01JSF 事第 048 号

新技術振興渡辺記念会殿
平成 30 年度下期 科学技術調査研究助成「アジア地域における宇宙技術を用いた海洋観測実態と非政府監視ツールの活用可能性調査」

令和元年 12 月 27 日

一般財団法人日本宇宙フォーラム

内容
1.

目的と調査方法 ....................................................................................................... 4

1.1.

背景と目的..................................................................................................... 41.2.

調査研究方法 ................................................................................................. 42.

1.2.1.

各国における海洋関連技術専門家へのヒアリング................................. 4

1.2.2.

日本における国際ワークショップの開催 ............................................... 5

1.2.3.

我が国による技術協力可能性の検討 ...................................................... 6

非政府監視ツールの現状調査 .................................................................................. 7

2.1

Center for Advanced Defense System (C4ADS)............................................... 7

2.2

Vulcan Inc ........................................................................................................ 8

2.3

OceanMind ........................................................................................................ 10

2.4

Pew Charitable Trusts .................................................................................. 12

2.5

Center for Strategic and International Studies

2.6

The Ted Waitt Foundation ............................................................................. 15

3.

アジア各国の海洋監視における宇宙技術の活用調査 ............................................ 16

3.1.

インドネシア ............................................................................................... 16

3.1.1.

活用されている衛星データ................................................................... 16

3.1.2.

IUU 監視オペレーションの実態 ............................................................ 18

3.1.3.

将来の期待される宇宙技術................................................................... 18

3.2.

フィリピン................................................................................................... 19

3.2.1.

活用されている宇宙技術 ...................................................................... 19

3.2.2.

IUU 監視オペレーションの実態 ............................................................ 21

3.3.

マレーシア................................................................................................... 21

3.3.1.

活用されている宇宙技術 ...................................................................... 21

3.3.2.

将来の期待される宇宙技術................................................................... 22

3.4.
4.

（CSIS） ................... 13

インド .......................................................................................................... 23

新たな新規宇宙参入業者の調査 ..... エラー! ブックマークが定義されていません。

4.1. さくらインターネット株式会社 ....................................................................... 25

3.2.
4.

株式会社メルカリ ................. エラー! ブックマークが定義されていません。

欧州のベンチャー企業の調査 ......... エラー! ブックマークが定義されていません。

4.1.

World Satellite Business Week における調査結果 エラー! ブックマークが定義されていません。

1. 目的と調査方法
1.1.

背景と目的

海洋立国である我が国にとって海洋での活動は不可欠であり、世界が連携して海上安全を確保することが重要である。近年では、海洋開発、東シナ海での領有権問題、南シナ海中国人工島、サンゴ密漁、海上交通路（シーレーン）の安全確保、海賊対策など、非常に広範な課題を抱えており、科学技術も活用してこれらの問題に取り組んでいくことが求められている。これまで地上からのレーダや航空機等を用いて船舶の安全確保や位置把握等を行ってきたが、人工衛星は広域を把握できるため、宇宙を利用したグロー
バルな船舶の把握が急速に注目を集めている。
平成 26 年に新技術振興渡辺記念会殿の助成により、米国における海洋状況監視（Maritime Domain Awareness: MDA)の調査を実施し、日本として初めて米沿岸警備隊
MIFC-LANT と米南方軍 JIATF-South を視察調査し、米国における MDA の日々の監視体制と運用実態についてある程度明らかにすることができた。また、平成 29 年に新技術振興渡辺記念会殿の助成により、欧州における MDA の調査を実施し、船舶監視に限定せず
海洋観測全般に係わる国際協力体制を目指そうとしている欧州の各機関による海洋観測の連携体制についての全容を整理した。
他方、アジア太平洋地域には、日本を含め、インドネシア、フィリピン、マレーシア、
ベトナム、シンガポール等の海洋国家があり、漁船や輸送船の急激な増加に伴い、同地域における海洋観測の重要性はますます高くなってきている。各国では、それぞれ沿岸警備隊等の組織が他組織と連携して海洋状況の観測を行ってきているが、フィリピンやマレーシア等のいくつかの国に米国の海洋観測の WebGIS プラットフォームである「Seavision」が導入され、その活用が始められているという情報がある。また、Global
Fishing Watch などの非政府の団体が民間の IT 企業（グーグル社等）と連携して船舶監視ツールなどを提供してきており、それらの活用も進んでいくことが想定される。なお、インドネシアでは既に活用されているという情報がある。本調査研究では、アジア太平洋地域の海洋国家における海洋監視の運用実態をヒアリングやワークショップにより把握する他、非政府・市民観測リソースによる海洋監視プラットフォームを整理し、それらの活用の可能性について考察した。
1.2.

