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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDATALLAHASSEE DIVISION
JANE DOE et al.,Plaintiffs,
v.

CASE NO. 4:23cv114-RH-MAF

JOSEPH A. LADAPO et al.,Defendants.
___________________________/ORDER ON THE MERITSThis class action presents a constitutional challenge to a Florida statute andrules that (1) prohibit transgender minors from receiving specific kinds of widely
accepted gender-affirming medical care and (2) impose restrictions on how suchcare can be provided to adults or to minors who are grandfathered—who areallowed to continue receiving care they were receiving before the statute and rules
took effect. The case has been tried to the court. This order sets out the court’s
findings of fact and conclusions of law.
I. Background: the parties, claims, and proceedings
The operative pleading is the third amended complaint. 1 It names eleven

1

ECF No. 118.

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plaintiffs—four transgender adults and seven parents of transgender minors. Twoclasses have been certified, one for adults and one for minors.2 The trial record
addresses the individual circumstances of only one adult and two minors, so thisorder dismisses the claims of the others and removes them as class representatives.
The order makes a corresponding change in the definition of one class.
The defendants are the Florida Surgeon General, the Florida Board of
Medicine and its members, the Florida Board of Osteopathic Medicine and its
members, and the State Attorney for the Fifth Judicial Circuit. The individual
defendants have been sued only in their official capacities.
The plaintiffs originally named as additional defendants Florida’s other 19
state attorneys, but the claims against them were dropped after the parties enteredinto a stipulation providing, among other things, that the state attorneys would bebound by any judgment in this action. The plaintiffs also originally named theAttorney General of Florida as a defendant, but the plaintiffs dropped their claims
against her. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b) judgments were not entered on
the claims against the state attorneys and Attorney General.
By stipulation of all parties, the record consists not only of the evidence
presented during the trial of this case but also the evidence presented during thetrial of a separate case in this court with overlapping issues, Dekker v. Weida, No.
2

ECF No. 166.

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4:22cv325-RH-MAF. 3 Dekker addressed Florida’s denial of Medicaid coverage forthe same kinds of transgender services at issue in this case. Full and fair bench
trials have been conducted in both cases.
In this case, the plaintiffs assert an equal-protection claim (count II), and theparents assert a substantive-due-process claim based on the right to direct theupbringing of their children (count I). The defendants explicitly acknowledged in
Dekker that preventing or impeding an individual from pursuing a transgender
identity is not a legitimate state interest, 4 and they have never receded from thatconcession.5 They assert instead that the statute and rules are a legitimate
regulation of medical care and thus are constitutional in all respects.6
Three plaintiffs—each the parent of a transgender minor—moved for andobtained a preliminary injunction. The defendants’ appeal is pending. The
preliminary injunction will expire by its terms upon entry of a judgment as directedby this order.

See Rule 26(f) Report, ECF No. 113 at 7; see also Joint Pretrial Stipulation, ECF
No. 189 at 11. Citations including “Dekker” refer to the docket in that case.
4
Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 242 at 97.
5See, e.g., ECF No. 66 at 31.
6
See id.; see also Defs.’ Trial Br., ECF No. 190 at 32–33 (stating lawmakers’
intent was “to ensure that individuals with gender dysphoria receive quality
healthcare.”); Joint Pretrial Stipulation, ECF No. 189 at 10–11 (defendants’statement that the laws simply regulate healthcare); Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 23–
24 (defendants’ position in opening that the state was motivated by concern overthe quality of medical care).
3

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II. The challenged provisions
The kinds of care at issue are puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones. See
Fla. Stat. § 456.001(9)(a). This order uses the term “gender-affirming care” to refer
only to these two kinds of treatment, not to gender-affirming surgery. Puberty
blockers are more formally known as gonadotropin releasing hormone or “GnRH”
agonists or antagonists. Cross-sex hormones typically include estrogen for natal
men and testosterone for natal women.
For many years, the State of Florida allowed use of these medications totreat gender dysphoria. 7 A report prepared by the Florida Agency for Health Care
Administration supported the use.8 But then the political winds changed.
A. The statute
The challenged statute prohibits gender-affirming care for minors—for
patients under age 18—subject to a grandfather provision allowing minors who
were already receiving this care to continue do so. Id. § 456.52(1). The statute does
not prohibit but instead only imposes restrictions on care for adults. Id. § 456.52(2)& (3).

See, e.g., Dekker v. Weida, 679 F. Supp. 3d 1271, 1280–81 (N.D. Fla. 2023); seealso Trial Tr., ECF No. 207 at 131.
8
See Pls.’ Ex. 240 in Dekker, ECF No. 181-4 at 9; see also Pls.’ Ex. 243 in
Dekker, ECF No. 181-7 at 1.
7

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More specifically, for minors, the statute prohibits use of “puberty blockers”
to “stop or delay normal puberty in order to affirm a person’s perception of his or
her sex if that perception is inconsistent with the person’s [natal] sex.” Fla. Stat.
§ 456.001(9)(a)1.; see id. § 456.52(1). Again for minors, the statute prohibits useof “hormones or hormone antagonists to affirm a person’s perception of his or her
sex if that perception is inconsistent with the person’s [natal] sex.” Id.
§ 456.001(9)(a)2.; id. § 456.52(1). The grandfather provision allows a patient to“continue to be treated by a physician” with puberty blockers or cross-sex
hormones if the treatment was “commenced before, and is still active on, May 17,
2023,” subject to rules adopted by the Boards of Medicine and Osteopathic
Medicine. Id. § 456.52(1)(b) & (a).
The statute restricts the manner in which gender-affirming care can beprovided to adults and to grandfathered minors. Care can be “prescribed,
administered, or performed” only by a physician—and thus not by an advanced
practice registered nurse (“APRN”) or other provider. Id. § 456.52(3). And thepatient must sign a written consent form while in the same room with thephysician, thus banning telehealth as a means of initiating treatment. Id.
§ 456.52(2). The statute directs the Boards to specify by rule the terms of theconsent forms. Id.

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Violation of these provisions is a crime and grounds for terminating ahealthcare practitioner’s license. See id. § 456.52(5).
The statute also prohibits gender-affirming surgery for minors and imposes
restrictions on surgery for adults. But the plaintiffs have not challenged, as part ofthis litigation, the prohibition on surgery for minors. The adult plaintiff for whom
evidence was presented at trial does not seek surgery at this time, so he lacks
standing to challenge the surgery restrictions. This order does not address surgery
issues on the merits.
B. The rules
The challenged rules were adopted by the Boards of Medicine andOsteopathic Medicine. In identical language, the rules prohibit the Boards’
licensed practitioners from treating “gender dysphoria in minors” with “[p]uberty
blocking, hormone, or hormone antagonist therapies.” Fla. Admin. Code r. 64B89.019(1)(b); Fla. Admin Code r. 64B15-14.014(1)(b).
For grandfathered minors, the rules mandate the scope and frequency ofspecific procedures. The requirements include x-rays, DEXA scans, follow-up
visits, and laboratory testing more often than medically indicated.9 The rules allow
only psychologists or psychiatrists to provide some required services, while

Fla. Admin. Code r. 64B8ER23-7(4) (minors, Board of Medicine), r. 64B15ER29(4) (minors, Board of Osteopathic Medicine).

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allowing all licensed mental-health professionals to provide others. The rules
require all patients and, for minors, their parents to sign—and initial dozens oftimes—long consent forms in exactly the form specified by the Boards.10
III. Gender identity is realWith extraordinarily rare exceptions not at issue here, every person is bornwith external sex characteristics, male or female, and chromosomes that match. As
the person goes through life, the person also has a gender identity—a deeply felt
internal sense of being male or female. 11 For more than 99% of people, the external
sex characteristics and chromosomes—the determinants of what this order calls the
person’s natal sex—match the person’s gender identity.12
Fla. Admin. Code r. 64B8ER23-7(2) (Board of Medicine adopting forms“DH5079-MQA,” “DH5080-MQA,” and “DH5081-MQA” and providing website
links to the forms for minors), r. 64B15ER23-9(2) (same for Board of Osteopathic
Medicine), r. 64B8ER23-11 (Board of Medicine adopting forms “DH5082-MQA,”“DH5083-MQA,” and “DH5084-MQA” and providing website links to the forms
for adults), r. 64B15ER23-12 (same for Board of Osteopathic Medicine). The thirdamended complaint and the parties’ briefs cite Florida Administrative Code rules
64B8ER23-8 and 64B15ER23-10 as the challenged rules that adopted the forms
for adults. Those rules initially adopted the forms. But in response to a letter fromthe Joint Administrative Procedures Committee regarding the Boards’ authority to
impose substantive requirements on the adults, the forms were amended. See 49
Fla. Admin. Reg. 163, 3086–90 (Aug. 22, 2023). The current forms wereintroduced at trial and cite the correct rules: 64B8ER23-11 and 64B15ER23-12.
See Defs.’ Ex. 2, ECF No. 175-2 (bottom left corner); Defs.’ Ex. 5, ECF No. 175-5(same); Defs.’ Ex. 6, ECF No. 175-6 (same). These are the forms still available on
the Boards’ websites.
11
Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 226 at 23–24; Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 238 at
72–73.
12
Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 227 at 222.
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For less than 1%, the natal sex and gender identity are opposites: a natal
male’s gender identity is female, or vice versa.13 This order refers to such a person
who identifies as female as a transgender female and to such a person who
identifies as male as a transgender male. This order refers to individuals whose
gender identity matches their natal sex as cisgender.
The elephant in the room should be noted at the outset. Gender identity isreal. The record makes this clear. The defendants, speaking through their attorneys,
have admitted it.14 At least one defense expert also has admitted it. 15 That expert is
Dr. Stephen B. Levine, the only defense expert who has actually treated asignificant number of transgender patients. At least in his first appearance as awitness—in the Dekker trial—he addressed the issues conscientiously, on the
merits, rather than as a biased advocate. He was not as forthcoming in his second
appearance—in the trial of this case—but he explicitly stood by his priortestimony, 16 and he again acknowledged that gender-affirming care is sometimes
appropriate. 17 He said ending a patient’s cross-gender identity should not be a goal

Id.; see also Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 226 at 23–24; Trial Tr. in Dekker,
ECF No. 228 at 29–31.
14See, e.g., Defs.’ Trial Br., ECF No. 190 at 4–5.
15
See Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 239 at 10–11, 31–32, 80–81.
16
Trial Tr., ECF No. 212 at 125.
17
Id. at 172; see also Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 239 at 40–42, 44, 81–83, 88–94.
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of treatment—that that kind of treatment is ill-informed and unrealistic. 18
Despite the defense admissions, there are those who believe that cisgenderindividuals properly adhere to their natal sex and that transgender individuals haveinappropriately chosen a contrary gender identity, male or female, just as one
might choose whether to read Shakespeare or Grisham. Many people with thisview tend to disapprove all things transgender and so oppose medical care that
supports a person’s transgender existence. 19 The defendants have explicitly
admitted that prohibiting or impeding individuals from pursuing their transgender
identities is not a legitimate state interest. 20 But the record shows beyond any doubtthat a significant number of legislators and others involved in the adoption of the

Trial Tr., ECF No. 212 at 163.
See, e.g., Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 239 at 129–31 (statement of a defense
expert who opposes gender-affirming care that “changing a person’s sex is a lie
and also a moral violation,” “a huge evil,” and “diabolical in every sense of theword”); see also Trial Tr. In Dekker, ECF No. 238 at 193–95 (statement of adifferent defense expert who opposes gender-affirming care acknowledging hejoined amicus briefs asserting that gender-affirming care allows an individual to“adhere to his or her false belief that he or she is the opposite sex” and that thetreatments only maintain a “delusion” and perpetuate a “charade.”); see also
Preliminary Inj. Hr’g Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 62 at 40 (statement of yet anotherdefense expert who opposes gender-affirming care responding no to a question
from the court: whether in his opinion it is “ever appropriate for a medical
professional in any specialty to support a person’s decision to live in that person’s
gender identity instead of the person’s natal identity”). These experts testified notbased on their professional expertise but based on their ideology. They have little
or no experience treating transgender patients and no specialized training in thefield. I do not credit the disputed portions of their testimony.
20
See supra notes 4–6.
18
19

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statute and rules at issue pursued this admittedly illegitimate interest. 21
For some, the denial that transgender identity is real—the opposition totransgender individuals and to their freedom to live their lives—is not different inkind or intensity from the animus that has attended racism and misogyny, less astime has passed but still today. And some transgender opponents invoke religion to
support their position, just as some once invoked religion to support their racism or
misogyny. Transgender opponents are of course free to hold their beliefs. But they
are not free to discriminate against transgender individuals just for beingtransgender. In time, discrimination against transgender individuals will diminish,
just as racism and misogyny have diminished. To paraphrase a civil-rights
advocate from an earlier time, the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends
toward justice.
In the meantime, the federal courts have a role to play in upholding theConstitution and laws. The State of Florida can regulate as needed but cannot flatly
deny transgender individuals safe and effective medical treatment—treatment withmedications routinely provided to others with the state’s full approval so long as
the purpose is not to support the patient’s transgender identity.
IV. The standards of care
Transgender individuals suffer higher rates of anxiety, depression, suicidal
21

See infra § VIII.G.

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ideation, and suicide than the population at large. 22 Some suffer gender dysphoria,
a mental-health condition recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (“DSM-5”). The diagnosis applies when specificcriteria are met. Among other things, there must be a marked incongruence
between one’s experienced gender identity and natal sex for at least six months,
manifested in specified ways, and clinically significant distress or impairment. 23
There are well-established standards of care for treatment of gender
dysphoria. These are set out in two publications: first, the Endocrine Society
Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Gender Dysphoria; and second,the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (“WPATH”) Standardsof Care, version 8.24 I credit the abundant testimony in this record that thesestandards are widely followed by well-trained clinicians.25 The standards are usedby insurers 26 and have been endorsed by the United States Department of Health

Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 226 at 108.
Pls.’ Ex. 33 in Dekker, ECF No. 175-33 at 2–3; see also Trial Tr. in Dekker,
ECF No. 226 at 25–26; Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 238 at 71.
24
Defs.’ Exs. 16 & 24 in Dekker, ECF Nos. 193-16 & 193-24.
25
Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 226 at 31 (psychiatrist); id. at 198 (pediatricendocrinologist); Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 227 at 50–52 (surgeon); id. at 106,
112–14 (pediatrician, bioethicist, medical researcher); Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF
No. 228 at 15 (physician specializing in pediatrics and adolescent medicine); seealso Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 114 (pediatric psychiatrist); Trial Tr., ECF No. 207
at 133 (pediatric endocrinologist in Florida)
26
Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 227 at 243–44.
22
23

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and Human Services.27
Under the standards, gender-dysphoria treatment begins with acomprehensive biopsychosocial assessment. 28 In addition to any appropriate
mental-health therapy, there are three types of possible medical intervention, allavailable only to adolescents or adults, never younger children.29
First, for patients at or near the onset of puberty, medications known as
GnRH agonists can delay the onset or continuation of puberty and thus can reducethe development of secondary sex characteristics inconsistent with the patient’s
gender identity—breasts for transgender males, whiskers for transgender females,changes in body shape, and other physical effects.30
Second, cross-sex hormones—testosterone for transgender males, estrogenfor transgender females—can promote the development and maintenance ofcharacteristics consistent with the patient’s gender identity and can limit thedevelopment and maintenance of characteristics consistent with the patient’s natal
sex.31 For patients treated with GnRH agonists, use of cross-sex hormones

See Defs.’ Ex. 2 in Dekker, ECF No. 193-2.
See Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 226 at 42–43.
29
Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 238 at 72 & 74–75; see also Trial Tr. in Dekker,
ECF No. 228 at 14; Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 226 at 36 & 176.
30
See Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 226 at 194–97; Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No.
228 at 27–28.
31
Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 226 at 217–26, 228.
27
28

