RCE
Regional Centre of Expertise on
Education for Sustainable Development

Good Practices for ESD
Case reports from Japanese RCEs

United Nations University Good Practices of Japanese RCEs

As of October 2018, there have been seven RCEs in Japan, which is shown below:

Introduction
Regional Centres of Expertise on Education for Sustainable Development (RCEs) are proposed1by the United Nations University (UNU) as one of the major tools to promote ESD during the① RCE Hokkaido Central

decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD), and the first group of seven RCEs,② RCE Greater Sendai

including RCE Greater Sendai and RCE Okayama, were acknowledged by UNU in June 2005.
RCEs have been further increased worldwide and became more than 160 as of Sep 2018.

③ RCE Yokohama

RCE is a multi-stakeholder network of formal, non-formal and informal institutions to promote

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ESD at local and regional communities. Geographical scope of RCE is an unified area in
economic, social and natural conditions, enabling daily face-to-face communications among
relevant stakeholders. The concept of RCE is presented below:

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6④ RCE Chubu⑤ RCE Hyogo-Kobe

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3⑥ RCE Okayama⑦ RCE Kitakyushu

Formal Education

Non-formal Education

Museums, libraries,
Higher Education andbotanical gardens,
parks, etc.

Junior high schools
Primary schools

Lateral Link

Lateral Link

Vertical Link

Research Institutes

Senior high schools

This document aims at further development of Japanese RCE activities by presenting their ESD
good practices and contributing global RCE activities by introduction of Japanese RCE activities.

Municipalities
Board of education

Contents● RCE Hokkaido Central ……………………………………………………………………

P4● RCE Greater Sendai ………………………………………………………………………

P7

Community Centres● RCE Yokohama …………………………………………………………………………… P10

Local UNESCO Associations● RCE Chubu ………………………………………………………………………………… P12

NPO/NGO● RCE Hyogo-Kobe ………………………………………………………………………… P15

Kindergartens

Private enterprises● RCE Okayama ……………………………………………………………………………… P18● RCE Kitakyushu …………………………………………………………………………… P21

Horizontal link

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RCE Hokkaido Central

Development of local agenda and indicatorsfor Hokkaido through a multi-stakeholder process
Sapporo Freedom School Yu ; Department of Environmental and Symbiotic Science,
College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Studies, Rakuno Gakuen University;and Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University◆ Background and purpose

Sustainable development entails collaboration toward common
objectives. We believe that such collaboration requires thedevelopment of local agendas and indicators suited to realities
on the ground, which are supported by a multi-stakeholder
process. Thus, we collaborate among practitioners andresearchers to develop original local agendas and indicators,
and advocate reflecting those in local governance.

◆ Outline of activity

Led by Sapporo Freedom School Yu , practitioners and otherstakeholders created a forum for dialogue to develop local
agendas and summarised the input provided in the forum into abooklet. The Graduate School of Environmental Science,
Hokkaido University is leading a questionnaire survey of highschool/college students and businesses on their awarenessand implementation of SDGs. RCE Central Hokkaido is also
seeking to develop an educational programme to identify thechallenges and needs for each entit y. Meanw hile, theDepartment of Environmental and Symbiotic Science, Collegeof Agriculture, Food and Environment Studies, Rakuno Gakuen
University is leading an effort to build relevant indicators on
scientific data provided by research institutes and NGOs, aswell as the local government.

◆ Result of activity

Stakeholders, particularly practitioners and experts, could
share insights into sustainable development challenges fromperspectives other than their own. Although local agendas andindicators are still being developed, the RCE has been able to
ex p e r ie n c e a n d p r a c t ic e key E S D e le m e nt s , su c h as
collaboration and critical thinking . Most importantly, we
now share the significance of introducing a multi-stakeholder
process as an approach to social decision-making in thecontext of sustainable development by seeking solutions with
common objectives, and by learning from practical solutions byidentifying the issues underlying the challenges from a wide
range of perspectives. The RCE has also provided the meaningand viewpoint for schools and businesses to implement
sustainable development , with steady progress in raisingawareness and engaging with new practitioners.

Thus, the RCE is seeking to develop local agendas andindicators in Hokkaido in support of the SDG concept of noone will be left behind , by promoting and combining thestrengths of the stakeholders.

RCE Hokkaido Central

Established in December 2015
▲Example of SDG target localised for the central Hokkaido area

RCE Hokkaido Central was established in 2015 with the vision of realising a sustainable regional society overthe next 100 years, base on the history and development of Hokkaido . Following the adoption of SDGs in thesame year, the RCE has been pursuing the major objective of helping to achieve the SDGs as a multi-stakeholder
platform. Civil society organisations, businesses, educational institutions, local governments, research
institutions and other stakeholders have been implementing joint projects for the introduction of amulti-stakeholder process in decision-making, the development of educational programmes on ESD/SDGs, thepromotion of fair trade and so on. This has helped members of the RCE to gain and share insights into how toachieve sustainable development that suits the central Hokkaido area. In implementing these initiatives, we arefocusing on a Plus One Principle to try different approaches, different disciplines and different areas.

E-mail：info@rce-hc.org
Website：http://rce-hc.org/
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RCE Hokkaido Central

Promotion for a Fair Trade Town
Fair Trade Hokkaido; City of Sapporo; consumer organisations;shops dealing in fair trade goods; high schools in Sapporo;and universities in the Sapporo area
◆ Background and purpose

Collaboration requires a common, concrete theme. The project
aims to develop a mechanism for Sapporo and other municipal
governments in the area to promote fair trade , a theme thatcan be easily associated with sustainability and specific social
issues.

◆ Outline of activity

Dating back to the 1980s, the histor y of the fair trade
movement in the Sapporo area is one of the longest in Japan.
H owever, interest in fair t rade was limited to specif ic
organisations and individuals, and thus the engagement of
more stakeholders was needed in order to develop an area-wide
initiative. In this light, the RCE engaged with traditional fairtrade actors, as well as the municipal government, schools, andbusinesses to establish the Fair Trade Town Sapporo Strategic
Conference on in September 2017 as a focal point to promote
fair trade with the participation of a wide range of stakeholders.
The RCE star ted suppor ting with collaboration in study
meetings, seminars and in creating teaching material
development on fair trade, aiming to develop Sapporo, thecapital city of Hokkaido, into a Fair Trade Town . In November
2017, we organised a seminar and panel discussion event
entitled Aiming for a Fair Trade Town , followed by almost
monthly events including a workshop on Prospects for a Fair
Trade Town: Six Goals to Develop Sapporo into a Fair Trade
Town in February 2018, and the sale of fair trade goods at the
Hatsukita Shopping District Summer Festival in July 2018.

