ㄽ  ㄝჷႎᝠငೌƷദ࢘҄ఌਗᛯƷྵˊႎॖ፯  ᒣ ᰿ ᓫ 㑥ᗎㄽ➨Ϩ㒊  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽࡢㅖ┦ ➨❶ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ≉ᚩ  ➨⠇ ↓య≀ࡢ≉ᚩ  ➨⠇ ↓య≀ࡢ≉ᚩ࠿ࡽᑟ࠿ࢀࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᛶ㉁
  ➨⠇ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜᛶࡢ㠀⮬᫂ᛶ  ➨⠇ ᑠᣓ 㸦௨ୖࠊ➨ྕ㸧 ➨❶ ⮬↛ᶒ⌮ㄽ  ➨⠇ ປാ࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࣔࢹࣝ㸦௨ୖࠊ➨㹼ྕ㸧  ➨⠇ ே᱁࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࣔࢹࣝ  ➨⠇ ⮬↛ᶒ⌮ㄽࡢࡲ࡜ࡵ㸦௨ୖࠊ➨ྕ㸧 ➨❶ ຌ฼୺⩏⌮ㄽ  ➨⠇ ᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨᚋࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࣔࢹࣝ㸦௨ୖࠊ➨ྕ㸧  ➨⠇ ᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࣔࢹࣝ   ➨Ḱ ᝟ሗ㈈ࡢ㐣ᑡ฼⏝ࡢᜍࢀ࡜ࡑࡢᢚṆ㸦௨ୖࠊᮏྕ㸧   ➨Ḱ ᑠᣓ  ➨⠇ ຌ฼୺⩏⌮ㄽࡢࡲ࡜ࡵ ➨❶ ṇ⩏ㄽ ➨❶ ṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢࡲ࡜ࡵ
➨ϩ㒊  ⮬⏤つไ㡿ᇦࡢᣑ኱࡜ࡑࡢせᅉ➨Ϫ㒊  ṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏⤖ㄒᇹራ ঺ௐ᧏ႆЭƷǤȳǻȳȆǣȴƴؕᄽǛƓƘȢȇȫ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨᚋࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ▱ⓗᡂᯝ≀ࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟ྥࡅࡓ⤒῭ⓗ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ௜୚ࡢᚲせᛶࢆㄝࡃࡢࡀࠊᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ➇தᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᝟ሗ㈈ࡢ

ࡲࡎࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽࡀ᥼⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ

౪⤥ࡀ㐣ᑡ࡜࡞ࡿᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋⓎ᫂ࢆ౛࡟࡜ࢀࡤࠊ୍᪦Ⓨ᫂ࡀබ㛤ࡉࢀࡿከ࠸ሙ㠃࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲ  ᮲  ⠇  㡯࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡓ᮲㡯ࡢ⌮ᛕࢆゎ࡜ࠊ᝟ሗ㈈ࡢ᤼㝖ᅔ㞴ᛶࡺ࠼ࠊᑐ౯ࢆᨭᡶ࠺ࡇ࡜࡞ࡃⓎ᫂ෆᐜࢆாཷࡍࡿ

㔘ࡍࡿሙ㠃ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ㐃㑥≉チἲࡸⴭసᶒἲࡢไᐃ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡉࢀࡿྠ᮲

ࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢲ࣮ࢆⓎ᫂⪅ࡀ᤼㝖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋබ㛤ࡉࢀࡓⓎ᫂ࢆ➨୕㡯㸦୍⯡࡟ࠊ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ㸧ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟つᐃࡋ࡚࠸⪅ࡀ⮬⏤࡟฼⏝ࡋ࠺ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊⓎ᫂ࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟ᚲせ࡞ࢥࢫࢺࢆᢞධࡋ࡚࠸

ࡿࠋ࡞࠸ศࠊࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢲ࣮ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ᭷฼࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊⓎ᫂ࡢ⏕⏘࡟ࠕ㐃㑥㆟఍ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅࡟ᑐࡋࠊ୍ᐃࡢᮇ㛫ࠊࡑࡢⴭసࡸⓎぢ࡟ᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࢥࢫࢺࢆ㈇ᢸࡍࡿⓎ᫂⪅ࡢ㈝⏝౽┈ศᯒࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊ♫఍ⓗ࡟ᮃᑐࡍࡿ᤼௚ⓗᶒ฼ࢆಖ㞀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊᏛ⾡ཬࡧ᭷⏝࡞ᢏⱁࡢⓎᒎࢆಁࡲࡋ࠸㔞ࡲ࡛Ⓨ᫂ࡢ⏕⏘ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ

㐍ࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋࠖ

࡛ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᝟ሗ㈈ࡢ㐣ᑡ⏕⏘࡜࠸࠺ᕷሙࡢኻᩋࢆ἞⒵ࡋࠊ♫఍ⓗ࡟㐺ṇ ୖグ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅࡟᤼௚࡞Ỉ‽ࡢ⏕⏘ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿⅬ࡟▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜᛶࢆồࡵࡿࡢࡀࠊᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨᶒࢆ୍ᐃᮇ㛫ಖ㞀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾᏛ⾡ࡸᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎࢆዡບࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠊ┠๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋᇹ  ഘ ऴ‫إ‬ᝠƷᢅ‫ݲ‬ဃငƷऀǕƱƦƷ৮ഥⓗ㸻ᡭẁᵓ㐀࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿࠋ࠿࠿ࡿ᠇ἲ᮲㡯ࡢᵓ㐀࠿ࡽࡣࠊḟࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂☜
࡞࠾ࠊ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯࡜࠸࠺ྡ⛠࠿ࡽ❚࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⡿ᅜ᠇ἲ  ᮲  ⠇  㡯࡟ࡣ㐃㑥ၟᶆἲࡢไᐃᶒ㝈࡟㛵ࡍࡿᡭࡀ࠿ࡾࡀ᫂♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ

㸬ᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃṇᙜ໬࠺࡟⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ࠿ࡘ࡚㐃㑥㆟఍ࡣࠊᖺ࠾ࡼࡧᖺ࡟ࠊ⡿ᅜ᠇ἲ ᮲  ⠇  㡯࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚㐃㑥ၟᶆἲࢆไᐃࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊ≉チ࣭ ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ᭱ࡶ᭷ຊ࡞ṇᙜ໬ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯ࡢࡶ࡜࡛㆟఍ࡀၟᶆࢆつไࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ぢゎࢆྰᐃࡋࠊ

⌮ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶᨭᣢࢆཷࡅ࡚

ᖺἲ࠾ࡼࡧᖺἲࡣ㐪᠇࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ุ᩿ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ Trade-Mark Case, 100࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ
࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚ṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚᥼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺
࠿ࠋ

U.S. 82 (1879)㸧ࠋ Trade-Mark Case ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡢ㐪᠇ุ᩿ࡣࠊ㐃㑥㆟఍ࡀၟᶆἲࡢつไࢆᕞ㝿ྲྀᘬ࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿၟᶆ࡟㝈ᐃࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ
⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࠊࣛࣥࣁ࣒ἲࢆࡣࡌࡵ㐃㑥ၟᶆἲࡢไᐃᶒ㝈ࡢ᰿ᣐࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ᠇ἲ  ᮲  ⠇ 㡯ࡢᕞ㝿㏻ၟ᮲㡯࡟ồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௨ୖ࡟ࡘࡁࠊROBERT P. MERGES, PETER S.

㸦㸧▱ⓗ㈈⏘㛵㐃᮲㡯ࡢ⌮ᛕゎ㔘

MENELL, AND MARK A. LEMLEY, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE NEW TECHNOLOGICALձྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲࡢ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯

AGE, 734-735 (5th ed., 2010) ཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢ࡯࠿ࠊࣛࣥࣁ࣒ἲࡢࠕ౑⏝ࡢពᛮࠖせ௳ࢆࡵ

Use Amendment to the Lanham Act, 78 TRADEMARK REP. 361, 366-373 (1988); Kenneth L.

౛࠼ࡤࠊSUZANNE SCOTCHMMER, INNOVATION AND INCENTIVES (2004)㹙㟷ᰗ⋹Ꮚ┘ヂࡄࡿྜ᠇ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡿ Charles J. Vinicombe, The Constitutionality of an Intent toPort, Foreword: Symposium on Intellectual Property Law Theory, 68 CHI.-KENT L. REV.

㸻Ᏻ⸨⮳኱ヂࠗ▱㈈๰ฟ࠘ ᪥ᮏホㄽ♫ࠊᖺ 㹛㑥ヂ㹼㡫ࠊ⏣ᮧၿஅࠗ▱ⓗ585, 595 n.63 (1993)ࡶཧ↷ࠋ㈈⏘ἲ ➨  ∧㸧࠘㸦᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊᖺ 㡫௨ୗࠊྠࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ⥲ㄽ̿ᕷሙᣦྥᆺ࣭ᶵ⬟ⓗ࣭⮬⏤⤫ᚚᆺ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢヨࡳ̿ࠖྠࠗᕷሙ࣭⮬⏤࣭▱ⓗ㈈⏘࠘㸦᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊస≀࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᤼௚ⓗ࡞ᶒ฼ࢆ୍ᐃᮇ㛫ࠊⴭస⪅࡟ಖ㞀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ꮫ⾡ࡢ㐍Ṍ౛࠼ࡤࠊ⡿ᅜୗ㝔ሗ࿌᭩ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ᭱ึࡢつᐃࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊⴭᖺ 㹼㡫ࠊྠࠕ๰స⪅ࡢಖㆤ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢά⏝ࡢ┦๑ࠖ᪥ᮏᕤᴗᡤ᭷ᶒἲ

ࢆዡບࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠗᏛ⾡࠘࡜ࡣࠊ௒᪥ࡶࡑࡢ༢ㄒࡀព࿡ࡍࡿ࡜

Ꮫ఍ᖺሗྕ㡫 ᖺ ࠊ ⏣ᗈᚿࠕ≉チἲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ๰స⪅ಖㆤࠖ᪥ᮏᕤᴗᡤ᭷

ࡇࢁࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ▱㆑඲⯡ࢆᣦ⛠ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢつᐃࡣࠊ㆟఍ࡀࠊᶒἲᏛ఍ᖺሗྕ㡫 ᖺ ࡞࡝ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

Ⓨ᫂࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᤼௚ⓗ࡞ᶒ฼ࢆ୍ᐃᮇ㛫ࠊⓎ᫂⪅࡟ಖ㞀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᢏⱁࡢ㐍 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᶒ฼❶඾࡟࠾࠸࡚ᢎㄆࡉࢀࡓᇶᮏⓗேᶒ࡜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᵓ㐀ࢆࡶࡘ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯ࡢ⌮ᛕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㐃㑥᭱≉チᶒࡸⴭసᶒࡣ⣧⢋࡟ᐇᐃἲࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊࡋ࠿ࡶࡑࢀࡽࡣ

㧗⿢ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ゎ㔘ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡃࠊࠕࡇࡢ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯ࡢ⫼ᚋ≉ᐃࡢ♫఍┠ᶆ࡟ᚑᒓࡋࠊᙜヱ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ❧ࡉࢀ࡟࠶ࡿ⤒῭ဴᏛࡣࠊ⚾ⓗ࡞฼┈ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ಶࠎࡢດຊࢆዡບࡍ

ࡿᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡶࠊࠕ≉チࡣࡑࡢᛶ㉁ୖࠊබ

ࡿࡇ࡜ࡇࡑࡀࠊࠗ⛉Ꮫ࠾ࡼࡧ᭷┈࡞ᢏⱁ࠘ศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿⴭస⪅࠾ࡼࡧⓎ᫂ඹⓗ฼┈ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࠋ᠇ἲୖㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ≉チࡣࠗᏛ⾡ཬ⪅ࡢᡯ⬟ࢆࡶࡗ࡚බඹࡢ⚟♴ࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢ᭱ၿࡢ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜࠸

ࡧ᭷⏝࡞ᢏⱁ࠘ࡢಁ㐍࡜࠸࠺බඹࡢ┠ⓗ࡟ዊ௙ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡓ≉ู࠺☜ಙ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁ࠕ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒἲࡢ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ຠᯝࡣࠊ
ࠗⴭస⪅࠘ࡢ๰㐀ⓗ࡞࡞≉ᶒ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚ࠊࡇࡢ⌮ࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

άື࡟ᑐࡋ࡚බṇ࡞ぢ㏉ࡾࢆಖ㞀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ✲ᴟⓗ

࡞┠ⓗࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚බඹࡢ฼┈ࡢࡓࡵࡢⱁ⾡ⓗṌࢆዡບࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭱ึࡢ≉チἲࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢᚋࡢ࠿

࡞๰㐀ᛶࢆ่⃭ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿ㹿㺁ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊಶேࡢ๰సάື࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ືᶵ࡙ࡅࡀ

࡞ࡾ㛗࠸㛫ࡢ≉チἲ࡟ࡣࠊࠗ᭷⏝࡞ᢏⱁࡢ㐍Ṍࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿἲᚊ࠘࡜࠸࠺ࢱ࢖ࢺࣝࡀ
௜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࠖS. Rep. No. 82-1979 (1952), at 3.
 ࡞࠾ࠊ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯ෆࡢ┠ⓗ㸻ᡭẁᵓ㐀࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㐃㑥㆟఍࡟௜୚ࡋࡓ❧ἲᶒ㝈ࢆไ㝈ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿไ᠇⪅ࡢពᅗࡀ㎸ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡢᣦ᦬ࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ౛
࠼ࡤࠊLawrence B. Solum, Congress’s Power to Promote the Progress of Science: Eldred v.

♫఍බඹࡢ⚟♴ࡢྥୖ࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᨻ⟇⌮ᛕࡀࠊ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯ࡢ᰿ᗏ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࡶࡗࡥࡽᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭ
ࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⌮ᛕゎ㔘ࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࢖ࣥࢭ

Ashcroft, 36 LOY. L.A. L. REV. 1, 13, 19-20 (2002);኱᪥᪉ಙ᫓ࠕⴭసᶒࡢ᠇ἲୖࡢᆅ఩

ࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ୍ඖⓗ࡞⌮ゎࡣࠊᏛ⏺࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶඹ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜

̿ྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲ  ᮲  ⠇  㡯ࡢᩥ⌮ゎ㔘ࢆᑟࡁࡢ⣒࡜ࡋ࡚̿ࠖጲ㊰ἲᏛྕ㹼࣭ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ἲ࡜⤒῭ᏛࡢศᯒᡭἲࡀⓎᒎࡍࡿᇶ┙࡜࡞ࡗ㹼㡫 ᖺ ࢆཧ↷ࠋ୍⯡࡟ࠊ࠶ࡿᶒ⬟ࢆ᠇ἲୖつᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࢀࢆ࠶

ࡓ࡜ࡶᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡿᶵ㛵࡟ᖐᒓࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᙜヱᶒ⬟࡟᠇ἲୖࡢ㝈⏺ࢆᐃࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྠ᫬

࡟ពᅗࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ᠇ἲࡀⴭసᶒࡢ
❧ἲᶒ㝈࡟ࡘ࠸࡚つᐃࡋࡓࡢࡣ㐃㑥㆟఍࡟௜୚ࡍࡿᙜヱᶒ⬟ࡢ㝈⏺ࢆ᫂グࡍࡿព

ᅗࡀ㎸ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯࡟࠾ࡅࡿ❧ἲ⤫ไᶵ⬟࡟࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ≉ูࡢ⚾ⓗ฼┈ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ពᅗࡉࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡘ࠸࡚ヲࡋࡃࡣࠊPaul J. Heald and Suzanna Sherry, Implied Limits on the Legislativeࡋࢁࠊࡇࡢ㝈ᐃࡘࡁࡢ≉ᶒࡣࠊ㔜せ࡞බඹࡢ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆࡵ

Power: The Intellectual Property Clause as an Absolute Constraint on Congress, 2000 U.

ࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉ูࡢሗ㓘ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡢ๰సⓗILL. L. REV. 1119 (2000)ࢆཧ↷ࠋάືࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ⊂༨ⓗࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡀཬࡪ୍ᐃᮇ㛫ࡢ⤒㐣ᚋࡣබ⾗ࡀᙼJeremy Waldron, From Authors to Copiers: Individual Rights and Social Values in Intel-

ࡽࡢᡯ⬟ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍᡂᯝ≀࡟࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡇࢀࡇࡑࡀ┠ⓗ࡞ࡢ

lectual Property, 68 CHI.-KENT. L. REV. 841, 848-849 (1993).ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲

࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ㄝ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㡯ࡀⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡢᶒ฼ࢆࠕಖ㞀ࡍࡿࠖ securing ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ



Mazer v. Stein, 347 U.S. 201, 219 (1954).ࡑࡢᶒ฼ࡀࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑ



Twentieth Century Music Corporation v. Aiken, 422 U.S. 151, 156 (1975).ࢀࡺ࠼⮬↛ᶒ⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃⴭస⪅ࡢᶒ฼࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ᠇ἲ㉳ⲡ⪅ࡓࡕࡀ඲㠃ⓗ࡟౛࠼ࡤࠊLEAFFER࣭๓ᥖὀ  㡫ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ᠇ἲࡀࠊᨻᗓ⿵ຓ㔠ࡸ㈹㔠࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ

ྰᐃࡍࡿពᅗࡲ࡛ࡣㄞࡳྲྀࢀ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿᣦ᦬ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋMARSHALL A. LEAFFER, UN-ไ㝈ࡘࡁࡢ⊂༨ᶒࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾⴭస≀ࡢ⏕⏘ࢆዡບࡍࡿ㏵ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ࡜㸦ࣞ
DERSTANDING COPYRIGHT LAW (4th ed., 2005)㹙∾㔝࿴ኵ┘ヂࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ⴭసᶒἲ࠘

࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊⴭస≀ࡢ౯್ุ᩿ࢆᕷሙ࡟ጤࡡ࡚ಶேྲྀᘬࢆዡບࡋࠊࡶࡗ࡚බඹࡢ⚟ࢡࢩࢫࢿࢡࢩࢫ࣭ࢪࣕࣃࣥࠊᖺ㸧㹛㑥ヂ  㡫ࠋ♴ࢆቑ㐍ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ࠊⴭసᶒἲࡀᕷሙ⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆ₇ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ



Precision Instrument Mfg. Co. v. Automotive Maintenance Machinery Co., 324 U.S. 806,ᬯ࡟ㄆࡵࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

816 (1945).㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡣ࡯࠿࡟ࡶࠊSony Corp. of Am. v. Universal City Studios, Inc.,

464 U.S. 417, 429 (1984)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕ㆟఍ࡀㄆࡵࡓ⊂༨࡜࠸࠺≉ᶒࡣࠊ↓ไ⣙ࡢࡶࡢ

ᶒἲヲゎ ୖ㸧࠘㸦ಙᒣ♫ࠊᖺ 㡫ࠋࣟࣂ࣮ࢺ࣭㻭࣭ࢦ࣮࣐ࣥ㸻ࢪ࢙࣮࣭ࣥ㻯࣭ࢠࣥࢬࣂ࣮ࢢ⦅ࠝෆ⸨⠜ヂࠞࠗ⡿ᅜⴭస ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ ղᡃࡀᅜ≉チἲ࠾ࡼࡧⴭసᶒἲࡢ┠ⓗつᐃㄆࡍ࡭ࡁ᰿ᣐࡢ  ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽࡢࣟࢪࢵࢡࢆ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊᡃࡀᅜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ࡝࠺࠿ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊᡃࡀᅜࡢ≉チἲࡸⴭసᶒ

᥼⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡃࠊࠕ≉チฟ㢪ࡢ㝿࡟ᑗ᮶ࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ౵ᐖែᵝࢆண᝿ἲࡢ┠ⓗつᐃ㸦➨  ᮲㸧ࢆࡳ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࡇ࡟ࡣࠊࠕࡇࡢἲᚊࡣࠊⓎ᫂ࡢࡋ࡚᫂⣽᭩ࡢ≉チㄳồࡢ⠊ᅖࢆグ㍕ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᴟࡵ࡚ᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡾࠊ┦ᡭ᪉ಖㆤཬࡧ฼⏝ࢆᅗࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊⓎ᫂ࢆዡບࡋࠊࡶࡘ࡚⏘ᴗࡢⓎ㐩࡟ᐤ୚࡟࠾࠸࡚≉チㄳồࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟グ㍕ࡉࢀࡓᵓᡂࡢ୍㒊ࢆ≉チฟ㢪ᚋ࡟᫂ࡽ࠿

ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࠖࠕࡇࡢἲᚊࡣࠊⴭస≀͐͐࡟㛵ࡋⴭస⪅ࡢᶒ฼࡜࡞ࡗࡓ≀㉁࣭ᢏ⾡➼࡟⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ≉チᶒ⪅࡟ࡼࡿᕪṆࡵ͐͐ࢆᐃࡵࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᩥ໬ⓗᡤ⏘ࡢබṇ࡞฼⏝࡟␃ពࡋࡘࡘࠊⴭస⪅➼ࡢ➼ࡢᶒ฼⾜౑ࢆᐜ᫆࡟චࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ♫఍୍⯡ࡢⓎ᫂࡬ࡢᶒ฼ࡢಖㆤࢆᅗࡾࠊࡶࡘ࡚ᩥ໬ࡢⓎᒎ࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࠖ࡜

ពḧࢆῶẅࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡾࠊⓎ᫂ࡢಖㆤࠊዡບࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⏘ᴗࡢⓎ㐩࡟ᐤ୚࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢつᐃࡢᵓ㐀࠿ࡽࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯࡜ྠࡌࡃࠊ≉ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺≉チἲࡢ┠ⓗ࡟཯ࡍࡿࠖ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

チᶒࡸⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤࡣ⏘ᴗࡸᩥ໬ࡢⓎᒎ࡜࠸࠺බඹ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ ࡲࡓࠊุ᭱ᖹᡂẸ㞟ᕳ  ྕ㡫㹙ࣇ࢛࢖ࣂࣥ㘄㹛ࡣࠊ⸆஦ἲ

ࡢᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡿࠋᡃࡀᅜ᭱㧗⿢ࡶࠊุ᭱ᖹᡂ

ୖࡢᚋⓎ་⸆ရࡢ〇㐀ᢎㄆ⏦ㄳ࡟ಀࡿヨ㦂ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓ≉チⓎ᫂ࡢᐇ᪋Ẹ㞟ᕳ  ྕ㡫㹙ࣇ࢛࢖ࣂࣥ㘄㹛࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡇࡢ⌮ࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸⾜Ⅽ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ≉チᶒࡢຠຊࢆཬࡰࡍࡇ࡜ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࡢ  ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᡂ

ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᵓ㐀ࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊᏛㄝ࡛ࡣࠊᡃࡀᅜ≉チἲࡸⴭసᶒἲ

ᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽࡢࣟࢪࢵࢡࢆ᥼⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡃࠊ≉チᶒࡢ┠ⓗつᐃࡢ⌮ᛕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ࡟❧⬮ࡋࡓゎ⪅ࡀࠕᏑ⥆ᮇ㛫୰ࡢ≉チⓎ᫂ࡢ⊂༨ⓗᐇ᪋࡟ࡼࡿ฼┈ࠖࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ

㔘ࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

➨୕⪅ࡀᏑ⥆ᮇ㛫‶஢ᚋ࡟ㆡΏࡍࡿ┠ⓗ࡛ᚋⓎ་⸆ရࢆ⏕⏘࣭౑⏝ࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᤼㝖࡛ࡁࢀࡤ㊊ࡾࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࠕࡶࡋࡇࢀࢆࠊྠᮇ㛫୰ࡣᚋⓎ་㸦㸧≉チᶒ࠾ࡼࡧⴭసᶒࡢຠຊ⠊ᅖࡢ☜ᐃ⸆ရࡢ〇㐀ᢎㄆ⏦ㄳ࡟ᚲせ࡞ヨ㦂ࡢࡓࡵࡢྑ⏕⏘➼ࢆࡶ᤼㝖ࡋᚓࡿࡶࡢ ⥆࠸࡚ࠊᡃࡀᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ≉チᶒࡸⴭసᶒࡢຠຊࡀཬࡪ⠊ᅖࢆ☜ᐃࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ࡜ゎࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ≉チᶒࡢᏑ⥆ᮇ㛫ࢆ┦ᙜᮇ㛫ᘏ㛗ࡍࡿࡢ࡜ྠᵝࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡿᣦ㔪࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽࡀ᥼⏝ࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣ≉チᶒ⪅࡟௜୚ࡍ࡭ࡁ฼┈࡜ࡋ࡚≉チἲࡀ᝿ᐃࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࢆ㉸࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡜࠸ࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࠖࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ≉チᶒ⪅࡟㐣๫࡞࢖ࣥࢭࣥ

ձ≉チᶒࡢຠຊ⠊ᅖࡢ☜ᐃࢸ࢕ࣦࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ≉チᶒࡢᏑ⥆ᮇ㛫ࡀタᐃࡉࢀࡓබ┈┠ⓗ࡟↷ࡽ ౛࠼ࡤࠊุ᭱ᖹᡂẸ㞟ᕳ  ྕ㡫㹙࣮࣎ࣝࢫࣉࣛ࢖ࣥ㍈ཷ㹛ࡋ࡚ṇᙜ໬ࡋ࠼࡞࠸㸦≉チไᗘࡢ᰿ᖿ࡟཯ࡍࡿ㸧ࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮⏤࡟ࠊ≉チᶒࡢࡣࠊ≉チㄳồࡢ⠊ᅖࡢグ㍕ࡼࡾࡶ≉チᶒࡢຠຊ⠊ᅖࢆᣑᙇࡍࡿᆒ➼ㄽࢆᢎຠຊࢆไ㝈ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

 ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᡃࡀᅜࡢ᭱㧗⿢ุỴࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊ≉チᶒࡢಖㆤ⠊ᅖࡢᗈ⊃ࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿ㝿ࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽࡢࣟࢪ

࠸ࢃࡃࠊࠕ≉チไᗘࡣࠊⓎ᫂ࢆබ㛤ࡋࡓ⪅࡟ᑐࡋࠊ୍ᐃࡢᮇ㛫ࡑࡢ฼⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⊂༨ⓗ࡞ᶒ฼ࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨ᫂ࢆዡບࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ➨୕⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡇࡢබ㛤ࡉࢀࡓⓎ᫂ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿᶵ఍ࢆ୚࠼ࠊࡶࡗ࡚⏘ᴗࡢⓎ㐩࡟ᐤ୚ࡋࡼ࠺࡜
ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊ≉チᶒࡢᏑ⥆ᮇ㛫ࡀ⤊஢ࡋࡓᚋࡣࠊఱே࡛
ࡶ⮬⏤࡟ࡑࡢⓎ᫂ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚♫఍୍⯡ࡀᗈࡃ┈ࡉࢀࡿࡼࢵࢡࢆ᥼⏝ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀᩓぢࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊୗ⣭ᑂ⿢ุ౛࡟┠ࢆྥࡅࡿ࡜ࠊ
⫋ົⓎ᫂ࡢ┦ᙜᑐ౯㢠ࢆ⟬ᐃࡍࡿሙ㠃➼࡟࠾࠸࡚ྠᵝࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀ᥇
⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ❚࠼ࡿࠋ

࠺࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ≉チไᗘࡢ᰿ᖿࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ



౛࠼ࡤࠊᶓᒣஂⰾࠕᩥ໬࣭⏘ᴗࡢ᣺⯆࡜ಶேࡢᶒ฼ࠖࢪࣗࣜࢫࢺྕ㡫 ᓥ୪Ⰻࠕ≉チᶒࡢ᤼௚ⓗຠຊࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᇶ♏ⓗ⪃ᐹ̿ྲྀᘬ㈝⏝⌮ㄽ࠿ࡽࡢ♧ᖺ ࡣࠊࠕ⌧ᅾࡢᡃࡀᅜࡢ❧ἲࡣࠊࠗ⏘ᴗ࣭ᩥ໬ࡢⓎᒎ࠘࡜࠸࠺බ┈࡟᭱⤊ⓗ࡞┠ⓗ၀̿ࠖ᪥ᮏᕤᴗᡤ᭷ᶒἲᏛ఍ᖺሗྕ  㹼  㡫 ᖺ㸧ࠋࢆồࡵ࡚࠾ࡾ㸦≉チ  ᮲ࠊⴭస  ᮲࡞࡝ཧ↷㸧ࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࡣࠗ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ࠘

࡟❧⬮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࠖ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ဨࡢⓎ᫂ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࣜࢫࢡࢆ㈇ᢸࡍࡿ௻ᴗ࡟ࡶ

౛࠼ࡤࠊ⫋ົⓎ᫂ࢆ࡞ࡋࡓᚑᴗဨࡀ᭷ࡍࡿ⿵ൾ㔠ㄳồᶒࡢᑐ౯㢠࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᚑᴗ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ ղⴭసᶒࡢຠຊ⠊ᅖࡢ☜ᐃ㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊ⿕࿌ࢸࣞࣅᒁࡀಟṇ➨  ᮲ࡢ฼┈ࢆாཷࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠼࡝ࡶཎ࿌ ୍᪉ࠊⴭసᶒࡢᩥ⬦࡛ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤ⿕࿌ࡢኊ኱࡞⤮⏬సရࡢ୰࡟ཎ࿌ࡢ࢟

ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐࣮ࡢ඲₇ᢏࢆᨺ㏦ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡲ࡛ࡣච㈐ࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢜ࣁ࢖

ࣕࣛࢡࢱ࣮ࡀᇙἐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞෗ࡾ㎸ࡳ஦᱌࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊⴭసᶒࡢຠຊࢆ

࢜ᕞ᭱㧗⿢ࡢุỴࢆそࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓุ᩿ࢆṇᙜ໬ไ㝈ࡍ࡭ࡁ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚ᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽࢆ᥼⏝ࡍࡿぢゎࡀࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࡢ  ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞㆟ㄽࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡳࡽࢀࡿ ࠋ⿕࿌ࡢ⤮⏬సရ࡟ཎ࿌ࡢ࢟ࣕࣛࢡࢱ࣮ࡀྲྀࡾ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙ

ࠕཎ࿌ࡢ඲₇ᢏࢆ཰ࡵࡓࣇ࢕࣒ࣝࢆᨺ㏦ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࡢࣃࣇ࢛

ྜ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ⿕࿌సရ࡟᪂ࡓ࡞๰సⓗ⾲⌧ࡀከ㔞࡟௜ຍࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢసရ

࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡢ⤒῭ⓗ࡞౯್࡟࠿࡞ࡾࡢ⬣ጾࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢜ࣁ࢖࢜ᕞ

඲యࡢ୰࡟ཎ࿌࢟ࣕࣛࢡࢱ࣮ࡀᇙἐࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ⿕࿌సရ᭱㧗⿢ุỴࡶㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࡢ₇ᢏࡣཎ࿌⮬㌟ࡢᡯ⬟࡜࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮

ࡣࡶࡣࡸཎ࿌࢟ࣕࣛࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ㈈⏘ⓗ฼┈ࢆዣྲྀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࡎࠊࡲࡓ

ࡢ⏘≀࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊከࡃࡢ᫬㛫࡜ປຊ࡜㈝⏝ࢆ࠿ࡅࡓᮎࡢᡂᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ

ⴭస≀ࡢ㇏ᐩ໬࡜ⴭస≀฼⏝ࡢ෇⁥໬࡜࠸࠺ἲ┠ⓗ࡟ࡶᐤ୚ࡋ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ⤒῭ⓗ౯್ࡢከࡃࡣࠊࠗཎ࿌ࡢࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕

࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊ⿕࿌సရ࡟ཎ࿌ࡢⴭసᶒࡢຠຊࢆཬࡰࡍࡇ࡜ࡣṇᙜ໬ࡋ࠼࡞

࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᤼௚ⓗࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝᶒ㝈࠘࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡶࡋබ⾗࠸࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡀࡇࡢ₇ᢏࢆࢸࣞࣅ࡛↓ᩱ࡛ࡳࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊྠ₇ᢏࢆᆅ᪉ࣇ

࢙࢔࡟࠾࠸࡚࠾㔠ࢆᡶࡗ࡚ࡳࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᙜヱࣃࣇ࢛࣮㸦㸧ࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒࡢᢎㄆ᰿ᣐ

࣐ࣥࢫࢆබ࡟ᨺ㏦ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢຠᯝࡣࠊཎ࿌ࡀධሙᩱࢆ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗ ࡇࡢ࡯࠿ࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒࡢಖㆤࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ

Ṇࡍࡿ࡟➼ࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁ࠕᮏ௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ཎ࿌ࡢࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒࢆಖ

ᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽࡀ᥼⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

ㆤࡍࡿ࡜ࡋࡓ࢜ࣁ࢖࢜ᕞ᭱㧗⿢ุỴࡣࠊࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ༢࡟ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐࣮ࡀࡑ ౛࠼ࡤࠊཎ࿌ࡀᆅ᪉ࣇ࢙࢔࡛⾜ࡗࡓே㛫◙ᙎࡢ⯆⾜ࡢ඲₇ᢏ㸦⣙⛊㛫㸧

ࡢ₇ᢏ࡟ᢞ㈨ࡋࡓ᫬㛫ࡸປຊ࡟ሗ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜௨ୖࡢࡶࡢ࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾࠸࡚࠸

ࢆ⿕࿌࣮࣭ࣟ࢝ࣝࢸࣞࣅᒁࡀ↓᩿࡛ࢽ࣮ࣗࢫሗ㐨࡜ࡋ࡚ᨺᫎࡋࡓ⾜Ⅽࡀࠊࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓಖㆤࡣࠊබ⾗ࡢ⯆࿡ࢆࡑࡑࡿࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࡢ࡟ཎ ࿌ ࡢ ࣃ ࣈ ࣜ ࢩ ࢸ ࢕ ᶒ ࢆ ౵ ᐖ ࡍ ࡿ ࠿ ྰ ࠿ ࡀ த ࢃ ࢀ ࡓ ࠊ Zacchini v.

