Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

ReportWorkshop on the future of Scientific Ocean
Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu
Phase 1ONLINE-ONLY

17, 19, and 26 January 2023
CET 09:30 – 12:30
JST 17:30 – 20:30
GMT 08:30 – 11:30
WORKSHOP REPORT
final draft

June 4, 2023

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Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

ReportOutlineWorkshop Scope
Steering Committee
Workshop Agenda
Participation
Outcomes and outlook
Annexes
1- Abstracts
2- Link to invited speakers’ presentations (via the Workshop Web page)
3- Participants list

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Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

ReportWorkshop Scope
In view of the post-2024 phase of scientific drilling, ECORD and Japan, through their offices ESSAC andJDESC, have agreed to encourage new scientific collaborations among the scientific communities of
ECORD and Japan together with international partners with a two-phase scientific workshop with thescope to enhance European and Japanese scientific collaboration for post-2024 scientific ocean
drilling. The workshops were intended to be inclusive to all SOD partners and to cover all scientificthemes described in 2050 Science Framework.
On 14/06/2022 ESSAC and J-DESC were tasked by a Bilateral ECORD-JAPAN Working Group to identify
a steering committee to implement the two-phase workshop.
The steering committee (see next section) agreed to proceed with phase-1 Online-only workshop to
be held in January 2023 followed by a hybrid workshop tentatively schedule for the Fall 2023.
The aim of the Phase-1 Workshop is two-fold:1) review the status of the planning of post-2024 Scientific Ocean Drilling and communicate theintention of the new ECORD-Japan program.
2) collect new ideas for the development of drilling proposals using the new MSP and Chikyu,
based on identified knowledge gaps and novel scientific questions to be addressed in the next
5-10 years.
Aim 1 is realized through a series of invited talks illustrating the current status and future perspectivesof SOD, the new MSP concepts and operational options, reviewing the 2050 Science Framework, andreviewing the existing drilling proposal at the Science Evaluation Panel (SEP). It is hoped that thesepresentations will help the planning and design of new drilling proposals during the break-out sessions
and subsequently. Each presentation is followed by Questions & Answers through the chat line
moderated by the Convener.
Aim 2 is realized through keynote talks introducing 4 themes identified for breakout sessions selectedwith inspiration from the 5 Flagship Initiatives of the 2050 Science Framework document andcombining Climate Change and Ocean Health in one single theme:• Climate Change and Ocean Health• Deep Earth• Geohazards• Deep Lifefollowed by 2 days of thematic break-out sessions each convened by two Steering Committee
members, in which Workshop participants could present ideas for implementing new scientific drilling
initiatives for the development of new MSP and Chikyu drilling proposals based on identified
knowledge gaps and novel scientific questions to be addressed in the next 5-10 years or
maintain/improve existing drilling proposals. The presentations during the breakout sessions followed
the submission, prior to the workshop, of short abstracts (see Annex 1). At the end of each breakout
session, a summary of the achievements is given by the two co-conveners.
Phase-1 Workshop is therefore conceived as a brokerage event, where researchers from different
communities could meet, share ideas, concepts and forms teams that will generate at least part of thescientific drilling proposals to be implemented with the MSP and Chikyu in post-2024 scientific ocean
drilling.

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Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

Report

The aim of Phase-2 Workshop is to invite researchers representing the most promising drilling ideas
emerged during Phase-1 Workshop to begin the implementation of drilling proposals or workshop
proposals to be submitted for funding using the available tools offered by ESSAC and J-DESC.

4Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

ReportSteering Committee
Angelo Cammerlenghi (Co- Chair)

OGS, Italy

Masa Kinoshita (Co-Chair)

University of Tokyo, Japan

Giovanni Aloisi

IPGP, France

Thorsten Bauersachs

Kiel University, Germany

Rebecca Bell

Imperial College London, UK

Helen Coxall

Stockholm University, Sweden

Junichiro Kuroda

University of Tokyo, Japan

Azumi Kuroyanagi

Tohoku University, Japan

Kenji Matsuzaki

University of Tokyo, Japan

Tomo Morishita

Kanazawa University, Japan

Yuki Morono

JAMSTEC, Japan

Antony Morris

University of Plymouth, UK

Oliver Plümper

Utrecht University, Netherlands

Esther Schwarzenbach

University of Fribourg, Switzerland

Kohtaro Ujiie

University of Tsukuba, Japan

Sanny Saito

J-DESC, Japan (PMO representative)