◆ Result of activity

Fair trade is a practice directly linked to all SDGs, particularly
capturing the interest of those concerned with Goals 3, 4, 8,
10 and 12. By connecting organisations and sectors interested
in specific topics, our RCE succeeded in sharing mutual
insights and creating collaborative projects. Youth activities inparticular are gaining momentum. Fair trade clearly serves as acatalyst for learning about various perspectives acrossdisciplines, including: general consumer education on fair trade(sustainable production and consumption); opportunities forhigh school and college students to learn about the labour
environment overseas in order to reflect on working conditions
and decent work in Hokkaido (education for international
understanding and career development); and opportunities forbusinesses, particularly corporate managers, to think about theworking conditions of the disabled (development education).
Collaboration among various stakeholders is also growing instrength and scale as they share the specific common
o bj e c t i v e o f d e v e l o p i n g t h e c a p i t a l S a p p o r o i n t o a ninternationally recognised Fair Trade Town , effectively
enhancing involvement in sustainable production andconsumption, and helping to find solutions to local issues suchas the development of fair working conditions.

RCE Greater Sendai

Established in May 2005

At the outset, local networks of schools, municipalities, universities, civil society organisations and businesses
with specific missions related to ESD promotion, environmental education and community building came together
to form a greater area network at the level of Miyagi Prefecture. Under the academic leadership of Miyagi
University of Education and Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, RCE Greater Sendai is
a coalition of networks promoting ESD in partnership with the City of Sendai, civil society organisations,businesses, non-profits, and municipalities in Miyagi Prefecture, revolving around four local networks: (1) the
Kesennuma area, characterised by community building centred on fisheries combined with a UNESCO school
promoting ESD education; (2) the Osaki area, characterised by community building centred on agriculture andforestry, combined with environmental conservation in agriculture and a Ramsar Convention site; (3) the
Shiroishi-Shichigashuku area, promoting the conservation of water-source forests through urban-rural exchanges;
and (4) the Sendai area, characterised as a public-civic network of environmental education for building anenvironmentally-sound city. The local networks pursue their own specific missions, and gather at regular sharedworkshops on ESD and the SDGs.

Tel ：+81-22-214-3931
Fax：+81-22-214-3342
E-mail： kenkyo@adm.miyakyo-u.ac.jp
Website：https://www.tamaki3.jp
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RCE Greater Sendai

RCE Greater Sendai

Environmental Forum Sendai

Promotion of ESD in Collaboration with Schools and Local
Community for Achieving SDGs in the Tohoku Region

Hosted by the City of Trees Forum for Environmental Education and Learning (FEEL Sendai),
the Steering Committee for Environmental Forum Sendai is directly managed by participants(about 22 organisations each year, including non-proﬁts, student groups, businesses and municipalities).
In recent years, students have been acting as secretariat for the Steering Committee.
FEEL Sendai, a component of RCE Greater Sendai, is a local network in the Sendai area. Composed of civil society
organisations active in the ﬁelds of the environment, universities, the municipal government, and education board
in the City of Sendai, FEEL Sendai seeks to build a sustainable society on environmental education and learning,with secretariat services provided by the Environmental Symbiosis Section, Environmental Bureau, City of Sendai.

Miyagi University of Education and ESD/UNESCO School Tohoku Consortium (comprising: networking organisations suchas Miyagi University of Education, RCE Greater Sendai, UNU-IAS, Asia-Paciﬁc Cultural Centre for UNESCO and the National
Federation of UNESCO Associations in Japan; the Municipal Education Boards of Daisen(Akita Prefecture), Osaki, Hiraizumi,
Kesennuma and Tadami; primary and secondary schools registered as UNESCO Schools; UNESCO Associations in Sendai,
Kesennuma and Shiroishi; as well as municipal governments, businesses and non-proﬁts such as GIAHS Promotion Section,
Municipal Government of Osaki, Shirakami Sanchi Foundation, AXA Life Insurance Co. Ltd., and the Tohoku Chamber ofEnvironment). The whole project is managed by the Steering Committee, with Miyagi University of Education serving as
secretariat. Activities include the plenary Mutual Learning Seminars and events held in priority areas (10 sites) and byschools and associations. The outcomes are reported at the annual presentation event.

◆ Background and purpose

F EEL Sendai was launched in 200 4, based on theunderstanding that environmental education and learningis crucial for changing the attitude and behaviour of citizens
inte r e ste d in g l o b al issu e s t h r o ug h t h e le ns o f l o c alenvironmental problems, in order to create a sustainable
society. The initiatives of FEEL include: (1) Empowered
Environmental Rescue Team; (2) Environmental Society
E xperiment; (3) Environmental Forum; (4) Sendai
Environmental Youth College; and (5) FEEL Open Forum. The
Environmental Forum, which started at the launch of FEEL,
is a project to showcase the activities of environmentalorganisations based in Sendai and provide citizens withinformation on environmental problems.

◆ Outline of activity

At the annual Forum, environmental organisations based in
Sendai (NPOs, universities, student groups, businesses,
co - ops, municipal government, etc.) repor t on theirrespective activities and discuss an overarching theme, withthe aim of making citizens more interested in environmental
issues.

◆ Result of activity(1) 15 years on, the Environmental Forum is now recognisedby citizens as a regular annual event, with an increasing
number of repeat participants. Attendance now numbers
1,000-1,500 each year, including the Mayor of Sendai. It has
grown into an important communication platform for citizen
groups and FEEL.
( 2 ) E a c h y e a r, m o r e t h a n 2 0 g r o u p s g i v e i n g e n i o u spresentations on a rotating basis. Environmentalorganisations have developed their communication skills not
only through exhibiting, but also through experience learningand mini-workshops.
(3) Although it is said that civil society organisations activein the environmental field are mostly led by senior members,
the par ticipation of many college students in theEnvironmental Forum has helped develop inter-generational
partnerships and communication between youths and older
citizens. Significantly, college students have managed thesecretariat in recent years with innovative ideas.

