ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ

A Philosophy of Intellectual Property (1)Peter DRAHOSᒣ᰿ ᓫ㑥 ヂ ̿┠ ḟ̿
➨㸯❶ ᗎ
࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ༊ู⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽ
ᮏ᭩ྛ❶ࡢᴫほ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᑐ㇟ศ㔝࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣀ࣮ࢺ
➨㸰❶ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬㸸㉳※࡟㐳ࡗ࡚࡞ࡐṔྐ࡞ࡢ࠿㸽▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢศ㢮㸸࣮࣐ࣟࡣ≀ㄒࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬
ⴭసᶒ
≉チᶒ
⤖ㄽ㸦௨ୖࠊᮏྕ㸧➨㸱❶ ࣟࢵࢡࠊປാࠊ▱ⓗࢥࣔࣥࢬ
➨㸲❶ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ㸸▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ⢭⚄➨㸳❶ ⏕⏘ⓗ⏕ά࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㼍㼎㼟㼠㼞㼍㼏㼠㻌㼛㼎㼖㼑㼏㼠㼟㸸࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ㆟ㄽ➨㸴❶ ㈈⏘ࠊᶵ఍ࠊ฼ᕫ୺⩏➨㸵❶ 㼍㼎㼟㼠㼞㼍㼏㼠㻌㼛㼎㼖㼑㼏㼠㼟ࡢຊ➨㸶❶ ᝟ሗࡢṇ⩏➨㸷❶ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ㸸㐨ල୺⩏࡟㈶ᡂࠊ㈈⏘ᶒඃ㉺୺⩏࡟཯ᑐ➨㸯❶ ᗎ㻌 ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ the theory of property ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᩘከࡃࡢⴭసࡀ᭩
ࡁ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡤ᭷ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࠊࡑࡋ࡚௒࡞࠾ࠊ♫఍⛉Ꮫ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
ࡢ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞ࢸ࣮࣐ࡢ  ࡘ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢᶒ฼ࡢᙧᘧ㸦ࡘࡲࡾࠊᡤ᭷࡜
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥࡣᶒ฼ࡢ᮰࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᡤ᭷ࡣဴᏛⓗศᯒࡢ୺せ࡞㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋᮏ᭩࡛ࡣໟᣓⓗ࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘⌮ㄽࡢᥦ♧ࡣ⾜ࢃᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡾ⥆ࡅࡿࠋᡤ᭷࡟㛵ࡍࡿᩥ⊩ࡣ⭾኱࡞ᩘ࡟ࡢࡰࡿࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟᭱⤊❶࡛ࡣࠊ㐨ල୺⩏࡜࠸࠺ဴᏛⓗጼໃࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂♧ⓗ࡟ㄽࡌࡓࡶࡢࡣẚ㍑ⓗᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡋ࠿ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᡤ᭷ࡢ୍⯡⌮㛵ࡍࡿᏛ㝿ⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡸ⌮ㄽᯟ⤌ࡳࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ᣦ㔪࡜࡞ࡿ࡭ࡁ

ㄽࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆྵࡴ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᡤ᭷ᙧែࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ๓

ࡇ࡜ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ≉ᶒᥦ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ๓ᥦࡣ࠾ࡑࡽࡃṇࡋ࠸ࡋࠊࡲࡓ࠾ࡑ

privilege ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡀ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜࠸࠺᪤Ꮡࡢ⏝ㄒ࡟ྲྀࡗ࡚௦ࢃࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛

ࡽࡃṇࡋࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ௚ࡢ㈈⏘ᶒ property rights ࡜ྠࡌࡃࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ⚾࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ⩏ົࢆᖏࡧࡓ≉ᶒࡇࡑࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘⌮ㄽࡢ୰᰾ே㛫ࡢ㛵ಀࢆつᚊࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ୙ື⏘ἲ࡜␗࡞ࡾࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࢆ࡞ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊᮏ᭩ࡢ᭱⤊❶ࡢ୺ᙇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡣᶒ฼ࢆ abstract objects㸦ᢳ㇟ⓗᑐ㇟ࠊ↓య≀㸧࡟ᥐᐃࡍࡿࠋ࢔ࣝࢦࣜࢬ

࣒ࡸ࣌ࢽࢩࣜࣥࡢ〇ἲ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢὴ⏕≀ࡣ abstract objects ࡢලయ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ༊ู

ከࡃࡢேࠎࡀ abstract objects ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡋࠊ฼⏝ࢆࡋࠊ౫Ꮡࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌧௦ࡢࠕ࣭࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥࠖ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ♫఍⏕άࡸ஦ᴗࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿ┦஫౫Ꮡ ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞⣔㆕࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢᵓ⠏ࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ⌮ㄽࡢᵓ⠏࡜㛵ಀࡢከࡃࡀࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ abstract objects ࡜⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㔜せ࡞࠸࠺ᙧࢆ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᡤ᭷ࢆ୍✀ࡢᶒ฼࡜ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾᢅ

abstract objects ࡢ⚾ⓗᨭ㓄ࢆチᐜࡍࡿᡤ᭷ᙧែࡣࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚

࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᶒ฼ࡢ୍⯡⌮ㄽ࡜ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡜ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞┦஫స⏝ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࡇ࡜

ከࡃࡢேⓗ౫Ꮡ㛵ಀࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࠋࡑࢀࡣ⚾ⓗᶒຊࡢ⭾ᙇࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋಶே

ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡣࡓࡋ࡚࠶ࡽࡺࡿᶒ฼ࡣ㈈⏘ᶒ࡛࠶ࡿࡢᾘᴟⓗ⮬⏤ࠊࡘࡲࡾᖸ΅ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ᶒ฼ࡣࡲࡍࡲࡍ኱ࡁ࡞༴㝤࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿࠋࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ࠸࡬࡜ᡃࠎࢆㄏ࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶒ฼ᇶᗏⓗ࡞ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ᒓࡍᡤ᭷ࡀࡑࡢ⠊ᅖࢆ abstract objects ࡟ࡲ࡛ᣑ኱ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊከࡃࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ༴ᶵ

ࡿ◊✲ࡀࡑࡢᶒ฼ࡢ⠊ᅖ࠾ࡼࡧᑐ㇟ࡢቃ⏺ࢆᐃࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟඾ᆺⓗ࡟⏝࠸࡟ࡉࡽࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⌮⏤࠿ࡽࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶḟࡢࡇ࡜ࢆၥ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡣ౯

ࡿ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ༊ูࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ༊ูࡢ✀㢮࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊᏑᅾㄽⓗ್ࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᡃࠎࡣᡤ᭷࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪤Ꮡࡢ ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠊゝㄒᏛⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠊศᯒⓗ㸦࡞࠸ࡋᴫᛕⓗ㸧࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠊ

ࡘࡲࡓࡣ」ᩘࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ࡢᯟෆ࡛▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࢆཷᐜࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠾ࡼࡧつ⠊ⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ㛫࡛ࡢ༊ู࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣ⌧ᅾࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳࡀࡇࢀࡽ

ࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࢀ࡜ࡶᡃࠎࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘≉᭷ࡢ⌮ㄽࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ

ࡢ༊ู࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡛࡝ࡇ࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡇࡇ࡛⡆༢࡟࡛ࡶఱ࠿࠸

࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡗ࡚࠾ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡲࡎࡣᙜヱ༊ู⮬య࡟ࡘ࠸୍࡚ゝ㏙࡭ࡿࡇ ᮏ᭩ࡣࡇࡢၥ࠸࡟ᑐࡍࡿゎ⟅ࡢ➃⥴ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ᭩࡛ࡣࠊ

࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ

ࣟࢵࢡࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ࡜࠸࠺ࠊᡤ᭷࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୕ேࡢ㔜せ࡞ᛮ᝿ᐙࡢ Ꮡᅾㄽⓗศᯒࡣࠊᶒ฼ࡣᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࠊᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞

ⴭసࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚⤖ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㦫ࡃࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᡃࠎࡀ▱ⓗ᪉ἲ࡛Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࠋ⮬↛ᶒࡸ⮬↛ᶒⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ㈈⏘ࡢ⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࡇࢀࡽࡢⴭసࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟᭷┈࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡢᏑᅾࢆࡵࡄࡿㄽதࡣࠊᏑᅾㄽⓗၥ㢟ࡢලయ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋゝㄒᏛⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟ
ᶒ฼ࡢ᮰࡜࠸࠺㈈⏘ほࡣࠊࢣࣅ࣭ࣥࢢࣞ࢖ Kevin Gray ࡢḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞୍⠇ࡀୖᡭ

ࢳ࡜ࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࡢゝㄒ౑⏝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿព࿡ࡸ༊ูࢆཧ↷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ
ᡤ᭷ࡸᶒ฼ࡢព࿡ࢆ☜ᐃࡋࡼ࠺࡜ヨࡳࡿᡭἲࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㝈ࡽࢀࡓ⣬ࡃᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡃࠊࠕ⚾ࡀ㡿✵ࡢ୍㒊ࢆ㈍኎ࡍࡿሙྜࠊ⫢ᚰ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᕼⷧ࡞

ᖜࡢ୰࡛ゝㄒᏛⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡜ศᯒⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡜ࡢ༊ูࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ኱ẼࡢศᏊࢆู࡟ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣ⤯ᑐⓗ࡟˴ǋ nothing Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜



࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇ㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⚾ࡣ࠶࡞ࡓ࡟≀࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠗᶒ฼ࡢ᮰࠘ a bundle ofrights ࢆㆡΏࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ࠗᶒ฼ࡢ᮰࠘ࡇࡑࡀ㈈⏘ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ

losophy and Politics, 209, 211-216 (1994) ཧ↷ࠋ

K. Gray, ‘Property in Thin Air’, 50 Cambridge Law Journal, 252, 259 (1991).

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊG.F. Gaus, ‘Property, Rights, and Freedom’, 11 Social PhiA. Reeve, Property (London, 1986), 10-12.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡈࡃ኱ࡲ࠿࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊศᯒⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡜ࡣࠊ㈨ᩱ࡜ࡋ࡚

ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣ኱᢬ࡢဴᏛⓗၥ㢟࡜ྠᵝࠊ᫇࠿ࡽࡳࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶

ࡢ㏻ᖖࡢゝㄒ࡟⮬ࡽࢆ㛢ࡌࡇࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃࠊ⌮ᛶ࠾ࡼࡧ☜❧ࡉࢀࡓ᥎ㄽᢏ

ࡿࠋ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⥅⥆ⓗ࡞㛵ᚰࡣࠊ⮬↛ἲࡢఏ⤫࡟࠾࠸࡚◊✲࡟ྲྀࡾἲ࡜࠸࠺ไ⣙ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࠊ≉ู࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡓከᵝ࡞༊ูࡸᴫᛕࣔࢹࣝࢆ᳨ウ⤌ࡴ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞ព࿡ࢆࡶࡘၥ࠸࠿ࡅ࡟➃ࢆⓎࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀ

ࡢ⏝࡟౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ᴫᣓࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀチࡉࢀࡼ࠺ࠋศ

ࡣࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㉳※ࡸᇶ┙ࢆ᥈ࡋồࡵࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ᯒⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊᡤ᭷ࡸᶒ฼ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᴫᛕࡢㄽ⌮ⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ ⮬↛ἲㄽ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㉳※ࡢ✲᫂ࡣ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ☜❧ࡉࢀࡓಶேࡢ

ࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓศᯒⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊᐃ⩏࠾ࡼࡧᴫᛕศᯒࡢࣉࣟ

㈈⏘ಖ᭷ࡢṇᙜᛶࢆ⬣࠿ࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞㠉࿨ⓗ࡞ᖐ⤖ࡀ㉳ࡇ

ࢭࢫࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊࡼࡾࡼ࠸ᴫᛕࣔࢹࣝࡸᴫᛕࡢᵓ㐀ⓗ࠿ࡘ㛵ಀⓗ⌮ゎࢆᚓࡼࡾ࠼ࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⚄ࡢᏑᅾ࡜⪷᭩ࡢෆᐜࢆ┿๢࡟⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ

࠺࡜ດࡵࡿࠋศᯒⓗ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴሙྜࠊဴᏛ⪅ࡣࠊㄡࡀᶒ฼ࢆࡶࡘࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛

⏕ࡌࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣈࣛࢵࢡࢫࢺ࣮ࣥࡣࠊࡑࡢⴭ᭩ࠗ࢖ࢠࣜࢫἲ㔘⩏࠘ࡁࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞᮲௳ࡢୗ࡟࠾࠸࡚࠿࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㉁ၥࢆ⾜Commentaries on the Laws of England ࡢ୰࡛ࠊၥ㢟ࡢᮏ㉁ࢆୖᡭࡃᤊ࠼࡚

࠺ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊဴᏛ⪅ࡣࠊᶒ฼ࢆࡶࡘ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣఱ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜

࠸ࡿࠋᙼࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋཝᐦ࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊࠕ࡞ࡐ⨺⓶⣬࡟᭩࠿ࢀࡓ

࡜ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᶒ฼ࢆᡃࠎࡣᢎㄆࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡜ࡢ༊ูࢆᥥࡁࡔࡑ

ᩥ᭩ࡢᩥゝࡀᅵᆅࡢᨭ㓄ᶒࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸

࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠋᡤ᭷ࡸᶒ฼ࡢศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ຊࢆࡶࡘศᯒⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮࡚ࣟࡢࠊ⮬↛࡞࠸ࡋ⮬↛ἲୖࡢ᰿ᣐࡣఱࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸㹿㺁࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍ࡟࠾ࡅ

ࢳࡢ౛ࡣࠊᶒ฼ right ࠊ⩏ົ duty ࠊ≉ᶒ privilege ࠊ↓ᶒ฼ no-rightࡿ⚄୰ᚰࡢୡ⏺࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣ≉࡟῝้࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊ⚄ࡀ኱ᆅ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ┦஫࡟ㄝ᫂ྍ⬟࡞ᴫᛕ㛫ࡢࠊἲⓗ┦㛵㡯ࡢ㞟ྜ a set of juralࢆࡑࡢఫே࡟ඹ᭷ࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚୚࠼ࡓࡇ࡜࡟␲࠸ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀ

correlatives ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠊࡘࡲࡾ▩┪㡯 contradictories ࠾ࡼࡧ┦㛵㡯ࡢ▩┪࡛ࡣࠊ࠸ࡗࡓ࠸࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢୡ⏺࡟࠾ࡅࡿಶࠎࡢᡤ᭷⪅ࡀࡑࡢᡤ㡯ࡢ㞟ྜ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠊ࣮࣍ࣇ࢙ࣝࢻ Hohfeld ࡢᶒ฼ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ㸦ᡃࠎ᭷≀࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⤖ᯝⓗ࡟⾜౑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠕ၏୍⤯ᑐࡢᨭ㓄ᶒࠖࢆṇᙜ໬ࡣ➨  ❶࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡑࡢయ⣔࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸

ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋᐇ㝿ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡࢫࢺ࣮ࣥࡣࠕṇ࡚ㄽࡌࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸧᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡸᶒ฼ㄽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿつ⠊ⓗ࢔ࣉࣟᙜ໬ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣ⏝࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁᙼࡣࠊ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡣᗈࡃᬑཬࡋ

࣮ࢳࡣࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢ⤖ㄽ࡟฿㐩ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ࠶ࢀࡇࢀ࡜ከᵝ࡞౯್ࢆ฼⏝ࡍ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡲࡓ୍⯡኱⾗࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᗈࡃཷᐜࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣࡿࠋつ⠊ⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣฎ᪉⟢࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣṇᙜ໬࡜㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ⾜ㄝ᫂ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊἲ

Ⅽࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡀᥦ᱌ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᧦ㆤࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡀྜ⌮ⓗ⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ௨ୖࠊ࡞࠾ㄝ᫂ࢆせࡍࡿ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃ つ⠊ⓗᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢ኱༙ࡀ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬ྍ⬟ᛶࡢ᳨ド࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡚࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡢ≉ᐃࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳ࡬ࡢᙉ࠸㛵ᚰࡣࠊ༢࡟⌧௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿ ⮬↛ἲୖࡢᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡇ࠺ࡋࡓㄝ᫂ⓗศᯒ᪉ἲࡢ㔜せᛶࡣࠊࢢࣟ


ࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡢ  ࡘࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ༊ูࢆ⾜࠾࠺࡜ࡍࡿヨࡳࡀ┤ࡕ࡟ဴᏛⓗศᯒࡑࢀ⮬ࢸ࢕࢘ࢫࡢᡤ᭷ㄽ࡟ぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊᡓத
ࡢཎᅉࡢ  ࡘࡣࠊᡃࠎ࡟ᖐᒓࡍࡿ஦≀࡬ࡢ౵ᐖ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࠿

యࡢᛶ㉁ၥ㢟ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡍࡿᩥ⊩࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊR. Rorty (ed.),

The Linguistic Turn (Chicago, London, 1967) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ1990) ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㆟ㄽࡢᴫほ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊA. Reeve, ‘Property’ in R.E. Goodin and P. Pettit (eds.),W.N. Hohfeld, Fundamental Legal Conceptions (Westport, Connecticut, reprinted 1978).

A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1993), chapter 31 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ⌧௦ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊL.C. Becke, Property Rights  Philosophic Foundations

(London, Boston, 1977); A. Ryan, Property and Political Theory (Oxford, New York,ed by Garland Publishing, New York, London, 1978), Book II, chapter 1, 2.

1984); J.O. Grunebaum, Private Ownership (London, New York, 1987); J. Waldron, TheIbid.

Right to Private Property (Oxford, 1988); S.R. Munzer, A Theory of Property (Cambridge,H. Grotius, De Hure Belli Ac Pacis Libri Tres (1625; F. W. Kelsey tr., New York, London, ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765; 1783 ed., reprint-▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࡽࠊࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ஦≀ࡀㄡ࠿࡟ᖐᒓࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡢࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞

⬟࡞⏝ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣍ࣇ࢙ࣝࢻ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ

᮲௳ࡢୗ࡟࠾࠸࡚࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࡸࡀ࡚ࠊ
ࠕᡤᡃࠎࡣᶒ฼ࢆࡑࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚₇⧢ࢆጞࡵࡿᇶᗏⓗ࡞ࢱ࣮࣒ base terms ࡜᭷ᶒ proprietorship ࡢ㉳※ࢆ▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᙼࡢ⪃࠼࡬ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺࡭ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ୍㐃ࡢࡼࡾᇶᮏⓗ࡞࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟ศゎࡋ࠺ࡿ୍⯡࡜ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫࡀᛕ㢌࡟࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡓ▱㆑࡜ⓗ࡞ࢱ࣮࣒ generic term ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶒ฼ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࢆྵࡵ࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊṔྐⓗ࡞▱㆑࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕ⚄⪷࡞ṔྐࠖࠊリேࠊဴᏛ⪅ࡽࢆᘬࡁྜ

࡚ࠊㄽ⌮࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳ࣮ࣕ logical architecture ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢㄽ⌮࢔࠸࡟ฟࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫࡣࠊ⚄ࡀே㛫࡟ඹ᭷ࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚୚࠼ࡓୡ

࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳ࣮ࣕࡣ⩏ົㄽ⌮ deontic logic ࡢᙧែࢆ࡜ࡿࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࢔࣮⏺࠿ࡽ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡀⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃែᵝࢆᥥ෗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢṔྐⓗ࡞◊࢟ࢸࢡࢳ࣮ࣕࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࡣࠊ」ᩘࡢ⩏ົㄽ⌮ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ

✲ࡣ࠶ࡿ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞ཎ⌮ࢆ☜❧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫ࡟ࡼࡾࠊලయⓗᡤ᭷ᶒ⌮ㄽࡢᯟෆ࡛ࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࠊ࣮࣍ࣇ࢙ࣝࢻࡢయ⣔ࡀࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ࡞つ⠊ⓗ⤖ㄽ㸦ᾏὒᶒࡸ㞴Ẹࡢᶒ฼࡞࡝㸧ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸

࡟㑅ࡤࢀࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࡑࡢ័⩦࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ

ࡿࠋᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⮬↛ἲୖࡢᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣㄝ᫂࠾ࡼࡧ ᡤ᭷࡜ࡣ≀ a thing ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡣࠊ௒᪥࡛ࡣྂࡃࡉ࠸ㄗࡗࡓぢ᪉ṇᙜ໬࡜࠸࠺୧᪉ࡢ┠ⓗࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋ

࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⪃࠼ࡣ᭷┈࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀ ᫬ࡀ⤒ࡘ࡟ࡘࢀࠊ୍㝵 first order ࡢ㐨ᚨ⌮ㄽࡢᩥ⬦࡛ࡣࠊ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡿࠋᡤ᭷࡜ࡣࠊ୍ᑐ୍ࡢ⚾ே㛫ࡢᶒ฼㛵ಀ㸦ࡘࡲࡾ single-place ࡢ㛵ಀ㸧ࠊࡢ㉳※ࢆ஦ᐇཎ⌮࠿ࡽㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ㔜せᛶࡀⷧࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ⚾࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ୍ᑐከࡢ⚾ே㛫ࡢᶒ฼㛵ಀ㸦ࡘࡲࡾ many-place ࡢ㛵ಀ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㈈⏘ྲྀᚓࡢṇᙜᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄝ᫂

⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡤ᭷ࡣேࠎࡀᚲせ࡞࠸ࡋᕼᮃࡍࡿࠊࡑࡋ࡚᫬࡟ࡣಶே

ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡬ࡢ㛵ᚰࡣࠊ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ᙉࡃṧࡗࡓࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㉳※ࢆㄝ࡛᫂࠶ࢀ㞟ᅋ࡛࠶ࢀࡑࡢ⏕Ꮡࡀ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᑐ㇟ࡢᨭ㓄ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ㄢ㢟ࡣࠊᚰ⌮Ꮫࠊ♫఍Ꮫࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⤒㦂⛉Ꮫࡢศ㔝࡟⛣ࢆࡵࡄࡿத࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢜ࣀࣞ Honore ࡀᡃࠎ࡟Ẽ࡙࠿ࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ

⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿ ࠋࠕᡤ᭷⪅࡜ᡤ᭷≀࡜ࢆ┤᥋ࡘ࡞ࡄ࢖ࢹ࢕࣒࢜ࡣࠊỴࡋ࡚↓ព࿡࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᇶᮏⓗ༊ูࡢ⡆༢࡞ࢫࢣࢵ

࡞࠸ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ௚⪅ࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡣࠊᐇ㝿ࠊ㸦ἲࢳࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊᮏ᭩ࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢศᯒࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ⓨᒎࡉࡏࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ௒

ⓗ࡟ࡣ㸧ᶒ฼ࡢಖ᭷⪅࡜ᙜヱ≀࡜ࡢ㛫࡟㠀ᖖ࡟≉ู࡞㛵ಀࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

࠿ࡽㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋᮏ᭩ࡢศᯒࣃ࣮ࢺࡣࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ๓ᥦࡢୖ࡟

ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁 ᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ ࡘࡢ㔜せ࡞๓ᥦࡀ≉ᐃࡉࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ➨  ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࡇࢀ௨ୖࡢ῝ධࡾࡣ㑊ࡅࠊḟ࡟㐍ࡶ࠺ࠋᡃࠎࡢ➨  ࡢ๓ᥦࡣࠊ

࡟ࠊศᯒⓗᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣࠊᶒ฼ࡢᙧᘧ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ࢆᴫᛕศᯒࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚

㈈⏘ᶒࡣ⚾ே㛫ࡢ㛵ಀƴƘǘƑƯࠊே࡜ᑐ㇟࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆࡶక࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ

ᤊ࠼ࡿࠋㄝ᫂ࡢᑐ㇟ࡣ㈈⏘ᶒ㸦right of property; right of ownership ࡜⨨᥮ྍ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢሙྜࠊၥ㢟ࡢᑐ㇟ࡣ abstract objects ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊ




1964), Book II, chapter 2, I.

㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲࡜ࡑࡢᒎ㛤ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

Ibid.



Id. at Book II, chapter 2, II, 3.