調査研究方法

1.2.1. 各国における海洋関連技術専門家へのヒアリング2018 年 11 月 27、28 日にシンガポールで開催された「15th Annual Global MDA: Maritime
Security & Coastal Surveillance」に参加し、インドネシア、フィリピン、マレーシ
ア、タイの海洋関係者からヒアリングを行った。また、2019 年 7 月にフィリピンを訪問し、フィリピン農業省 漁業・水産資源局（BFAR）からヒアリングを行った。

4

1.2.2. 日本における国際ワークショップの開催
2019 年 2 月 8 日に東京において、「宇宙を用いたグローバルな海洋監視の最新技術動向と将来に関するシンポジウム～本格的な宇宙利用と Society5.0 が切り開く海洋の未来～」を開催し、今後需要が高まるとみられる国内外の民間／NGO による海洋監視の取り組みについての情報収集を行った。特に、民間／NGO ベースの海洋監視プラットフォーム、例えば、米国の CSIS、Global Fishing Watch、Pew Charitable Trusts、Vulcan
Inc.などが公開されてきており、高分解能の衛星データ、AIS データ、オープンな情報も含め、国のインテリジェンス機関よりもより広い情報を用いて付加価値を付け、即効的な提供を行ってきている。各国の行政機関も民間のプラットフォーム活用を検討する
他、民間と協力してプラットフォームを開発する動きがあるなど、民間／NGO の活用が顕著になってきている。急速に能力を高めつつある、それらのプラットフォームの情報収集を行った他、将来の利活用の可能性について議論した。また、日本の民間による海洋監視への取り組み及び将来の可能性についても議論した。
また、2019 年 10 月 4 日に東京において、「第 2 回

宇宙を用いたグローバルな海洋監

視に関するシンポジウム－アジア太平洋地域における海洋宇宙協力に向けて－」を開催
し、アジアの海洋国家において、海洋で漁業等の監視オペレーションを行っている組織から講演者を招聘し、実際のオペレーションの観点から将来の宇宙技術適用への期待についての情報収集を行った。また、我が国の先進技術動向に関する講演に加えて、米国の宇宙技術を用いた海洋監視技術を有する組織からも講演者を招聘し、米国から見たアジア太平洋地域における海洋宇宙協力への期待についても情報を収集した。ユーザとなりえるアジア太平洋地域の漁業等監視オペレーション組織と日米の宇宙海洋技術プロ
バイダとの議論を通じて、将来オペレーションに適用可能な効率的・効果的な海洋宇宙
協力の未来についての議論を行った。
① 「宇宙を用いたグローバルな海洋監視の最新技術動向と将来に関するシンポジウム～本格的な宇宙利用と Society5.0 が切り開く海洋の未来～」
主催（公財）笹川平和財団海洋政策研究所、（一財）日本宇宙フォーラムによる共催



