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Volume 43

October 2005

Part 5The Canadian Mineralogist
Vol. 43, pp. 1449-1455 (2005)

S3: SULFIDES, STRUCTURES AND SYNCHROTRON LIGHT
A TRIBUTE TO MICHAEL E. FLEETPREFACEGRANT S. HENDERSON§
Department of Geology, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada

YUANMING PAN§
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada§ E-mail addresses: granth@geology.utoronto.ca, yuanming.pan@usask.ca

1450

THE CANADIAN MINERALOGISTA symposium entitled “S3: Sulphides, structures and synchrotron light” was held at the 2004 GAC–MAC annual
meeting in St. Catharines, Ontario, in honor of Professor Michael E.L. Fleet, who had recently retired from the
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario. Trying to think of a title for the symposium wasquite an exercise, mainly because over the years, both Mike’s own research and that of his graduate students andpost-doctoral fellows have covered a diverse and wide range of areas (Table 1). As Mike’s 1997 Past Presidents’
medal citation states, “Mike Fleet is one of the leading Earth Scientists in Canada today, and his expertise spans anunusually wide range of subdisciplines within the Earth sciences”. This is aptly demonstrated by the broad range of
papers making up this special issue of The Canadian Mineralogist. There are a total of 24 papers spanning topics
from crystal-structure analysis, mineralogy and geochemistry of platinum-group minerals and associated sulfides
and oxides, to high-pressure mineralogy and spectroscopic methods such as electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR) spectroscopy and assorted synchrotron-based techniques. Mike has worked in all these areas at one time oranother. We are just pleased that he didn’t develop an interest in paleontology early in his career!
Mike was educated in the department of Deer, Howie and Zussman at the University of Manchester, but switchedfrom physics to mathematics and geography before deciding on the geology program. He went on to pursue a Ph.D.
degree in low-temperature geochemistry under the supervision of Prof. Geoffrey Nicholls, and came to Western
as a low-temperature geochemist in 1965. Mike quickly realized that the study of minerals and mineral reactions
at the atomic scale requires techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD). He made good use of available XRD facilities
at Western, and became a self-taught X-ray crystallographer, with specialization in ore minerals. Ore minerals,particularly sulfides and oxides, have remained the most consistent thread of Mike’s research.
Although Mike’s research interests have been diverse, throughout his career there has remained a central themeof combining experimental, theoretical and analytical techniques to solve a problem. These aspects of Mike’s
approach to doing research have been of great benefit to those of us fortunate to have been his graduate students,
post-docs or collaborators. As Mike’s graduate students, this multidisciplinary approach of doing research was themost important lesson passed on to us.
Of course, we wouldn’t say that Mike was the easiest person to work for. For example, Mike was not my(GSH) initial supervisor when first arriving at UWO. When I decided to change topics, he bravely took on thisobnoxious colonial. However, after a few weeks he must have felt that he had made a huge mistake. There was
the initial language barrier of course; I spoke English and I had no idea what Mike spoke.... some kind of North
American dialect. Then periodically he had to sit through one of my spaghetti dinners. I don’t think Mike hasever fully recovered from one of those. And there were the tennis games. To this day, I have never seen anybody
so happy as Mike when he was whopping my butt, although it didn’t happen very often! And finally you always
had to remember on Saturday mornings that your supervisor was diligently working hard while you recoveredfrom an alcohol-induced brainstorm.
Kidding aside, there is an aspect to working with Mike, whether as his student or as a collaborator, that we thinkdeserves special mention. Mike has never failed to contribute significantly to any collaboration or publication he
was associated with; whether it was a need for additional graduate financial support to give one time to write up
the results, help with synthesizing an unusual crystalline phase, providing a solution for an apparently intractableproblem, or simply bailing a new faculty member out financially when their research funds were exhausted, bycovering unexpected expenses: Mike was always there. And for this we thank him.
Regardless of how those of us here today have come to be associated with Mike, all of us can say that wehave benefitted greatly from working with him. It has been an honor to have had Mike’s influence on both our
professional and personal lives.
We extend special thanks to the local organizing committee of St. Catharines 2004 and the Mineralogical
Association of Canada, who provided logistical support and a financial contribution, respectively, to this symposium. We are also very grateful to all contributors, reviewers, Editor Robert F. Martin and Managing Editor Vicki
Loschiavo for making this special issue in honor of Michael E. Fleet a reality.