1977) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᑓ᭷࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⯆࿡῝࠸ᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗㄝ᫂࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊR.A. Wicklund, ‘The᭱㏆ࡢ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊS.R. Munzer, A Theory of Property (Cambridge, 1990) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

Appropriation of Ideas’ in P.B. Paulus (ed.), Psychology of Group Influence (2nd ed.,ᚋ⪅ࡢぢ᪉ࡀㄽ⌮ⓗ࡟ㄗࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⌮⏤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊL. Lindahl, Position and Change

Hillsdale, NJ; Hove, London, 1989) ࢆཧ↷ࠋࢤ࣮࣒⌮ㄽࢆ⏝࠸࡞ࡀࡽ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㉳※࡟

(Dordrecht, Boston, 1977), 37 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ୍㒊ྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⤒῭Ꮫⓗㄝ᫂࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊD. Friedman, ‘A

Positive Account of Property Rights’, 11 Social Philosophy and Policy, 1 (1994) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ1961), 106, 134.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㐨ᚨⓗせㄳ࡜㐨ᚨⓗᴫᛕࡢ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞㆟ㄽ࡜ゝㄒ࡟ࢧ࣮࣋࢖࠾ࡼࡧ㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊL. Lindahl, Position and Change (Dordrecht, Boston,A.M. Honoré, ‘Ownership’ in A.G. Guest (ed.), Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence (Oxford,▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ࠶࠸࡟ࡃ࡞ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊabstract objects ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶᡃࠎ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 

abstract objects ࡢᡤ᭷࠾ࡼࡧ฼⏝ࢆつᚊࡍࡿࠊ࣮ࣝࣝ࡟ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࡓ≉ᶒࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ abstract objects ࡣ຾ᡭࡢࡼ࠸

rule-governed privileges ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࡢᐃ⩏ࡣࡼࡾἲⓗࣇ࢕ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢᙧࢆ࡜ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡣࠊ➨  ❶࠾ࡼࡧ➨ ୍ᒙᴫᛕⓗ࡞⤖ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᚋ⥆ࡢ❶࡛ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟㛵❶࡛ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢἲⓗࣇ࢕ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢᚰ⌮ⓗస⏝ࡣࠊ㐙⾜ⓗⓎヰㄽࡍࡿ≉ᐃࡢ⌮ㄽⓗどⅬ࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

theory of performative utterances ࡢほⅬ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓㄝ᫂ࢆ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ᭱ࡶ ᮏ᭩ࡢ㆟ㄽࡀᑟࡁࡔࡍつ⠊ⓗ⤖ㄽࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜ࡣ⮬⏤ࢆ౵ᐖࡍࡿ≉᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡣᡃࠎࡀࡇࡇ࡛㏣✲ࡍ࡭ࡁၥ㢟ู࡛࡞≉ᶒ liberty-intruding privileges of a special kind ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛

ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣὴ㛸୺⩏ࢆಁࡋࠊ༴㝤࡞⚾ⓗᶒຊࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࢆቑ㐍ࡉࡏ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿከࡃࡢࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢᐃ⩏࡟㛵ࡍࡿグ㏙࠿

ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㆟ㄽࡀᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿࠋศ㓄ⓗṇ⩏ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤࡽጞࡲࡿࠋᐃ⩏࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊእᘏⓗ࡟ࡶෆໟⓗ࡟ࡶ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛⠊ᅖࡣไ㝈ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᶒ฼࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿ᪉ἲࡣࠊ⮬↛࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢእᘏⓗᐃ⩏ extensional definitions ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ࠸ࡃ୺⩏ⓗ⤒㦂୺⩏ࡢࣞࣥࢬࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ୺ᙇ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡣ➨ࡘ࠿ࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞୰ᚰศ㔝ࢆᥖࡆࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊⴭసᶒࠊ≉チࠊၟᶆࠊ㹼❶࡛ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿࠋᮏ᭩࡛ࡣࠊ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐࢆ᥈ồࡍࡿព໶ࠊ୙ṇ➇த㜵Ṇἲࠊࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺࡢಖㆤ࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦ᮏࡼ࠺࡞ヨࡳࡣ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ࠋ࢚ࣉࢫࢱ࢖ࣥ Epstein ࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࠕ⚾ⓗ❶ࡢ᭱⤊⠇࡟ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢศ㔝࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⡆༢࡞ㄝ᫂ࡢࣀ࣮ࢺࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㸧᫬ᡤ᭷ࡢᮃࡲࡋࡉࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛Ꮫၥศ㔝ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ᘏࠎ࡜㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࠖ

ࡢ⤒㐣࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᑐ㇟ศ㔝ࡀࡇࡢࣜࢫࢺ࡟⌧ࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ㞟✚ᅇ㊰㓄⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ⌮㊰ᩚ↛࡜ࡋࡓဴᏛⓗᥦゝ࡛࠶ࡩࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽ

⨨ࡢಖㆤࡸ᳜≀᪂ရ✀ࡢಖㆤ࡞࡝ࡣࡑࡢ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢෆࡣከࡍࡂࡿࡄࡽ࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸࡜࣋ࢵ࣮࢝ Becker ࡣ᭱㏆ࡢㄽᩥ࡟࠾࠸

ໟⓗᐃ⩏ intentional definitions ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚య⣔ⓗ࡟㏙࡭ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡼࡾ㞴ࡋ࡚♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚࣋ࢵ࣮࢝ࡀࡑࢀ࡜࡞ࡃ௎ࡵ࠿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࠸  ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜ࡣࠊከ᪉㠃ࡢศ㔝ࡢேⓗάື࡟࠾ࡅࡿ

ᡃࠎࡣ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ࡢ㐨ᚨⓗṇᙜ໬ㄽࡢᩘࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜ࡼࡾࡶࠊࡉ



ࡲࡊࡲ࡞♫఍⏕άศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⤒㦂ⓗ࡟Ỵᐃࡋ࠺ࡿ໭Ḣࣜ࢔ࣜࢬ࣒ἲᏛࡢఏ⤫࡟ᒓࡍࡿᏛ⪅ࡣࠊ㐙⾜ⓗⓎヰㄽࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ἲᚊ⏝ㄒࡢ

ᮏ㉁ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࠋK. Olivecrona, ‘Legal Language and Reality’ in R.A. Newman (ed.),❧᮲⣙㸧ࡢ➨  ᮲ Ͽ ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋྠ᮲㡯ࡣࠊࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࠖ࡜ࡣ௨ୗ࡟㛵㐃

Essays in Jurisprudence in Honor of Roscoe Pound (Indianapolis, New York, 1962), 151; K.

ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆྵࡴࡶࡢࢆ࠸࠺ࠊ࡜つᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

Olivecrona, Law as Fact (2nd ed., London, 1971) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࠕᩥⱁࠊ⨾⾡ཬࡧᏛ⾡ࡢⴭస≀ᚑ᮶ࠊᕤᴗᡤ᭷ᶒࡸ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜࿧ࡪࡇ࡜ࡀ័౛࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࠕᕤᴗࠖ industrial  ᐇ₇ᐙࡢᐇ₇ࠊࣞࢥ࣮ࢻཬࡧᨺ㏦࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡣࠊ≉チࡸព໶ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊᢏ⾡࣮࣋ࢫࡢᑐ㇟ศ㔝ࢆ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏝  ேⱁࡢάືࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿⓎ᫂࠸ࡽࢀࡓࠋࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࠖ intellectual property ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡣࠊⴭసᶒࡸࡑࡢᩥ໬ⓗಖ  ⛉ᏛⓗⓎᒎㆤᑐ㇟࡟ゝཬࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓࠋ௒࡛ࡣከࡃࡢேࠎࡣࠊᕤᴗᡤ᭷ᶒ࠾ࡼࡧ▱ⓗ  ព໶

㈈⏘ࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿศ㔝ࢆ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࢆ୍⯡ⓗ࡟⏝࠸  ၟᶆࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢡཬࡧၟྕࡑࡢ௚ࡢၟᴗୖࡢ⾲♧࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ᭩࡛ࡶࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⌧௦ࡢ័౛࡟ᚑ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡍࡿࠋ  ୙ṇ➇த࡟ᑐࡍࡿಖㆤ ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᶒ฼୪ࡧ࡟⏘ᴗࠊᏛ⾡ࠊᩥⱁཪࡣ⨾⾡ࡢศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿ▱ⓗάື࠿ࡽ⏕ࡎ୧⪅ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᅜ㝿᮲⣙ࡢᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᖺ᭶  ᪥࡟ಟṇࡉࢀࡓ᳜≀ࡢ᪂ရ✀ࡢಖㆤ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿᮲⣙ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ㞟✚ᅇ㊰࡟ಀࡿ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᮲⣙㸦࣡ࢩࣥࢺࣥࠊ㸧ࢆཧ↷ࠋໟᣓⓗ࡞ᙧ࡛⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡓࠊ࠿࡞ࡾᗈ⠊࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᐃ⩏ࡢ୍౛ࡣࠊᖺ  ᭶᪥࡟ࢫࢺࢵࢡ࣒࡛࣍ࣝ⨫ྡࡉࢀࡓୡ⏺▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒᶵ㛵ࢆタ❧ࡍࡿ᮲⣙㸦㼃㻵㻼㻻 タࡿ௚ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᶒ฼ࠋࠖ


R.A. Epstein, ‘On the Optimal Mix of Private and Common Property’, 11 Social Philos-

ophy and Policy, 17(1994).


L.C. Becker, ‘Too Much Property’, 21 Philosophy and Public Affairs 196 (1992). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ᖐ⤖࡟ࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢ㛵ᚰࢆᡶ࠺࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿᙉຊ

㞧࡞ᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵࡿࠋබඹ㑅ᢥㄽࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࡑࡢ᧦

࡞⌮⏤ࡣ☜࠿࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊᡃࠎࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⌮⏤࡙ࡅࢆ᮲௳ࡘࡁࡢᖐ⤖୺ㆤ⪅࠿ࡽࡳࢀࡤࠊᨻ἞⌮ㄽ࡟㊊ࢆ㋃ࡳධࢀ࡚ᐇࡾ࠶ࡿᡂᯝࢆᣲࡆ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ

⩏ⓗ࡞ᛮ⪃᪉ἲ࡛⾜࠺࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ୍✀࡛࠶ࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢩ࢝ࢦᏛὴࡣࠊἲࡢᛶ㉁࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㔜せ࠿ࡘ่⃭ⓗᶒࡀࠊᾘᴟⓗ⮬⏤ࢆ⬣࠿ࡍࡼ࠺࡞⤌⧊໬ࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡸ័⩦ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࡞୺ᙇࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍㐃ࡢ㔜せ࡞ᐇド◊✲ࡶᏑᅾࡋࠊᅗࡽࡎ

࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᶒ฼ࡢಖㆤ⠊ᅖࢆཝ᱁࡟ไ㝈ࡋࡓࡾࠊࡑࡢ

ࡶࡑࡢ኱㒊ศࡣ≉チไᗘ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

୰ࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᶒ฼ࢆ᏶඲࡟ᗫṆࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࡀᏑᅾ ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ⤒῭Ꮫእࡢㄽ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ฼⏝ࡋ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋᮏ᭩ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⬣ጾࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ

ࡿ◊✲ࡢᩘࡀከࡍࡂࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋᮏ᭩ࡣ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᭩≀࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ▱ⓗ࡜⪃࠼ࡿㄽᣐࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⤖ᒁࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࡇࢀ

㈈⏘ࡢဴᏛ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᭩≀࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ㑅ᢥࢆ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡣ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ࡢ࢔࣭ࣉࣜ࢜ࣜ࡞ṇᙜ໬࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ุ࡚᩿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿၥ㢟 ከࡃࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘❧ἲࡀ᭷ࡍࡿ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞⤒῭Ꮫⓗᛶ㉁ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ᳨ウ࡟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᡃࠎࡀᛕ㢌࡟࠾ࡃ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊ♫఍⏕άࡸẸ୺୺⩏ᩥ໬࡟࠾್ࡍࡿ  ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡣࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽࡀྛ✀ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢไᐃࢆ

࠸࡚ᡤ᭷ࡀᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࠊဴᏛⓗ࡟᧦ㆤྍ⬟࡞どⅬ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟ࠿

ṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡇ

ࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᡃࠎࡢᥦゝࡣࠊࣄ࣮࣐ࣗࢽࢬ࣒ࡢཎ๎࡟㈶ྠࡍࡿ㐨ࢀࡽࡢᶒ฼ࡣἲᚊࡢヲ⣽ࡸᛶ㉁࡟࠾࠸࡚┦஫࡟኱ࡁ࡞┦㐪ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ≉チ࡟ල୺⩏ instrumentalism ࡢᙧ࡛ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿࠋ

ࡼࡿ⊂༨ࡣྠ୍Ⓨ᫂ࢆ⊂⮬࡟Ⓨぢࡋࡓ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ⾜౑ྍ⬟࡞⚗Ṇᶒࢆ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽ

nomics of Information (Harmondsworth, UK, 1971); D.M. Lamberton (ed), The Economics

of Communication and Information (Cheltenham, UK, 1996) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣᕷሙ࡜⥭ᐦ࡟㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊ᝟ሗᕷሙࢆᙧ

ᡂࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢဴ

stitutional Economics (New York, 1934) ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

Ꮫⓗ㆟ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚↓どࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡯࡝㠀ᖖ࡟㔜せ࡞㈨ᩱ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ྠ⌮ㄽࡣࡲࡓࠊ ࡘࡢ◊✲࡛࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡯࡝㠀ᖖ࡟኱つᶍ࡞㈨ᩱ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ⤒῭Ꮫࡣ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ᐩࢇࡔᏛၥ㡿ᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⠊ᅖࢆ⊃࠸࡞࡝࡜ホࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡜࡚ࡶ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊࢲࢢࣛࢫ࣭ࣀ࣮ࢫ
Douglass North ࡢ◊✲࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞⤒῭ྐ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᝟ࡅᐜ㉧࡞࠸ᢈุ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᝟ሗ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊ᪂ྂ඾ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒࡟࡜ࡗ࡚༴㝤࡞⿵᏶ᶵ⬟ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࡳ
࠼ࡿࠋไᗘὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊpower ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣ༢࡞ࡿᕷሙᨭ㓄ຊࡼࡾࡶ」ࡇࡢ✀ࡢ◊✲࡟࢖ࣥࢫࣆ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ୚࠼ࡓྂ඾ⓗᩥ⊩ࡣࠊJ.R. Commons, InI. McLean, Public Choice: An Introduction (Oxford,1991); D.A. Farber and P.P. Frickey,

Law and Public Choice: A Critical Introduction (Chicago, 1991) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

R.A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law (4th ed., Boston, 1992) ࡀࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟ

ࢳࡢ㇟ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ  ࡘࡢྂ඾ⓗ࡞◊✲ࡣࠊF. Machlup, An Economic Review of the Patent System (Study

No. 15 of the Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Committee on
the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 85th Congress, Washington, D.C., 1958) ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡯࠿࡟ࡶ㔜せ࡞◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊE.T. Penrose, The Economics of the International Patent
System (Baltimore, 1951); J. Schmookler, Patents, Invention, and Economic Change (Z.
Griliches and L. Hurwicz eds., Cambridge, Mass., 1972); C.T. Taylor and Z.A. Silbertson,

The Economic Impact of the Patent System (Cambridge, 1973) ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ

ࣀ࣮ࢫࡢⴭస࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊD.C. North and R.P. Thomas, The Rise of the Western World: A❧ሙ࠿ࡽࡳࡓ≉チࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊT. Mandeville, D. Lamberton and J. Bishop,

New Economic History (Cambridge, 1973); D.C. North, Structure and Change in Economic‘The Use of Patent Information: Economics of Disclosure’ in The Economic Implications ofHistory (New York,1981); D.C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic

Patents in Australia (Canberra, 1981), 271 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ≉チไᗘࡀⓎᒎ㏵ୖᅜ࡟ࡶࡓࡽࡍᙳ

Performance (Cambridge, New York, 1990) ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

㡪࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊA.S. Oddi, ‘The International Patent System and Third World

Development: Reality or Myth?’, Duke Law Journal, 831 (1987) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ᝟ሗ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㔜せ࡞㈉⊩࡟㛵ࡍࡿᩥ⊩࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊD.M. Lamberton (ed.), The Eco- ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ≉チᶒ⪅࡟௜୚ࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊⴭసᶒࡣ」〇⾜Ⅽࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆ௜୚ࡋ

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ಖㆤ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࣇ

࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊྠ୍ⴭస≀ࢆ⊂⮬࡟๰సࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡇࢀࢆ⚗Ṇࡋ࡚࠸࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ࣔࢹࣝࡣ⯆࿡῝࠸ศᯒⓗ┿ᐇࢆఏ㐩ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡅࢀ࡝

࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㔜せ࡞┦㐪࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣᇶᮏⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࢆ

ࡶࠊࡇࡢୡ⏺࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ┿┦ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ⤫ィⓗᐃ㔞໬࠾ࡼࡧ㸭ඹ᭷ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ abstract objects ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡲࡓࡣᐇドⓗ◊✲ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࡢࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ࣔࢹࣝᵓ

࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㢮ఝᛶ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࠾ࡼࡧဴᏛ⪅ࡣྠ୍⠏࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃつ⠊ⓗ࡞࢔࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺࡀ⏕ࡁ㛗ࡽ࠼ࡿ㐠࿨࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࢀ࡜

ࡢ㉁ၥࢆ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊabstract objects ࡟㈈⏘ᶒࢆ๰ࡶᜥ⤯࠼ࡿ㐠࿨࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆỴࡍࡿࠊጇ༠ࢆチࡉ࡞࠸ཝ᱁࡞ᐇドⓗഃ㠃ࡀタࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࡣఱ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖ᭷ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ࢔࣭ࣉࣜ࢜ࣜ࡞⤒῭Ꮫⓗ㆟ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡍ ࡇࡢၥ࠸࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡣࠊே㛫ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞┤ほࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡛஦ࡀ⤊ࢃࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡣᙧ⪋ୖᏛ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ࡀࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࠿ࡽศᯒࢆጞࡵࡿࠋேࡣ࢖ࣥ

ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⤒῭Ꮫⓗุ᩿ࡣࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣ㈝⏝౽┈ィ⟬ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࡸሗ㓘࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣈ࡟཯ᛂࡍࡿࠋࡶࡋ abstract objects ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡞౛࡛⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋព໶ἲࡢಖㆤࡀ

๰㐀࡟࠾࠸࡚ಶேⓗ฼┈ࢆᮇᚅࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ abstract objects⮬ື㌴ࡢࢫ࣌࢔࣭ࣃ࣮ࢶ࡟ࡣཬࡤ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࢣ࣮ࢫࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ

ࡣఱࡽ࠿ࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ୍᫬ⓗ࡟ᅖ࠸㎸ࡲࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ

ࡇࢀࡣከࡃࡢἲᇦ࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿ≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬ື㌴࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡢᅋయ࡟㞠ࢃࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ abstract objects ࡢ๰㐀࡟ྥࡅࡓಶࢀࡓ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡀࠊព໶ἲࡢಖㆤࡀࢫ࣌࢔࣭ࣃ࣮ࢶ࡟ࡲ࡛ᣑ኱ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࢀ

ேࡢࣜࢯ࣮ࢫᢞධࢆ༑ศ࠿ࡘ☜ᐇ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ࡍࡿ᭱Ⰻࡢ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋ

ࡤࠊࢹࢨ࢖࣭ࣥ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࢿࢵࢺࡢ฼┈ࢆᮇᚅࡋ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜

ࢀ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊാࡁ࠿ࡅࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡟࠾࠸

ࢆ♧ࡍࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓ࡜ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ྠࡌ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡀࡑࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟㛵࡚ᡃࠎࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ๰ฟࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ⤒῭Ꮫⓗ㆟ㄽࢆᴫࡍࡿ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ๓ᥦ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ドࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ᙼࡣ࠶ࡿ୺せ࡞๓ᥦࡀㄗ

␎࡞ࡀࡽᡭ࡟ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࢆ➨  ❶࡟࠾࠸᳨࡚ドࡍࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆⓎぢࡍࡿࠋලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡟⥅⥆ⓗ࡟ᢞࡿࠋ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺ືᶵ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊ୍ᐃࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥಖㆤࡢỈ‽࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾ ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡣࠊ௚ࡢ♫఍⌮ㄽᏛ⪅ࡸᨻ἞⌮ㄽᏛ⪅࡜ྠᵝࠊpower ࡟㛵ᚰࡀࡶࠊࡴࡋࢁᕷሙࡢᅽຊ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆⓎぢࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ⌧࠶ࡿࠋ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤᕷሙᨭ㓄ຊࠊࡘࡲࡾࡈࡃ⡆༢࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊ㝈⏺㈝ᐇࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥᢞ㈨Ỉ‽ࡀ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ⮬ື㌴࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡢ㈝⏝ࢆୖᅇࡿ౯᱁ࢆࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ power ࡟᭱ࡶ㛵ᚰࢆᐤࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋไ

⏝ࡢ࠺ࡕࡢࡈࡃ୍㒊ࠊලయⓗ࡟ࡣ  ࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺ௨ୗࡢࡶࡢ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋࡇᗘὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊpower ࡣ༢࡟౯᱁ᶵᵓࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ

ࡢࡇ࡜ࡀព࿡ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࣥάືࡢᦆኻ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖

࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᕷሙࢆᙧᡂࡋ๰ฟࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾᗈࡃᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ

ࢲ࣮ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ㈝⏝ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ᑠࡉ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠺࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿࠋ➨  ❶࡟࠾࠸࡚ᡃࠎࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡜ power ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࡍࡿศࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࣥಖㆤࢆᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿࡣࡎࡢຠ⋡ᛶࡢྥୖ

ᯒࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࠊྂ඾ⓗไᗘᏛὴࡢㄽ⪅ࡢ୍ே࡛࠶ࡿ࣋ࣈࣞࣥࡢᴗ⦼

ࡣᐇ㝿࡟ࡣᮇᚅ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡿࠋ⮬ື㌴࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡣ

ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࠋ ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡣࡲࡓࠊㄽ⌮㛵ಀࠊᙧᘧⓗ≉ᛶࠊࡑࡋ࡚₇⧢ⓗ┿ᐇ࡟㛵ᚰࢆᐤ
౛࠼ࡤࠊW.M. Landes and R.A. Posner, ‘An Economic Analysis of Copyright Law’, 18ࡏࡿࠋᡃࠎࡀඛ࡯࡝ᴫ␎ࢆ㏙࡭ࡓ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⤒῭Ꮫⓗṇᙜ໬ࡢ㆟ㄽ

Journal of Legal Studies, 325 (1989); W.M. Landes and R.A. Posner, ‘Trademark Law: Anࡣࠊ᥎ㄽⓗ࡞࠸ࡋศᯒⓗ㆟ㄽࡢ୍౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘Economic Perspective’, 30 Journal of Law and Economics, 265 (1987) ࢆཧ↷ࠋᶒࡀ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ཌ⏕඲యࡢ฼┈ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢㄝ᫂ࢆ⾜࠺ࠊࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊAustralian Law Reform Commission, Designs (DP 58, Australia,

1994), chapter 14 ࢆཧ↷ࠋIndustry Commission, Report on Vehicle and Recreational Marine Craft Repair and ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ᙜ࡚ࡀࡣࡎࢀࠊⴠ⫹ࡋࠊἲᚊᐙ࡟ࠕ㐺ษ࡞௙஦ࠖࢆࡉࡏ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸➨  ❶ࡢ๓༙ࡣࠊᡤ᭷࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣟࢵࢡࡢⴭస࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡗࡓ ࡞࡝࡜ࡪࡘࡪࡘ࡜୙ᖹࢆ࠸࠺࡯࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ

ࡘࡢゎ㔘ࡢㄝ᫂࡟࠶࡚ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢゎ㔘ࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࣟࢵࢡປാᡤ᭷ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㈝⏝౽┈࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ౛ࡣ࡯࠿࡟ࡶ

⌮ㄽࡀࡑࡢࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࡽࡋࡉࡢᇶ┙ࢆປാࡼࡾࡶඹྠయࡢᴫᛕ a concept ofᩘከࡃࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ᭱㐺࡞ಖㆤᮇ㛫ࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽࡣࡑࡢ  ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ࠾ࡑ

community ࡟࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ࡽࡃࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚⤒῭Ꮫࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ᭱ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞㈉⊩ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ປാ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᙉຊ࡞ṇᙜ໬⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ

࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ྲྀỴࡵࡢᖐ⤖ࢆ⤒㦂ⓗ࡟㊧࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ᭩ࡢ

࡟୙☜ᐃ࡞ᇶ┙࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀᡃࠎࡢ୺ᙇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚

᭱⤊❶࡛ᡃࠎࡀᥦ♧ࡍࡿ㐨ල୺⩏࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㈉ࣟࢵࢡࡀ᭷ࡍࡿᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞㛵㐃ᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࣟࢵࢡࡸ௚ࡢ⮬↛ἲᛮ᝿ᐙࡀ

⊩࡟኱࠸࡟㢗ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋ㈝⏝౽┈࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆࡶࡓ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ▱ぢ࠸ࡔࡋࡓࠊ✚ᴟⓗ࠾ࡼࡧᾘᴟⓗඹ᭷ᴫᛕ࡜ᡤ᭷࡜ࡢ㐃㛵ࠊࡘࡲࡾඹ᭷≀ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ୙㏱᫂࡞ไᗘ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊᅜᐙࠊ㆟఍ࠊࡑࡋࡀ୓ே࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᡤ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿඹྠయ࡜ඹ᭷≀ࡀ୓ேࡢᡤ᭷࡟㛤࠿ࢀ࡚࡚⿢ุᐁࡀ abstract objects ࡢቃ⏺ࢆኚ᭦ࡋࠊ▱ⓗࢥࣔࣥࢬ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞

࠸ࡿඹྠయ࡜ࡢ㐃㛵࡟࠶ࡿࠋ➨  ❶ࡢᚋ༙ࡣࠊඹྠయࠊ▱ⓗࢥࣔࣥࢬࠊࡑ

ᅖ࠸㎸ࡳࡢቃ⏺⥺ࢆタᐃࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࠊㄡࡀ┿ࡢ຾⪅࡛࠶ࡾᩋ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿

ࡋ࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ┦஫㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᥈ồࡍࡿࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࣟࢵࢡ࡜␗࡞ࡾࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣ༢࡟ᡤ᭷ࡢ㉳※ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ

♫఍ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᩥ⬦࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡑࡢⓎᒎ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡶ㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ࡟࡜

ᮏ᭩ྛ❶ࡢᴫほࡗ࡚ᡤ᭷ࡣࠊࡲࡎ➨  ࡟ಶேࡢ⏕Ꮡ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᇶ┙࡜࡞ࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡋ࠿ࡋᡤ᭷ࡣࡲࡓࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᙧ࡛ඹྠయࢆỴ⿣ࡉࡏࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶ ᡃࠎࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ abstract objects ࡢṔྐ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡈࡃ⡆༢࡟ࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡣ≉࡟ࡇࡢ✀ࡢ༴㝤ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋ

ㄽࡌࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽጞࡵࡿࠋࡑࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊⱥᅜἲࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ abstract ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ௨ୖ࡟ࠊᡤ᭷ᙧែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄝ᫂ⓗ࡞どⅬࢆᥦ౪

object ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣἲᚊᐙࡢ⏝ㄒ࡛࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡢ incorporealࡍࡿࠋ➨  ❶ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⌮ゎࢆ῝ࡵࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ㝵rights ࢆసࡾࡔࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᴫᛕࢆ๰

⣭⌮ㄽࡣ᭷┈࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊಶே㈨ᮏᐙࡢ㌟࡟㏕ࡿ➇தᅽຊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ࣐ࣝ

ฟࡋࡓ㉳※ࡣ࣮࣐ࣟἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨  ❶ࡣࡲࡓࠊࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡢุỴ࡟࠾࠸ࢡࢫࡢศᯒࡣ᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆㄽࡌࡿࠋ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣ⏕࡚ぢ࠸ࡔࡉࢀࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᢅ࠺ࠋࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡣⴭ

⏘ࡢ≀㉁ᛶ࡟ᅛᇳࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢၟရ⵳✚ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ

సᶒ࠾ࡼࡧ≉チᶒࡢṇᙜ໬ࡢၥ㢟࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡲ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ࡜࠸

abstract object ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆ┳㐣ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡀᏑ⥆࠺ࡢࡶࠊⴭసᶒࡸ≉チᶒࡣࠊ≉࡟ไᐃἲ௨๓ࡢᙧែ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࢥ࣭ࣔࣥࣟ

ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ๰㐀ⓗປാ creative labor ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ

࣮ࡢᇶᮏཎ๎ࠊࡘࡲࡾႠᴗࢆ⾜࠺ᅜẸࡢᶒ฼ࠊࡼࡾṇ☜࡟ࡣྲྀᘬᕷሙ࡟ཧ

ㄆ㆑ࡣࠊಶࠎࡢ➇த୺య࡜ࡋ࡚㈨ᮏᐙࢆᤊ࠼ࡿᙼࡢ⌮ゎ࡜┦ࡲࡗ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗධࡍࡿᶒ฼࡟཯ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿᴫᛕ⿦

㈈⏘ᶒࡢ௵ົࢆ᫂☜࡟≉ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ

⨨ࡣ⮬↛ἲࡢఏ⤫࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓఏ⤫ࡢᯟෆ࡟࠾

ᡃࠎࡢ୺ᙇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠸࡚ࠊᑐ↷ⓗ࡞ṇᙜ໬ࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀ⏕ࡳࡔࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ➨  ❶ࡣࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿ῝้࡞ᢈุࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓఏ⤫ࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡢ୍ேࡀࠊࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࣟࢵࢡ John Locke ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡣಶேࡢ฼ᕫⓗ࡞⾜ືࢆ̿ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣ̿༑ศ┿๢