開催日・開催場所
2019 年 2 月 8 日（金） 於：笹川平和財団海洋政策研究所

国際会議場（東京・

虎ノ門）


講演者
内閣府総合海洋政策推進事務局、多摩大学大学院ルール形成戦略研究所、一般
社団法人日本宇宙安全保障研究所、宇宙航空研究開発機構（JAXA）、（株）日本
海洋科学、海洋研究開発機構（JAMSTEC）、米 Naval Research Laboratory、Center
for Advanced Defense System (C4ADS)、Vulcan Inc、OceanMind
5



講演資料
添付 1 に示す。

② 「第 2 回

宇宙を用いたグローバルな海洋監視に関するシンポジウム－アジア太平

洋地域における海洋宇宙協力に向けて－」主催（公財）笹川平和財団海洋政策研究所、（一財）日本宇宙フォーラムによる共催、
Secure World Foundation（協力）

開催日・開催場所
2019 年 10 月 4 日（金）於：笹川平和財団海洋政策研究所

国際会議場（東京・虎ノ門）


講演者
宇宙航空研究開発機構（JAXA）、株式会社 Synspective、東京大学

空間情報科学研究センター／株式会社スペースエッジラボ、公益財団法人笹川平和財団海洋政策研究所、国立研究開発法人 水産研究・教育機構、Institute for Marine
Research and Observation/Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries（インドネシア）、Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)/Department ofAgriculture（フィリピン）、Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA)（マレーシア）、Observer Research Foundation（インド）、元 Pacific Islands
Forum Fisheries Agency 関係者、Secure World Foundation、US Mission to ASEAN(USASEAN)


講演資料
添付 2 に示す。

1.2.3. 我が国による技術協力可能性の検討
ヒアリング及び国際ワークショップで得られた情報を基に、我が国と各国でお互いにメリットとなる海洋観測・データ処理等技術の共同研究の可能性について整理した。また、各国の海洋観測のオペレーションに我が国の宇宙技術やデータを提供することにより、オペレーションの改善につながる協力について検討を行った。また、非政府が提供する海洋監視プラットフォームの各国による活用状況を把握し、我が国での活用の可能性について考察した。

6

2. 非政府監視ツールの現状調査
2.1

Center for Advanced Defense System (C4ADS)

グローバルな国際セキュリティイシューにデータ分析やエビデンスベースの報告を基に取り組むための NPO。



商用データを含むオープンソースを用いて、環境問題や、不法取引、違法採掘など監視している。南シナ海や東シナ海の不審船、違法漁業、違法取引、武器取引などにも注力している。海洋監視をオンデマンド（24 時間レベル）で行っている。



WINDWARD が提供するプラットフォームを活用。北朝鮮の違法取引を監視する為のツールとして用いている。船の情報として、AIS などから方向や速度を得て、何処から何処に向かっているか、港の情報から、積荷は何かなどを得ている。港での船の発着、積み荷の移動、クレーンの動きなどを把握、活動状況を長期判断。

NPO として情報公開するだけで無く、米国務省などの要請に基づく解析も実施。国のイ
ンテリジェンス機関よりもより広い情報を用いて付加価値を付け、即効的な提供を行うことを強みとしている。また、最新の技術を取り入れる能力もある。顧客は国務省の他に、国連や世界銀行もある。



主な活動：①北朝鮮の違法取引の監視、②違法・無報告・無規制（IUU）漁業の監視、③石油タンカーの正常運行の監視。



分析手法：①船舶活動の分析（AIS、衛星画像、港湾データを組み合わせてハイリスク船
舶を検知）、②ネットワーク分析：船舶のオーナーの変遷、不法活動を過去にした組織などのデータベースを分析。

WINDWARD と呼ばれるプラットフォームで「瀬取り」などを検知
7

将来の重点技術開発分野：-

アルゴリズムによる SAR 衛星データを用いた積荷の動向検知、港湾での船舶特定-船舶から漏れる無線電波の衛星で検知-

複数の小型衛星コンステレーションによるリアルタイム船舶活動監視2.2

Vulcan Inc

マイクロソフト共同設立者の Paul G. Allen 氏が設立した会社。



スマートでデータを活用したアプローチで、グローバルなチャレンジに取り組むプロジェク
トを実施。



リアルタイムで意思決定ができる「SkyLight」と呼ばれる船舶監視プラットフォームの開発を行っている。船舶の動きの監視、船舶情報提供、船舶活動、分析情報を提供（海外政府に調達ベースで導入？）。また、「Sea Around Us」の活動にも協力。