ᚲせ࡞ᢞ㈨ࢆ࡞ࡍ⤒῭ⓗ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࢆᙜヱࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐࣮࡟୚࠼ࡿࡶ

Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co., 433 U.S. 562 (1977)ࢆࡳ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋཎᑂࡢ

ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡜ྠᵝࡢ⪃៖ࡣࠊᙜ⿢ุᡤࡀ㛗ࡽࡃᇳ⾜ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ≉チἲ࠾࢜ࣁ࢖࢜ᕞ᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊཎ࿌ࡢࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒࢆᢎㄆࡋࡘࡘࡶࠊཎ࿌ࡢࣃࣇ

ࡼࡧⴭసᶒἲࡢ᰿ᗏ࡟ࡶὶࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ͐͐ࡇࢀࡽࡢἲᚊࡣࠊࠗᡤ᭷⪅࡬ࡢ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡣබඹࡢ฼┈࡟㛵ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⿕࿌ࡢሗ㐨⾜Ⅽࡣಟṇ➨ ሗ㓘ࢆ஧ḟⓗ࡞⪃៖せ⣲࠘࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࢀࡽࡢἲᚊ

᮲ࡢゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤᮲㡯࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ච㈐ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ุ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ㐃ࡣࠊබ⾗ࡢ฼┈࡜࡞ࡿⴭస≀ࡢ๰సάືࢆࡼࡾ୍ᒙዡບࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࠗ౯



್࠶ࡿࠊ࢚ࣥࣇ࢛࣮ࢫྍ⬟࡞ᶒ฼ࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂☜࡟ពᅗࡋࡓ࠘ࡶࡢ

㓄៖ࡋ࡚ࠊⓎ᫂ࢆዡບࡋࡘࡘ⏘ᴗࡢⓎ㐩࡟ࡶᐤ୚ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺≉チἲࡢ㊃᪨࡟༶ࡋ࡚

࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲࡣࠊᮏ௳࡟࠾࠸࡚࢜ࣁ࢖࢜ᕞ᭱㧗⿢ࡀྠᵝࡢ㑅ᢥ⟬ᐃࢆ⾜࠺࡭ࡁࡔ࡜ࡍࡿ࿴ゎ່࿌᱌Ỵᐃࡀ࠶ࡿ ᮾி㧗⿢ᖹᡂ࿴ゎ່࿌᱌ุ᫬ྕ㡫㹙㟷ⰍⓎගࢲ࢖࣮࢜ࢻ㹛㸧ࠋࡇࡢỴᐃࡣࠊ஦๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ
࡟❧⬮ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ⫋ົⓎ᫂࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⿵ൾ㔠㢠ࡢ⟬ᐃࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ❧ሙࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⏣ᮧၿஅࠕ㟷ⰍⓎගࢲ࢖࣮࢜ࢻ஦௳᥍ッᑂ࿴ゎ່࿌࡟ࡘ࠸

ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊࡇࡢ✀ࡢࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡢ⏕⏘ࢆዡບࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟࢚ࣥࢱ࣮ࢸ࢖ࢼ
࣮ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࢆಖㆤࡍࡿุ᩿ࢆ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗Ṇࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㹿㺁 ୖグ࡟࠾࠸࡚㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊཎ࿌ࡢࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊⓎ᫂ࡸⴭ࡚̿⫋ົⓎ᫂࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⿵ൾ㔠㢠ࡢ⟬ᐃࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉̿ࠖ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲  ྕ  㡫స≀࡜ྠࡌࡃࠊ୍✀ࡢබඹ㈈࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ぢ᪉ࢆᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚≉ᖺ㸧ࠊᓥ୪Ⰻࠕᮾி㧗⿢ࡢࠗ⪃࠼࠘ࢆㄞࡴࠖࢪࣗࣜࢫࢺྕ㡫 ᖺ㸧ࠋチᶒࡸⴭసᶒ࡜ྠࡌࡃࠊබඹ㈈ࡢ౪⤥࡟క࠺ᕷሙࡢኻᩋࢆ἞⒵ࡍࡿᡭẁ࡜ᓥ୪Ⰻࠕ஧ḟ๰స࡜๰సᛶࠖⴭసᶒ◊✲ྕ 䛊ᖺᗘ䛋㻌㡫 ᖺ㸧ࠋᒣᓮ༟

ஓࠕⴭసᶒࠊࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒ౵ᐖ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠗᐇ㉁ⓗ㐪ἲᛶ࠘̿ᘬ⏝ࠊࣃࣟࢹ࢕ࢆ୰



433 U.S. at 575-576.

ᚰ࡜ࡋ࡚̿ࠖࢥࣆࣛ࢖ࢺྕ  㡫 ᖺ ࡶཧ↷ࠋId., at 576-577.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ ࡋ࡚ࠊཎ࿌ࡢࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒࡢಖㆤࢆ఩⨨࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡶࡋ࢚

㸬ᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃṇᙜ໬ࡢᢈุⓗ᳨ウࣥࢱ࣮ࢸ࢖ࢼ࣮ࡢࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࡟ಀࡿྡኌࡸ㢳ᐈ྾ᘬຊࢆ௚⪅ࡀ↓᩿࡛฼⏝ࡋ࠺ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊᙼࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯ࡢ

࡬ࡢᢞ㈨ពḧࢆⴭࡋࡃῶ㏥ࡉࡏࡿᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊ࢚ࣥࢱ࣮ࢸ࢖ࢼ

⌮ᛕࢆ୍ඖⓗ࡟⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࠊྠ⌮ㄽࢆᣦ㔪࡜ࡋ࡚≉チᶒࡸⴭసᶒࡢಖ

࣮࡟⮬ᕫࡢࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࠿ࡽὴ⏕ࡍࡿ⤒῭ⓗ฼┈ࢆ᤼௚ⓗ࡟ࢥࣥࢺࣟ

ㆤ⠊ᅖࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓႠࡳࡢ㝈⏺ࡸ┦ᑐ໬ࡢᚲせᛶ࣮ࣝࡋ࠺ࡿᶒ฼ࢆᢎㄆࡋࠊࡶࡗ࡚ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡢ⏕⏘ࢆዡບࡍࡿᚲせࡀࡶᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ಖㆤ⠊ᅖࡢㄪᩚ࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ≀⌮ⓗ࡟ࡣ⮬⏤࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡞ࡋ࠺ࡿ➨୕⪅ࡢ᝟ሗ㈈฼⏝ࢆ୙ྍ㑊ⓗ࡟ไ⣙ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ ࡞࠾ࠊᮏ௳ࡣே㛫◙ᙎࡢࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ࡜࠸࠺≉Ṧ࡞஦᱌࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ

ᛶ㉁࡟␃ពࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓほⅬ࠿ࡽࡣࠊᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭ

ୖグㄝ♧ࡢᑕ⛬ࢆ㝈ᐃⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋᏛㄝ࡛ࡣࠊ

ࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ࡀᥦ㉳ࡉࢀࡼ࠺ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ࡀࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽࢆ୍

ᶒࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࠊ➇தᕷሙࡣ᭷ຠ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡏࡎࠊ᝟ሗ㈈ࡢ౪⤥ࡀ㐣ᑡ⯡ⓗ࡟㐺⏝ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ពᅗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸦ᕷሙࡢኻᩋࡢ᭷↓㸧ࠋ࠿ࡾ࡟ᕷሙࡢኻᩋࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡜ࡋ࡚᭷ຠ࡟ᶵ⬟㸦㸧ᑠᣓ

ࡋࠊ᝟ሗ㈈౪⤥ࡢ㐺ṇ໬࡟㈨ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸦ᕷሙࡢኻᩋࡢ἞⒵ࡢ

 ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࠊ≉チᶒࡸⴭ᭷↓㸧ࠋ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞᳨ドࡣࠊࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ᶒ฼ࢆᢎㄆ

సᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᮲㡯ࡢ⌮ᛕࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿሙ㠃ࡸᙜヱᶒ฼ࡢຠຊ⠊ᅖࢆᣑ⦰ࡍ

ࡍࡿ㝿࡟ࡶồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢṇᙜᛶࢆᇶ♏࡙ࡅࡿሙ㠃ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒ࡜࠸࠺᪂ࡓ࡞ ௨ୗࠊ㡰࡟᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺ࠋ

ᶒ฼ࢆᢎㄆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢṇᙜᛶࢆᇶ♏࡙ࡅࡿሙ㠃➼࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᥼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ㐃㑥≉チἲࡸⴭసᶒἲࡢไᐃ

㸦㸧▱ⓗ㈈⏘㛵㐃᮲㡯ࡢ⌮ᛕゎ㔘ࡢ┦ᑐ໬᰿ᣐ࡜ࡉࢀࡿྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲࡢ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯ࡢᵓ㐀ࡣᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭ

ձྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲࡢ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯ࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⌮ᛕゎ㔘࡜㐺ྜⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌮ゎࡀඃໃ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

 ๓㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲࡢ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡑ

ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊྠ⌮ㄽࡀ≉チἲࡸⴭసᶒἲࡢ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᭱ࡶ᭷ຊ࡞ṇᙜ໬ࡢᵓ㐀࡟↷ࡽࡋࠊࡶࡗࡥࡽᖐ⤖୺⩏ⓗ࡞⌮ᛕ࡟ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀࡓ᮲㡯࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸

⌮ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ཷᐜࡉࢀࡿせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᡃࡀᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ⿢

࠺⌮ゎࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⌮ゎ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢈ

ุᡤࡀ୺࡟≉チᶒࡢຠຊ⠊ᅖࢆᗈࡆࡓࡾ⊃ࡵࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿุࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯ࡀⴭస⪅ࡢᶒ฼ࢆࠕಖ㞀ࡍࡿࠖㄽᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽࡀࡶࡕࡔࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ

securing ࡜࠸࠺ᩥゝࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢᶒ฼ࡀࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇ

ࡓ⿢ุᡤࡢุ᩿࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊྠ⌮ㄽࡀ≉チᶒࡢಖㆤ⠊ᅖࡢㄪᩚཎ⌮࡜ࡋ࡚࡜ࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡺ࠼⮬↛ᶒ⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ

ᶵ⬟ࡋ࠺ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀᬯ㯲ࡢ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚࠾࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ

ᢈุⓗ࡞❧ሙ࠿ࡽࡢศᯒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊDiane Leenheer Zimmerman, Fitting Publicity

Rights into Intellectual Property and Free Speech Theory: Sam, You Made the Pants Tooⴭస⪅ࡢᶒ฼࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ᠇ἲ㉳ⲡ⪅ࡓࡕࡀ඲㠃ⓗ࡟ྰᐃࡍࡿពᅗࡲ࡛
ࡣㄞࡳ࡜ࢀ࡞࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ⮬↛ᶒ⌮ㄽࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽ≉チ࣭ⴭసᶒ᮲㡯ࢆ═ࡵ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜ࠊ
ࠕಖ㞀ࡍࡿࠖ securing ࡜࠸࠺ᩥゝࢆᡭ

Long!, 10 DEPAUL-LCA J. ART & ENT. L. 283, 305 (2000)ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

YEARS OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN PATENT, TRADEMARK AND COPYRIGHT LAW, 117, 126

HUW BEVERLEY-SMITH, THE COMMERCIAL APPROPRIATION OF PERSONALITY, 302(2002). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

Barbara Ringer, Two Hundred Years of American Copyright Law, in TWO HUNDRED(American Bar Association ed., 1977).

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ ࡀ࠿ࡾ࡜ࡋࡓࠊྠ᮲㡯࡟㛵ࡍࡿ」║ⓗ࡞⌮ᛕゎ㔘ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㸧≉チไᗘ࠾ࡼࡧⴭసᶒไᗘࡢ⤒῭ⓗᶵ⬟ࡢᢈุⓗ᳨ドࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓぢゎࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ୍ඖⓗձ≉チไᗘ࠾ࡼࡧⴭసᶒไᗘࡢ୙Ꮡᅾ࡜ᕷሙࡢኻᩋࡢ᭷↓࡞⌮ᛕゎ㔘࡟ᑐࡋ࡚෌⪃ࢆ㏕ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓゎ㔘ࢆ┦ᑐ໬ࡍࡿᚲせᛶࢆ㗦ࡃ ➨࡟ࠊࡶࡋ≉チไᗘࡸⴭసᶒไᗘࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ➇தᕷሙࡀッ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

᭷ຠ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡏࡎࠊⓎ᫂ࡸⴭస≀ࡢ౪⤥ࡣ㐣ᑡ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ

ղᡃࡀᅜⴭసᶒἲࡢ┠ⓗつᐃϸ ≉チไᗘࡢ୙Ꮡᅾ࡜ᕷሙࡢኻᩋࡢ᭷↓ ࡲࡓࠊᡃࡀᅜⴭసᶒἲࡢ┠ⓗつᐃ㸦➨᮲㸧࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥ ࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࠺࠼࡛  ࡘࡢ᭷┈࡞ᡭࡀ࠿ࡾ࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊ኱㝣ㅖᅜࡢࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ୍ඖⓗ࡞⌮ᛕ⌮ゎ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㉳ⲡ⪅ࡢぢゎ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᢈุࡀᥦ㉳Ṕྐ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ኱㝣ㅖᅜࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊ≉チไᗘࡢᗫṆࡸᑟධぢ㏦ࡾࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࡓᅜࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ㉳ⲡ⪅ࡣࠊࠕࡇࡢἲᚊࡢ❓ᴟࡢ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡣࠊᩥ໬ࡢⓎᒎ࡟ᐤ୚⊂༨୍⯡࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᎘ᝏឤࡀ᰿ᙉࡃṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡓୡ⣖༙ࡤ࠿ࡽୡ⣖༙ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚ࠊⴭసᶒἲࡢ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞┠ⓗࡀබ┈࡟࠶ࡿࡤ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡢ኱㝣ㅖᅜ࡛ࡣࠊⓎ᫂ࡸᢏ⾡ᑟධ࡟ᑐࡋ⊂༨≉チࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿࡇ

ࠕⴭసᶒไᗘࢆ☜❧ࡍࡿ㊃᪨ࠖࡣࠕⴭ
ࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ௚᪉࡛ࠊ

࡜࡬ࡢᢈุࡀ㧗ࡲࡾࠊ཯≉チ㐠ືࡀຨ⯆ࡋࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ཯≉チ㐠ືࡢᙳస⪅➼ࡢ⤒῭ⓗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣே᱁ⓗ࡞฼┈ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊⴭస⪅➼㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲ࡛ࡣࠊୡ⣖༙ࡤ௨㝆ࠊ㆟఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ᖖ࡟≉チไᗘࡢປⱞ࡟ሗ࠸ࡿࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ͐͐ᩥ໬ࡢⓎᒎ࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠖ

ࡢ᫝㠀ࡀ㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊḟ➨࡟ᗫṆㄽࡀඃໃ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡑ

࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉࡟࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚ࠊⴭసᶒ࠾ࡼࡧⴭస⪅ே᱁ᶒಖㆤࡢṇᙜᛶࢆࡋ࡚ࡘ࠸࡟ᖺࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲ㆟఍ࡣᖺไᐃࡢ≉チἲࢆ୍᪦ᗫṆࡍࡿ࡟ⴭస⪅ࡢປⱞ࡟ሗ࠸ࡿⅬ࡟ồࡵࡿጼໃࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㉳ⲡ⪅ࡢ⮳ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢜ࣛࣥࢲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≉チไᗘࡢᗫṆᮇ㛫ࡣᖺࡲ࡛⥆࠸ぢゎࡣࠊࣟࢵࢡປാᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿຌ⦼ㄽࢆᙸᙿ࡜ࡉࡏࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࢜ࣛࣥࢲࡢືྥࡣࠊࢫ࢖ࢫ࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓࠋ⮬⏤㈠᫆ࢆ

ࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࢀ࡟⥆ࡅ࡚ࠊ㉳ⲡ⪅ࡣࠊ➨᮲ࡢ┠ⓗつᐃࡢ㊃᪨ࡣࠕ➨᮲௨ୗ

㔜ࢇࡌࡿఏ⤫ࢆࡶࡘࢫ࢖ࢫࡣࠊ⊂༨≉チࡣἲࡢୗࡢᖹ➼࡟཯ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮ࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿ㝿ࡢᇶ‽ࠖࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓゎ㔘ᇶ‽࡜ࡋ⏤࡟ࠊ≉チἲࢆไᐃࡍࡿ㆟఍ࡢᶒ㝈ࢆ᠇ἲୖྰᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ

࡚ࡣࠕⴭస⪅➼ࡢᶒ฼ࡢಖㆤࡀ➨୍⩏ⓗ࡞┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࠖࢆᣦ㔪࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ➨᮲ࡢつᐃ࡟ࡳࡽࢀࡿ┠
ࡣࠊᮏ✏࡟࠾࠸࡚⮬↛ᶒ⌮ㄽࡢ௦⾲౛࡜ࡋ࡚⤂௓ࡋࡓࣟࢵࢡປാᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡸ࣮࣊ࢤ

ⓗᡭẁᵓ㐀ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿどⅬࡣᚋᬒ࡟㏥ࡁࠊⴭస⪅ࡢᶒ฼ಖㆤࢆ➨୍⩏ⓗ࡟ࣝே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢṇᙜᛶࢆᇶ♏࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゎࡉࢀࡿࠋ㔜どࡍࡿどⅬࡀ๓ᬒ࡟ᢲࡋࡔࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤࡢṇᙜᛶࢆಶேⓗ࡞ῡ※࡟ồࡵࡿࣟࢵࢡ⌮ㄽࡸ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞㉳ⲡ⪅ࡢぢゎࡣࠊⴭసᶒἲࡢ┠ⓗつᐃࡢ⌮ᛕࢆᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸୍࡚ඖⓗ࡟⌮ゎࡍࡿ❧ሙࢆ┦ᑐ໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢ
࡛࠶ࡾࠊྠつᐃࡢ⌮ᛕゎ㔘࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣ」║ⓗ࡞⌮ゎࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜

ࡶࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤࡀチᐜࡉࢀࡿ⠊ᅖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ௚⪅࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࠿ࡽᖖ࡟୍ᐃࡢ
ไ㝈ࡀㄢࡏࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ௚⪅ࡢ⮬⏤➼࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ಶேࡢ㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤࡀ➨୍⩏ⓗ࡟ඃඛࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⓨ᝿ࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ୡ⣖࡟࠾ࡅࡿ཯≉チ㐠ືࡢຨ⯆࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊFritz Machlup and Edith Penrose, The࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋ

Patent Controversy in the Nineteenth Century, 10 J. ECON. HIST. 1 (1950); EDITH TILTON

PENROSE, THE ECONOMICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL PATENT SYSTEM㹙㯮⏣㱟ஂ㸻୰ᰘṊຍᡞᏲ⾜ࠗⴭసᶒἲ㏲᮲ㅮ⩏ ஬ゞ᪂∧㸧࠘㸦ⴭసᶒ᝟ሗࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠊᖺ 㡫ࠋ㞝㸻ྜྷᮧᏕヂࠗᅜ㝿≉チไᗘ⤒῭ㄽ࠘㸦ⱥᩥἲ௧♫ࠊᖺ㸧㹛㑥ヂ㹼㡫ࠊFRITZຍᡞ࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ࠋ

MACHLUP, AN ECONOMIC REVIEW OF THE PATENT SYSTEM (U.S. SENATE, COMMITTEE ONຍᡞ࣭๓ᥖὀ 㡫ࠋ㸦᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺THE JUDICIARY STUDY NO. 15, 1958)㹙ᅵ஭㍤⏕ヂࠗ≉チไᗘࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘࡞࠾ࠊⴭస⪅ࡢᶒ฼ಖㆤࡀⴭసᶒἲࡢ➨୍⩏ⓗ࡞┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㉳ⲡ⪅ࡢぢゎ♫ࠊᖺ㸧㹛㑥ヂ㹼㡫ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ ᖺ࡟ᅜẸᢞ⚊࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᠇ἲᨵṇࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࠊࢫ࢖ࢫࡣ≉チไᗘࡢᑟධ

⌮ⓗ࡟㐲᪉ࡲ࡛ᗈࡲࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≉チࡢྲྀࢆᣄࡳ⥆ࡅࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ᘬࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡋࠊ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢఏ᧛࡟ᐤ୚ࡋ࠺ࡿⅬ࡟ࠊ≉チไᗘࡢពࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊ≉チไᗘࡢᗫṆࡸᑟධぢ㏦ࡾࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓ᫬ᮇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊ࢜ࣛ

⩏ࢆồࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊṔྐⓗ࡟ࡳࢀࡤ≉チไࣥࢲࡸࢫ࢖ࢫࡢᅜෆ⏘ᴗάືࡢ≧ἣࡣ࠸࠿࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ

ᗘࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨࡸ⏘ᴗࡢⓎᒎ࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬

౛࠼ࡤࠊ≉チไᗘࡢಖ᭷ᅜ࡜㠀ಖ᭷ᅜࡀ࡜ࡶ࡟ཧຍࡋࡓࠊᖺࣟࣥࢻ

ࡣࠊ≉チไᗘࡢᶵ⬟ࡢ෌⪃ࢆಁࡍዎᶵ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ

ࣥ୓ᅜ༤ぴ఍࠾ࡼࡧᖺࣇ࢕ࣛࢹࣝࣇ࢕࢔୓ᅜ༤ぴ఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿฟᒎ࢝
ࢱࣟࢢグ㍕ࡢᒎ♧≀ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊ≉チἲࡀ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟୚࠼ࡿ
Ϲ ⴭసᶒไᗘࡢ୙Ꮡᅾ࡜ᕷሙࡢኻᩋࡢ᭷↓ຠᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝࡋࡓ◊✲ࢆࡳ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ ࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ≉チไᗘ㠀ಖ ⥆࠸࡚ࠊࡶࡋⴭసᶒไᗘࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊⴭస≀ࡢ౪⤥ࡣ㐣ᑡ࡜᭷ᅜࡢࢫ࢖ࢫࡣࠊࣟࣥࢻࣥ୓ᅜ༤ぴ఍࡟࠾࠸୍࡚ேᙜࡓࡾࡢᒎ♧≀ᩘࡀཧ࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋຍᅜ୰  ␒┠࡟ከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ༤ぴ఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊഔฟࡋࡓ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩ

 ࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡋࠊⴭసᶒไᗘࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊ᭱ึࡢฟ∧⪅࡟ࡣᾏࣙࣥࢆ♧ࡍᒎ♧≀࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᤵ୚ࡉࢀࡿ࣓ࢲࣝࡢᩘࡣࠊ≉チไᗘ㠀ಖ᭷ᅜࡢ㈫ฟ∧⪅ࡢ㈝⏝ୖࡢ᭷฼ࡉࢆ┦ẅࡋ࡚వࡾ࠶ࡿᑐᢠ฼┈ࡀᏑࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊⴭ

࡯࠺ࡀᅽಽⓗ࡟ከ࠿ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ≉チไᗘࡢ㠀ಖ᭷ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚

స≀ࡢ౪⤥ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ㐣ᑡ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࡿぢゎࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊඖࣁ

ࡣࠊ㣗ရຍᕤࡸ⛉Ꮫᶵჾ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࠊ≉チࡼࡾࡶ⛎ᐦ⟶⌮ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ᭷ຠ࡛࠶

࣮ࣂ࣮ࢻ኱Ꮫᩍᤵ࡛⌧ᅾࡣ㐃㑥᭱㧗⿢ุ஦ࢆົࡵࡿࣈࣛ࢖࣮ࣖࡢ㆟ㄽࢆࡿ⏘ᴗศ㔝࡟࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥάືࡀ㞟୰ࡍࡿഴྥࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ

ࡳ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ

᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊㄪᰝ඲యࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ≉チไᗘࡢ ࣈࣛ࢖࣮ࣖࡣࠊฟ∧ᚋࡢ᭱ึࡢᩘࣨ᭶࡛ᑐ౯ࢆᅇ཰ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀ

ᶵ⬟࡜ࡋ୍࡚⯡࡟࠸ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥάືࡢ㔞ⓗቑ኱ࡸ㉁࡚࠸ࡿၟᴗฟ∧≀㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊᑠㄝࡸࣀࣥࣇ࢕ࢡࢩࣙࣥ㸧ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᕷሙ

ⓗྥୖࢆ♧ࡍドᣐࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ

ඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈ࡀ௦᭰ⓗ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡜ࡋ࡚᭷ຠ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡋ࠺ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ
 ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓୡ⣖ࡢᐇ౛ࢆᥖࡆࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡔࡅ࡛≉チไᗘࡢᏑᅾព⩏ࡀྰᐃࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊୖグㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࡶࠊ୧༤ぴ఍ࡢᥦ♧≀ࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ኱つᶍ〇㐀ᴗ⏝ᶵᲔࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊᶵ
Ე㢮ࡢ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚≉チࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ❚࠼ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬
ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓูࡢᩥ⊩࡛ࡣࠊୡ⣖࡟࠾࠸࡚≉チࡀᗈࡃ฼⏝ࡉࢀࡓ⏘ᴗࡢ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ௚ศ㔝ࡼࡾࡶྲྀᘬࡉࢀࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ࠿ࡘᆅ



Petra Moser, How Do Patent Laws Influence Innovation? Evidence from Nine-MICHELE BOLDRIN AND DAVID K. LEVINE, AGAINST INTELLECTUAL MONOPOLY (2008)㹛㑥ヂ㹼㡫ࠋ㹙ᒣᙧᾈ⏕㸻Ᏺᒸᱜヂࠗࠑ཯ࠒ▱ⓗ⊂༨࠘㸦㻺㼀㼀 ฟ∧ࠊᖺ㸧ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓⓎ᝿ࡣࠊྲྀᘬ㈝⏝⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ≉チἲయ⣔ࡢ෌ᵓᡂ࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ࠊ㏆᫬ࡢ◊✲࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶᘬࡁ⥅ࡀࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉チᶒ࡜࠸࠺㈈⏘ᶒࢆタᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᶒ฼௜୚
ᚋࡢᙜヱⓎ᫂ࡢྲྀᘬࢆಁ㐍ࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺ྲྀᘬ㈝⏝⌮ㄽ࡟❧⬮ࡋ࡚ࠊ≉チไᗘࡢయ⣔ࢆᤊ࠼┤ࡑ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᓥ୪࣭๓ᥖὀ ࢆཧ↷ࠋᮏᩥ࡛⤂௓ࡋࡓ௨እ࡟ࡶࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲࡀ≉チไᗘࢆᴫࡡᗫṆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ᫬ᮇ㸦ᖺ ࡜᚟άࡉࡏࡓ᫬ᮇ ᖺ ࡢࠊᅜẸ୍ே࣭᫬㛫࠶ࡓࡾࡢ⏕⏘ᛶቑຍ⋡ࢆẚteenth-Century World’s Fairs, 95 AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW 1214 (2005).

㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㸣࠿ࡽ㸣࡟ᚤቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ≉チไᗘࡢ᭷↓ࡀ⏕⏘ᛶ࡟≉࡟

Id., at 1222 n.3.

ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓ࡜ࡣ࠸࠸ࡁࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ▼஭ṇࠗṔྐࡢ࡞࠿ࡢ≉チ̿౛࠼ࡤࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲ࡛ࡣࠊ≉チไᗘᗫṆࡢ๓ᚋ࡛㣗ရຍᕤศ㔝ࡢ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ

Ⓨ᫂࡬ࡢሗዡ࣭ᡤ᭷ᶒ࣭㈺ൾㄳồᶒ̿࠘㸦᫭ὒ᭩ᡣࠊᖺ 㡫ὀ ཧ↷ࠋࡼࡀ㸣 ᖺ ࠿ࡽ㸣 ᖺ ࡬࡜ቑຍࡋࡓࠋId., at 1229 and 1230 Figure 3.

ࡾໟᣓⓗ࡞᳨ウ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊERIC SCHIFF, INDUSTRIALIZATION WITHOUT NATIONAL PATENS:THE NETHERLANDS 1869-1912: SWITZERLAND 1850-1907 (1971)ࢆཧ↷ࠋṔྐ◊✲ࡀࡶࡘᙅࡳ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᓥ୪Ⰻࠕ≉チไᗘࡢ⌧≧࡜ᒎᮃ㸸ἲᏛࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࠖ▱ⓗ㈈⏘◊✲ᡤ࿘ᖺグᛕࠗᒱ㊰࡟❧ࡘ≉チไᗘ࠘㸦▱ⓗ㈈⏘◊✲ᡤࠊᖺ

㡫ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

copies, and Computer Programs, 84 HARV. L. REV. 281 (1970)㹙⨾స἞ኵࠕ⤂௓ࠖⴭసᶒ

◊✲  ྕ㡫 ᖺ @.