Hanno Kinkel

ESSAC, Italy (PMO representative)

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Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

ReportWorkshop Agenda
Day-1. 2023/1/17
09:30-09:40

Welcome and Scope of theWorkshop

Masa Kinoshita, Vice-chair JDESC IODP Section,
Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo,
Japan
Angelo Camerlenghi, ESSAC Chair, OGS Italy

09:40–10:00

Current status and future
perspectives of SOD, new MSP
concepts

Gilbert Camoin, EMA Director, CEREGE-CNRS,FranceNobu Eguchi, Director, Science Services
Department Institute (MarE3), Japan Agency for
Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC),
Japan

10:00–10:15

Summary of 2050 Science
Framework
download presentation

Roz Coggon, University of Southampton

10:15–10:30

Questions and Answers (moderated by the Co-Chairs)

10:30–12:00

Keynote presentations
Moderator: Sanny Saito J-DESC Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology(JAMSTEC)

12:00–12:20

Keynote 1 – Climate Change andOcean HealthMatt O’Regan, Department of Geological Sciences,
Stockholm University

Keynote 2 – Deep Earth

Katsuyoshi Michibayashi, Department of Earth andPlanetary Sciences, Nagoya University

Keynote 3 – Geohazards

Morelia Urlaub, Geomar, Kiel

Keynote 4 – Deep Life

Yuki Morono, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth
Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)

Overview of existing drilling
proposals

Tim Reston, Co-chair of the IODP Science
Evaluation Panel, School of Geography, Earth andEnvironmental Sciences, University of Birmingham

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Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

12:20-12:30

Summary and conclusions

ReportCo-Chairs

Day-2. 2023/1/19
09:30 – 09:35

Plenary: Introduction

Co-chairs

09:35–10:00

Plenary: Operational options foroffshore drilling

Dave McInroy, ESO Science Manager,
British Geological Survey, Edinburgh
Nobu Eguchi, Director, Science Services
Department Institute (MarE3), Japan
Agency for Marine-Earth Science andTechnology (JAMSTEC), Japan

10:00–11:30

BREAK OUT SESSIONS
Climate Change and Ocean Health

Co-Coveners
Helen Coxall, Stockholm University
Junichiro Kuroda, The University of Tokyo

Deep Earth

Co-Coveners
Esther Schwarzenbach, University of
Fribourg
Tomo Morishita, Kanazawa University

Geohazards

Co-Coveners
Becky Bell, Imperial College London
Kohtaro Ujiie, University of Tsukuba

Deep Life

Co-Coveners
Vanni Aloisi, Institut du Physique du Globede Paris IPGP
Yuki Morono, Japan Agency for MarineEarth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)

11:30–12:00

Plenary: Outcome from each ThematicGroup

Co-conveners of each break out session

12:00-12:30

Plenary session: Synergy for the
successful proposals/program

Co-chairs

7Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

ReportDay-3. 2023/1/26
09:30-10:00

Plenary: Introduction and practicalgoals

10:00–11:30

BREAK OUT SESSIONS

Co-chairs

Climate Change and Ocean Health

Co-Coveners
Helen Coxall, Stockholm University
Junichiro Kuroda, The University of Tokyo

Deep Earth

Co-Coveners
Esther Schwarzenbach, University of
Fribourg
Tomo Morishita, Kanazawa University

Geohazards

Co-Coveners
Becky Bell, Imperial College London
Kohtaro Ujiie, University of Tsukuba

Deep Life

Co-Coveners
Vanni Aloisi, Institut du Physique du Globede Paris IPGP
Yuki Morono, Japan Agency for MarineEarth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)

11:30–12:00

Plenary: Outcome from each ThematicGroup

Co-conveners of each break out session

12:00-12:30

Plenary: Summary and direction forPhase-2 WS

Co-Chairs

8Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

ReportParticipation

191 Registered participants
Of which:
Career Stage

12
49
108
22

PhD Students
Early Career Researchers
Senior Scientists
Not known

Gender63
128

Females
Males

Geography

86

ECORD
6
2
1
6
24
1
14
5
1
3
4
2
17

74
12
6
5
5
3

Austria
CanadaDenmark
FranceGermany
Ireland
Italy
Portugal
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
The Netherlands
UK