衛星データ（光学、SAR）を活用し、ディープラーニングでのパターン予測などを実施

SkyLight のウェブサイト（SkyLight には会員以外はアクセス不可）

8



AIS/VMS と SAR 画像や赤外画像の組み合わせで dark vessel を検知。

「瀬取り」が疑われるポイントについてアラートを表示

9

将来的な技術開発：船舶航行パターンからのランデブー航行の検知

2.3

OceanMind

オーシャンマインドは NPO。最新技術により世界中の政府当局や水産バイヤーに漁業の状況を見える化し（システムで自動アラート送信）、世界の漁業をプロテクト
することが任務。



海洋の活動をより網羅的かつ詳細に把握するためには AI の活用が不可欠。



公式な統計によると世界の漁獲の 33％が過度の消費（このままだと持続的な漁業ができなくなるレベル）だが、統計に反映されない IUU 漁業を考慮するとグローバ
ルな危機。



活用しているデータソース：-

船舶追跡データ

-

衛星データ

-

港湾データ

-

漁獲資料

-

船舶登録

-

漁業ライセンス-

漁業規制・レギュレーションのデータベース。

10

AIS/VMS と SAR 画像や赤外画像の組み合わせで dark vessel を検知。

黄色の○の中が dark vessel

船舶追跡データと光学衛星データの組み合わせで「瀬取り」を検知。
-

船舶追跡データを用いて特定時間の複数の船舶の「瀬取り」が疑われるスピー
ドパターンをディープラーニングで特定-

その海域を高分解能光学衛星で撮像

赤と青が各船舶のスピードパターン
11

「瀬取り」を撮像した衛星画像


将来的には船舶から漏れる無線電波（航行レーダ、VHF 通信、衛星電話、電子レンジ）を衛星で検知できる可能性（英国近海で実証試験中）。

2.4

Pew Charitable Trusts研究、社会政策のための NPO で、世論研究、アート・文化、社会イニシアチブ、環境、健康、社会政策（政府、コンシューマ）の分野を重点的に活動。違法漁業の撲滅もプロジェ
クトテーマの一つ



1999 年に「Sea Around Us」という漁業データベースを立ち上げ、現在も協力



通信衛星や測位衛星を用いた Vessel Monitoring System (VMS)の普及活動を実施

12

Sea Around Us の海域毎の漁獲統計データ

2.5

Center for Strategic and International Studies（CSIS）



米国の民間シンクタンク。防衛、安全保障、外交政策、国際関係、政策提言などの活動を実施

「Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative」というプログラムを展開し、南シナ海、東シナ海
13

の中国の違法行為をウェブを通じて公開している。海洋のオイル／ガス開発、中国の軍事バランス、各国の海域、島の占拠状況などをマップ化
https://amti.csis.org/


南シナ海の島の建設物等の衛星画像の最新情報を公開。建設物等は既に特定出来ているので、これからは AIS 信号を出していない（Dark Ship）中国の艦艇や、漁船を追跡することが課題。



現状は Digital Globe 社の光学データを毎朝確認（分析者は 3 名。SAR データは利用していない）

Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative の島の占拠状況マップ

Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative のスプラトリ諸島の監視（高分解能光学衛星画像）

14

2.6

The Ted Waitt Foundation

海洋保護や持続可能な漁業をミッションとするファウンデーション。元 Gateway 社の CEOである Ted Waitt 氏が設立



様々な海洋関連プロジェクトへのファンディングを通じ、持続可能な漁業のための活動を実施



National Maritime Intelligence-Integration Office (NMIO)と連携

Ted Waitt Foundation とパートナー組織の活動（取組に関する）マップ
http://waittfoundation.org/interactive-map/