࡟⪃៖ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⌧Insurance Industries (Australia,1994), 123 ࢆཧ↷ࠋᐇࡢ㈝⏝ࡣࠊ᭱ึ࡟᝿ᐃࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡼࡾࡶࡎࡗ࡜኱ࡁ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊL. Kaplow, ‘The Patent-Antitrust Intersection: A Reappraisal’, 97

Harvard Law Review, 1815, 1823-1829 (1984) ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㈝⏝ࡢせᅉࡣࠊᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᶵ఍୺⩏ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀ᥇
⏝ࡍࡿᢚṆᡓ␎࡟࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᡓ␎ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ※Ἠ࡞ࡢ࡛▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ௚ࡢᡤ᭷ᙧែࡼࡾࡶὴ㛸ࡢၥ㢟ࢆᣍࡁࡸࡍ࠸ࠋ

〇ᶒࡸබࡢᐇ₇ᶒ࡞࡝ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢᶒ฼ࡢᣑᙇ㸦౛࠼ ➨  ❶࡟࠾࠸࡚ᬯ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡜ power ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡤࠊᩥᏛసရ࡜ࡋ࡚ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸧ࢆ㏻ࡌࡇࡢ㛵ಀࡢᮏ㉁ࡣࠊ➨  ❶࡟࠾࠸࡚ศᯒࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠋᡃࠎࡢ୺ᙇࡣࠊᡤ᭷

࡚ḟ➨࡟ᣑ኱ࡉࢀࠊࡲࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ᑐ㇟ศ㔝㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊࢧ࢘ࣥࢻ࣭ࣞࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕

࡜ࡣᨭ㓄ᶒ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ sovereignty mechanism ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢࣥࢢࡸᫎ⏬㸧࡟ࡶᣑ኱ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ

ሙྜ࡟ࡣᨭ㓄ᶒຠᯝ sovereignty effects ࢆࡶࡘ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ➨ ≉チἲࡣⓎ᫂ࢆಖㆤࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢಖㆤࡣࠊⓎ᫂ᛶࡸ᪂つᛶࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ ❶࡛ࡣࠊabstract object ࡢᮏ㉁࡟ࡘ࠸࡚➨  ❶ࡼࡾࡶヲࡋ࠸ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡍࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞せ௳ࡢ඘㊊ࢆ᮲௳࡜ࡍࡿࠋព໶ἲࡣᕤᴗ〇ရࡢእほ࡟ࡘ࠸

abstract objects ࡣ୍✀ࡢ㔜せ࡞㈨ᮏ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ↓య≀ࡣࡉࡽ࡟ࠕேⓗ౫Ꮡ࡚ࠖᢅ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦ࢺ࢖ࣞࡢ౽ჾࡢእほࡣព໶Ⓩ㘓ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ

㛵ಀࢆࡶసࡾࡔࡍࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊabstract objects ࡣ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢᙉไⓗ࡞᙮ീࡢᙧ≧ࡣⴭసᶒಖㆤࡢၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ㸧ၟᶆἲࡣ஦ᴗ⪅ࡀ⮬௚ၟရ࣭ᙺ

ㄳồࢆᐇ⌧ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ົࢆ㆑ูࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡿᶆ㆑ sign ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕᶆ㆑ࠖࡣ abstract objects ࡣᇶᮏ㈈ primary good ࡢ  ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࡑࢀࡽࡢ

௒࡛ࡣᗈ⠊࡞ព࿡ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡣ㤶ࡾࡸ㡢ࡶྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ

ศ㓄࡟ࡘ࠸࡚つ⠊ⓗ࡟⪃࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ➨  ❶ࡣࠊ࣮ࣟࣝࢬࡢṇ⩏ ୙ṇ➇த㜵Ṇἲࡣ₍↛࡜ࡋࡓ㡿ᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕤᴗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢಖㆤ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣃㄽࡢࡶ࡜࡛▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㐠⏝ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᑜࡡࡿࠋࣜ᮲⣙ ᖺ ࡢᨵṇᚋࡢ᮲ࡢ  ࡣࠊᕤᴗୖࡲࡓࡣၟᴗୖࡢබṇ࡞័᭱⤊❶ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢⓎᒎࢆᨭ㓄ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓಙ᮲ࡢ  ࡘࡀ㈈⏘ᶒ⩦࡟཯ࡍࡿࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ➇த⾜Ⅽࡣ୙ṇ➇த⾜Ⅽࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࠊ࡜つᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ඃ㉺୺⩏ proprietarianism ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄽࡌࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ྠ❶࡛ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢศ㔝ࡢ୰࡛ࡣ୍␒ࠊ୙ṇ➇த࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿἲᚊࡀྛᅜ࡛ᴟࡵ࡚

ඃ㉺୺⩏ࡢ௦᭰᱌࡜ࡋ࡚㐨ල୺⩏ࢆᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࠋ㐨ල୺⩏ࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ⮬ከᵝ࡞᪉ྥ࡬࡜Ⓨᒎࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

⏤ࢆ౵ᐖࡍࡿ≉ู࡞≉ᶒ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍࠋ㈈⏘ᶒඃ㉺୺⩏ࡢᙳ㡪ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ ࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺἲࡣࠊ㠀㛤♧㑅ᢥࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓၟᴗⓗ࡟᭷⏝࡞ᢏࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉ᶒࡣᾘᴟⓗ⮬⏤࡟ᑐࡋ࡚኱ࡁ࡞⬣ጾࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

⾡᝟ሗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿಖㆤࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠ୍ࡢ abstract object ࡣ」ᩘᮏ᭩ࡀᥦၐࡍࡿ㐨ල୺⩏ࡣࠊࣄ࣮࣐ࣗࢽࢬ࣒ࡢཎ๎࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟ࠿ࢀࡿ⮬↛ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲศ㔝ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ಖㆤࢆཷࡅࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࢔ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࡣࠊ

୺⩏ⓗ⤒㦂୺⩏ࡢᙧࢆ࡜ࡿࠋ

≉チἲࠊⴭసᶒἲࠊࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺἲࡢࡶ࡜࡛ಖㆤࢆཷࡅࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⛎ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᶆ㆑ࡣࠊၟᶆ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ⱁ⾡సရ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᑐ㇟ศ㔝࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣀ࣮ࢺ

࠸ࠋ࠶ࡿᑐ㇟࡟ᑐࡍࡿಖㆤࡢ㑅ᢥࡣࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫᡓ␎ࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋྛἲไ

ᗘࡣ␗࡞ࡗࡓ࣓ࣜࢵࢺ࡜ࢹ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣜࣂ࣮ࢫ࣭࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࢔ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞୺せศ㔝࡟㥆ᰁࡳࡢ࡞࠸ㄞ⪅ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡇࡇ࡛࠶

ࣜࣥࢢࡀᐜ᫆࡞〇ရ㸦౛࠼ࡤᶵᲔ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺ

࠼࡚㐣ᗘ࡟༢⣧໬ࡋࡓゎㄝࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢศ㔝ࡣ㏻ᖖࠊไᐃ

ࡢಖㆤࡼࡾࡶ≉チಖㆤࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ࡯࠺ࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭

ἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚つᚊࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢไᐃἲࡢෆᐜࡣྛᅜࡢᅜᐙᨻ⟇ࡢၥ㢟࡛ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺἲࡣࠊ⊂❧ࡢ㛤Ⓨ⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿᶒ฼⾜౑ࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛

࠶ࡿࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤࡢ᭱పỈ‽ minimum standards ࢆつᐃࡍࡿᅜ㝿࠶ࡿࠋ≉チಖㆤ࡟క࠺  ࡘࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊ᭷㝈ࡢಖㆤᮇ㛫࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋࣜࣂ࣮

᮲⣙ࡣቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍⯡࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡣ㛵㐃ࡍࡿᑐ㇟࡟⚾᭷㈈⏘ᶒࢆࢫ࣭࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࢔ࣜࣥࢢࡀᐜ᫆࡟ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸〇ရ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸦ࢥ࣭࢝ࢥ࣮ࣛࡢ๰タࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊ≉チᶒࡢㆡΏࡸࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࣞࢩࣆࡀࡇࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟ධࡿ࡜࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠊࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵ

࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ≉チᶒࡢࡼ࠺࡞୍㒊ࡢᶒ฼ࡣಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡀ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࢺࡢಖㆤ࡟㢗ࡿ࡯࠺ࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ୍ᐃࡢ᮲௳ࢆ඘㊊ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑ

࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ௚ࡢᶒ฼ࠊ౛࠼ࡤၟᶆᶒ࡟ࡣಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡢ㝈ᐃࡀ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࡢಖㆤࡣ↓㝈࡟⥆ࡃ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ⴭసᶒࡣࠊᩥᏛసရࡸⱁ⾡సရࡢࡼ࠺࡞ఏ⤫ⓗᩥ໬ⓗⴭస≀࡟ᑐࡍࡿⴭస

⪅ࡢᶒ฼ࢆྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴭస⪅ࡀྲྀᚓࡍࡿᶒ฼ࡢ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ」 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ➨㸰❶ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬㸸㉳※࡟㐳ࡗ࡚㻌ࡿࠋࢫ࢟ࢼ࣮ࡢ᪉ἲㄽⓗ୺ᙇ࡜ࡣࠊᨻ἞ဴᏛࡢᇶᮏⓗㅖᴫᛕ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌧ᅾࡢព࿡ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽㅖᴫᛕࡢṔྐⓗ᫬⣔ิࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀࡓ࡝ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆ౑

࡞ࡐṔྐ࡞ࡢ࠿㸽⏝ࡍࡿ⪅ࡢ♫఍ⓗࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡜ࡑࢀࡽࡢ౑⏝ࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ๓ᥦࡢ཮᪉ࢆ

᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠊゝㄒᏛⓗศᯒࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢࡳ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ṔྐࡣဴᏛ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋࡑ࠺࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊဴᏛⓗ࡞ศᯒసࢫ࢟ࢼ࣮ࡀᛕ㢌࡟࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠊဴᏛⓗࠊṔྐⓗࠊゝㄒᏛⓗศᯒ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ」ᴗࡣࡼࡾ༢⣧࡞ࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࡽࠊ኱࠸࡟ຓ࠿ࡿࡢࡔࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠋ࡞

ྜⓗ࡞ࢤ࣮࣒ศᯒࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࡐ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢศᯒ࡟ఱࡽ࠿ࡢṔྐࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟㛵ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓศᯒࡣᮏ᭩࡛ࡶ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ᑓ㛛ᐙࡢ௙஦࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ  ࡘࡢ⌮⏤ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ➨  ࡟ࠊศᯒసᴗࢆ⾜࠺࠺࠼࡛㑅ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࢫ࢟ࢼ࣮ࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞᪉ἲㄽⓗ୺ᙇࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢဴᏛࡀ࡞ࡐṔᢥࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸୍㒊ࡢဴᏛⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࡣࠊᚲ↛ⓗ࡟Ṕྐࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡶྐ࡟⫼ࢆྥࡅ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟㛵ࡍࡿูࡢ⌮⏤ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠋ

ࡢࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྐⓗ၏≀ㄽ࡜࠸࠺࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ⌮ㄽࢆ㸦༢⣧࠿ࡘᶵᲔⓗ࡟㸧 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢဴᏛࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶఱࡽ࠿ࡢṔྐࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜

㐺⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ㈨ᮏ୺⩏♫఍ࡢⓎᒎ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕤᴗ໬㸦࠾ࡑࡽࡢㄽドࢆࡋ⤊࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊࡍࡄ࡟ࡑࡢḟࡢసᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᡃࠎࡣ⌧ᅾࡢ┠ⓗ࡟㚷ࡃࡣ⬺ᕤᴗ໬㸧ẁ㝵࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿୖ㒊ᵓ㐀⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺୺ᙇࢆ࡞ࡍ⪅ࡀࡳ࡚ྐᩱࡢ฼⏝⠊ᅖࢆ㝈ᐃࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࠊⴭసᶒࡸ≉チ࠸ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ ࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄝ᫂ࡣࠊṔྐⓗドᣐ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡢࡳጇᙜ࡞

ไᗘࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ࠶ࡿ  ࡘࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ไᗘ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜᐙࡢṔྐ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊ

ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡾ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ

ࡑࢀࡔࡅ࡛⊂❧ࡋࡓ◊✲ᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࠿ࡾ࡟Ṕྐⓗ◊✲ࡢ⠊ᅖ ➨  ࡟ࠊṔྐࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⤒῭ศᯒࡸᖐ⤖୺⩏ⓗศᯒ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶ㔜せࢆ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿไᐃἲࡸ⿢ุᐁࡢ๰㐀ࡋࡓἲ judge-made lawࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊ⚟♴ࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࠊᩥ໬ಖ࡟ไ㝈ࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊఱୡ⣖࡟ࡶཬࡪ⭾኱࡞ྐᩱࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ
ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࠖ

ㆤࠊࢡ࢚ࣜ࢖ࢸ࢕ࣅࢸ࢕࡟ᑐࡍࡿሗዡ➼࡜࠸ࡗࡓ୍ᐃࡢつᐃࡉࢀࡓ┠ᶆࡢ

intellectual property ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣࠊ஫࠸࡟⊂❧ࡋ࡚ࠊ␗࡞ࡿ᫬௦࡟␗࡞ࡿ

ᐇ⌧࡟࡜ࡗ࡚᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮⏤࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ๰タࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ࡛

ሙᡤ࡛ㄌ⏕ࡋࡓἲไᗘ⩌ࢆᣦࡋ♧ࡍࠊୡ⣖࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୍⯡ྡ⛠࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊṔྐୖࡢᐇ㝿ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊ࢔࣭

౛࠼ࡤࠊ࢖ࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻࡣࠊᖺ࡟࢔ࣥἲ඾ Act of Anne ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿⴭస

ࣉࣜ࢜ࣜ࡞⌮ㄽࡼࡾࡶ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢຠᯝࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ዲࡲࡋ࠸㈨ᩱ

ᶒἲࢆୡ⏺࡛ึࡵ࡚ไᐃࡋࡓᅜ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋࡤࡋࡤㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ

࡜࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ➨  ࡟ࠊṔྐⓗ࡞どⅬࡣࠊࢡ࢙ࣥࢸ࢕࣭ࣥࢫ࢟ࢼ࣮

࣋ࢿࢳ࢔ேࡣୡ⏺࡛᭱ึࡢ≉チἲࢆไᐃࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ

Quentin Skinner ࡀᨻ἞ဴᏛ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞⌮⏤࡛ࠊ▱ⓗ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢṔྐࡣไᐃἲ࠿ࡽጞࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛

㈈⏘ᶒࡢဴᏛⓗ఩┦࡟㛵ࡍࡿᡃࠎࡢ⌮ゎࢆ῝ࡵ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡶࡢࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶

ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࢖ࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ࡟࠾ࡅࡿⴭసᶒࡸ≉チᶒࡣࠊࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ᅜ⋤኱ᶒ





Tully (ed.), Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and his Critics (Cambridge, 1988) ࢆཧࡇࢀࡣࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ୺⩏⪅ࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᚲ↛ⓗ࡟ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪉ἲ࡛࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟ

୺࡟⢭⚄ྐ࡟࠾࠸࡚⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࡢ㞺ᅖẼ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊJ.

ࢳࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ࠸ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢឤ໬ࢆཷࡅࡓఏ⤫ࡢ୰࡟↷ࠋࡇࡢ࡯࠿ࠊD. LaCapra and S. Kaplan (eds.), Modern European Intellectual History:

ࡣࠊࡼࡾ」㞧࡟ࠊ࠿ࡘࡼࡾࢽࣗ࢔ࣥࢫࢆ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡗࡓἲࡢศᯒࢆ⾜࠺㆟ㄽࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ

Reappraisals and New Perspectives (Ithaca, N.Y., 1982) ࡶཧ↷ࠋ

౛࠼ࡤࠊK. Renner, The Institutions of Private Law (O. Kahn-Freunded., A. Schwarzchild

tr., London, 1949); E.B. Pashukanis, Law and Marxism: A General Theory (C. Arthur ed., B.

౑⏝ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊᖺ௦࡟ධࡗ࡚࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋA. Bogsch, Brief

Einhorn tr., London, 1978) ࢆཧ↷ࠋⴭసᶒἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡑࡢἲ⌮ㄽࡢ୍㒊ࡢせ⣲ࢆᵓ⠏History of the First 25 Years of the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva,

ࡍࡿ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ୺⩏ⓗ࡞ㄽἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊB. Edelman, Ownership of the Image (E. Kingdom

1992), 8 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

tr., London, Boston, Henley, 1979) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ᕤᴗᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜ⴭసᶒࡢ཮᪉ࢆᣦࡋ♧ࡍ⏝ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀึࡵ࡚

S. Ricketson, The Law of Intellectual Property (Sydney, 1984), 860-861.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 

prerogative ࠊ≉ᶒ privilege ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ⊂༨ monopoly ࡜࠸࠺」㞧࡞ไᗘ࣮࢜ࢯࢻࢵࢡࢫ࡞ṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐࡢホ౯ࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ⌧࡟ࠊᮏ࠿ࡽ⏕ࡲࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠᵝ࡟ࠊࣟࢩ࢔ࢆྵࡵࡓከࡃࡢ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖᅜ᭩᳨࡛ウࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿṔྐࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞♫఍ࡀࡑࡢไᗘⓗ࡞⤌⧊࠾ࡼࡧつ࡛ࡣࠊᕤⱁᢏ⾡ࢆつไࡍࡿᅜ⋤௧ royal decrees ࡸ≉ᶒ࡜࠸࠺」㞧࡞ไᗘ⠊ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽே㢮ࡢࢡ࢚ࣜ࢖ࢸ࢕ࣅࢸ࢕̿⛉Ꮫⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ㠀⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓ ࠋࡢ୧᪉ࢆྵࡴ̿ࢆዡບࡋ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ㐣⛬࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠊ୍㐃ࡢṔྐ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᮏ❶࡛ࡣࠊ ࡘࡢసᴗࡀྐᩱࡢ㑅ูࢆつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨  ࡢసᴗࡣࠊ▱౛ࢆᣲࡆ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ๰タࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢἲⓗศ㢮࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡣࠊⱥᅜ㈈⏘ἲᇶᮏⓗ࡞㆟ㄽࡢᙧࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ≉ᐃࡢᶒ฼ࡢ㐺⏝ᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿάື࡟ᚑ

࡟࠾ࡅࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢศ㢮᪉ἲ࠿ࡽࠊᡃࠎࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡬ࡢఱࡽ࠿ࡢဴᏛ

஦ࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࢆேࠎ࡟୚࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡼࢀⓗὝᐹࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋⱥᅜ㈈⏘ἲࡢෆ㒊࡟ࡳࡤࠊ≉チᶒࡣⓎ᫂ࢆዡບࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⓎ᫂ࡸ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ

ࡽࢀࡿ⊂⮬ࡢศ㢮ᵓ㐀ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡢ࡟᭷┈࡛ࡢಁ㐍ࢆᮃࡴ♫఍࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ၏୍ࡢᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࡝

࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ἲⓗᛶ㉁ࡑࢀ⮬యࡀ୍ᐃࡢ᪤

࠺࠿ࢆṔྐࡣᡃࠎ࡟ᩍ࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ୰⳹ᖇᅜ Imperial China ࡣࠊᏑࡢဴᏛⓗᛮ᝿ࡸస⏝࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅᙜ࡚ࡣ

⛉Ꮫ࡜࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚┠ぬࡲࡋ࠸ᡂᯝࢆᣲࡆࡓ♫఍ࡢ୍౛࡛

ࡲࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡣ㍍どࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᚋ࡛ࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡸࡑࢀ࡜ྠ➼ࡢ័⩦࡟㢗ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘㈈⏘ᶒࢆ incorporeal rights ࡜ࡋ࡚ἲⓗ࡟ศ㢮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ┤ࡕ࡟ abstractᶒࠊ⛉Ꮫࠊ⤒῭Ⓨᒎ࡜࠸࠺୕⪅ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࡣࠊᚲ↛ⓗ࠿ࡘᬑ㐢ⓗ necessary

objects ࡜࠸࠺ဴᏛⓗᴫᛕ࡬࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢဴᏛⓗᴫᛕ࡜㈈⏘and universal ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣࠊഅⓎⓗ࠿ࡘᆅᇦⓗ contingent andᴫᛕ࡜ࡢ⼥ྜࡣࠊ➨  ❶࡛㏙࡭ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⌧௦ࡢ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿᶒ

local ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆṔྐࡣᡃࠎ࡟ᩍ࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

ຊࡢᇶ♏ࡀ abstract objects ࡢᨭ㓄࡟ᶓࡓࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㆟ㄽ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜 ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓṔྐⓗᢈุⓗ◊✲ࡀᐤ୚ࡋ࠺ࡿ௚ࡢ┠ⓗࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ

せ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ

◊✲ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᡃࠎࡢศᯒࡀ㝗ࡾࡀࡕ࡞࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ୰ᚰᚿྥ ἲⓗྐᩱ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ➨  ࡢ⏝㏵ࡣࠊึᮇࡢⱥᅜⴭసᶒἲࡸ≉チἲ࡟ࡳࡽࡢぢ᪉ࢆ⦆࿴ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡇ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿドᣐࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡜ࡣࢀࡿṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙜ↛࡞ࡀࡽࠊဴᏛ⪅ࡣࡇࢀࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞♫఍࡟ࡼࡾࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᙧ࡛タᐃࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓከᵝ࡞ᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿ

ࡽࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡟ᣊ᮰ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྐᩱࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡜ ࢆ ♧ ၀ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࣟ ࣮ ࢘࢕ Lowie ࡢ ே 㢮 Ꮫ ⓗ ◊ ✲ ࡣ ࠊ࡟㛵ࡍࡿึᮇࡢṇᙜ໬࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀᴟࡵ࡚㐨ලⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺

incorporeal property㸦↓య㈈⏘㸧࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ≉チ࠾ࡼࡧⴭసᶒ࡜

୺ᙇࢆ⿬࡙ࡅࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋᮏ᭩ࡢ᭱⤊❶࡛ࡣࠊ㐨ලⓗ࡞ែᗘࡀ▱

ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⌮ㄽⓎᒎࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺つ⠊ⓗ㆟ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྐᩱࡀࡼࡾ㢖⦾࡟฼⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

Science and Civilization in China (Cambridge at the University Press, 1954 v.1) ࢩ࣮ࣜࢬ సᴗࢆ㛤ጞࡍࡿ๓࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒไᗘࡢᢈุⓗホ౯࡟࠾࠸࡚Ṕྐࡀᯝࡓࡋ࠺ࡿᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࠊࡼࡾ୍⯡ⓗ࡞⪃ᐹࢆಠ▔ࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋṔྐ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ୍✀ࡢ≉Ṧ࡞≀ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡼࡾከࡃࡢṔྐⓗᢈุⓗ≀

J. Needham, The Grand Titration (London, 1969)ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢ࡯࠿ࠊJ. Needham,ࡢྛᕳࡶཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ࢆᥦ㉳ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ୰⳹ᖇᅜࡣ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸≧ἣ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㍤࠿ࡋ࠸ᐇ⦼ࢆᡴࡕ❧࡚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛
ࡁࡓࡢ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ྐࡢ◊✲⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋㄒࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿศ㔝࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ≀ㄒࡢ  ࡘࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀఱࡽᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡉ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡣ␲࠸ࡀ࡞࠸ࠋ୰⳹



ᖇᅜ࡟ࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿἲⓗ࡞࠸ࡋ័⩦ⓗ࡞ไᗘࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛



F. Machlup and E. Penrose, ‘The Patent Controversy in the Nineteenth Century’, 10 The

࠶ࡿࠋW.P. Alford, ‘Don’t Stop Thinking About … Yesterday: Why There was No Indige-

Journal of Economic History, 1, 2 (1950) ࢆཧ↷ࠋࣟࢩ࢔࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊJ. Vojacek, A

nous Counterpart to Intellectual Property Law in Imperial China’, 7 Journal of Chinese

Survey of the Principal National Patent Systems (London, 1936) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

Law, 3 (1993) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡀࠊ࢔ࣥࢲ࣐ࣥㅖᓥࡢఫẸ the Andaman Islanders ࠊ࢝࢖ே thegible property ᭷ᙧ㈈⏘ ࡟┦ᙜ㸧࡜ incorporeal property㸦࠾࠾ࡼࡑ intan-

Kai ࠊࢥ࣮ࣜࣖࢡ᪘ the Koryak ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࣉ࣮ࣞࣥࢬ࣭࢖ࣥࢹ࢕࢔ࣥ thegible property ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ ࡟┦ᙜ㸧ࡢ༊ู࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᩍࢃࡾࠊࡑࡋ࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘Plains Indians ࡢ㛫࡛㧗ᗘ࡟Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ

ᶒࡣ incorporeal rights ࡢ୍౛࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᩍࢃࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ┤ࡕ࡟ᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡽࡢ♫఍ࡣࠊすὒࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᶒ฼ࡢㆡΏྍ⬟ᛶࡍศᯒⓗ࡞㞴ၥࡣࠊcorporeal rights ᭷యࡢᶒ฼ ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟኱ࡁ࡞㛵ᚰࢆᡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᶒ฼ࡣ incorporeal rights ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡢࡀ᭱ࡶ㐺ษ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṔྐࡣࡲࡓࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⌮ゎࢆ⤒῭Ꮫࡢࢫࢺ࣮࣮࣭ࣜࢸ

࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᶒ฼ࢆ㗟࡛⪔ࡍࡢࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿ㸧ࠋࡇ࣮ࣛ࡟㐣ᗘ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽᏲࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⤒῭࢔ࢼࣜࡢ㞴ၥ࡟ᑐࡍࡿྖἲࡢゎ⟅ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡣ኱㞧ᢕ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ゝ࠸᪉࡛ࢫࢺࡀ㈈⏘୍⯡࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ゎࡢᡭࡀ࠿ࡾ࡜ࡋ࡚ṧࡍᣦᶆࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞౯

࠶ࡾࠊඛࡢ༊ูࡣᶒ฼ࡢᛶ㉁࡟╔┠ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᶒ฼ࡀゝཬࡋ࡚࠸್࡜㈈⏘ ࡜ࡢ 㐃㛵࡟ࡘ ࠸࡚ ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ ྲྀࡾ ᢅ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡋࠊᶒຊ

ࡿᑐ㇟ࡢᛶ㉁࡟╔┠ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⟅࠼࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᶒ฼ࡣ

power ࠊ⤫἞ domination ࠊᦢྲྀ exploitation ࠊ⤫ไ control ࡜࠸ࡗࡓincorporeal ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ㈈⏘ࡢ୍㒊ࡣࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࢸ࣮࣐ࠊࡘࡲࡾṔྐᐙ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㥆ᰁࡳࡢ࠶ࡿࢸ࣮࣐ࢆ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ྲྀ corporeal things ࡜ incorporeal things ࡢ༊ูࡣࠊྂ௦࣮࣐ࣟ⚾ἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚

ࡾᢅ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ㈈⏘ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡣࠊ࡯࠿ࡢ኱༙ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝ௨ୖ࡟ࠊ୍ᐃ

ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࠗ࢞࢖࢘ࢫἲᏛᥦせ࠘ Institutes of Gaius ࠿ࡽ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡢ♫఍ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞㐨ᚨ࡟᰿ࡊࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊすὒࡢⴭసᶒἲࡣࠊ

ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊྂ௦࣮࣐ࣟἲࡣࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿἲࢆࠊேࡢἲ the law of persons ࠊಶேࡢࢡ࢚ࣜ࢖ࢸ࢕ࣅࢸ࢕ࡸಶேࡢᶒ฼ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆዡບࡍࡿⱁ⾡ほࢆ཯≀ࡢἲ the law of things ࠊッゴࡢἲ the law of actions ࡜࠸࠺  ࡘ࡟ศ㢮ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣᮾὒ࡟ࡣᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟㢮ఝࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀ࡞࠸⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋcorporeal ࡜ incorporeal ࡢ༊ูࡣࠊ≀ࡢἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡇࡢすὒᆺࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ไᗘࡀ㠀すὒㅖᅜ࡟⛣᳜ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࡢࢫࢺ࣮ࣜ

ࡇ࡜ࡣ࢞࢖࢘ࢫ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟グ㏙ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

࣮࣭ࢸ࣮ࣛࡢᣦᶆࡣࠊྠไᗘࡢᑟධࢆ⾜࠺ேࠎ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᢈุⓗ࡟ㄞࡳྲྀࡽ

ࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋእᅜࡢἲไᗘࣔࢹࣝࡢᑟධ࡟㛵ࡍࡿỴᐃࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡤ࢖

ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࢻ࣭ࢥࣥࢭࣥࢺ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋṔྐⓗᢈุⓗ≀ㄒࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢἲⓗఏ⤫ࢆཷᐜࡍࡿேࠎࡀࡑࡢࡇ
࡜ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍᖐ⤖඲య࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⌮ゎࢆ῝ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᐤ୚ࡋ࠺ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡣࠊ࢘࢕ࣥࢹ࢕ุ࣮ࣖ஦ Windeyer J ࡀ Pacific Film Laboratories Pty. Ltd. v.

Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1970) 121 C.L.R. 154, at 168 ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᙜヱၥ㢟࡟ᑐฎࡋࡓ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕྂ඾᫬௦ࠖ classical period ࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡣࠊఱே࠿ࡢⴭ⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࣉࣜࣥ࢟ࣃࢺ

ࢗࢫ̿࢔࢘ࢢࢫࢺࢗࢫ἞ୡ㸦㻞㻣㻌㻮㻚㻯㻚㸧࠿ࡽࢹ࢕࢜ࢡࣞࢸ࢕࢔ࢾࢫ἞ୡ㸦㻞㻤㻠㻌㻭㻚㻰㻚㸧ࡢึࡵࡲ࡛ࡢᮇ㛫̿ࢆᣦࡍ⾲⌧࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋF. Schulz, Classical Roman▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢศ㢮㸸࣮࣐ࣟࡣ≀ㄒࡿLaw (Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1951), 1 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆᏛࡪࡓ࠸࡚࠸ࡢᏛ⏕ࡣࠊcorporeal property㸦࠾࠾ࡼࡑ tan-Book II, 12-14.ࡇࡢ༊ูࡣࠊJustinian’s Institutes (translated with an Introduction by Peter

ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ

The Institutes of Gaius (F. De Zulueta (ed. and tr.), Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1946),

Birks and Grant McLeod, Ithaca, New York,1987), 2.2 ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝ࡟グ㏙ࡉࢀ࡚࠸R.H. Lowie, Primitive Society (New York, 1920), 235-243.

corporeal ࡞≀ࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊincorporeal ࡞≀ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ㸬corporeal things ࡣᐇ㝿࡟ゐ

A. Hauser, The Social History of Art (S. Godman tr., London, 1951), volume 1, 65-66 ࢆࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ̿౛࠼ࡤࠊᅵᆅࠊያ㞔ࠊ⾰᭹ࠊ㔠ࠊ㖟ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧཧ↷ࠋࡑࡢ௚ከᩘࡢ≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸬incorporeal things ࡣゐࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶

ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣἲⓗᶒ฼࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿ̿౛࠼ࡤࠊ┦⥆㈈⏘ࠊ⏝┈ᶒࠊྛ✀ࡢዎ⣙ୖࡢࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ᭱ࡶ᫂ⓑ࡞౛ࡣࠊᖺ  ᭶᪥࡟࣐ࣛࢣࢩࣗ

࡛ᐉゝࡉࢀࡓ࢘ࣝࢢ࢔࢖࣭ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻከゅⓗ㈠᫆஺΅ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ཰㘓ࡍࡿ᭱⤊ᩥ᭩ࡢ௜മᶒമົ࡞࡝࡛࠶ࡿࠋ┦⥆㈈⏘ࡀ corporeal things ࢆྵࡴྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇᒓ᭩ 㻝㻌㻯㻌࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࠊ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㈠᫆㛵㐃ࡢഃ㠃࡟㛵ࡍࡿ༠ᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡜ࡣ㔜せ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ͐͐⫢ᚰ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⌧ᐇࡢ┦⥆ᶒࡀ incorporeal ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟  㸬ࡲࡓࠊ≀ࡣ corporeal ࡜ incorporeal ࡟ศ࠿ࢀࡿࠋ㸬corporeal things࠸ࡔࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ࣮࣐ࣟἲୖࡢ incorporeal things ࡢ࢝࡜ࡣ᥋ゐ࡛ࡁࡿ≀ tangible ࢆ࠸࠺ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊᅵᆅࠊያ㞔ࠊ⾰᭹ࠊ㔠ࠊࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣࠊincorporeals ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛࡢほᛕ࡟⏤᮶ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ

㖟ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢ௚ከᩘࡢ≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸬incorporeal things ࡜ࡣ᥋ゐ࡛ࡁྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ ࡘࡢࡶࡢࡀ incorporeal ࡛࠶ࡿ࡞࠸≀ intangible ࢆ࠸࠺ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᶒ฼࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀࡑࢀ

࡜࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ᫬㛫ࠊ✵㛫ࠊ✵⹫ࡉࠊlekta㸦༢ㄒࡸᩥ❶ࡢព࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ┦⥆㈈⏘ࠊ⏝┈ᶒࠊྛ✀ዎ⣙ୖࡢമᶒമົ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࿡㸧ࡢ  ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛࡀᚭᗏⓗ࡞၏≀ㄽ materialism ࡢဴᏛ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢࢫࢺ࢔ὴࡀ incorporeal ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆ᭷ࡋ

ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊcorporeal ࡜ incorporeal ࡢ༊ู࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊtangible objects ࡜࡚࠸ࡓ࡟㐪࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ୍ぢࡍࡿ࡜㦫ࡃ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⚄࡜㨦

intangible object ࡜ࡢ༊ู࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ༊ูࡣྂ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜

ࡣࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ corporeal ࡢᏑᅾ≀࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋcorporeal ࡢᏑᅾ≀ࡢ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊcorporalis ࠾ࡼࡧ incorporalis ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣࠊ⚄⪷࣮࣐ࣟᖇᅜࡢ

ࡳࡀᐇᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢ real ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ  ࠋincorporeal things ࡣᐇᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢ

᫬௦࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚Ⓩሙࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

existent ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬Ꮡࡍࡿࡶࡢ subsistent ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣே㛫ࡢ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊྂ௦࣮࣐ࣟࡢἲᏛ⪅ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ༊ูࢆ࡝ࡇ࠿ࡽᚓࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺

⢭⚄⏕ά࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⮬Ꮡࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊ⢭⚄࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ corporeal ࡢ࠿ࠋࡇࡢၥ࠸ࡣྂ඾Ꮫ⪅࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓၥ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡣࢫࢺୡ⏺࡟㔜ࡡྜࢃࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

࢔ဴᏛ Stoicism ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛࡣἲᩥ໬ࢆྵࡴ࣮࣐ࣟࡢᩥ໬ࡸဴ ၏≀ㄽⓗဴᏛ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ incorporeal things ࡞ࡿ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣࠊ⯆㊃ࢆࡑࡑᏛ࡟ᗈ⠊࡞ᙳ㡪ຊࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋඛࡢ༊ูࡶࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛࡢᛮ᝿࡟࠾࠸࡚ぢࡿ୪ิⓗ㓄⨨࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢศᯒⓗ࡞≉ᚩࡢ  ࡘࡣࠊࢫࢺ࢔ὴࡀࣉࣛࢺࣥ



࡞ࡃࠊᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ universals ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄝ᫂ࢆ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋࡓ

Plato ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞࢖ࢹ࢔ Ideas or Forms ࡢᐇᅾࢆ☜⣙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ͐͐


Ⅼ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࣉࣛࢺࣥ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊᩘᏐࡢ  ࠊ┤ゅᗘࡢᛶ㉁ࠊṇ⩏ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ tangible ࡜ intangible ࡜ࡢ༊ูࡣࠊឤぬ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚▱ぬࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ

ࡿ≀࡜ࠊ༢࡟⢭⚄ࡢ๰㐀≀࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸≀࡜ࡢ༊ู࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣐ࣟἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ



tangible ࡜ࡣ᥋ゐࡸ౑⏝ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡞≀ࢆព࿡ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋP.



Warmelo, ‘The Institutes of Justinian as Students’ Manual’ in P.G. Stein and A.D.E. Lewis

Arnold, Roman Stoicism (London, 1911, reissued 1958) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ(eds.), Studies in Justinian’s Institutes in Memory of J.A.C. Thomas (London, 1983), 164,

169 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࣆࣜࢡࢫࡢᴗ⦼࠿ࡽ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSextus Empiricus, Adversus Dogmatico, ii, 11-13, in

W.W. Buckland, The Main Institutions of Roman Private Law (Cambridge at the Univer-࣮࣐ࣟࡢᛮ᝿ࡸᩥ໬࡟ᑐࡍࡿࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛࡢᙳ㡪ࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊE.V.
ᡃࠎࡣࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ༊ูࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࢭࢡࢫࢺࢗࢫ࣭࢚ࣥ

Sextus Empiricus (R.G. Bury tr., London, Cambridge, Mass., 1935), vol. 2, 247-249 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

sity Press, 1931), 91.ࣈࢵࢡࣛࣥࢻࡢ⪃ᐹ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢゝⴥࡀἲᏛᩥ⊩௨እ࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⛥࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋJ.M. Rist, Stoic Philosophy (Cambridge, 1969), 152-153 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢ࡯࠿ࠊ
ࠕ⾲⌧ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡶࡢࠖ that which can be expressed ࡸࠕព࿡ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࠖ what is meant ࡜⌧௦࣮࣐ࣟἲࡢࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࡣࠊ࣮࣐ࣟἲࡢဴᏛⓗ㉳※ࡼࡾࡶἲࡢෆᐜ࡟㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡿlekta ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣࠊࣜࢫࢺࡢ᭩≀࡛ࡣࠕព࿡ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࠖ things meant ࡜ヂࡉࢀࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡣྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

࠸࠺ヂࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋG. Watson, The Stoic Theory of Knowledge (Belfast, 1966), 41 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࢪ࣭࣮ࣙࣥ࢜ࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ༊ูࡣࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛ Stoics ࠾ࡼࡧᛌᴦ୺⩏ဴ୍⯡ⓗ࡞㆟ㄽ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊD.E. Hahm, The Origins of Stoic Cosmology (Columbus, Ohio,Ꮫ Epicureans ࠿ࡽ೉⏝ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜☜ಙࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋJ. Austin, Lectures on1977) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

Jurisprudence (5th ed., London, 1885), Lecture XIII ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡿࡢࡣ࣮࢜

ࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ༊ูࡀࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛ࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ

1966), chapter 2 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢ࡯࠿ࠊJ.M. Rist, Stoic Philosophy (Cambridge, 1969),

ࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊG. Watson, The Stoic Theory of Knowledge (Belfast,࡚ࠊP. Colquhoun, A Summary of the Roman Civil Law (London, author’s preface 1851),

chapter 9 ࡶཧ↷ࠋvol. 2, 13, section 931 ࡶཧ↷ࠋࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛࡀᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⌮ㄽࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊD.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 㐨ᚨⓗ⏝ㄒ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡣࠊỌ㐲୙ኚࡢ࢖ࢹ࢔࡜ࡋ࡚ᐇᅾࡍࡿࡶ

ᑐ㇟࡟㛵ࡍࡿఱࡽ࠿ࡢලయⓗ࡞᫂☜໬ specification ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚ึࡵ࡚ࠊ

ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ≉Ṧ࡞ࡶࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ୺ᙇࢆ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᫂☜໬

particulars ࡢࡳࡀᐇᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡣ incorporealࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣࠊ୍ᐃࡢᙧᘧࢆ࡜ࡶ࡞࠺ሙྜ㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊ≉チᶒࡢⓏ㘓㸧ࡶ࠶ࢀthings ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐯ‫܍‬Ƣǔ subsist ຾ᡭࡢࡼ࠸ࣇ࢕ࢡࢩࣙࣥࠊࡘࡲࡾᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ࡤࠊᙧᘧࢆ࡜ࡶ࡞ࢃ࡞࠸ሙྜ㸦ࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺࡢಖㆤᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡾࡣほᛕⓗ࡞⹫ᵓ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

࠺ࡿ᝟ሗࡢ༢࡞ࡿ๰ฟ㸧ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢಖㆤᑐ㇟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᫂☜໬ࡣࠊ ࡘࡢ ⌧௦ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊ⚾ே㛫ࡢ୍㐃ࡢ㛵ಀࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ୍ᐃ

ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡘࡣࠊព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍࡶࡢ signifiers:≀⌮ⓗ࡞⾲⌧ࡢཋ thing ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ௜୚࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࠊᡃࠎࡣ

≀ ࡢ๰ฟ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶ࠺  ࡘࡣࠊࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛࡢゝⴥ࡛࠸࠺ࠕ⾲⌧ྍ⬟࡞ᚰ࡟␃ࡵ࡚࠾࠿࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢ≀ࡢᛶ㉁ࡣఱ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ

ࡶࡢࠖ an expressible ࡢ๰㐀࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࠊලయⓗ࡞ព࿡ࢆࡶࡗࡓᐇయ anࡑࢀࡣ≀㉁ⓗ࡞ᑐ㇟࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢἲᏛ㒊⏕ࡀᩍ

entity ࡢ๰ฟ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲⌧ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢࡣᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞ᐇయ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ຾ᡭࡢࡼ࠸

ࢃࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⚾ࡀ࠶ࡿᮏࡢ≀㉁ⓗ」〇≀ࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇࡣࠊ⚾ほᛕⓗ࡞ࣇ࢕ࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ⢭⚄ࡢᵓᡂ≀࡜ࡋ࡚⮬Ꮡࡍࡿࠋࡀࡑࡢᮏࡢⴭసᶒࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆྵពࡋ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉ

abstract object ࡣ corporeal ࡢୡ⏺࡛ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࢇ abstractࡽ࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊ⚾ࡣ≀㉁ⓗ࡞」〇≀ࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢᮏࡢⴭసᶒ

object ࡀල⌧໬ࡉࢀࡓಙᛕ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ corporeality ᭷యᛶ ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࢆᡤ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊ⚾ࡀ᭩࠸࡚㏦ࡗࡓᡭ⣬ࡣ௚ࡢ࡜ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛࡢ≀ࡢࢫ࣮࣒࡛࢟ࡣࠊேࠎࡢ♫఍ⓗ⏕⏘㛵ಀ࡟ㄡ࠿࡟ࡼࡾᡤ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊἲࡣࠕᗃ

࠾࠸࡚ᅉᯝⓗᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊabstract㟋ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠖᐇయ ‘spooky’ entities ࠊࡘࡲࡾᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࢆㄆࡵࡊࡿࢆ࠼

object ࡣே㛫ࡢ⾜ື࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊἲⓗつไࡢ₯ᅾⓗ࡞ೃ⿵࡜࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛࡢᛮ᝿ࡣࠊincorporeal things ࡟ᑐ࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡼࡾྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࠺ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ せ⣙ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ ࡘࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ⢭⚄ࡢᵓᡂ≀ࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘㛵ಀࡢᮏ㉁࡛࠶

 ᭱ࡶ⯆࿡῝࠸ࢫࢺ࢔ဴᏛࡢ incorporeal ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣࠊlekta ព࿡ ࡢࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᥮ゝࡍࢀࡤࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣᡃࠎࡢ⢭⚄ࡢᢞᙳ࡟ᑐࡍ

࢝ࢸࢦ࣮࡛ࣜ࠶ࡿࠋព࿡ࡣ⾲⌧ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊ

ࡿᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ぢ᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡯࠿ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ abstract thingsᩥ᭩ࡸࢫࣆ࣮ࢳ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≀㉁ⓗ࡞ᩥ❶⾲⌧ࠊ౛࠼ࡤ࣓ࣔᖒ࡟グࡉࢀࡓゝⴥ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢᐇᅾㄽⓗ realist ࡞ㄝ᫂ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡭ▷ࡸ₇๻ࡢヰࡋゝⴥ࡞࡝࡜ΰྠࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋlekta ࡣࠊࡑࡢ≀㉁ⓗ࡞⾲⌧࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊࡇࡢぢ᪉ࡣࠊabstract entities ࡣἲᚊ᭩⡠ࡸࢸࢽࢫ࣮࣎ࣝࡢࡼ࠺

ࡸࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡣㄽ⌮ⓗ࡟␗࡞ࡿࠊ᫂♧ࡉࢀࡓព࿡࡛࠶ࡿࠋlekta࡞ᐇᅾࡍࡿᐇయ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺୺ᙇࢆ࡜ࡶ࡞࠺ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᚋ⪅ࡢᐇᅾㄽⓗ࡞❧ࡣ incorporeals ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡢୡ⏺࡛ࡣάືࡋ࠼࡞࠸ࠋlekta ࡣᅉᯝⓗ࡟ሙ࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊabstract objects ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ⊂❧ࡋࡓᏑᅾㄽⓗ ontological ࡞୙άᛶ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊព࿡ࡣ࠸ࡗࡓࢇேࠎࡢಙᛕࡢ୍㒊ࢆᙧᡂࡍᆅ఩ࡀ๭ࡾᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࡑࡢᏑᅾ࡟㛵ࡍࡿෆᅾⓗ࡞ㄝࡿ࡜ࠊᅉᯝⓗせ⣲࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋincorporeal ࡢ⾲⌧ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢࡀேࡢಙᛕ

᫂㸦࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫὴ㸧࠿ࠊ㉸㉺ⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂㸦ࣉࣛࢺࣥὴ㸧࠿ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿ࡢ

࡟ධࡾ㎸ࡴẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡣ corporeal ࡢຊ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡇ࡟

ㄝ᫂ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ࡝ࡕࡽࡢㄝ᫂ࡶဴᏛⓗᇶ┙ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡀࠊࡇ

incorporeal things ࡢἲⓗ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗᛶ㉁࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ ࠺ࡋࡓ abstract objects ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᐇᅾㄽⓗ࡞ぢ᪉ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࢆᙧ⪋ୖᏛࡘࡢぢ᪉ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋⴭసᶒ࡛࠶ࢀࠊ≉チᶒ࡛࠶ࢀࠊព໶ᶒ࡛࠶ࢀࠊಖㆤ

ࡢୡ⏺࡟ࡣࡿ࠿῝ࡃࡲ࡛ධࡾ㎸ࡲࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡣࠊほ ୙ྍ⬟࡞ᐇయ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⊂❧ࡋࡓᏑᅾࢆ῝ࡃ⪃៖ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞

Sedley, ‘The Stoic Theory of Universals’ in R.H. Epp (ed.), Recovering the Stoics, XXIII,

Supplement, Southern Journal of Philosophy, 87-92 (1985) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

22-33 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

F.H. Sandbach, The Stoics (London, 1975), 92. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

G. Verberke, The Presence of Stoicism in Medieval Thought (Washington, D.C., 1983),▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠾ࡅࡿ dominium ࡜ࡣ res incorporales ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ண᝿ࡍࡿ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ ࣮࣐ࣟἲࡣࠊres incorporales ࡜࠸࠺࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆ๰ࡾࡔࡍࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㈈⏘࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࣮࣐ࣟἲࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀ㡻࡟ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ

ἲࢆᙧ⪋ୖᏛࡢศ㔝࡟┤᥋᳜࠼ࡘࡅࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡍࡄᚋ࡛ࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊⱥᅜ

dominium ࡣ res corporales ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ

ἲࡣࠊⱥᅜ㈈⏘ἲ࡟㠀ᖖ࡟ᰂ㌾࡞࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆࡘࡅຍ࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡇࡢ resࡇ࡛ࡣࠊᐈయࡀᡤ᭷ᶒ ownership ࡟௦⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ࠾ࡑࡽ

incorporales ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋླྀ㏙ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿ๓࡟ࠊ

ࡃᐈయ࡜ᡤ᭷ᶒࡣ௦᭰≀࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ㏆௦ࣟࡇࡇ࡛࢞࢖࢘ࢫࡸࣘࢫࢸ࢕ࢽ࢔ࢾࢫ Justinian ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ incorporeal things࣮࣐ἲࡢ◊✲⪅ࡣࠊࡑࡢㄽ⌮ⓗḞ㝗ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ௨እ࡟ࡣᐈయ࡜ᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜ࡢ

ࡢᴫᛕࡀἲⓗᶒ฼࡟ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࢞

༊ู࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡑࢀ࡯࡝ὀពࢆᡶࢃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࡣࠊୡ⣖࢖࢘ࢫࡸࣘࢫࢸ࢕ࢽ࢔ࢾࢫࡣࠊᶒ฼ rights ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆࠊᡃࠎࡀ୍⯡࡟⪃ࡢἲᏛ⪅࣮࢜ࢫࢸ࢕ࣥ Austin ࡟ࡣᡃ៏ࡀ࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࢜

࠼ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎዎ⣙ୖࡢᶒ฼ࢆྵࡴࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚౑⏝ࡋ࡚ࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࡣࠊᙜヱ༊ูࢆࠊࠕ୙᏶඲࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࠊࡉࡶ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ▩┪࡟࠸ࡿࠋࣘࢫࢸ࢕ࢽ࢔ࢾࢫ࠿ࡽᙉࡃ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊincorporeal things ࡣ‶ࡕࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚ࠊ඲ࡃᙺ࡟❧ࡓ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ྰᐃࡍࡿࠋ

corporeal ࡢᑐᛂ≀ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊincorporeal ࣮࣐ࣟ㈈⏘ἲయ⣔ࡣᐈయ࡜ᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜ࢆ⼥ྜࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ㏻⾜ᆅᙺᶒࡢthings ࡣ corporeal objects ࡜ᙉ࠸㛵㐃ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡼ࠺࡞௚ࡢᶒ฼ࡣࠊࡶࡣࡸᐇ㝿ࡢ㏻⾜㊰࡜ࡋ࡚ලయⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃ

ⱥᅜ㈈⏘ἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚ incorporeal rights ࡜ incorporeal objects㸦ࡘࡲࡾᡃࠎࡀ

ࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊintangible rights ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍㒊ࡢⴭ⪅ࡣࠊ

abstract objects ࡜࿧ࡪࡶࡢ㸧࡜ࡢ⤖ࡧࡘࡁࡀ๓㠃࡟⌧ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ
ከᵝ࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢᙧែࡀമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ chose in action ࡜ࡋ࡚ศ㢮ࡉࢀࠊື⏘ chattel ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜ὀព῝ࡃ༊ูࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡁ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ▱ⓗ㈈


W.W. Buckland, A Text-Book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian (3rd ed., revised

by Peter Stein, Cambridge, 1963), 186.

⏘ᶒࡣ incorporeal things ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊḟ➨࡟ abstract objects ࡜㛵㐃ࡋࡓ in-

corporeal rights ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᡤ᭷ᶒࡢᐈయ࡜ࢆ᫂☜࡟༊ูࡍࡿᚲせࡣ࡞࠸࡜♧၀ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᐈయ࡜ᡤ᭷ᶒ ࡲࡉ࡟ฟⓎⅬ࠿ࡽࠊincorporeal things ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣἲⓗ᭕᫕ࡉࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢞࢖࢘ࢫࡣࠗἲᏛᥦせ࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊዎ⣙ୖࡢമᶒമົ㛵ಀࢆ࠶ࡿ⟠ᡤ࡛ࡣ res incorporales ࡟ྵࡵࡓࡾࠊูࡢ⟠ᡤ࡛ࡣྵࡵ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡾࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋୖ㏙ࡢࡼ࠺࡞༊ู࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃሙྜࠊdominium ᡤ᭷ᶒ ࡣᶒ฼࡜㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᶒ฼ࡣ᥋ゐࡋ࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊphysical objects ࡟ࢽࢥࣛࢫࡣࠊcorporeal thing ࡢࡳᡤ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜

࡜ࡣ┦஫࡟ྲྀࡾ᭰࠼ྍ⬟࡞⏝ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋB. Nicholas, An Introduction to Roman Law (Oxford University Press, 1962), 107 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢ༊ูࡣㄽ⌮ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࡑࢀࡣᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜ᡤ

᭷ᶒࡢᐈయ࡜ࢆྠ୍どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋB. Nicholas, An Introduction to Roman
Law (Oxford University Press, 1962), 107 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡑࡢ௚ࠊH.F. Jolowicz and B. Nicholas,
Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (3rd ed., Cambridge, 1972), 412-413;
W.W. Buckland, A Text-Book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian (3rd ed., revised by
ⱥᅜἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ≉チࡣമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ chose in action ࡛࠶ࡿࠋIn re Heath’s PatentPeter Stein, Cambridge, 1963), 185-186; W.W. Buckland, The Main Institutions of Roman
Private Law (Cambridge at the University Press, 1931), 91-92 ࡶཧ↷ࠋ

[1912] W.N. 137 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢᶒ฼ࡣࠊ≉チ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚〇㐀ࡉࢀࡿ≀⌮ⓗ࡞≀࡟ᑐࡍࡿᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜ࡣ᏶඲࡟ษࡾ㞳ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋEdwards & Co. v. Picard [1909] 2 K.B.

ࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࡢ㠀㞴ࡣࠊ࣮࣐ࣟἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚ corporeal things ࡢព࿡ࡀࠊ▱ぬ࡛ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜

903, 905 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡀ࡛ࡁࡿᑐ㇟࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ⾜Ⅽ acts ࡸ୙సⅭ forbearances ࡟ࡲ࡛ᣑ኱ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ

ࡇ࡜࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡋ୙సⅭࡀ corporeal ࡢᑐ㇟ࡢ୍㒊ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ

W.W. Buckland, A Text-Book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian (3rd ed., revised

J. Austin, Lectures on Jurisprudence (5th ed., London, 1885), Lecture XLVI, 777.࣮࢜

by Peter Stein, Cambridge, 1963), 186 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ࢞࢖࢘ࢫࡀࡇࡢ༊ูࢆᚲࡎࡋࡶᚭᗏࡋ

tangible ࡜ intangible ࡜ࡀྠิ࡟ᢅࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊ▩┪ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊR. Zimmermann, The Law of Obligations (Cape Town,

ࡶࡋ୙సⅭࡀ corporeal ࡢᑐ㇟ࡢ୍㒊࡛࡞࠸࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ༊ูࡍࡿᑐ㇟ࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋ

Wetton, Johannesburg, 1990), 26 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡲ࠺࡜࣮࢜ࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࡣ࠸࠺ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 

corporeal / incorporeal ࡢ༊ูࢆࠊྂ௦ࡢἲᏛ⪅ࡢぢゎࡀ୍⯡࡟኱࠸࡞ࡿᢳ
മᶒⓗ㈈⏘࡜࠸࠺ேⓗ㈈⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣࠊ୰ୡ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ᴫᛕ㇟໬ࡢഴྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺୺ᙇࢆ⿬࡙ࡅࡿࡓࡵ࡟⏝࠸ࡿ ࠋࡇࡢ୺ᙇ

࡟ᑐࡍࡿែᗘࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡓࠕ≀࡟㢮ఝࡋࡓᛶ㉁ࠖ thinglikeness ࢆ࠸ࡘ࡛ࡀṇࡋ࠸ࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣูࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᡃࠎࡣḟࡢࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋ

ࡶ႙ኻࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿ≧ែࡢᩚࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ㈈ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㈈⏘ἲࡢᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚ res incorporales ࡜࠸࠺࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡀㄆ㆑

⏘࡜ࡣ≀࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊே࡜ே࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢ୍㐃ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌧௦ἲᏛࡢⓎࡉࢀࠊ୍㒊ࡢᶒ฼ࡀ intangible ࡜ࡋ࡚ᙧᘧୖศ㢮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᑡ࡞

ぢ࡬ࡢ㐨ࡀ㛤ࡅࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡃ࡜ࡶ㈈⏘ࡢᴫᛕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡼࡾᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞ἲⓗᛮ⪃ᵝᘧࡀⓎᒎࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆമᶒⓗ㈈⏘࡜࿧ࡪࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ┤ࡕ࡟ၥ㢟ࡀゎỴࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ

ࢆṧࡍࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ

࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࢆ⡆₩࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊമᶒⓗ㈈⏘࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡣࠊᵓᡂ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮

 corporeal/incorporealࡢ༊ูࡣࠊୡ⣖࣮࣎ࣟࢽࣕ࡟࠾࠸࡚࢖ࣝࢿࣜ࢘

ࢆ⮬ࡽ୺యⓗ࡟㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᐃ⩏࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢᵓᡂ࣓ࣥ

ࢫ Irnerius ࡜ࡑࡢ㛛ୗ⏕ࡀྂ௦࣮࣐ࣟἲࡢ෌Ⓨぢ࠾ࡼࡧࣜࣂ࢖ࣂࣝࢆᡂ

ࣂ࣮ࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡼࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚⌮ゎࡋ࠺ࡿ㞟ྜ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ

ࡋ㐙ࡆࡿࡲ࡛ఇṆ≧ែ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࡇ࠿ࡽࠊ࣮࣐ࣟἲࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᚁ᭹

࡜ἲ⌮ㄽᏛ⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡢㄝࡢ᪑ࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣐ࣟἲࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞᫬௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡲࡓࡉ

᫂࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊമᶒⓗ㈈⏘࡜ࡣື⏘ chose in possession ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㔠㖹മົࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢἲไᗘ࡟ධࡾ㎸ࢇࡔࠋres incor-ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ッゴ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᅇ཰ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ㄝ᫂ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ

porales ࡜࠸࠺࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡶࠊࡑࡢᮍ㛤ᣅࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⛎ࡵ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ኱㝣ἲ࠾ࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢッᶒ right of action ࡀമᶒⓗ㈈⏘࡛࠶ࡿࡼࡧࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡢ཮᪉ࡢἲᚊ⏝ㄒ࡟ධࡾ㎸ࢇࡔ ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ incorporealࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡣࠊἲⓗᇶ♏࡜㛵㐃ࡋࡓ᭕᫕ࡉࡢ⛬ᗘ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊthings ࡣࠊࡼࡾཝᐦ࡟࠸࠼ࡤ incorporeal things ࡜࠸࠺࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣࠊⱞປ

㏻ᖖ௨ୖࡢ᭕᫕ࡉࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ༨᭷ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸ື⏘ᡤ᭷ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊമᶒⓗ㈈⏘࡜࠸࠺ྠᵝ࡟᭕᫕࡞ἲⓗ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡜⼥ྜࡍࡿࡇ⪅ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ୍ぢࡍࡿ࡜༢⣧࡞ࢣ࣮ࢫࡢศ㢮ࡀࡇࢀࡲ࡛㆟ㄽࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗ

࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㎞࠺ࡌ࡚ⱥᅜἲ࡟⣮ࢀ㎸ࢇࡔࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋఱ࡟ࡶࡲࡋ࡚ࡇࡢ



H.F. Jolowicz and B. Nicholas, Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (3rded., Cambridge, 1972), 412 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ཯ᑐࡢぢゎ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊF. Schulz, History of
Roman Science (Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1946), 130-131 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࣘࢫࢸ࢕ࢽ࢔ࢾࢫࠗἲᏛᥦせ࠘ࡀⱥᅜ࡟୚࠼ࡓᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊA. Watson,࡚ࡁࡓࠋcorporeal/incorporealࡢ༊ูࡣࠊമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ᫂☜ᛶ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣࡉࡋࡓࡿ㈉⊩ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡣintangible propertyࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ≀⌮ⓗ࡞༨᭷ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡣㄳồࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊື⏘ࡣcorporeal things࡞࠸ࡋ
tangible things࡜㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ


‘Justinian’s Institutes and some English Counterparts’ in P.G. Stein and A.D.E. Lewis (eds.),࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲⓗ࡟☜❧ࡉࢀࡓព࿡࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ㛵㐃ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆேⓗ㈈⏘࡟ศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠸

Studies in Justinian’s Institutes in Memory of J.A.C. Thomas (London, 1983), 181-186 ࢆཧࡿࠋ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᖺ≉チἲ᮲  ࠊᖺⴭసᶒἲ᮲  ࠊ↷ࠋ࠾ࡼࡧᖺ᳜≀⫱ᡂ⪅ᶒἲ᮲ࢆཧ↷ࠋⱥᅜேⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊA.P.



Bell, Modern Law of Personal Property in England and Ireland (London, Edinburgh, 1989)

ⱥᅜ㈈⏘ἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ୙ື⏘࡜ேⓗ㈈⏘࡜࡛༊ศࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୙ື⏘ࡣᅵᆅࡢ฼┈࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊேⓗ㈈⏘ࡣ୙ື⏘௨እࡢ㈈⏘ࢆᣦࡍࡶࡢ

ࢆཧ↷ࠋ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊJ.W. Carter et al, Helmore Commercial Law࡜ࡋ࡚ᾘᴟⓗ࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋேⓗ㈈⏘ࡣࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ୙ື⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿேⓗ㈈⏘and Personal Property in New South Wales (10th ed., Sydney, 1992) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

chattels real ࡜୙ື⏘࡟㛵ಀࡋ࡞࠸ேⓗ㈈⏘ chattels personal ࡜࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋ୙



O.R. Marshall, The Assignment of Choses in Action (London, 1950), 33. ࡇࡢ࡯࠿ࠊമ

ື⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿேⓗ㈈⏘ࡣࠊ୙ື⏘㈤㈚೉ࡀṔྐⓗ࡞⌮⏤࠿ࡽேⓗ㈈⏘࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡓᶒⓗ㈈⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿಶࡢከᵝ࡞ᐃ⩏ࡀᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྠ᭩  㹼  㡫ࡶཧ↷ࠋࡇ࡜࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ≉␗࡞࢝ࢸࢦ࣮࡛ࣜ࠶ࡿࠋ୙ື⏘࡟㛵ಀࡋ࡞࠸ேⓗ㈈⏘ࡣࡉࡽ࡟ࠊື



Halsbury’s Laws of England (4th ed.) vol. 6, 2, para. 1.

⏘࡜മᶒⓗ㈈⏘࡜࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡢᚋ⪅ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟ࠊ≉チࡸⴭసᶒࢆ



O.R. Marshall, The Assignment of Choses in Action (London, 1950), 8-16 ࢆཧ↷ࠋጞࡵ࡜ࡍࡿከࡃࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ไᐃἲࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋไᐃἲࡣ୍⯡࡟ࠊࡑࡢ⏝ㄒ

A.P. Bell, Modern Law of Personal Property in England and Ireland (London, Edin- ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟  ࡞ࡐ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣമᶒⓗ㈈⏘࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡑ

⏘ incorporeal hereditament ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸࡜୺ᙇࡍ

ࡢ⟅࠼ࡣࠊㄽ⌮ࡢᙜ࡚ࡣࡵ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊഅ↛ࡸṔྐࠊⱥᅜἲไᗘࡢෆ㒊ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀമᶒⓗ㈈⏘࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࠊࡑࢀ࡜

ຊᏛ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡜㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢศ㢮ࡢ㐣⛬ࡣ㛗ᮇ㛫࡟ཬࡪࡶࡢ࡛࠶

ࡶ↓యἲᐃ┦⥆⏘࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࡝ࡕࡽࡶ㈈⏘࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ

ࡗࡓࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊⱥᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤⴭసᶒࡣᮏᙜ࡟മᶒⓗ㈈⏘࠿࡝࠺࠿࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ぢ᪉ࡶ࠶ࡾ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ

࡜࠸ࡗࡓㄽதࡀୡ⣖ࡢึ㢌࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࡞࠾㟼࠿࡟㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛

࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡣྛ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡀ⾲ࡍᢳ㇟ᛶࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚┦㐪ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ

࠶ࡿࠋ

ࣈࣛࢵࢡࢫࢺ࣮ࣥ Blackstone ࡀิᣲࡍࡿ↓యἲᐃ┦⥆⏘㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊᆅᙺ ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡢṔྐࡢึᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊമᶒㆡΏࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࡀᏑ

ᶒࡸ᥇ྲྀᶒ㸧ࡣࠊᙉ࠸ᒓᆅᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ኱㒊ศࡢ↓యἲᐃ┦⥆⏘ࡣࠊᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢ୺࡞⌮⏤ࡣࠊമᶒࡣㆡΏ࡟┦ᛂࡋࡃ࡞࠸࡯࡝㧗ᗘ࡟ேఱࡽ࠿ࡢᙧ࡛ቃ⏺ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ୙ື⏘࡜㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊമᶒⓗ㈈ⓗ࡞മົ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡏࡼമᶒࡢ

⏘ࡣࠊ௚ࡢ㈈⏘ᙧែ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛Ꮡᅾࡍࡿᒓᆅᛶࡸ᭷యᛶࡢ⑞㊧࣏̿ࣟࢵࢡ

ㆡΏࡀᚲせ௨ୖ࡟ッゴࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ

Pollock ࡀⱥᅜ㈈⏘ࡢࠕ≀࡟㢮ఝࡋࡓᛶ㉁ࠖ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡶࡢ̿ࢆᾘኻ

≉チࡸⴭసᶒࡀⓏሙࡋࡓ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊമᶒࡢ㠀ㆡΏᛶ࣮ࣝࣝࡣ࢚ࢡ࢖ࢸ࢕⿢

ࡍࡿࡢ࡟ࡼࡾ㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ᙧែࡢேⓗ㈈⏘ࡣࠊ័⩦ⓗᙧᘧุᡤ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟⾶㏥ࡉࡏࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ≉チࡸⴭసᶒࢆ

࠾ࡼࡧᑒᘓⓗᙧᘧࡢ㈈⏘࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᙉ࠸ែᵝ࡛ඹྠయࢆᣊ᮰ࡋ࡞

മᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ

࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ࠶ࡿព࿡࡛ࡣேⓗഃ㠃ࡢᙅ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࢀࡽࡢ

㈈⏘ᙧែࡀㆡΏྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣၟᴗୖࡢせㄳ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊㆡΏ⚗Ṇ࣮ࣝࣝ᪂ࡓ࡞ᙧែࡣࠊᡤ᭷⪅࡜➨୕⪅࡜ࡢ༏ྡⓗ࠿ࡘ㠀ಶேⓗ࡞㐃㛵ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ

ࡣᚎࠎ࡟⾶㏥ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ≉チࡸⴭసᶒࡢമᶒⓗ㈈⏘࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢศ㢮࡟ᙳ㡪ୡ⣖࡟࠾࠸࡚㏻ᖖࡢ㈈⏘㛵ಀࡢᒓᆅᛶࢆᡴࡕ◚ࡗ࡚┿ࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ໬

ࢆ୚࠼ࡓูࡢせᅉࡣࠊࡑࡢ incorporeal ࡞ᛶ㉁࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋࡓ㐃㛵ࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡑ࠺ࡔ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ≧ἣࡣ඲ࡃ㐪ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ മᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ㔜せᛶࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⏕ࡌࡓᚰ⌮ⓗ࠾ࡼࡧᴫᛕⓗኚ໬౛࠼ࡤࠊ࣮࣍ࣝࢬ࣮࣡ࢫ Holdsworth ࡣࠊࡶࡋ࢚ࢡ࢖ࢸ࢕⿢ุᡤࡀമᶒㆡ

ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࡣࠊ㐣ᑠホ౯ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࣓࢖ࢺࣛࣥࢻ Maitland ࡜࣏Ώࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ⤖ㄽࢆಟṇࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ↓యἲᐃ┦⥆ࣟࢵࢡࡣ࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊⱥᅜ≀ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒἲ real property law ࡢ኱㒊ศࡣࠊ୰ୡ


burgh, 1989), 21-22.

࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣᶒ฼ࡢ⛣㌿࡜≀ࡢ⛣㌿࡜ࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜࠸
࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࢀࡤᐜ᫆࡟⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏻⾜ᆅᙺᶒࡢࡼ

H.W. Elphinstone, ‘What is a Chose in Action?’, 9 Law Quarterly Review, 311 (1893); C.

࠺࡞↓యἲᐃ┦⥆⏘ࡢሙྜ࡛ࡉ࠼ࠊࠕ≀㢮ఝࡢࠖᛶ㉁ࢆࡑࢀࡽ࡟㉳ᅉࡍࡿ

Sweet, ‘Choses in Action’, 10 Law Quarterly Review, 303 (1894); F. Pollock, ‘What is aࡶࡢ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋࠊࡑࡢ㈈⏘ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆᅵᆅ࡜ࡢ㢮ẚ࡛ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ



Thing?’, 10 Law Quarterly Review, 318(1894); S. Brodhurst, ‘Is Copyright a Chose in౛࠼ࡤࠊ೉ᆅே࡟ࡼࡿ᪂ᶒ฼⪅ࡢᢎㄆ attornment ࡢࡼ࠺࡞័⾜ࡣࠊ↓యAction?’, 11 Law Quarterly Review, 64 (1895); T.C. Williams, ‘Property Things in Action,ἲᐃ┦⥆⏘ࡢ⛣㌿ࢆྲྀࡾᅖࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓἲᐃ┦⥆⏘ࡀ

and Copyright’, 11 Law Quarterly Review, 223 (1895); C. Sweet, ‘Choses in Action’, 11
Law Quarterly Review, 238 (1895) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ



O.R. Marshall, The Assignment of Choses in Action (London, 1950), chapter 3 ࢆཧ↷ࠋッゴᖝຓ maintenance ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ␗㆟࡜ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋLanpet’s Case (1612)

W.S. Holdsworth, ‘The History of the Treatment of Choses in Action by the Common

Law’, 33 Harvard Law Review, 997(1920).

10 Co. Rep. 46b at 48a; 77 ER 994 at 997 ࢆཧ↷ࠋമᶒㆡΏࡣࠊッゴᖝຓࡘࡲࡾᖸ΅⪅࡟ࡼࡿッゴࡢ᥎㐍ࢆຓ㛗ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋッゴᖝຓࡣ≢⨥࡜࡞ࡾࠊ࠿

printed by Garland Publishing, New York, London, 1978), Book II, chapter 3.

ࡘ୙ἲ⾜Ⅽࡀᡂ❧ࡋࡓࠋ

University Press, 1898, reissued 1968), 124-125.

E. Jenks, A Short History of English Law (6th ed., London,1949), 281 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765; 1783 ed., reF. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law (2nd ed., Cambridge at the▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ᐇ㝿࡟ࡣᶒ฼࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍ
ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓࠋⱥᅜࡢࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡣࠊࡑࡢࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸ࢕ࢬ࣒࡛᭷ྡ࡛࠶

ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࣓࢖ࢺࣛࣥࢻࡣ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡿࡀࠊ༴㝤ࢆෑࡋ࡚ᙧ⪋ୖᏛ㡿ᇦࡢዟ῝ࡃ࡟ࡲ࡛❧ࡕධࡾࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ ⱥᅜἲࡣࠊ࣮࣐ࣟἲࡢ incorporeal thing ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ࢝abstract objects ࢆ incorporeal things ࡢࣜࢫࢺ࡟ࡘࡅຍ࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍ

ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟ᰂ㌾࡞ேⓗ㈈⏘ᴫᛕࢆ๰ฟࡋ

ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡣ material objects ࡟ࡲ࡛ࡑࡢᡭࢆఙࡤࡋࡓࠋⱁ⾡ᐙࠊࡓࠋⱥᅜἲࡀᰂ㌾࡛࠶ࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊࡲࡉ࡟ṇ☜࡟≉ᐃࡉࢀࡓ୍ᐃࡢᒓᛶ࡟ࡼ

సᐙ࠾ࡼࡧⓎ᫂ᐙࡣࠊࡇࡢୡ⏺࡛⤒῭ⓗ࡟⏕Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࡑࡢ

ࡗ࡚ࡑࡢᣑᙇࡀไ㝈ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㠀㝈ᐃᛶ indefi-

intangible assets ࢆ material assets ᭷ᙧ㈨⏘ ࡟㌿᥮ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ

niteness ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ไᗘࡢᶵ⬟ⓗᙉࡳࡢ※Ἠ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊⱥᅜἲࡣ

࠸ࡗࡓࢇ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡀ abstract objects ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ࢆᢎㄆࡋࡓᚋࡣࠊ≀㉁ᕷሙࡸ♫఍㛵ಀࡢከᵝ࡞ศ㔝࡟ࡲ࡛ᗈࡀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋࡇࢀୡ⏺࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘㛵ಀࢆᨭ㓄ࡍࡿ≀㉁ᛶ materiality ࡢ㔜せᛶࡀࡼࡾ୍

ࡣ኱㝣Ẹ஦ἲไᗘ࡟ࡣᐇ㝿࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀ࡞࠸ᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ᒙᙉࡲࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᙅࡲࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ㔜せᛶࡀᙉࡲࡗࡓ⌮⏤ ᭱ᚋ࡟  ࡘ᳨ウࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿぢゎ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ

ࡣࠊabstract objects ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊࡲࡍࡲࡍከࡃࡢ material objects ࡀࠊᩘ࡟࠾

ᡃࠎࡀࡳ࡚ࡁࡓ incorporeal things ࡢⓎᒎ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▷࠸ࢫࢺ࣮࣮ࣜࡣࠊ㈈⏘࠸࡚ࡶ✀㢮࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊಶே㈈⏘ᡤ᭷⪅ࡢᙳ㡪ୗ࡟࠾࠿ࢀ࠺ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ

ἲࡣࡑࡢ㛗࠸Ⓨᒎ㐣⛬࡟࠾࠸࡚ḟ➨࡟㠀≀㉁໬ࡉࢀࠊ୍ᒙᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋabstract object ࡣ material object ࢆᨭ㓄ࡍࡿ  ࡘࡢ᪉ἲ࡜࡞

࡞ࡾࠊ࣏ࣟࢵࢡࡢゝⴥࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࡢࠕ≀࡟㢮ఝࡋࡓᛶ㉁ࠖࢆ႙ኻ

ࡗࡓࠋ ࡘࡢ≉チࡣ↓ᩘࡢ physical objects ࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࠺ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞

corporeality ࡣࠊἲⓗ࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊࡣࡿ࠿㐲ࡃ࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊabstract object࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤖ㄽࢆୗࡍࡢࡣ⡆༢࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡋ࠿ࡋᯝࡓࡋ࡚ᡃࠎࡣࡇࡢ

࡟≀㉁ᛶࢆㄢࡍࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞せ௳࡜࡞ࡗ࡚⌧ࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡼ࠺࡞⤖ㄽࢆୗࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋᡃࠎࡀ㏙࡭ࡓࢫࢺ࣮࣮ࣜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿฟ᮶

஦࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ⌧ᐇࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⌧ᐇࡢゎỴ⟇ࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟࣮࣐ࣟ

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬ἲୖࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡀⱥᅜἲᏛ⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢔

࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢ㇏ᐩ࡞ே࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊᗈ࠸ព࿡࡛ࡣ㈨⏘ assets ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢሙྜࠊabstract objects ࡣ⚾ே㛫ࡢ㈈⏘㛵ಀࢆ፹௓ࡍࡿࠕ≀ࠖࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓேࡀᕷሙ⤒῭࡛⏕ィࢆ❧࡚ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟

things ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ฼⏝࡟ࡼࡿᯤῬࢆほᛕࡋ࠼࡞࠸㈨※ࡢ᭱㐺࡞౛࡛࠶ࡿࡶ

ࡣࠊࡑࡢ intangible assets ↓ᙧ㈨⏘ ࡀၟᴗⓗ࡟฼⏝ྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࡑ

ࡢ࡟㈈⏘ᶒࢆ๰タࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࡣࠊ⤖ᒁࡢ࡜ࡇࢁఱ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺

ࢀࡽࡢ㈨⏘ࡣఱࡽ࠿ࡢ᪉ἲ࡛㈈⏘ᶒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢎㄆࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ

࠿ࠋtangibles ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊேࡣࡑࡢ≀ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛௚⪅࠿ࡽ≀ࢆዣ࠺ࡢࡼ࠺࡞┠ⓗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡞ᴫᛕ⿦⨨ࡢ୍㒊ࡀ࣮࣐ࣟἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚


ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊabstract objects ࡢᛶ㉁ࡣࡑࡢ≀ࢆྠ᫬࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿ

F.W. Maitland, ‘The Mystery of Seisin’ in Select Essays in Anglo-American History(edited by a committee of the Association of American Law Schools, Cambridge at the

University Press, 1909), 591-610.

ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋⓎ᫂⮬యࡣࠊ≀㉁ࢆႏ㉳ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞⏝ㄒ࡛ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋᑓ

㠀㝈ᐃᛶࡇࡑࡀ㈈⏘ࡢᮏ㉁࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࣮࢜ࢫࢸ࢕ࣥࡣ୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋᙼࡣࠊࡑࢀ

኎᮲౛ Statute of Monopolies ࡣࠊࠕ࠸࠿࡞ࡿែᵝࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞〇㐀≀ࠖ anyࡀ࠶ࡓ࠿ࡶࡍ࡭࡚ࡢἲᇦࡢ㈈⏘࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟グ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋJ. Austin,manner of new manufactures ࡟ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᩥゝࡣᖺ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔≉౛࠼ࡤࠊ≉チฟ㢪࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣᙜヱⓎ᫂࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡋᐃ⩏ࡋࡓ᫂⣽᭩ࢆῧ௜ࡍࡿ

Lectures on Jurisprudence (5th ed., London, 1885), Lecture 48 ࢆཧ↷ࠋチἲ࡟ࡶ⥅ᢎࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊྠἲ᮲  D ࡣⓎ᫂ࢆࠕᑓ኎᮲౛  ᮲ࡢព࿡࡟࠾ࡅࡿ

ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟไᗘ࡜኱㝣ἲไᗘ࡜ࡢ㈈⏘࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ┦㐪࡟㛵ࡍࡿඃࢀ〇㐀ࡢែᵝࡢࡶࡢࠖ a manner of manufacture within the meaning of section 6 of theࡓ㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ‘Introduction’ by O. Kahn-Freund (ed.) in K. Renner, The Institutions of

Statute of Monopolies ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⴭసᶒἲࡶ୍⯡࡟ⴭస≀࡟㛵ࡋ࡚≀㉁ⓗᙧែPrivate Law (A. Schwarzschild tr., London, 1949) ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡢせ௳ࢆㄢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵࡿࡓࡵࠊ฼⏝࡟ࡼࡿ abstract objects ࡢ๤ዣ࡜࠸࠺஦ែࡣ⏕ࡌ࠼ ୡ⣖࢖ࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᭩⡠ࡢ༳ๅ࠾ࡼࡧฟ∧ࡣࠊṇᘧ࡟ࡣ᭩⡠ฟ࡞࠸ࠋ∧ᴗ⪅ the Stationers ࡜ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓᡭᕤᴗ⪅ࢠࣝࢻ a craft guild ⱥᅜἲࡣࠊ≉チᶒ࠾ࡼࡧⴭసᶒࡢᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐࡢ

࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ⴀࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᡭᕤᴗ⪅ࢠࣝࢻ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ၥ㢟࡟᭱ึ࡟ᑐᓖࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢྛᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇ

ࡣࠊ⊂༨฼┈࡟ᙉ࠸㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࡑࢀ࡜ྠࡌࡃࡽ࠸➇த࡬ࡢᜍᛧᚰࢆ

ࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿゎ⟅ࡣࠊ࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᙉࡃཷࡅࡓἲⓗఏ⤫ࡢ୰࡛ࠊᢪ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⊂༨฼┈࡬ࡢ㛵ᚰ࡜➇த࡬ࡢᜍᛧᚰ࡜ࡀ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡑࡋ࡚ࡲࡓ⮬↛ἲୖࡢ㈈⏘⌮ㄽࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓゝㄝࡢ୰࡛ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇ

ࡉࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡢࢠࣝࢻࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡣࠊࡸࡀ࡚ᖺ࡟ἲே໬

ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ఏ⤫ࡢ୰࡛ࠊṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐࡢၥ㢟ࡣ≉チᶒ࡜ⴭసᶒ࡜࡛␗࡞ࡿ㆟ㄽສチ≧ a royal charter of incorporation ࡢྲྀᚓ࡟ྥࡅ࡚ㄳ㢪ࢆ⾜࠺࡟⮳ࡗࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ୺ᙇࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᮏ᭩࡛ࡣࠊⴭసᶒ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࡓࠋ࣓࢔࣮ࣜዪ⋤ Queen Mary ࡣࠊ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡢㄳ㢪ࢆ႐ࢇ࡛ཷࡅධ

࢔ࣥἲ࡜ Millar v. Taylor ஦௳ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ࠊ≉チᶒ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣᑓ኎᮲౛ Statuteࢀࡓࠋ༳ๅࡢ⤫ไᶒ㝈ࢆ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⤌ྜ Stationers’ Company ࡟௜୚ࡍࡿ

of Monopolies ࡜ The Case of Monopolies ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ㝈ᐃࡋ࡚⪃ᐹࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᡪືⓗࠊ␗➃ⓗ᝟ሗࡢᣑᩓࢆ⤫ไࡋ࠺ࡿูࡢᡭẁࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜

ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ ࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡇࢀࡔࡅࡢ஦౛࡛ࡣᩘࡀᑡ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺

࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊᅜ⋤ࡀ᪩࠸᫬ᮇ࠿ࡽ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࢆ฼⏝ࡇ࡜ࡣㄆࡵࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡋ࠿ࡋࡑ࠺ࡣ࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ⿢ุ౛ࡸไᐃἲࡢ୰

ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁᣝၥࡸẅᐖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡼࡾᡭⲨ࠸ᡭẁ࡟㢗࡟ࡣᙜ᫬ࡢᗈ⠊࡞ἲⓗୡ⏺࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ከࡃࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡶ࠶

ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆዲࢇࡔⅬࡣᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ ࠋࡿࠋᮏ᭩࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿ  ௳ࡢ⿢ุ౛ࡣࠊⱥᅜἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚᭱ࡶ᭷ྡ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ ஧⤌ࡢ⮬ᕫ฼┈㛫࡟┦⿵㛵ಀࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊฟ∧ᴗࢆ⤫࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊဴᏛⓗ㆟ㄽ࡟ᐩࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡓࡵไࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟≉ᶒࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡀୡ⣖࢖ࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ࡟࠾࠸࡚⌧ࢀ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓἲⓗ‽ᣐᯟࢆ᫂☜࡟ᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ୍᪉࡛ࠊᅜ⋤ࡣࡑࡢᨻ἞ⓗᏳᐃ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚༳ๅࡢᨭ㓄ᶒ㝈ࡀ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ௚᪉࡛ࠊ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡣࣟࣥࢻࣥࢆ

ᓸ˺ೌ୰ᚰ࡜ࡍࡿᙼࡽࡢ⊂༨ࢆ⥔ᣢࡋࠊᆅᇦⓗ࡟ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣᅜቃࢆ㉺࠼࡚ࢫࢥࢵ

ࢺࣛࣥࢻ࡟ࡲ࡛ᙼࡽࡢᙳ㡪ຊࢆᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ≉ᶒไᗘ࡜ࡳ ⴭసᶒ࠿ࡽጞࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋⱥᅜⴭసᶒࡢṔྐ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᩘከࡃࡢ

࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴭసᶒࡢṔྐ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡣ࡯ࢇඃࢀࡓᩥ⊩ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀศᯒᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚㑅ᢥ

ࡋࡓ⣲ᮦ࡟ྲྀࡾ࠿࠿ࡿࡢ࡟ඛࡔࡗ࡚ࠊⱥᅜࡢⴭసᶒྐࢆࡈࡃ⡆༢࡟═ࡵࡿ⛬ᗘ࡟࡜࡝ࡵࡓ࠸ࠋ

Ages 1476-1600 (New York, 1962); H. Ransom, The First Copyright Statute (Austin, 1956)
ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ


E. Arber (ed.), A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London



1554-1640 A.D. (London, 1875-94, privately printed, 5 volumes), vol. 1, xxviii ࡟෌㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᖺἲே໬ສチ≧ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ෑ㢌࡛ጞࡲࡿࠋMillar v. Taylor (1769) 4 Burr. 2303, 98 E.R. 201; Act of Anne 8 Anne, c. 19 (1709); The

Case of Monopolies (1602)11 Co. Rep. 84b, 77 E.R. 1260: Statute of Monopolies 21 Jac 1 c.

ࠕᅜ⋤࡜⋤ድࡣࠊ͐͐Ợࡽࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾᅜ⋤࡜⋤ድࡣࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ

3 (1623).࠿ࡢ୰യⓗ࠿ࡘ␗➃ⓗ࡞᭩≀ࡸリ࠾ࡼࡧㄽᩥࡀࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᣮᡓⓗ࡛ᝏព࡟‶ࡕ➨୍ḟ㈨ᩱ࡟㛵ࡍࡿඃࢀࡓࢯ࣮ࢫࡣࠊE. Arber (ed.), A Transcript of the Registers ofࡓ㞳ᩍⓗ࠿ࡘ␗➃ⓗ࡞ேࠎ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᪥ࠎฟ∧ࡉࢀ㓄ᕸࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⮧Ẹࡸᐙ⮧ࢆࠊ

the Company of Stationers of London 1554-1640 A.D. (London, 1875-94, privately printed,

ᅜ⋤࡜ᅜᐙࡢጾಙ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ཯㏫࡜୙᭹ᚑ࡬࡜၀ࡍࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ⪷ẕᩍ఍ࡢ┿ᐇ࠿

5 volumes) ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑓ㛛ⓗ࡞ࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࡢ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊC. Blagden, The Stationers’ࡘ೺඲࡞࢝ࢯࣜࢵࢡࡢᩍ⩏࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࢆసࡾኚ࠼ኚ㠉ࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࠊ᭱ࡶ኱

Company: A History, 1403-1959 (Cambridge, 1960); L.R. Patterson, Copyright in Histori-ࡑࢀࡓ៮ࡴ࡭ࡁ␗➃࡬࡜၀ࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࠊ᫂ⓑ࡟ᢕᥱࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠖcal Perspective (Nashville, 1968); G. Putnam, Books and their Makers During the MiddleIbid at xxvii.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࡢ⬥ᙺ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ୰ᚰⓗᙺ๭ࢆ₇ࡌࡓࡢࡣᅜ⋤࡜༳ๅᴗ⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠿ࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࠊ⿢ุᡤࡣⴭసᶒಖㆤࡢ᰿ᣐ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚┿ṇ㠃࠿ࡽྲྀࡾ⤌ࡑࡢ୧⪅࡜ࡶⴭస⪅ࡢᶒ฼ࡸ⤒῭࠾ࡼࡧᩥ໬࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ」〇ᶒࡢ౯್࡟

ࡴᚲせ࡟㏕ࡽࢀࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ⿢ุᡤࡣဴᏛⓗ࡞㡿ᇦ࡬࡜❧ࡕࡣ≉࡟㛵ᚰࢆ♧ࡉ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋⴭస⪅ࡀಶேⓗ࡞≉ᶒࢆᡭ࡟ධࢀࡿ࡯࡝ᜨࡲ

ධࡽࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅࡟ࡼࡿッゴࡣࠊ᭩⡠ࡢ㈈⏘ᶒ࠶ࡿ࠸ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࢆ㝖࠸࡚ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡢ❧ሙࡣᙅࡃࠊࡶࡋཎ✏ࡀබ࡟㓄ᕸࡉࢀࡣࠕᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࠖ literary property ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᗈ⠊࡞♫఍ⓗㄽதࡢ୍㒊࡛ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ⴭస⪅ࡀྠពࡋࡓ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⤌ྜࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡀᙜヱཎ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢㄽதࡣࠊୡ⣖ᚋ༙࠿ࡽୡ⣖࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡢⱥᅜྐ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ

✏ࡢⴭసᶒࢆⓏ㘓ࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡢࡀ୙ྍ⬟࡞࡯࡝࡛᭱ࡶ㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡿࠊ᭱ࡶ㗦ࡃពぢࡢᑐ❧ࡋࡓㄽதࡢ  ࡘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᭩⡠ࢆ༳ๅࡍࡿᶒ฼ࡣࠊⴭస⪅࡟࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ≉ᐃࡢసရࢆⓏ㘓ࡍฟ∧ᴗ⏺࡟฼ᐖ㛵ಀࢆࡶࡘேࠎࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ୍⯡ࡢ▱ⓗࢧ࣮ࢡࣝ࡟ᒓࡍࡿ

ࡿ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⤌ྜࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮࡟ᖐᒓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

ேࠎࡲ࡛ࡶࡀࡇࡢㄽத࡟ຍࢃࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᩘከࡃࡢࡇ࡜ࡀၥ㢟࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࡇࡢ≉ᶒไᗘࡣ⤖ᒁ◚⥢ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡢ୍➃ࡣࠊฟ∧⏘ᴗࡢ⮳ࡿ࡜ࡇ୍㒊ࡢேࠎ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚┿ࡢၥ㢟ࡣ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢᬑཬ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⤫ไ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ࢁ࡛≉ᶒࡀ୙ᆒ➼࡟ࡤࡽࡲ࠿ࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊྠ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚཰┈ࡢ㧗࠸኱ࡁ࡞ ἲᘐ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㆟ㄽࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡀ⮬ᕫࡢⴭస≀ࢆฟ∧ࡋࡓᚋ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢥࣔ

ࢩ࢙࢔ࢆࡶࡘேࠎ࡜ࠊྠ⏘ᴗࡢ⦕࡛⏕ࡁᘏࡧ࡚࠸ࡿேࠎ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ࠊ㌵㎚ࢆ࣭࣮ࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒ common law copyright ࡣᏑᅾࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺

⏕ࡳࡔࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟ồࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᖺࡢ࢔ࣥἲࡣࠊ≉ᶒไᗘࡇ࡜ࢆ᰿ᮏⓗ࡟ၥ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡣࠊ⊂༨≧ែࡀᔂࢀࡿࡢ

࡟ྲྀࡗ࡚௦ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࢔ࣥἲࡣࠊⴭసᶒ࡟ᑐࡍࡿබඹ฼┈ࡢ఩┦ࢆ᎘ࡀࡾࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡣ࠸࠿࡞ࡿไᐃ

ࡢ฿᮶ࢆ࿌ࡆࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ⏬ᮇⓗ࡞ไᐃἲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࢔ࣥἲ

ἲ࡜ࡶ⊂❧࡟ⴭస⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚Ọஂࡢⴭసᶒ㸦᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡀⴭస⪅࠿ࡽ⋓ࡢ๓ᩥࡣࠊⴭసᶒࢆࠕᏛၥࡢዡບࠖ Encouragement of Learning ࡜⤖ࡧࡘᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿⴭసᶒ㸧ࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖ

ࡅࡓࠋ࢔ࣥἲࡣࠊⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤᮇ㛫ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࣃࣈࣜࢵࢡ࣭

ࡢⴭసᶒࡣฟ∧࠾ࡼࡧ࢔ࣥἲࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡢᙳ㡪ࡶཷࡅ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜ࠋ

ࢻ࣓࢖ࣥࡢᏑᅾࢆᢎㄆࡋࡓ ࠋ࢔ࣥἲࡣࠊࡲࡔ༳ๅࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ

⤖ᒁࠊ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡢࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ୺ᙇࡣཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊᙼࡽࡣἲ

ฟ∧ࡉࢀࡿ᭩⡠࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊⴭస⪅࡟ࠕ༳ๅࡢ⊂༨ⓗ⮬⏤ࠖ sole Liberty ofᘐ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ୺ᙇࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࠊⱥᅜࡢ⿢ุᐁ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊⴭస

printing ࢆ୚࠼ࡓࠋ࢔ࣥἲ඲యࡢ㊃ࡣࠊ㐨ලⓗ࠿ࡘᐇ⏝ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋⴭస

≀࡟࠾ࡅࡿⴭస⪅ࡢᶒ฼ࡢᛶ㉁࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ពぢࢆ㏙࡭ࡿᶵ఍ࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋ

ᶒࡢᙺ๭ࡣⴭస⪅ࡢ๰సࢆಁࡍࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ꮫၥࢆዡບࡋࠊ

ࡑࡋ࡚᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊDonaldson v. Beckett ஦௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㸦  ᑐ  ࡜࠸࠺㸧ഹᏛၥ࡟᪂ࡓ࡞ࡶࡢࢆࡘࡅຍ࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠊࡼࡾ኱ࡁ࡞┠ⓗ࡟ዊ௙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛

ᕪࡢከᩘពぢ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ࢔ࣥἲࡣࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࢆᗫṆࡋࡓ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᪤࡟ฟ∧ࡉࢀࡓ᭩⡠࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡢ⊂༨ⓗ࡞ᨭ㓄ࡣࠊ࢔ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ุ᩿ࢆୗࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ௳ࡣࡇࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⿢ุ

ࣥἲࡀ᪤Ꮡ᭩⡠࡟ᑐࡍࡿಖㆤࢆ㹙ᖺ  ᭶᪥࠿ࡽ㹛ᖺ㛫࡟ไ㝈ࡍࡿ

ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᤼㝖ࡉࢀࡓࠋ᭩⡠ࡢ౯᱁⤫ไ᮲㡯ࡶᑟධࡉࢀࠊ኱Ꮫࡢㅖ฼┈ࡣ᫂☜࡟Ᏺࡽࢀࡓࠋ ࢔ࣥἲࡢ฿᮶ࡣࠊ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚኱࠸࡞ࡿḼ႐ࡢ✀࡛ࡣỴࡋ࡚࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊᩘ༑ᖺ࡟ࢃࡓࡾࠊ࢔ࣥἲࡣⱥᅜ⿢ุᡤ࡟࠾࠸᳨࡚ドࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋୡ⣖࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡇࢀࡽࡢ⿢ุ౛ࡣࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟⌧௦ⓗ࡞ព⩏ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚ࡇࡢㄽத࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ᭩⡠ࡢࢱ࢖ࢺࣝࡣࠊS. Parkes (ed.), The English Book Trade

1660-1853 (New York, London, 1974) ࡢ୰ࡢ෉ࡶࡢᕳ࡟෌㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ⯆࿡῝࠸ࡢࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢࢱ࢖ࢺ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ‘English Publishing, the Struggle for
Copyright and the Freedom of the Press: Thirteen Tracts, 1666-1774’; ‘The Literary Property Debate: Seven Tracts 1747-1773’; ‘The Literary Property Debate: Six Tracts
1764-1774’; ‘The Literary Property Debate: Eight Tracts, 1774-1775’ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠸ࡿࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊⴭస⪅ࡀ࢔ࣥἲไᐃᚋࡶᏑ⥆ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆࡶࡘࡢ࠿࡝࠺



࠾ࡅࡿ࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁࡢ཯ᑐពぢࢆཧ↷ࠋ

L. Ray Patterson and Stanley W. Lindberg, The Nature of Copyright (Athens, London,1991), 29-31.

ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᙳ㡪࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⿢ุᡤࡢぢゎ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊMillar v. Taylor 98 E.R. at 229-250 ࡟
(1774) 4 Burr. 2408, 98 E.R. 257.ᮏ௳࡟࠾࠸࡚㈗᪘㝔ࡣࡑࡶࡑࡶⴭస⪅ࡀࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࢆಖ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᨭᣢࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡍࡿぢゎ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊL.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ᡤࡢぢゎࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓ᭱ᚋࡢ⿢ุ౛࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊⴭసᶒࡀไᐃἲ

ྠࡋ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ㄆࡵࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ࢘࢕ࣞࢫ⿢ุᐁࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞㆟ㄽࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋࡢ⏘≀࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿᛮ⪃ࡢ㐨➽ࢆ☜❧ࡋࡓࡢࡣࡲࡉ࡟

࠸ࢃࡃࠊࠕ࠸࠿࡞ࡿᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊᏛ㆑࠶ࡿ⪅ࡓࡕࡢᏛၥࡸ㦵ࡢᢡࢀࡿ◊ᮏุỴ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

✲ࢆዡບࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㈼࡛᫂࠶ࡿࠋ᭱ࡶ⡆༢࡛᭱ࡶᖹ➼࡞᪉ἲࡣࠊᙼࡽ࡟⮬ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࠊᮏ⠇ࡢෑ㢌࡛㏙࡭ࡓ᭱ึࡢ஦௳ࡢ᳨ド࡟⛣ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋ

ᕫࡢᡂᯝ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࢆಖ㞀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁ṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐࡢ➨  ࡢࡼ࠺ࠋᖺࡢ Millar v. Taylor ஦௳ࡣࠊDonaldson v. Beckett ஦௳࡟ඛ⾜ࡍ❧ሙࡣࠊ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ព࿡࡛ᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽࡢᮏ㉁ࢆᤊ࠼

ࡣ▱ⓗປാࡢᡂᯝࢆᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ᶒ฼ࡢᏑᅾࡢᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࠋࡇ

ࡓ஦௳࡛࠶ࡿࠋMillar v. Taylor ஦௳ࡣࠊḟࡢ  ࡘࡢၥ㢟ࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࡢぢゎࡣࠊ࡞ࡐປാࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ௜୚࡜࠸ࡗࡓᛶ㉁ࢆࡶࡘ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢ

ࢃࡕࠊⴭస⪅ࡣࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢ」〇ᶒ a right of copy at common law ࢆ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ࠸ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡢㄽᣐࡣ᫂ࡽ

᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡶࡋ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢ」࠿࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᚋ࡟ࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ౵ᐖࡣ⮬↛ࡢ⌮ᛶ࡟཯ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⮬ࡽࡢ୺〇ᶒࡣ࢔ࣥἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚๤ዣࡉࢀࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋᮏ௳࡟࠾ࡅࡿཎ࿌࣑࣮ࣛࡣࠊ

ᙇࢆࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⮬↛ἲࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡢศ

ࠕᅄᏘࠖ The Seasons ࡜࠸࠺リࡢⓏ㘓ⴭసᶒࡢಖ᭷⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⿕࿌ࢸ࢖ᯒࡣࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࣟࢵࢡ Locke ࡢ⣔㆕࡟ᒓࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࡋࠊᐇ

࣮ࣛࡣࠊ࣑࣮ࣛࡢチㅙࢆᚓ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊᙜヱリࡢ」〇≀ࢆಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸

㝿ࠊᙼࡣࠗ⤫἞஧ㄽ࠘➨஧⠍ Book II of the Two Treatises of Government ࡟ࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆ㈍኎ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ࢔ࣥἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓಖㆤ

࠾ࡅࡿࣟࢵࢡࡢᡤ᭷ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ࡟ゐࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣࣟࢵ

ᮇ㛫ࡣ‶஢ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࣑࣮ࣛࡀ຾ッࡍࡿ၏୍ࡢᮃࡳࡣࠊ࢔ࣥἲࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࢡࡢᡤ᭷ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡀᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜ࡣ㛵㐃ࡋ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙

ࡅ࡞࠸ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆド᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

࡭ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊⴭస⪅ࡢ▱ⓗປാࡣ㈈⏘ᶒ࣑࣮ࣛࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓド᫂࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓࠋ ே୰  ேࡢ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊ࣑࣮ࣛ຾ッࡢࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ࡜࠸࠺࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊḟ❶࡛ࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ┦ᙜ⛬ᗘࠊุỴࢆୗࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࣟࢵࢡࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㉳※࡟㛵ࡍࡿศᯒ࡜㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿุ᩿ࢆୗࡋࡓ⿢ุᐁ࠿ࡽࡣࠊከᵝ࡞ せ⣙ࡍࢀࡤࠊMillar v. Taylor ஦௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ  ࡘṇᙜ໬ࡢ㆟ㄽࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ࣐ࣥࢬࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻ୺௵⿢ุᐁ Mansfield CJࡢ❧ሙࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࡑࢀࡽࢆṇ⩏࡟ࡼࡿṇᙜ໬ࠊ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡟

ࡣࠊฟ∧ࡉࢀࡿ๓࡛࠶ࢀᚋ࡛࠶ࢀⴭస⪅ࡢᶒ฼ࡢῡ※ࡣྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡼࡿṇᙜ໬ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ⮬↛ᶒ࡟ࡼࡿṇᙜ໬࡜࿧ࡪࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ᫂

ࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊᶒ฼ࡢᇶ♏ࡣṇ⩏࡟࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࠕⴭస⪅ࡣ⮬ࡽ࠿࡟⊂❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ๰సࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟

ᕫࡢ๰ព࡜ປാ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㔠㖹ⓗ฼┈ࢆᡭ࡟ධࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀṇࡘ࠸࡚ࡣྰᐃࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊ๰స⪅࡟ሗ࠸ࡿ reward ࡓࡵ࡟㈈⏘ᶒࢆ๰タ⩏࡟࠿࡞࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡲࡓࠊ௚⪅ࡣྠព࡞ࡃࡋ࡚ⴭస⪅ࡢྡ๓ࢆ౑࠺࡭ࡁ࡛

ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣṇ⩏ࡢせㄳ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࢖ࣥࢭࣥ

ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀṇ⩏࡟࠿࡞࠺ࠋࠖ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡯࠿ࡢ⿢ุᐁ
ࡶṇ⩏࡟ッ࠼࠿ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᙼࡽࡣ㏣ຍⓗ࡞ㄽᣐࢆᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ


Id., at 218.

ࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࠋ⮬ࡽ✀ࢆࡲ࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࠿ࡽ௚⪅ࡀ฼

Id., at 221.

┈ࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡔ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࠕࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⮬↛ἲୖࡢṇ⩏࡟ࡣ㈶Id., at 222.



Id., at 220-221.࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡀࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊࣟࢵࢡࡢ⌮ㄽࡀࠕ⏕

άᚲ㟂ရࠖ࡟㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࣟࢵࢡ⌮ㄽࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮ㄽ࢘࢕ࣞࢫ⿢ุᐁ Willes J ࡣࠊ㐨ලⓗ㆟ㄽࢆᥦၐࡋࡓࠋᙼࡣ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ࢖ࣥRay Patterson and Stanley W. Lindberg, The Nature of Copyright (Athens, London, 1991),

ࡣࠊ୍ᐃࡢ༨᭷⾜Ⅽࡘࡲࡾ㌟యⓗ࡞᥋ゐ⾜Ⅽ࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ༨᭷ࡣᩥᏛⓗస

36-46 ࢆཧ↷ࠋရ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㛵㐃ᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡣ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿࠋ

98 E.R., at 252.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࢸ࢕ࣦ࡟ࡼࡿṇᙜ໬ࡣࡑࡢᛶ㉁ୖࠊ㐨ලⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ♫఍ⓗ࡟᭷┈ἲ࡜᫂☜࡟㛵㐃࡙ࡅ࡚⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊྠࡌ⮬↛ἲࡢᯟෆ࡛⪃࠼࡞࡞άືࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᱳᏊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬↛ᶒ࡟ࡼࡿṇᙜ໬ࡣࠊࡑࡢᮃࡲࡋ

ࡀࡽࡶࠊ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁ࡜࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁࡣṇ཯ᑐࡢ⤖ㄽࢆᑟࡁࡔࡍࠋ࢔

ࡉࢆࠊ⮬↛ἲࡢᏑᅾ࡜ࡑࢀࢆ㆑ูࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿே㛫ࡢ⌮ᛶࡢᏑᅾ࡟౫

ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡣ abstract objects ࡟㈈⏘ᶒࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡿᏑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐࡣⴭసᶒࡢᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚⿢ุᐁ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚

ࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊබ⾲ publication ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡇࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࡣᾘ⪃࠼ฟࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ௚ࡢศ㔝࡟ࡶ➼⁛ࡍࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡢ㛫࡟ࡣࠊ⮬↛ἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱ⓗ㞟ᡂ≀ࡢ⏝࠸᪉࡟ࡋࡃ㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚋࡢ❶࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐࡢࡑࢀ

࠾࠸࡚ᩘከࡃࡢ┦㐪ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊ࡞࠿࡛ࡶỴᐃⓗ࡟㔜せ࡞┦㐪ࡣࡑࢀࡒࡒࢀࡀࡼࡾヲ⣽࡞ホ౯ᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࡜ࡶ࠶ࢀᕪࡋᙜࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࠊMillarࢀࡢඹྠయᴫᛕࡢ⏝࠸᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡀⴭస≀ࢆࡇ

v. Taylor ஦௳ࡢศᯒࢆ⥆ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ㈈⏘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⮬ࡢୡ࡟ࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ▐㛫࠿ࡽᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀⴭస⪅࡟ᖐᒓࡍࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ

↛ἲⓗᛮ⪃࡜ⴭసᶒ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊከࡃࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿

࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆࠊඹ᭷≧ែ࠿ࡽጞࡲࡾ୍ᐃࡢ༨

ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

᭷⾜Ⅽࢆ㏻ࡌ ࡚ಶேᡤ᭷࡬ ࡜⮳ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ᙼࡀ࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡢࠊtangible

 Millar v. Taylor ஦௳ࡢ  ࡘࡢ⯆࿡῝࠸≉ᚩࡣࠊྛ⿢ุᐁࡀ⮬↛ἲୖࡢ㈈property ࡜ᑐẚࡍࡿࠋḟࡢ୍⠇ࡣࠊ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡀ࡞ࡍ஧✀㢮ࡢ㈈⏘㛫⏘⌮ㄽࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⿢ุᐁࡣ඲ဨ

ࡢᑐẚࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡇࡢ▱ⓗఏ⤫࡜ྥࡁྜࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ ࡘ࡟ࡣࠊᘚㆤኈࡀࡑࡢ⟅ᘚ࡟࠾࠸࡚┦ᙜ⛬ᗘࠊ⮬↛ἲୖࡢ㈈⏘⌮ㄽ࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ  ࡇࡢ✀ࡢ㈈⏘࡟ࡣࠊ༨᭷࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿ㈈⏘ࠊࡘࡲࡾࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࡣ

࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀᮏ௳࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿ࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࡶ࠺  ࡘ࡟ࡣࠊ⮬↛ἲୖඹ᭷ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊಶேᡤ᭷ࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡋ࠿ࡋಶேࡢ୍ᐃࡢ

ࡢ㈈⏘⌮ㄽࡀᙜ᫬ࡢᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ఏ⤫࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜ࡑࡢṇᙜ⾜Ⅽࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ಶேᡤ᭷ࡢࡶࡢ࡬࡜ኚᐜࡍࡿ㈈⏘࡜ࡢ㛫࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㔜せ໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢၥ㢟࡟㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜ࡟ࠊ⌧௦ࡢホ⪅ࡀࡇࡢ஦௳࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀ

࡞┦㐪ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊࡇࡢ✀ࡢ㈈⏘ࡣཎጞⓗ࡟ࡣⴭస⪅ࡢࡶࡢࡿ  ࡘࡢᩍカࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓၥ㢟ࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ㐨ᚨ⌮ㄽࡢ㑅ᢥ࡟ࡣࡑࢀ࡯

࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊⴭస⪅⮬㌟ࡢ⾜Ⅽࡲࡓࡣࡑࡢ᏶඲࡞ྠព࡟ࡼࡗ

࡝౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊࡴࡋࢁ≉ᐃࡢṇᙜ໬⌮ㄽࡀᣐࡗ࡚❧ࡘඹྠయࡢ≉ᚩࡸ࡚᫂☜࡟ඹ᭷ࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡉࢀ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊࡑࡢ㈈⏘ࡣ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ⴭస⪅ᮏேࡢᡤ᭷≀࡛࠶ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

グ㏙࡟኱ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋඛࡢ  ࡘࡢุỴࢆࡼࡾ⦓ᐦ࡟᳨ウࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≉ᚩࡀᾋ࠿ࡧୖࡀࡿࠋ

 ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁ࡜࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁ㸦཯ᑐពぢࢆ㏙࡭ࡓ၏୍ࡢ⿢ุᐁ㸧ࡣ

࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫ Grotius ࠊࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇ Pufendorf ࠊࣟࢵࢡ᭷ᶒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ᝿ീୖࡢែᵝࠖࢆ௎ࡵ࠿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ98 E.R., at 218 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࢀࡣ࠾

ࡽࡢ⌮ㄽࢆ᥼⏝ࡍࡿࠋ࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊⱥᅜேⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢⓎᒎࢆ⮬↛ࡑࡽࡃࠊࢻࣥࢢࣜ࡟┤᥋ゝཬࡍࡿࣟࢵࢡࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㆟ㄽࢆཧ⪃࡟ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦J.
Locke, The Second Treatise of Government (P. Laslett (ed.), Cambridge, 1988), Book II,

chapter 5, section 28 ࢆཧ↷㸧ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࠸࠿࡞ࡿሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊ࢘࢕ࣞࢫ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊ⮬↛ἲ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊ98 E.R., at 220 ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣟࢵࢡࡢ The Second Treatise ofࡢఏ⤫࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᫂♧ⓗ࡞㆟ㄽࡣ physical objects ࡜ࡢࡳ㛵㐃ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶

Government (1690) ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ࡟᫂♧ⓗ࡟ゐࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠ⿢ุᐁࡣ

ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ࣐ࣥࢬࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻ

ࡲࡓࠊࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫࡢ De Jure Belli Ac Pacis Libri Tres (1625) ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㉳※⿢ุᐁࡣࠊ⮬ᕫࡢ⤖ㄽࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⮬↛ἲࡢཎ๎ࡸ㐨ᚨⓗṇ⩏࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿࠋ

࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡸࠊࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇࡢ De Jure Naturae et Gentium Libri Octo (1672) ࡟ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊྠ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫࠊࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࣟࢵࢡࡢ㆟ㄽࡶゝཬࡍࡿࠋ98 E.R., at 220-221 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊ98 E.R., at 231 and 233 ࡟ࢆ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ᘬࡁྜ࠸࡟ࡔࡍࡇ࡜ࡣࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ

࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇࢆ᫂♧ⓗ࡟᥼⏝ࡍࡿࠋ࢘࢕ࣞࢫ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊࠕᘚㆤேࡢ๰



98 E.R., at 229.

㐀ຊࠖࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࡶࡢ࡜ᙼࡀ࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗ㆟ㄽ࡟ゝཬࡋࠊࠕࢻࣥࢢࣜࡢᡤ



Id., at 221.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟  ୖグࡢ୺ᙇࢆ࡞ࡍ࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫࠊࣉ࣮ࣇ

࠼ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋabstract objects ࡀ㈈⏘࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇࡣࠊ࢔ࢫࢺ

࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇࠊࣟࢵࢡࡢࡼ࠺࡞⮬↛ἲㄽ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡍࣥ⿢ุᐁ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡣࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙

ࡿ㆟ㄽࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⌮ㄽᐙࡓࡕࡣࠊ⚾᭷㈈⏘ᶒࡢⓎᒎ࡟ࡘ࠸ࣥࢻࣝࣇ࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᑐ㇟ࡣ᫬ࡢ⤒㐣࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ゎỴࡉࢀࡿ࡜࡚ㄝ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࠋ⚄ࡣ኱ᆅ࡜ࡑࡢෆᐜ≀ࢆඹ᭷ࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡘࡲࡾ

୺ᙇࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᥮ゝࡍࢀࡤࠊ⮬↛ἲཎ⌮ࡣࠊ♫఍ࡀࡑࡢᐇᐃἲୖࡢ

ඹྠᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ࠊཎጞⓗඹྠయ࡟୚࠼ࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡇ

㈈⏘࣮ࣝࣝࢆ᪂ࡓ࡞≧ἣ࡟㐺ྜࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ㄪᩚࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗Ṇࡋࡓࡾࡢ௜୚ࡣ༢࡟኱ᆅࢆ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡔࡅࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ

ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⓎぢࠊⓎ᫂ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧⱁ⾡ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿᑐ㇟⠊ၥ㢟ࡣᚋࡢẁ㝵࡛ே㛫࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ๓⪅ࡢඹᅖࢆᣑ኱ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ྠయᵓ᝿ࠊࡘࡲࡾ✚ᴟⓗඹྠయ positive community ࡣࠊಶே࡟ࡼࡿ㈈⏘ ୍᪉ࠊ࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁ࡜ྠᵝ࡟⮬↛ἲ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡳࡽࢀ

ࡢྲྀᚓࢆ௚⪅ࡢྠព࡟኱ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊಶே

ࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ୍⯡⌮ㄽ࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿࡀࠊⴭస⪅ࡣ࢔ࣥἲࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟ

ࡣ୓ே࡟ᖐᒓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࢆྲྀᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ

ୖࡢⴭసᶒࢆ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸࡜ㄝ♧ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁ࡜ࡣṇ཯ᑐࡢ⤖ㄽࢆᑟᚋ⪅ࡢඹྠయᵓ᝿ࠊࡘࡲࡾᾘᴟⓗඹྠయ negative community ࡣࠊಶேࡀ

ࡃࠋabstract objects ࡣ༨᭷࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊ༨᭷ࡣᙜヱᶒ฼ࡢᇶ♏

ປാࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㈈⏘ࢆྲྀᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿ⠊ᅖࢆࡼࡾᗈࡆࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡜࡞ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࠋabstract objects ࡟౯್ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᙜヱᑐ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊಶேࡣࠊ୓ே࡟ࡑࡢྲྀᚓࡀ㛤࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊㄡ࠿୍ಶே࡟ᖐᒓ

㇟ࡀಶேࡢ㈈⏘࡟ኚࢃࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࠕ༢࡞ࡿ౯್ࡣ㈈⏘ࢆᵓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࢆྲྀᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ௚

ᡂࡋ࡞࠸ࠖ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁࡀࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࢆྰ

⪅ࡢྠពࡣ✚ᴟⓗඹྠయ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࡯࡝ᙉ࠸ᙺ๭ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

ᐃࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ ࡘ࡟ࡣ abstract objects ࡢᛶ㉁࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊᾘᴟⓗඹྠయࡢ᧦ㆤ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇࢆ⫯࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁࡀḟࡢ୍⠇࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊabstract objects ࡣᐃⓗ࡟ᘬ⏝ࡋࠊⴭస⪅ࡢ⢭⚄ⓗປാࡣᩥᏛసရ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ᰿ᣐࢆ୚


ࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫࡣࠊཎጞⓗඹྠయࡢᛶ㉁ࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣⱝᖸ᭕᫕࡛࠶ࡿࠋMare

Liberum ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫࡣࠊࡑࡢඹྠᡤ᭷ᶒࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃࠊ

ᡤ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ୙ྍ⬟ࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ  ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡇ࡛୺ᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㈈⏘ࡣ඲ࡃࡶࡗ࡚ほᛕⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡘࡲࡾࡑࢀࡣࠊఱࡽࡢቃ⏺ࡸ┠༳ࢆࡶࡓࡎࠊ┠࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿᙧ࡛༨᭷ࡍࡿ

ࠕ୓ேࡀாཷࡋ࠺ࡿඹ᭷ࡢࠖࡶࡢࡀ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚ヰࢆጞࡵࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋ

ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㈈⏘࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᛶ㉁ࡸ௜㝶᮲௳ࢆఱ୍ࡘ⥔ࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫࡣࠊཎጞ≧ែ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕඹ᭷ࡢࡶࡢࠖ࡜ࡣ୓ேࡀᡤ᭷ᶒࢆඹ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸

ᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᏑᅾࡣࡍ࡭࡚㢌ࡢ୰ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ༢࡟ᡤ᭷ᶒࡀ඲ࡃᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸࡜♧၀ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋH. Grotius, Mare Liberum (1608; R. Van Deman Magoffin tr., New York, 1916) at
2, and 22-25 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㉳※࠾ࡼࡧⓎᒎ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊH.
Grotius, De Jure Belli Ac Pacis Libri Tres (1625; F.W. Kelsey tr., New York, London, 1964),

Book II, chapter 2 ࡶཧ↷ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫࡣࠊࣘࢫࢸ࢕ࢾࢫ Justin ࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊ୓≀ࡣࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ඹ᭷ࡢ≀࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ඲ே㢮ࡢᡤ᭷࡟࠿࠿ࡿศ๭୙ྍ⬟࡞≀࡛࠶ࡗࡓ

S. Pufendorf, De Jure Naturae et Gentium Libri Octo (1672; translation of 1688 ed. by C.H.

ཎጞⓗඹྠయࡣᾘᴟⓗඹྠయ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇࡢ୺ᙇ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ

࡜㏙࡭ࡿࠋࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫࡣࡇࢀ࡟⥆ࡅ࡚ࠊࠕྛேࡣ⮬ᕫࡢᚲ㟂ရ࡜ࡋ࡚ḧࡍࡿࡶࡢand W.A. Oodfather, New York, London, 1964), IV. 4. 3. ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡣఱ࡛࠶ࢀ┤ࡕ࡟ྲྀᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᾘᴟⓗඹྠయ࡜ᩚྜ

ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬↛ἲࡢ◊✲⪅࡟ࡼࡿᾘᴟⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ✚ᴟⓗඹྠయࡢ฼⏝࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊtheᣢࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋSir William Blackstone, Commentaries of the Laws ofcommentary by K. Haakonssen on Thomas Reid, Practical Ethics (K. Haakonseen ed.,England (1765; 1783 ed., reprinted by Garland Publishing, New York, London, 1978),Princeton, New Jersey, 1990), 323-326 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ⮬↛ἲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟㛵ࡍࡿඃࢀBook II, Chapter 16, 258.

ࡓ㆟ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊS. Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property (Oxford, 1991) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ࣈࣛࢵࢡࢫࢺ࣮ࣥࡣࠊ༨᭷࡜ࡣࠕࡑࢀ௨๓࡟ࡣㄡ࡟ࡶᖐᒓࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓ≀ࢆᡤ

98 E.R., at 230.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࡟࠶ࡿࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠺୺ᙇࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ୍⯡⌮ㄽ࡜ࡣ඲ࡃ┦ᐜࢀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ☜࠿࡟ࠊṇ⩏ࡣⴭస⪅ࡀఱࡽ࠿ࡢሗ㓘ࢆཷࡅࡿ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࢆせồࡍࡿࡀࠊ㆟఍ࡣⴭస⪅ ࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁࡢ㆟ㄽࡢࡼࡾ᰾ᚰⓗ࡞㒊ศࡣࠊ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡣ୓ே࡟㛤࠿࡟᭷㝈ᮇ㛫ࡢ⊂༨ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࢔ࣥἲࢆ❧ἲ໬ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊṇ⩏ࡢせㄳࢆ‶㊊ࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂☜࡟๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ࢔࢖ࢹ

ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⊂༨ࡢ௜୚ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀṇ⩏࡜୍⮴ࡋࠊᏛၥ࠾ࡼࡧ⛉Ꮫࢆዡ

࢕࢔ࡢᛶ㉁ࡣࡲࡉ࡟ࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࢇබ⾲ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊࡶࡣࡸࡑࢀࡽࡣ⊂༨ⓗ࡟౑ບࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽṇᙜ໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢ⊂༨ᶒࡢ⾜౑ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ௚⪅⏝ࡋࡓࡾாཷࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋබ⾲࡜࠸࠺⾜ࡢ⮬↛ᶒ࡜୧❧ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࠊ᭱ඃඛࡢ᮲௳ࡢไ⣙ࢆཷࡅࡿࠋ

Ⅽࡣࠊᚲ↛ⓗ࡟ࠕබ⾗࡬ࡢ㉗ࡾ≀࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡣࢥࣔࣥ

௚⪅ࡣ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡢᑐ㇟≀ࢬ࡟ຍ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ௨ୖࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊⴭస⪅ࡣ⮬ᕫࡢປຊ࡟ᑐࡍ

ࢆྲྀᘬࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁࡢㄝ♧࡟ᬯ♧ࡉࢀࡿሗ㓘ࢆཷࡅࡿ㈨᱁ࡀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊ

࡚࠸ࡿඹྠయࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡢศᯒ࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᙉ࠸ᾘ

ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ⪅ࡣ⮬ᕫࡢປാࡢᡂᯝ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆྲྀᚓࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ཎ⌮ࢆ᥼ᴟⓗඹྠయᴫᛕ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋabstract objects ࡣࠊ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚୓ேࡀ౑⏝ࡍࡿ⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊⴭస⪅ࡣሗ㓘ࢆཷࡅࡿᶒ฼ࢆࡶࡘ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟㈶ྠࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㈨※࡛࠶ࡾ⥆ࡅࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊ୓ேࡀ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡋ࡚౑⏝ࡍࡿ⮬↛ᶒࢆࡶࡘࡇࡢሗ㓘ࡣࠕே㛫ࡢ୍⯡ⓗᶒ฼ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ㈈⏘ࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࠖࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ

ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ୍㒊࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ㄝࡃ ࠋ Millar v. Taylor ஦௳ࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ  ࡘࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ၨⓎⓗ࡞⿢ุ ࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊ⮬↛ἲཎ⌮ࢆᕦጁ࠿ࡘ⯆࿡῝࠸᪉ἲ࡛฼⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡲ౛࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ ࡘࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡣࠊᮏ௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠊࢥࣔ

ࡉ࡟ேⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡀ⮬↛ἲཎ⌮ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢ

࣭࣮ࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࡢᏑᅾࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ  ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡗࡓㄽᣐࡀࠊ⌧௦ⓗ࡞ᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣᏑᅾࡋ࠼࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ㛵㐃ᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢘࢕ࣞࢫ⿢ุᐁࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊࡣ⌧ᐇࡢ༨᭷࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊabstract objects ࡣ༨᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜

ࢡ࢚ࣜ࢖ࢸ࢕ࣅࢸ࢕࡟ᑐࡍࡿືᶵ࡙ࡅࡣ abstract objects ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࢆࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁࡀࡑࡢุỴࡢᮎᑿ࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺

฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㧗ࡵࡽࢀࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣᙅࡵࡽࢀ

࡟ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞㹙༨᭷ࡋ࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾࠸ࡓ㹛ᶒ฼ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜࠸

ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠊ⌧௦⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㆟ㄽࡢඛ㥑ࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢔ࢫࢺࣥ⿢ุᐁࡢ⮬↛

ᶒ࡟ࡼࡿṇᙜ໬ࡣࠊ୍㒊ࡢ⌧௦ࣜࣂࢱࣜ࢔ࣥࡀ୺ᙇࡍࡿ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡟㢮ఝࡋࡓ❧ሙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶ࠺  ࡘࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡣࠊᮏ௳ࡣḟࡢࡇ࡜Id., at 233.

Ibid.

ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୍㝵 first order ࡢṇᙜ໬ࡢIbid.

ศᯒࡀࡓ࡝ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡢ㧗࠸㐍㊰ࡣࠊࡑࡢศᯒࡀྵࡲࢀࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛࡢࢫ࣮࢟



Id., at 230.༨᭷ࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫ࡜ࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ࣒࡟῝ࡃ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡲࡓඹྠయ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉ᚩࡸ๓ᥦ࡟≉࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚

⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢⓎ⏕࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄝ᫂ࡢᙜྰࢆỴࡍࡿ㔜せ࡞࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢢࣟࢸ࢕࢘ࢫࡢḟࡢ୍⠇ࡀࠊࡲࡉ࡟ࡑࡢ౛ド࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕ㈈⏘࡞࠸ࡋᡤ᭷ᶒࡀ⪃᱌ࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ⮬↛⏺ࡢ≧ែࢆᡭᮏ࡟ࡋ࡚㈈⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲࡀไᐃࡉࢀ
ࡓࠋ㌟యⓗ࡞ᚲせᛶ࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡚㈈⏘࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡢ౑⏝ࡀ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ๓㏙ࡋ

࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ౫Ꮡ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ࡶᙉ࠸ࡓࡵࠊ⮬↛ἲ࡜࠸࠺ྠࡌ୍㝵ࡢ㐨ᚨ⌮ㄽࡢᯟෆ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊඹྠయ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢぢ᪉ࡀ␗࡞ࢀ
ࡤ≉ᐃࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࡢྲྀỴࡵࢆṇᙜ໬ࡋ࠺ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⤖ㄽࡀ␗࡞ࡗ

ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㈈⏘ࡢ᭱ึࡢ㉳※࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡔࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡜ྠᵝࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ≀ࡀಶ࡚ࡃࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ேࡢ㈈⏘࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀỴᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ㛵ಀࡇࡑࡀࠗ༨᭷࠘࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡶࡢ



࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣඹ᭷≀࡜ࡋ࡚ಖᣢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ≀࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⏝ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚᭱ࡶ

㐺ษ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠖH. Grotius, Mare Liberum (1608; R. Van Deman Magoffin tr., New

ern World: A New Economic History (Cambridge, 1973) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

York, 1916), 25 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㔜せᛶ୍⯡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊD.C. North and R.P. Thomas, The Rise of the WestR. Nozick, Anarchy, state, and Utopia (Oxford, 1974).

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟  ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿึᮇࡢ⿢ุ౛ࡀᢪ࠼ࡿ  ࡘࡢ㞴ၥࡣࠊ࣮ࣟୖࡢⴭస⪅ࡢᶒ฼ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿ㐨ࢆ㑅ࢇࡔࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊⴭసᶒ࡟ࡑࢀࡽࡀⓎࡍࡿ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟▩┪ࡋࡓࢩࢢࢼ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣍ࣝࢬ࣮࣡ࢫࡀᣦ᦬ᑐࡍࡿ⤒῭ⓗぢᆅࡢ຾฼ࡣࠊኚ໬ࡍࡿ⤒῭ⓗࠊᢏ⾡ⓗ≧ἣ࡟㐺ྜࡋࡓ⌧ᐇࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢⱥᅜ⿢ุᐁࡣࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࢆᨭᣢࡋࡓ

ⓗ࡞ゎỴ⟇ࢆసࡾࡔࡍࡓࡵ࡟⮬↛ἲୖࡢ㈈⏘ཎ๎ࡢㄪᩚࡀ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚⾜ࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎⱥᅜἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟⤒῭ⓗ࡛ᐇ⏝ⓗ࡞ⴭసࢃࢀࡓ࠿ࢆ♧ࡍࠊ ࡘࡢ౛࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶࢃ࠿ࡿࠋⱥᅜἲࡣࠊⴭసᶒ

ᶒἲᴫᛕࡀ຾฼ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥࡢ⤒῭ⓗᴫᛕࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ࠊᐇ㝿࡟⮬↛ᶒⓗṇᙜ໬ࢆྰᐃࡋࡓࢃࡅ

㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺౯್ࡣ༑ศ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ࡜ࡶ࠶ࢀࠊࣟࢵࢡὶࡢ⮬↛ᶒࢆ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁⱥᅜἲࡣࠊ⮬↛ἲཎ๎ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊⴭస⪅ࡀ⮬ᕫᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢㄝ᫂ࡣࠊୡ⣖ࡢ࢖ࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᗈࡃཷࡅධࢀ

ࡢປാ࡟ᑐࡋ୍࡚ᐃࡢሗ㓘ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ୍᪉ࠊ௚⪅ࡶࡲࡓ⮬ᕫࡢႠᴗࡢ⮬⏤ࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ኱ከᩘࡢⱥᅜ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊࡑࡢฟⓎⅬ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊಶேࡢປ

࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⮬↛ᶒࢆ㏣ồࡋ࠺ࡿࡼ࠺ྲྀࡾィࡽ࠺ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧ᐇⓗ࡞ゎ㔘ࢆാ࡜⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢᏑᅾ࡜ࡢᙉ࠸㛵㐃ᛶࠊࡘࡲࡾ⮬↛ἲࡢఏ⤫ࢆᘬࡁ⥅ࡄ⌮⮬↛ἲཎ๎࡟୚࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡣ⤖ᒁࠊᣑ኱ࡢ୍㏵ࢆࡓ࡝ࡗࡓ

ㄽᐙࡀࡇࢀࡲ࡛㆟ㄽࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ㛵㐃ᛶࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿぢゎࢆ࡜ࡗࡓࠋJefferys v.

ୡ⣖ᚋ༙ࡢ⏘ᴗ⤒῭࡟㐺ྜࡍࡿゎ㔘࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

Boosey ஦௳࡟࠾࠸࡚࣏ࣟࢵࢡ⿢ุᐁࡀᥦၐࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࠊⴭసᶒࡣࠕ඲ࡃே

ᕤⓗ࡞ᶒ฼࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ぢゎࢆ࡜ࡗࡓ⿢ุᐁࡢᩘࡣᴟࡵ࡚㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ

ཎᚩೌ



ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ

 ⴭసᶒἲࡢ⤒῭ⓗᴫᛕࡣ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊ⮬↛ἲཎ⌮࡟཯ࡋ࡚࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊ ព⩏῝࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊⓎ᫂⪅ࡣⴭస⪅࡜ྠᵝ࡟Ọ⥆ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆாཷࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛

ࡴࡋࢁ⮬↛ἲཎ⌮ࡢ࠾࠿ࡆ࡛ⱥᅜἲ࡟฿᮶ࡋࡓࠋႠᴗࢆ⾜࠺୓ேࡢᶒ฼ࡣࠊ

࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㆟ㄽࡀ┿๢࡟࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋⓎ᫂⪅ࡢᶒ฼ࡀᅜ⋤኱㛗࠸㛫ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡢ୍㒊ࢆᙧᡂࡋࠊ௚ࡢ኱᪉ࡢᶒ฼ࡼࡾࡶᇶᮏⓗ࡞ᆅ఩ᶒࡸ㆟఍ไᐃἲ࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣᐃ╔ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢ

ࢆாཷࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゎỴࢆ㏕ࡽࢀ

⌮⏤ࡣ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊⓎ᫂ࡣ♫఍ⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ㠀ᖖ࡟㔜せ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚

ࡓ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟ࡼࡿỌஂࡢ⊂༨ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⤒῭ⓗᙳ㡪ࢆ⪃៖⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊⓎ᫂⪅ࡢᡭ࡟ጤࡡ࡚࠾ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛

ࡏࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋᙼࡽࡣࠊฟ∧⪅࡜ⴭస⪅ࡢ฼┈ࢆศ㞳ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞

࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆᨭᣢࡋࡓ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊⓎ᫂࡟ᑐࡍࡃࠊ࢔ࣥἲࡢ᪋⾜ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ₯ᅾⓗ࡟ࡣ⤯ᑐⓗ࡞ࢥ࣭ࣔࣥ

ࡿ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜᭩⡠࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜ࡢ༊ูࢆᅗࡿ࡜࠸࠺ㄢ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼㎸ࡴࡇ

࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ศᯒୖࡢ௙஦࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊⓎ᫂࡜ⴭ

W.S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law (2nd ed., 1937, London), vol. 6, 379 ࢆཧ↷ࠋసࡢ཮᪉࡜ࡶ⢭⚄ࡢປാࢆ࡜ࡶ࡞࠺࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࡢປാࡣᅜᐙࡀ≉チ⡿ᅜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠࡌࡇ࡜ࡀ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊWheaton v. Peters, 33 U.S. (8 Peters) 591

࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛≉ᶒࡢ௜୚ࢆỴᐃࡋ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊఱࡢᶒ฼ࡶ☜❧ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ



(1834) ࡟࠾࠸࡚㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡀࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࢆᗫṆࡋࡓࠋࣟࢵࢡࡢᙳ㡪࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊR. Larkin, Property in the Eighteenth Century (Dublin,Cork, 1930) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

4 H.L.C. 815, 10 E.R. 681 at 729.

Ⴀᴗࡢ⮬⏤㸦ྲྀᘬࡢ⮬⏤freedom of trade㸧ࡢᶒ฼ࡣࠊMillar v. Taylor ஦௳ࡢ୰࡛

࡚ࠊ࡞ࡐ௚᪉ࡢປാࡣ⮬↛ᶒⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ☜❧ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ
࠺࠿ࠋⱥᅜἲࡀ᥇⏝ࡋࡓဴᏛⓗ࡞ゎ⟅ࡣࠊⓎ᫂⪅ࡣ༢࡟᪤Ꮡࡢ≀ࢆⓎぢࡍࡿ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊⴭస⪅ࡣఱ࠿ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡶ

࢖࢙࣮ࢶ⿢ุᐁ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⮬↛ᶒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᥥ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ98 E.R. at 250 ཧ↷ࠋᮏ❶࡟࠾

࠸࡚ᚋ㏙ࡍࡿ The Case of Monopolies ࡶࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ぢゎ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ඾ᣐ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ

ཎ๎ࡢᇶᮏⓗᛶ㉁ࢆㄝࡃ௚ࡢ⿢ุ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊThe Case of the Tailors, etc. of Ipswich

Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville, 1968) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

(1614) 11 Co. Rep. 53a, 77 E.R. 1218ࡸNorris v. Staps (1616) 11 Co. Rep. 53a, 80 E.R.



Jefferys v. Boosey (1854) 4 H.L.C. 815, 10 E.R. at 745.