Japan
USA
Others non IODP members
ANZIC
India
China

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Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

Canada, 2
The Netherlands,
2
Switzerland, 4Australia, 4USA, 12

Taiwan, 3
Sweden, 3
Spain, 1
Portugal, 5Poland, 1

Austria,6

ReportCzech
Republic, 1
Denmark, 1
China,
3
Egypt, 1
France, 6
India, 5

UK, 17

Germany, 24

Italy, 14New
Zealand,1

Japan, 74

Ireland, 1

Female
33%

Male
67%

Early Career Researcher,
49
Senior Scientist,108

PhD student,
12+ 22 participants with unknown career stage

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Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

ReportOnline participants in each day

171
143
122

online participants on Day 1
online participants on Day 2
online participants on Day 3

Participation in thematic breakout sessions (average number)~70

Climate Change and Ocean Health~40

Geohazards~30

Deep Earth

12

Deep Life

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Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

ReportFig. 1 – Group photo during Day-1

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Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

ReportOutcomes and Outlook
ESSAC and JDESC are very pleased with the level of attendance. All invited speakers presented wellprepared talks in due time and contributed to the works by participating in the discussion and in the
breakout sessions.
Discussions were always lively, even if only supported by the chat line. Certain important aspects offuture scientific ocean drilling were solicited by the attendees and triggered short communications
during the plenary sessions of Day three.
These were:

Orphan sites and unimplemented proposals
Larry Krissek, Chair of the JOIDES Resolution Facility Board, explained that 4 orphan sites presently
reside at the JR Facility board. The proponents of the proposals from which these sites resulted will
be asked for voluntary transfer to new program(s) for consideration for drilling.
Possible implementation of the 2050 Science Framework Flagship Initiatives,
Sanny Saito, J-DESC explained that the PMOs have discussed the matter agreeing that a pilot
implementation of a Flagship Initiative should be started based on a program-wide Workshop. The
agreed theme is Ground Truthing Future Climate Change. Implementation should begin as soon as thearchitecture of future program(s) will be finalized.

Emerging concept of Virtual Expeditions
Angelo Camerlenghi (member of the JRFB Working Group on Virtual Expeditions) and Minoru Ikehara(Center of Advanced Marine Core Research, Kochi University) reported briefly on the intentions of
ECORD and Japan to include in post-2024 activities the possibility to support research focusing on theuse of legacy cores and data with the purpose of increasing the access to the scientific ocean drilling
infrastructure through their core repositories and data archives. Details are currently being discussed.
ECORD and Japan are in line with the directions set by the JRFB Working Group, which includes
participants of all present IODP Members.

Status of Chinese drilling platform
On behalf of Shouting Tuo (Director of the IODP-China Office) unable to attend the workshop, Nobu
Eguchi has reported on the progress of building the new Chinese riser drilling vessel.

D.E.E.P. Regional Planning Workshop
Ron Hackney, Director of the Australian & New Zealand International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP)
Consortium, announces the ANZIC’s Australasian and Southern Ocean Regional Planning Workshop
Future Drilling to Explore Earth’s Past to support scientists in developing proposals for the next
generation of scientific drilling.
The 1st aim of the Phase-1 Workshop has been fully accomplished, as nearly 200 scientists, mainly
from the ECORD and Japan scientific communities, have received up-to-date information on the stateof the art in the planning of post-2024 scientific drilling, provided that the uncertainty level is still highand that the situation is subject to change depending on the final decisions to be made by some of
the IODP Members. Nevertheless, the message that ECORD and Japan have firm plans to build a joint
program based on the combined use of Mission Specific Platforms and the Chikyu, with a novel
flexible, ad-hoc planning which will imply a larger than before number of the scientific parties between
onshore and offshore, has been successfully delivered.

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Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

ReportThe 2nd aim of the Phase-1 Workshop has also been accomplished as the 4 breakout sessions havebeen supported by the scientific community with novel ideas and discussion that identified gaps incurrent proposal focus that will generate new drilling proposal.