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typically begins when use of GnRH agonists ends. 32 Cross-sex hormones also canbe used later in life, regardless of whether a patient was treated with GnRH
agonists.
Third, for some patients, surgery can align physical characteristics withgender identity, to some extent.33 The most common example: mastectomy canremove a transgender male’s breasts. Perhaps 98% of all such surgeries are
performed on adults, not minors. 34 The ban on surgery for minors has never been atissue in this litigation, and the restrictions on surgery for adults are no longer atissue.
V. General acceptance of the standards of care
The overwhelming weight of medical authority supports treatment oftransgender patients with GnRH agonists and cross-sex hormones in appropriate
circumstances. Organizations who have formally recognized this include theAmerican Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, American Academy of Family Physicians, American College ofObstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Physicians, American
Medical Association, American Psychiatric Association, and at least a dozen

See Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 228 at 87–90.
See Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 227 at 42.
34
See Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 227 at 43.
32
33

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more.35 The record also includes statements from hundreds of professionals
supporting this care. 36 At least as shown by this record, not a single reputable
medical association has taken a contrary position.
These medications—GnRH agonists, testosterone, and estrogen—have beenused for decades to treat other conditions. Their safety records and overall effects
are well known. The Food and Drug Administration has approved their use, though
not specifically to treat gender dysphoria. 37
GnRH agonists are routinely used to treat patients with central precocious
puberty—children who have begun puberty prematurely—as well as, in somecircumstances, endometriosis and prostate cancer. 38 Central precocious puberty
presents substantial health risks and ordinarily should be treated. GnRH agonists
are an appropriate treatment, even though GnRH agonists have attendant risks. 39
So, too, gender dysphoria presents substantial health risks and ordinarily should betreated. 40 For some patients, GnRH agonists are an appropriate treatment, even

See Pls.’ Exs. 36–43, 45–48 in Dekker, ECF Nos. 175-36 through 176-8(omitting ECF No. 176-4).
36
See Amicus Brief of American Academies and Health Organizations, ECF No.
36-1; Bruggeman et al., We 300 Florida health care professionals say the stategets transgender guidance wrong (Apr. 27, 2022), Dekker ECF No. 11-1 at 11–32.
37
See Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 226 at 183; see also Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF
No. 239 at 54–56.
38
Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 226 at 183–84, 200–02.
39
Id.
40
Id.
35

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though, just as with their use to treat central precocious puberty and otherconditions, GnRH agonists have attendant risks. 41
The defendants say the risks attendant to use of GnRH agonists to treat
central precocious puberty or to treat gender dysphoria are not identical, and that
may be so. But it is still true that for gender dysphoria, just as for central
precocious puberty, GnRH agonists are an effective treatment whose benefits canoutweigh the risks.
The same is true for cross-sex hormones. Testosterone and estrogen areroutinely used to treat cisgender patients in appropriate circumstances. 42 The
medications are an effective treatment for conditions that should be treated, eventhough the medications have attendant risks. 43 That is so for cisgender andtransgender patients alike. For some transgender patients, cross-sex hormones arean appropriate treatment.
Even the defendants’ expert Dr. Levine testified that treatment with GnRH
agonists and cross-sex hormones is sometimes appropriate. 44 He would demand
appropriate safeguards, as discussed below, but he would not ban the treatments.45
The patients for whom testimony was presented at trial would qualify for treatment
Id. at 201–16.
Id. at 216.
43
Id. at 218–29.
44
Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 239 at 81–83.
45
Id. at 91–94.
41
42

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under Dr. Levine’s proposed safeguards.
VI. Clinical evidence supporting the standards of care
The record includes testimony of well-qualified doctors who have treatedthousands of transgender patients with GnRH agonists and cross-sex hormones
over their careers and have achieved excellent results. I credit the testimony of Dr.
Dan Karasic (psychiatrist), Dr. Daniel Shumer (pediatric endocrinologist), Dr.
Aron Janssen (child and adolescent psychiatrist), Dr. Brittany Bruggeman(pediatric endocrinologist), Dr. Johanna Olson-Kennedy (specialist in pediatrics
and adolescent medicine), and Dr. Armand Antommaria (pediatrician andbioethicist). I credit their testimony that denial of this treatment will cause needlesssuffering for a substantial number of patients and will increase anxiety, depression,and the risk of suicide. 46
The clinical evidence would support, though certainly not mandate, adecision by a reasonable patient or parent, in consultation with properly trained
practitioners, to use GnRH agonists at or near the onset of puberty or to use crosssex hormones later, even when fully apprised of the current state of medical
knowledge and all attendant risks.

See, e.g., Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 226 at 64, 158, 215–16, 228–29; Trial Tr.
in Dekker, ECF No. 228 at 35–36, 40–41, 45–47, 66; Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No.
238 at 97–98; Trial Tr., ECF No. 207 at 147–48, 150–53.
46

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The record includes no evidence that these treatments have caused
substantial adverse clinical results in properly screened and treated patients—
patients who were screened and treated with appropriate caution in compliancewith the Endocrine Society and WPATH standards of care.
VII. The plaintiffs
The third amended complaint names eleven plaintiffs—four transgenderadults and seven parents on behalf of transgender minors. The parents and minors
are proceeding under pseudonyms.
The plaintiffs introduced evidence at trial supporting the individual claims of
only three of the plaintiffs—one transgender adult and two parents of transgenderminors. This order dismisses the individual claims of the others, leaving them asclass members. The order retains as class representatives only the three remaining
plaintiffs.
To be sure, the plaintiffs submitted declarations of other plaintiffs in supportof their motion for a preliminary injunction. 47 But those declarations are not part of
the trial record. The preliminary-injunction hearing was not consolidated with thetrial on the merits. “Even when consolidation is not ordered, evidence that isreceived on the [preliminary-injunction] motion and that would be admissible at

See Loe Decl., ECF No. 30-2; Pope Decl., ECF No. 115-1; Noel Decl., ECF No.
115-3; & Evia Decl., ECF No. 115-4.
47

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trial becomes part of the trial record and need not be repeated at trial.” Fed. R. Civ.
P. 65(a)(2) (emphasis added). The declarations were hearsay and would not havebeen admissible if offered by the plaintiffs at trial. Perhaps recognizing this, theplaintiffs did not list the declarations as exhibits or offer them at trial.
The plaintiffs also introduced medical records for some of the others. 48 But
those records, without more, are insufficient to establish those plaintiffs’ standing,the appropriateness of gender-affirming care or surgery in their individual
circumstances, or their entitlement to relief.
A. Susan Doe
Susan Doe is a 12-year-old transgender girl. Susan’s mother, Jane Doe, is aplaintiff. She testified at trial. 49 I credit her testimony.
From a young age, Susan consistently told her mother she was a girl. 50 She
experienced extreme anxiety and confusion about wearing boys’ clothing. 51 Her
mother sought help from a pediatrician, who said Susan should be allowed to dress
and play as made her comfortable.52 Despite fears, her mother allowed her to wear
girls’ clothes and socially transition.53 This took Susan from an anxious, isolated
See Pls.' Ex. 83-84, ECF No. 208-4 (Noel), 208-5 (Loe), 208-6 (Pope), & 208-7(Evia).
49
Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 28–50.
50
See id. at 27–30 & 38.
51
Id. at 29–30.
52
Id. at 30.
53
Id.
48

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child to a “happy, bouncing, involved child.” 54
Upon the recommendation of her pediatrician, Susan also saw a family
therapist. Based on Susan’s adjustment to the social transition, the therapist did nothave concerns about Susan but said Susan should be seen for milestone events andas needed for support. 55
Susan also has been treated for more than two years by a pediatricendocrinologist at the University of Florida Youth Gender Program. 56 Susan’sfamily lives in Jacksonville because her father—who is on active duty in the
United States military—is stationed there. Her parents make the drive to the UF
Youth Gender Program in Gainesville because they believe, based on theirresearch and Susan’s therapist’s recommendation, that the program offers excellent
care. 57
Susan is being monitored by her providers for the onset of puberty. Herproviders recommend, and her parents agree, that she should begin puberty
blockers at that time. After the challenged rules banned gender-affirming care in
Florida, Susan’s parents sought and received a second opinion from the head of

Id. at 31.
Id. at 32.
56
See Pls.’ Ex. 80, ECF No. 208-1 at 1–20; see also Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 33.
57
Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 33.
54
55

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endocrinology at Walter Reed Hospital.58 That physician, too, said puberty
blockers are necessary and appropriate for Susan.59 The providers at the UF Youth
Gender Program have discussed with Susan’s mother the various risks presented
by puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones. 60
For Susan, the benefits outweigh the risks. Susan’s biggest fear is “what shecalls turning into a boy.” 61 Susan is fully socially transitioned and known at school
as a girl. Denying Susan gender-affirming treatment would be severely detrimental
to her mental health. Susan’s parents are committed to ensuring Susan receives
necessary care so that she can continue “flourishing and living her life like anormal kid.”62
B. Gavin Goe
Gavin Goe is an eight-year-old transgender boy. Gavin’s mother, Gloria
Goe, is a plaintiff. She testified at trial. 63 I credit her testimony.
From a very young age, Gavin wanted short hair, masculine clothing, and aboy’s name. 64 He told his mother he wanted to look like a boy because he was a

See Pls.’ Ex. 80, ECF No. 208-1 at 21–27; see also Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at
36–38.
59
Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 36–37.
60
Id. at 33–36.
61
Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 35.
62
Id.
63
Id. at 50–69.
64
Id. at 53.
58

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boy.65 Gavin experienced significant distress over having a feminine haircut andgirls’ clothing. His mother came to understand Gavin was transgender, and shesought to learn how best to support and love her child. Despite her fear and grief,
Gavin’s mother allowed him to socially transition, including by using a boy’s nameand wearing boy’s clothing.66
Gavin’s pediatrician referred him to a psychologist for treatment of gender
dysphoria, anxiety, and depression.67 The pediatrician referred Gavin to a pediatricendocrinologist at the Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital gender clinic in St.
Petersburg, Florida, to assess possible gender-affirming care.68 Gavin had an
appointment, but the clinic canceled it when the Board of Medicine adopted therule prohibiting doctors from providing this kind of care. 69
Gavin is terrified of puberty because he does not want to develop female
characteristics. 70 If Gavin is unable to receive treatment, his mental health will
deteriorate. His mother fears she “will lose the essence” of her child.71

Id. at 54.
Id. at 55–56.
67
See Pls.’ Ex. 81, ECF No. 208-2 at 3.
68
Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 60.
69
Id.
70
Id. at 61.
71
Id. at 62.
65
66

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C. Lucien Hamel
The plaintiff Lucien Hamel is a 27-year-old transgender man.72 He testified
at trial. 73 I credit his testimony.
From a young age, he regarded himself as male. He experienced anxiety anddistress when he was referred to and treated as female. The distress was alleviatedonly when he was able to conduct himself as a male and was treated by others thatway. In adolescence, he tried to have a masculine haircut and clothing but was met
with backlash and pressure to present himself as female. He “always hoped that
one day [he] would wake up and feel right and feel normal and be a girl, but it justnever happened.” 74 Mr. Hamel continued to live as a woman—his natal sex—and
had a child, but the depression and anxiety persisted.
Mr. Hamel saw a therapist. After long discussions of his history and life
experience, Mr. Hamel came to understand he was transgender. A psychiatrist later
diagnosed him with gender dysphoria. 75 Mr. Hamel began to socially transition. He
presented himself more masculinely and chose a different name. Sociallytransitioning was, at first, an “incredibly nerve wracking” experience as he faced
rejection from friends and family. 76 But he says that when he accepted himself as a
Id. at 71.
Id. at 70–103.
74
Id. at 72.
75
Id. at 73.
76
Id. at 74.
72
73

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transgender man, he felt inner peace and knew that even if not accepted by others,
he could be happy. 77
After a full psychiatric evaluation—and while still under the care of his
therapist—he began to seek medical treatment.78 He first saw a pediatricendocrinologist. The endocrinologist obtained a medical history and informed Mr.
Hamel of available treatments. After repeated visits, laboratory tests, and in-depth
discussions of options, risks, and side effects, Mr. Hamel began taking
testosterone. He saw dramatic improvement in his happiness. He felt like an“authentic” version of himself, his relationships improved, and he was able toovercome depression and anxiety.79
Mr. Hamel continued to see the endocrinologist for several years. The
endocrinologist diligently oversaw Mr. Hamel’s treatment, including with regularlabs and checkups. Mr. Hamel eventually had a mastectomy. In mid-2022, Mr.
Hamel was too old to be treated by the pediatric endocrinologist, and he became apatient of a clinic that specializes in transgender care. There, after another full
discussion of risks and benefits, he continued testosterone treatment, now with an
APRN. 80 He was seen and had labs every three months.

See id. at 74–75.
Id. at 75.
79
Id. at 78.
80
Id. at 81.
77
78

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After the challenged statute took effect, the APRN could no longer prescribe
testosterone. 81 At the time of trial, Mr. Hamel had been unable to establish carewith a physician trained in this field. The discontinuation of testosterone caused
significant distress, the return of anxiety and depression, and physical changes
including lost muscle mass and feminization. 82 In his job and elsewhere, while on
testosterone, Mr. Hamel was known and recognized as a man. But when his
prescription lapsed and some features feminized, he was sometimes identified aseither a transgender man or a woman. This benefited nobody.
D. Findings on appropriate treatment
Susan Doe, Gavin Goe, and Mr. Hamel have obtained appropriate medicalcare. Qualified professionals have properly evaluated their medical conditions andneeds in accordance with the well-established standards of care. The minors, to theextent of their limited ability, and their parents, and Mr. Hamel, all in consultation
with the treating professionals, have determined that the benefits of their genderaffirming care will outweigh the risks. The parents’ and Mr. Hamel’s ability toevaluate the benefits and risks of this treatment in their individual circumstances
far exceeds the ability of the State of Florida to do so. The patients’ motivation isthe desire to achieve the best possible medical treatment. The parents’ motivation

81
82

Id. at 84.
Id. at 87–88.