The theme of the Forum in 2004 was green procurement,
followed by the linkage of local to global in 2005‒2006,
curbing global warming in 2007‒2010, the environment and
the Great Earthquake in 2011, and the global environment
as everyone s business since 2012. Recently, the Forums
have focused on the theme of the global environment as
ever yone s business, and par ticularly the topics The
Environment Coming Full Circle with Everyone s Effort ,and First Steps Star t Here , respectively. The Forumtypically featured events to think about the SDGs.
In 2018, 20 organisations participated in the Forum. Major
exhibition booths included: Rain Barrel: The Choice for Wise
Living ( Water and Environment Network Tohoku, etc.);
Neonicotinoid in Your Living Space (MELON); Let s Face
the Changing Climate and Environment (Sendai Regional
Headquarters, Japan Meteorological Agency); Everything
You Want to Know about Sustainability and SDGs (RCEGreater Sendai); Winter Paddy Fields: Nur turing Life in
H a r m o ny w it h t he E nv ir o n m e nt ( To h o k u U ni ve r sit y);
Wonder of Bodies: A nimal Fest ( Miyagi Universit y of
Education); Our Initiatives for SD Gs (C o - op Miyagi );Citizens Pride in the 400-Year History of Yotsuya Canal( V o l u n t a r y G r o u p t o B r i n g Yo t s u y a W a t e r i n t o t h e
C i t y s c a p e ) ; a n d Ta m a k i S a l o n : S e n d a i I t i n e r a n t
Environmental Learning Class (Environmental Symbiosis
Section, City of Sendai).
8◆ Background and purpose

As secretariat, Miyagi University of Education, a member of
R C E G reate r S endai, built a net w o r k to p r o m ote ES D
activities, and increase UNESCO Schools in the Tohoku
Region in a consortium project of the Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, implemented in
2014-2017. In the three years, 10 priority sites (UNESCO
Schools, non-profits, municipal governments, etc.) were
established for the promotion of ESD in Aomori, Iwate, Akita
and Fukushima Prefectures, as well as in Miyagi Prefecture,
where the activities had already been ongoing. Since 2018,
we have been working to enhance the connections among
the networks, and establish local hubs through mutual
learning, in order to develop the priority areas into local hubs
for ESD promotion. Currently, the 10 priority areas include:(1) Sendai; (2) Kesennuma; (3) Osaki;(4) Shiroishi/Shichigashuku; (5) Shirakami; (6) Daisen;(7) Hiraizumi; (8) Tadami; (9) Adachi; and (10) Tomiya (TBC).
Among them, the Sendai, Kesennuma, Osaki and Tadamia r e as have b e e n le ading e f f o r t s f o r U N E S C O S ch o olregistration and community building. Modelled on thesepractices, some areas are addressing local ESD and SDG
issues from the mutual learning and community building
perspective. As a matter of course, Miyagi University of
Education and other networking organisations (UNESCO,
businesses and UNU-IAS) are also supporting those local
initiatives.

◆ Outline of activity(1) Support for activities in priority areas
We provided suppor t for public wor kshops at UNESCO
Schools (in Adachi, Tadami, Tagajo and Tohoku Gakuin Juniorand Senior High Schools), the FEEL Sendai Environmental
Forum, the ESD Roundtable Meeting in Kesennuma, andGIAHS designation of the Osaki site, among others.

▲Exhibition booths at the 2017 Environmental Forum(2) Mutual Learning Seminars
1) 1st Mutual Learning Seminar (3 June)
We provided training for local coordinators in each of thepriority areas by organising a basic learning seminar on local
E S D a c t i v i t i e s a n d S D G i n i t ia t i v e s . T h e M i y a g i E S DWorkshop, Tohoku Gakuin Junior and Senior High School andTadami Municipal Education Board presented case study
briefings.
2) 2nd Mutual Learning Seminar (3-4 August)Part I featured a symposium on how to build community
through partnerships between schools and local residents.

▲Reception at the 2017
Environmental Forum▲Poster for the2018 ForumW i t h t h e t h e m e o f I g u n e t o F i g h t Ts u n a m i s , t h e
par ticipants made a field visit on Day 2 to the af fected
coastal area in Sendai, including A rahama Elementar y
S cho ol, a designated disaster site. T his seminar wasorganised jointly with the Japanese Society of ESD.
3) 3rd Mutual Learning Seminar (2-3 November)F o ll o w ing t h e 17t h E S D / R C E R o u n d t a ble M e et ing in
Kesennuma the day before, local coordinators and teachers
from the priority areas participated in the seminar to learn
about the practice in Kesennuma that encourages
collaboration between local residents and schools to think
about community building . Through the two-day exchangeof opinions, the participants gained insight into the directionof community building with ESD and the challenges facing
individual areas.
4) 4th Mutual Learning Seminar (mid-February 2019)
A presentation of reports on good practice is planned in thisseminar regarding collaboration with schools for community
building following the GIAHS designation of the Osaki area.

◆ Result of activity

The project started with the 10 priority areas, which had
developed over the years, and reviewed their practices ofschool building and community building based on ESD. The
objective for this fiscal year is to ensure that the areas
share the meaning of advanced cases of practice, andenhance information exchange among them. So far, thewhole community has come to share the direction of ESD inalmost half of the priority areas, but the sharing has stayed
within schools or non-profits in other areas. Through thisinitiative, it has become clear that the municipal
government, schools and ESD in each priority area aim to:
implement UNESCO Schools or their own ESD activities inPhase I; accumulate practices to work with local communityand schools in Phase II; and create local hubs to ensure thesustainability of the local community by establishing an
area-wide network to address ESD and SDGs in Phase III.
The areas comprising RCE Greater Sendai (Sendai, Osaki
and Kesennuma) have almost reached Phase III in general,
while other areas have only reached Phase I or Phase II. We
believe that taking those steps to verify the direction of
ESD/SDG activities will help create sustainablecommunities and allow the development of talented people
to realise sustainability.

The discussion in Part II focused onreports on teaching practices from
UNESCO Schools and other schools
in priority areas, and reports fromschools in the Tadami, Sendai andOsaki areas.
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RCE Yokohama

Hama-com‒ Competition for Yokohama Youth Environmental Actions
Universities, municipal government, private businesses,
non-governmental organisations and non-proﬁts based in Yokohama◆ Background and purpose

Yokohama has many college student organisations active inthe environmental field, but their activities began to lose
momentum due to the lack of interaction among different
universities. Under these circumstances, the RCE Yokohama
Yout h F ederation , composed of represent atives f r om
environmental groups, leveraged the network of the RCE toorganise a competition among these environmental actiongroups.
T he aim o f H ama - c o m is to p r o m ote env ir o nment alactivities through interaction among the participating youth
groups and advice from the selection committee.