Climate Change and Ocean HealthAs expected, theme Climate Change and Ocean Health received the largest number of expressions ofinterest. This is also because two of the 5 overarching themes identified in the 2050 Science
Framework for Flagship Initiatives have been grouped in this theme. This interest expressed by theworkshop participants reassures the agreement reached by the IODP PMOs that Climate Change
should be the first Flagship Initiative to be implemented as a pilot initiative in the future.
Despite multiple existing proposals/pre-proposals and APL, the Session collected more than 12 novel
initial ideas 5 of which derive from recent Magellan+ workshops. In addition, there are ~5 cases
involving plans for potential re-design of previous proposals that were never scheduled.
The geographical focus of the presented ideas includes Arctic gateways (3); British Isles (1);
Caribbean/Central America, Equatorial Atlantic (7): high southern latitudes (4); North Pacific (8), South
Pacific (1): tropical/northern Indian Ocean: SW Indian Ocean (3), equatorial margins (2);Mediterranean (2).
Regarding Arctic drilling, although participants are aware of the technical/logistical difficulties of thechallenging high-Arctic environment, the focus has been to reproduce success of ACEX. The
identification of different types of stratigraphic targets, e.g. continental shelf sections in shallower
water giving access to both younger and older strata, and accessible using a wider range of drilling
technologies, is seen as something positive and a way forward for future high-Arctic perspectives.
Generally, in terms of global coverage, the geological age of the target sedimentary sections shown to
be of interest to the community is diverse, including shallower strata (e.g. Quaternary) targets, as well
as deeper times (e.g. Neogene, Paleogene, Cretaceous, and Jurassic). Giant Piston Coring is seen as an
attractive and important tool that could be used more in the future, especially for addressing moreeasily accessible (shallow burial) Quaternary paleo-climate questions. Several groups could foresee
projects involving this technology being developed in the next phase of deep-sea drilling planning, tobring novel or improve ‘spatial’ perspectives on ocean-earth systems, beyond a simple transect, e.g.
shot-gun coring of the ACC, or sea ice domains where spatial variability is key.
The Session attracted some novel specialist interest, e.g. in relation to paleomagnetism, cold seeps,
biogeochemistry, fluid exchange at land-ocean interfaces, which sparked some wider interest/ andfollow up conversations we understand.
Interest has been expressed in the possibility to employ the riserless Chikyu drilling in deep waters of
the N & SW Pacific and SW Indian Ocean. Proposal ideas requiring deep water riserless drilling in otheroceans, including the Mediterranean Sea were also highlighted. More than 12 novel ideas specificallytarget MSP capabilities, involving intermediate water depth riserless drilling and long piston coring. A
Land-to-Sea approach has been considered by three proposal ideas. The need for special tools tosample challenging sand-rich sections was also flagged.
Besides an array of new drilling proposal ideas, there was clear desire to adapt multiple existing
proposals to MSP operations, including a selection residing at SEP and others that sit with the Facility
boards, for which the Site Survey package is at an advanced stage or has been approved. A dialogue
between proponents & ECORD/Japanese operators will be useful for helping with identifying
appropriate MSPs.
A further point that came out of the Climate and Earth Health theme discussions, was that there is aview that a philosophical/paradigm shift is needed with respect to the extent to which different typesof climate-focused proposals are scheduled. There is a perception that certain types of ideas or time14

Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

Reportscales have been of greater priority than others, at some levels of the IODP steering, for example ‘deep
time’ versus Quaternary. A case was made that drilling/coring access to Quaternary sediments isarguably logistically simpler (shallower burial), and achievable through national level activities,
however, this ignores the package of benefits that comes with a project receiving large-scaleinternational scientific and out-reach support from the IODP - the international exposure andcommunity effort afforded by the IODP, staffed competitively through international selection
channels, can propel the science in a way that smaller/national scale operations, cannot. Can theparadigm shift/evolve at the SEP level and higher?

Fig. 2 - Summary of the geographic coverage of new and existing IODP proposals or fledgling
proposal ideas January 2023.