REFERENCES
ALDRIDGE, L.P., BANCROFT, G.M., FLEET, M.E. & HERZBERG,
C.T. (1978): Omphacite studies. II. Mossbauer spectra of
C2/c and P2/n omphacites. Am. Mineral. 63, 1107-1115.
ARIMA, M., FLEET, M.E. & BARNETT, R.L. (1985): Titanianberthierine: a Ti-rich serpentine group mineral from the
Picton ultramafic dyke, Ontario. Can. Mineral. 23, 213220.

ARNDT, N.T. & FLEET, M.E. (1979): Stable and metastablepyroxene crystallization in layered komatiite lava flows.
Am. Mineral. 64, 856-864.
BARBIER, J. & FLEET, M.E. (1987): Investigation of structuralstates in the series MGaSiO 4, MAlGeO 4, MGaGeO 4(M=Na, K). J. Solid State Chem. 71, 361-370.
BARBIER, J. & FLEET, M.E. (1988): Investigation of phase relations in the (Na,K)AlGeO4 system. Phys. Chem. Minerals
16, 276-285.

PREFACE

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THE CANADIAN MINERALOGISTBARKOV, A.Y., FLEET, M.E., MARTIN, R.F. & TARKIAN, M.
(2004): Compositional variations of oulankaite and a newseries of argentian oulankaite from the Lukkulaisvaara
layered intrusion, northern Russian Karelia. Can. Mineral.
42, 439-453.

BURNS, P.C. & FLEET, M.E. (1990): Unit-cell dimensions
and tetrahedral-site ordering in synthetic gallium albite(NaGaSi3O8). Phys. Chem. Minerals 17, 108-116.

PREFACE

CHEN, Y., FLEET, M.E. & PAN, Y. (1993): Platinum-groupminerals and gold in arsenic-rich ore at the Thompson
mine, Thompson Nickel Belt, Manitoba, Canada. Mineral.
Petrol. 47, 127-146.
CHEN, S., FLEET, M.E. & PAN, Y. (1994): Phase relations inthe system NaAlSiO4–NaGaSiO4. Phys. Chem. Minerals
20, 594-600.
FARRELL, S.P. & FLEET, M.E. (2000): Evolution of local electronic structure in cubic Mg1–xFexS by S K-edge XANES
spectroscopy. Solid State Commun. 113, 69-72.
FARRELL, S.P. & FLEET, M.E. (2001): Sulfur K-edge XANES
study of local electronic structure in ternary monosulfide
solid solution [(Fe,Co,Ni)0.923S]. Phys. Chem. Minerals
28, 17-27.
FARRELL, S.P. & FLEET, M.E. (2002): Phase separation in(Fe,Co)1–xS monosulfide solid-solution below 450°C, withconsequences for coexisting pyrrhotite and pentlandite inmagmatic sulfide deposits. Can. Mineral. 40, 33-46.
FARRELL, S.P., FLEET, M.E., STEKHIN, I.E., KRAVTSOVA, A.,
SOLDATOV, A. & LIU, X. (2002): Evolution of local electronic structure in alabandite and niningerite solid solutions[(Mn,Fe)S, (Mg,Mn)S, (Mg,Fe)S] using sulfur K- and Ledge XANES spectroscopy. Am. Mineral. 87, 1321-1332.
FLEET, M.E.L. (1965): Preliminary investigations into thesorption of boron by clay minerals. Clay Minerals Bull.
6, 3-16.
FLEET, M.E. (1966): Spectrophotometric method for determining trace amounts of boron in rocks and minerals. Anal.
Chem. 39, 253-255.
FLEET, M.E. (1971): The crystal structure of a pyrrhotite(Fe7S8). Acta Crystallogr. B27, 1864-1867.
FLEET, M.E. (1972): The crystal structure of aaa-Ni7S6. Acta
Crystallogr. B28, 1237-1241.
FLEET, M.E. (1974a): The crystal structure of ZnAs2. Acta
Crystallogr. B30, 122-126.
FLEET, M.E. (1974b): Mg,Fe2+ site occupancies in coexisting
pyroxenes. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 47, 207-214.
FLEET, M.E. (1975a): Thermodynamic properties of (Zn,Fe)S
solid solutions at 850%C. Am. Mineral. 60, 466-470.
FLEET, M.E. (1975b): Structural chemistry of marcasite andpyrite type phases. Z. Kristallogr. 142, 332-346.
FLEET, M.E. (1975c): Growth habits of clinopyroxenes. Can.
Mineral. 13, 336-341.
FLEET, M.E. (1976): Axial ratios of MX compounds with thewurtzite structure. Mater. Res. Bull. 11, 1179-1184.
FLEET, M.E. (1977a): The crystal structure of heazlewoodite,and metallic bonds in sulfide minerals. Am. Mineral. 62,
341-345.
FLEET, M.E. (1977b): Structural transformations in natural ZnS.
Am. Mineral. 62, 540-546.
FLEET, M.E. (1977c): The birefringence-structural state relationin natural zinc sulfides and its application to the schalenblende from Pribram. Can. Mineral. 15, 303-308.
FLEET, M.E. (1977d): The crystal structure of deerite. Am.
Mineral. 62, 990-998.
FLEET, M.E. (1977e): Origin of disseminated copper–nickel
sulfide ore at Frood, Sudbury, Ontario. Econ. Geol. 72,
1449-1456.