Moser, supra note 25, at 1233.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  Stephen Breyer, The Uneasy Case for Copyright: A Study of Copyright in Books, Photo-▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᅛᐃ㈝⏝ࡀ኱ࡁࡃᑐ౯ࡢᅇ཰࡟ᩘᖺࢆせࡍࡿᏛ⾡᭩⡠ࡸཧ⪃ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࣈࣛ࢖࣮ࣖࡢ㆟ㄽ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ♧၀ࡣࠊⴭసᶒไᗘࡢไᗘኚ᭦࡟

ᅗ᭩㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊ኱Ꮫᩍ⛉᭩ࠊⓒ⛉஦඾ࠊ㎡᭩࡞࡝㸧ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᕷሙඛ⾜㝿ࡋ࡚ࠊᡃࠎࡣࡑࡢᚲせᛶࢆៅ㔜࡟ホ౯ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛

ࡢ฼┈ࡀᑠࡉࡃ௦᭰ⓗ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡜ࡋ࡚ᮇᚅ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࣈࣛ࢖

࠶ࡿࠋ࣮ࣖ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊ᭱ึࡢฟ∧♫ࡣࠊᾏ㈫∧࡜ྠ౯᱁ࡢᗮ౯∧ ୍᪉ࠊᩥ⊩ࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊⴭసᶒไᗘࡀ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟⏕ࡌ࠺ࡿ㠀ຠ⋡ᛶࡢṍࡳࢆ㈍኎ࡍࡿ࡜࠿ࠕⴭస⪅ㄆᐃ∧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⾲♧ࢆ௜ࡍ࡜࠸ࡗࡓሗ᚟⾜Ⅽ࡟ࡼࢆࡳࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࡍࡿぢゎࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊࣛࣥࢹࢫ㸤࣏ࢬࢼ࣮ࡗ࡚ࠊᾏ㈫∧ฟ∧♫࡟ᑐᢠࡋ࠺ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊⴭసᶒಖㆤ

ࡣࠊࡶࡋⴭసᶒไᗘࡀ࡞࠸࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊⴭస⪅ࡸฟ∧♫➼ࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞Ỵ᩿ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣࠊ᭩⡠㉎ධࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ⤌⧊໬ࡸᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿฟ∧ຓᡂ࡞࡝ࡢ᪉

ࢆࡍࡿ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㠀ຠ⋡࡞࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࡋ࠿ᚓࡽࢀ࡞࠸ᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ

ἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚௦࡛᭰ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶࣈࣛ࢖࣮ࣖࡣᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡲࡓከ㢠ࡢ㜵⾨ࢥࢫࢺࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿᜍࢀࡶ࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣈࣛ࢖࣮ࣖࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊⴭసᶒไᗘࡢᏑᅾព⩏ࢆࡓࡔࡕ࡟ྰ ලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡣ୍᫬ⓗ࡞ὶ⾜సရࡸ▷࿨ࡢసရࢆ๰సࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭ

ᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࣈࣛ࢖࣮ࣖ⮬㌟ࠊⴭసᶒไᗘࡢṇᙜᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊ

ࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࢆ㐣ᗘ࡟ࡶࡘ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊฟ∧♫ࡣᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚࡛ࡁࡿ

࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞᰿ᣐࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࡋ࡚ࡶ⫯ᐃ࡜ྰᐃࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡶゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛

㝈ࡾ᭷฼࡞ඛ⾜ࢫࢱ࣮ࢺࢆษࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊฟ∧ࡢ๓ᐉఏࢆࡋࡓࡾห⾜᪥ࢆ஦ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⤖ᒁࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࡑࢀࡀᗫṆࡉࢀࡿ࡜୙㒔ྜࡀ㉳ࡇࡿ࠿ࡶࡋ

๓࡟බ⾲ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㌋㌉࠺࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᑠㄝࡢࡼ࠺࡞ⴭ

ࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺୙Ᏻࡀⴭసᶒไᗘࢆᨭ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࡯࠿࡞࠸࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ

స≀ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡸฟ∧♫ࡣ」〇⪅ࡀඛ࡟ฟ∧ࡍࡿࡢࢆᜍࢀ࡚ࠊཎ

࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

✏ࢆಖ⟶ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㔠ᗜࢆ㉎ධࡋࠊᏲ⾨ࢆ㞠࠸ධࢀࠊⲡ✏ࡢᩘࡸὶ㏻ࢆไ ࡴࡋࢁࣈࣛ࢖࣮ࣖࡢ㆟ㄽࡢព⩏ࡣࠊࡑࡢᇳ➹ពᅗ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ᤊ࠼ࡿ࡜ࡼ

㝈ࡋࠊࡦ࡝࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣⴭస≀ࢆ᫬ᮇᑦ᪩ࡢ୙᏶඲࡞≧ែ࡛ฟ∧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡍ

ࡾ᫂☜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᮏㄽᩥࡀᇳ➹ࡉࢀࡓᙜ᫬ࠊ㐃㑥㆟఍࡛ࡣࠊⴭసࡽᙉせࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᶒಖㆤࢆ኱ᖜ࡟ᣑ኱ࡍࡿෆᐜࡢⴭసᶒἲᨵṇἲ᱌㸦ᖺᨵṇ࡜ࡋ࡚⤖ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣛࣥࢹࢫ㸤࣏ࢬࢼ࣮ࡢ୺ᙇࡣࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛⌮ㄽⓗ࡞ྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ᐇ㸧ࡀᑂ㆟୰࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣈࣛ࢖࣮ࣖࡣࠊἲ᱌ෆᐜࡢ࠺ࡕࠊಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡢᘏ㛗࡜࡝ࡲࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊᐇドⓗ࡞ドᣐࡀ㞟✚ࡉࢀࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ಟṇࡸࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢⴭసᶒ࡟ࡼࡿಖㆤ➼࡟ࡣ཯ᑐࡢ❧ሙࢆ࡜ࡗࢆ㏕ࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊⴭసᶒไᗘࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࣈࣛ࢖࣮ࣖࡣࠊⴭసᶒไᗘࡢᏑᅾព⩏ࡀ୍⯡࡟⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠺ࡿ㠀ຠ⋡ᛶࡢᏑᅾࡣࠊⴭసᶒไᗘࡢᗫṆㄽ࡟Ᏻ᫆࡟㣕ࡧࡘࡃࡇ࡜ࢆㅋࡵ

࠸ࡿࡼࡾࡶⷧᙅ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࠊࡶࡗ࡚ⴭసᶒಖㆤࡢᣑ

ࡿ୍ᛂࡢㄽᣐ࡜࡞ࡾ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ

኱ࢆᅗࡿἲᨵṇࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ୺ᙇ࡬ࡢ཯ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ

ղ≉チไᗘ࠾ࡼࡧⴭసᶒไᗘࡢ๰タ࡟ࡼࡿᕷሙࡢኻᩋࡢ἞⒵ࡢ᭷↓

Id., at 299-308.

Id., at 322.

 ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊ≉チᶒࡸⴭసᶒࡣࠊⓎ᫂ࡸⴭస≀ࡢ㛤Ⓨࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡜



Id., at 350-351.ࡇࡢࣈࣛ࢖࣮ࣖㄽᩥࡣࠊྛ᪉㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚࠿࡞ࡾ኱ࡁ࡞࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺ

ࢆ୚࠼ࡓࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊࡑࡢ୰ᚰⓗ୺ᙇ࡛࠶ࡿⴭసᶒಖㆤࡢ⌮ㄽⓗ᰿ᣐࡢⷧᙅࡉࢆࡵ
ࡄࡗ࡚㈶ྰ୧ㄽࡀᕳࡁ㉳ࡇࡗࡓࠋ⩣ᖺࠊTyerman ࡟ࡼࡿ཯ㄽࡀබ⾲ࡉࢀࠊฟ∧ᕷሙࡋ࡚᭷ຠ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡋࠊᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿⓎ᫂ࡸⴭస≀ࡢ㐣ᑡ⏕⏘ࡢ㜵Ṇ㸦࠾ࡼࡧ⏕⏘ࡢ㐺ṇ໬㸧࡟ᐤ୚ࡋ࠺ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈ࡀ᪂つⴭస≀ࢆฟ∧ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢ㐺ษ࡞⤒῭ⓗሗ㓘ࢆࡶϸ ≉チไᗘࡢ๰タ࡟ࡼࡿᕷሙࡢኻᩋࡢ἞⒵ࡢ᭷↓ࡓࡽࡍ࡜࠸࠺௬ᐃ࡟ᨷᧁࡀᾎࡧࡏࡽࢀࡓࠋBarry W. Tyerman, The Economic Rational ≉チᶒࡣ௻ᴗࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨᢞ㈨ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡜ࡋ࡚㐺ษ࠿ࡘ᭷ຠ࡟

for Copyright Protection for Published Books: A Reply to Professor Breyer, 18 UCLA L.



REV. 1100 (1971).ྠㄽᩥ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣈࣛ࢖࣮ࣖࡢ෌཯ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊStephen Breyer, Cop-yright: A Rejoinder, 20 UCLA L. REV. 75 (1972)ࢆཧ↷ࠋᏛ◊✲ྕ㹼㡫 ᖺ㸧ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

William M. Landes & Richard A. Posnerࠝᣋヂࠞࠕⴭసᶒࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࠖ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ㏆᫬ࡢ◊✲࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ≉チᶒࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦຠᯝࡣ

㛤Ⓨ⾜ືࢆ่⃭ࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ౛ドࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ

ᚲࡎࡋࡶ᭷ຠ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ≉チᶒࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦຠᯝ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚␲⩏ࢆ࿊ࡍࡿࡘࡢㄽᣐ࡜

࡞ࡾ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ

㹟㸧≉チᶒࡢಖㆤࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿἲᨵṇ࠾ࡼࡧุ౛ࡢຠᯝ ➨  ࡟ࠊ≉チᶒࡢಖㆤࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿἲᨵṇࡸุ౛࡟╔┠ࡋࠊࡑࡢ๓ᚋ࡟࠾

㹠㸧ᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶ

ࡅࡿ௻ᴗ⾜ືࡢኚ໬ࢆほᐹࡍࡿㄪᰝ◊✲ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ ➨  ࡟ࠊᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶ appropriability ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ≉チࡢ᭷ ౛࠼ࡤࠊᡃࡀᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᨵၿከ㡯ไࡀᑟධࡉࢀࠊ་⸆ရ➼ࡢ≉チ࡟㛵ࡍຠᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝࡋࡓ◊✲ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ࡣࠊ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩ

ࡿᏑ⥆ᮇ㛫ࡢᘏ㛗ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓᖺ≉チἲᨵṇ࡟╔┠ࡋࠊྠᨵṇࡢ᪋⾜ࡢࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚♫఍඲యࡀཷࡅࡿ฼┈ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟ᢞ㈨ࢆࡋ࡚࢖ࣀࣦ

๓ᚋ࡛ᡃࡀᅜ௻ᴗࡢ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥάືࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚ໬ࡋࡓ࠿ࢆㄪ

࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆᐇ⌧ࡋࡓ௻ᴗࡀ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᡭ୰࡟཰ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ

ᰝࡋࡓ◊✲ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ ࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ⤫ィୖࠊ≉チᶒࡢಖㆤ⠊ᅖࢆᣑࡢ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ◊✲㛤Ⓨᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊ

኱ࡍࡿྠᨵṇ࡟㉳ᅉࡋ࡚ᡃࡀᅜ௻ᴗࡀ◊✲㛤Ⓨᢞ㈨ࡸ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ

≉チᶒ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚⮬ࡽࡀᐇ⌧ࡋࡓ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࠿ࡽ཰┈ࢆᣲࡆࡿࡇ

ࡢ⏘ฟ㔞ࢆቑ኱ࡉࡏࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍドᣐࡣ඲ࡃᚓࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ

࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ≉チࡣ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ ࡲࡓࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᪂⸆ࡢⓎ᫂ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶࢆྰᐃࡋ་⸆ရࢆಖ

ࡿࠋㆤᑐ㇟࠿ࡽ㝖እࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᖺ≉チἲࢆ㐪᠇࡜ุ᩿ࡋࠊ᪂⸆Ⓨ᫂ࡢ≉チฟ㢪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᐜㄆࡍࡿ᪨ࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡋࡓᖺࡢ᭱㧗⿢ุỴ ࡟╔┠ࡋࠊ

żǤǧȸȫȷǵȸșǤŽᖺࡢ๓ᚋ࡛࢖ࢱࣜ࢔〇⸆௻ᴗࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝➼ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚ໬ࡋࡓ࠿ࢆ ౛࠼ࡤࠊ࢖࢙࣮ࣝ኱Ꮫࡀ⡿ᅜᴗ✀ྡࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㒊㛛ᢸᙜ⪅ࢆᑐ㇟ㄪᰝࡋࡓ◊✲ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ ࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊᖺ࡟་⸆ရ≉チࡀㄆࡵࡽ

ࢀࡓᚋࡶࠊ᪂⸆ࡢ㛤Ⓨࡼࡾࡶ௚ᅜ࡛㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓ་⸆ရࡢᶍೌ࡟ᚑ஦ࡍࡿ࡜

ᓥ୪࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ࠋ≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐇド◊✲ࡢࡼࡾໟᣓⓗ࡞᳨ウ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⏣ᮧၿஅࠕࣉ

࠸࠺࢖ࢱࣜ࢔〇⸆௻ᴗࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞ᡓ␎ጼໃ࡟≉ẁࡢኚ໬ࡣࡳࡽࢀࡎࠊࡑࡢ
◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝ࡢቑຍࢆຍ㏿ࡉࡏࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍドᣐࡶᚓࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀ
ࡿࠋ࣭ࣟ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࢖ࢩࣙࣥࡢࡓࡵࡢ≉チไᗘࡢ muddling through  ࠖ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ྕᥖ㍕ணᐃࢆཧ↷ࠋྠㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊఀᆅ▱ᐶ༤࡯࠿ࠗ඲ᅜ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥㄪ
ᰝ⤫ィሗ࿌࠘㸦ㄪᰝ㈨ᩱࠊᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ᨻ⟇◊✲ᡤࠊᖺ ࡸ INTEL- ࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊ⌧≧ࡼࡾࡶ≉チᶒࡢಖㆤࢆཌࡃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ௻ᴗࡢ◊✲LECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, DEVELOPMENT, AND CATCH-UP: AN INTERNATIONAL COM-

ࠗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࠊ⤒῭
PARATIVE STUDY, 2 (Hiroyuki Odagiri et al eds., 2010);ᑠ⏣ษᏹஅࠕMariko Sakakibara and Lee Branstetter, Do Stronger Patents Induce More Innovation?

Ⓨᒎ࡜࢟ࣕࢵࢳ࢔ࢵࣉ࠘◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࠿ࡽࡢᩍカࠖ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ྕ

Evidence from the 1988 Japanese Patent Law Reforms, 32 RAND J. ECON. 77 (2001). 㡫 ᖺ ࡞࡝ࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣᢅࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᅜෆእࡢᐇド◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ヲ⣽࡞⤂௓࣭

Constitutional Court, March 9, 1978, n.20, published in Gazetta Ufficiale. ᮏ᭱㧗⿢᳨ุウࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊཧ⪃࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

Ỵࡢุ᩿ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔㆟఍ࡣࠊᖺ࡟᪂⸆Ⓨ᫂ࡢ≉チ㐺☜ᛶࢆㄆࡵࡿ᪨ࡢ ࡞࠾ࠊࣂ࣮ࢡࣞ࢖࣭ࢧ࣮࣋࢖௨๓ࡢ≧ἣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ୰ᒣ୍㑻ࠕࠗࣉࣟࣃࢸࣥࢺ࠘≉チἲᨵṇࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ࡜ࠗ࢔ࣥࢳࢥࣔࣥࢬ࠘̿≉チ࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࠗࣉࣟࣃࢸ



F.M. Scherer and S. Weisburst, Economic Effect of Strengthening Pharmceutical Patentࣥࢺ࠘ࡢព⩏࣭ຠᯝ࣭ㄢ㢟̿ࠖ⤒῭⏘ᴗ◊✲ᡤࢹ࢕ࢫ࢝ࢵࢩ࣮ࣙࣥ࣌ࣃ࣮㻶Protection in Italy, 26 IIC 1009 (1995).

