙ᖺ㛫࡟ࠊ㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌ࡢࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘໬࡜ࠊ㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌࡟ࡼࡿ࣮ࣞ࢞

ࡓࠊ㻭㻯㼀㻺㻌ࡢ່࿌࡟ᚑ࠸ࠊ㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮㻌ᥦゝ௨᮶ồࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒၥ㢟ࣥᨻᶒ඲యࡢࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘໬ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ㸦ୡ⏺▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒᶵ㛵㹙㼃㻵㻼㻻㹛࡟㓄࡟㛵ࡍࡿᖖタࡢㅎၥጤဨ఍ࡢタ⨨ࢆỴᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢጤဨ఍ࡣࠊ㻭㻯㼀㻺㻌ࠋ៖ࡍࡿᅜົ┬ࡣࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘࡟ᙜึ཯ᑐࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸧ෆࡢ⏘ᴗᶵ⬟ูㅎၥጤဨ఍㸦㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㻲㼡㼚㼏㼠㼕㼛㼚㼍㼘㻌㻭㼐㼢㼕㼟㼛㼞㼥㻌㻯㼛㼙㼙㼕㼠㼠㼑㼑㻦㻌㻵㻲㻭㻯㸧㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌ࡢໟᣓⓗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨻ⟇࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ₞ࡃ௨ୗࡢㅖⅬࡀ⡿ᅜᨻᗓࡢࡢ  ࡘࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕ㏻ၟᨻ⟇ࡢࡓࡵࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⏘ᴗᶵ⬟ูㅎၥ࢔ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊձከᅜ㛫஺΅㸦㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌ጤဨ఍㸦㻵㻲㻭㻯㻌㼛㼚㻌㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌㻾㼕㼓㼔㼠㼟㻌㼒㼛㼞㻌㼀㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌㻼㼛㼘㼕㼏㼥㻌㻹㼍㼠㼠㼑㼞㼟㸧ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡛࣑ࢽ࣐࣒࣭ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡢタᐃࠊ㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌࡛⣮தฎ⌮ᡭ⥆ࡢ᳨ウࠊ㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌୙࡚᪂タࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢ⡿ᅜࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒእ஺ࡢᨻ⟇❧᱌࡛ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡼ

ṇၟရࢥ࣮ࢻࡢ᪩ᮇ᏶ᡂࠊ᪤Ꮡ᮲⣙ࡢ㑂Ᏺࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ࣋ࣝࢾ᮲⣙ຍ┕ࠊࣂ࢖࠺࡟࡞ࡿ㸦ࢦ࣮ࣜࣥࡀ๪ጤဨ㛗࡟ᑵ௵ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ 㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌ࡢᨻ⟇Ⓨ࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࡸ༙ᑟయࢳࢵࣉ࣭ࣞ࢖࢔࢘ࢺ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ➼ࡢ᪂ᢏ⾡ࡢಖㆤ⾲ࡢ⩣᭶ࠊ⡿ᅜࡣඛ㐍ྛᅜ࡜ࡢࠕࣇࣞࣥࢬ࣭࣑࣮ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ㸦ᚋ㏙㸧࡛ࠊ࡞࡝㸧ࠊղ஧ᅜ㛫஺΅㸦᪤Ꮡࡢ஧ᅜ㛫༠ᐃࡢᐇ᪋☜ಖࠊಖㆤ୙༑ศࡢᅜ࡬

ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡢᑐእᾐ㏱άືࢆᮏ᱁໬ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡢ┘どဨ㥔ᅾࠊ㏻ၟἲࡢά⏝ࠊࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࡸᢏ⾡༠ຊ࡞࡝㸧ࠊճᅜෆᥐ⨨㸦ᖺ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨵၿἲࡢᐇ⌧ ࠊ㏵ୖᅜ࡬ࡢᢏ⾡᥼ຓࡢࡓࡵࡢẸ㛫ࢭࢡࢱ࣮㸦㸧㻰㼑㼟㼠㼕㼚㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻔㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㻕㻌࡜ࡢ༠ຊ㸧ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊ㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮㻌࡛ࡢࣉࣛࢵࢺ࣭ࢫࣆ࣮ࢳ࠿ࡽᩘ࠼࡚᪥ᚋ

ĬȤȳǰȷȬȝȸȈƷᅕᛅ࡟ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡣ⡿ᅜᨻᗓ࡟㈏ᚭࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᖺ  ᭶ࠊ࣮ࣞ࢞ࣥ኱⤫㡿ࡢㅎၥᶵ㛵ࠕ኱⤫㡿⏘ᴗ➇தຊጤဨ఍

㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌ࡣᨻ⟇Ⓨ⾲࡜ྠ᫬࡟ 㻭㻯㼀㻺㻌࣮࣌ࣃ࣮ࢆබ⾲ࡋࠊᨻ⟇ࡀ 㻭㻯㼀㻺㻌ࡢຓ㸦㻼㼞㼑㼟㼕㼐㼑㼚㼠䇻㼟㻌㻯㼛㼙㼙㼕㼟㼟㼕㼛㼚㻌㼛㼚㻌㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼕㼍㼘㻌㻯㼛㼙㼜㼑㼠㼕㼠㼕㼢㼑㼚㼑㼟㼟㸧ࠖࡀࠊࠗୡ⏺ⓗ➇த̿

ゝࡢࠕ┤᥋ࡢ⤖ᯝ㸦㼍㻌㼐㼕㼞㼑㼏㼠㻌㼞㼑㼟㼡㼘㼠㸧࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲ

ࠕ⡿ᅜேࡣ᭶㠃ୖࢆṌ࠸᪂ࡋ࠸⌧ᐇ࠘࡜㢟ࡍࡿ኱㒊ࡢሗ࿌᭩ࢆබ⾲ࡋࡓࠋ



ࡓ᭱ึ࡟ࡋ࡚၏୍ࡢᅜẸ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ࡢឡᅜⓗᩥゝ࡛ጞࡲࡿྠሗ࿌᭩ࡣࠊࢪ

ᨻ⟇Ⓨ⾲ࡢ඲ᩥࡣ⡿ᅜ኱౑㤋ᗈሗ࣭ᩥ໬஺ὶᒁሗ㐨㒊ࡢ 㻻㼒㼒㼕㼏㼕㼍㼘㻌㼀㼑㼤㼠㻌 㻻㼀㻙㻤㻢㻙㻞㻣࣭ࣙࣥ㸿࣭ࣖࣥࢢጤဨ㛗㸦㻶㼛㼔㼚㻌㻭㻚㻌㼅㼛㼡㼚㼓ࠊࣄ࣮ࣗࣞࢵࢺ࣭ࣃࢵ࣮࢝ࢻ♫♫࡟ᥖ㍕ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊỤཱྀ࣭๓ᥖㄽᩥࠊ୰ᒣಙᘯ࣭ᮧୖᨻ༤࣭ෆ⏣┒ஓࠗ௻ᴗᡓ␎ࡢ᪂ࡋ

㛗㸧ࡢྡࢆෙࡋ࡚ࠕࣖࣥࢢ࣭࣏࣮ࣞࢺࠖ࡜㏻⛠ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⡿ᅜࡢ➇தຊࡢప࠸Ṋჾ ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒ࠘ ᪥หᕤᴗ᪂⪺♫ࠊᖺ ➨  ❶࡟ᴫせࡀ⤂௓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㼁㻿㼀㻾 㛵ಀ⪅ ࣁ࣮ࣦ࢙࢖࣭࣋࢖ࣝ ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ᖺ  ᭶᪥ ࠊࢪࣕࢵࢡ࣭ࢦ࣮ࣜࣥ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ๓ฟ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ
ࠕᖺ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨵၿἲ᱌ࠖࡣၟົ┬ 㻰㼑㼜㼍㼞㼠㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻯㼛㼙㼙㼑㼞㼏㼑 ࡜ྖἲ┬ୗ㸦≉࡟ᑐ᪥㈠᫆཰ᨭࡢᝏ໬㸧ࢆ⫼ᬒ࡟ࠊ⡿ᅜࡀ෌ࡧ຾ࡘࡓࡵࡢ⏘ᴗᨻ⟇ࢆᢏ⾡ࠊ㈨ᮏࠊேⓗ㈨※ࠊᅜ㝿㈠᫆ࡢ  ࡘࡢഃ㠃࠿ࡽᥦゝࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢሗ࿌᭩ࡢῧ௜㈨ᩱࡢ  ࡘ㸦㻭㼜㼜㼑㼚㼐㼕㼤㻌㻰㸧࡟ࠊᅜෆእ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ▱ⓗ㈈㻰㼑㼜㼍㼞㼠㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌㼛㼒㻌㻶㼡㼟㼠㼕㼏㼑 ࡀ୰ᚰ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚⧳ࡵࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࠊձ⡿ᅜࡢ〇ἲ≉チࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚⏘ᶒಖㆤࡢၥ㢟Ⅼ࡜ᨵၿ⟇ࡀヲ⣽࡟ㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦సᡂࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ㛗ࡣᾏእ࡛〇㐀ࡉࢀࡓ〇ရࡢ㍺ධࢆ≉チᶒ౵ᐖ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ ཬࡧࠕ౵ᐖࡢ᥎ᐃࠖ ࠊղ㎰ࣇ࢓࢖ࢨ࣮♫♫㛗 㻳㼑㼞㼍㼘㼐㻌㻸㼍㼡㼎㼍㼏㼔 ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢪࣕࢵࢡ࣭ࢦ࣮ࣜࣥࡶ㉳ⲡ⪅ࡢᴗ໬Ꮫရཬࡧື≀་⸆ရࡢチㄆྍྲྀᚓࡲ࡛࡟ኻࢃࢀࡓ≉チᮇ㛫ࡢ᭱㛗  ᖺ㛫ᘏ㛗ࠊࠋࡑࡢෆᐜࡣࠊࣖࣥࢢ࣭࣏࣮ࣞࢺᚋ࡟Ⓩሙࡍࡿ 㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮㻌ᥦゝ㸭㻭㻯㼀㻺㻌୍ே㸧ճ㛵⛯ἲ᮲ࡢᙉ໬ 㺀⿕ᐖせ௳ࠖࡢ๐㝖 ࠊմ≉チᶒ℃⏝ἲ⌮ࡢ㐺⏝ࡢไ㝈ࠊյ୙த᮲㡯ࡢゎ㔘ࡢ᫂☜໬ ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢩ࣮ࡣ୙த᮲㡯࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ≉チᶒࡢ᭷ຠᛶࢆத