◆ Outline of activity

RCE Yokohama

Based on the presentations of student environmentalgroups active at universities in Yokohama and opinion
exchanges in small g r o ups , t he sele ct io n c o m mit te e(composed of some five members from universities, themunicipal government, educational institutions, businesses,
non-profits, etc.) awards the Hama-com Grand Prize to thebest group in terms of the impact of its activities on society,the sustainability of its activities and its commitment.

Established in April 2006

In Yokohama City, the private and public sectors, including civil society, non-profits, non-governmentalorganisations, universities, businesses and the municipal government, promote environmental education andactions. In April 2006, the city of Yokohama was recognized as the secretariat of RCE Yokohama, and was
acknowledged by the United Nations University as an RCE platform to ensure coordination of activities among◆ Result of activity

The Hama-com project helped student groups develop
their environmental activities and widen their perspectives
by exposing them to new people and ideas.
T h e eve nt als o fe atu r e d c o lla b o r at io n b et w e e n l o c albusinesses and student groups, and interaction among
student groups:(1) In FY2017, the biotope in the Ferris University Ryokuen
Campus was rearranged with the suppor t of Ishii
Landscaping.
(2) Groups participating in the competition held a joint newstudent welcoming event to scale up their exchanges.
(3) In FY2018, StepUp↑, a student group of Yokohama City
University, will host a booth in Future City Kankyo-Enikki*
Exhibition 2018 , to be held by the Yokohama Resources
Recycling Cooperative Business Association on 2
December.
*Kank yo - Enikki refers to environmentally-themed
picture-diaries.

Launched in 2011, Hama-com has been held seven times sofar. In F Y2017, four student groups par ticipated in thecompetition and the Grand Prize went to Step Up↑, ane n v i r o n m e n t a l v o l u n t e e r g r o u p f r o m Yo k o h a m a C i t y
University. Step Up↑, which consists of University students,
carries out various eco-friendly activities both inside andoutside of the University.

those entities to realise a sustainable society. Since then, RCE Yokohama has facilitated encounters,
exchanges, and collaboration among those who promote ESD in the city.
Around March, the annual RCE Yokohama Network Promotion Council meeting is held with the participation ofuniversities, non-governmental organisations, non-profits, and civil society organisations based in the city, as wellas the municipal government, to exchange information on environmental education and ESD, review theinitiatives undertaken by each of the participants, and share relevant challenges. By promoting collaboration
among the participants in this way, we have produced various results including the organisation of exchange
meetings among student and civil society organisations. One example of this is a programme to integrate theperspective of youths in implementing or enhancing climate change education initiatives launched bystakeholders including businesses and civil society organisations.

Tel ：+81-45-671-2484
Fax：+81-45-641-3490
E-mail： ks-rce@city.yokohama.jp
Website：http://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/kankyo/kyoiku/rce/
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RCE Chubu

Chubu Sustainability Policy Academy
Organised by RCE Chubu Committee
Sponsored by Japan Fund for Global Environment
Supported by Aichi Association of University Presidents (Sustainability Planning Committee)◆ Background and purpose

Aichi Prefecture hosted the 2014 UNESCO World Conferenceon ESD. The outcome document entitled Aichi-Nagoya
Declaration on Education for Sustainable Development called
for cooperation among UNESCO Member States in thep r o m o t i o n o f t h e G l o b al A c t i o n P r o g r a m m e (G A P ) in2015‒2019. Policy support and participation of youth are
two of the priorities identified by the GAP. Japan particularly
lags behind in youth education activities on sustainability
policies.
The purpose of Chubu Sustainability Policy Academy is todevelop talented young people capable of presenting andworking on realising policy recommendations on sustainability
at various levels ‒ local, national and international.

◆ Outline of activity

Chubu Sustainability Policy Academy offers a programme foryoung people in their 20s and 30s to learn about policies forrealising a sustainable society. The project was launched in
FY2016 with the sponsorship of the Japan Fund for Global
Environment and the support of the Aichi Association of
U ni ve r si t y P r e sid e nt s . I t ai ms t o m a ke i nte r n a t i o n al
contributions to the attainment of the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), adopted in 2015 by 2030, bylearning about local policies to improve sustainability. The
project encompasses the following activities.

Established in October 2007

Chubu Regional Centre of Expertise on ESD (RCE Chubu) conducts activities in Aichi, Gifu and Mie Prefectures.
The RCE Chubu Committee, composed of 78 entities including universities, primary and secondary schools,
education boards, municipal governments, businesses, civil society organisations and non-profits, promote
activities in three sectors: (1) Foundational Sector (ESD activities on topics such as basin zones and SDGs); (2)Practical Sector (practical ESD activities at UNESCO schools, etc.); and (3) Research Sector (research activities
on ESD in universities and at the international level).
ESD activities at RCE Chubu are typically designed to solve local issues in the 12 major river basins in the
Ise-Mikawa Bay Watershed, defined as the basin zones of rivers flowing into Ise and Mikawa Bays.

Tel ：+81-568-51-4485
Fax：+81-568-51-4736
E-mail： office@chubu-esd.net

12● Each year, about 30 incumbent local assembly members,
aspiring politicians, local government officials, undergraduate
and graduate students, and young members of non-profit
organisations participated in some 10 lectures and fieldwork
sessions to learn about and gain insight into local issues
related to sustainability and the development of policies tosolve them.
● Trainees learned how to develop concrete policies throughpolicy-making practice on a topic of their choosing.
● As part of the activity to develop international partnerships,
trainees were dispatched to international conferences (held inJapan and overseas) to nurture international solidarity on theissue of sustainability.
● Tr ainees f r o m di f fe rent so cial back g r o unds built amulti-sector network through interaction.
● After completing the programme, trainees have reported
that they are leveraging what they learned in the Academy intheir current activities in the local assembly, municipal
government or non-profit organisation, for example. In addition,
four former trainees are intending to run for the next nationwide
local elections.