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FLEET, M.E. (1981): The intermediate plagioclase structure: an
explanation from interface theory. Phys. Chem. Minerals
7, 64-70.
FLEET, M.E. (1982a): Synthetic smythite and monoclinic Fe3S4.
Phys. Chem. Minerals 8, 241-246.
FLEET, M.E. (1982b): The structure of magnetite: defect structure II. Acta Crystallogr. B38, 1718-1723.
FLEET, M.E. (1982c): Orientation of phase and domain boundaries in crystalline solids. Am. Mineral. 67, 926-936.
FLEET, M.E. (1983): Preferred crystallographic orientation
for crystallisation under nonhydrostatic stress. Phys. Stat.
Solidi 76, 151-156.
FLEET, M.E. (1984): The structure of magnetite: two annealed
natural magnetites, Fe3.005O4 and Fe2.96Mg0.04O4. Acta
Crystallogr. C40, 1491-1493.
FLEET, M.E. (1986a): The structure of magnetite: symmetry of
cubic spinels. J. Solid State Chem. 62, 75-82.
FLEET, M.E. (1986b): Lattice theory and transformation twinning in alkali feldspar. Can. Mineral. 24, 615-623.
FLEET, M.E. (1987a): Structure of godlevskite, Ni9S8. Acta
Crystallogr. C43, 2255-2257.
FLEET, M.E. (1987b): Layer-disordered wurtzite (ZnS–2H):
diffuse X-ray scattering recorded by c-axis precession
photography. J.Appl. Crystallogr. 20, 191-194.
FLEET, M.E. (1987c): Crystal structures of ␣-LiGaSiO4, ␣LiAlGeO4, and ␣-LiGaGeO4. Z. Kristallogr. 180, 63-75.
FLEET, M.E. (1988): Stoichiometry, structure and twinningof godlevskite and synthetic low-temperature Ni-excess
nickel sulfide. Can. Mineral. 26, 283-291.
FLEET, M.E. (1989): Structures of sodium alumino-germanate
sodalites [Na8(Al6Ge6O24)A2, A = Cl, Br, I]. Acta Crystallogr. C45, 843-847.
F LEET , M.E. (1991a): Structures of low gallium albite(NaGaSi 3 O 8 ) and intermediate germanium albite(NaAlGe3O8): tetrahedral-site ordering in sodium feldspar.
Am. Mineral. 76, 92-99.
FLEET, M.E. (1991b): Tetrahedral-site occupancies in sodium
aluminum–gallium feldspar solid solutions [Na(Al1–x
Gax)Si3O8]. J. Solid State Chem. 92, 295-300.
FLEET, M.E. (1992): Tetrahedral-site occupancies in reedmergnerite and synthetic boron albite (NaBSi3O8). Am.
Mineral. 77, 76-84.
FLEET, M.E. (1993): Nonstoichiometric sodium pentaaluminum
dodecaaluminogermanate (Na2.90Al5[Al6.16Ge5.84O29.87]): asechser double-ring structure. Z. Kristallogr. 203, 215-224.
FLEET, M.E. (1996): Sodium tetrasilicate: a complex highpressure framework silicate (Na6Si3[Si9O27]). Am. Mineral.
81, 1105-1110.
FLEET, M.E. (1998a): Detrital pyrite in Witwatersrand gold
reefs: X-ray diffraction evidence and implications foratmospheric evolution. Terra Nova 10, 302-306.
FLEET, M.E. (1998b): Sodium heptasilicate: a high-pressure
silicate with six-membered rings of tetrahedra interconnected by SiO6 octahedra: (Na8Si[Si6O18]). Am. Mineral.
83, 618-624.
FLEET, M.E. (2003): Rock-Forming Minerals. 3A. Micas(2nd ed.). The Geological Society, London, U.K. (740 p.).