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is love for their children and the desire to achieve the best possible medical
treatment for them. This was not the motivation of many of those involved in
adoption of this statute and these rules.
The same is true for the four individual plaintiffs in Dekker. They are classmembers.
VIII. Equal protection
The plaintiffs assert the challenged statute and rules violate the Fourteenth
Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause.
A. Prior decisions
Neither the Supreme Court nor any circuit has addressed theconstitutionality of banning or restricting gender-affirming care on a full record
after a trial on the merits. At least four circuits have addressed preliminary
injunctions precluding states from enforcing bans on such care for minors. Twohave upheld injunctions; two have reversed. Compare Eknes-Tucker v. Gov. of
Ala., 80 F.4th 1205 (11th Cir. 2023) (reversing preliminary injunction) and L.W. ex
rel. Williams v. Skrmetti, 83 F.4th 460 (6th Cir. 2023) (same on 2–1 vote) with
Brandt ex rel. Brandt v. Rutledge, 47 F.4th 661 (8th Cir. 2022) (affirming
preliminary injunction) and Poe ex rel. Poe v. Labrador, No. 1:23-cv-269, 2024
WL 170678 (9th Cir. Jan. 16, 2024) (refusing to stay preliminary injunction). The
Supreme Court granted a stay in Poe, thus disapproving the Ninth Circuit’s refusal

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to do so, but the issue in the Supreme Court was only the application of the
injunction to nonparties; the injunction remained in place for the plaintiffs
themselves. See Labrador v. Poe ex rel. Poe, 144 S. Ct. 921 (2024).
There are also circuit decisions addressing payment for gender-affirmingcare. See, e.g., Lange v. Houston Cnty., 101 F.4th 793 (11th Cir. 2024) (holdingthat excluding gender-affirming care from a county’s health insurance plan violates
Title VII); Kadel v. Folwell, 100 F.4th 122 (4th Cir. 2024) (holding that excluding
gender-affirming care from a state’s Medicaid coverage and employee insurance
plan violates the Equal Protection Clause).
The most important of these decisions, for present purposes, is EknesTucker. As an Eleventh Circuit decision, it is binding in this court. Eknes-Tucker
reversed a preliminary injunction against enforcing Alabama’s ban on genderaffirming care for minors—a ban not meaningfully distinguishable from Florida’s.
The holding was only that the district court abused its discretion by applying
intermediate rather than rational-basis scrutiny. See Eknes-Tucker, 80 F.4th at1210–11. But the discussion made clear the court’s view that a state legislature canrationally ban this treatment. If this was dictum, it “is not binding on anyone forany purpose.” United States v. Garcia, 405 F.3d 1260, 1274 (11th Cir. 2005)(quoting McDonald’s Corp. v. Robertson, 147 F.3d 1301, 1315 (11th Cir. 1998)(Carnes, J., concurring)). But if this was dictum, it was recent Eleventh Circuit

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dictum that a district court in this circuit could properly follow without further
discussion.
For four reasons, this order does not stop with a citation to Eknes-Tucker but
instead analyzes even the scrutiny issue more completely.
First, a petition for rehearing en banc is pending—and has been pending formonths—in Eknes-Tucker. Because the plaintiffs in this Florida case need a rulingnow, including on issues not addressed in Eknes-Tucker, this order has not beenfurther delayed awaiting a ruling on the Eknes-Tucker petition. Addressing theissues both ways—both as will be proper if Eknes-Tucker remains the law of thecircuit and as will be proper if the opinion is vacated—may allow the circuit toaddress this case when it gets there without a remand and the attendant further
delay.
Second, Eknes-Tucker was presented to the circuit on limited claims and an
abbreviated record. There was no claim in that appeal of actual bias—of antitransgender animus—as there is here. See Eknes-Tucker, 80 F.4th at 1229–30(stating the district court did not find that Alabama’s law was based on invidiousdiscrimination). And the circuit did not address other arguments the plaintiffs havepresented here, including some that were a significant part of the analysis in thiscourt’s order granting a preliminary injunction. Thus, for example, the circuit did
not cite United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144, 152 n.4 (1938).

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Third, circuit decisions are binding on issues of law, not on issues of fact.
Eknes-Tucker sets out the law of the circuit, at least as of now, but to the extent theresult there turned only on the facts established by that incomplete record, thedecision does not control factual findings properly made on the complete record in
the case at bar. Distinguishing legal from factual issues is not always easy.
Addressing all the issues here will help ensure nothing is missed.
Fourth, Eknes-Tucker is only one of four recent Eleventh Circuit decisions
addressing transgender issues. The others are Glenn v. Brumby, 663 F.3d 1313
(11th Cir. 2011), Adams v. St. Johns County, 57 F.4th 791, 801 (11th Cir. 2022)(en banc), and Lange v. Houston County, 101 F.4th 793 (11th Cir. 2024). The
transgender plaintiffs prevailed in the first and last of these, Glenn and Lange, but
lost in the two in the middle, Adams and Eknes-Tucker. To the extent the holdings
are inconsistent, Glenn, as the oldest, is binding. See Monaghan v. Worldpay US,
Inc., 955 F.3d 855, 862 (11th Cir. 2020) (“Our adherence to the prior-panel rule isstrict, but when there are conflicting prior panel decisions, the oldest one
controls”). Eknes-Tucker distinguished Glenn, but Lange apparently found thedistinction unavailing, albeit without citing Eknes-Tucker. Perhaps Lange isdifferent because it arose under Title VII. But Glenn, like Adams and EknesTucker, arose under the Equal Protection Clause.

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One need not question the binding effect of Eknes-Tucker to recognize it
might not be the circuit’s last word on this subject. And if it is the circuit’s lastword, it still might not be the federal judiciary’s last word. See L.W. v. Skremetti,
83 F.4th 460 (6th Cir. 2023), petition for cert. filed, No. 23-466 (U.S. Nov. 1,2023).
In sum, this order follows Eknes-Tucker as the currently binding law of thecircuit. But the order includes the analysis that would apply both based on, andwithout regard to, Eknes-Tucker.
B. Introduction to levels of scrutiny
Equal-protection analysis often starts with attention to the appropriate levelof scrutiny: strict, intermediate, or rational-basis.
There was a time when the Supreme Court seemed to treat strict scrutiny andrational basis as exhaustive categories of equal-protection review. A leading
commentator said that in some situations the first category was “‘strict’ in theory
and fatal in fact” while the second called for “minimal scrutiny in theory andvirtually none in fact.” Gerald Gunther, The Supreme Court, 1971 Term—
Foreword: In Search of Evolving Doctrine on a Changing Court: A Model for a
Newer Equal Protection, 86 Harv. L. Rev. 1, 8 (1972).
But in the decades since, the Supreme Court has applied intermediate
scrutiny in many circumstances. And rational-basis review no longer means

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virtually no review. See, e.g., Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620, 632 (1996) (striking
down, for lack of a legitimate rational basis, a state law restricting local ordinances
protecting gays: “[E]ven in the ordinary equal protection case calling for the mostdeferential of standards, we insist on knowing the relation between theclassification adopted and the object to be attained.”); City of Cleburne v. Cleburne
Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 447–50 (1985) (striking down, for lack of a legitimate
rational basis, an ordinance requiring group-care facilities for the mentallyhandicapped, but not other facilities with multiple occupants, to obtain land-use
permits); Hooper v. Bernalillo Cnty. Assessor, 472 U.S. 612, 623 (1985) (striking
down, for lack of a legitimate rational basis, a tax exemption for Vietnam War
veterans limited to those who resided in the state on May 8, 1976); United States
Dep’t of Agric. v. Moreno, 413 U.S. 528 (1973) (striking down, for lack of alegitimate rational basis, a statute denying food stamps to members of a householdwith unrelated members).
Lower courts have sometimes treated the categories of scrutiny as more rigid
and the analysis as more constrained than is proper. Regardless of the level ofscrutiny, there is no substitute for careful, unbiased, intellectually honest analysis.
Still, the level of scrutiny matters, so this order addresses it.
There are four sometimes-overlapping grounds on which heightened
scrutiny might be applicable here: line-drawing based on sex; line-drawing based

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on transgender status or gender nonconformity; Carolene Products; and actual
animus against transgenders. The defendants say none of these apply—that only
rational-basis scrutiny is appropriate.
The order granting a preliminary injunction concluded the plaintiffs had thebetter of it based in large part on the analysis recounted in the remainder of thissection of this order. ECF No. 90 at 19–26. Eknes-Tucker ruled to the contrary on
the first two grounds—line-drawing based on sex or gender non-conformity—sothe law of the circuit is that intermediate scrutiny does not apply on those grounds.
Eknes-Tucker did not explicitly address Carolene Products, but Eknes-Tucker
could reasonably be viewed as inconsistent with application of heightened scrutiny
based on Carolene Products, too.
On the other hand, Eknes-Tucker explicitly did not address animus—noclaim of animus was presented on the appeal in that case—so the animus issue isopen here. See Eknes-Tucker, 80 F.4th at 1230 (saying transgender status does not
trigger heightened scrutiny “unless the regulation is a pretext for invidiousdiscrimination against such individuals, and, here, the district court made no
findings of such a pretext”).
C. Intermediate scrutiny based on sex
It is well established that drawing lines based on sex triggers intermediate
scrutiny. See, e.g., United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515, 533 (1996); Adams v.

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St. Johns Cnty., 57 F.4th 791, 801 (11th Cir. 2022) (en banc). If one must know thesex of a person to know whether or how a provision applies to the person, theprovision draws a line based on sex. See, e.g., Bostock v. Clayton Cnty., 140 S. Ct.
1731, 1737 (2020); Adams, 57 F.4th at 801. The defendants do not deny this;instead, they say the challenged statute does not draw a line based on sex.
But it does. Consider an adolescent, perhaps age 16, that a physician wishes
to treat with testosterone. Under the challenged statute, is the treatment legal or
illegal? To know the answer, one must know the adolescent’s sex. If the adolescentis a natal male, the treatment is legal. If the adolescent is a natal female, thetreatment is illegal. This is a line drawn on the basis of sex, plain and simple. See
Brandt, 47 F.4th at 669 (“Because the minor’s sex at birth determines whether or
not the minor can receive certain types of medical care under the law, [the law]discriminates on the basis of sex.”); Adams, 57 F.4th at 801 (applying intermediate
scrutiny to a policy under which entry into a designated bathroom was legal or not
depending on the entrant’s natal sex).
In asserting the contrary, the defendants note that the reason for thetreatment—the diagnosis—is different for the natal male and natal female. Indeed
it is. But this does not change the fact that this is differential treatment based onsex. The reason for sex-based differential treatment is the purported justification
for treating the natal male and natal female differently—the justification that must

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survive intermediate scrutiny. One can survive—but cannot avoid—intermediate
scrutiny by saying there is a good reason for treating males and females differently.
Or so this order would hold absent Eknes-Tucker.
D. Intermediate scrutiny based on gender nonconformity
Drawing a line based on gender nonconformity—this includes transgenderstatus—also triggers intermediate scrutiny. In Glenn v. Brumby, 663 F.3d 1313
(11th Cir. 2011), the transgender plaintiff, like the plaintiffs in the case at bar,asserted an equal-protection claim. The Eleventh Circuit upheld a judgment for theplaintiff. After citing Supreme Court cases applying intermediate scrutiny to cases
alleging discrimination based on sex, the Eleventh Circuit said this: “The question
here is whether discriminating against someone on the basis of his or her gender
non-conformity constitutes sex-based discrimination under the Equal Protection
Clause. For the reasons discussed below, we hold that it does.” Id. at 1316.
The statute and rules at issue here treat the plaintiffs and class members
differently because of their gender identity—because they do not conform to theirnatal sex. In Eknes-Tucker, the court said Glenn was different because it dealt with
employment, not medical care, but the court did not explain why that affected thelevel of scrutiny, rather than the separate question of whether the treatment at issue
survived the appropriate scrutiny. Saying the differential treatment is appropriate,
so no heightened scrutiny, has the cart before the horse.

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The defendants say this is differential treatment based on diagnosis, notbased on transgender status, but that is just semantics. See, e.g., Lange, 101 F.4th
at 799 (stating that a health plan’s blanket denial of coverage for gender-affirming
surgery—surgery sought only by plan participants who are transgender—“denies
health care coverage based on transgender status”); Kadel, 100 F.4th at 144–49(noting that in this context, the diagnosis of gender dysphoria is a proxy fortransgender status). Here, as in Lange and Kadel, the prohibition of genderaffirming care is based on transgender status.
To confirm this, consider a child that a physician wishes to treat with GnRH
agonists to delay the onset of puberty. Is the treatment legal or illegal? To know
the answer, one must know whether the child is cisgender or transgender. The
treatment is legal if the child is cisgender but illegal if the child is transgender,
because the statute prohibits GnRH agonists only for transgender children, not foranyone else. The theoretical but remote-to-the-point-of-nonexistent possibility thata child will be identified as transgender before needing GnRH agonists for thetreatment of central precocious puberty does not change the essential nature of the
distinction—the distinction, that is, between cisgender and transgender patients.
Or so this order would hold absent Eknes-Tucker.

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E. Heightened scrutiny under Carolene Products
Adverse treatment of transgender individuals also triggers heightened
scrutiny under United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144, 152 n.4(1938). There the Court said heightened scrutiny might be appropriate for statutes
showing “prejudice against discrete and insular minorities.” Courts have continued
to apply the discrete-and-insular-minority construct. See, e.g., Foley v. Connelie,
435 U.S. 291, 294–95 (1978) (citing Carolene Products and noting that “close
scrutiny” applies to equal-protection claims of resident aliens, who lack access tothe political process); Estrada v. Becker, 917 F.3d 1298, 1310 (11th Cir. 2019)(citing Carolene Products; recognizing that, under Foley, heightened scrutiny
applies to resident aliens; but declining to afford the same treatment to illegal
immigrants). Transgender individuals are a discrete and insular minority.
The Supreme Court further explained this basis for heightened scrutiny inCity of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S. 432, 447–50 (1985). There
the Court declined to extend strict or even intermediate scrutiny to intellectuallydisabled individuals—those with very limited mental ability. But the Court gave
two explanations that support a different result for transgender individuals.
First, City of Cleburne noted that strict scrutiny applies when thecharacteristic at issue is almost never a legitimate reason for governmental action.
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discrimination, it is almost never appropriate to parcel out government benefits orburdens based on race. Transgender status is much the same. Transgender status israrely an appropriate basis on which to parcel out government benefits or burdens.
Second, Carolene Products and Foley both referred to a minority’s lack ofpolitical voice as a basis for heightened scrutiny. City of Cleburne noted that theclass of intellectually disabled individuals had garnered considerable public andpolitical support—that this was not a class lacking political access. The same is nottrue of transgender individuals, who continue to suffer widespread private
opprobrium and governmental discrimination, notably in the statute and rules now
under review. This is precisely the kind of government action, targeted at a discrete
and insular minority, for which heightened scrutiny is appropriate. See Grimm v.
Gloucester Cnty. Sch. Bd., 972 F.3d 586, 607 (4th Cir. 2020) (holding transgenders
are a quasi-suspect class); Karnoski v. Trump, 926 F.3d 1180, 1201 (9th Cir. 2019)(same). But see Eknes-Tucker, 80 F.4th at 1230 (expressing grave doubt thattransgenders are a quasi-suspect class); Adams, 57 F.4th at 803 n.5 (same).
In any event, City of Cleburne is important for another reason, too. The
Court applied rational-basis scrutiny, but it was meaningful rational-basis scrutiny.
The Court did not blindly accept a proffered reason for the city’s action that did notwithstand meaningful analysis. The defendants’ proffered reasons here, like thosein City of Cleburne, do not withstand meaningful analysis.

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The Carolene Products construct calls for heightened scrutiny here. Or so
this order would hold absent Eknes-Tucker.
F. Cases involving identical, not different, treatment of classes
In opposing heightened scrutiny on these grounds, the defendants cite
Geduldig v. Aiello, 417 U.S. 484 (1974), for the proposition that heightened
scrutiny does not apply when there are members of the allegedly disfavored classon both sides of the challenged classification. Geduldig held that exclusion ofpregnancy from state employees’ health coverage was not sex discrimination.
Some women become pregnant, some do not. The defendants say this is why thechallenged provision did not discriminate based on sex—there were women on
both sides. Note, though, that men and women were treated the same: nobody had
health coverage for pregnancy. When men and women are treated the same, theCourt reasoned, it is not intentional sex discrimination, even if the challenged
provision has a disparate impact.
The situation is different here. Transgender and cisgender individuals are nottreated the same. Cisgender individuals can be and routinely are treated with
GnRH agonists, testosterone, or estrogen, when they and their doctors deem it
appropriate. Not so for transgender individuals—the challenged statute and rules
prohibit it. To know whether treatment with any of these medications is legal, one

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must know whether the patient is transgender. And to know whether treatment withtestosterone or estrogen is legal, one must know the patient’s natal sex.
This is differential treatment based on sex and transgender status. Geduldig
is not to the contrary. See Kadel v. Folwell, 100 F.4th 122, 145–47 (4th Cir. 2024).
Intermediate scrutiny applies on this basis, or so this order would hold absent
Eknes-Tucker.
G. Heightened scrutiny based on animus
Separate and apart from the analysis to this point, invidious discriminatory
purpose—actual animus against a disfavored group—can also trigger heightened
scrutiny. Recent Eleventh Circuit transgender decisions recognize this. See EknesTucker, 80 F.4th at 1230; Adams, 57 F.4th at 810 (recognizing that an otherwise
neutral law with a disparate impact violates the Equal Protection Clause when it is“motivated by ‘purposeful discrimination’”) (citing Pers. Adm’r of Mass. v.
Feeney, 442 U.S. 256, 274 (1979)); see also Greater Birmingham Ministries v.
Sec’y of State for Ala., 992 F.3d 1299, 1321–22 (11th Cir. 2021).
There was no showing of animus in Eknes-Tucker or Adams. But there issubstantial evidence of animus in the adoption of the statute and rules at issue here.
1. Framing the issue
Statutes come to federal court with a “presumption of legislative good faith.”
League of Women Voters of Fla., Inc. v. Florida, 66 F.4th 905, 923 (11th Cir.