㸦ᖺ㸧ࠊᓥ୪Ⰻࠕ≉チᐈయㄽࡢ᪉ἲ࡜ᵓ㐀ࠖ▱㈈◊ࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࣛྕ㹼㡫 ࡇࢀ࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡚ࠊᖺ௨๓࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ࡢᚋⓎ་⸆ရ⏘ᴗࡀୡ⣖௨ୖᖺ ➼ࡶཧ↷ࠋ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚άἣࢆ࿊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬ࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋBOLDRIN & LEVINE࣭๓ᥖὀ

㹼㡫ࠋࡼࡿ᪥⡿ẚ㍑◊✲࠘㸦⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ᨻ⟇◊✲ᡤࠊᖺ 㡫ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ᚋ⸨᫭㸻Ọ⏣᫭ஓࠗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶ࡜ᢏ⾡ᶵ఍㸸ࢧ࣮࣋࢖ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓᖺࡢㄪᰝ㸦௨ୗࠊ࢖࢙࣮࣭ࣝࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡜࿧ࡪ㸧ࢆࡳ࡚ࢵࣉ࡜⫪ࢆ୪࡭ࡿ఩⨨࡟ᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ་⸆ရࡸ▼Ἔ⢭〇࡜࠸ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊୗグࡢᅗ⾲ࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ௻ᴗ

ࡗࡓ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊ᪉ἲ≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡀ㧗ࡃホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᭱᭷ຊᡭẁ࡟‽ࡢ㛫࡛ᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚≉チࡀ㔜どࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜

ࡌࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊᶵᲔ⣔ࡢ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊ≀≉チࠊ᪉ࡣ࠸࠸㞴࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ඲ᴗ✀ࢆᖹᆒࡋࡓ≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡣࠊ〇ရ࢖ࣀࣦἲ≉チ࡜ࡶ࡟ࡑࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡢホ౯ࡣప࠸ࠋ

࢙࣮ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣ  ␒┠ࠊ᪉ἲ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣ  ␒┠࡟఩⨨ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ≉チࡣᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿᡭẁࡢ  ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ་⸆

࠸ࡎࢀࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡶࠊᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈ࠊᏛ⩦᭤⥺ࢆ࠸ࡕ᪩ࡃ⁥ࡾ㝆ࡾࡿࡇရ⏘ᴗࡸ໬Ꮫ⏘ᴗࢆ㝖ࡃከࡃࡢ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀ࡯࡝᭷ຠ࡞ᡭẁ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼ࡽ࡜ࠊ㈍኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫດຊ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᡭẁࡢᚋሻࢆᣏࡍࡿ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࢖࢙࣮࣭ࣝࢧ࣮࣋࢖࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᅗ⾲㸸ᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿᡭẁࡢ᭷ຠᛶ㸦࢖࢙࣮࣭ࣝࢧ࣮࣋࢖ żǫȸȍǮȸȡȭȳȷǵȸșǤŽ ⥆࠸࡚ࠊ࣮࢝ࢿࢠ࣮࣓ࣟࣥ኱Ꮫࡀ〇㐀ᴗ࡟ᒓࡍࡿ⡿ᅜ௻ᴗࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㒊〇ရ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ  ㈍኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫດຊ㸦㸧  ᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈㸦㸧Ꮫ⩦᭤⥺ࢆ࠸ࡕ᪩ࡃ⁥ࡾ㝆ࡾࡿࡇ࡜



 



Ꮫ⩦᭤⥺ࢆ࠸ࡕ᪩ࡃ⁥ࡾ㝆ࡾࡿࡇ࡜㸦㸧  㸦㸧᪉ἲ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ
ᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈㸦㸧ᢏ⾡ᶍೌࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ≉チ㸦㸧㈍኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫດຊ㸦㸧⛎ᐦ⟶⌮㸦㸧㛛࣭◊✲ᡤ௳ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓᖺࡢㄪᰝ㸦௨ୗࠊ࣮࢝ࢿࢠ࣮
࣓࣭ࣟࣥࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡜࿧ࡪ㸧ࢆࡳ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋୗグᅗ⾲ࡀ♧ࡍ࡜࠾ࡾࠊᑓ᭷
ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ≉チࡢホ౯ࡣࠊ඲యᖹᆒ࡛ࡣ〇ရ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙
࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠊ᪉ἲ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡶ࡟ᴟࡵ࡚పࡃࠊᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈ࠊ⛎
ᐦ⟶⌮ࠊ⿵᏶ⓗ⬟ຊ㸦〇㐀ࠊ㈍኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⥙㸧࡜࠸ࡗࡓᡭẁࡢᚋሻࢆᣏ
ࡍࡿ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊୖグࡢ࢖࢙࣮࣭ࣝࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡜ᇶᮏⓗ࡟ࣟ࢖ࣖࣜࢸ࢕཰ධࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ

ᢏ⾡ᶍೌࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ≉チ≉チ㸦㸧㸦㸧ྠᵝࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡀࠊ⛎ᐦ⟶⌮ࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡀ኱ᖜ࡟ୖ᪼ࡋࡓⅬࣟ࢖ࣖࣜࢸ࢕཰ධࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ

ࡣ㢧ⴭ࡞┦㐪Ⅼ࡜ࡋ࡚ᣦ᦬࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋ≉チ㸦㸧 ⛎ᐦ⟶⌮㸦㸧 ࡓࡔࡋࠊᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡣᴗ✀㛫࡛ࡤ

ࡽࡘࡁࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ≀≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡣࠊ་⸆ရ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣࢺࢵࣉ࡟ᣲࡆ

ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᭷ᶵ໬Ꮫࠊࣉࣛࢫࢳࢵࢡ⣲ᮦࠊ〇㗰〇ရ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡶࢺ

Id., at 796-797.



Id., at 796.



Id., at 797.



ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊ࡞ࡐ௻ᴗࡣ≉チࢆྲྀᚓࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋId., at 798 ࡣࠊ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪ

ᰝࡢ㝿࡟௜ࡉࢀࡓ⮬⏤ᅇ⟅ḍ࠿ࡽ❚ࢃࢀࡿ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᐃ㔞ⓗほᐹࡀᅔ㞴࡞◊✲㛤Richard C. Levin, et al., Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and De-

velopment, 3 BROOKINGS PAPERS ON ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 783 (1987).

Ⓨ㒊㛛ࡢᚑᴗဨࡢປົ⟶⌮ࡢࡓࡵ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࡸࠊᾏእᢞ㈨ඛࡢᅜࡀ⌧ᆅ௻ᴗ࡬ࡢ

ࡇࢀࡣࠊᏛ⩦࡟ࡼࡾㄢ㢟ࢆࡼࡾຠ⋡ⓗ࡟ゎỴࡍࡿຠᯝࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆཧධࡢ᮲௳࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚≉チྲྀᚓࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿ㎿㏿࡟Ꮫ⩦ࢆ㔜ࡡࡿࡇ࡜࡛௚⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࢔ࢻࣦ࢓ࣥࢸ࢕ࢪࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠾

ࡓࡵ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡾࠊᗈ࠸ព࿡࡛ᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈࡟ྵࡲࡋ࠺ࡿᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶࡢᡭẁࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

Levin, et al., supra note 45, at 794-795.

and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (or Not), NBER Working Paper No. 7552



Id., at 794.࡞࠾ࠊᅗ⾲ࡢ ෆࡢᩘᏐࡣࠊ㸦  㸻඲ࡃ᭷ຠ࡛࡞࠸㹼 㸻ᴟࡵ࡚᭷ຠ㸧ࡢࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

Wesley M. Cohen, et al., Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions(2000).


Id., at 9-10.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ ᅗ⾲㸸ᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿᡭẁࡢ᭷ຠᛶ㸦࣮࢝ࢿࢠ࣮࣓࣭ࣟࣥࢧ࣮࣋࢖ ࢆ᭱ࡶ᭷ຠ࡞ᡭẁ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍ⏘ᴗࡣ  ࡘࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ

࡚࠸ࡿ

〇ရ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ

᪉ἲ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ  ᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈㸦㸣㸧⛎ᐦ⟶⌮㸦㸣㸧  ⛎ᐦ⟶⌮㸦㸣㸧⿵᏶ⓗ࡞〇㐀⬟ຊ㸦㸣㸧  ⿵᏶ⓗ࡞〇㐀⬟ຊ㸦㸣㸧ᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈㸦㸣㸧 ⿵᏶ⓗ࡞㈍኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⥙㸦㸣㸧 ⿵᏶ⓗ࡞㈍኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⥙㸦㸣㸧 ≉チ㸦㸣㸧≉チ㸦㸣㸧 ௚ࡢἲⓗಖㆤ㸦㸣㸧௚ࡢἲⓗಖㆤ㸦㸣㸧 ࡲࡓࠊ࣮࢝ࢿࢠ࣮࣓࣭ࣟࣥࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡛ࡶࠊᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛
ࡢ≉チࡢ㔜せᗘ࡟ࡣ⏘ᴗ㛫࡛ᕪ␗ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㞟⣙ᆺࡢ⏘ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ་⒪ᶵჾࡸ་⸆ရ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊ≀≉チࡀᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈ࡸ⛎ᐦ⟶⌮࡟ḟ࠸࡛  ␒┠࡟㧗ࡃホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ▼Ἔࡸ་⸆ရ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊ


Id., at 9, Table 2. ࡲࡓࠊ⡿ᅜ௻ᴗ♫ࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ♫ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡓᖺࡢ⡿᪥ẚ㍑

ㄪᰝ㸦⡿ᅜ௻ᴗ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ࣮࢝ࢿࢠ࣮࣓࣭ࣟࣥࢧ࣮࣋࢖ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ฼⏝㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤖ᯝࡀฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋヲࡋࡃࡣࠊᚋ⸨㸻Ọ⏣࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ཧ↷ࠋWesley M. Cohen, Akira Goto, Akiya Nagata, Richard Nelson and John Walsh, R&D
information flows and patenting in Japan and the United States, in ECONOMICS, LAW ANDINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (O. Grandstrand, ed., 2003)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊྠᵝࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᇶ࡙
ࡃศᯒࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢㄪᰝ◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ヲࡋࡃࡣࠊ⏣ᮧ࣭๓ᥖὀ ࢆཧ↷ࠋᅗ⾲㸸〇ရ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡢ᭷ຠᛶ㸦ᖹᆒ್㸧


⡿ᅜ

᪥ᮏ

᪉ἲ≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡀẚ㍑ⓗ㧗ࡃホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟≉チࡀ㔜せᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈㸦㸣㸧ᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈㸦㸣㸧࡞ᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢕᥱࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⏘ᴗࡀ࠶ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ㣗ရࠊ༳ๅ࣭ฟ∧ࠊ㕲ࠊᢏ⾡᝟ሗࡢ⛎༏㸦㸣㸧≉チ࡟ࡼࡿಖㆤ㸦㸣㸧〇㐀タഛ࣭ࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࡢಖ᭷࣭⟶⌮㸦㸣㸧㟁Ꮚ㒊ရࠊ㏻ಙᶵჾ⏘ᴗ࡞࡝ࠊ≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶ࡟ᑐࡍࡿホ౯ࡀప࠸⏘ᴗࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ〇ရ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠊ᪉ἲ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ≉チ
Id., at Figure 1, 2.
ᅗ⾲㸸〇ရ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ಀࡿᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶࡢ☜ಖᡭẁࡢ᭷ຠᛶ Id., at Table 1㸧



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

་⒪ᶵჾ

་⸆ရ



ᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈㸦㸣㸧≉チ㸦㸣㸧⛎ᐦ⟶⌮㸦㸣㸧≉チ㸦㸣㸧⿵᏶ⓗ࡞㈍኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⥙㸦㸣㸧ᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈㸦㸣㸧⛎ᐦ⟶⌮㸦㸣㸧⿵᏶ⓗ࡞〇㐀⬟ຊ㸦㸣㸧⿵᏶ⓗ࡞〇㐀⬟ຊ㸦㸣㸧⿵᏶ⓗ࡞㈍኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⥙㸦㸣㸧௚ࡢἲⓗಖㆤ㸦㸣㸧௚ࡢἲⓗಖㆤ㸦㸣㸧〇㐀タഛ࣭ࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࡢಖ᭷࣭⟶⌮㸦㸣㸧㈍኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⥙ࡢಖ᭷࣭⟶⌮㸦㸣㸧 ㈍኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⥙ࡢಖ᭷࣭⟶⌮㸦㸣㸧⏕⏘࣭〇ရタィࡢ」㞧ᛶ㸦㸣㸧≉チ࡟ࡼࡿಖㆤ㸦㸣㸧⏕⏘࣭〇ရタィࡢ」㞧ᛶ㸦㸣㸧௚ࡢἲⓗಖㆤ㸦㸣㸧௚ࡢἲⓗಖㆤ㸦㸣㸧ࡑࡢ௚㸦㸣㸧ࡑࡢ௚㸦㸣㸧ᢏ⾡᝟ሗࡢ⛎༏㸦㸣㸧ᅗ⾲㸸᪉ἲ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡢ᭷ຠᛶ㸦ᖹᆒ್㸧ᅗ⾲㸸᪉ἲ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ಀࡿᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶࡢ☜ಖᡭẁࡢ᭷ຠᛶ Id., at Table 2.㸧


⡿ᅜ

᪥ᮏ



ᢏ⾡᝟ሗࡢ⛎༏㸦㸣㸧〇㐀タഛ࣭ࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࡢಖ᭷࣭⟶⌮㸦㸣㸧〇㐀タഛ࣭ࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࡢಖ᭷࣭⟶⌮㸦㸣㸧ᢏ⾡᝟ሗࡢ⛎༏㸦㸣㸧⏕⏘࣭〇ရタィࡢ」㞧ᛶ㸦㸣㸧ᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈㸦㸣㸧ᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈㸦㸣㸧≉チ࡟ࡼࡿಖㆤ㸦㸣㸧㈍኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⥙ࡢಖ᭷࣭⟶⌮㸦㸣㸧 ㈍኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⥙ࡢಖ᭷࣭⟶⌮㸦㸣㸧



▼Ἔ

་⸆ရ



⛎ᐦ⟶⌮㸦㸣㸧⛎ᐦ⟶⌮㸦㸣㸧≉チ㸦㸣㸧⿵᏶ⓗ࡞〇㐀⬟ຊ㸦㸣㸧ᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈㸦㸣㸧≉チ㸦㸣㸧⿵᏶ⓗ࡞〇㐀⬟ຊ㸦㸣㸧ᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈㸦㸣㸧⿵᏶ⓗ࡞㈍኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⥙㸦㸣㸧⿵᏶ⓗ࡞㈍኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⥙㸦㸣㸧 ᅗ⾲࠿ࡽศ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ〇ရ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶ☜ಖࡢᡭẁ࡜௚ࡢἲⓗಖㆤ㸦㸣㸧௚ࡢἲⓗಖㆤ㸦㸣㸧ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ⡿᪥࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈ࡀ᭱ࡶ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ⏘ᴗ⏺඲యࡢᅇ≉チ࡟ࡼࡿಖㆤ㸦㸣㸧⏕⏘࣭〇ရタィࡢ」㞧ᛶ㸦㸣㸧௚ࡢἲⓗಖㆤ㸦㸣㸧௚ࡢἲⓗಖㆤ㸦㸣㸧  ࡑࡢ௚㸦㸣㸧ࡑࡢ௚㸦㸣㸧⟅࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ᪉ἲ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶ☜ಖࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ żȐȸǯȬǤȷǵȸșǤŽ ௨ୖࡢ  ࡘࡢࢧ࣮࣋࢖ࡣࠊ୍⯡࡟⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼࡾࡶ≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡣ
ప࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢࢧ࣮࣋࢖ࡣࠊ〇㐀タഛࡸ㈍኎࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⥙➼ࡢ⿵᏶ⓗ㈨⏘ࢆࡍ࡛࡟ಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽ࠾ࡾࠊᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟ࡣᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈࡟ḟ࠸࡛᭷ຠ࡞ᡭẁࡢ  ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚≉チࡀ⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ❚࠼ࡿࠋᅗ⾲㸸➇தୖࡢඃ఩ᛶࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿᡭẁࡢ㔜せᛶࠝ඲యᖹᆒ್ࠞ㻌䠄ࣂ࣮ࢡࣞ࢖࣭ࢧ࣮࣋࢖㻕᪂つཧධࡋ࡚㛫ࡶ࡞࠸ࢫࢱ࣮ࢺ࢔ࢵࣉ௻ᴗࡢㄆ㆑ࡀ཯ᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜  ᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈㸦㸧  ⛎ᐦ⟶⌮㸦㸧࠸࠺㝈⏺ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⿵᏶ⓗ㈨⏘ࢆಖ᭷ࡏࡎࠊᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈ࢆ  ⿵᏶ⓗ㈨⏘㸦㸧☜ಖࡋ࠺ࡿࡔࡅࡢయไࢆഛ࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸ࢫࢱ࣮ࢺ࢔ࢵࣉ௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ≉  ≉チ㸦㸧チࡀࡼࡾ᭷ຠ࡞ᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ  ࣜࣂ࣮ࢫ࣭࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࢔ࣜࣥࢢࡢᅔ㞴ᛶ㸦㸧 ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ព㆑࡟⟅࠼ࡿᙧ࡛ࠊࢫࢱ࣮ࢺ࢔ࢵࣉ௻ᴗࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿㄪ

ᰝ◊✲ࡀ᭱㏆⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀࡀࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢔኱Ꮫࣂ࣮ࢡࣞ࢖ᰯࡀ

♫ࡢ⡿ᅜᢏ⾡⣔ࢫࢱ࣮ࢺ࢔ࢵࣉ௻ᴗ㸦ᖺ௨㝆࡟๰ᴗࡉࢀࡓ௻ᴗ㸧ࢆᑐ ᪉ἲ 㼢㼟㻚㻌〇ရ࡜࠸࠺࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢱ࢖ࣉ࡛ࡳࡿ࡜ࠊ≉チࡣࠊ᪉ἲ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓᖺࡢㄪᰝ㸦௨ୗࠊࣂ࣮ࢡࣞ࢖࣭ࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡜࿧ࡪ㸧࡛࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣ᭱ୗ఩࡟ࣛࣥࢡࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ〇ရ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙

࠶ࡿࠋ

࣮ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈࡟ḟࡄ➨  ఩࡟ࣛࣥࢡࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ๓㏙ࡋ