1454

THE CANADIAN MINERALOGISTFLEET, M.E. & ARIMA, M. (1985): Oriented hematite inclusions
in sillimanite. Am. Mineral. 70, 1232-1237.
FLEET, M.E. & BARBIER, J. (1988): Structure of (Ni,Mg)10Ge3O16.
Acta Crystallogr. C44, 232-234.
F LEET , M.E. & B ARBIER , J. (1989): Structure of aerugite(Ni8.5As3O16) and interrelated arsenate and germanate
structural series. Acta Crystallogr. B45, 201-205.
FLEET, M.E., BARNETT, R.L. & MORRIS, W.A. (1987): Prograde
metamorphism of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. Can.
Mineral. 25, 499-514.
FLEET, M.E., BILCOX, G.A. & BARNETT, R.L. (1980): Oriented
magnetite inclusions in pyroxenes from the Grenvilleprovince. Can. Mineral. 18, 89-99.
FLEET, M.E. & BURNS, P.C. (1990): Structure and twinning ofcobaltite. Can. Mineral. 28, 719-723.
FLEET, M.E., CHRYSSOULIS, S.L., MACLEAN, P.J., DAVIDSON, R. &WEISENER, C.G. (1993): Arsenian pyrite from gold deposits:
Au and As distribution investigated by SIMS and EMP andcolor staining and surface oxidation by XPS and LIMS.
Can. Mineral. 31, 1-17.
FLEET, M.E., CHRYSSOULIS, S.L., STONE, W.E. & WEISENER, C.G.
(1993): Partitioning of platinum-group elements and Au
in the Fe–Ni–Cu–S system: experiments on the fractional
crystallization of sulfide melt. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol.
115, 36-44.
FLEET, M.E., CROCKET, J.H, LIU, M. & STONE, W.E. (1999a):Laboratory partitioning of platinum-group elements (PGE)
and gold with application to magmatic sulfide–PGE deposits. Lithos 47, 127-142.
FLEET, M.E., CROCKET, J.H. & STONE, W.E. (1996): Partitioningof platinum-group elements (Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Pd) and gold
between sulfide liquid and basalt melt. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 2397-2412.
FLEET, M.E., DE ALMEIDA, C.M. & ANGELI, N. (2002): Botryoidal
platinum, palladium and potarite from the Bom Sucesso
stream, Minas Gerais, Brazil: compositional zoning andorigin. Can. Mineral. 40, 341-355.
FLEET, M.E., HARMER, S.L., LIU, X. & NESBITT, H.W. (2005):
Polarized X-ray absorption spectroscopy and XPS of TiS3:
S K- and Ti L-edge XANES and S and Ti 2p XPS. Surface
Sci. 584, 133-145.
FLEET, M.E. & HENDERSON, G.S. (1986): Radiation damage innatural titanite by crystal structure analysis. In Scientific
Basis for Nuclear Waste Management IX (O. Werme, ed.).
Mater. Res. Soc., Symp. Proc. 50, 363-370.
FLEET, M.E. & HENDERSON, G.S. (1995a): Epsilon sodium disilicate: a high-pressure layer structure [Na2Si2O5]. J. Solid
State Chem. 119, 400-404.
FLEET, M.E. & HENDERSON, G.S. (1995b): Sodium trisilicate: a
new high-pressure silicate structure (Na2Si[Si2O7]). Phys.
Chem. Minerals 22, 283-286.
FLEET, M.E. & HENDERSON, G.S. (1997): Structure–composition
relations and Raman spectroscopy of high-pressure sodium
silicates. Phys. Chem. Minerals 24, 345-355.
FLEET, M.E., HERZBERG, C.T., BANCROFT, G.M. & ALDRIDGE,
L.P. (1978): Omphacite studies. I. The P2/n → C2/c transformation. Am. Mineral. 63, 1100-1106.