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Page 39 of 1052023) (quoting Abbott v. Perez, 585 U.S. 579, 603 (2018)). Proper respect for thelegislative role requires courts to give broad deference to legislative decisionmaking. But “[w]hen there is a proof that a discriminatory purpose has been amotivating factor in the decision, this judicial deference is no longer justified.”
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metro. Hous. Dev. Corp., 429 U.S. 252, 265–66(1977).
In Arlington Heights, the plaintiffs challenged a zoning decision under the
Equal Protection Clause based on the decision’s racially disparate impact. The
Court held that disparate impact alone is not enough—that to prevail on an equalprotection challenge to a facially neutral, otherwise-rational decision, a plaintiff
must show that invidious discriminatory purpose was at least “a” motivating factor
in the decision. Id. at 266. “Determining whether invidious discriminatory purpose
was a motivating factor demands a sensitive inquiry into such circumstantial anddirect evidence of intent as may be available.” Id.
The Court mentioned several circumstances that could be considered. The
Court explicitly said this was not an “exhaustive” list, id. at 268, but through theyears the circumstances that were mentioned have come to be known as the
Arlington Heights factors, as if they somehow should dominate the analysis. Not
so. What is required, instead, is a “sensitive inquiry” into all the relevant
circumstances—those that line up with the categories mentioned in Arlington

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Heights and other relevant circumstances even if not mentioned there. It is not aseasy as going down a checklist and adding up the score.
Rarely does a challenged statute or administrative decision explicitly target
the disfavored group. In a typical employment case, the issue might be whether theemployer adopted a facially neutral hiring practice to reduce the number ofsuccessful minority applicants. See, e.g., Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229(1976). In a typical voting-rights case, the issue might be whether a legislature
adopted a facially neutral voting procedure to reduce minority voting. See, e.g.,
League of Women Voters of Fla., Inc. v. Florida, 66 F.4th 904 (11th Cir. 2023). In
cases like these, the issue is whether a discriminatory purpose motivated thefacially neutral decision.
This case is different. There is no facially neutral decision. This statute andthese rules explicitly apply only to transgenders. If the proper inquiry was only
whether the Legislature and Boards acted with a purpose to ban or restrict
treatment of transgenders, the answer would be obvious: they did. The statute andrules single out or “target” transgenders, at least in the nonpejorative sense of thatword.
The defendants say the Legislature acted not to target transgenders but only
to regulate specific medical procedures. That is akin to saying that prior to Brown
v. Board of Education, state legislatures acted not to target African Americans but

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only to regulate schools—and that this was not purposeful discrimination because
all students, black and white equally, were required to go to school with students of
their same race. See Kadel v. Folwell, 100 F.4th 122, 147–48 (4th Cir. 2024). One
does not need the Arlington Heights factors to discern whether this statute andthese rules single out transgenders. They plainly do.
This frames the issue but does not resolve it. The relevant inquiry is notwhether the decisionmakers targeted transgenders but why they targeted
transgenders in this way. Did legislators and Board members act from animus
against transgenders, or did they act from a belief—whether or not correct—that
the treatments at issue are harmful, should be banned for minors, and should beprescribed with greater care for adults?
So which was it? There is evidence on each side.
It bears repeating: for this purpose, animus against transgenders includes not
only bias of the kind sometimes directed at racial or ethnic minorities or women
but also a belief that transgenders should not exist at all—or should not be allowed
to pursue their transgender identities. The defendants have admitted this,acknowledging that preventing or impeding individuals from pursuing transgender
identities is not a legitimate, nondiscriminatory state interest.83

83

See supra notes 4–6.

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2. Evidence of animus motivating the statute
Some legislators plainly acted from old-fashioned discriminatory animus. A
House member, for example, loudly referred to transgender witnesses at acommittee hearing on a related bill as “mutants” and “demons.”84 This is direct
evidence of that member’s animus. And it is unlikely he would have made a publicstatement of this kind, knowing it was being recorded for inclusion in thelegislative history, if he did not believe at least some other legislators would share
his view. Others who voted for the bill were present; none called him out.85 AnyHearing on Facility Requirements Based on Sex, CS/HB 1521 2023 Session(Fla. Apr. 10, 2023),<https://www.myfloridahouse.gov/VideoPlayer.aspx?eventID=8804> (time stamp
2:30:35 to 2:34:10). The legislator said to transgender Florida citizens who spokeat the hearing that they were “mutants living among us on Planet Earth.” He raised
his voice and said, “[T]his is Planet Earth, where God created men, male andwomen, female!” He continued: “[T]he Lord rebuke you Satan and all of yourdemons and imps that come parade before us. That’s right I called you demons andimps who come and parade before us and pretend that you are part of this world.”
Finally, he said, you can “take [him] on” but he “promises [he] will win every
time.”
85
See id. 2:34:11 to 2:41:54. A legislator who voted against the bill said she
disagreed with the comment. Id. at 2:34:14 to 2:36:12. A legislator who voted infavor quoted scripture and said he wished to recognize the humanity of everyone.
Id. at 2:36:16 to 2:37:55. A room full of legislators, a majority of whom voted forthe bill, just let the hateful comments pass. See id. at 2:34:11 to 2:41:54; see also
CS/SB 254 Vote History 2023 Session (Fla. May 5, 2023), available athttps://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2023/254/Vote/HouseVote_s00254e1482.P
DF (indicating which legislators voted for and against SB 254, the bill that wasenacted).
84

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suggestion that animus of this kind did not motivate at least some legislators blinks
reality.
Other House members, the Governor, and the Surgeon General have said
there is no such thing as transgender identity—that transgender identity is justideological or made up or wokeism. 86 Thus, for example, the sponsors of House
Bill 1421—the House version of the Senate bill that was ultimately enacted—madethese statements:“I can say I’m a porcupine, but that doesn’t make it so.”87“[W]e believe in science, and we believe in biology. And there are
X chromosomes and there are Y chromosomes, and what you’reborn . . . with is what science said you are. And so you don’t get toplay ‘choose your own adventure’ and change it.” 88“[W]e cannot speak something into existence that doesn’t exist.
We cannot change our sex.”89“[T]he ultimate gender affirming care” would be to tell children
they are “creatures of God, made in his image, that they were madethe way they are, and there’s absolutely nothing wrong with it.
God doesn’t make mistakes.”90

See, e.g., Pls.’ Ex. 30, ECF No. 178-8 at 36 (House of Representatives billsponsor); Pls.’ Ex. 36, ECF No. 179-5 at 17–18 (member of House ofRepresentatives); Pls.’ Ex. 57, ECF No. 181-7 at 6 (Governor); Pls.’ Ex. 50, ECF
No. 180-10 at 14–15 (Governor’s talking points); Pls.’ Ex. 15, ECF No. 177-5(Surgeon General); Pls.’ Ex. 69, ECF No. 182-9 at 3 (Surgeon General).
87
Pls.’ Ex. 116, ECF No. 186-1 at 2.
88
Pls.’ Ex. 35, ECF No. 179-4 at 54.
89
Pls.’ Ex. 38, ECF No. 179-7 at 17.
90
Pls.’ Ex. 36, ECF No. 179-5 at 45.
86

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These statements make clear that the sponsors’ purpose, at least in part, was toprevent individuals from pursuing their transgender identities. Nobody who voted
for the bill expressed disagreement or called the sponsors out.
One of the sponsors also said the “truth is there’s no such thing as someone
being able to change their sex.” 91 This completely misunderstands gender identity
and shows, quite accurately, that the sponsor does not believe gender identity isreal. Consistent with this view, he said transgenderism is not a medical issue but adeterioration of our culture: “there’s evil in our society.”92
Another House member said the bill “saves trans people” and “recognizes
who they are in the eyes of God.” 93 Still another said all people were created “inthe image of God, he created them. Male and female, he created them. Folks, thisis rock solid, irreversible truth. . . . [Y]ou are either male or female. This is not
subject to one’s opinion.”94 Nobody who voted for the bill expressed disagreementwith these statements or called the speakers out.
All of this is direct evidence—or nearly so—that these legislators acted forthe admittedly impermissible purpose of preventing or impeding transgenderindividuals from adhering to their transgender identities.
Pls.’ Ex. 30, ECF No. 178-8 at 93.
Pls.’ Ex. 36, ECF No. 179-5 at 37.
93
Pls.’ Ex. 30, ECF No. 178-8 at 86.
94
Pls.’ Ex. 36, ECF No. 179-5 at 2.
91
92

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There have also been statements that, while not direct evidence of
discriminatory motive, are demonstrably false. Affirmative care for transgenderminors, other than counseling, consists primarily of puberty blockers or cross-sex
hormones. Those are the treatments now at issue. Mastectomies have been
performed on minors in other parts of the country and perhaps in Florida—therecord does not confirm or refute this—but are extraordinarily rare and are not
involved in this litigation. At least insofar as has been shown by this record, notransgender minor has ever been castrated or intentionally sterilized in Florida or
elsewhere. 95 But without any factual basis whatsoever, individuals who had a rolein adoption of this legislation repeatedly asserted the contrary. Nobody who voted
for the bill expressed disagreement or called the speakers out.
Thus, for example, the Governor said gender-affirming care “means
castrating a young boy, you’re sterilizing a young girl, and you’re doing
mastectomies for these very young girls.”96 He said “we cannot allow people to
make money off mutilating” our children.97
A House member said that “allowing child mutilation in the name of
wokeism is child abuse.”98 He said this legislation would end “the castration and
Trial Tr., ECF No. 212 at 272–73; see also Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 228 at
69.
96
Pls.’ Ex. 57, ECF No. 181-7 at 5.
97
Pls.’ Ex. 28, ECF No. 178-6 at 2.
98
Pls.’ Ex. 116, ECF No. 186-1 at 4.
95

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mutilation of children.” 99 And perhaps most remarkably—demonstrating just how
frenzied the rhetoric could become—another House member said this: “[W]e’retalking about taking little children and they put them to sleep on a gurney. They cut
off their breasts. They sever their genitalia. They throw them in the trash.” 100
Probably about as far removed from reality as any statement by any legislator ever.
Nobody who voted for the bill expressed disagreement or called these speakers out.
After the bill was signed into law, one of the sponsors quoted above added
another statement: “Just got a media call for comment on people leaving FL
because of my bill making child castration illegal. My reply? Good riddance. Take
your evil elsewhere. I hear they love mutilating kids in the woke paradise ofCA.”101 After entry of the preliminary injunction in this case, the sponsor said hewould not stop fighting to defend children from “wokeist” judges “who support
child castration and mutilation.”102
In closing argument, the defendants, through their attorney, admitted that
there was absolutely no factual basis for these remarks—that the record included
no evidence that any Florida child had ever been castrated or mutilated, that theplaintiffs asserted no right to be so treated, and that the preliminary injunction did

Pls.’ Ex. 36, ECF No. 179-5 at 2.
Id. at 21.
101
Pls.’ Ex. 116, ECF No. 186-1 at 9 (emphasis added).
102
Id. at 10.
99

100

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not address surgery at all.103 The sponsor just made it up.
And even if was true, this would provide no support for a ban on puberty
blockers or cross-sex hormones—the treatments at issue in this case.
Perhaps all this talk about castration and mutilation is just political
hyperbole. But it casts at least some doubt on the assertion that thesedecisionmakers’ motivation was sound regulation of medical care in the bestinterest of transgender patients rather than outright disapproval of transgender
identity. And the “good riddance” comment is direct evidence of old-fashioned
discriminatory animus against transgenders. In any event, if there was really a caseto be made on the merits, why not make it on the merits, based on the actual facts?
In sum, it is clear that anti-transgender animus motivated bill sponsors and at
least a significant number of legislators.
3. Evidence of other motivations for the statute
The statements showing anti-transgender bias were not the only statements
by legislators addressing this subject. At a committee hearing, a minor fromanother state gave comments indicating she received gender-affirming care and amastectomy, without meeting the prerequisites to such care under the Endocrine
Society and WPATH guidelines.104 Her comments showed that gender-affirming

103
104

Trial Tr., ECF No. 212 at 272.
See Pls.’ Ex. 27, ECF No. 178-5 at 41–53.

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care of the kind at issue for minors can—and at least in this one instance did—go
terribly wrong and cause substantial harm. The comments provided a legitimate,nondiscriminatory basis for restricting the availability of gender-affirming care forminors. Restricting it, but not banning it across the board for everybody.
Several professionals provided comments at the same hearing. Perhaps
only one, Dr. Stephen B. Levine, could meet the standards that would apply totestimony on this subject in court under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals,Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 592–593 (1993). His comments, while not denying that genderaffirming care can be beneficial, rebutted a number of arguments supporting thiscare and suggested a need to restrict its use. 105
Legislators also referred to a deeply flawed, bias-driven report generated by
the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration at the urging of the Executive
Office of the Governor—a report that reached the predetermined conclusion thatgender-affirming care for minors was experimental and so not covered by
Medicaid. See Dekker v. Weida, 679 F. Supp. 3d 1271, 1281 (N.D. Fla. 2023). The
report purportedly addressed—though in fact it reached a conclusion not supported
by—generally accepted professional medical standards, and so it was known as a
“GAPMS report.”106

105
106

See id. at 34–39.
See id. I adopt the Dekker findings of fact by reference.

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In the absence of further information or study—that is, without learning theactual facts—a legislator could rely on some of the information provided incommittee hearings and the GAPMS report to conclude, contrary to the position of
the American Academy of Pediatrics and every other reputable professional
medical association that has taken a position on the issue, that gender-affirmingcare is experimental—perhaps even that it should be prohibited altogether forminors. Some legislators cited the report either explicitly or in substance as a basis
for the provisions now at issue.
In sum, it is clear that anti-transgender animus was not the only factor that
motivated at least a significant number of legislators.
4. Did animus motivate enough statutory decisionmakers?
That this statute was the product of mixed motives, including bothconstitutionally impermissible animus and the constitutionally legitimate goal of
regulating medical care, does not settle the issue of the statute’s constitutionality oreven the issue of whether heightened scrutiny applies. The next question is whether
enough decisionmakers were impermissibly motivated.
The burden of proving animus is on the plaintiffs. Is it enough to show asignificant number of legislators acted from animus, or must the plaintiffs show amajority of one or both houses or perhaps even the Governor were so motivated?