Deep Earth
Direct sampling of oceanic plates from the deep ocean has played a vital role in understanding the
Earth system. From the beginning of the ocean drilling project until now including SOD2050, themantle drilling project, which penetrates the entire oceanic crust and the Mohorovičić seismic
discontinuity and samples directly from the mantle, is one of the exploration targets of the earthscience community. In April 2012, a Pacific mantle drilling project (M2M) was submitted to the IODP,
and efforts by the hard rock community continue to make this plan a reality. If, in the near future, acontinuous reference sample representative of the oceanic plate from the crust to the mantle isrecovered and mantle observatory is developed to explore the Earth’s deep interior, ourunderstanding of the connection between the Earth’s surface and mantle will expand dramatically andbecome a human asset and intellectual value that will last for future generations. At the beginning of
the breakout session of the Deep Earth group, we confirmed the importance of aspirational goals asin the case of the mantle drilling project, even if they may not be completed within a 15-year
timeframe. On the other hand, a main discussion point were the upcoming technological changes
regarding the likely decreasing opportunities to drilling deeper into the ocean crust. The breakout
session, thus, focused on what are the most attractive and “achievable” drilling targets for the Deep
Earth community during the next 10-15 years. Fortunately, we received many abstracts for the session
on Deep Earth (Fig. 3). The abstracts cover a wide range of scientific objectives including the Land to15

Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

ReportSea Program (a joint program with ICDP). In the meeting, we shared the scientific questions and target
oceans, as well as drilling advantages and strategies described in the abstracts. We also identified
knowledge gaps not covered in the abstracts and provided an open discussion on Deep Earth drilling.

Deep Earth Drilling Proposals

Fig. 3 – Graphic summary of abstracts presented in the Deep Earth breakout session.

The main topics from the abstracts in terms of tectonic setting are as follows: (1) the formation,
evolution, and destruction of oceanic lithosphere, (2) back-arc spreading, (3) continental rifting andlower crust, (4) Large Igneous Provinces, and (5) subduction initiation. The formation and hydration
reaction of oceanic plates along mid-ocean ridges has been a longstanding research focus in Earth
Science. Hydration of aged oceanic plates including outer-rise regions is a scientific target of interestin relation to the water cycle, subducting plate earthquake, and as a microbial habitat. Recent seismic
surveys of the “normal oceanic plate” have identified variations in the Moho reflection plan that may
be related to hydration of the older oceanic plate. Petit-spot magmatism may be responsible forchanges in the geophysical properties of the uppermost old oceanic plate, and an understanding of its
relationship to plate-interface seismic activity at subduction zones is expected. Slow-spreading ridges
represent a reasonable portion of the global mid-ocean ridges, and further study of slow-spreading
ridges is required to understand their tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal evolution. Since the backarc basin is not a narrow ocean and maybe influenced by subduction dynamics, we need to compare
how it resembles and differs from typical mid-ocean ridges. The Deep Earth community intends tofurther explore the interaction between the earth’s surface and deep mantle during all phases ofextensional tectonic activity, from the early stages of continental rifting, through the breakup andformation of rifted continental margins, to the initiation and evolution of seafloor spreading. On theother hand, the true size, volume, and rate of formation of Large Igneous Provinces are currently not
well constrained, and therefore their origin and mantle source are a matter of extensive debate. Land
to sea drilling of seafloor and onshore ophiolites provides a unique data set on the interaction
between active fluid flow, hydrothermal alteration, and microbial activity on shore and offshore.
Serpentinization (± carbonation) and serpentine diapirs in forearc environments provide clues tounderstanding ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems.
Further discussion points were also transform faults and the accumulation of arc crust, topics thatwere not covered by the abstracts. Transform faults are thought to play an important role in many
aspects, including interaction with magma and hydrothermal fluids and their relationship to

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Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

Reportsubduction initiation. On the other hand, the basement of the volcanic arc is still poorly understood,
particularly with regards to what is the volume and crustal evolution of the volcanic arc?
The habitability and the controlling factors for limits of life in the oceanic lithosphere are further main
research topics that are not yet well understood and are a frontier within the deep biospherecommunity. In conjunction with the Deep life session, we exchanged the idea of "What place do wehave to address microbiology in the origins and limits of life in the oceanic environment?" Here, amajor question is also how we can distinguish between biogenic and abiogenic processes that are
chemically often very similar.
Finally, further discussions are needed to come up with an attractive and feasible drilling project that
includes multiple scientific objectives that can only be addressed by drilling the ocean floor. To achieve
this objective, we have also identified the importance of developing new techniques for sample
recovery from large water depths and deep penetration of hard rocks, in conjunction with thedevelopment of monitoring chemical and physical changes in boreholes. No matter what thechallenging environment is, we need to continue to develop attractive scientific drilling projects andmaintain and strengthen the Deep Earth Community.