FLEET, M.E., HERZBERG, C.T., HENDERSON, G.S., CROZIER, E.D.,
OSBORNE, M.D. & SCARFE, C.M. (1984): Coordination of
Fe, Ga and Ge in high pressure glasses by Mossbauer,
Raman and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and geologicalimplications. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48, 1455-1466.
FLEET, M.E. & KNIPE, S.W. (1997): Structure of magnesiumhydroxide sulfate [2MgSO4•Mg(OH)2] and solid solution
in magnesium hydroxide sulfate hydrate and caminite. Acta
Crystallogr. B53, 358-363.
FLEET, M.E. & KNIPE, S.W. (2000): Solubility of native goldin H–O–S fluids at 100–400°C and high H2S content. J.
Solution Chem. 29, 1143-1157.
FLEET, M.E. & LIU, X. (2001a): Boron K-edge XANES ofboron oxides: tetrahedral B–O distances and near-surface
reconstruction. Phys. Chem. Minerals 28, 421-427.
FLEET, M.E. & LIU, X. (2001b): High-pressure rare earth disilicates REE2Si2O7 (REE = Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd): type K. J. Solid
State Chem. 161, 166-172.
FLEET, M.E. & LIU, X. (2003a): Carbonate apatite type A
synthesized at high pressure: new space group (P ¯1)and orientation of channel carbonate ion. J. Solid State
Chem. 174, 412-417.
FLEET, M.E. & LIU, X. (2003b): Rare earth disilicates R2Si2O7(R = Gd, Tm, Dy, Ho): type B. Z. Kristallogr. 218, 795801.
FLEET, M.E. & LIU, X. (2003c): A new rare earth disilicate(REE2Si2O7; REE = Dy, Tm, Lu; type-L): evidence fornonquenchable 10 GPa polymorph with silicon in fivefold trigonal bipyramidal coordination? Am. Mineral. 89,
396-404.
FLEET, M.E. & LIU, X. (2004): Location of type B carbonate ion
in type A–B carbonate apatite synthesized at high pressure.
J. Solid State Chem. 177, 3174-3182.
FLEET, M.E. & LIU, X. (2005): Local structure of channel ionsin carbonate apatite Biomaterials, in press.
FLEET, M.E., LIU, M. & CROCKET, J.H. (1999b): Partitioningof trace amounts of highly-siderophile elements in the
Fe–Ni–S system and their fractionation in nature. Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta 63, 2611-2622.
FLEET, M.E., LIU, X. & KING, P.L. (2004): Accommodation of
the carbonate ion in apatite: an FTIR and X-ray structure
study of crystals synthesized at 2–4 GPa. Am. Mineral.
89, 1422-1432.
FLEET, M.E., LIU, X. & PAN, Y. (2000a): Site preference of rareearth elements in hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]. J.
Solid State Chem. 149, 391-398.
FLEET, M.E., LIU, X. & PAN, Y. (2000b): Rare earth elementsin chlorapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(Cl)2]: uptake, site preference
and degradation of monoclinic structure. Am. Mineral.
85, 1437-1446.
FLEET, M.E., MACLEAN, P.J. & BARBIER, J. (1988): Oscillatoryzoned As-bearing pyrite from strata-bound and stratiform
gold deposits: an indicator of ore-fluid evolution. Econ.
Geol., Monogr. 6, 356-362.
FLEET, M.E. & MACRAE, N.D. (1987): Sulfidation of Mg-richolivine and the stability of niningerite in enstatite chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51, 1511-1521.