15

3. アジア各国の海洋監視における宇宙技術の活用調査
3.1. インドネシア
インドネシアの 11 の漁業管理区域（WPP）はそれぞれ固有の特徴を持っている。インドネシアにおける海洋資源のモニタリング、特に、インドネシアの海域における漁業活動の漁船モニタリングは、衛星レーダデータを活用して実施されてきた。Bali Radar
Ground Receiving Station (BARATA)はインドネシアの海域のモニタリングに多大な貢献をしてきた。CosmoSkymed や Radarsat を含むレーダデータが活用されてきている。
両衛星データは相互に補完し合うもので、BARATA で直接受信を行うことができる。加えて、Sentinel-2 といったフリーのデータの活用により、BARATA は IUU 漁業の管理や監視で高いレベルでの解析ができるようになった。IUU 漁業により、次のような大きな影響が出てくる：①年間 2600 億インドネシアルピア相当の損失、②漁業従事者数の 50％の減少と 115 の海産物輸出者の廃業、③サンゴ礁の 30.45％に損害及び 25％の漁獲量に相当する乱獲。インドネシアにおいて、IUU 漁業の監視に重要な役割をになる機関は、
海洋水産省（MMAF）、警察、インドネシア沿岸警備隊、海軍、運輸省である。MMAF の下
で BARATA は運用され、インドネシアのユーザ（MMAF、インドネシア沿岸警備隊、海軍、
空間タスクフォース、海事調整府）に 2 時間以内に分析結果を提供するなど非常に効果を上げている。海洋での活用における将来の宇宙技術のニーズは低コスト、高頻度観測、
高分解能、準リアルタイム入手性を含む衛星技術になる可能性がある。また、監視（違法漁業、オイル流出）、積み替え／瀬取り、海運、プランニング・マネジメント（海洋空間プランニング、養殖）を含む海洋での活用が期待される。
3.1.1. 活用されている衛星データ
インドネシアの Institute for Marine Research and Observation/Ministry of Marine
Affair and Fisheries では、衛星データを活用した IUU 監視活動が行われている。具
体的には、イタリアの Cosmo-Skymed、カナダの Radarsat-2、欧州の Sentinel-2（無償のフリーデータ）といったレーダ衛星のデータ活用が行われている。そのうち、
Cosmo-Skymed と Radarsat-2 は準リアルタイムでのデータ取得が行われており、特定の海域をオンデマンドで撮像し、IUU 監視活動に役立てている。インドネシアに設置されている BARATA と呼ばれる X バンドの衛星アンテナによってリアルタイムで受信が行われ、船舶監視システム（VMS）や自動船舶識別装置（AIS）情報と合せて、付加価値情報として船舶の検知や分析が行われている。

16

Cosmo-Skymed の衛星データ（http://www.e-geos.it/products/pdf/csk-product%20handbook.pdf）

Radarsat-2 の衛星データ（http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/radarsat/technical-features/radarsa
t-comparison.asp）

17

3.1.2. IUU 監視オペレーションの実態
以下のように、Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries（MMAF）のみならず、インドネシア沿岸警備隊や海軍等、複数の政府系組織が協力して IUU 監視活動が行われている。

MMAF では、前述の海外のレーダ衛星の撮像画像を活用する他、インドネシア宇宙航空
研究所（LAPAN）の衛星 AIS 等も活用しつつ、船舶管理・監視活動を行っている。