Geohazards
Submarine landslide, earthquake, and volcanic hazards emerged as the main topics of discussion in
the geohazards breakout session. Valuable suggestions were proposed during the session – all of themwere motivated to mitigate devastating social damages from geohazards. We noted that important
processes for some geohazards (particularly submarine landslides) may be location specific- therefore
a change in the philosophy of science reviewing panels may be necessary. It may not be possible toexamine global Geohazard processes from a single drilling site and location. Multiple drill sites indifferent parts of the world may be needed to fully tackle geohazard problems. This would require a‘paradigm shift’ in the way we review drilling proposals (tackling site-specific problems is often seen
as a weakness in proposals- whereas when it comes to geohazards, site-specific issues may be critical).
For submarine landslides, understanding the nature of the weak layer that promotes sliding is a key
theme. The driving forces of sliding may be melting of gas hydrate and seismic vibration, whereas thesliding conditions may be preconditioned by the presence of intrinsic weak material and/or generationof overpressure – both of which remain untested. To resolve these questions, drilling strategies werediscussed including multiple coring at multiple locations (e.g., deformed vs. undeformed section andcoring near source and toe domains). Drilling to ~500 m would be necessary to cross sliding surfaces
in most cases. Specific target areas discussed included NW Africa, Mentelle basin, and offshore Perth,
Australia.
General key science questions for earthquake hazards are (1) do earthquake have precursors?; (2) is
fault coupling/rupture barriers persistent?; (3) are earthquakes cyclic?; (4) how do slip rates vary overtime?; (5) what controls stress accumulation/release?; and (6) how does mud volcanism
relate/interact to and with the earthquake cycle? Observatories and monitoring at different depths
are required with consideration of 3rd party funding to collect data from non-network observatories
or connecting to existing networks. Paleoseismology is also useful to determine earthquake
recurrence interval/rupture barrier persistence and can be facilitated by long piston-coring. The target
areas discussed included Japan, Hikurangi, Hellenic Trench, Calabrian Arc, and Iberia- noting theimportance to target both well-studied margins and those that remain enigmatic.
Specific key science questions were also discussed for earthquake hazards, which include (1) how does
seamount subduction affect stress accumulation/seismic behavior?; (2) does petit-spot subduction
cause rupture barrier?; (3) the relation between tsunamigenic slip and outer rise earthquakes; and (4)the link between backarc basin geothermal structure and seismic hazard potential. Drilling/monitoring

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Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

Reporton leading edges and sideways of subducted seamount, core-log-seismic integration, and 2 km deep
drilling with 100 m site shallow drilling are necessary to answer key questions. The target areas are
Hyuga-nada, seaward of Japan Trench, and Okinawa Trough were discussed. Hyuga-nada would be agood target, because tectonic tremor and mud volcanism occur in association with the subduction ofhigh relief. In contrast, seaward of Japan Trench would be a good place to assess how subduction of
low relief affects rupture barriers.
Key scientific questions for volcanic hazards include (1) the relation between earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions; (2) magmatic products and processes of caldera forming eruptions; and (3) recurrence
history of eruptions. Both ~100 m subaerial and submarine drilling and observatories for monitoring
are required. The target areas discussed were Kikai Caldera, Japan and Hellenic Arc/Calabrian Arc. The
latter corresponds to sources of multi-hazards (volcanic, seismic, landslide, tsunami); a broader
natural hazards approach would be beneficial in a densely populated coastal environment. The recent
Tonga eruption would also be a relevant target for volcanic hazards.
Finally, the importance of climate-related geohazards (e.g. cyclones, floods) and the huge impact
they pose to society was noted. However, as the Geohazards workshop participants almost entirely
came from within the tectonics community we did not have the right expertise in the group to fully
address the key questions on this topic. This would require future engagement with the Climate
community.