PREFACE

FLEET, M.E. & MACRAE, N.D. (1988): Partition of Ni between
olivine and sulfide: equilibria with sulfide–oxide liquids.
Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 100, 462-469.
FLEET, M.E., MACRAE, N.D. & HERZBERG, C.T. (1977): Partitionof nickel between olivine and sulfide: a test for immiscible
sulfide liquids. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 65, 191-197.
FLEET, M.E. & MUMIN, A.H. (1997): Gold-bearing arsenian
pyrite and marcasite and arsenopyrite from Carlin-trend
gold deposits and laboratory synthesis. Am. Mineral. 82,
182-193.
FLEET, M.E. & MUTHUPARI, S. (1998): Structure of A2Ge4O9type sodium tetragermanate (Na2Ge4O9) and comparison
with other alkali germanate and silicate mixed tetrahedraloctahedral framework structures. J. Solid State Chem.
140, 175-181.
FLEET, M.E. & MUTHUPARI, S. (2000a): Coordination of boron
in alkali borosilicate glasses using XANES. J. Non-Cryst.
Solids 255, 233-241.
FLEET, M.E. & MUTHUPARI, S. (2000b): Boron K-edge XANESof borate and borosilicate minerals. Am. Mineral. 85,
1009-1021.
FLEET, M.E., MUTHUPARI, S., KASRAI, M. & PRABAKAR, S.
(1997): Sixfold coordinated Si in alkali and alkali–CaO silicophosphate glasses by Si K-edge XANES spectroscopy.
J. Non-Cryst. Solids 220, 85-92.
FLEET, M.E. & PAN, Y. (1994a): Fractional crystallization ofanhydrous sulfide melt in the system Fe–Ni–Cu–S, withapplication to magmatic sulfide deposits. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 3369-3377.
FLEET, M.E. & PAN, Y. (1994b): Site preference of Nd in fluorapatite [Ca10(PO4)6F2]. J. Solid State Chem. 111, 78-81.
FLEET, M.E. & PAN, Y. (1995): Site preference of rare earth
elements in fluorapatite. Am. Mineral. 80, 329-335.
FLEET, M.E. & PAN, Y. (1997a): Site preference of rare earth
elements in fluorapatite: binary (LREE+HREE)-substituted
crystals. Am. Mineral. 82, 870-877.
FLEET, M.E. & PAN, Y. (1997b): Rare earth elements in apatite:
uptake from H2O-bearing phosphate–fluoride melts androle of volatile components. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta61, 4745-4760.
FLEET, M.E., SELLER, M.H. & PAN, Y. (1997): Rare earth
elements, protoliths and alteration at the Hemlo gold
deposit, Ontario, Canada, and comparison with argillic andsericitic alteration in the Highland Valley porphyry district,
British Columbia, Canada. Econ. Geol. 92, 551-568.
FLEET, M.E. & STONE, W.E. (1990): Nickeliferous sulfides inxenoliths, olivine megacrysts and basaltic glass. Contrib.
Mineral. Petrol. 105, 629-636.
FLEET, M.E. & STONE, W.E. (1991): Partitioning of platinumgroup elements in the Fe–Ni–S system and their fractionation in nature. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 245-253.
FLEET, M.E., TRONNES, R.G. & STONE, W.E. (1991): Partitioningof platinum group elements in the Fe–O–S system to 11
GPa and their fractionation in the mantle and meteorites.
J. Geophys. Res. 96, 21,949-21,958.
FLEET, M.E. & WU, T.-W. (1995): Volatile transport of precious
metals at 1000°C: speciation, fractionation, and effectof base-metal sulfide. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59,