3.1.3. 将来の期待される宇宙技術① 衛星技術-

低コスト、高頻度観測、高分解能データ18-

準リアルタイム監視-

シンプルなアクセス② 海洋アプリケーション-

監視活動アプリケーション：IUU 監視、オイル流出監視、瀬取り監視、海洋交
通、人身売買監視-

計画管理アプリケーション：海洋空間計画、環境保全エリア、海洋養殖-

海洋／沿岸リソース：潜在的漁業エリア（PFG）

3.2. フィリピン
フィリピン農業省／漁業・水産資源局（BFAR）は、共和国法第 10654 号第 14 条で規定されたモニタリング、規制、監視（MCS）活動の一部として、船舶監視システム（VMS）の運用、パトロール船の展開、オンボード漁船監視システムの導入を行ってきている。
MCS 活動はすべてのフィリピン海域におけるすべてのフィリピン国籍の遠洋漁船に適用される。MCS システムは、地方自治体、漁業海洋資源管理委員会、民間、その他関連機関と連携し、フィリピン海域の漁業及び海洋資源が持続的に管理され、フィリピン市民の利益のために保護されるよう農業省によって運用されている。
3.2.1. 活用されている宇宙技術① 船舶監視システム（VMS）
フィリピンにおける VMS の導入は 2009 年に BFAR によって行われた。フィリピンの特定の海域（SMA-HSP1）を運航する主要なフィリピン漁船（現在、313 隻）に 2012 年から搭載が義務付けられ、通信衛星経由で漁船の管理等に用いられている。

19

② 自動船舶識別装置（AIS）
National Coast Watch Council (NCWC)から AIS を搭載した商船のモニタリング情報がBFAR に送られ、IUU の監視が行われている。NCWC からは SeaVision（BFAR が運用する
海洋プラットフォームとは別）と呼ばれる海洋監視プラットフォームを用いて、衛星データによる情報、AIS 情報、沿岸レーダによる情報が提供され、監視対象の漁船等の船舶は年々増加しつつある。現在、AIS と VMS による監視は Pilot-2 の段階にあり、将来的には 80 万隻といわれる船舶の統合的監視をめざしている。

③ Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suits（VIIRS）
米国の Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership（Suomi-NPP）衛星に搭載されているセンサ VIIRS のデータを用いて、特定の海域の漁船情報の検証が行われている。

20

3.2.2. IUU 監視オペレーションの実態
BFAR で運用している海洋監視プラットフォームは Integrated Marine Environment
Monitoring System (IMEMS)と呼ばれ、VMS による船舶情報、港湾情報、電子レポーテ
ィング情報、気象情報、海洋情報などが統合化され、提供される。

3.3. マレーシア
マレーシアは海外の漁船による不法侵入の問題を抱えており、違法漁業、装置によるサンゴ礁への被害などで漁獲の減少、経済的収入の減少、サンゴ礁コミュニティにおける雇用確保の不安定を引き起こしている。また、ダイナマイト漁により、海洋環境に大きな影響を受けている。
3.3.1. 活用されている宇宙技術
マレーシアにおいては主に沿岸（陸上）AIS を用いた船舶の運航情報の管理を行っているが、衛星 AIS の活用も検討されつつある状況である。

21

3.3.2. 将来の期待される宇宙技術
将来的には光学衛星画像、レーダ衛星（SAR）画像、Visible Infrared Imaging
Radiometer Suits（VIIRS）センサによる画像を用い、巡視船、パトロール機、沿岸レーダ、沿岸・衛星 AIS 等のデータを組み合わせ、統合的な船舶監視を目指している。また、今後、宇宙技術の活用が本格的に開始されることから、宇宙技術活用のキャパビルのニーズもある。