ࢀࡿ᪤Ꮡ௻ᴗࢆㄪᰝᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊྠㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ ၟᶆ㸦㸧 ⴭసᶒ㸦㸧 ࢫࢱ࣮ࢺ࢔ࢵࣉ௻ᴗ඲యࡢᖹᆒ್࡛ࡳࡿ࡜ࠊ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ಀࡿ➇ࡓඛ⾜ࢧ࣮࣋࢖ࢆ᣺ࡾ㏉ࡗ࡚ࡳ࡚ࡶࠊ≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶ࡟ᑐࡍࡿホ౯ࡀ୧ࢱ࢖

தୖࡢඃ఩ᛶࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈ࡀ᭱ࡶ㔜どࣉ࡛ࡇࢀ࡯࡝┦㐪ࡍࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡣ⛥࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢫࢱ࣮ࢺ࢔ࢵࣉ௻ᴗࡢ㛫࡛ࡣࠊࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢホ౯ࡣ௚ࡢᡭẁ࡟ẚ࡭࡚㢌୍ࡘᢤࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋḟ࠸࡛㔜せ〇ရ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ಀࡿ➇தୖࡢඃ఩ᛶࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚≉チ࡞ᡭẁ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀࠊ⛎ᐦ⟶⌮ࠊ⿵᏶ⓗ㈨⏘ࠊ≉チࡢ  ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢆ㔜どࡍࡿጼໃࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

ࡇࢀࡽࡢᡭẁࡢ㔜せᛶ࡟ࡣ┦஫࡟᭷ព࡞ᕪ␗ࡣࡳࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚ ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊᛀࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢࡀࠊ≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶホ౯࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⏘ᴗศ㔝ẖࡢ┦㐪࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊୗグᅗ⾲࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ



ᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿᡓ␎ᡭẁࡢ୰࡛≉チࡣ᭱ࡶ㔜せᛶࡢప࠸ᡭẁ࡛࠶⡿᪥࡜ࡶࠊ〇㐀タഛ࣭ࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࡢಖ᭷࣭⟶⌮ࡸᢏ⾡᝟ሗࡢ⛎༏ࡀୖ఩ࢆ⊂༨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓᅗ⾲࡟ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡶࠊ࢖

ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋ⏘ᴗศ㔝ู࡛ࡳࡓሙྜࠊ⡿᪥࡜ࡶ་⸆ရࡸ໬Ꮫ⏘ᴗ➼࡟࠾࠸࡚≉チࡢ᭷ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ಀࡿ➇தୖࡢඃ఩ᛶࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛≉チࡀᯝࡓࡍᙺ

ຠᛶࡀ㧗ࡃホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᪥⡿ẚ㍑ㄪᰝ࠿ࡽᾋ࠿ࡧୖࡀࡿ⯆࿡῝࠸Ⅼ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ๭ࡣഹᑡ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊࣂ࢖࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮⏘〇ရ࣭᪉ἲࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊࣉࣟࣃࢸࣥࢺᨻ⟇ࢆᙉຊ࡟᥎㐍ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡣࡎࡢ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡣࠊᴫࡋ࡚᪥ᮏࡼࡾࡶపࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋ୰ᒣ࣭๓ᥖὀ 㡫ࠋ୰ᒣ࣭๓ᥖὀ 㡫ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓၥ㢟ព㆑ࡣࠊ࢖࢙࣮࣭ࣝࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶඹ

ᴗ࡛ࡣ≉チࡀ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞➇தୖࡢඃ఩ᛶ⋓ᚓᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࠊ་⒪ᶵჾ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡶᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈࡟ḟࡄ㔜せ࡞ᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓᅗ
⾲࡟ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࣋ࣥࢳ࣮࣭ࣕ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ࠿ࡽ㈨㔠᥼ຓࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ 㻵㼀 ࣁ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋLevin, et al., supra note 45, at 791.





Stuart J. H. Graham, et al., High Technology Entrepreneurs and the Patent System: Re-Id., at 1289 n.106.

sults of the 2008 Berkeley Patent Survey, 24 BERKELEY TECH. L.J. 1255 (2009).࡞࠾ࠊᅗ



Id., at 1289.

⾲ࡢ 



Id., at 1293.



Id., at 1292-1293.

ෆࡢᩘᏐࡣࠊ㸦  㸻඲ࡃ㔜せ࡛࡞࠸ࠊ 㸻ഹ࠿࡟㔜せࠊ 㸻㐺ᗘ࡟㔜せࠊ㸻㠀ᖖ࡟㔜せ㸧ࡢࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࢆ⾲ࡍࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ ࣮ࢻ࢙࢘࢔⏘ᴗ㸦༙ᑟయ⏘ᴗࡸ㏻ಙᶵჾ⏘ᴗ࡞࡝㸧࡛ࡶࠊ≉チࡣ⛎ᐦ⟶⌮㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≉チࡢྲྀᚓືᶵࢆࡳࡿ࡜ࠊ

࡜୪ࢇ࡛᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋඛࡢ࣮࢝ࢿࢠ࣮࣓ࣟ

ୗグᅗ⾲ࡀ♧ࡍ࡜࠾ࡾࠊ〇ရ࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᶍೌࡢ㜵Ṇࠊእ㒊࠿ࡽࡢᢞ㈨ࢆ

࣭ࣥࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡟࠾࠸࡚〇ရ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ಀࡿ≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡣࠊ☜ಖࡍࡿᶵ఍ࡢᣑ඘ࠊ㈨⏘ὶື໬ࡢᶵ఍ࡸ㉁ࡢྥୖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ┠ⓗࡀୖ఩࡟༙ᑟయ⏘ᴗࡸ㏻ಙᶵჾ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣ⛎ᐦ⟶⌮ࡢ༙ศ࡯࡝࡛࠶ࡾ㸦㡰఩࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ

ᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ≉チࡢᙺ๭࡟᠜␲ⓗ࡞ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔⏘ᴗୗ࠿ࡽ  ␒┠㸧ࠊ་⸆ရ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡶ⛎ᐦ⟶⌮ࡢᚋሻࢆᣏࡍࡿᆅ఩࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡇ

࡛ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡢホุࡸ〇ရ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡢྥୖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓⅬ࡟୺ࡓࡿ≉チྲྀᚓືᶵ࡜࡟↷ࡽࡏࡤ ࠊࣂ࣮ࢡࣞ࢖࣭ࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡛ࡣ≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟㧗ࡲࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ ࡘ࡟ࡣࢫࢱ࣮ࢺ࢔ࢵࣉ௻ᴗࡣ௻ᴗ つᶍࡀᑠࡉࡃࠊ⿵᏶ⓗ㈨⏘࡟ࡶஈࡋ࠸ࡓࡵ࡟≉チ࡟㢗ࡽࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊ

ᅗ⾲㸸≉チࡢྲྀᚓືᶵࠝ⏘ᴗศ㔝ูࠞ㸦ࣂ࣮ࢡࣞ࢖࣭ࢧ࣮࣋࢖ ࡶ࠺  ࡘ࡟ࡣᕤሙࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸༙ᑟయ௻ᴗࡀቑ࠼ࠊ௻ᴗ㛫ࡢࢡࣟࢫࣛ࢖ࢭࣥ

ࢫࡶቑຍഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⏘ᴗኚ໬࡟ࡼࡾࠊ≉チࡢẚ㔜ࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓࡇ࡜

࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡜᥎ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ







 


ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔⏘ᴗࣂ࢖࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮⏘ᴗ་⒪ᶵჾ⏘ᴗ௻ᴗࡢホุ࣭〇ရ࢖࣓࣮ 〇ရ࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᶍೌࡢ 〇ရ࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᶍೌࡢ
ࢪࡢྥୖ〇ရ࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᶍೌࡢ
㜵Ṇ

㜵Ṇ

㜵Ṇ

ᢞ㈨☜ಖᶵ఍ࡢᣑ඘

ᢞ㈨☜ಖᶵ఍ࡢᣑ඘

ᅗ⾲㸸➇தୖ䛾ඃ఩ᛶ䜢⋓ᚓ䛩䜛ᡭẁ䛾㔜せᛶ䛊⏘ᴗศ㔝ู䛋䠄䝞䞊䜽䝺䜲䞉䝃䞊䝧䜲㻕   ྥୖ㸦౛㸸᪂つᰴᘧබ㛤ࠊྥୖ㸦౛㸸᪂つᰴᘧබ㛤ࠊྥୖ㸦౛㸸᪂つᰴᘧබ㛤ࠊࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔⏘ᴗ  ᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈ࣂ࢖࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮⏘ᴗ≉チᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈ ⿵᏶ⓗ㈨⏘ᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈≉チ ⴭసᶒ

⛎ᐦ⟶⌮

⛎ᐦ⟶⌮

 ⛎ᐦ⟶⌮⿵᏶ⓗ㈨⏘

⿵᏶ⓗ㈨⏘ ၟᶆ



௻ᴗ㈙཰㸧

  ᢞ㈨☜ಖᶵ఍ࡢᣑ඘


௻ᴗ㈙཰㸧

ୖ㸦౛㸸䜽䝻䝇䝷䜲䝉䞁䝇㸧 ࢪࡢྥୖ

௚௻ᴗ࡜ࡢ஺΅ᆅ఩ࡢྥࣥࢢࡢᅔ㞴ᛶ

ࣥࢢࡢᅔ㞴ᛶ



ၟᶆ



ⴭసᶒ

ⴭసᶒ

 ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢫࢱ࣮ࢺ࢔ࢵࣉ௻ᴗࡢ㛫࡛ࡣࠊࣂ࢖࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࠊ་⒪ᶵჾࠊ㻵㼀 ࣁ࣮ࢻ࢙࢘࢔࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⏘ᴗࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࠊ≉チࡢ㔜せᛶࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟


Id., at 1291-1292, 1292 n.118.

࣮࢝ࢿࢠ࣮࣓࣭ࣟࣥࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊᑓ᭷ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿྛᡭẁࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡣࠊ



௻ᴗ㈙཰㸧

௚௻ᴗ࡜ࡢ஺΅ᆅ఩ࡢྥ ௻ᴗࡢホุ࣭〇ရ࢖࣓࣮  ୖ㸦౛㸸䜽䝻䝇䝷䜲䝉䞁䝇㸧 ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ཰ධࡢ⋓ᚓࣥࢢࡢᅔ㞴ᛶ

 ≉チ

㈨⏘ὶື໬ࡢᶵ఍࣭㉁ࡢ ㈨⏘ὶື໬ࡢᶵ఍࣭㉁ࡢ ㈨⏘ὶື໬ࡢᶵ఍࣭㉁ࡢ

ࣜࣂ࣮ࢫ࣭࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࢔ࣜ ࣜࣂ࣮ࢫ࣭࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࢔ࣜ  ࣜࣂ࣮ࢫ࣭࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࢔ࣜ ၟᶆ་⒪ᶵჾ⏘ᴗ

௚௻ᴗ࡜ࡢ஺΅ᆅ఩ࡢྥୖ㸦౛㸸䜽䝻䝇䝷䜲䝉䞁䝇㸧≉チ౵ᐖッゴ࡟ᕳࡁ㎸ࡲ ௻ᴗࡢホุ࣭〇ရ࢖࣓࣮ ≉チ౵ᐖッゴ࡟ᕳࡁ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ㜵Ṇ  ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ཰ධࡢ⋓ᚓࢪࡢྥୖ≉チ౵ᐖッゴ࡟ᕳࡁ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ㜵Ṇࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ㜵Ṇࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ཰ධࡢ⋓ᚓ ࡲࡓࠊ≉チྲྀᚓືᶵ࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡚ࠊ⏘ᴗ㛫࡛⛬ᗘᕪࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࢫࢱ࣮
ࢺ࢔ࢵࣉ௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚≉チࡀࣇ࢓࢖ࢼࣥࢫࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶὀ┠ࡍ࡭ࡁⅬ࡜ࡋ࡚ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࡇ
ࢀ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㈨⏘ࡶᐇ⦼ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ௻ᴗ᝟ሗࡀ㝈ᐃⓗ࡛ࠊほᐹྍ⬟࡞ᡂຌࡢᑻ
ᗘࡶࡶࡓ࡞࠸ࢫࢱ࣮ࢺ࢔ࢵࣉ௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊእ㒊㈨㔠ࡢㄪ㐩ࡣ㢌ࢆᢪ࠼ࡿ༙ᑟయ㛵㐃⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣ⛎ᐦ⟶⌮㸣ࠊ≉チ㸣ࠊ㏻ಙᶵჾ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣ⛎ᐦ⟶⌮ㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ⮬♫ࡀ᭷ᮃ࡞ᢞ㈨ᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࢩࢢࢼࣝ࡜ࡋ

㸣ࠊ≉チ㸣࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊ་⸆ရ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣ⛎ᐦ⟶⌮㸣ࠊ≉࡚≉チࡀᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

チ㸣࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋCohen, et al., supra note 53, at Table 1.



Graham, et al., supra note 61, at 1292.



Id., at 1301 (Figure 3).

Id., at 1290 (Figure 1).

Id., at 1303-1309.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ ż  ƭƷǵȸșǤƷǇƱǊŽ⤒῭ⓗ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᡃࠎࡀ⌧ᅾࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ▱㆑࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚≉チไᗘࢆタ ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿ࡜ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ ࡘࡢࢧ࣮࣋࢖࠿ࡽࡣࠊ

ࡅࡿࡼ࠺ዡࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ↓㈐௵࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᡃࠎࡣ㛗ᖺࠊ≉チไᗘ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ಀࡿ➇தୖࡢඃ఩ᛶࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୍⯡࡟⪃ࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᡃࠎࡀ⌧ᅾࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ▱㆑࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚≉チไᗘࢆᗫṆ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡯࡝≉チࡀ㔜どࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞

ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ዡࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡶࠊ↓㈐௵࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡗࡓࠋ〇ရ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࢀ᪉ἲ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࢀࠊከࡃ ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࠊ≉チไᗘࡀከࡃࡢ⏘ᴗศ㔝࡟࠾࠸ࡢ⏘ᴗศ㔝࡛ࡣࠊᕷሙඛ⾜ࡢ฼┈ࠊ⛎ᐦ⟶⌮ࠊ⿵᏶ⓗ㈨⏘㸦〇㐀ࠊ㈍኎࣭

࡚࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㜼ᐖせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⥙㸧࡜࠸ࡗࡓ௚ࡢᡭẁ࡯࠺ࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟㔜どࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊ ౛࠼ࡤࠊ࣋ࢵࢭࣥ㸤࣑࣮࣮ࣗࣛࡣࠊྛ✀ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᩚᗎࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⡿ᅜ≉≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟㧗ࡃホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⏘ᴗศ㔝ࡸ௻ᴗࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋチไᗘࡀ⡿ᅜබ㛤఍♫࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡍࢥࢫࢺ࡜࣋ࢿࣇ࢕ࢵࢺ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡑࡢ  ࡘࡀࠊ་⸆ရࡸ་⒪ᶵჾ⏘ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶ࠺  ࡘࡣࠊࢫࢱ࣮ࢺ࢔ࢵࣉ

ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨  ࡟ࠊᖺ௦ึ㢌࡟≉チッゴࡢ௳ᩘࡀᛴ

௻ᴗ㸦ࡓࡔࡋࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔⏘ᴗࢆ㝖ࡃ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࢫࢱ࣮ࢺ࢔ࢵࣉ௻

ቑࡋࡓࡢ࡟కࡗ࡚ࠊ⡿ᅜ≉チไᗘࡢ⤒῭ⓗᶵ⬟ࡣᖺ௦༙ࡤ࡟ⴭࡋࡃపୗ

ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢᢞ㈨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡜ࡋ࡚≉チࡀᶵ⬟ࡋࡓࠋ➨  ࡟ࠊ໬Ꮫ࣭〇⸆௨እࡢ⏘ᴗࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔⏘ᴗࡸࣁ࢖ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣࠊእ㒊࠿ࡽࡢᢞ㈨ࢆ࿧ࡧ㎸ࡴࡓࡵࡢࢩࢢࢼࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚

ࢸࢡ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊᖺ௦ᚋ༙࡟≉チッゴࡢࢥࢫࢺࡀ≉チ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ౽┈ࢆᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࡣࠊ≉チᶒࡀ㐺ษ࡞Ⓨ᫂ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦຠᯝ

኱ᖜ࡟ୖᅇࡗࡓࠋྠ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿッゴࢥࢫࢺࡣᖺ௦࡟ࡣᖺ㛫⣙൨ࢻࣝ

ࢆࡶࡘࡇ࡜ࡀᐇドⓗ࡟♧ࡉࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸Ⅼ࡟ࡣὀពࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