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The underlying theory is that a showing of impermissible motive
undermines the presumption of good faith ordinarily afforded legislation. In
Arlington Heights, the Supreme Court noted the deference ordinarily afforded
legislators but added that when “a discriminatory purpose has been a motivating
factor in the decision, this judicial deference is no longer justified.” Arlington
Heights, 429 U.S. at 265–66. The Court emphasized that discriminatory purpose
need only be “a” motivating factor—not the only motivating factor. Id. at 265; seealso Jean v. Nelson, 711 F.2d 1455, 1485 (11th Cir. 1983) (“Plaintiffs need notprove a discriminatory purpose was the primary, or dominant purpose, but mustshow that the action taken was, at least in part, because of and not merely in spiteof its adverse effects upon an identifiable group.”) (cleaned up).
This suggests a plaintiff meets the burden by showing a significant numberof legislators in either house—not necessarily a majority in both houses, and notnecessarily the Governor—were impermissibly motivated. On this view, a factor
that motivates a significant number of legislators is “a” motivating factor within
the meaning of Arlington Heights. And this view is consistent with binding
decisions that have found impermissible motivation.
In Hunter v. Underwood, 471 U.S. 222 (1985), for example, the Supreme
Court found impermissible motivation in a 1901 Alabama constitutional
convention despite the obvious unavailability of direct evidence that a majority—

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as opposed to a significant number—of delegates were so motivated. In Romer v.
Evans, 517 U.S. 620, 623, 634–36 (1996), the Supreme Court found impermissible
motivation in a statewide referendum that targeted gays despite the obvious
unavailability of direct evidence that a majority of voters were so motivated.
This record includes overwhelming evidence that the House sponsors and asignificant number of other House members were motivated by anti-transgenderanimus. This is clear from their own animus-based statements and from the failureof other members to call them out. While the issue is closer, the record also shows,by the greater weight of the evidence, that a majority of legislators in both houses
and the Governor were so motivated, at least in part.
Perhaps the best evidence of this is another statute passed on the very same
day as the statute at issue here. Florida Statutes § 1000.071(1) declares it the“policy” of every Florida public school from kindergarten through twelfth gradethat “a person’s sex is an immutable biological trait and that it is false to ascribe toa person a pronoun that does not correspond to such person’s [natal] sex.” Under
Florida Statutes § 1000.071(3), an “employee or contractor of a public K-12
educational institution may not provide to a student his or her preferred personal
title or pronouns if such preferred personal title or pronouns do not correspond tohis or her [natal] sex.” So a high school teacher, for example, who has lived andbeen known as a woman, but who, unbeknownst to her students or others at theCase No. 4:23cv114-RH-MAF

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school, is a natal male, must be called “Mr.,” not “Ms.” The only possible purpose
for a legislative mandate outing such a teacher is animus against transgenders. A
majority of both houses and the Governor signed off.
The plaintiffs have shown that animus motivated a sufficient number ofstatutory decisionmakers.
5. Animus motivating the rules
Before adoption of the statute, the Governor and Surgeon General initiated aprocess that led to adoption of the rules at issue by the Florida Boards of Medicine
and Osteopathic Medicine. From the outset, the Surgeon General manifested his
opposition to transgender identity—not just to gender-affirming care—by insistingthat even social transitioning should not be allowed. 107 For their part, the Boards
departed from their usual procedures, orchestrated public hearings, and singlemindedly pursued the predetermined outcome sought by the Governor and Surgeon
General.
A brief chronology is this. On the day the new GAPMS report was issued,
the Surgeon General sent a letter to the Boards requesting that they establish astandard of care for gender-affirming treatment. He asserted the “current standards
set by numerous professional organizations appear to follow a preferred political107

See Defs.’ Ex. 5 in Dekker, ECF No. 193-5.

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ideology.” 108 When the letter was not enough, the Surgeon General petitioned theBoards to initiate rulemaking to ban gender-affirming care for minors and mandate
informed-consent forms for adults. 109 He appeared in person at Board meetings topresent the petition. 110 As the Department of Health’s general counsel
acknowledged, all this was a departure from the usual procedure. 111 So far as thisrecord reflects, rulemaking had never been initiated this way.
The Boards nonetheless initiated rulemaking as requested. Through their
executive directors and at least one Board member, they arranged for speakers to
oppose gender-affirming care at the required public hearings—another departurefrom usual procedure. 112 A proposal to allow gender-affirming care as part ofclinical studies at research institutions was removed at the request of the
Department of Health’s general counsel. 113
The Boards imposed requirements that have no medical justification andwere plainly intended to prevent or impede patients from receiving genderaffirming care. The requirements included unnecessary x-rays and DEXA scans,Pls.’ Ex. 15, ECF No. 177-5.
Pls.’ Ex. 16, ECF No. 177-6.
110
Pls.’ Ex. 23, ECF No. 178-1 at 11.
111
Id. at 17-18.
112
See, e.g., Pls.’ Ex. 42, ECF No. 179-11 at 1–2, 6–8; Pls.’ Ex. 49; ECF No. 1809; Pls.’ Ex. 51; ECF No. 181-1; Pls.’ Ex. 53; ECF No. 181-3; Pls.’ Ex. 54; ECF
No. 181-4; Pls.’ Ex 55, ECF No. 181-5.
113
Trial Tr., ECF No. 212 at 96.
108
109

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follow-up services and labs more often than medically indicated, and limitations on
who can provide services. 114
The clearest evidence of the Boards’ animus—of a goal to prevent or impede
individuals from pursuing their transgender identities—comes from the consent
forms the Boards promulgated on an emergency basis after adoption of the statute.
Emergency rules ordinarily remain in effect for no more than six months,115 but
this statute abrogates the time limit,116 and these consent forms are still in place
many months later. The forms are untrue and misleading in substantial respects,
omit any discussion of benefits, address not only risks of treatments a patient will
receive but also of treatments the patient will not receive, include
incomprehensible provisions no patient could be expected to understand, and areplainly intended to dissuade patients from obtaining gender-affirming care, not toensure that patients are fully informed of the relevant risks and benefits.117
There are six forms, three for adults and three for minors. The adult forms
address masculinizing medications, feminizing medications, and surgery. The

See infra § VIII.2.b.–e.
Fla. Stat. § 120.54(4)(c).
116
Fla. Stat. § 456.52(6)(b).
117
Six experts testified on this. See Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 124–43 (Dr.
Janssen); id. at 169–82 (Dr. Shumer); id. at 213–19 (Dr. Karasic); Trial Tr., ECF
No. 207 at 44–46 (Dr. Schechter); id. at 72–77 (Dr. Goodman); id. at 162–77 (Dr.
Bruggeman). I credit their testimony.
114
115

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minor forms address puberty blockers, masculinizing medications, and feminizing
medications.
All the forms have similar flaws. The adult feminizing form is typical. It
provides no information on benefits, even though the principal drafter—a Board
member—started with an existing form that had a section on benefits. The member
had no explanation for deleting this section; she testified she could not remember
doing it.118 In any event, after an introduction, the form makes clear its disapprovalof the proposed treatment:
Medical treatment of people with gender dysphoria is based onvery limited, poor-quality research with only subtle improvements
seen in some patient[s’] psychological functioning in some, but notall, research studies. This practice is purely speculative, and thepossible psychological benefits may not outweigh the substantial
risks of medical treatments and, in many cases, the need forlifelong medical treatments. 119
An appropriate informed-consent process is honest, open, and intended toconvey accurate information so that the patient can make a fully informed,
voluntary decision.120 The process should not be an effort to push the patient to thephysician’s viewpoint—or to the state’s. But this mandatory form is an advocacy

See Trial Tr., ECF No. 212 at 99.
Def. Ex. 6, ECF No. 175-6 at 1 (emphasis added); see also Defs.’ Ex. 2–5 & 7,
ECF Nos. 175-2 at 1, 175-3 at 1, 175-4 at 1, 175-5 at 1, & 175-7 at 1.
120
Trial Tr., ECF No. 207 at 63–65 (testimony of Dr. Kenneth Goodman). I credit
the testimony.
118
119

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document—the very antithesis of what an informed-consent process should be.121
If “many” patients develop a “need for lifelong medical treatments,” theconsent form does not explain it, nor does this record. More importantly, while
there is research that some would characterize as very limited and of poor quality,
there is also widespread clinical experience. There are well-established standardsof care and a consensus among all the reputable medical associations with relevant
expertise. The consent form omits any reference to this. No honest informedconsent process would tell only one side of the story.
Moreover, this form will, by definition, be presented by a physician who has
determined this care may be appropriate, to a patient who has decided at least
tentatively that she may wish to proceed. Requiring the physician to present thisone-sided view, while omitting any reference to clinical experience and the widely
accepted standards of care, is more likely to undermine than to contribute to aproper informed-consent process. And it is likely to interfere with, not promote, thehealthy physician-patient relationship that is critical to the informed-consent
process.122
To be sure, ten pages later, perhaps in an effort to avoid the obvious First
Amendment issue inherent in compelling physicians to speak words they do not
See id. at 65 (informed consent should ensure no one is “beguiled” or“coerced”); see also id. at 46, 163–65; Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 124–25, 169–70.
122
See Trial Tr., ECF No. 207 at 164; Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 170.
121

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believe, the form includes this statement: “This form contains information required
to be disclosed to you by Florida law and does not necessarily reflect the views or
opinions of your physician.”123 This makes it worse, not better, suggesting,accurately as it turns out, that the State of Florida does not trust the physician totell the patient the truth.124
The consent form also includes other untrue or misleading statements. The
form flatly asserts, without qualification, that “[u]se of these medications,”
estrogen, for example, “does not have U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
approval.”125 That is simply false. The FDA has approved the medications;otherwise their use would be illegal.
The form continues by saying use of the medications to treat gender
dysphoria is “considered ‘off label’ because they are not being used for theirintended purpose.” 126 The form does not explain that off-label use is commonplaceacross all fields of medical practice and that the safety of the medications
themselves—if not their efficacy in treating gender dysphoria—is well established.

See, e.g., Defs.’ Ex. 6, ECF No. 175-6 at 11 (adult, feminizing hormone form);
see also Defs.’ Exs. 2–5 & 7 (same language in other forms).
124
Trial Tr., ECF No. 207 at 164.
125
Defs.’ Ex. 6, ECF No. 175-6 at 1.
126
Id.
123

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Remarkably, the form includes a paragraph on cyproterone acetate,described as “a synthetic progestogen with strong antiandrogen activity.” 127
Troubling effects are noted, including tumors and hepatitis. But this medicine is
not used or even available in the United States; 128 the chance is precisely zero thatany Florida physician intends to prescribe this medicine for any Florida patient andso needs the patient’s informed consent. The defendants have offered no plausible
explanation of how this paragraph came to be included in the form or what
legitimate purpose it could plausibly serve. Inclusion of this paragraph in this form
could have no purpose other than to discourage patients from proceeding withgender-affirming care.
The form includes paragraphs on other medicines that might or might not beprescribed for a given patient and that are written in language that, while perhaps
suitable for a medical text, are surely impenetrable for most lay people. In addition,
the form tells patients they must be under the care of a “licensed mental health care
professional while undergoing treatment,” even though there is no suchrequirement.129 The form says that to qualify for hormone treatment, the patientmust “[d]emonstrate knowledge and understand the risks, benefits, and outcomes”
not only of that treatment but also of “sex reassignment surgery,” whether or not
Id. at 2.
Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 181.
129
Defs.’ Ex. 6, ECF No. 175-6 at 2.
127
128

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the patient has any interest in such surgery. 130 The form says the patient must“have explored reproductive options,” even if, for example, the patient has had avasectomy and does not wish to have children. The defendants have offered no
defense of these provisions and no explanation for eschewing an informed-consent
process tailored to the needs of a specific patient.
The form tells patients that a “range of preventive health activities arenecessary” to remain healthy, including “regular STI screening” and “HIVprevention,” both “depending on my level of risk.” 131
The adult masculinizing form has analogous provisions. An example of its
impenetrable language is this:Finasteride is a treatment option for individuals experiencing
bothersome alopecia resulting from higher dihydrotestosterone
levels. The administration of 5α-reductase inhibitors block theconversion of testosterone to the more potent androgen
dihydrotestosterone. The FDA approved indications of finasteride
administration include benign prostatic hypertrophy andandrogenetic alopecia. The use of 5α-reductase inhibitors may
impair clitoral growth and the development of facial and body hair.
Future studies are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of 5αreductase inhibitors in treatment for gender dysphoria. 132
Five pages later, the form says finasteride “may be an appropriate treatment option
in individuals experiencing bothersome alopecia resulting from testosterone

Id. at 4.
Id. at 10.
132
Defs.’ Ex. 2, ECF No. 175-2 at 2.
130
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treatment.” The form lists side effects and says finasteride “is not approved by the
FDA for use in biological women.” 133 A patient reading the quoted paragraphwould find it difficult to parse, and it is unclear why informed consent to hormone
treatment should include a complex discussion of a different treatment the person
is unlikely to receive for a side effect the person is unlikely to suffer. The purposeof this paragraph could only be to dissuade a person from pursuing genderaffirming care.
The forms for minors fare no better. They, too, are plainly designed to
discourage gender-affirming care, not to provide accurate information.
The indicia of bias in the forms are not limited to their indefensible
substance. At least insofar as shown by this record, the format is unlike any
consent form required for anything else, save only another ideologicallyunacceptable treatment: medical marijuana. 134 Not only must the patient—and forminors, the parent—sign the relevant form, but they must initial the form at least
35 times. Many of the statements that must be initialed will be completely
inapplicable to a given patient. The Boards could not make their position any
clearer if they required each patient to sign a form saying, “I understand the Stateof Florida thinks this is a really bad idea.”

133
134

Id. at 7.
See Defs.’ Ex. 8, ECF No. 175-8.

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In sum, the forms were motivated by anti-transgender animus. The sameanimus motivated all the Boards’ transgender rules.
6. Same-decision defense
Even when, as here, animus motivated the decisionmakers, the inquiry is not
at an end. A defendant may prevail on an animus-based equal-protection claim byshowing the decisionmakers would have made the same decision anyway, without
regard to the animus. See, e.g., Hunter v. Underwood, 471 U.S. 222, 228 (1985);
Thompson v. Sec’y of State for Ala., 65 F.4th 1288, 1297 (11th Cir. 2023). This
same-decision defense originated in a First Amendment case, Mt. Healthy City
School District Board of Education v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274 (1977), but, as cases
like Hunter and Thompson make clear, the defense also applies in equal-protection
cases of this kind.
The burden to plead and prove the same-decision defense is on the
defendant. See, e.g., Hunter, 471 U.S. at 228; see also Stanley v. City of Dalton,
219 F.3d 1280, 1292 (11th Cir. 2000) (recognizing that Mt. Healthy is anaffirmative defense); Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c) (“In responding to a pleading, a party
must affirmatively state any avoidance or affirmative defense.”). Here, thedefendants did not plead the same-decision defense in their answers. They have notcited Mt. Healthy or the equal-protection cases applying Mt. Healthy. One could
reasonably conclude the defendants have forfeited the issue.

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The third amended complaint plainly alleged the Legislature and Boards
acted from an improper purpose. So the defendants were on notice of the issue. But
the plaintiffs’ focus, prior to the Eleventh Circuit’s decision in Eknes-Tucker, wason the other grounds for applying heightened scrutiny, not actual animus. Not
surprisingly, then, the defendants’ focus, too, was on those other grounds and onwhether the statute and rules could survive the scrutiny. The defendants asserted,as they have throughout, that there were legitimate, nondiscriminatory grounds forthe statute and rules.
Despite this focus, the defendants should have pled the same-decision
defense if they intended to invoke it. Defenses have been forfeited for less. Evenso, the defendants did not completely ignore the issue. They asserted in their trial
brief, albeit without citations or elaboration, that the statute and rules would havebeen adopted anyway, “regardless of any purported malintent.”135 That thedefendants took this position could hardly have surprised the plaintiffs.
This order does not hold the defense forfeited. The trial would haveproceeded precisely as it did, with precisely the same evidence, had the defendants
pled and briefed the same-decision defense. Both sides would be in the same place
today. Given the lack of prejudice to the plaintiffs and the importance of the issue,
135

ECF No. 190 at 35.