22

3.4. インド
違法・無報告・無規制（IUU）漁業は海洋国家にとって重要な社会経済をグローバルに脅かすものである。2 つの大規模海洋生態系（large marine ecosystems）を含む広大な排他的経済水域（EEZ）を有するインドは伝統的に広範囲にわたる IUU 漁業による被害にあっている。インドは EEZ における IUU 漁業を取り締まる法やインフラの適切な監視やパトロールを行う能力を有しているものの、ガバナンスの綻び、不均衡な漁業管理（MCS）、時代遅れの法律などにより、インド EEZ の漁業の脆弱性にほとんど対応できていない。インドにおいて、特に漁船の検知、モニタリングで衛星 AIS、衛星光学・レー
ダ画像のような宇宙技術の活用について検討の余地がある他、同地域における弱い統治
システム、MCS、海洋状況監視（MDA）を強固にするための将来の宇宙技術活用の可能性がある。
3.4.1. 活用されている宇宙技術① 衛星データ
インド宇宙研究機構（ISRO）がこれまで多くの地球観測衛星を打ち上げてきており、それらの衛星からのデータを用いた船舶の監視等の海洋観測が行われている。ISROは 1988 年以降、これまでに 24 機の Indian Remote Sensing (IRS)衛星を打ち上げ、そのうち 11 機が民生利用に供されている。また、ISRO は特に海洋観測に特化した
OCEANSAT 衛星シリーズを 1999 年から運用しており、2009 年には OCENSAT-2 が打ち上げられ、海色や海上風の観測が行われている。

23

また、光学の衛星のみならず、雲がかかっている海域や夜間でも観測が可能なレーダを用いた衛星（SAR 衛星）も ISRO によって運用されており、RISAT-1（C バンド
SAR）や RISAT-2（X バンド SAR）といった衛星が運用中である。SAR 衛星は全天候型
で船舶を検知することが可能だが、両衛星とも IUU 監視は主な観測対象にはなっていない。
② 船舶監視システム（VMS）及び自動船舶識別装置（AIS）
インドにおいては、2009 年に ISRO の Space Application Centre によって VMS シス
テムが開発され、2017 年に VMS が義務付けられている。ISRO は VMS サービス向上のためにインドの地域航法衛星システムを活用し、船舶の監視を行っている。また、
国際的に義務付けられている船舶には AIS が搭載されており、74 基の沿岸（陸上）AIS ステーションにより船舶の ID、位置、速度、転舵角などの情報の管理を行っている。沿岸 AIS では海岸から 40 海里程度の沿岸域でしか AIS 信号が受信できないた
め、それを補完する手段として衛星 AIS システムの活用が進められている。なお、
2019 年 8 月にインドの ISRO とフランスの国立宇宙研究センター（CNES）が 10 機のAIS 衛星の共同開発・共同運用を行うことを発表している。
③ Long-Range Identification and Tracking System (LRIT)
国際海事機構（IMO）は 2006 年から 300 グロストン以上の船舶に LRIT の導入を義務付けており、インドにおいても 2009 年に LRIT データセンターが設置され、データの共有が行われるようになった。LRIT は決まった政府機関のみが情報にアクセス可
能な非常にセキュアなものである一方、運用コストが非常に高価なため、IUU 監視には基本的に用いられていない。

24

4. 考察4.1. 海洋観測・データ処理等技術等の共同研究及び国際協力の可能性
今回、インドネシア、フィリピン、マレーシア、インドを中心に、各国の宇宙技術を用いた海洋監視の運用状況について調査を行った。各国、それぞれで技術の活用に関して能力の違いがあり、活用する衛星も自国で打ち上げ、運用している国と、他国の衛星に依存している国とがある。以下に、それぞれの宇宙技術を用いた海洋監視の運用について、比較した表を示す。
衛星データ
インドネシア