࡛Ᏻᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊᖺ࡟ࡣẖᖺ൨ࢻࣝ௨ୖ࡟㊴ࡡୖࡀࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ

ྠ⏘ᴗࡢᖹᆒⓗ࡞௻ᴗࡢ≉チ࣏࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣜ࢜ࡀ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ౽┈ࡣ⣙൨ࢻ㹡㸧≉チไᗘࡢࢥࢫࢺ࡜࣋ࢿࣇ࢕ࢵࢺ

ࣝ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ≉チไᗘࡀᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࢿ ➨  ࡟ࠊ≉チไᗘࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍࢥࢫࢺ࡜࣋ࢿࣇ࢕ࢵࢺࢆẚ㍑᳨ドࡍࡿ◊✲ࢵࢺࡢࢹ࢕ࢫ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ➨  ࡟ࠊ໬ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ

Ꮫ࣭〇⸆⏘ᴗࡶྠࡌࡃᖺ௦࡟ッゴࢥࢫࢺࡢቑຍࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡯࡝ ౛࠼ࡤࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡢ࣐ࣁࣝࣉࡣࠊᖺࡢㄪᰝሗ࿌᭩ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ≉チไᗘ῝้࡞ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ໬Ꮫ࣭〇⸆⏘ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚≉チไᗘࡣ౫↛࡜ࡋ඲యࡢ⤒῭ⓗホ౯ࡣࠊ≉チไᗘࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿሙྜ࡜Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡜ࡢ┦㐪࡚ࣉࣛࢫࡢ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࢆศᯒࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜㏙࡭ࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࠕ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡶࠊ⌧ᅾ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ศᯒ⤖ᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࣋ࢵࢭࣥ㸤࣑࣮࣮ࣗࣛࡣୗグࡢ  ࡘࡢࡢ▱㆑ࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊ⌧ᅾ㐠Ⴀࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ≉チไᗘࡀ♫఍࡟ࢿࢵࢺࡢ౽┈ࢆࡶࢢࣛࣇࢆ⏝࠸࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㩭Ⅿ࡟ᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ◊✲࡟ᇶ࡙ࡅࡤࠊ⡿ࡓࡽࡍ࠿ࢿࢵࢺࡢࢥࢫࢺࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࠿ࢆࠊ☜ಙࢆࡶࡗ࡚㏙࡭ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁᅜࡢ〇⸆࣭໬Ꮫ⏘ᴗ௨እࡢ⏘ᴗࠊ≉࡟ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊᖺ௦༙ࡤ

࡞࠸ࠖ࡜⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ࣐ࣁࣝࣉ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟≉チไᗘ඲య௨㝆ࠊ≉チไᗘࡀ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦ࡜ࡋ࡚᭷ຠ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊࡢホ౯ࡀ୙᫂☜࡛࠶ࡿሙྜ࡟ᑟࡁࡔࡏࡿࡘࡢᨻ⟇ᥦゝࡣࠊࠕࡑࡢไᗘ࡛㛗࠿࠼ࡗ࡚࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㜼ᐖせᅉ࡜໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿

ࡃ⏕άࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ࡁࡣࠊࡑࢀࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢไᗘ࡞ࡃࡋ࡚⏕άࡋ࡚ࡁ

࡜࡞ࡿࠋ




ࡓ࡜ࡁࡣࠊࡑࢀ࡞ࡃࡋ࡚ࠊࠗ࡝࠺ࡸࡽࡇ࠺ࡸࡽษࡾᢤࡅ࡚࠸ࡃ࠘ muddle
through ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡀ≉チไᗘࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࡢ




MACHLUP࣭๓ᥖὀ 㡫ࠋ



JAMES BESSEN AND MICHAEL J. MEURER, PATENT FAILURE: HOW JUDGES, BUREAU-CRATS AND LAWYERS PUT INNOVATORS AT RISK (2008).ྠ᭩ࡢ⤂௓࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᣋ✏ࠕ⡿ᅜⱥᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝࡢᣦ᦬ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋJEREMY PHILLIPS AND ALISON FIRTH,INTRODUCTION TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW, 107-109 (4th ed., 2006).

≉チไᗘࡢ◚⥢࡜ࡑࡢᑐᛂ⟇ࠖ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ἲ㹙㹛㹼㡫 ᖺ㸧ࠊ⏣ᮧ࣭๓ᥖὀ ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

MACHLUP࣭๓ᥖὀ 㡫ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ 㸺〇⸆࣭໬Ꮫ⏘ᴗࡢሙྜ㸼ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡳ࡚ᚲ↛ⓗ࡟Ⰻ࠸ࡶࡢ࠿ᝏ࠸ࡶࡢ࠿ࢆ㏙࡭ࡿࡢࡣᅔ

㞴࡛࠶ࡾࠊᐇ㝿࠾ࡑࡽࡃ୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬ࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ

ⴭసᶒไᗘࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍࢥࢫࢺ࡜࣋ࢿࣇ࢕ࢵࢺ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢẚ㍑᳨ドసᴗࡣ༑ศ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࡢࡀ⌧≧࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ







ճᑠᣓ



 ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⡿ᅜࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ≉チไᗘ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥ

ࢸ࢕ࣦຠᯝࡢ᭷ຠᛶ࡟␲⩏ࡀ࿊ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔⏘ᴗ➼ࡢศ㔝࡛ࡣࠊ≉チไᗘࡀ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥಁ㐍ᇶ┙࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᏑᅾព⩏ࢆ႙ኻࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺㆙㚝ࡶ㬆ࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊⴭసᶒไᗘ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᐇ

ド◊✲ࡢ⵳✚ࡣஈࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊᩥ⊩࡛ࡣࠊ୍⯡࡟⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡯࡝ᙉᅛ
(BESSEN & MEURER, at 15)࡞ṇᙜ໬ᇶ┙ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ


㸺〇⸆࣭໬Ꮫ௨እࡢ⏘ᴗࡢሙྜ㸼㝿ⓗ࡞⌮ㄽࡢᥥ෗ࠖ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ྕ  㡫 ᖺ㸧ࠊᯘ⣫୍㑻⦅ࠗⴭసᶒࡢἲ࡜⤒῭Ꮫ࠘
㸦ວⲡ᭩ᡣࠊᖺ㸧ࠊ⏣୰㎮㞝㸻ᯘ⣫୍㑻⦅ࠗⴭసᶒಖㆤᮇ㛫࠘㸦ວⲡ᭩ᡣࠊᖺ㸧ࠊ᪂Ꮿ⣧஧㑻㸻ᰗᕝ⠊அ⦅ࠗࣇ࣮ࣜࢥࣆ࣮ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࠘㸦᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂

⪺ฟ∧♫ࠊᖺ ࢆཧ↷ࠋ







Landes & Posner࣭๓ᥖὀ 㡫ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦᝟ࡣࠊᢏ⾡᣺⯆⟇ࡸᩥ໬᣺⯆⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ≉チไᗘࡸⴭసᶒไᗘ௨እࡢ

࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦไᗘࡢ᥇⏝ྍ⬟ᛶࢆᶍ⣴ࡍࡿࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡜࡞ࡾ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ௦᭰

ⓗ࡞࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦไᗘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊ஦๓ࡢ㈨㔠ຓᡂไᗘࡸ஦ᚋⓗ࡞ሗዡ㔠ไᗘ࣭㈹㔠ไᗘ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔୡ⣖࠿ࡽୡ⣖࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡢ᫬௦ࠊࡘࡲࡾࣝࢿࢵࢧࣥࢫ࠿ࡽ⏘ᴗ㠉࿨࡟ ᐇ㝿ࠊ኱㝣ㅖᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ⛉Ꮫࡀ㣕㌍ⓗ࡞Ⓨᒎࢆ㐙ࡆࠊྛᅜࡀ⢭ຊⓗ࡟Ⓨ᫂ࡢዡບ࡟
(BESSEN & MEURER, at 15)࠿ࡅ࡚ࡢ᫬௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㈨㔠ຓᡂไᗘࡸ㈹㔠ไᗘࡀᢏ⾡᣺⯆⟇࡜ࡋ࡚✚ᴟⓗ࡟ά⏝ࡉࢀࡓ࡜࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡀࡑ࠺ࡋࡓไᗘ࡬ࡢ౫Ꮡࢆ῝ࡵࡓྠ᫬ᮇ

Ϲ ⴭసᶒไᗘࡢ๰タ࡟ࡼࡿᕷሙࡢኻᩋࡢ἞⒵ࡢ᭷↓ ୍᪉ࠊⴭసᶒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦຠᯝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐇド◊✲ࡢࠕⴭసᶒࡀ⾲⌧సရࡢ⏕⏘ࢆ᭱㐺໬⵳✚ࡀஈࡋ࠸ࡢࡀ⌧≧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ

࡟ࡣࠊ⛎ᐦ୺⩏ࡢ⶝ᘏࡸ୰ኸ㞟ᶒ໬ࡢഴྥ࡞࡝ࡢᘢᐖࡀ㢧ᅾ໬ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿ SCOTCHMER࣭๓ᥖὀ  㹼㡫㸧ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊୡ⣖ࡢ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊᩥ໬᣺⯆⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࣃࢺࣟࢿ࣮ࢪ࡟౫ᣐࡋࡓⴭస⪅ሗ㓘ไᗘࡀ฼⏝ࡉࢀࡓ࡜࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᩥ໬ᨻ⟇ࡀࡑ࠺ࡋࡓไᗘ࡬ࡢ౫Ꮡࢆ῝

ࡵࡓྠ᫬ᮇ࡟ࡣࠊࣃࢺࣟࣥ೫㔜ࡢഴྥࡸẸ୺ᨻࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒࡬ࡢᝏᙳ㡪࡞࡝ࡢᘢᐖࡀ

ⴭసᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐇド◊✲ࡢ≧ἣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊSylvain Dejean, What Can We㢧ᅾ໬ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Thomas B. Macaulay, A Speech delivered in the

Learn from Empirical Studies About Piracy?, 55 CESIFO ECONOMIC STUDIES 326 (2009);

House of Commons on the 5th of February, 1841, in MACAULAY, PROSE AND POETRY,

Matthias Leistner ᕝ⏣⠜ヂ㸧ࠕⴭసᶒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤒῭Ꮫⓗㄪᰝࡢᐤ୚㸫⌧≧ࡢㄪᰝ࡜Ꮫ

731-743 (selected by G.M. Young, 1952); Neil Weinstock Netanel, Copyright and a Demo- ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ᒣ᰿ 㸦㸧ࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒࡢᢎㄆ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㝈⏺⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ஦ᐇࡀࡘࡢ⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ドᣐ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᣦ ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒࡢᢎㄆ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕

᦬ࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ࣦㄽࡢጇᙜᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡶࡋࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒࡢಖㆤࡀᢎㄆࡉࢀ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒࢆᢎㄆࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⤒῭ⓗ࢖ࣥ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊⱁ⬟ேࡸࢫ࣏࣮ࢶ㑅ᡭ➼㸦௨ୗࠊⱁ⬟ே➼࡜␎グ㸧ࡣࣃࣈࣜࢩ

ࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࡀ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࠊⱁ⬟ே➼ࡢྡኌࡸࢭࣞࣈࣜࢸ࢕ࡀ㇏ᐩ࡟⏕ࡳࡔࡉࢸ࢕౯್ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㈨㔠ࡸປຊࠊᡯ⬟ࢆᢞ㈨ࡍࡿពḧࢆࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒ

㐣ᗘ࡟ῶ㏥ࡉࡏࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ

ࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡢㄝᚓຊࡣⷧࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࣃࣈࣜࢩ ⱁ⬟ே➼ࡣࠊࡑࡢᮏᴗ࡛࠶ࡿⱁ⬟άືࡸࢫ࣏࣮ࢶάື࠿ࡽከ㢠ࡢ཰ධࢆࢸ࢕ᶒࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࠊᡂᯝ㛤Ⓨ๓ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦㄽ௨እࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡑᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿሙྜࡀከ࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ⮬ᕫࡢẶྡࡸ⫝̸ീࢆ௜ࡋࡓࢺࣞ

ࡢㄽᣐࢆồࡵࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ

࣮ࢼ࣮ࡸ࣐ࢢ࢝ࢵࣉࡢ㈍኎࠿ࡽᑐ౯ࡢ㑏ὶࢆᮇᚅࡋ࠼࡞࠸࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊⱁ⬟ே➼ࡀࡑࡢࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕౯್ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍᮏᴗࡢ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔࡬ࡢᢞ㈨ពḧࢆ኱ࡁࡃపୗࡉࡏࡿ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡟ࡃ࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒࡢಖㆤࡀᢎㄆࡉ
ࢀ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᙼࡽࡀⱁ⬟άືࡸࢫ࣏࣮ࢶάື࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᫬㛫ࠊປຊࠊ㈝⏝➼ࡢᢞ㈨ࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍᐇドⓗ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ఱࡼࡾࠊⱥᅜࢆࡣࡌࡵࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒࢆᢎㄆࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ከࡃࡢᅜࠎ࡛ࡣࠊ
ⱁ⬟ே➼࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵ࡟⇕ᚰ࡟ᡴࡕ㎸ࡴᴟࡵ࡚೺඲࡞ேࠎࡢ㞟ᅋࢆ㍮ฟࡋ

cratic Civil Society, 106 YALE. L.J. 283, 341-347, 352-64 (1996)ࡇࡢ࡯࠿ࠊሗൾ㔠ไᗘࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓሙྜࠊᅜᐙࡀ≉ᐃࡢ⾲⌧άືࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ᨭ᥼ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊᅜᐙࡢබ
ᖹ୰❧ᛶࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୰ᒣಙᘯ࣐ࠗࣝࢳ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡜ⴭ
సᶒ࠘㸦ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠊᖺ  㹼  㡫ࠊᶓᒣஂⰾࠕⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤᮇ㛫ᘏ㛗❧ἲ࡜⾲⌧ࡢ⮬⏤࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୍⪃ᐹࠖᏛ⩦㝔኱ᏛἲᏛ఍㞧ㄅᕳ  ྕ㡫ὀᖺ㸧㸧ࠋ ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊ㏆᫬ࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ᭱㐺࡞࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦไᗘ࡜ࡋ࡚ሗൾไᗘࢆタィࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ぢゎࡀ᭷ຊ࡟ၐ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋሗዡไᗘࡢ⌮ㄽⓗព⩏ࢆ෌ホ౯ࡍࡿぢゎ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊSteven Shavell and Tanguy von Ypersele,
Rewards versus Intellectual Property Rights, 44 J.L. & ECON. 525 (2001); Nancy Gallini
and Suzanne Scotchmer, Intellectual Property: When is It the Best Incentive System?, in 2
INNOVATION POLICY AND THE ECONOMY 51 (Jaffe et al eds., 2002); Michael Abramowicz,
Perfecting Patent Prizes, 56 VAND. L. REV. 115 (2003)ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢ࡯࠿ࠊᩥ໬ⓗ⾲⌧ࡢከᵝ໬࡜࠸࠺ᩥ໬ᨻ⟇ࡢ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ᅜᐙࡀ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿᨻ⟇ᡭ

ẁࡢ࣏࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣜ࢜ࡢ୰࡟ⴭసᶒἲࢆ఩⨨࡙ࡅࠊࡑࡢᙺ๭ࡢ┦ᑐ໬ࢆᅗࡿࠊᑠᓥ❧

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ࠕⴭసᶒ࡜⾲⌧ࡢ⮬⏤ࠖ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ྕ㹼㡫 ᖺ㸧ࠊྠࠕⴭసᶒࡢ

౛࠼ࡤࠊBEVERLEY-SMITH, supra note 18, at 307; Stacey L. Dogan and Mark A. Lemley,ಖㆤᮇ㛫̿ᩥ໬ᨻ⟇ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ̿ࠖ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ྕ㹼㡫 ᖺ

What the Right of Publicity Can Learn From Trademark Law, 58 STAN. L. REV. 1161,

ࡶཧ↷ࠋ1186-1190 (2006); Cardtoons, L.C. v. Major League Baseball Players Ass'n, 95 F.3d 959

(10th Cir. 1996)ࢆཧ↷ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊZimmerman, supra note 17, at 306 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   