▲Scene from a lecture(speaker: Ms. Yukiko Kada)(2) International partnerships
Trainees are dispatched to SDGs-related meetings of the ESD
Global Action Programme (GAP) and United Nations University(UNU) to learn about international trends through informationexchange, etc., and to seek potential partnerships and build
solidarity.
(3) Result presentation and external evaluation/support
Trainees present the results of their study once a year. The
presentations should be linked to policies on sustainability, inthe form of a draft policy of a future politician or administrator, abusiness plan of a future entrepreneur, an educational practiceor teaching plan of an educator, or an action policy of an NGO
member. Local stakeholders and youngsters representing other
RCEs in Japan are invited to the resulting presentation andevaluation event to encourage the sharing of information.

▲Fieldwork (on forest resourcesin the Kiso River basin)

D ispatch to an international
conference (10th Asia-Pacific
RCE Meeting)Result presentation/exchange event▲

Website：http://chubu-esd.net/

The Chubu Sustainability Policy Academy project has produced
the following results.

▲

RCE Chubu(1) Desk study and fieldwork
The programme is composed of desk study, including lecturesby guest speakers and discussions, as well as fieldwork.
Various actors on the front lines have been invited as guest
speakers, including politicians, academics, businesspeople andnon-profit entities. Fieldwork sessions are also held twice ayear to learn about the sustainability of the Watershed area. In
total, about 10 sessions (almost once a month) are held eachyear. The programme covers various topics including: local
energy and sustainability; large companies and SDGs: genderand sustainable society; Chamber of Commerce and Industry
and the local economy; basin-level approaches to sustainable
development; decent jobs and fair trade; and local
administration and sustainable society.

◆ Result of activity

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RCE Chubu

Project on Traditional Knowledge ESD
in the Ise-Mikawa Bay Watershed
Organised by Chubu RCE Committee (Fundamental Sector)
Sponsored by Aichi Morikorokikin (FY2016)◆ Background and purpose

The Aichi-Nagoya Declaration, the outcome document of the2014 UNESCO World Conference on ESD held in Nagoya, Aichi
Prefecture, recommends that local and traditional knowledge(wisdom) be respected in the practice of ESD. RCE Chubu(Fundamental Sector) had already built a Watershed (Bioregion)
ESD Model to leverage rich traditional and local knowledge inthe diverse natural environment of the watershed for thepromotion of ESD. The concept was presented at the ESD
World Conference (Plenary Workshop Cluster 5).
In this context, the Project on Traditional Knowledge ESD in the
Ise-Mikawa Bay Watershed was launched in 2016 with the
purpose of building an approach to ESD activities utilising
traditional and local knowledge in the Ise-Mikawa Watershedarea.

◆ Outline of activity

The project started with the collection of 39 cases in the
upstream, midstream and downstream basins of the 12 majorrivers emptying into Ise and Mikawa Bays that reflect traditional
wisdom on clothing, food and housing, in order to identify how
such knowledge may be applied to ESD. About nine workshops
on traditional knowledge and ESD were also held each year forhorizontal, vertical and cross-sectional integration of thefindings.
(1) Research activity on traditional culture and nature/biology
Focusing on the clothing, food and housing, as well as
community revitalisation, disaster prevention, festivals andother cultural elements of the Ise-Mikawa Bay Watershed area,
this activity explored the possibility of developing traditional
knowledge for ESD. As a result, 39 activities were collected forregistration in a database.
(2) Learning Workshops on Traditional Knowledge in ESD
In addition to the collection of cases mentioned above, theproject held nine Workshops on Traditional Knowledge in ESD ina year, with the involvement of entities practicing on-site andfield activities to identify and solve local issues.
Focusing on traditional knowledge, three Workshops were heldfor each of the following objectives: (i) interaction among
basins (basin zones); (ii) interaction within basins (basin zones);and (iii) interaction among topics, to work on two different
topics at the same time.
(3) Resulting presentation and exchange event of the Projecto n Tr aditio nal K n o w ledge E S D in t he Ise - Mikawa B ay
Watershed
The representatives of 17 groups engaged in activities toleverage t raditional k nowledge in the Ise - Mikawa B ay
Watershed area par ticipated in the year- end event for
presenting results and discussing the potential development of
their activities in relation to ESD.

◆ Result of activity

The Project on Traditional Knowledge ESD in the Ise-Mikawa
Bay Watershed produced the following results.
● The above-mentioned activities effectively helped deepen
understanding of the linkage bet ween local traditional
techniques and the natural environment.
● The integration of a new traditional knowledge perspective
into the promotion of ESD in the Ise-Mikawa Bay Watershedarea as a bioregion increased the visibility of the traditional
knowledge in ESD approach.
● The scalability of activities for the preservation of traditional
culture was identified in terms of both coverage and content byredefining them in relation to ESD.
● Some 100 local actors and young learners of sustainability
gathered at the result presentation forum to consider how toensure consistency of activities related to traditional and local
knowledge.

RCE Hyogo-Kobe

Established in 31 August 2007

(ESD Promotion Network Hyogo-Kobe)

Hyogo Prefecture, which extends from the Sea of Japan to the Seto Inland Sea, is considered to be a microcosmof Japan both geographically and demographically. In this context, RCE Hyogo-Kobe consists of various actors
involved in ESD, such as universities, non-profits and other civil society organisations, high schools, private
businesses (including Coop Kobe), and the Kagawa Memorial Centre.

Tel ：+81-78-803-7970
Fax：+81-78-803-7971
E-mail： rcehyogokobe@port.kobe-u.ac.jp
Website：http://rce.h.kobe-u.ac.jp

1415

RCE Hyogo-Kobe

RCE Hyogo-Kobe

ESD Study Tour Programme

ESD Café

Universities, civil society organisations including non-proﬁts, businesses, Kobe City, etc.
◆ Background and purpose

Chances are limited for citizens and youngsters such ascollege students in Hyogo region to experience ESD. The
Programme is intended to provide an opportunity for citizens
and youngsters to par ticipate in sustainability- oriented
activities in the form of study tours, thereby increasing thevisibility of ESD to a wide range of generations.