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the better course is to address the same-decision issue on the merits. Amending theanswer to assert this as an affirmative defense is not necessary—but if it weredeemed necessary, leave to amend would be granted, as would be permissible evennow, after the trial.
The defendants have not carried the burden of proof on this issue. A
significant number of legislators—more likely than not a majority—were
motivated in part by animus. Had there been no animus, gender-affirming careprobably would not have come before the Legislature at all. But once the issue
came up, a significant number of legislators—more likely than not a majority—
were also motivated by their desire to ensure that patients receive only proper
medical care. The same is true of Board members: but for animus, genderaffirming care would not have been addressed at all, but once the issue came up,both animus and the legitimate goal of ensuring proper care played a part.
Even if the legitimate goal motivated a majority, the defendants have notshown that a majority, if not motivated also by anti-transgender animus, would
have made the same decision—would have voted to ban gender-affirming careacross the board for all minors, without regard to their own circumstances, without
regard to the views of their own parents and treating professionals, and contrary to
the widely accepted professional standards of care. It is more likely than not that amajority of unbiased legislators or Board members would have agreed instead with

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the many professional associations who have concluded, based on the existing
research and extensive clinical experience, that in some circumstances, withadequate screening by a multidisciplinary team, gender-affirming care can beappropriate.
As Arlington Heights makes clear, a factor in the analysis can be theavailability of less restrictive alternatives. If the Legislature or Boards truly
believed gender-affirming care was being or might be provided improperly in
Florida—despite the absence of complaints and despite the state’s inability, evennow, to find a single adversely affected Florida patient—the Legislature and
Boards could have restricted the care without banning it. The Legislature could, forexample, have limited care for minors to suitable facilities, perhaps those at the
University of Florida, the University of Miami, or Johns Hopkins. Or theLegislature could have allowed such care only as part of a properly conductedclinical trial—a possibility that was proposed in the rulemaking process but
rejected on a divided vote.136 The Legislature or Boards could have establishedprerequisites to gender-affirming care, perhaps like those suggested by Dr. Levine.
A majority of unbiased legislators and Board members likely would haveconcluded there was no legitimate reason to ban gender-affirming care across theboard for all minors.
136

See Pl.’s Ex. 25, ECF No. 178-3 at 29 –31.

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The defendants have not shown that the statute and rules would have been
adopted anyway, even in the absence of discriminatory animus against
transgenders.
7. The intersection of animus and the same-decision defense
The animus issue addressed in Arlington Heights and the same-decision
defense addressed in Mt. Healthy work in tandem. If a plaintiff shows animus wasa motivating factor in a challenged decision, heightened scrutiny applies. But if the
defendant shows it would have made the same decision anyway, without regard to
the animus, then the animus drops out of the case.
When the challenged decision is made by the vote of multiple individuals,
animus is a motivating factor if it motivated a significant number of those voting
yes. A plaintiff need not show that animus motivated a majority. It is the samedecision defense—not the lack of a majority of biased voters—that can takeanimus out of the case. No Supreme Court or Eleventh Circuit sets it out thiscleanly, but Hunter and Romer, as well as Arlington Heights itself, support thisview.
Here, it is more likely than not that a majority of members in both houses
and the Governor were motivated by animus. So the plaintiffs have carried theirburden, even if they were required to show animus motivated a majority of eachhouse and the Governor. Even more clearly, the plaintiffs have shown that theCase No. 4:23cv114-RH-MAF

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House sponsors and a significant number of House members were so motivated.
The statute could not have been enacted without House approval, so animus
motivating a significant number of House members was a motivating factor in thestatute’s adoption, even if—contrary to the findings set out above—animus did not
motivate the Governor or a significant number of senators.
This analysis is not inconsistent with several Eleventh Circuit rulings on
constitutional challenges to local decisions. Constitutional challenges to actions ofstates and local governments are brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. A city or otherlocal governmental entity can be held liable under § 1983 for an official’s
constitutional violation only if the violation was based on the entity’s policy or
custom or if the official is one whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent
official policy. See, e.g., Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978).
The circuit has held that a single board member’s improper motivation cannot be
attributed to the local entity for this purpose—that a single board member’s
motivation is not the entity’s policy or custom and does not represent official
policy. See Campbell v. Rainbow City, 434 F.3d 1306, 1313 (11th Cir. 2006);
Mason v. Village of El Portal, 240 F.3d 1337, 1339–40 (11th Cir. 2001); Matthews
v. Columbia Cnty., 294 F.3d 1294, 1297–98 (11th Cir. 2002). These areapplications of Monell, not Arlington Heights, and cast no doubt on the analysis set
out above.

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8. The Arlington Heights factors
As set out above, Arlington Heights “demands a sensitive inquiry into suchcircumstantial and direct evidence of intent as may be available.” Arlington
Heights, 429 U.S. at 266. The circumstances mentioned there, and those added byintervening Eleventh Circuit decisions, do not comprise an exhaustive list ofcontrolling factors.
The discussion to this point reflects the required sensitive inquiry and could
be left as is. This case, after all, involves a line between permissible andimpermissible use of medications that is explicitly drawn to address the treatmentof transgenders; the issue is not whether, but why, the line is so drawn.
But alas, it is customary to go through the Arlington Heights factors. The
Eleventh Circuit recently said this:We thus summarize the Arlington Heights factors as follows: (1)the impact of the challenged law; (2) the historical background; (3)the specific sequence of events leading up to its passage; (4)procedural and substantive departures; and (5) the contemporary
statements and actions of key legislators. And, because thesefactors are not exhaustive, the list has been supplemented: (6) theforeseeability of the disparate impact; (7) knowledge of that
impact, and (8) the availability of less discriminatory alternatives.
Greater Birmingham Ministries v. Sec’y of State for Ala., 992 F.3d 1299, 1321–22(11th Cir. 2021).
These factors squarely favor the plaintiffs.

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First, the impact of the challenged law falls only on transgenders. Nobody
else.
Second, the historical background is that these treatments were allowed in
Florida for many years until the political winds changed. The need for andavailability of these treatments did not change, but the level of animus did.
Third, the sequence of events leading to the statute and rules was that theUnited States Department of Health and Human Services issued guidance on thesetreatments and this provoked a response from the state.137 There were nocomplaints from patients, no adverse results in Florida, just a political issue.
Fourth, there were procedural and substantive departures. Although a prior
GAPMS report had approved these treatments and they had long been allowed andindeed covered by the state’s Medicaid program, a new GAPMS report wascommissioned—an unprecedented departure from the norm.138 The person whoroutinely prepares GAPMS reports was bypassed and a new, specially selected
person was inserted. 139 The new report reached a substantive conclusion opposite
the prior one. 140 This was cited as a basis for the rules, which were proposed and

See Pl.’s Ex. 14, ECF No. 177-4.
See Dekker v. Weida, 679 F. Supp. 3d 1271, 1281 (N.D. Fla. 2023); see also
Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 227 at 162–201; see also Pls.’ Ex. 302 in Dekker,
ECF No. 183-4.
139
See Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 227 at 162–201.
140
Dekker, 679 F. Supp. 3d at 1280–81.
137138

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adopted through procedures that were a departure from the norm and indeed
unprecedented, at least insofar as shown by this record. 141 The statute and rules
reversed the longstanding approval of these treatments. A state of course canchange tack and can act to head off problems it believes might occur in the future,even if they have not occurred in the past. See, e.g., League of Women Voters ofFla. Inc. v. Fla. Sec’y of State, 66 F.4th 905, 925 (11th Cir. 2023). But proceduraland substantive departures are an Arlington Heights factor, and they were present
here in spades.
Fifth, the contemporary statements of key legislators, especially the Housesponsors and other members of the House, as well as the Governor, were overtly
biased against transgenders.142
Sixth, the foreseeability of the effect on transgenders—and onlytransgenders—was obvious.
Seventh, the legislators and Board members surely knew of the effect ontransgenders—and only transgenders.
Eighth, there were readily available less discriminatory alternatives,
including rigorous regulation of these treatments or even allowing them only as

141
142

See supra § VIII.G.5 & nn. 107–113.
See supra § VIII.G.2.

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Page 70 of 105part of a clinical study at an approved facility. A proposal to allow clinical studies
was rejected.
In sum, the Arlington Heights factors are not exhaustive or controlling andare poorly suited to a case like this one, where the issue is not whether a faciallyneutral law was intended to treat a minority adversely but instead whether a lawthat explicitly treats a minority adversely is nonetheless constitutional. But to theextent the Arlington Heights factors are relevant, they favor the plaintiffs.
Intermediate scrutiny applies.
H. Applying scrutiny
For the reasons set out in subsections C, D, E, and G above—any one ofwhich would be sufficient standing alone—intermediate scrutiny applies, or, forsections C, D, and perhaps E, would apply absent Eknes-Tucker. To surviveintermediate scrutiny, a state must show that its classification is substantiallyrelated to a sufficiently important, legitimate state interest. See Adams, 57 F.4th at801; see also Glenn, 663 F.3d at 1316. The state must show “at least that thechallenged classification serves important governmental objectives and that thediscriminatory means employed are substantially related to the achievement of
those objectives.” Sessions v. Morales-Santana, 582 U.S. 47, 59 (2017) (cleanedup) (citing and quoting earlier authorities).

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To survive rational-basis scrutiny, a state must show a rational relationshipto a legitimate state interest. Romer, 517 U.S. at 631.
1. The ban on care for minors
Safeguarding health, especially of minors, is a legitimate state interest.
Measures that substantially promote that interest—in reality, not just in adecisionmaker’s unfounded supposition—survive intermediate scrutiny. Measuresthat are rationally related to achieving that interest—even without evidence thatthey will actually achieve the intended result—survive rational-basis scrutiny.
Banning gender-affirming care for minors across the board in all
circumstances, rather than appropriately regulating such care, is not sufficiently
related to the legitimate state interest in safeguarding health. This is care that, inappropriate circumstances and with appropriate screening, accords with wellestablished professional standards of care embraced by all reputable medical
associations with relevant expertise. This is care that, when so provided, produces
great benefit and avoids unnecessary suffering. Denying this care will cause
needless suffering for a substantial number of patients and will increase anxiety,depression, and the risk of suicide.143
The ban on care for minors does not survive intermediate scrutiny.
143

See supra § VI & n.46.

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To be sure, the Eknes-Tucker concurring opinion asserted the Alabama ban
on gender-affirming care for minors would survive even intermediate scrutiny. But
applying intermediate scrutiny requires attention to the actual facts—not just what
legislators could believe without factual support. See Glenn v. Brumby, 663 F.3d
1312, 1316 (11th Cir. 2011) (citing United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515, 533(1996)). This record is far more extensive than the Eknes-Tucker record. And inany event, single-judge concurring opinions are not the law of the circuit.
The order granting a preliminary injunction in this case concluded that theban on care for minors also fails rational-basis scrutiny. ECF No. 90 at 12, 27. But
Eknes-Tucker said, based on a different record, that Alabama’s analogous ban
survived rational-basis scrutiny. This strongly suggests—if it does not mandate aholding—that the Florida ban also survives rational-basis scrutiny. Absent EknesTucker, this order would hold to the contrary.
The analysis to this point does not address three other possible goals ofbanning gender-affirming care. None are legitimate state interests supporting theban.
First, protecting others from those receiving gender-affirming care is not alegitimate state interest. Gender-affirming care causes no harm to others—no harm
to individuals who do not receive the care. Those who are not involved are not
involved. So if individual A receives gender-affirming care, it makes no legitimate

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difference to individual B, and the state has no legitimate interest in protecting
individual B from individual A’s receipt of the care. This makes the case unlike
Adams, which upheld a school’s requirement that students use only the bathroom
designated for their natal sex. The school decided—correctly, the Eleventh Circuit
held—that a transgender individual’s presence in a bathroom affects the privacy
interests of others. Not so here: gender-affirming care affects no interest of others.
Second, there are some, including the Governor and quite a few members of
the Florida Legislature, who believe transgenderism—and thus gender-affirming
care—is morally wrong. Enforcing this moral view is not, however, a legitimate
state interest that can sustain this statute, even under rational-basis scrutiny. The
Supreme Court made this clear in a series of cases addressing gay and lesbian
issues. In Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003), for example, the Court struck
down a statute prohibiting gay sex, saying moral disapproval of the practice was
not a basis on which a state legislature could ban it. Justice Scalia dissented but
said, “Moral disapproval of this group, like a bare desire to harm the group, is aninterest that is insufficient to satisfy rational basis review under the Equal
Protection Clause.” Id. at 582 (Scalia, J., dissenting). He added, “Indeed, we havenever held that moral disapproval, without any other asserted state interest, is asufficient rationale under the Equal Protection Clause to justify a law that
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religious views disapproving transgenderism do not provide a legitimate basis forthe statute.
Third, whether based on morals, religion, unmoored hatred, or anything else,
prohibiting or impeding a person from conforming to the person’s gender identity
rather than to the person’s natal sex is not a legitimate state interest. The
defendants have acknowledged this. 144
2. Restrictions on care
The challenged statute and rules do not prohibit gender-affirming care for
adults or for minors who were already receiving the same care. The statute andrules do, however, impose restrictions on that care. Unless enjoined, therestrictions will also apply to gender-affirming care available to other minors as aresult of this order.
Restrictions on gender-affirming care that comport with the Endocrine
Society or WPATH standards pass constitutional muster. The plaintiffs do notassert the contrary. And states are not constrained by those standards; they can
impose additional requirements for legitimate purposes, including to improve thequality of care. Here, though, the statute and rules include some requirements thatwill not improve—indeed, in some instances will diminish—the quality of care.

144

See supra notes 4–6.

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a. Physicians only
The statute says gender-affirming care “may not be prescribed, administered,or performed except by a physician.” Fla. Stat. § 456.52(3). Read literally, thismeans APRNs, physician’s assistants, and other professionals cannot provide careeven under the supervision of a physician. The rules do not include a parallel
provision, presumably because the Boards’ jurisdiction is limited to physicians.
Patients sometimes receive the drugs at issue—puberty blockers or cross-sex
hormones—by injection or orally. The statute apparently means only a physician—not, for example, a nurse in the physician’s office—may give a patient such an
injection. Worse, the statute may mean that only a physician, not a pharmacist,
may fill a prescription. See Fla. Stat. § 465.003(2) (stating that, as used in the
Florida Pharmacy Act, “‘Administration’ means the obtaining and giving of asingle dose of medicinal drugs by a legally authorized person to a patient for her or
his consumption.”). It is not clear how some of the drugs at issue could be“administered” at all without a pharmacist in the mix.
More importantly, the requirement for a physician to prescribe the drugs,
while unobjectionable for minors, needlessly limits the availability of care for
adults. What matters is not the kind of license the provider holds but the training
and experience the provider possesses. The Endocrine Society and WPATH
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treatment of gender dysphoria. Not all physicians meet this threshold, but some
APRNs do.
Under Florida law, APRNs may diagnose gender dysphoria. The challenged
statute and rules are not to the contrary. Under Florida law, APRNs may prescribe
the drugs at issue, but only to treat other conditions. APRNs are prohibited fromprescribing these drugs only to treat gender dysphoria. This is not a case like
Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma, Inc., 348 U.S. 483 (1955), where theservices a professional could provide were limited across the board, not just for
one category of patients, as here.
It is more likely than not that the Legislature, even if not motivated byanimus, would have provided that only physicians can prescribe gender-affirmingcare for minors. That requirement passes both rational-basis and intermediate
scrutiny. Requiring a physician’s involvement—indeed, requiring a
multidisciplinary team that includes one or more physicians—is consistent with the
WPATH and Endocrine Society standards of care.
The same is not true for adults. A legislator or Board member not motivatedby animus might well have insisted on appropriate training for providers who treat
transgender adults. But a properly trained APRN who specializes in this area islikely to be more qualified, and to provide better care, than a physician with notraining or experience in this field. Prohibiting properly trained APRNs from

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providing gender-affirming care to adults does not improve the quality of care.
Instead, the prohibition limits the availability of care and increases its cost. This
comports with the illegitimate goal of many legislators to preclude or impede
individuals from pursuing their gender identities. But the prohibition is notsubstantially related to the legitimate, important goal of improving the quality of
medical care. It is more likely than not that, absent animus, the Legislature would
not have prohibited other properly trained professionals from providing genderaffirming care for adults.
The same is true for the provision precluding other professionals fromproviding care under the treating physician’s direction. Florida law regulates theactivities of nurses, physician’s assistants, pharmacists, and others. The provision
requiring a physician, not a nurse, to give an injection—or even perhaps precluding
a pharmacist from filling a prescription—is either extraordinarily poor statutorycraftsmanship or an animus-based roadblock intended to reduce access to care. The
provision survives neither rational-basis nor intermediate scrutiny.
b. Annual x-rays
The rules require annual x-rays of the hand for every minor receiving
gender-affirming care. 145 For most patients, annual hand x-rays are not medically145

Fla. Admin. Code r. 64B8ER23-7(4)(f) & 64B15ER23-9(4)(f).