357 ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

ⱝᖸࡢヨࡳ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊMillar v. Taylor 98 E.R. at 216 and 226 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ฟ∧⪅࡜ⴭస⪅ࡢ฼┈ࢆษࡾ㞳ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊL.R.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢゎ⟅ࡣࠊ≉࡟ㄝᚓⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋⓎ᫂⪅ࡣఱࡶ ᅜ⋤࡟ࡼࡿ⊂༨ᶒ௜୚ࡢᶒ㝈⾜౑ࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ៅ㔜࡟࡞ࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ

⏕ࡳࡔࡉ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺Ⓨ᝿ࡣࠊ⮬↛ἲ๎ࡢඛᅾ࡜ࡑࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᛂ⏝࡜ࢆΰྠࡋ

࡞࠿ࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࡣࠊThe Case of Monopolies ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᶒ㝈⮬య࡚࠸ࡿࠋᚋ⪅ࡢ⾜Ⅽࡣᐇ㝿࡟๰సⓗປാࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࠋⓎ᫂࡟๰సⓗせ⣲ࡀ࠿࡞ࡾไ㝈ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅜ⋤኱ᶒࡀࠊ⌮᝿ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊⱥᅜἲࡣ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ≉チᶒࡢྲྀᢅ࠸࡟࠾࠸

ࡽᅜẸࡢᾘᴟⓗ⮬⏤ࡢಖㆤࢆពᅗࡋࡓ࣐ࢢࢼ࣭࢝ࣝࢱ࠾ࡼࡧࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟ

࡚㧗ᗘ࡟㐨ල୺⩏ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ≉チᶒࡣఱୡ⣖࡟ࡶࢃࡓࡾࠊ≉ᶒࡢไ⣙ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᅜ⋤኱ᶒ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⊂༨ᶒࡣࠊ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥ࠿ࡽỴࡋ࡚㞳ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡀⴭసᶒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

ྛᅜẸࡀ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢႠᴗࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ᏶඲࡟ጉࡆࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᾘᴟⓗ⮬⏤࡟ࡶᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿㹙ⴭసᶒࡶࡲࡓ≉ᶒ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿㹛࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ᑐࡍࡿⴭࡋ࠸ᖸ΅࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋఏ⤫ⓗ࡞㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊྲྀᘬࡸႠᴗࢆ⾜࠺㐣⛬࡛ࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡟ከࡃࡢྖἲୖࡢ཯ᑐࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓࡀࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣⴭసᶒࡶ≉チᶒ⵳✚ࡉࢀࡓ㈈⏘ಖ᭷ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᶵ⬟ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᾘᴟⓗ⮬⏤࡟ᑐ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ⮬↛ᶒ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ≉ᶒ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡍࡿྠᵝࡢ༴㝤ࢆᢪ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋఏ⤫ⓗ࡞㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊ௚⪅ࡀྲྀᘬ ≉チἲࡣࠊⴭసᶒἲ࡜ྠᵝࠊ୰ୡ࢖ࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜ⋤኱ᶒ࡟ᇶ࡙

ࡸႠᴗࢆ⾜࠺ࡢࢆጉࡆࡓࡾࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡃ≉ᶒไᗘ࡟㉳※ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋᅜ⋤ࡣࠊ≉ᶒ௜୚࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ⋤኱ᶒ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟ⿢ุᡤࡀ⊂༨ᶒ௜୚࡟ᑐࡋ࡚♧ࡋࡓ཯ᛂࡣࠊࡓ࡜࠼ዎ⣙ࡢ࡚ࠊᅵᆅࡢ฼ᶒࠊከᵝ࡞බ⫋ࠊ୍ᡭ㈍኎ᶒ franchises ࡢ௜୚ࢆྵࡴ࠶ࡽ

⮬⏤࡬ࡢᖸ΅࡜࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊႠᴗࡢ⮬⏤ freedom of trade ࡢཎ๎ࡺࡿࡶࡢࢆ௜୚ࡋ࠼ࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≉ᶒ௜୚ࡢᶒ㝈ࡢ⠊ᅖࡣᗈ⠊࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢆ᭱㔜せどࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⿢ุᡤࡣࠊᅜ⋤኱ࡗࡓࡀࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡢ௜୚࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣៅ㔜࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡢ

ᶒ⾜౑ࡢ᭷ຠᛶࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿྖἲᶒࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ⊂༨࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡀᘓ๓࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋၥ㢟ࡣ⌧ᐇ࡟ࡣࡑ࠺࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ௦ࠎࡢ

ἲᐉゝࡢᶵ఍ࢆᚅࡓ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ⿢ุᡤࡣࠊᖺ࡟Ⓨᕸࡉⱥᅜᅜ⋤࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡢ௜୚ࡣ㒔ྜࡢࡼ࠸཰ධ※࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࣮࣍ࣝࢬ

ࢀࡓዪ⋤ࡢペສ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⊂༨࡟㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࢆྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ྖἲᶒࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀ

࣮࣡ࢫࡣࠊᅜ⋤ࡀ⌮ㄽୖࡣไ㝈ࡉࢀࡓ⊂༨ᶒ௜୚ࡢᶒ㝈ࢆᕦࡳ࡟฼⏝ࡋ࡚ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚⩣ᖺࠊⱥᅜἲୖ᭱ࡶ᭷ྡ࡞஦௳ࡢ  ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ The Case of㔠ඈࡅࢆ⾜࠺ጼໃࢆ㐺ษ࡟ᥥ෗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

Monopolies ࡀࠊዪ⋤ᗙ㒊⿢ุᡤ࡛ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ⿢ุ౛ࡢࢫࢺ࣮࣮ࣜ

ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡶ㢖⦾࡟ㄒࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᮏ᭩ࡣࠊᮏ௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊⱝᖸࡢ౛እ

ࢪ࢙࣮࣒ࢬϨୡ James I ࡣ⤯࠼ࡎ㈈ᨻ㞴࡟ႍ࠸࡛࠾ࡾࠊᑐ౯ࢆ┠ᙜࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ⊂༨ࡣࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟ࡟㐪཯ࡍࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺⤖ㄽࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ㝿࡟⏝࠸࡚࡟ࠊᨻᗓ㛵ಀ࠾ࡼࡧ⏘ᴗ㛵ಀࡢ཮᪉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ከᩘࡢ≉ᶒࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿ

ࡽࢀࡓ㆟ㄽ࡟㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

⏝ពࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ͐͐ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞≉ᶒ௜୚ࡢ࠺ࡕᚋ⪅ࡢ⏘ᴗ

㛵ಀࡢ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ∵㠉ࡢ㍺ฟ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⊂༨ᶒࡢ௜୚ࠊࢱࣛ࡜ࣜࣥࢢࡢ



㍺ධ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⊂༨ᶒࡢ௜୚ࠊࣇ࢓࣮ࢪࣥࢢ㖡㈌ࡢ〇㐀࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⊂༨ᶒ

nopolies, 77 E.R., at 1263 ࡟࠾࠸࡚ゝཬࡉࢀࡓࠊDavenant v. Hurdis (1599) ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡢ௜୚➼ࢆᣲࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢႠᴗࡢ⮬⏤ࢆᐉゝࡋࡓึᮇࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊThe Case of MoNordenfelt v. Maxim Mordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company [1894] A.C. 535, per

Lord Watson at 552 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢ࡯࠿ࠊTrego v. Hunt [1896] A.C. 7, per Lord Macnaghten

at 24 ࡶཧ↷ࠋࠕࡶࡋ࣑ࣝࢺࣥ Milton ࡀࠗኻᴦᅬ࠘ Paradise Lost ࢆ᭩࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࢀ

K. Boehm, The British Patent System, I: Administration (Cambridge at the UniversityࡣỌ㐲࡟⌧ࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡶࡋ࣡ࢵࢺ Watt ࡀ㧗ᅽ⵨Ẽ฼⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚Ⓨ᫂ࢆ

Press, 1967), 15 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ࡯࠿ࡢㄡ࠿ࡀࡑࢀࢆⓎ᫂ࡋࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࠖHalsbury, The Laws ofEngland (London, 1912), vol. 22, p.127, para. 267 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

E.R., 1131; Darcy v. Allen (1602) Moore K.B. 671, 72 E.R. 830 ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶグ㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ






W.S. Holdsworth, ‘The Commons Debates 1621’, 52 Law Quarterly Review, 481, 487(1936). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

(1602) 11 Co. Rep. 84b, 77 E.R. 1260. ᮏ௳ࡣࡲࡓࠊDarcy v. Allen (1602) Noy 173, 74
W.S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law (2nd ed., 1937, London), vol. 4, 349-353 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟  ᮏ௳ࡣࠊࢲ࣮ࢩ࣮ Darcy ࡀࠊ࢖ࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢺࣛࣥࣉࡢ౪⤥ࢆࡢ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆ▱ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᫂☜࡞ᣦᶆࡀᏑᅾ

⾜࠺᤼௚ᶒࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࢺࣛࣥࣉࡢ㍺ධࠊ㈍኎ࢆ⾜࠺᤼௚ᶒࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿ≉チࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࡑࢀࡣࠊ౯್࠶ࡿၟᴗࡸᢏ⾡ࢆ࢖ࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ࡟ᑟධࡍࡿࡇ࡜

≧ࢆྲྀᚓࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢲ࣮ࢩ࣮ࡣࠊ࢔ࣞࣥ Allen ࡀࢆዡບࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᅜ⋤ࡣࠊᅜ⋤኱ᶒࢆ㐺ษ࡟⾜౑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

ࢺࣛࣥࣉࢆ↓᩿࡛㈍኎ࡋࠊ⮬ᕫࡢ≉チᶒࡢ฼┈ࢆブྲྀࡋࡓ࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚ࠊ࢔

࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊఱ࠿ࢆⓎ᫂ࡋࡓ⪅ࡸእᅜ࠿ࡽⓎ᫂ࡸၟᴗࢆᑟධࡋࡓ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࣞࣥࢆッ࠼ࡓࠋཎ࿌ࢲ࣮ࢩ࣮ࡢ⊂༨ࡣᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ྰ࠿࡜࠸࠺

ࡢࡳ⊂༨ᶒࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊⓎぢ⾜Ⅽࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊእ

୍⯡ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⿕࿌࢔ࣞࣥࡢᘚㆤኈࡀ㝞㏙ࡋࡓᘚㄽࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊุᅜ࡛Ⓨぢࡉࢀࡓ≀ࢆ㍺ධࡍࡿ௻ᴗᐙࡢάື࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵࡟࠾࠸࡚Ỵ࡟ྲྀࡾධࢀࡽࢀࡓ୺ᙇࡀ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿Ꮡᅾࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ  ࡘࡣࠊ㞠⏝࡟㛵ಀᜠᜨࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉チไᗘࡢ㔜せ࡞┠ⓗࡣࠊᐇ㝿ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ

ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ௚⪅ࡢປാࢆጉࡆࡿ⊂༨ᶒࡣ⋤ᅜࡢ฼┈࡟཯ࡍࡿࡶࡢ

ேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢⓎᒎࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࢇ㛵㐃ࡋࡓ▱㆑࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡍ࡭࡚ᅜẸࡣ㐺ἲ࡞Ⴀᴗࢆ⾜࠺ᶒ฼ࢆ᭷

ࡀ♫఍඲య࡟ᬑཬࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡣၟᴗࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊᅜ⋤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡶ࠺  ࡘࡢᘚㄽࡣࠊ➃ⓗ࡟⤒῭ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⊂༨ᶒࡣࡣ⊂༨ᶒࡢ᭦᪂ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

✲ᴟⓗ࡟ࡣ⚾ⓗ฼┈ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣ⊂༨ᶒࡀ୍ᐃࡢᮃࡲࡋࡃ࡞ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉チไᗘࡢ㐨ල୺⩏ⓗṇᙜ໬ࡢ࡯࠿࡟ࡶࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡢᙺ๭ࢆ

࠸ᛶ㉁ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡣ౯᱁ࡢ㧗㦐ࢆᣍไ㝈ࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠊ᐀ᩍୖࡢ㐨ᚨᛶ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㔜せ࡞ㄽἲࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ

ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࢇ⊂༨ᶒࡀ࡯࠿ࡢㄡ࠿࡟௜୚ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊࡶࡣ

⿕࿌࢔ࣞࣥࡢᘚㆤኈࡣࠊッゴ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᮏ௳⊂༨ᶒࡣ⚄ࡢἲ࡟཯ࡍࡿࡶࡢ

ࡸᙜヱႠᴗࢆႠࡴࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡣࡑࡢ௜୚๓࡟ࡣ

࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆㄽドࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ୺ᙇࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶

ᙜヱႠᴗࢆႠࡴࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓேࠎࡢᬽࡽࡋྥࡁࢆᝏࡃࡋࡀࡕ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥࣔ

ࡗࡓࠋ⮬ᕫࡸ⮬ᕫࡢᐙ᪘ࡀ⏕ࡁṧࡿࡓࡵ࡟ປാࢆࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ⚄ࡢ࿨࣭࣮ࣥࣟ࠾ࡼࡧࠕ࢚ࢡ࢖ࢸ࢕࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⚄ࡢἲࠖࡣ࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⊂༨ᶒ௧࡛࠶ࡿࠋே㛫ࡢປാࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞Ⴀᴗᢏ⾡ࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣ⚄ࡢ

ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ㠀㞴ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋᵓ᝿ࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ⮬ࡽ㑅ᢥࡋࡓႠᴗࢆႠࡴࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡶ ᮏ௳࡟࠾ࡅࡿ  ࡘࡢ᫂☜࠿ࡘ㔜せ࡞୺㢟ࡣࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡣᅜẸࡢႠᴗࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚⮬⏤࡬ࡢᖸ΅࡛࠶ࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ⚄ࡢἲࡢ౵ᐖ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ௨

࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㔜኱࡞ᖸ΅࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⌮⏤࠿ࡽࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖ↓ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ

ୖࡢ୺ᙇࡣࠊ⡆₩࡟㏙࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟࡞࠸ᙉ࠸ཱྀㄪ࡛⊂༨ᶒ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉ᶒࢆタᐃࡍࡿᅜ⋤኱ᶒࡀࠊᅜẸࢆⱞࡋࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟⾜ࢆ㠀㞴ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓᩍ఍ࡢᩍ࠼ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡣ⿢ุᡤࡢ

౑ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࢔ࣞࣥࡢᘚㆤኈࡣࠊ⊂༨≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶ⫈⾗࡟ᑐࡋ࡚┦ᙜࡢㄝᚓຊࢆ᭷ࡋࡓ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋᩍ఍ࡀከࡃࡢ⊂༨ᶒࢆ⨥࡟㛵ࡋ࡚  ࡘࡢ౛እࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋ࠶ࡿಶேࡀ᭷⏝࡞ၟᴗࡸⓎ᫂࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿Ꮡᅾࡋࡓࠋ⊂༨ᶒಖ᭷⪅ࡢ౯᱁Ỵᐃ⬟ࢆ⋤ᅜෆ࡟ᑟධࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊࠕᅜ⋤ࡣࠊᙜヱⓎ᫂࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⋤ᅜෆ࡟ࡶࡓ



ࡽࡉࢀࡿ฼┈࡟㚷ࡳ࡚ࠊᅜẸࡀྠᵝࡢⓎ᫂ࢆ⩦ᚓࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࡢྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ᮇ㛫ࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂☜࡟㏙࡭ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊThe Clothworkers of Ipswich Case (1615)ᙼ࡟⊂༨≉チࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࢀ௨እࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣ⊂༨≉チࢆ

Godbolt, 252, 78 E.R. 147 ࢆཧ↷ࠋึᮇࡢ≉チ࡟ㄢࡉࢀࡓ୍ᐃࡢカ⦎᮲௳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ

௜୚ࡋ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺㹿㺁ࡇࡇ࡟ࠊᙜ᫬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ࡟࠾࠸࡚ఱࡀ≉チไᗘ

E.W. Hulme, ‘The History of the Patent System under the Prerogative and at Common
Law’, 12 Law Quarterly Review, 141-154 (1896) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ



The Clothworkers of Ipswich Case (1615) Godlbolt, 252, 78 E.R. 147.

᐀ᩍࡢᛮ᝿ࡸ೔⌮ࡀၟྲྀᘬ࡟ཬࡰࡋࡓᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢྂ඾ⓗࡔࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡞グ㏙⿕࿌ഃࡢᘚㆤኈࡀ㝞㏙ࡋࡓᘚㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊNoy 173, 74 E.R. 1131 ࡟グ㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊR.H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (West Drayton, Middlesex, 1938



77 E.R., at 1263 ࢆཧ↷ࠋed.) ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡯࠿ࠊD.J. Gerber, ‘Prometheus Born: The High Middle Ages and the



Id.

Relationship Between Law and Economic Conduct’, 38 Saint Louis University Law Journal,74 E.R., at 1139.

673, 720-725 (1994) ࡶཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ຊࡣࠊබṇ࡞౯᱁⌮ㄽ࡟཯ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⊂༨ᶒࡣࠊᢞᶵⓗ⤒῭ⓗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᑓ኎᮲౛ࡣከࡃࡢⅬ࡛⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࢆ⣧⢋࡟཯ᫎࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ

࡞ᛶ㉁ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࠊ㧗฼㈚ࡋ࡟ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓ㐨ᚨⓗᢈ୍ุ⯡ࡢࡓࠋ

ᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊከᩘࡢ⊂༨ᶒࡣ㣗⣊࡜㛵ಀࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ ❧ἲᗓࡀ≉チᶒࢆ⮬↛ᶒ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒ࡛⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡢࢆ㌋㌉ࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࡣࠊᅜࡓࡵࠊᚲ㟂ရࡢ୙㊊ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ⊂༨ᶒಖ᭷⪅ࡢ⬟ຊࡣࠊබඹࡢ⚟♴ࡢ୍㒊⋤࡟ࡼࡿ≉ᶒไᗘࡢ℃⏝࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽ᏶඲࡟⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ⮬↛ᶒᴫᛕࡀ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡾ࠼࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

㠉࿨ᮇ࡟ᨻ἞ⓗᙳ㡪ຊࢆⓎ᥹ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ⡿ᅜࡸࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㅖᅜ࡟࠾ ⊂༨ᶒࡣ⚄ࡢἲ࡟㐪཯ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺㆟ㄽࡣࠊປാࢆ᭱㔜せ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚఩

࠸࡚࡛ࡉ࠼ࠊ⮬↛ᶒࡀ≉チᶒ࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ຊࡢ⛬ᗘࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢἲᇦ࡟࠾

⨨࡙ࡅࡿࠋ࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍ♫఍࡛ࡣࠊ௚⪅ࡢປാࡣ≉チᶒࡢᙺ๭ࡢ୙せ࡞タᐃࡅࡿึᮇࡢ≉チἲࢆᇶ‽࡟⪃࠼ࢀࡤᙅࡲࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ⮬⏤ᶒࡸᣑ኱ࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿ⌮⏤࡜࡞ࡿࠋ≉チᶒࡣࠊ௚⪅ࡢປാ࡟ᖸ΅ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑࠊ

ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྂ඾ⓗ࡞⮬↛ᶒ࡟ࡣᶒ฼ࡢ᭷ຠᮇ㝈ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞

≉ᶒ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉チᶒࡢタᐃࡣࠊ௚⪅ࡢປാᶒ࡜ㄪ࿴ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞

࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ⡿ᅜࡸࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣࠊ≉チᶒࡣᙜึ࠿ࡽᐇᐃἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐜ᫆࡟

࠸ࠋ⿕࿌࢔ࣞࣥࡢᘚㆤኈࡀ୺ᙇࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊே㛫ࡢປാ⬟ຊࡣ⚄ࡢᵓ᝿ࡢ๰タࡉࢀࠊไ㝈ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡋ࡚᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣᾘ⁛ࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿᶒ฼࡜ࡋ

୍㒊࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉チᶒࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⚄ࡢᵓ᝿࡟ᖸ΅ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ

࡚ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

≉チᶒࡢタᐃᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ⪅ࡀㄡ࡛࠶ࢀࠊ㈐௵ࢆࡶࡗ࡚⾜ືࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ㸦≉チᶒࡢタᐃ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓ㸧ᅜ⋤኱ᶒࡣࠊࠕᅜẸࢆᐖࡍࡿṇᙜ࡞⤖  ㄽ

⌮⏤࡜࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟ⿢ุᡤࡢ⊂༨ᶒ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ୰᰾ࢆᢸ࠺㐨ල୺⩏ ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡢ⪃ᐹ࡟ࡼࡾࠊⱥᅜἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚࡞ࡐ≉チᶒࡢṇᙜ໬ࡀࡇࢀ࡯࡝

ⓗែᗘࡣࠊᖺࡢᑓ኎᮲౛࡬࡜㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡗࡓࠋᑓ኎᮲౛ࡢ➨  ᮲ࡣࠊࠕබ㧗ᗘ࡟㐨ලⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࠊࡲࡓ୍ᐃࡢ㆟ㄽࡢᚋࠊ࡞ࡐⴭసᶒࡶྠࡌ㐨ࢆ

ඹ㈈ࠖ publique good ࡢᬑཬࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ពᅗࡉࢀࡓᙺ๭ࢆ⊂༨ᶒࡀṌࢇࡔࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⌮ゎࡀࡼࡾᐜ᫆࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋಶே

ᯝࡓࡋ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ⊂༨ᶒࡣࡇࡣ⮬ᕫࡢປാ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡁ࡚࠸࠿࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᙜ᫬ࡢ

ࡢ⋤ᅜࡢἲ࡟཯ࡋࠊ↓ຠ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᐉゝࡋࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ౛እࡀ  ࡘ࠶ࡾࠊ➨♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣㄽதࡢᑐ㇟࡟࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ⚄ࡢᵓ᝿ࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡗ ᮲ࡢᐉゝࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸〇㐀᪉ἲࡢⓎ᫂⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿ≉チ௜୚࡟ࡣཬࡤ࡞࠸࡜ࡉ

ࡓࠋⓎ᫂⪅ࡸⴭస⪅ࡣ௚⪅࡜ྠᵝࠊປാࢆࡋ࡚ሗ㓘ࢆᚓࡿᶒ฼ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸

ࢀࡓࠋ≉チࡢ௜୚ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀἲ࡟཯ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ

ࡓࡀࠊ⚄ࡢᵓ᝿࡜ᩚྜࢆᅗࡿᙧ࡛ᙼࡽ࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓሗ㓘ࡣ୍᫬ⓗ࡞≉ᶒ࡟ఱࡽ࠿ࡢᙧ࡛ࠕᅜᐙ࡟ᐖࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠖࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ᮲௳࡜ࡋࡓࠋᑓ኎

ࡍࡂ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ௨ୖࡢࡶࡢࡣࠊ௚⪅ࡢປാ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㐣ᗘࡢᖸ΅࡜࡞ࡾࠊ᮲౛ࡣࠊ≉チࡀ⮬↛ᶒ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㢮ࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ≉ᶒ࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨ᫂⪅࡟ᖐࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚⚄ࡢἲࡸⱥᅜࡢᇶᮏἲ࡟཯ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋⓎ᫂⪅ࡸⴭᒓࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ➨  ᮲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⊂༨స⪅ࡣࡏ࠸ࡐ࠸௚⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ୍᫬ⓗ࡞ඃ㉺ࢆᮇᚅࡋ࠼ࡓ࡟ࡍࡂ

ࡀࡇࡢ⋤ᅜࡢࠕྂࡃ࠿ࡽ࠶ࡿᇶᮏἲࠖ auncient and fundamental lawes ࡟཯࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢඃ㉺ࡢᛶ㉁ࡀ≉ᶒ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ≉ᶒࡣࡑࢀ௨ୖࡢࡶ

ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂グࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ࠿ࡾ࡟⊂༨ᶒࡀチᐜࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊබඹ㈈ࡢᬑཬ࡟㈉⊩ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟㝈ࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆྵព




W.R. Cornish, Intellectual Property (2nd ed., London, 1989), 67.

ึᮇࡢ⡿ᅜ≉チἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊB.W. Bugbee, Genesis of American  ࡘࡢㄝ᫂࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊR. De Roover, ‘Monopoly Theory Prior to Adam Smith: A Revi-

Patent and Copyright Law (Washington, D.C., 1967) ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡲࡓࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᖺ

sion’, 65 Quarterly Journal of Economics, 492, 500 (1951) ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡢ≉チᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜẸ㆟఍ࢹࢡࣞࡣࠊ⮬↛ᶒ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊⓎ᫂⪅ࡢ

74 E.R., at 1139.

ᛮ᝿ࡀ᭷⏝࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆせồࡋࠊ࠿ࡘᙜヱᶒ฼ࡢಖㆤࢆ≉ᐃࡢᮇ㛫࡟ไ㝈ࡍࡿࡶࡢSection 6.

࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋBugbee at 153 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥࡢ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡾ࠼࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ≉࡟ၟྲྀᘬศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚௚⪅ࡢᾘᴟⓗ⮬⏤ࢆ㐣ᗘ࡟⬣࠿ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゎࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋႠᴗ
ࡢ⮬⏤ࡢᶒ฼ࡣࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢᇶᮏⓗᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ⌮ㄽୖࡣࠊேࠎࡀປാຊ࡟ཧධࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ
abstract objects ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୍᫬ⓗ࡞≉ᶒࡣ௚ࡢேࠎࡢ⏘ᴗࢆቑ኱ࡉࡏࡿ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ຠᯝࢆࡶࡘ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ≉ᶒࡣᇶᮏἲࡸ⚄ࡢᵓ᝿࡜ᩚྜⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊabstract objects ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⮬↛ᶒⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡑࢀࡽ࡜ᩚྜᛶࡀ࡜ࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣỴࡋ࡚࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋேࡢປാࡀ⏕ࡳࡔࡋࡓ
physical objects ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⮬↛ᶒⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ⚄ࡢᵓ᝿࡜ᩚྜᛶࡀ࡜ࢀࡿࡶࡢ
࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ≉チᶒࡸⴭసᶒࡢ㐨ලⓗṇᙜ໬ࡢ⯆࿡῝࠸≉ᚩࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓṇᙜ໬ࡀ⮬↛ἲࡢఏ⤫ࡢᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡘࡲࡾ୍ぢࡍࡿ࡜ேࡢປാࡢ⢭⚄ⓗᡂᯝ≀ࢆ㐨ලⓗ࡟ྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡣᛮࢃࢀ࡞࠸ఏ⤫ࡢᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ṇᙜ໬ࡀ⌧ࢀࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬ࢆ⾜࠺ሙྜࠊ㔜せ࡞㑅ᢥࡣࠊ୍㝵ࡢ㐨ᚨ⌮ㄽࡢ㛫㸦⮬↛ἲᑐຌ฼୺⩏㸧࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁඹྠయᴫᛕ࡜ࡑࡢඹྠయᴫᛕ
ࡀ౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛࡢయ⣔࡜ࡢ㛫࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋഅ
↛࡟ࡶࠊṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⌧௦ࡢ㔜Ⅼࡣ୍㝵ࡢ㐨ᚨ⌮ㄽࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣඹྠయᴫᛕࡀṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐࡢၥ㢟࡟↓㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊඹྠయᴫᛕࡀ
ṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽࢆ㟼࠿࡟᧯సࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  