◆ Outline of activity

RCE Hyogo-Kobe members provide an opportunity for new
ESD learners, such as college and high school students, toexperience ESD practices first-hand as volunteers. Activities
are classified into several categories including welfare,
healt h and sp o r ts , supp o r t f o r disaste r p reventio n ,reduction and recover y , protection of nature,environmental conservation and science , cross-cultural
understanding , inter national exchange and peace ,
economic development and promotion of local industry ,and integration, community building and culture . Priority isgiven to activities that address cross-cutting issues rather
than specific SDG targets. Concrete Programme activities
range from the light observing and listening experience ofsimply participating in a lecture or workshop to the helping
and supporting experience which includes the planning andimplementation of the activity, to the saying experiencew h i c h is f a cili t a t i n g t h e n e t w o r k i n g o f p a r t i ci p a n t s ,eventually transforming their lifestyle. The total annual
number of participants is 400. Linked to formal education at
Kobe University, the Programme also offers non-formal andinformal learning oppor tunities for students from otheruniversities and high schools.

◆ Result of activity

The most important result of the Programme is that bothproviders and participants can meet other people who theywould not normally meet in daily life. Many par ticipants(c o ll e ge s t u d e nt s) hig h l y v a l u e t h e P r o g r a m m e as ameaningful opportunity to experience ESD. The Programmealso helps the host actors reflect on ESD by urging them tothink about how their activities are related to ESD.
Participants get to know ESD better by engaging in multiple
activities. In addition, the Programme s website, which lists
all activities, effectively helped ensure the linkage of ESD
with the whole formal education curriculum at high school.

◆ Background and purpose

The ESD Study Tour Programme, designed to experience
multiple lear ning practices, could not be an adequate
mechanism to integrate the practices and raise interest inother types of activities. Thus, the ESD Café was launched
as a forum for the younger generation, including college andhigh school students, to talk with older generations about
ESD, highlighting conflicts and inconsistencies acrosssectors, and considering how to solve them. The forum wasnamed Café to encourage casual dialogue rather than
imposing a serious meeting.

◆ Result of activity

30‒40 participants attend each session of the ESD Café.
Since the annual RCE meeting is usually focused on RCEoperation and project management, this is not a suitable
forum to talk about ESD. For RCE members, the Café offersa good opportunity to reflect on issues related to ESD. It
also serves as an opportunity to meet new RCE members,
and for participants in the ESD Study Tour to review theiractivities. It thus helps generate par ticipation andcollaboration programmes in areas remotely related to the
ESD Study Tour Programme. New participants in the RCE
are another encouraging result of this activity.

◆ Outline of activity

We organise three Café sessions per year, in late July, in
September and in late January. In line with the direction ofeach session provided by the extended RCE Hyogo-Kobe
Steering Committee meeting, network members, led by theyoung generation, jointly create the Café session to chatabout ESD. Each session includes ice-breaking, World Caféand the development of plans for future activities. The light
meal, also an essential component of ESD Café, reflects
members ingenuities, such as emergency food arranged fordaily consumption and a group task of making a Christmas
cake.
Topics for ESD Café sessions in FY2018
28 July: Water
23 September : Inter- generational exchange on how toaddress SDGs
26 January: TBD
ESD Café is a project related to SDG Goal 17 (partnership).

16

17

RCE Okayama

Virtual Museum of Science Experience in Okayama
co2sos (non-proﬁt organisation)◆ Background and purpose

The realisation of a sustainable society entails the continuous
provision of environmental learning opportunities for the public
at the local level, as well as the development of talented people
to lead ESD in the future. Based on this understanding, theproject intends to inspire elementar y and middle school
students to become involved in ESD in the future by leveraging
information technology (virtual 3D space and VR) as a learningtechnique and raising interest in science and information
technology in general, with a special focus on global warming
issues. It also aims to develop ESD leaders with
communication, explanatory, and practical skills by inviting local
college students to take the initiative in planning and runningthe project.

◆ Outline of activity

RCE Okayama

Established in June 2005

The Okayama ESD Project was launched in April 2005 with the establishment of the Okayama ESD Promotion
Commission as a collaborative forum of various local stakeholders such as educational institutions, universities,
and businesses. Locally based ESD activities are characterised by a whole-city approach, dedicated coordinatorsand on-going support by the municipality and universities, among others.
Since its inception, the number of member organisations has increased from 19 to more than 280.
Each of the organisations participating in the Commission promotes ESD by utilising its own resources. Some ofthem, including universities and businesses, leverage their skills and resources to assume intermediate support
functions including providing assistance to the activities of schools, community centres and civil society
organisations. The Okayama Municipal Government also provides financial and human resources for activities
conducted by the Commission.
Major activities include the provision of subsidies to civil society organisations, etc., training of people to support

Senior staf f members at the JAMSTEC Centre for Earth
Information Science and Technology in Yokohama provide
technical explanations on various scientific subjects such as
global warming, ocean exploration and space development,using museums of science created in virtual 3D space. The
lectures are relayed on the screen of the Museum of Science inOkayama City, allowing Q&A sessions between the participants
and lecturers. Participants can also experience virtual reality
through the avatar (alter ego in vir tual 3D space) and asmartphone.
Under the guidance of local college students, participants canlearn about the evolution of CO2 concentration over Okayama
using the Okayama City Museum of Science reproduced in
virtual 3D space with data provided by a proprietary systemdeveloped by co2sos. A quiz machine challenges participants
to answer questions on CO2 concentration.
These activities are relevant to SDG Targets 4.7 (gaining
knowledge through ESD) and 13.3 (education on climatechange mitigation). In addition, collaboration with expert
speakers and local college students is relevant to Target 17.17(promotion of partnerships).

◆ Result of activity

F or five and a half years, this project has provided
environmental learning opportunities for some 1,800 visitors to
the Science Museum in Okayama City (as of September 2018).
The project is still in progress, as the number of participants
continues to rise. This environmental learning has helped fostera sense of ownership in global warming issues by instilling theimportance of energy conservation and forest preservation as
attested by an analysis that revealed a correlation between
locally observed CO2 concentration data with local power
consumption and the condition of forests in the vicinity. The
results of a questionnaire survey of participants have also
confirmed its effectiveness.
In regards to elementary and middle school students, we seek
to promote understanding and interest in science andinformation technology in general not only through 3D images
and lectures but also through the experience of using anavatar. Students who showed strong interest in those activities
w e r e inv i te d t o se p a r ate r e s e a r c h act i v i t ie s o n C O 2
concentration conducted by co2sos. Four of the research
reports prepared under its guidance won awards in a scientificresearch competition organised by Tsukuba University. The
findings were presented at the annual scientific event held at
the Science Museum in Okayama City, in order to remind
visitors of the importance of action against global warming.
T h e y a ls o h e l p e d i m p r o v e t h e e x is t i n g m a t e r ia ls f o renvironmental learning.
College students involved in the planning and operation of the
project have developed a positive, proactive attitude in planningand implementing various activities on their own. They aresteadily growing into full-fledged players in ESD, planning andimplementing various activities including environmental learningin the planetarium of the Science Museum (how the starry sky
is affected by night-time illumination) and environmental quizzes
for children in the lower grades of elementary school who areunable to follow the virtual science museum lectures.