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indicated and would not be ordered by competent providers trained in this field. 146
The effects of radiation accumulate over time; unnecessary x-rays, especially inchildhood, pose a health risk. 147 One taking seriously the admonition to “first, do
no harm” would not order these unnecessary x-rays.
This requirement burdens the patient, if only a little, and increases thepatient’s out-of-pocket cost. As the Board members surely know, insurers typicallydo not cover services that are not medically indicated. Imposing such costs serves
no medical purpose but may discourage patients from pursuing this care.
The Board members would not have required annual hand x-rays for all
patients absent animus—absent, that is, the overriding goal of blocking or
discouraging patients from pursuing their gender identities.
c. Annual DEXA scans
Similarly, the rules require annual bone density or “DEXA” scans for every
minor receiving gender-affirming care. 148 Puberty blockers can affect bone density,
so dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry—DEXA scans—can be indicated. But nocompetent provider trained in this field would prescribe annual DEXA scans for all
patients without considering their individual circumstances. This is especially true

Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 174–75.
Id. at 175.
148
Fla. Admin. Code r. 64B8ER23-7(4)(g) & 64B15ER23-9(4)(g).
146
147

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for patients being treated only with testosterone, which does not decrease bonedensity.149
Like hand x-rays, DEXA scans radiate the patient and should be performed
only when medically indicated.150 Unnecessary scans also burden patients andimpose out-of-pocket costs. The Board members would not have required annual
DEXA scans for all patients absent animus.
d. Mental-health assessments
The rules require every minor who is receiving gender-affirming care tohave an “annual mental health assessment.” 151 In addition, the treating physician—this will usually be a pediatric endocrinologist—must “refer the patient forcounseling” with a “licensed mental health care professional” as frequently as themental-health professional recommends.152 These requirements areunobjectionable.
The term “licensed mental health care professional” includes psychiatrists,
psychologists, and others, including licensed clinical social workers (“LCSWs”).
So the required referral can be to an LCSW. This makes sense. Counseling,including of adolescents, is what LCSWs do, and LCSWs are usually more

See Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 176.
Id. at 177.
151
Fla. Admin. Code r. 64B8ER23-7(4)(h) & 64B15ER23-9(4)(h).
152
Fla. Admin. Code r. 64B8ER23-7(4)(i) & 64B15ER23-9(4)(i).
149
150

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available than psychiatrists or psychologists. Physicians providing this carefrequently have LCSWs on the team.153 The rules provide, however, that therequired “annual mental health assessment,” unlike an assessment on a separate
referral, must be conducted by a “licensed psychiatrist and psychologist.”154 This
makes no sense. There is no reason to have separate mental-health professionals
involved, and excluding LCSWs and other properly trained and licensed mentalhealth providers departs from the accepted standard of care.155 The exclusion
reduces the ability of patients to receive gender-affirming care—probably the
purpose of this requirement. The Board members would not have adopted theexclusion absent animus.
e. The frequency of follow-ups
The rules require every minor who is receiving gender-affirming care to be
seen every six months by the treating or “covering” physician and every threemonths by a “licensed mental health care professional” for a suicide assessment. 156
The rules require “[r]elevant laboratory testing” every four months.157 There is no
medical reason to require these services to be provided this frequently in all cases,

See, e.g., Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 183–85.
Fla. Admin. Code r. 64B8ER23-7(4)(h) & 64B15ER23-9(4)(h).
155
Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 140–41.
156
Fla. Admin. Code r. 64B8ER23-7(4)(c)–(4)(d); 64B15ER23-9(4)(c)–(4)(d).
157
Fla. Admin. Code r. 64B8ER23-7(4)(e) & 64B15ER23-9(4)(e).
153
154

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without regard to a patient’s individual circumstances.158
These requirements burden patients and impose unnecessary out-of-pocket
costs. Board members would not have imposed these requirements for all patientsabsent animus.
f. Consent in person on specified forms
The statute requires the prescribing physician to inform the patient, “while
physically present in the same room,” of the “nature and risks” of the treatment. 159
The statute requires the physician to obtain the patient’s consent “in writing on
forms adopted in rule” by the Boards.160 This precludes initiation of treatment
through telehealth—that is, based only on video transmissions from a remotelocation.
Communication by video transmission can be effective, and telehealth has
its place. But informed consent in this field is important and can be obtained more
effectively in person. As the defendants apparently acknowledge, the statute andrules do not preclude remote communication for other purposes, including, forexample, renewal of prescriptions.161

See Trial Tr., ECF No. 206 at 135–36, 171–74; see also Trial Tr., ECF No. 207
at 170–71.
159
Fla. Stat. § 456.52(2).
160
Id.
161
See Fla. Stat. § 456.52(4).
158

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It is not clear the Legislature would have adopted any transgender legislation
at all absent animus. But if the Legislature acted, it is more likely than not thateven if free of animus, the Legislature would have required a provider to obtainappropriate informed consent in person. The requirement survives both rationalbasis and intermediate scrutiny.
The result is different for the consent forms adopted by the Boards. As set
out in section VIII.G.5. above, the forms are replete with provisions that serve novalid medical purpose, that interfere with rather than promote an appropriate
informed-consent process, that impose burdens and costs on patients, and that
could have had no purpose other than to prevent or discourage patients fromadhering to their gender identities. The forms would not have been adopted if not
motivated by animus. The forms survive neither rational-basis nor intermediate
scrutiny.
IX. Parental rights
The plaintiffs also assert a claim under the Due Process Clause, which
protects a parent’s right to control a child’s medical treatment. See, e.g., Troxel v.
Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000) (plurality); Parham v. J.R., 442 U.S. 584, 602–03(1979); Maddox v. Stephens, 727 F.3d 1109, 1118–19 (11th Cir. 2013); Bendiburg
v. Dempsey, 909 F.2d 463, 470 (11th Cir. 1990).

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The defendants say a parent’s right to control a child’s medical treatment
does not give the parent a right to insist on treatment that is properly prohibited onother grounds. Quite so. If the state could properly prohibit the treatments at issue
as unsafe, parents would have no right to override the state’s decision. EknesTucker so holds. The plaintiffs’ parental-rights claim neither adds to nor detracts
from the equal-protection challenge to the ban on these treatments. The claim
succeeds only because, as set out above, the equal-protection claim succeeds.
X. The pretextual justifications for the statute and rules
In support of their position, the defendants have proffered a laundry list of
purported justifications for the statute and rules. The purported justifications arelargely pretextual and, in any event, do not call for a different result.
A. “Low quality” evidence
A methodology often used for evaluating medical studies—for evaluating
research-generated evidence on the safety and efficacy of any given course oftreatment—is known as Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development,
and Evaluation (“GRADE”). The defendants stridently assert that the evidence
supporting the treatments at issue is “low” or “very low” quality as those terms areused in the GRADE system. But the evidence on the other side—the evidence
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just of “low” or “very low” quality. Indeed, evidence suggesting these treatments
are ineffective is nonexistent.
The choice these plaintiffs face is binary: to use GnRH agonists and crosssex hormones, or not. It is no answer to say the evidence on the yes side is weak
when the evidence on the no side is weaker or nonexistent. There is substantial andpersuasive, though not conclusive, research showing favorable results from thesetreatments.162 A decision for the plaintiffs and many class members cannot wait for
further or better research; the treatment decision must be made now.
Moreover, the fact that research-generated evidence supporting thesetreatments gets classified as “low” or “very low” quality on the GRADE scale does
not mean the evidence is not persuasive, or that it is not the best available researchgenerated evidence on the question of how to treat gender dysphoria, or that
medical treatments should not be provided consistent with the research results andclinical evidence.
It is commonplace for medical treatments to be provided even when
supported only by research producing evidence classified as “low” or “very low”
on this scale.163 The record includes unrebutted testimony that only about 13.5% of
accepted medical treatments across all disciplines are supported by “high” quality

162
163

See, e.g., Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 228 at 40–42.
See Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 227 at 98–101.

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evidence on the GRADE scale.164 The defendants’ assertion that treatment should
be banned based on the supporting research’s GRADE score is a misuse of the
GRADE system.
We put band-aids on cuts to keep dirt out not because there is “high” quality
research-generated evidence supporting the practice but because we know, fromclinical experience, that cuts come with a risk of infection and band-aids can
reduce the risk.
Gender dysphoria is far more complicated, and one cannot know, with thesame level of confidence, how to treat it. But there is now extensive clinicalexperience showing excellent results from treatment with GnRH agonists andcross-sex hormones. If these treatments are prohibited, many patients will suffer
needlessly.165 The extensive clinical evidence is important and indeed persuasive
evidence, even if the supporting research has produced only “low” or “very low”
quality evidence on the GRADE scale.
When facing a binary decision to use or not use GnRH agonists or
hormones, a reasonable decisionmaker would consider the evidence on the yesside, as well as the weaker evidence on the no side. Calling the evidence on the yesside “low” or “very low” quality would not rationally control the decision.
Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 226 at 68–69.
Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 226 at 64; Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 238 at 97–
98; see also supra note 46.
164
165

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B. Risks attendant to treatment
The defendants assert there are risks attendant to treatment with GnRH
agonists and cross-sex hormones. Indeed there are. There are legitimate concerns
about fertility and sexuality that a child entering puberty is not well-equipped toevaluate and for which parents may be less-than-perfect decisionmakers. There is arisk of misdiagnosis, though the requirement in the standards of care for carefulanalysis by a multidisciplinary team should minimize the risk. There is a risk that achild later confronted with the bias that is part of our world will come to believe it
would have been better to try to pass as cisgender.
There also are studies suggesting not that there are but that there may be
additional medical risks. An unreplicated study found that sheep who took GnRH
agonists became worse at negotiating a maze, at least for a time. Another study
showed a not-statistically-significant but nonetheless-concerning decrease in IQ
among cisgender children treated for central precocious puberty with GnRH
agonists. These and other studies cited by the defendants would surely be rated low
or very-low quality on the GRADE scale and, more importantly, are not very
persuasive. The latter study has not led to a ban on the use of GnRH agonists totreat central precocious puberty. One cannot know from these studies whether
treating transgender adolescents with GnRH agonists will cause comparable

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adverse results in some patients. But the risk that they will is a risk adecisionmaker should reasonably consider.
That there are risks does not end the inquiry. There are also substantial
benefits for the overwhelming majority of patients treated with GnRH agonists andcross-sex hormones. And there are risks attendant to not using these treatments,
including the risk—in some instances, the near certainty—of anxiety anddepression and even suicidal ideation. The challenged statute and rules ignore thebenefits that many patients realize from these treatments and the substantial risk
posed by foregoing the treatments—the risk from failing to pursue what is, formany, the most effective available treatment of gender dysphoria. One of the
Dekker plaintiffs attempted suicide four times before beginning successfultreatment with cross-sex hormones; he is now thriving. 166
For some class members, a failure to start GnRH agonists soon will result inunrestrained puberty consistent with their natal sex. They will live with theconsequences for the rest of their lives. The likelihood is very high that they will
suffer attendant adverse mental-health consequences. If, on the other hand, they do
get GnRH agonists, they will avoid some of the adverse consequences. They also
will face attendant risks.

166

Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 228 at 150 & 166–67.

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Risks attend many kinds of medical treatment, perhaps most. Ordinarily it is
the patient, in consultation with the doctor, who weighs the risks and benefits andchooses a course of treatment. What is remarkable about the challenged statute andrules is not that they address medical treatments with both risks and benefits butthat they arrogate to the state the right to make the decision—and to do it based insignificant part on animus against the patients. Worse, the statute and rules makethe same decision for everybody, without considering any patient’s individual
circumstances. The statute and rules do this in contravention of widely accepted
standards of care.
That there are risks of the kind presented here is not a rational basis fordenying properly screened patients the option to choose this treatment.
C. Bias in medical organizations
The defendants say the many professional organizations that have endorsed
treatment of gender dysphoria with GnRH agonists and hormones all have it
wrong. The defendants say, in effect, that the organizations were dominated byindividuals who pursued good politics, not good medicine.
If ever a pot called a kettle black, it is here. The statute and the rules were an
exercise in politics, not good medicine.
This is a politically fraught area. There has long been, and still is, substantial
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do some of the comments of legislators recounted above. And even when not basedon bigotry, there are those who incorrectly but sincerely believe that gender
identity is not real but instead just a choice. This is, as noted above, the elephant in
the room.
Where there is bigotry, there are usually—one hopes, always—opponents ofbigotry. It is hardly surprising that doctors who understand that transgender
identity can be real, not made up—doctors who are willing to provide supportive
medical care—oppose anti-transgender bigotry.
It sometimes happens that opponents of bigotry deem opposing viewpoints
bigoted even when they are not. And it sometimes happens that those with
opposing viewpoints are slow to speak up, lest they be accused of bigotry. These
dynamics could affect a medical association’s consideration of transgender
treatment. The record suggests these dynamics have affected the tone and qualityof debate within WPATH. It is entirely possible that the same dynamics could haveaffected the tone and quality of debate within other associations.
Even so, it is fanciful to believe that all the many medical associations who
have endorsed gender-affirming care, or who have spoken out or joined an amicus
brief supporting the plaintiffs in this litigation, have so readily sold their patients
down the river. The great weight of medical authority supports these treatments.
The widely accepted standards of care require competent therapy and careful

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evaluation by a multidisciplinary team before a minor is treated with GnRH
agonists and cross-sex hormones. But the widely accepted standards of care
support their use in appropriate circumstances. The standards have been
unanimously endorsed by reputable medical associations, even though notunanimously endorsed by all the members of the associations.
The overwhelming majority of doctors are dedicated professionals whose
first goal is the safe and effective treatment of their patients. There is no reason tobelieve the doctors who adopted these standards were motivated by anything else.
D. International views
The defendants have asserted time and again that Florida now treats GnRH
agonists and cross-sex hormones the same as European countries. A heading in the
defendants’ response to the motion for a preliminary injunction is typical: “Florida
Joins the International Consensus.”167 The assertion is false. And no matter how
many times the defendants say it, it will still be false. No country in Europe—or so
far as shown by this record, anywhere in the world—entirely bans these treatments.
To be sure, there are countries that ban gays and lesbians and probablytransgender individuals, too. One doubts these treatments are available in some
repressive regimes. But the treatments are available in appropriate circumstances inall the countries cited by the defendants, including Finland, Sweden, Norway,
167

ECF No. 55 at 6.