487-495.

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FRANCIS, C.A., FLEET, M.E., MISRA, K.C. & CRAIG, J.R. (1976):
Orientation of exsolved pentlandite in natural and synthetic
nickeliferous pyrrhotite. Am. Mineral. 61, 913-920.
HENDERSON, G.S., BANCROFT, G.M., FLEET, M.E. & ROGERS,
D.J. (1985): Raman spectra of gallium and germanium
substituted silicate glasses: variations in intermediate rangeorder. Am. Mineral. 70, 946-960.
HENDERSON, G.S. & FLEET, M.E. (1991a): The structure of alkali
germanate and silicate glasses by Raman spectroscopy. Am.
Crystallogr. Assoc. Trans. 27, 269-278.
HENDERSON, G.S. & FLEET, M.E. (1991b): The structure ofglasses along the Na2O–GeO2 join. J. Non-Cryst. Solids
134, 259-269.
HENDERSON, G.S. & FLEET, M.E. (1995): The structure ofTi silicate glasses by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Can.
Mineral. 33, 399-408.
HENDERSON, G.S. LIU, X. & FLEET, M.E. (2002): A Ti L-edge
X-ray absorption study of Ti-silicate glasses. Phys. Chem.
Minerals 29, 32-42.
HENDERSON, G.S., LIU, X. & FLEET, M.E. (2003): Titanium coordination in silicate glasses investigated using O K-edge Xray absorption spectroscopy. Mineral. Mag. 67, 597-608.
KASRAI, M., FLEET, M.E., BANCROFT, G.M., TAN, K.H. & CHEN,
J.M. (1991): X-ray absorption near-edge structure of alkali
halides: the interatomic-distance correlation. Phys. Rev. B
43, 1763-1772.
KASRAI, M., FLEET, M.E., MUTHUPARI, S., LI, D. & BANCROFT,
G.M. (1998): Surface modification study of borate materials from B K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Phys.
Chem. Minerals 25, 268-272.
K NIPE , S.W. & F LEET , M.E. (1997a): Gold–copper alloy
minerals from the Kerr mine, Ontario. Can. Mineral. 35,
573-586.
KNIPE, S.W. & FLEET, M.E. (1997b): Chemical state of gold
deposited from quenched Mg–S–H–O fluids by X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy. Can. Mineral. 35, 14851495.
KRAVTSOVA, A.N., STEKHIN, I.E., SOLDATOV, A.V., LIU, X. &FLEET, M.E. (2004): Electronic structure of MS (M =Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn): X-ray absorption analysis. Phys. Rev. B 69,
134109–1–134109–12.
LI, D., BANCROFT, G.M., KASRAI, M., FLEET, M.E., FENG, X.H.,
TAN, K.H. & YANG, B.X. (1993): High-resolution Si K- andL2,3-edge XANES of aaa-quartz and stishovite. Solid State
Commun. 87, 613-617.
LI, D., BANCROFT, G.M., KASRAI, M., FLEET, M.E., SECCO, R.A.,
FENG, X.H., TAN, K.H. & YANG, B.X. (1994): X-ray absorption spectroscopy of silicon dioxide (SiO2) polymorphs:
the structural characterization of opal. Am. Mineral. 79,
622-632.
LI, D., SECCO, R.A., BANCROFT, G.M. & FLEET, M.E. (1995):
Pressure-induced coordination change of Al in silicate melts from Al K-edge XANES of high-pressure
NaAlSi2O6–NaAlSi3O8 glasses. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22,
3111-3114.
LIU, M. & FLEET, M.E. (2001): Partitioning of siderophileelements (W, Mo, As, Ag, Ge, Ga, and Sn) and Si in the
Fe–S system and their fractionation in iron meteorites.
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65, 671-682.