࠼ࡿࡀࣟ࢖ࣖࣝࢸ࢕ᨭᡶ⩏ົࢆ㈇࠺࡞࡝ ࠊնࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡢ཯ࢺࣛࢫࢺつไ࡟࠾ࡅ1986).ࡿࠕྜ⌮ࡢཎ๎ࠖࡢᑟධ 㺀ᙜ↛㐪ἲཎ๎ࠖࡢ᧔ᗫ ࠊ➼ࡀ┒ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ ྍỴࡏࡎࠋࡓࡔࡋ୍㒊ࡣᚋ࡟ࠕᖺໟᣓ㏻ၟ࣭➇தຊἲ࡛ࠖᐇ⌧ ࠋၟົ┬ཬࡧྖἲ┬ࡢࣉTRIPs (Intellectual Property) Agreement (London: Intellectual Property Institute, 1999),ࣞࢫ࣭࣮ࣜࣜࢫ ࡜ࡶ࡟ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥௜ࡅ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊỤཱྀ࣭๓ᥖㄽᩥ࡟ᴫ

p.129 ࡟ᥖ㍕ࡢⴭ⪅␎Ṕ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ

せࡀ⤂௓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

New Reality, 2 vols (January 1985).

See “Statement by Ambassador Clayton Yeutter Concerning Intellectual Property Rights

Protection,” a press release by Office of the United States Trade Representative (April 7,

Jacques J. Gorlin, An Analysis of the Pharmaceutical-Related Provisions of the WTO

See President’s Commission on Industrial Competitiveness, Global Competition: Theࢪࣕࢵࢡ࣭ࢦ࣮ࣜࣥ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ๓ฟ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬㸦᏶඲∧㸧 㐲▮ ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮ࡸ 㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌ᨻ⟇Ⓨ⾲ࡼࡾࣉ࣭ࣟࣃࢸࣥࢺᗘࡀ㧗࠸㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊ⿢ุᡤ

࡚࠸࡞࠸㸧ࠋ࡟ࡼࡿᕪṆ௬ฎศࡢᐜ᫆໬㹙≉チᶒ᭷ຠᛶゎ㔘ࡢ⦆࿴㹛ࠊ㐃㑥ἲ࡟ࡼࡿࢺ

࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡢᐇົᐙࡀᴗ⏺ㄅ࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓࡇ࡜࡞࡝࠿ࡽࠊ

࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺಖㆤࡢせồࡀᣲࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠋ㏫࡟ゝ࠼ࡤࠊࣖࣥࢢ࣭

ࣖࣥࢢ࣭࣏࣮ࣞࢺࡣࠕ⡿ᅜࡢබᘧ࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨻ⟇࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⌮࣏࣮ࣞࢺࡣⓎ⾲ᙜ᫬ࡢࠕ⡿ᅜࠖࡢ㑅ዲࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋᐇࡣࣖࣥࢢ

ゎ㸦ㄗゎ㸧ࡉࢀ᭷ྡ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋᮏᅜ࡛↓どࡉࢀࡓᑐ᪥ᡓ␎᭩ࡣࠊ⓶⫗࡟ጤဨ఍ࡣࠊࠕ⏘ᴗᨻ⟇ࠖࢆồࡵࡿẸ୺ඪࢆ≌ไࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟タ⨨ࡉࢀࡓ࢞ࢫ

ࡶࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࢆᬑཬࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟㈉⊩ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙜ᫬ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ

ᢤࡁᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ࠕᑠࡉ࡞ᨻᗓࠖࢆᶆᴶࡍࡿ࣮ࣞ࢞ࣥඹ࿴ඪᨻᶒࡣࣖࣥࢢ࣭

ᨻᗓ࣭⏘ᴗ⏺࡟ࡣࠊ㻵㻮㻹㻌⏘ᴗࢫࣃ࢖஦௳㸦ᖺ㸧ࡸࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᅽຊ࡟ࡼࡿ

࣏࣮ࣞࢺࢆ↓どࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㻭㼜㼜㼑㼚㼐㼕㼤㻌 㻰㻌࡛ᥦゝࡉࢀࡓ஦㡯ࡢከࡃࡣ⤖ᯝⓗࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛಖㆤࡢࡓࡵࡢⴭసᶒἲᨵṇ㸦ᖺ㸧ࡢ⤒㦂࠿࡟ᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡢ ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡢࠕᐃㄝࠖ ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊᖺᙜࡽࠊࠕ⡿ᅜࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨻ⟇㸻ࣁ࢖ࢸࢡࡢࣛ࢖ࣂ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏࢱࢱ࢟ࠖ࡜

᫬ࡢ⡿ᅜࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨻ⟇࡟ࡣ┤᥋ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸦㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌ࡣໟぢࡿ㆙ᡄឤࡀᗈࡲࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡾࠊࣖࣥࢢ࣭࣏࣮ࣞࢺࡣࡑࡢᘏ㛗࡟࠶ࡿࡶࡢ

ᣓⓗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨻ⟇ࡢ❧᱌࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ᐇࡣࣖࣥࢢ࣭࣏࣮ࣞࢺࢆࡲࡗࡓࡃ⪃៖࡜ཷࡅ࡜ࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋ

ࠋྠ࣏࣮ࣞࢺࡣ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣᏑᅾ⮬యࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢࡀᐇ᝟
ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ 㸧ࡇࡢᙳ㡪࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡣᮏ᮶ࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔௨ୖ࡟ಖㆤ୺⩏ⓗ࣭࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡶࡲࡗࡓࡃ࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸࠸࡯࡝⪃ᐹࡉࢀᑐ᪥ᡓ␎ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡢ࢜ࣜࢪ
ࢼ࣭ࣝ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔㸦㻭㻯㼀㻺㻌࣮࣌ࣃ࣮ࡸ 㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌ᨻ⟇Ⓨ⾲㸧ࡣ༡໭ၥ㢟ࢆ୰ᚰ

࡟ᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᨻᗓ࡟ࡶ⏘ᴗ⏺࡟ࡶᑐ᪥ᡓ␎࡜࠸࠺ࠕ⿬ࡢࠖពᅗࡣ࡞

Ᏺㄔࠗ≉チࡢᩥ᫂ྐ࠘ ᪂₻♫ࠊᖺ ➨  㒊➨  ❶ࠊ㛵ୗ࣭๓ᥖ᭩➨  ❶ཧ࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ᪥ᮏഃࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺಖㆤࡢせồࡣࢥࣥ↷ࠋ୧᭩࡜ࡶࠊࣖࣥࢢ࣭࣏࣮ࣞࢺࡀ࣮ࣞ࢞ࣥᨻᶒ࡟ά࠿ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣᖺࡢ኱⤫㡿ࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࡢಖㆤࡢࡓࡵ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿➼ࡢ␲࠸ࢆᣢࡕࠊᐁẸᖺ㢌ᩍ᭩௨㝆ࠊ࡜ホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

࡜ࡶࡇࢀ࡟ᑐᢠࡍࡿጼໃ࡛ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࢆᏛ⩦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

ᒣཱྀὒ୍㑻ࠕࣖࣥࢢ࣭࣏࣮ࣞࢺ࡜ࡑࡢᚋࡢ⡿ᅜ▱ⓗ㈈⏘஦᝟ࠖࠗ▱㈈◊ࣇ࢛࣮ࣛ࣒࠘➨ྕ ᖺ 㹼㡫ཧ↷ࠋᖺ࡟㏻⏘┬ࡢᢸᙜ⪅ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ⏘ᴗࡢ➇தຊྥୖࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤࢆᙉ໬ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺୍஑ඵ஬ᖺ୍᭶࡟Ⓨ⾲ࡉ

ࢀࡓࠗࣖࣥࢢ࣏࣮ࣞࢺ࠘ ⏘ᴗ➇தຊጤဨ఍ࡢሗ࿌᭩ ࡢᥦゝࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊ୍஑ඵ஬ᖺ

஑᭶ࡢ࣮ࣞ࢞ࣥ኱⤫㡿ࡢ᪂㈠᫆ᨻ⟇ࠊඵභᖺᅄ᭶ࡢ 㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤᨻ⟇ࡀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋ

ᡴࡕฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ ୗ⥺➹⪅ ࠋ୰ᔱㄔࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻᗓ㛫஺΅ࡢ⌧≧ࠖ➹⪅ࡀ▱ࡿ၏୍ࡢ౛እࡣ Sell, op. cit. (2003), p.49 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ୍ゝゐࢀࡽࢀෆ⏣┒ஓࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ⏘ᴗ㠉᪂࡬ࡢᣮᡓ  ̿◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡜ᕤᴗᡤ᭷ᶒ࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࠖᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᡓ␎◊✲఍⦅ࠗᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᡓ␎̿᪥ᮏࡢ㐍㊰࡜ୡ⏺࡬ࡢ㈉⊩࠘ ᪥หᕤᴗ᪂

ࠗ㻭㻵㻼㻼㻵䛅 ➨ᕳ➨  ྕ ᖺ  㹼㡫ࠊྠ 䛂࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ⏘ᴗ㠉᪂࡬ࡢᣮᡓ  ̿◊⪺♫ࠊᖺ 㹼㡫ࠋ✲㛤Ⓨ࡜ᕤᴗᡤ᭷ᶒ࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࠖࠗ㻭㻵㻼㻼㻵࠘➨ᕳ➨  ྕ ᖺ 㹼㡫ཧ↷ࠋ㼁㻿㼀㻾 㛵ಀ⪅࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ๓ฟ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ

⡿ᅜࡢࣉ࣭ࣟࣃࢸࣥࢺᨻ⟇ࡢᙧᡂせᅉࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ࣮࢝ࢱ࣮㹼࣮ࣞ࢞ᚰࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࣖࣥࢢ࣭࣏࣮ࣞࢺࢆእົ┬࡟ࣈ࣮ࣜࣇ࢕ࣥࢢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ ࣨ᭶ࣥᨻᶒᮇࡢࣉ࣭ࣟࣃࢸࣥࢺᨻ⟇❧᱌࡟㛵୚ࡋࡓ࣮࣭࢟ࣃ࣮ࢯࣥ ᐁ൉ࠊ㆟఍ࢫࢱࢵᚋࡢእົ┬㈨ᩱ ᖺ  ᭶᪥௜ࡅ ࡛ࡣࠊࠕ⡿࡟࠾ࡅࡿᑐᛂࠖࡢ➹㢌࡟ࣖࣥࢢ࣭

ࣇࠊุ஦ࠊ≉チᘚㆤኈࠊ኱Ꮫᩍᤵ➼ ࡟⾜ࡗࡓ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ཰㘓ࡋࡓሗ࿌᭩ࠗ⡿࣏࣮ࣞࢺࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᅜࣉࣟࣃࢸࣥࢺᨻ⟇ࡢ᳨ド࠘ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘◊✲ᡤ࣡ࢩࣥࢺࣥ஦ົᡤࠊᖺ ࡛ࡣࠊࣖ⤒ᅋ㐃㛵ಀ⪅ ఍ဨ௻ᴗ≉チ㒊㛗 ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ

ࣥࢢጤဨ఍஦ົᒁ㛗ࢆ㝖ࡃྡࡢ࠺ࡕ  ྡࡀࣖࣥࢢ࣭࣏࣮ࣞࢺࡢᏑᅾࢆ▱ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ࣁ࣮ࣦ࢙࢖࣭࣋࢖ࣝ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ๓ฟ ࠊࢪࣕࢵࢡ࣭ࢦ࣮ࣜࣥ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ

ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋࡓ  ྡࡢ࠺ࡕᙳ㡪ຊࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ᩿ゝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࣅ࣮ࣗ ๓ฟ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ ྡ ࠸ࡎࢀࡶඖ≉チၟᶆᒁ㛗ᐁ ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  እົ┬㈨ᩱ ᖺ᭶᪥௜ࡅ ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊෆ⏣┒ஓ ୖグὀཧ↷ ࡣࠕ⡿ࡢ㛵⤒ᅋ㐃㛵ಀ⪅ ఍ဨ௻ᴗ≉チ㒊㛗 ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ๓ฟ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬㸦᏶඲∧㸧 㐲▮ ĭငಅမƷӖܾᢅᆉ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡔࡀࠊ㻮㻵㻭㻯㻌ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ྛᅜ⏘ᴗ⏺࡟࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡀఏ᧛ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ

D 㻮㻵㻭㻯᪤࡟ 㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮㻌ࡣ஦ᐇୖ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

᪥ᮏࡢ⏘ᴗ⏺ࡀࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ᾐ㏱ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢᑕ⛬ෆ࡟ึࡵ࡚ධࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ

E ᪥⡿㈈⏺ே఍㆟㻮㻵㻭㻯㸦㼀㼔㼑㻌㻮㼡㼟㼕㼚㼑㼟㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌㻭㼐㼢㼕㼟㼛㼞㼥㻌㻯㼛㼙㼙㼕㼠㼠㼑㼑㻌㼠㼛㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㻻㻱㻯㻰ࠊࠕ㻻㻱㻯㻰㻮㻵㻭㻯㻌ᥦゝ᱌ࡢ᳨ウ࡟ຍࢃࡗࡓࡢࡣᐇົ໬ࢡࣛࢫࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣉࣛࢵࢺ㸭⤒῭⏘ᴗㅎၥጤဨ఍ࠖ࡜ヂࡉࢀࡿࡀࠕࣅ࢔ࢵࢡࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࡢࡀ୍⯡ⓗ㸧ࡢά࢜࣌ࣝ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ㈈⏺ே࣭⤒Ⴀ⪅ࢡࣛࢫ࡟ࡲ࡛ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡀఏ᧛ࡋࡓࢃࡅ

ືࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗࡢմཧ↷㸧ࠋ㻮㻵㻭㻯㻌ࡣࠊ㻻㻱㻯㻰㻌ຍ┕ᅜࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞⤒࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ㈈⏺ேࢡࣛࢫࡢࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘࡜ࡢࣇ࢓࣮ࢫࢺ࣭ࢥࣥࢱࢡࢺࡣࠊ

῭ᅋయ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿ 㻻㻱㻯㻰㻌ࡢṇつࡢㅎၥᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮㻌ࡀ⡿ᅜᨭ㒊ࢆࠊࠕ᪥⡿㈈⏺ே఍㆟࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⤒῭ᅋయ㐃ྜ఍㸦⤒ᅋ㐃㸧ࡀ᪥ᮏᨭ㒊ࢆᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

⡿ᅜഃ࠿ࡽࡢᥦ᱌࡟ࡼࡾࠊᖺ  ᭶ࠊᮏ఍㆟ࡢ࢔ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲࢆㄪᩚࡍ

㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮㻌ࡣ๓㏙ࡢᥦゝࢆࠕ㻮㻵㻭㻯㻌ࡢᥦゝࠖ࡟᱁ୖࡆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᅗࡾࠊ㻮㻵㻭㻯㻌㈠ࡿ᪥⡿ྜྠ㐠Ⴀጤဨ఍ࡢᐃᮇ఍ྜ㸦ࣁ࣡࢖㸧࡛ึࡵ࡚ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡀ㆟ㄽࡉ᫆ጤဨ఍ ࡛࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣦࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮㻌ᥦゝࡣࡑࡢࢀࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ᪥ᮏഃࡢ㛵ᚰࡣࠊ༡໭ၥ㢟ࡼࡾࡶ⡿ᅜࡢ≉チไᗘ࡜ࡢࠕࣁࡲࡲ 㻮㻵㻭㻯㻌ᥦゝཎ᱌࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᖺ᭶ࠊ⤒ᅋ㐃ࢆྵࡴ 㻮㻵㻭㻯㻌ྛᅜᨭ㒊࡟࣮ࣔࢼ࢖ࢮ࢖ࢩࣙࣥࠖ࡟࠶ࡾࠊ㆟ㄽࡣჶࡳ࠶ࢃࡎ࡟⤊ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡜ࡇࢁ

㏦௜ࡉࢀࡓࠋ⤒ᅋ㐃࡛ࡣ⩣ᖺ᭶ࡲ࡛᪥ᮏ≉チ༠఍ࠊ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮௻ᴗᩘ♫ࠊࡀࠊ ᭶ࡢᮏ఍㆟㸦ᮾி㸧࡛᥇ᢥࡉࢀࡓඹྠᥦゝ࡛ࡣࠊࠕࣁ࣮ࣔࢼ࢖ࢮ࢖ࢩ

እົ┬㸦ᚋ㏙㸧࡜ᥦゝෆᐜࡢ᫝㠀ࢆ᳨ウࡋࠊࡇࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ㸻㈠ࣙࣥࠖࡣጼࢆᾘࡋࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡀ๓㠃࡟ฟ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᥦゝ࡛ࡣࠊ㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌᪂ࣛ࢘᫆ၥ㢟㸻㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌࣐ࢱ࣮ࠖ࡜࠸࠺᪂ࡋ࠸࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆᏛ⩦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ ࠋࣥࢻ࡟࠾ࡅࡿໟᣓⓗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ༠ᐃ㸦࣑ࢽ࣐࣒࣭ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࠊ᪂ᢏ⾡ศ⤒ᅋ㐃࡟ࡣ≉チࡢἲᚊⓗ࣭ᐇົⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࢆ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࠕ≉チၥ㢟㒊఍ࠖࡀ࠶㔝ࡢಖㆤࠊ⣮தฎ⌮ᡭ⥆ࠊ་⸆ရᢎㄆ⏦ㄳࡢࡓࡵࡢᨻᗓᥦฟࢹ࣮ࢱࡢಖㆤ

ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛㈠᫆ၥ㢟ࡢ㆟ㄽࡀࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋᥦゝ᱌࡟ᑐ࡞࡝ࢆྵࡴ㸧࡜୙ṇၟရࢥ࣮ࢻࡢ᥇ᢥࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣከᅜ㛫༠㆟ࢆ⿵᏶ࡍࡿࡓࡍࡿホ౯ࡣࠊ㏵ୖᅜᑐ⟇ࡢࡓࡵ࡟⡿ᅜࡢᥦ᱌࡟౽஌ࡍࡿࡢࡣᚓ⟇࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡵ࡟ࠕ  ᅜ㛫ࡢ༠㆟ࢆᙉຊ࡟᥎㐍ࡍࡿࡇ࡜㺁ࡲ࡛ㅻࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᭶࡟Ⓨ⡿ᅜ≉᭷ࡢไᗘࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬࡟ࡣ㆙ᡄࢆせࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ ⾲ࡉࢀࡓ 㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌ࡢᨻ⟇ࢆ࢚ࣥࢻ࣮ࢫࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡶゝ࠼ࡿࠋ㸦᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ᅇ⟅ෆᐜࡣ୙᫂㸧ࠋࡇࢀࡣ⾲㠃ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ ᭶࠿ࡽ  ᭶ࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫࡟ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡢࠕ⌮ゎࠖࡀ῝ࡲᖺ  ᭶ࠊ㻮㻵㻭㻯࣭㻻㻱㻯㻰㻌୧㈠᫆ጤဨ఍ࡢྜྠ఍ྜ࡛ࠊ㻮㻵㻭㻯㻌⡿ᅜ௦⾲ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࡶぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᖺ௦࡟⤒ᅋ㐃ࡢ⥲఍Ỵ㆟࡛ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡣࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ᨭᣢࢆồࡵࡓࠋ㻻㻱㻯㻰㻌ࡣࡇࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ 㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌᪂ࣛᶒࠖࡀ୍ᗘࡶ┒ࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡸࠊࡇࡢᚋࠊᨻᗓ࡜⤒ᅋ㐃ᐇົᐙ࢘ࣥࢻࡢ࢔ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡲࡔ᠜␲ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡞

ࢡࣛࢫࡀ⤖クࡋ࡚㈈⏺ே࡟ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࢆᩍ⫱ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜㸦ᚋ㏙㸧
⤒῭ᅋయ㐃ྜ఍ 㻻㻱㻯㻰 ㅎၥጤဨ఍ࠗ㻮㻵㻭㻯 ᝟ሗ࠘➨ྕ ᖺ  ᭶ 㡫ཧ↷ࠋ

᪥⡿㈈⏺ே఍㆟ࡣࠊẖᖺ  ᭶ࠊ᪥⡿ࡢ኱௻ᴗࡢ఍㛗ࢡࣛࢫࡀඹ㏻ࡢ฼┈ࢆウ㆟ࡍ⤒ᅋ㐃 㻻㻱㻯㻰 ㅎၥጤဨ఍ࠕ㻮㻵㻭㻯 ࡢ⤌⧊࡜άືࠖ ᖺ  ᭶ ཧ↷ࠋࡿࡓࡵ࡟㛤ദࡉࢀࠊ⡿ᅜ௦⾲ᅋ࡟ࡣࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣭ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࢸ࣮ࣈࣝࡸ 㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮 ࡀࠊ᪥ᮏᖺ㹼ᖺ࡟ࡣࣇ࢓࢖ࢨ࣮࣭࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝ♫♫㛗ࡢ 㻮㼛㼎㻌 㻺㼕㼑㼙㼑㼠㼔 ࡀ௦⾲ᅋ࡟ࡣ⤒ᅋ㐃ࡀ῝ࡃࢥ࣑ࢵࢺࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

㻮㻵㻭㻯 ㈠᫆ጤဨ㛗࡟ᑵ௵ࡋࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟 ஺΅ಁ㐍࡟ྥࡅࡓάືࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㻮㻵㻭㻯 㛵⤒ᅋ㐃㈨ᩱ ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥௜ࡅ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋಀ⪅ ࣃࣜᮏ㒊஦ົᒁ ࠿ࡽࡢ࣓࣮ࣝᅇ⟅ ᖺ᭶᪥௜ࡅ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ᪥⡿⤒῭༠㆟఍ࠗ➨ᅇ᪥⡿ྜྠ㐠Ⴀጤဨ఍ሗ࿌᭩࠘ ᖺ  ᭶ ཧ↷ࠋ㻮㻵㻭㻯 ㈨ᩱ ᖺ᭶᪥௜ࡅ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ᪥⡿⤒῭༠㆟఍ࠗ➨ᅇ᪥⡿㈈⏺ே఍㆟ሗ࿌᭩࠘ ᖺ  ᭶ ཧ↷ࠋ⤒ᅋ㐃㈨ᩱ ᖺ  ᭶᪥௜ࡅࠊྠ᪥௜ࡅ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ

๓ᥖሗ࿌᭩㡫ࠋ⤒ᅋ㐃㛵ಀ⪅ ஦ົᒁ ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ᖺ᭶᪥ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋᣋ✏ ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗグ஦ ࠕ௻ᴗࡢㄢ㢟࡜㑅ᢥࠖࠗ㼀㻭㻸㻵㻿㻹㻭㻺࠘➨  ྕ ᮾிᾏୖ⤒ᅋ㐃㈨ᩱ ᖺ  ᭶᪥௜ࡅ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ

ⅆ⅏ಖ㝤ࠊᖺ ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬㸦᏶඲∧㸧 㐲▮ ࡞࡝࠿ࡽࠊᐇែࡣࠕ↓㛵ᚰࠖࡺ࠼ࡢཷࡅ኎ࡾ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ᪥⡿ࡢ㈈⏺ே✲఍ࠖࢆ⤌⧊ࡋࠊࣇࣞࣥࢬ࣭࣑࣮ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘࡬ࡢᑐ᱌స

ࢡࣛࢫࡢ┤᥋஺ὶ࡛ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡀෆ㠃໬ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗࡢյཧᡂࢆ㛤ጞࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ◊✲఍ࡣ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟஺΅㛤ጞᚋࡶእົ┬ࡢࢩࣥࢡࢱࣥࢡ࡜

↷㸧ࠋࡋ࡚άືࢆ⥆ࡅࠊᑠつᶍ࡞ࡀࡽࡇࡢศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏘ᐁᏛࡢ᭱ึࡢࠕᨻ⟇ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㺁࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗࡢոཧ↷㸧ࠋእົ┬ࡀࣇࣞࣥࢬ࣭࣑࣮ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡛⾜ࡗࡓᥦ᱌ࡣ⡿ᅜⓎࡢࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘࡜Į૎ࡅƷӖܾᢅᆉD እົ┬ࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃ␗࡞ࡾࠊࠕ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ࡬ᢏ⾡⛣㌿ࢆᅗࡾࠊᢏ⾡Ỉ‽ࡢྥୖ࡜⏘㼁㻿㼀㻾ࡣࠊᖺࠊ㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌᪂ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻ࡟ྥࡅࡓࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫᙧᡂࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ

ᴗⓎᒎࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࠖࡇ࡜࡟୺║ࢆ⨨ࡃࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ㏆௦໬ࡢ㐣⛬⡿ᅜࠊ㻱㻯ࠊ᪥ᮏࠊ࢝ࢼࢲࡢ㏻ၟၥ㢟ᢸᙜࡢ㛶൉ࢡࣛࢫ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿ

࡛ࡢᢏ⾡ᑟධࢆ⠊࡜ࡋ࡚♧ࡋࡘࡘࠊⓎᒎẁ㝵࡟ᛂࡌࡓ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨻ⟇ࡀᚲ㻽㼡㼍㼐㼞㼕㼘㼍㼠㼑㼞㼍㼘㻌㻳㼞㼛㼡㼜㸦ࠕ㻽㼁㻭㻰㹙ࢡ࢔ࢵࢻ㹛ࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠕᅄᴟ㈠᫆

せ࡜ࡋࠊձᙉไᐇ᪋ᶒࡢ⥔ᣢ㸦᤼௚ⓗᙉไᐇ᪋ᶒࡣྰᐃ㸧ࠊղ≉チᮇ㛫㸦୍኱⮧఍ྜࠖ࡜ヂࡉࢀࡓ㸧ࢆ⤌⧊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㻽㼁㻭㻰㻌࡛ࡣᙜึࠊᮾிࣛ࢘ࣥࢻ