local ESD activities, city-wide awareness-raising and information, facilitation of exchange and networking among
member organisations and municipalities, and interaction with other regions on ESD.
The Okayama ESD Project is characterised by:● Locally-based, city-wide initiatives;● Participation of all generations and a wide variety of organisations;● Deployment of dedicated coordinators and on-going support by universities, etc.
● On-going management of the secretariat by the local government
Tel ：+81-86-803-1351▲Experience in using an avatar

Fax：+81-86-803-1777
E-mail： esd@city.okayama.lg.jp
Website：https://www.okayama-tbox.jp/esd/▲

Scene from an event18

19

RCE Okayama

ESD Project in Kyoyama District, Okayama City
Okayama City Kyoyama District ESD Promotion Commission

The whole community works together to develop common
understanding, awareness and objectives so that people indifferent age groups and with different backgrounds andopinions may collaborate on developing a sustainable society.
The process starts with the visualisation of the strengths andweaknesses of the community in accordance with the conceptof jimoto - gaku. T he characteristics and issues of thec o m m u ni t y a r e t h e n f il te r e d t h r o u g h t h e E S D le ns(perspective of sustainable development) into the future visionof the community, composed of the following five objectives tobe achieved. ESD activities are conducted systematically toachieve these objectives by 2030 (in line with the SDGs).
Objective 1
To build a community where children and adults learn and work
together to meet social challenges : Both children and adults
participate in the ESD Festival, which includes checking the
local environment, an eco-tour to water sources (Kyoyama ESD
Environmental Project: KEEP) and the ESD Summit. We alsoorganise an introductory course with our original text ESD in
Cartoons and ESD certificate exams, and issue Kyoyama ESD
Fellow Certificates.
Objective 2
To enhance local ties, carry on traditional culture, and create acommunity where humans and nature can thrive together : We
conduct activities such as the restarting of the Suijin Festival,
preservation of ancient games and dietary culture and creationof habitats for familiar creatures. We also produce films torecord collective memories (Movie Kyoyama) and seek tocommunicate ideas through plays (Kyoyama Community Centre
Theatrical Group).
Objective 3
To build a community where we can overcome language andcultural barriers to live together with foreign residents : We
promote Friendly Kyoyama, a cross-cultural programme toimprove mutual understanding among local residents acrossnational boundaries.
Objective 4
To develop a safe, secure and comfortable community where
everyone can live in peace, including the disabled and aged :We promote a Local Ties Project for community-wide efforts toaddress various issues involving disabled children, child-rearing
households, the elderly, disaster prevention
and road traf fic (including the Safe Driving in Kyoyama
movement, Expedition for Jolly Good Things in Kyoyama
activities, organisation of Kyoyama Community Café andSessions on Child Rearing, and publication of a periodical
News on Community Bonds ).
20

At the end of each fiscal year, the objectives, action plans,action results, evaluation and noteworthy features of those
activities, as well as the outline of plans for the next year, arevisualised, compiled and shared in the form of a matrix on theSummary Sheet. Based on this analysis, we perform PDCA
activities to ensure the ongoing sustainable development ofactivities.
Kyoyama District is matching those activities with SDGs.
Indeed, the Summary Sheet clearly indicates the correlation
between individual activities and the Goals in detail. Based onthese data, Kyoyama District has identified SDGs 3, 4, 5, 10,
11, 12, 13, 15, 16 and 17 as priorities, of which Goals 4(Q ualit y Educ atio n: E S D), 11 (S ust ainable Cities andCommunities) and 17 (Partnerships for the Goals) are specified
as top priorities.

◆ Result of activity

E S D a c t i v i t i e s i n Ky o y a m a D i s t r i c t g o b e y o n d t h etransformation of individuals and encompass thetransformation of society. It is now common to see local
residents working with educational institutions such as schools
and community centres to engage in activities for building as u s t a i n a b l e s o c i e t y. L e a r n e r s w h o e x p e r i e n c e d t h etransformation of value and behaviour required for building asustainable society have initiated voluntary and proactive
efforts, leading to the enhancement of the Okayama City
Kyoyama District ESD P romotion C ommission and thesynergistic progress toward a sustainable society and humanresource development. Key results of these efforts include:
regular joint ESD training sessions among school teachers,
local key people and experts; periodical reviews throughschool-community cooperation; reintroduction of traditional
local celebrations and festivals; distribution of the quarterlyNews on Community Bond ; and promotion of ESD-based
community building. In particular, the Road of Greenery andWater project, based on a proposal by children who received
ESD, continues to evolve after urging adults to transform theirsociety. In recognition of this project, the district was certified
by the Okayama Municipal Government as a Habitat of Familiar
Creatures in 2018. These community-wide ESD activities in
Kyoyama District have helped the whole community to nurtureand develop future aspirations generated among the local
residents ranging from children to the elderly, effectively
contributing to the building of a sustainable society.

Scene from Kyoyama
ESD/SDG Dialogue▲◆ Outline of activity

Objective 5
To develop a community where learning ensures sustainable
development by providing opportunities to put learning into
practice : The Road of Greener y and Water, a concept
proposed by children participating in local ESD activities, wasimplemented along the Kannonji Canal as a Local
Citizen-Proposed Collaborative Public Project. Children also
value opportunities to engage in social activities. From the ESD
a n d S D G p e r s p e c t i v e , a Ky o y a m a E S D a n d S D G
Dialogue/Community-Wide Meeting (ESD Summit) is held as
one of the events at the ESD Festival to integrate the opinions
of local residents into community-building.

RCE Kitakyushu

Established in December 2006

Since the establishment of a new system in 2017 for the promotion of ESD, the industrial, academic, public andprivate sectors have joined forces to advance ESD based at the Station for Learning and ESD. Five major
projects are in progress with their own distinctive themes. There are now more opportunities for the younger
generation to get involved, led by college and secondary school students in nearby areas. Leveraging our
geographical advantage, exchanges with RCEs in South Korea have developed over the years.