1456

THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST

MACLEAN, P.J. & FLEET, M.E. (1989): Detrital pyrite in the
Witwatersrand gold fields of South Africa: evidence fromtruncated growth banding. Econ. Geol. 84, 2008-2011.
MISRA, K.C. & FLEET, M.E. (1973): The chemical compositionsof synthetic and natural pentlandite assemblages. Econ.
Geol. 68, 518-539.
MISRA, K.C. & FLEET, M.E. (1974): Chemical composition andstability of violarite. Econ. Geol. 69, 391-403.
MUMIN, A.H. & FLEET, M.E. (1995): Evolution of gold mineralization in the Ashanti Gold Belt, Ghana: evidence fromcarbonate compositions and parageneses. Mineral. Petrol.
55, 265-280.
MUMIN, A.H., FLEET, M.E. & LONGSTAFFE, F.J. (1996): Evolution of hydrothermal fluids in the Ashanti Gold Belt,
Ghana: stable isotope geochemistry of carbonates, graphiteand quartz. Econ. Geol. 91, 135-148.
NESBITT, H.W. & FLEET, M.E. (1981): An ion-association modelfor PbO–SiO2 melts: interpretation of thermochemical,
conductivity, and density data. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta45, 235-244.
OSBORNE, M.D. & FLEET, M.E. (1984): Mössbauer investigation of niningerite solid solutions (Mg,Fe)S. Phys. Chem.
Minerals 10, 245-249.
O SBORNE , M.D., F LEET, M.E. & BANCROFT , G.M. (1981):
Fe2+–Fe3+ ordering in chromite and Cr-bearing spinels.
Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 77, 256-261.
OSBORNE, M.D., FLEET, M.E. & BANCROFT, G.M. (1984): Nextnearest neighbor effects in the Mossbauer spectra of (Cr,Al)
spinels. J. Solid State Chem. 53, 174-183.
PAN, Y. & FLEET, M.E. (1989): Cr-rich calc-silicates from the
Hemlo area, Ontario. Can. Mineral. 27, 565-577.
PAN, Y. & FLEET, M.E. (1991): Barium feldspar and barianchromian muscovite from the Hemlo area, Ontario. Can.
Mineral. 29, 481-498.
PAN, Y. & FLEET, M.E. (1992a): Mineral chemistry and geochemistry of vanadian silicates in the Hemlo gold deposit,
Ontario, Canada. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 109, 511-525.
PAN, Y. & FLEET, M.E. (1992b): Vanadium-rich minerals of thepumpellyite group from the Hemlo gold deposit, Ontario.
Can. Mineral. 30, 153-162.
PAN, Y. & FLEET, M.E. (1992c): Calc-silicate alteration in the
Hemlo gold deposit, Ontario: mineral assemblages, P–T–X
constraints and significance. Econ. Geol. 87, 1104-1120.
PAN, Y. & FLEET, M.E. (1993): Polymetamorphism in theArchean Hemlo – Heron Bay greenstone belt, Superior
Province: P–T variations and tectonic evolution. Can. J.
Earth Sci. 30, 985-996.
PAN, Y. & FLEET, M.E. (1995): The Late Archean Hemlo gold
deposit, Ontario, Canada: a review and synthesis. Ore Geol.
Rev. 9, 455-488.
PAN, Y. & FLEET, M.E. (1996): Rare earth element mobility
during prograde granulite facies metamorphism: significance of fluorine. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 123, 251-262.
PAN, Y. & FLEET, M.E. (1999): Kyanite in the Western Superior
Province of Ontario: implications for Archean accretionary
tectonics. Can. Mineral. 37, 359-373.
PAN, Y. & FLEET, M.E. (2002): Compositions of the apatitegroup minerals: substitution mechanisms and control-ling factors. In Phosphates. Reviews in Mineralogy andGeochemistry (M.J. Kohn, J. Rakovan & J.M. Hughes,eds.). Rev. Mineral. 48, 13-49.
PAN, Y., FLEET, M.E., CHEN, N., WEIL, J.A. & NILGES, M.J.
(2002): Site preference of Gd in synthetic fluorapatite bysingle-crystal W-band EPR and X-ray structure refinement:
a comparative study. Can. Mineral. 40, 1103-1112.
P AN , Y., F LEET , M.E. & H EAMAN , L. (1998): Thermotectonic evolution of an Archean accretionary complex:
U–Pb geochronological constraints on granulites from theQuetico Subprovince, Ontario, Canada. Precamb. Res.
92, 117-128.
PAN, Y., FLEET, M.E. & MACRAE, N.D. (1993): Oriented
monazite inclusions in apatite porphyroblasts from the
Hemlo gold deposit, Ontario, Canada. Mineral. Mag. 57,
697-707.
PAN, Y., FLEET, M.E. & RAY, G.E. (1994a): Scapolite in two
Canadian gold deposits: Nickel Plate, British Columbia and
Hemlo, Ontario. Can. Mineral. 32, 825-837.
PAN, Y., FLEET, M.E. & STONE, W.E. (1991a): Skarn mineralization (Cr, Fe, Au) in Archean greenstone belt, WhiteRiver property, Hemlo area, Ontario. Econ. Geol. 86,
1626-1645.
PAN, Y., FLEET, M.E. & STONE, W.E. (1991b): Geochemistryof metasedimentary rocks in the late Archean Hemlo– Heron Bay greenstone belt, Superior Province, Ontario:
implications for provenance and tectonic setting. Precamb.
Res. 52, 53-69.
PAN, Y., FLEET, M.E. & WILLIAMS, H.R. (1994b): Granulitefacies metamorphism in the Quetico Subprovince, northof Manitouwadge, Ontario. Can. J. Earth Sci. 31, 14271439.
SHERRIFF, B.L. & FLEET, M.E. (1990): Local structure ingallium- and germanium-substituted silicate glasses
investigated by magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic
resonance. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 15727-15732.
SOLDATOV, A.V., KRAVTSOVA, A.N., FLEET, M.E. & HARMER,
S.L. (2004): Electronic structure of MeS (Me = Ni, Co,
Fe): X-ray absorption analysis. J. Phys.: Condensed Matter
16, 7545-7556.
STONE, W.E., CROCKET, J.H., DICKIN, A.P. & FLEET, M.E. (1995):
Origin of Archean ferropicrites: geochemical constraints
from the Boston Creek flow, Abitibi greenstone belt,
Ontario. Chem. Geol. 121, 51-71.
STONE, W.E. & FLEET, M.E. (1991): Nickel–copper sulfides
from 1959 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii; contrasting compositions and phase relations in eruption pumiceand Kilauea Iki lava lake. Am. Mineral. 76, 1363-1372.
STONE, W.E., FLEET, M.E. & MACRAE, N.D. (1989): Two-phasenickeliferous monosulfide solid solution (mss) in megacrysts from Mount Shasta, California: a natural laboratory
for Ni–Cu sulfides. Am. Mineral. 74, 981-993.
THOMSON, M.L., BARNETT, R.L., FLEET, M.E. & KERRICH, R.
(1985): Metamorphic mineral assemblages in South-Range
norite and footwall mafic rocks near the Kirkwood mine,
Sudbury, Ontario. Can. Mineral. 23, 173-186.

Received November 20, 2005.