ᚊ࡟ࡍࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆྵࡵ࡚㸧ࢆᢏ⾡⛣㌿࡜ᶒ฼ಖㆤࡢ୧どⅬ࠿ࡽ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡛ᮍᡂ❧࡟⤊ࢃࡗࡓ୙ṇၟရࢥ࣮ࢻࡢḟᮇࣛ࢘ࣥࢻ࡛ࡢᐇ⌧ࢆ┠ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡜ࠊճᢏ⾡Ỉ‽ྥୖᚋࡢ≀㉁≉チᑟධࠊմᅜෆ஦᝟࡟㐺ࡋࡓ୙≉チ஦⏤࡞ࡓࡀࠊᖺ࡟ࡣ 㻭㻯㼀㻺㻌ࡢ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠕໟᣓⓗࠖ࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ༠࡝ࠊࡀ୺ᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊࠕ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ❧ሙࢆᨭᣢࡋࡘࡘࡶࠊⓎᒎᐃࢆ┠ᣦࡍ᪉ྥ࡟㌶㐨ಟṇࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓ㸦ᅗࡢնཧ↷㸧ࠋ

㏵ୖᅜ࡜᫂ࡽࡉࡲ࡟ࢣࣥ࢝ࡋ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ᙧ࡛ᑐᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㺁ࡇ࡜ࢆ≺ࡗ᪂ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࡀ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡓሙྜ࡟᪥ᮏഃ௦⾲ᅋࢆ⤫ᣓࡍࡿ❧ሙ࡟࡞ࡿእ

ࡓᑐᢠ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ົ┬ࡣࠊ➨ᅇ 㻽㼁㻭㻰㸦ᖺ  ᭶ࠊ࢝ࢼࢲ㸧࡟ഛ࠼࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㛵E ㏻⏘┬ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕ⏘ᴗ⏺ࡢࡦ࡜࠿ࡽぢ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟ᚲせ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࡟࠿ࠊࡑࡋ࡚᪥ᮏ

㻽㼁㻭㻰㻌ࡢᮏ᮶ࡢ୺ᙺ࡛࠶ࡿ㏻⏘┬ࡣࠊᐇࡣᖺ  ᭶ࡢ➨  ᅇ 㻽㼁㻭㻰ࡀ୺ᙇࡍ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࡟࠿㺁 ࢆᢕᥱࡍ࡭ࡃࠊᖺ᭶࠿ࡽ⩣ᖺ  ᭶࡟࠿㸦ி㒔㸧࡛ࠕ≉チ➼▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒไᗘ࣭ᡭ⥆ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ⤫୍࡜᪂ᢏ⾡ࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡅ࡚ࠊ⤒ᅋ㐃ࡸಶู௻ᴗ㸦ᐇົᐙ㸧࡟㞟୰ⓗ࡟ࣄ࢔ࣜࣥࢢࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ୎

ࡋࡓ㈠᫆ࡢ㛵ಀࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ࡟ࡼࡿ᳨ウ㺁ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࠊ ᭶࡟ࡣࠊࡇࡢᥦ᱌ࢆ㋃

ᗘࡇࡢ㡭ࠊ⤒ᅋ㐃࡛ࡣ 㻮㻵㻭㻯㻌᱌ࡢ᳨ウࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ඹྠ࡛ࡲ࠼࡚ࠊࠕᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟ྜពࡉࢀࡿ᭱ᑠ㝈ࡢせㄳࢆ඘㊊ࠖࡋࡓ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒไᗘᅇ⟅᱌ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿᙧ࡟࡞ࡾࠊࡇࡢ㐣⛬ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚እົ┬ࡶࡲࡓࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࢆࡢ᥇⏝ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒไᗘࡢᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶඛ㐍ᅜ㛫ࡢㄪ࿴ࠊ㎿㏿࡞ᑂᰝᡭ⥆࣭Ꮫ⩦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗࡢշཧ↷㸧ࠋ⣮தฎ⌮ᡭ⥆ࡢ☜❧࡞࡝ࡢ᳨ウㄢ㢟ࢆᣲࡆࡓ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮ࢆྛᴟ࡟㏦௜ࡋ࡚

ᅄᴟ௨እ࡟ཧຍᅜࢆᣑ኱ࡋࡓᙧ࡛▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࢔ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ໬ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿᑓ㛛ᐙ఍ྜ㸦ࠕࣇࣞࣥࢬ࣭࣑࣮ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡓ㸧ࢆ㛤ദࡍࡿࡇ࡜
ࡀ➨ᅇ 㻽㼁㻭㻰㻌࡛Ỵᐃࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢ➨  ᅇ఍ྜࡣᖺ  ᭶㸦࢝ࢼࢲ㸧࡟タᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋྠᖺ  ᭶࡟ࡣ⡿ᅜ㸦㼁㻿㼀㻾㸧ࡀໟᣓⓗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨻ⟇ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋ࡚⡿ᅜࡢࢫࢱࣥࢫࡶ᫂☜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛እົ┬ࡣඛࡢࣄ࢔ࣜࣥࢢࡢ⤒㦂
ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ࠊ ᭶ࠊ᪥ᮏᅜ㝿ၥ㢟◊✲ᡤ㸦እົ┬ࡢእ㒌ᅋయ㸧࡟⤒ᅋ㐃㸦ᐇົᐙ㸧࡜Ꮫ⪅㸦ἲᏛ࣭⤒῭Ꮫ㸧ᩘྡࢆ㞟ࡵࡓ㠀බᘧࡢࠕ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒၥ㢟◊࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ୍ぢࠊ㏻⏘┬ࡀ⡿ᅜ࡟ඛࢇࡌ࡚ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࢆᥦၐࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࡶぢ
᪥ᮏᅜ㝿ၥ㢟◊✲ᡤ㛵ಀ⪅࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ᖺ᭶  ᪥ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ

ᨻ⟇ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊఀ⸨ග฼࣭⏣୰ឡ἞࣭┿ῲ຾ࠗᨻ἞㐣⛬ㄽ࠘ ᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊᖺ ➨❶ཧ↷ࠋᥦ᱌ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒ∧ࡀ᪥ᮏᅜ㝿ၥ㢟◊✲ᡤࠗୡ⏺㈠᫆ࡢⓎᒎ࡜▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒ࠘ ᖺ

㹼㡫࡟཰㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

➨  ᅇ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒၥ㢟◊✲఍ ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥ ㆟஦㘓ࠋ⤒ᅋ㐃㈨ᩱ ᖺ  ᭶᪥௜ࡅ ࠋእົ┬㈨ᩱ ᖺ  ᭶᪥௜ࡅ ࠋእົ┬㈨ᩱ ᖺ᭶᪥௜ࡅࠊᖺ  ᭶᪥௜ࡅࠊྠ᪥௜ࡅࠊྠ᪥௜

ᑠᕝ᐀୍࣭ᒾᮏ᫂カ࣭ᅵᒇⰋᘯࠗ୙ṇၟရၥ㢟ᴫㄽ࠘ Ⓨ᫂༠఍ࠊᖺ 㹼ࡅࠊᖺ  ᭶  ᪥௜ࡅ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  㡫ཧ↷ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࠕ⡿ࡣࡇࢀ࡟㛵ᚰࢆ♧ࡋࠖࠊ᭶ࠊ㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌ࡢࣁ࣮ࣦ࢙࢖࣭

ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬㸦᏶඲∧㸧 㐲▮ ࢖ࢮ࢖ࢩࣙࣥࠖ࠿ࡽࠕ㈠᫆ᦶ᧿ࠖ࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ

࣋࢖ࣝ㸦㻴㼍㼞㼢㼑㼥㻌㻮㼍㼘㼑㸧௦⾲⿵㸦᪂㏻ၟᨻ⟇ࡢ㉳ⲡ⪅㸧ࡀ᮶᪥ࡋࠊ㏻⏘┬࡜ࣇࣞࣥࢬ࣭࣑࣮ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡛ࠊ⡿ᅜࡢࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࠊእົ┬ᥦ᱌ࠊ㻱㻯㻌ᥦ᱌㸦୍ࡢ㛫࡛ࠕ௒ᚋࡢၥ㢟Ⅼࡢᩚ⌮ࠖ࡜࡞ࡿࠕ㏻⏘࣭࣋࢖࣮ࣝ࣌ࣃ࣮ࠖࢆ⧳ࡵ࡚

ᐃࡢᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡋࡓᅜࡀ⮬⏤࡟ཧຍࡍࡿࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢡࣛࣈᵓ᝿㺁㸧ࡀⓏ࠸ࡿࠋྠ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮ࡣࠊ≉チཬࡧࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺࡢಖㆤࠊᙉไᐇ᪋

ሙ࣭➇ྜࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㏻⏘┬ࡶၥ㢟ࢆࠕ㈠᫆ᦶ᧿ࠖ࡜఩⨨௜ࡅ࡚ᑐᛂࢆ᳨ウࡍᶒࡢཎ๎⚗Ṇࠊ⣮தฎ⌮ᡭ⥆࡞࡝ࢆྵࡴྜពࢆ㻳㻭㼀㼀࡛ᡂ❧ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ

ࡿ᪉ྥ࡟㌿ࡌࡓࠋ

☜ㄆࡋࡓෆᐜ࡛ࠊྠࡌ᭶ࡢ 㻭㻯㼀㻺㻌࣮࣌ࣃ࣮㸦ࣇ࢙࣮ࢬϨ㸧࡜ࠕၥ㢟ព㆑ࢆ୍࡟ࡋ࡚ࠖ࠸ࡓࠋ

㏻⏘┬ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒၥ㢟ࡢࠕ㈠᫆ၥ㢟ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᐇែࢆᢕᥱࡋᥦ᱌ࡢ
ᇶ♏࡜ࡍ࡭ࡃࠊᖺ  ᭶ࠊ᪥ᮏ≉チ༠఍ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ

ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㏻⏘┬ᥦ᱌ࡢ┿ពࡣ㏵ୖᅜၥ㢟ࡢゎỴࡼࡾࡶࠊ᪥⡿㛫ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⿕ᐖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⏘ᴗ⏺࡟࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ㸦ᅗࡢչཧ↷㸧ࠋ࡜ࡇࢁ⏘ᶒไᗘ㸦≉࡟≉チไᗘ㸧ࡢࠕࣁ࣮ࣔࢼ࢖ࢮ࢖ࢩࣙࣥࠖ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋᙜ᫬ࠊ

ࡀࠊ㏵ୖᅜ࡜ࡢၥ㢟ࢆᣲࡆࡿᅇ⟅ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞ࡃࠊㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝุ᫂ࡋࡓࡢ

᪥ᮏࡢ≉チᑂᰝࡢ㐜ࢀ➼ࡀ⡿ᅜ࠿ࡽၥ㢟どࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠕ᪥⡿≉チᦶ᧿ࠖࡀࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡀᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿၥ㢟ࡢከࡃࡣ⡿ᅜ࡜ࡢၥ㢟㸦≉チไᗘࡢ┦㐪ࠊ‪ࡁୖࡀࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ≉チไᗘࡣඛⓎ᫂୺⩏ࢆጞࡵᅜ㝿ⓗ㛵⛯ἲ᮲ࠊࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ⴭసᶒ࡞࡝㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇ

࡟ࡣ≉␗࡞≉ᚩࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛㏻⏘┬࣭≉チᗇ㸦㏻⏘┬ࡢእᒁ㸧ࡣࠊ࠺ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ㏻⏘┬ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢࠕಖㆤ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ࠖ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᨻ⟇࠿ࡽ஧ᅜ㛫࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃከᅜ㛫ࡢ༠㆟ࡢሙ࡛⡿ᅜ࡜ࣁ࣮ࣔࢼ࢖ࢮ࢖ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㆟ㄽ᪥ᮏࡢ⏘ᴗࢆᏲࡿయไࢆ 㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡢ୰࡛ᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ᑐᢠ

ࢆ㐍ᒎࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ≺ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ࡑࡢࡓࡵ࠿ࠊ᭶࡟㏻⏘࣭࣋࢖࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔㸦እົ┬࡜ࡣูࡢ㸧ࢆᣢࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ

࣮ࣝ࣌ࣃ࣮ࡀ⡿ᅜ࠿ࡽṇᘧ㏦௜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡶࠊ㏻⏘┬ࡣ≉ẁࡢᑐᛂࢆࡋ࡚࠸࡞
ࠋ࠸㸧㛫ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ㻮㻵㻭㻯㻌ᥦ᱌ࢆ᪤࡟᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ⏘ᴗ⏺㸦ᐇົᐙࢡࣛࢫ㸧࠿ࡽįƀTRIPsƁƷᎇకƱϋ᩿҄D ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ጤဨ఍ᖺ  ᭶ࠊࣉࣛࢵࢺ㸭࢜࣌ࣝࡣ 㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌࡜ࡶ༠㆟ࡢ࠺࠼ࠊࣁ࢖ࢸࢡከᅜ

ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘࡬ࡢ㆙ᡄࢆಁࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㏻⏘┬ࡢㄆ㆑ࡀࠕࣁ࣮ࣔࢼ

⡠௻ᴗ♫࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿᅽຊᅋయࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ጤဨ఍㸦㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌እົ┬㈨ᩱ ᖺ  ᭶᪥௜ࡅ ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࣁ࣮ࣦ࢙࢖࣭࣋࢖ࣝ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅࣗ

㻯㼛㼙㼙㼕㼠㼠㼑㼑㻦㻌㻵㻼㻯㸧ࠖࢆ⤖ᡂࡋࡓ㸦ࢦ࣮ࣜࣥࡀࢥࣥࢧࣝࢱࣥࢺ࡟ᑵ௵ ࠋ㻵㻼㻯㻌ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊձྛᅜࡢᨻᗓ࣭⏘ᴗ⏺࡟┤᥋ッ࠼࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ 㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌ࡢ࢔ࢪ࣮ ๓ฟ ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ࣋࢖ࣝᮏேࡣࡇࡢ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡲࡗࡓࡃグ᠈ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸

࢙ࣥࢲ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡬ࡢᨭᣢࢆᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸦ࡘࡲࡾࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࢆᾐ㏱ࡉࡏ

࡜࠸࠺ࠋ

ࡿࡇ࡜㸧
ࠊղ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌ࡢ࢔ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ໬ࢆぢ㉺ࡋ࡚᪥⡿Ḣࡢ⏘ᴗ⏺࡛༠ᐃࡢࣔࢹ≉チᗇ㛵ಀ⪅࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ᖺ  ᭶᪥ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋእົ┬㈨ᩱ ᖺ  ᭶᪥௜ࡅ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ㏻⏘┬ഃࡢゝ࠸ศ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ

ࣝࢆసᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌ࡣ➨ᅇ㻽㼁㻭㻰㸦ᖺ  ᭶ࠊࢧࣥᮏ✏ᇳ➹᫬Ⅼ࡛┤᥋☜ㄆࡀ࡜ࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊୖ㏙ࡋࡓᖺ  ᭶ࡢ 㻽㼁㻭㻰 ྥࡅ

࣮࣌ࣃ࣮ 㺀ᮧ⏣ࠊⱝᮡ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮ࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ >㺀ᮧ⏣ࠖࡣᙜ᫬ࡢ㏻ၟ⏘ᴗ኱⮧ࠊࠕⱝ⤒ᅋ㐃㛵ಀ⪅ ఍ဨ௻ᴗ≉チ㒊㛗 ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ๓ฟ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ

ᮡࠖࡣᙜ᫬ࡢ㏻ၟ⏘ᴗᑂ㆟ᐁ@ ๓ᚋࡢ୍㐃ࡢືࡁࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࡋ࡚ࠊ㏻⏘┬ ⌧࣭⤒῭ࣇࣞࣥࢬ࣭࣑࣮ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ㓄ᕸ㈨ᩱ ᖺ  ᭶ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ⏘ᴗ┬ ࡣࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟 ༠ᐃࡣࡑࡶࡑࡶ㏻⏘┬ࡀᥦၐࡋࡓࡶࡢࠖ࡜ࡍࡿ㊃᪨ࡢࠕṔྐࠖࡇࡢ㡭ࠊ㏻⏘┬࡛ࡶᴗ⏺ᅋయ➼ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚⏘ᴗ⏺ࡢᐇົᐙࢆྲྀࡾ㎸ࢇࡔ㠀බᘧࡢࢆㄒࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊࣁ࣮ࣦ࢙࢖࣭࣋࢖ࣝ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ๓ฟ ࡟ࡼ◊✲఍ࢆタ⨨ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࡔࡀࠊࡑࡢᐇែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡲࡔᢕᥱ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

ࡿ࡜ࠊ➨  ᅇࣇࣞࣥࢬ࣭࣑࣮ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ᾘᴟⓗ࡞ 㻱㻯㻌࡜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ ⱝᮡ≉チᗇ㛵ಀ⪅࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ๓ฟ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ

ᑂ㆟ᐁࡣ☜࠿࡟✚ᴟὴࡔࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠸ࠊ㹼ᖺࡢ㏻⏘┬ࡢ㑅ዲࡢᦂࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

㻵㻼㻯 ࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮௻ᴗᩘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣㅖㄝ࠶ࡿࡀࠊタ❧᫬ࡢᩘࡣ♫ࡀṇࡋ࠸ࠋࡣࠊ࡞࠾ៅ㔜࡞ศᯒࡀᚲせࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ



See Intellectual Property Committee, “Intellectual Property Committee: History, Purpose, ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬㸦᏶඲∧㸧 㐲▮ ࢹ࢕࢚ࢦ㸧࡟࠾ࡅࡿྛᅜࡢᾘᴟጼໃ࡟༴ᶵឤࢆᢪࡁࠊ㻵㻼㻯㻌࡟ㄝᚓࡉࢀࡓඛ

ㆤ୺⩏࡟㉮ࡾࡀࡕ࡞⡿ᅜࡢືྥࢆ≌ไࡍࡿពᅗ࠿ࡽ㺁㸦ලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ㛵⛯㐍ྛᅜ⏘ᴗ⏺ࡀࠕୗ࠿ࡽࠖྛᅜᨻᗓ࡟ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࢆᾐ㏱ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᮇᚅ

ἲ᮲ࠊ㏻ၟἲ᮲ࠊࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ⴭసᶒࠊࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺ➼ࡋࡓ㸦ࡘࡲࡾ 㼁㻿㼀㻾㻌ࡣྛᅜࡀᑐෆⓗ࡟ࠕᙅ࠸ᅜᐙ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜᝿ᐃࡋ࡚࠸

࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⡿ᅜࡢᡓ␎ࢆᑒࡌ㎸ࡵࡿᅜ㝿࣮ࣝࣝసࡾࢆ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌஺΅࡛ᐇ⌧ࡍࡓ㸧ࠋࡿពᅗ࠿ࡽ㸧ࠊࣔࢹࣝ᱌సࡾ࡟ཧຍࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ㏻⏘┬ࡢᑐᢠ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕

㻵㻼㻯㻌ࡣୖグ┠ⓗࡢᐇ⌧ࡢࡓࡵࠊᖺ  ᭶࡟࢖ࢠࣜࢫࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࠊࣇࣛࣥ

࢔ࢆࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡢ୰࡟⧊ࡾ㎸ࡴᙧ࡛ࠊᐁẸࡢࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓࡢ

ࢫࡢᨻᗓ࡜⏘ᴗᅋయ㸦㼠㼔㼑㻌㻯㼛㼚㼒㼑㼐㼑㼞㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼛㼒㻌㻮㼞㼕㼠㼕㼟㼔㻌㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼕㼑㼟䚸㼠㼔㼑㻌㻲㼑㼐㼑㼞㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ྠ᫬࡟ࠊእົ┬ࡢᢏ⾡⛣㌿ࢆ㔜どࡋࡓ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡣᚋ㏥ࡋࠊ⤒ᅋ㼛㼒㻌 㻳㼑㼞㼙㼍㼚㻌 㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼕㼑㼟䚸㼠㼔㼑㻌 㻲㼞㼑㼚㼏㼔㻌 㻼㼍㼠㼞㼛㼚㼍㼠㸧ࠊ㻱㻯㻌ጤဨ఍ࠊ㼁㻺㻵㻯㻱ࠊ㻻㻱㻯㻰ࠊ㐃㸭እົ┬ࡢ༠ㄪࡣḟ➨࡟⤒ᅋ㐃㸭㏻⏘┬ࡢ༠ㄪ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚᭰ࢃࡽࢀࡿ㸧ࠋ㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌 ࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻 ࡜ពぢࢆ஺ࢃࡋࡓᚋࠊ ᭶࡟᮶᪥ࡋࠊ⤒ᅋ㐃㸦ᐇົᐙ㸧ࠊE ㈈⏺ே࡬ࡢᾐ㏱᪥ᮏᅜ㝿ၥ㢟◊✲ᡤ㸦▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒၥ㢟◊✲఍㸧ࠊእົ┬ࠊ㏻⏘┬࡜ಶู࡟ᐁ൉ཬࡧᐇົᐙࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ๓グᡓ␎ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࡢ

఍ྜࡋࡓ㸦ᅗࡢպཬࡧջཧ↷㸧ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᖍୖ࡛ࠊ㻵㻼㻯㻌ࡣࠊձ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ㞀ᐖ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡀࠊ㈈⏺ே㸦⤒ᅋ㐃ᖿ㒊ࢡࣛࢫ㸧ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒၥ᪂ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࡢ࢔ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࡟࡞ࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ⡿ᅜࡣ᪂ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡞࠸ࠊ

㢟࡬ࡢࠕ↓㛵ᚰࠖࡸࠕ↓㆙ᡄ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ղ᪂ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻ࡛▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ༠ᐃࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ⡿ᅜࡣ㏻ၟἲ᮲ࡸ㛵౛࠼ࡤࠊ㻵㻼㻯㻌᮶᪥┤ᚋࡢ᪥ᮏᅜ㝿ၥ㢟◊✲ᡤࡢ◊✲఍࡛ࡣࠊࠕ⤒ᅋ㐃ᖿ㒊

⛯ἲ᮲ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࣂ࢖ࣛࢸࣛࣝ㸭ࣘࢽࣛࢸࣛࣝ࡞ᥐ⨨࡟㢗ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠊࡣࡲࡔ 㻵㻼㸦▱ⓗ㈈⏘㸧ၥ㢟࡟✚ᴟⓗ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࠖࡃࠊࠕᅜ㝿㏻ၟࡢ

࡜⬣ࡋ࡜ࡶ࡜ࢀࡿⓎゝࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡓࠋ

❧ሙࡶྵࡵࡓᙧ࡛ࡢ㻵㻼ၥ㢟ᑐฎ࡜࠸࠺㠃࡛ࡣࡲࡔᙅ࠸ࠖࡇ࡜ࡀၥ㢟どࡉࢀࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓⓎゝࡸẸ㛫୕ᴟඹྠ࡛ࣔࢹࣝ᱌ࢆసᡂࡋࡓ࠸࡜ࡢᥦ᱌ࢆ㋃ࡲ

ࠕ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࢆ⤒Ⴀ⪅࡟⌮ゎࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࠖࡢ᪉⟇ࡀ᳨ウࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ  ࡘࡢᡂᯝࡀࠊᖺ᭶ࠊ⤒ᅋ㐃ࡀẸ㛫୕ᴟ఍㆟ࡢཷࡅ─࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠼ࠊ⤒ᅋ㐃࡜እົ┬ࠊ⤒ᅋ㐃࡜㏻⏘┬ࡀ㠀බᘧ࡟༠㆟ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊᖺ⛅࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࠊᴫࡡ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡓ␎ࡀ❧࡚ࡽࢀࡓ ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊձ⤒ᅋ㐃ࡣἲົ୰ᚰࡢࠕ≉チၥ㢟㒊఍ࠖࢆ㏻ၟၥ㢟୰ᚰࡢࠕ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒၥ㢟㒊఍㺁࡟ࠕⓎᒎ㏵ୖᅜ࡞࡝ࡢ୙༑ศ࡞ಖㆤᇶ‽ࢆᘬࡁୖࡆࡿ㺁┠ⓗ࡛ 㻵㻼㻯㻌ࡢᥦ᱌࡟ᨵ⤌ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋྠ㒊఍ࡣࣔࢹࣝ᱌ࡢ᳨ウࢆ⾜࠺࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌஺ᛂࡌࡿࠊղࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ
ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘࡟඲㠃ⓗ࡟㈶ྠࡋ࡚⡿ᅜࡀ୺ᙇࡍࡿෆᐜࡢໟ΅ࡢ㐍ᒎ࡜ྠ᫬ᖹ⾜ⓗ࡟ࠕୖࡢேࡢၨⵚ㺁ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⩻᱌∧ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡢ⤒ᣓⓗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ༠ᐃࡢ⟇ᐃࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁࠕࡸࡸࡶࡍࡿ࡜ಖ

ᅋ㐃ෆ㒊࡛ࡢᾐ㏱࡟ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦⩣ᖺ࡟ࡣࠊ
ྠ㒊఍ࡢάືࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊฟ∧≀ࡸࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࣛࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ྛ✀ࡢၨⵚάື



ࡀᐇ㊶ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠋ⡿ᅜࡢ⏘ᴗ⏺࡛ࡣࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡣୖ㸦㈈⏺ே㸧࠿ࡽୗ

Objectives and Work Program” (July 31, 1986).

ࣁ࣮ࣦ࢙࢖࣭࣋࢖ࣝ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ๓ฟ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ⤒῭ᅋయ㐃ྜ఍࣭๓ᥖ᭩㡫ࠋ㻳㻭㼀㼀 ⌧ 㼃㼀㻻 ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒၥ㢟ᢸᙜ⪅࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ ᖺ  ᭶᪥㻵㻼㻯ࠊ㼁㻺㻵㻯㻱ࠊ⤒ᅋ㐃ࡢẸ㛫୕ᴟ࡟ࡼࡿࣔࢹࣝ᱌ࡣࠊ⣙  ᖺᚋࡢᖺ  ᭶࡟᏶࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࡢ 㻵㻼㻯 ゼၥ࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ 㻳㻭㼀㼀 ஦ົᒁ ࡣࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࢆᨭᣢࡶ୙ᨭᣢࡶࡋ

ᡂ࣭බ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSee The Intellectual Property Committee, Keidanren, and UNICE,

࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ

“Basic Framework of GATT Provisions on Intellectual Property: Statement of Views of the⤒ᅋ㐃㈨ᩱ ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥௜ࡅࠊྠ  ᪥௜ࡅ ࠊእົ┬㈨ᩱ ᖺ  ᭶᪥௜

European, Japanese and United States Business Communities” (1988).࡞࠾ࠊ඲ᩥཬࡧヂࡅ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋᩥࡀ⤒῭ᅋయ㐃ྜ఍࣭๓ᥖ᭩࡟཰㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

⤒ᅋ㐃㈨ᩱ ᖺ᭶᪥௜ࡅࠊྠ᪥௜ࡅࠊྠ᪥௜ࡅ ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ➨  ᅇ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒၥ㢟◊✲఍ ᖺ  ᭶᪥ ㆟஦㘓ࠋ⤒῭ᅋయ㐃ྜ఍ࠗ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪥⡿ḢẸ㛫୕ᴟ఍㆟ࡢぢゎ̿▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟㛵ᚋ࡟ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ၥ㢟㒊఍ࠖ࡟ᨵ⛠ࠋࡍࡿ 㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌༠ᐃࡢ⥾⤖࡟ྥࡅ࡚ ⤒῭㈨ᩱ➨ྕ ࠘ ⤒῭ᅋయ㐃ྜ఍ࠊᖺ ➨  ᅇ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒၥ㢟◊✲఍ ᖺ  ᭶᪥ ㆟஦㘓ࠋ

㡫ࠋ



ᖺ  ᭶  㹼  ᪥ࡢࠕ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⤒ᅋ㐃ࢤࢫࢺࣁ࢘ࢫ࣭ࣇ࢛࣮

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬㸦᏶඲∧㸧 㐲▮ 㸦ᐇົᐙ㸧࡬㝆ࡾ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡀࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ⏘ᴗ⏺࡛ࡣ㏫࡟ୗ࠿ࡽୖ࡟ࣉࢵࢩࣗ