Tel ：+81-93-531-5011
Fax：+81-93-531-5011

Scene fromWorkshop on▲Scene from Environmental
Community Bonds
Review in Kyoyama District▲◆ Background and purpose

Human relationships in local communities have weakened somuch that people no longer know who lives next door. Urband wellers can now sur vive without personal ties in theneighbourhood. As a result, an increasing number of residents
do not belong to their community, losing interest in local
issues to the detriment of the community s sustainability. A
hometown is now simply a place where one happens to live. To
remedy this situation, schools, community centres and local
communities have joined forces since 2003 to promote
community-wide education for sustainable development (ESD)b ase d in c o m m u ni t y c e nt r e s . I n t his p r oj e ct all l o c al
stakeholders promote ESD as educational activities for joint
learning and action to recognise and share the current status
and challenges for the local community and to realise asustainable society by solving such issues. The project also
aims to help attain the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
or common objectives of the international community.

E-mail： k-esd@k-esd
Website：http://www.k-esd.jp/
21RCE Kitakyushu

Five Core Projects to Promote ESD
Corporate and individual members of Kitakyushu ESD Council
Kitakyushu Municipal Government
Practical Promotion Programme, School of Regional Development, University of Kitakyushu◆ Background and purpose

The Five Core Projects are implemented to achieve thefollowing goals:● Develop a programme where the whole of society can work
together, in view of the lack of opportunities to connect thevarious activities conducted by associations and citizen
groups;● Ensure wide publicity through the visualisation of ESD and
SDGs and the communication of activities undertaken by theStation (Platform) for Learning and ESD;
● Promote the activities to monitor ESD awareness research
activities and networking with RCE overseas;● Identif y and develop ESD Coordinators to drive ESD
activities;● Raise awareness of and promote ESD for both male andfemale citizens of all generations by participating in events heldby the municipal government, such as Future Firefly Day, as
well as events sponsored by major local companies (such as
TOTO and Kyushu Electric Power).

◆ Outline of activity
Project for Promoting Stakeholder Activities
The Monthly ESD Gathering is a learning event organised
mainly by college students on various SDG topics to connect
member groups and other stakeholders, such as citizens, local
governments and businesses.
Examples include a peace study for elementary school children
on SDG 16 at the Citizen Centres, as well as the production ofhandmade signs welcoming the international conference of the
Tripartite Environmental Education Network (TEEN) on SDGs
13 and 15.
Branding Project
Activities include the publication of an in-house magazine andthe production of T-shirts, banners and signs, as well as
communication on Facebook and the project website.
ESD and SDGs will be further visualised by leveraging the cloth
picture theatre of the SDG Interpretation Workshop.
Research/International Cooperation Project
RCE Kitakyushu leverages its geographical advantage forinternational interaction and information exchange, including bydispatching study tours to and receiving missions from RCEs inSouth Korea, as well as by participating in the Asia-Pacific RCE
Regional Meeting. Activities also include the development of
E S D t e a c h i n g m a t e r i a ls a s t o o ls f o r p r e s e r v i n g a n ddisseminating tradition, ESD awareness surveys and businesssurveys on gender issues.

Research/International Cooperation Project
A visit to, and the reception of a mission from RCE Tongyeong
and RCE Inje-Pyongtaek from South Korea helped reinforce theprimary importance of peace and environmental conservation.
The exchange reminded us that there is no border in the mindsof people. Conversation on New Year dishes through a kit of felt
dishes and a series of questions helped improve mutual
understanding of dietary culture. We also had an opportunity tointeract with US teachers coming to Japan under the FulbrightJapan programme through the learning of traditional knowledge
including experiencing rice - cake making and Kokura- ori
weaving.
Talent Identification and Development ProjectIn 2017, grants were provided to six associations involved inenvironmental learning, ESD lectures and dietary education forchildren, among others, thus helping to develop a sustainablecommunity.
To increase participation in the Workshop to Chat on ESD, theseven Citizen Centres in Kitakyushu take turns in organising
the Workshop. Facilitating the participation of community
leaders in this way has effectively improved understanding andstrengthened interaction on ESD throughout the city, as moreparticipants have attended the Workshop, often repeatedly.
More talented people are being identified and developed, allcommitted to spreading the word .
Event Planning Project
Event planning and operation helped students learn more about
SDGs. For example, a lecture and craft session on waste
recycling enabled them to communicate the importance of the
3Rs (reduce, recycle, and reuse) and ESD/SDGs to the citizens
participating in the event.
Food Life Again, a non-profit,
gives a lecture at the Workshop
to Chat on ESD

Experiencing
traditional
drums at
RCE Inje▲Rice-making at a Monthly
ESD Gathering

Acknowledgement:
The United Nations University Institute for the Advanced
Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS) would like to thank all theauthors of this publication for their wonderful contributions,based on their fruitful experiences in their respective RCEs.
UNU-IAS also take this opportunity to thank its staff
members for their hard work in producing this publication.
Disclaimer:
The content and views expressed in this publication
are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect
the position of UNU-IAS.

A work booth at the environmental event
Future Firefly Day
produced postcardsfrom milk cartons▲

22

Branding Project
Effective use of public relation tools increased the exposureand hence awareness of ESD and SDG activities.

▲

Event Planning ProjectCollege students are also involvedin event planning and operation aspart of practical training. Specific
SDG themes are determined forindividual events.

Project for Promoting Stakeholder Activities
Innovative ideas in determining various SDG themes and event
activities have effectively expanded the network of citizens,students and RCE members.
Serving as another opportunity to raise interest in SDGs, ESD,
etc., the project ef fectively expanded and strengthened
networks among the core actors in community building, suchas the Citizen Centres, non - profits, non - governmentalorganisations and students. Collaboration with private
businesses such as Kyushu Electric Power has also beensuccessful. Going forward, we expect the project to continue
evolving, engaging a wider range of businesses in planning.

▲

Talent Identification and Development Project
We provide grants to fund ESD activities conducted primarily by
the Citizen Centres as community-building hubs.
Activities include organising a study session known as
Workshop to Chat on ESD to identify and develop the driversof ESD, including the Directors of the Citizen Centres and themembers of the ESD Council.

◆ Result of activity

23