Deep Life
During the Deep Life breakout session, presentations were given by workshop participants to
explain ideas for deep biosphere drilling at different stages of maturation, form projects stillat the embryo stage, to proposals accepted and ready for implementation. A number of
proposals linked nicely with the geohazards (sedimentary fluid production via microbial claytransformation), resources (deep biosphere in gas hydrate settings) and climate themes(microbial CO2 sink via submarine silicate alteration). Others tackled more fundamental
problems of deep biosphere research, like microbial life in deep, old rocky formations, thelimits of life in the deep, including the Chicxulub asteroid impact, and microbial life in the
Mediterranean Salt Giant.
Over 20 years of IODP deep biosphere research have taught us that microbes persist or
survive even in various extreme subseafloor environments. These environments are deep(~2.5 km below the seafloor), scarce in nutrients (ultra-oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre), old(~100 Ma sediment), and hot (~120 degrees Celsius). Despite these harsh and challenging
conditions, microbes are living and exist as diverse as in ocean water and terrestrial soils.
However, there are still open questions that remain. Firstly, we haven't identified the "extent(or end) of the biosphere." Secondly, while we have started to capture the species richness,
we are still far from understanding the global significance of subseafloor communities. And
thirdly, the sensitivity of ecosystems to environmental change is not yet known. Next to thesefundamental research questions, we discussed the importance on more applied research,such as the reaction of the deep biosphere to the storage of energy - such as hydrogen, CO2,
hot water, compressed gas - in the subsurface.

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Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

ReportFig. 4 - Abundance of subsurface microbes (in cells per cm3) observed in ODP and IODP coresfrom the World Ocean. Microbial cells have been observed down to 2466 m below theseafloor. Modified from Kallmeyer et al. (2012) PNAS and Inagaki et al. (2015) Science.
Understanding the significance of deep life for the functioning of the Earth System is one of
the major challenges of future scientific ocean drilling.
To answer the remaining open questions and to explore new research areas, we need toacknowledge that the Deep Life is in transition. A potential way to address this are active
experiments, on a human time scales, using an observatory to study the changes andtransitions of life under chemically dynamic sub-surface conditions. One of the societally
relevant areas of research involves microbe-driven energy generation, where we can utilize
the power of microbes to generate energy. We then discussed the requirements to achieve
our goals through the ECORD-Japan framework, such as ideal biogeochemical environments
for drilling.
We also identified technological missing elements that need to be addressed in the future ofscientific ocean drilling, such as developing standardized protocols for microbial-sampling,
implementing contamination control/tracing measures, and improving core handling forpreventing contamination exogeneous sources. We also highlighted the importance of heatflow measurement, temperature probing, and the differentiation of biotic and abiotic
reactions, for the future frontiers to be explored in coming ECORD-Japan SOD Program.
And last but not least, we discussed about the importance of flexibility of sampling for SODMicrobiology: while past SOD-microbiology efforts has been prioritizing Whole Round Core
sampling, , developments of effective and efficient sampling techniques to share thematerials for many purposes are necessary not only to widen the scope of expedition science19

Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

Reportand to maximize scientific outcomes, but to bring the SOD-microbiology itself to higher levelof success in future expeditions within the new ECORD-Japan SOD program.

20

Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

ReportSUMMARY OF LEGACY OF DRILLING PROPOSALS FROM IODP-2
Legacy of IODP-2 proposals for future program(s)• 94 active proposals currently in SEP• 51 proposals and orphan sites at facility boards
NEW PROPOSALS ARE NEEDED SPECIFICALLY ADDRESSING THE FUTURE PROGRAM(S)Instruments to facilitate the process:Phase-2

MagellanPlus Workshop
Series Programme

J-DESC Workshop

SPONTANOEOUSSUBMISSIONSIn addition:

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Workshop on the future of Scientific Ocean Drilling with MSPs and Chikyu Phase 1

ReportAnnexes
1- Abstracts (either copied in or link to a combined edited file Hanno is working on)
2- Link to invited speakers’ presentations (via the Workshop Web page)
3- Participants list
Links:
https://www.ecord.org/workshop-on-the-future-of-scientific-ocean-drilling/22