࢖ࢵࢩ࣮ࣗ໬㸭࢔ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ໬ࡣࠊ฼┈ᅋయ୺ᙺㄝ㸦࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺせᅉ㸧ࡸࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ぞᶒᅜࡢᙉไ࡜ࡍࡿぢ᪉㸦ᵓ㐀ⓗせᅉ㸧ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿࡟ࡼࡗ୍࡚᪉ⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂࠿ࡃࡋ࡚ࠊࣉࣛࢵࢺ࣭ࢫࣆ࣮ࢳ࠿ࡽࡢ᪑㸦ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘㸧ࡣࠊㄗゎ࡜⩻᱌ࢆ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊศᯒࣞ࣋ࣝၥ㢟ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮࡛ࣜゝ࠺࡞ࡽࡤࠊ➨୍࢖క࠸ࡘࡘࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ⤊╔Ⅼ࡟㐩ࡋ㸦ᅗࡢռཧ↷㸧ࠊࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㈠᫆㛵㐃ⓗ࣓࣮ࢪ㸦฼┈ᅋయ࡜つ⠊㉳ᴗᐙ㸧ࠊ➨஧࢖࣓࣮ࢪ㸦ࠕᙅ࠸ᅜᐙࠖ㸧ࠊ➨୕࢖࣓ഃ㠃ࠖࡀ᪥⡿㛫࡛㛫୺ほⓗ㸦㼕㼚㼠㼑㼞㻙㼟㼡㼎㼖㼑㼏㼠㼕㼢㼑㸧࡟ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡟࠸ࡓࡗࡓࠋ࣮ࢪ㸦ぞᶒࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸧ࢆ⤫ྜࡋࡓどᗙ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚ㄝ᫂ྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜

࠸ࡘࢆࡶࡗ࡚ෆ㠃໬ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀ᏶⤖ࡋࡓ࡜ぢࡿ࠿ᐜ᫆࡟ุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜

ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ

ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࣔࢹࣝ᱌ࡢබ⾲㸦ᖺ  ᭶᪥㸧ࢆ୍ᛂࡢ┠Ᏻ࡜ࡍࡿ࡞

ࡓࡔࡋࠊᮏㄽࡢศᯒどᗙࡣ᭱ึ࠿ࡽࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬ࢆᑐ㇟࡟᝿

ࡽࡤࠊࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡࡢ఍ሙ࡛ࣉࣛࢵࢺࡀᢨṔࡋࡓ  ࡘࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡀࢺ࣮

ᐃࡋ࡚᱌ฟࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡀᵝࠎ࡞ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒၥ㢟ࠖࡢ࢖ࢵࢩࣗ

࣮࡛࢟ࣙつ⠊໬ࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࠊ᪥㸦  ᖺ࡜᪥㸧ࢆせࡋࡓィ⟬࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

࣮໬࡟ỗ⏝ⓗ࡟฼⏝ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣࡲࡔࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ



㸱㸬⤖ㄒ㻌

ᖺ௦࡟ࣈࣛࢪࣝ➼ࡀࣃࣜ᮲⣙ᨵṇ஺΅ࡢ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣦࢆ࡜ࡗࡓ஦౛࡞
࡝ࡣㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡑ࠺࡟࡞࠸ࠋ௒ᚋࡢ᳨ウㄢ㢟࡜ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ

ᅜ㝿ᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛௜ゝࡍࢀࡤࠊࠕࢯࣇࢺ࣭࣊ࢤࣔࣥࠖࢆ࢔

๓❶࡛ぢࡓࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢ᪥⡿㛫ࡢඹ᭷▱㆑໬ࡢ㐣⛬ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟せ⣙࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗᣑᩓࡢ㔜せ࡞せ⣲࡜ࡍࡿᮏ✏ࡢどⅬࡣࠊ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡑࡢ

࡛ࡁࡿࠋձ⡿ᅜࡢࣁ࢖ࢸࢡከᅜ⡠௻ᴗཬࡧ฼┈ᅋయ㸦ࣇ࢓࢖ࢨ࣮ࠊ㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮㸧ࡶࡢࡢㄝᚓຊࢆ㔜どࡍࡿࢥࣥࢫࢺࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࣦ࢕ࢬ࣒ࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ࠊ≀⌮ࡢつ⠊㉳ᴗᐙ㸦ࣉࣛࢵࢺࠊࢦ࣮ࣜࣥ㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ㸻㈠᫆ၥ㢟ⓗ࡞ࣃ࣮࣡ࡸᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞せᅉࢆ㔜どࡍࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ㸦᚟ᶒⓗ࡟㸧᥋ྜࡋࡓ㸻㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌࣐ࢱ࣮ࠖ࡜ࡍࡿࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡀㄌ⏕ࡋࡓࠋղᅜෆⓗ࡟ࠕᙅࡶࡢ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࢥࣥࢫࢺࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࣦ࢕ࢬ࣒ࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᑡ

࠸ᅜᐙ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ⡿ᅜ࡛ྠ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡣࠕୗ࠿ࡽࠖᨻᗓ㸦㼁㻿㼀㻾㸧࡟ᾐ㏱ࡋࠊ

࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔⮬యࡢ㨩ຊࡔࡅ࡛ᅜ㝿ⓗᣑᩓྠ᫬࡟ࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟ࠕᙉ࠸ᅜᐙࠖ㸦ぞᶒᅜ㸧࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ⡿ᅜࡣࣃ࣮࣡࡟⿬௜ࡅ

ࢆㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢࡶ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞஦౛ࡣ௚࡟ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣࡉࢀࡓつ⠊୺ᑟᅜ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆᨻᗓ㛫࣮ࣝࢺ㸦㻽㼁㻭㻰㻌➼㸧࡛ᅜእ࡞࠸࠿ࠋᮏ✏ࡣࠊࡑࡢドࡋࡢࡓࡵࡢ୍ヨㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡬Ⓨಙࡋࡓࠋճ⡿ᅜࡢ฼┈ᅋయ㸦㼁㻿㻯㻵㻮ࠊ㻵㻼㻯㸧ࡶࡲࡓࠕぞᶒࣈࣛࣥࢻࠖ

࡟ᚋᢲࡋࡉࢀ࡚࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆ୺࡟Ẹ㛫࣮ࣝࢺ㸦㻮㻵㻭㻯ࠊẸ㛫୕ᴟ఍㆟㸧࡛㹙௜グ㹛ᮏ✏ࡣ㹼ᖺᗘ⛉Ꮫ◊✲㈝⿵ຓ㔠㸦ㄢ㢟␒ྕ㸧ཬࡧ

ᅜእ࡬Ⓨಙࡋࡓࠋմᅜෆⓗ࡟ࠕᙉ࠸ᅜᐙ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏࡢᨻᗓ㸦እົ┬ࠊ㏻ᖺᗘ᪩✄⏣኱Ꮫ≉ᐃㄢ㢟◊✲ຓᡂ㈝㸦ㄢ㢟␒ྕ㻭㸧ࡢᡂᯝࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿࠋ



⏘┬㸧ࡣࠊ
ࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࢆᏛ⩦ࡋࡓ⏘ᴗ⏺㸦⤒ᅋ㐃࣭᪥ᮏ≉チ༠఍➼ࡢᐇົᐙ㸧ࢆࢩࣥࢡࢱࣥࢡ໬ࡋ࡚ࠕୖ࠿ࡽࠖྲྀࡾ㎸ࡳࠊࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘࡟ᑐࡍࡿㄗゎ㸦ࣖࣥࢢ࣭࣏࣮ࣞࢺࡢᙳ㡪㸧࡜⩻᱌㸦ᑐᢠ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔࡜ࡢᢡ୰㸧ࢆ⤒࡚ࡇࢀࢆཷ
ᐜࡋࡓࠋյཷᐜࡉࢀࡓࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡣࠕୖ࠿ࡽࠖ㸦ᨻᗓ㸧࡜ࠕୗ࠿ࡽࠖ㸦⏘ᴗ⏺ᐇົᐙ㸧ࡢാࡁ࠿ࡅ࡛㈈⏺ேࢡࣛࢫ࡟ࡲ࡛ᾐ㏱ࡋࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡢࠕෆ㠃໬ࠖࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀ᏶⤖ࡋࡓࠋ᳨ド⤖ᯝࡣᴫࡡ➨  ❶ࡢ௬ㄝ࡟ἢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
ࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟ࠖࡢ



࣒ࣛࠖࡢ㛤ദࡸࠊࠗ⤒ᅋ㐃᭶ሗ࠘ ᖺ  ᭶ྕ ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ≉㞟 ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࢆࡵ

ࡢ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕศᯒࣞ࣋ࣝࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊKenneth N. Waltz, Man, the State, and War: Aࡄࡿㅖၥ㢟ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࠖ࡞࡝ࠋ

Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959) ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ಶே ➨୍࢖࣓࣮ࢪ ࠊᅜᐙ ➨஧࢖࣓࣮ࢪ ࠊᅜ㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ ➨୕࢖࣓࣮ࢪ ࡢ  ࡘ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   