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Great Britain, France, Australia, and New Zealand.168 Some or all of these insist on
appropriate preconditions and allow care only in approved facilities—just as the
Endocrine Society and WPATH standards insist on appropriate preconditions, andjust as care in the United States is ordinarily provided through capable facilities.
Had Florida truly joined the international consensus—making these treatments
available in appropriate circumstances or in approved facilities—these plaintiffs
would qualify, and this case likely would not have been brought. Stringent
regulation of gender-affirming care based on the merits—not based on antitransgender animus—would easily survive constitutional challenge.
E. Malpractice
The defendants assert, with no real evidentiary support, that GnRH agonists
and cross-sex hormones have sometimes been provided to minors in Florida
without the appropriate mental-health therapy and evaluation by amultidisciplinary team.
If that were true, the solution would be to appropriately regulate thesetreatments, not to ban them. And there are, of course, remedies already in place inFlorida for deficient medical care. There is no evidence that this kind of care isroutinely provided so badly that it should be banned outright. Indeed, when the

See Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 226 at 78–79; see also Trial Tr. in Dekker,
ECF No. 227 at 134; Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 228 at 61–62.
168

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rules were adopted, the Boards had received not a single complaint about deficient
provision of this kind of care in Florida.169 At least as shown by this record, that isstill true.170
Along the same lines, the defendants say gender dysphoria is difficult todiagnose accurately—that gender identity can be fluid, that there is no objective
test to confirm gender identity or gender dysphoria, and that patients treated with
GnRH agonists or cross-sex hormones have sometimes come to regret it. But thedefendants ignore facts that do not support their narrative.
Fluidity is common prior to the onset of puberty but not after. The absenceof objective tests to confirm gender dysphoria does not set it apart from many othermental-health conditions that are routinely diagnosed without objective tests andtreated with powerful medications. Regret is rare; indeed, the defendants haveoffered no evidence of any Florida resident who regrets being treated with GnRH
agonists or cross-sex hormones. With all the resources available to the State of
Florida and the full range of discovery under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,
the defendants could find not a one.

169
170

Trial Tr., ECF No. 212 at 95–96.
Id.

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The difficulty diagnosing a patient calls for caution. It does not call for a
one-size-fits-all refusal to provide widely accepted medical treatment. 171 It does
not call for the state to make a binary decision not to provide the treatment even fora properly diagnosed patient.
F. Continuation of treatment
The defendants note that 98% or more of adolescents treated with GnRH
agonists progress to cross-sex hormones. That is hardly an indictment of thetreatment; it is instead consistent with the view that in 98% or more of the cases,
the patient’s gender identity did not align with natal sex, this was accurately
determined, and the patient was appropriately treated first with GnRH agonists andlater with cross-sex hormones. An advocate who denies the existence of genuine
transgender identity or who wishes to make everyone cisgender might well fear
progression to cross-sex hormones, but the defendants have denied that this is abasis for their current reference to this progression.
The defendants say, instead, that the high rate of progression rebuts anargument in support of GnRH agonists: that GnRH agonists give a patient time toreflect on the patient’s gender identity and, if still convinced of a gender identity
opposite the natal sex, to reflect on whether to go forward socially in the gender
See Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 239 at 91–94 (defense expert Dr. Levine
explaining that medical intervention such as puberty blockers and hormones should
be carefully prescribed and monitored but not banned).

171

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identity or natal sex. But if that is a goal of treatment with GnRH agonists, it iscertainly not the treatment’s primary goal. The primary goal is to delay andeventually avoid development of secondary sex characteristics inconsistent withthe patient’s gender identity—and thus to avoid or reduce the attendant anxiety,depression, and possible suicidal ideation.
The high rate of progression from GnRH agonists to cross-sex hormones is
not a reason to ban the treatments.
G. Off-label use of FDA-approved drugs
The defendants note that while the Food and Drug Administration has
approved GnRH agonists and the hormones at issue as safe and effective, theagency has not addressed their use to treat gender dysphoria. Quite so. Use of thesedrugs to treat gender dysphoria is “off label.”That the FDA has not approved these drugs for treatment of gender
dysphoria says precisely nothing about whether the drugs are safe and effective
when used for that purpose. Off-label use of drugs is commonplace and widely
accepted across the medical profession. The defendants’ contrary implication isdivorced from reality.

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Obtaining FDA approval of a drug is a burdensome, expensive process.172 A
pharmaceutical provider who wishes to market a new drug must incur the burden
and expense because the drug cannot be distributed without FDA approval. Once adrug has been approved, however, the drug can be distributed not just for theapproved use but for other uses as well. There often is little reason to incur theburden and expense of seeking additional FDA approval.
That the FDA approved these drugs at all confirms that, at least for one use,
they are safe and effective.173 This provides some support for the view that they aresafe when properly administered and that they effectively produce the intended
results—that GnRH agonists delay puberty and that testosterone and estrogen havemasculinizing or feminizing effects as expected. The FDA approval goes nofurther—it does not address one way or the other the question whether using thesedrugs to treat gender dysphoria is as safe and effective as on-label uses.
That use of GnRH agonists and cross-sex hormones to treat gender
dysphoria is “off-label” is not a reason to ban their use for that purpose.
XI. The classes
A prior order certified two classes, one for adults and one for minors andtheir parents. The order named four representatives for the adult class and five
Trial Tr. in Dekker, No. 226 at 182–84; Trial Tr. in Dekker No. 227 at 120–23;
Trial Tr. in Dekker, ECF No. 239 at 54–55.
173
Trial Tr. in Dekker, No. 226 at 182–84; Trial Tr. in Dekker No. 227 at 120–23.
172

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representatives—each a parent on behalf of a minor—for the minor class. The
minor class included minors who both were and were not grandfathered. The ordercertified a subclass for minors who were not grandfathered.
The trial record addresses the individual circumstances of only one
representative of the adult class, Lucien Hamel, and two representatives of theminor class and subclass, Jane Doe, individually and on behalf of Susan Doe, andGloria Goe, individually and on behalf of Gavin Goe. This order removes the otherrepresentatives and dismisses their individual claims. They remain class members.
Mr. Hamel does not assert a surgery claim. The adult class thus no longer
has a representative with standing to challenge the restrictions on surgery. Thisorder narrows the class accordingly.
XII. The Boards as defendants in their own names
The third amended complaint names as defendants not only the members of
the Florida Board of Medicine and Florida Board of Osteopathic Medicine in theirofficial capacities but also the Boards themselves. The Boards have not sought
dismissal based on the Eleventh Amendment, but they also have not explicitly
waived Eleventh Amendment immunity.
A state is not a “person” within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and in any
event a state has Eleventh Amendment immunity from a § 1983 claim in federal
court. See, e.g., Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 64 (1989)

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Page 97 of 105(holding that a state is not a “person” within the meaning of § 1983); Seminole
Tribe of Fla. v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44 (1996) (holding that a state sued in its own
name has Eleventh Amendment immunity, regardless of the relief sought, unlessthe immunity has been waived or validly abrogated by Congress). The state’s
Eleventh Amendment immunity may extend to the Boards.
In any event, the claims against the Boards in their names are redundant tothe claims against the Board members in their official capacities. Dismissal of theclaims against the Boards is permissible on this basis. See Busby v. City ofOrlando, 931 F.2d 764, 776 (11th Cir. 1991) (approving the dismissal of officialcapacity defendants whose presence was merely redundant to the naming of an
institutional defendant). This order dismisses the claims against the Boards, but thedismissal is of no substantive significance.
XIII. Remedy
The appropriate remedy for the constitutional violations at issue isdeclaratory and injunctive relief. See, e.g., Newman v. Alabama, 683 F.2d 1312,
1319 (11th Cir. 1982). The plaintiffs and class members will suffer irreparable
harm if an injunction does not issue, and there is no adequate remedy at law. Thebalance of hardships favors the plaintiffs and class members, and an injunction will
not disserve the public interest.

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The scope of the declaration and injunction must match the violations. Seeid.; Georgia v. President of the United States, 46 F.4th 1283, 1303–04 (11th Cir.
2022).
A pending appeal of a preliminary injunction does not preclude entry of a
final judgment, even if the judgment and preliminary injunction are inconsistent. In
Burton v. Georgia, 953 F.2d 1266 (11th Cir. 1992), the district court entered final
judgment for the defendants while an appeal was pending from a preliminary
injunction in favor of the plaintiffs. The Eleventh Circuit affirmed the judgment
and dismissed as moot the appeal from the preliminary injunction: “Once a final
judgment is rendered, the appeal is properly taken from the final judgment, not the
preliminary injunction.” Id. at 1272 n.9. See also 16 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur
R. Miller, & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice & Procedure § 3921.2 (3d ed.
June 2024 update) (discussing entry of final judgment while an interlocutory
appeal is pending without questioning whether a district court can enter a final
judgment); Birmingham Fire Fighters Ass’n 17 v. City of Birmingham, 603 F.3d
1248, 1254–55 (11th Cir. 2010) (dismissing an appeal from a preliminary
injunction after the district court entered a permanent injunction); SEC v. First Fin.
Grp. of Tex., 645 F.2d 429, 433 (5th Cir. 1981) (not disapproving entry of apermanent injunction while an appeal of a preliminary injunction was pending andinstead holding the appeal moot); Alabama v. EPA, 871 F.2d 1548, 1553–54 (11thCase No. 4:23cv114-RH-MAF

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Cir. 1989) (holding the district court had jurisdiction to grant partial summary
judgment and enter a permanent injunction that dissolved its preliminary injunction
even though an appeal of the preliminary injunction was pending, but holding theappeal not moot).
This order grants declaratory and injunctive relief for the three plaintiffs who
have proved their claims and for the classes and subclass they represent. To ensurethat the declaration covers the intended parts of the statute, the declaration
incorporates language from Florida Statutes § 456.52 into the declaration’s
definitions of gender-affirming care and natal sex.
XIV. Conclusion
Gender identity is real. Those whose gender identity does not match theirnatal sex often suffer gender dysphoria. The widely accepted standard of care calls
for appropriate evaluation and treatment. For minors, this means evaluation andtreatment by a multidisciplinary team. Proper treatment begins with mental-healththerapy and is followed in appropriate cases by GnRH agonists and cross-sex
hormones—referred to in this order as gender-affirming care. Florida has adopted astatute and rules that ban gender-affirming care for minors even when medicallyappropriate. The ban is unconstitutional.
The statute and rules restrict the manner in which gender-affirming care canbe provided when not banned. Some of the restrictions are constitutional; others

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are not. The invalid provisions include these: excluding professionals other thanphysicians from participating in gender-affirming care, even under the supervisionof a physician; prohibiting APRNs from treating adults; requiring annual x-rays
and DEXA scans without regard to an individual patient’s circumstances; allowing
only psychiatrists or psychologists, not other licensed mental-health professionals,
to conduct the required annual assessments; requiring follow-up care and labs more
frequently than medically indicated; and requiring patients to sign consent forms
that include false and misleading statements, address treatments the patient will notreceive, are in some respects incomprehensible, and interfere with the physicianpatient relationship and an appropriate informed-consent process.
The plaintiffs are entitled to classwide declaratory and injunctive relief ofappropriate scope against the appropriate defendants.
IT IS ORDERED:
1. The certified classes and subclass are the following:(a) The first class consists of all transgender adults in Florida whoseek gender-affirming treatment with puberty blockers or crosssex hormones.
(b) The second class consists of all transgender minors in Florida whoseek gender-affirming treatment with puberty blockers or crosssex hormones and their parents.

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Page 101 of 105(c) The subclass—a subset of the second class—consists of alltransgender minors in Florida who seek but are prohibited by state
law from obtaining gender-affirming treatment with puberty
blockers or cross-sex hormones and their parents.
2. The class representative for the first class is named plaintiff Lucien
Hamel.
3. The class representatives for the second class and the subclass are named
plaintiffs Jane Doe, individually and on behalf of Susan Doe, and Gloria Goe,
individually and on behalf of Gavin Goe.
4. It is declared that:(a) Florida Statutes § 456.52(1) is unconstitutional to the extent it prohibits
gender-affirming care for individuals who have reached or passed Tanner stage II.
(b) Florida Statutes § 456.52(3) is unconstitutional to the extent it prohibits alicensed individual, acting within the scope of the license, from (i) assisting a
supervising physician in administering or performing gender-affirming care or (ii)filling a prescription issued by a physician or, for adults, issued by a licensed
individual acting within the scope of the license, or (iii) providing genderaffirming care to adults.

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Page 102 of 105(c) Florida Statutes § 456.52(5) is unconstitutional to the extent it authorizes
disciplinary action or makes it a crime to violate a provision of a statute or rule thisorder declares unconstitutional.
(d) Florida Administrative Code rules 64B8ER23-7, 64B15ER23-9,
64B8ER23-11, and 64B15ER23-12 are unconstitutional to the same extent as
Florida Statutes §§ 456.52(1), (3), and (5), and also as set out in subparagraphs (e)and (f) below.
(e) Florida Administrative Code rules 64B8ER23-7 and 64B15ER23-9 areunconstitutional to the extent they (i) require annual hand x-rays, (ii) require
annual DEXA scans, (iii) require the mandatory annual mental-health assessment
to be conducted only by a licensed psychiatrist and psychologist rather thananother licensed mental-health professional, (iv) require in-person physician visits
every six months, (iv) require suicide assessments by a licensed mental-healthprofessional every three months, (v) require laboratory testing every four months,or (vi) require use of forms DH5079-MQA (06/23, rev. 8/23), DH5080-MQA(06/23, rev. 8/23), and DH5081-MQA (06/23, rev. 8/23).
(f) Florida Administrative Code rules 64B8ER23-11 and 64B15ER23-12 areunconstitutional to the extent they require use of forms DH5082-MQA (06/23, rev.
8/23) and DH5083-MQA (06/23, rev. 8/23).

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Page 103 of 105(g) For purposes of this declaration, “gender-affirming care” means theprescription or administration of (i) puberty blockers for the purpose of attempting
to stop or delay normal puberty in order to affirm a person’s perception of his or
her sex if that perception is inconsistent with the person’s natal sex or (ii)hormones or hormone antagonists to affirm a person’s perception of his or her sex
if that perception is inconsistent with the person’s natal sex.
(h) For purposes of this declaration, “natal sex” means the classification of aperson as either male or female based on the organization of the human body ofsuch person for a specific reproductive role, as indicated by the person’s sex
chromosomes, naturally occurring sex hormones, and internal and external
genitalia present at birth.
5. An injunction is entered as follows:(a) The enjoined defendants are:(i) Joseph Ladapo, in his official capacity as the Surgeon General of
the Florida Department of Health;(ii) Scot Ackerman, Nicholas W. Romanello, Wael Barsoum,
Matthew R. Benson, Gregory Coffman, Amy Derick, David
Diamond, Patrick Hunter, Luz Marina Pages, Eleonor Pimentel,
Hector Vila, Michael Wasylik, Zachariah P. Zachariah, Maria

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Page 104 of 105

Garcia, and Nicole Justice, in their official capacities as membersof the Florida Board of Medicine;(iii) Watson Ducatel, Tiffany Sizemore Di Pietro, Gregory Williams,
Monica M. Mortensen, Valerie Jackson, Chris Creegan, andWilliam D. Kirsh, in their official capacities as members of theFlorida Board of Osteopathic Medicine; and(iv) William M. Gladson, in his official capacity as State Attorney for
the Fifth Judicial Circuit of Florida.
(b) The enjoined defendants must not take any steps to enforce theprovisions this order declares unconstitutional.
(c) This injunction binds the enjoined defendants and their officers, agents,
servants, employees, and attorneys—and others in active concert or participation
with any of them—who receive actual notice of this injunction by personal service
or otherwise.
6. All claims against the Board of Medicine and Board of Osteopathic
Medicine in their names are dismissed without prejudice based on the Eleventh
Amendment and alternatively as redundant to the claims against their members.
7. All claims against the Attorney General of Florida are voluntarily
dismissed without prejudice.

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Page 105 of 105

8. All claims against state attorneys other than Mr. Gladson are dismissed
without prejudice based on the parties’ stipulation requiring, among other things,
the other state attorneys to abide by the injunction against Mr. Gladson.
9. The individual claims of the plaintiffs Brenda Boe, Bennett Boe, Carla
Coe, Christina Coe, Fiona Foe, Freya Foe, Linda Loe, Lisa Loe, Patricia Po, Paul
Poe, Olivia Noel, Rebecca Cruz Evia, and Kai Pope are dismissed without
prejudice to their rights as class members.
10. The court reserves jurisdiction to enforce this order and the judgment
and to award costs and attorney’s fees.
11. The clerk must enter judgment and close the file.
SO ORDERED on June 11, 2024.
s/Robert L. Hinkle
United States District Judge

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