他国の SAR 衛星 自国の AIS 衛星＋
を活用

フィリピン

衛星 AIS

海洋監視プラットフォーム
他国の技術により整備

他国の AIS 衛星

VIIRS を検証用 他国の AIS 衛星

他国の技術により整備

に利用
マレーシア

今後本格的に

他国の AIS 衛星

未整備？

他国の AIS 衛星、

今回の調査では不明

利用予定
インド

自国の光学、

SAR 衛星を活用 自国の AIS 衛星も整備中
インドネシアにおいては、既に他国の衛星データや海洋監視プラットフォームを活用
した IUU 監視活動が行われているが、その取り組みには効率化等の改善の余地がみられる。インドネシアが活用している SAR 衛星である Cosmo-Skymed や Radarsat-2 は商用衛星であり、データ購入費が非常に高価なことから、すべてのターゲット海域を網羅することはできず、特定の海域の計画的観測が行われている。我が国の将来的な貢献としては、日本が保有する SAR 衛星（ALOS シリーズや ASNARO）や今後運用されると思われる
民間運用の SAR 衛星コンステレーション（Synspective や QPS 研究所の衛星）によるデータの活用が考えられる。また、AI/ビッグデータ解析を用いた効果的な特定の海域の計画的観測シーケンスの構築等も共同研究の題材になりえると思われる。
フィリピン、マレーシアは実際の IUU 監視の運用において、使われている宇宙技術はまだまだ少ない印象である。フィリピンにおいては、米国の海洋監視プラットフォーム
SeaVision が導入されているものの、BFAR が保有する VMS の管理システムとは別のシス
テムとなっており、統合化の可能性やそれらを使いこなすための人材育成のニーズがあると考えられる。また、マレーシアにおいては、将来的に宇宙技術を用いた統合的な海洋監視活動「C4ISR」プロジェクトがあるものの、運用の実態としては、ほとんど宇宙
技術は活用されてきていない。そのため、AIS と SAR 衛星画像を組み合わせた船舶検知
25

技術のキャパシティビルディング／研修など、主に人材育成に主眼を置いた国際協力に
より、宇宙技術の海洋監視への活用促進を図っていく必要がある。
インドは ISRO を中心に多くの地球観測衛星を運用しており、光学、SAR 衛星の両方を保有している。今回調査したインドの財団からの情報では、現状で IUU 監視にそれほど衛星データは活用されていないとのことだが、既述の通り、フランスとの共同で 10 機の AIS 衛星（光学、SAR のペイロードも搭載）の開発・運用を目指すことになっており、
今後、本格的に宇宙技術を活用した IUU 監視活動を行っていくと考えられる。なお、光学センサ、SAR ペイロード、AIS トランスポンダを同時に搭載した衛星のコンステレー
ションによる運用は、データ送信、データ処理のやり方によっては、ほぼリアルタイムに近い形で不審船（ダークベッセル）を検知できる可能性があり、今後の活用が注目される。我が国では、ALOS 衛星に AIS トランスポンダが搭載されており、混雑した海域での船舶の検知精度の向上（AIS 信号衝突問題の回避）に向けた技術向上が行われている。今後、インドとの共同研究により、それらの技術の向上なども一つの検討材料になる可能性がある。また、今回、インドの海洋監視プラットフォームについての調査が十分にできなかったが、機会があれば、プラットフォームの現状の調査についても実施する必要があると思われる。
4.2. 非政府が提供する海洋監視プラットフォームの我が国での活用の可能性
既述の通り、欧米を中心に NGO や民間企業が様々な機能を有する海洋監視プラットフ
ォームを開発し、サービスしてきている。これらの中には既に米国のセキュリティ向上／透明性の向上のために、米国政府に情報を提供してきているものもあり、我が国においても、それら民間の情報の活用促進が期待される。他方、国家セキュリティの観点から、我が国のプラットフォームによるデータ・情報の確保も重要であり、きちんと政府としてデータを確保すべき部分とオープン情報、フリー情報、民間情報を活用すべき部
分の二重レイヤーによる運用と情報の統合化が必要になる。また、これらのシステムを活用して、いかに分析し、必要な情報を抽出するかのデータ分析官の育成もますます必要になると考えられる。

以上26

添付 1：第 1 回シンポジウム資料※一部開示制限あり。一部開示不可。

The Basic Plan on Ocean Policy Japan’s measures on the ocean are promoted in a comprehensive andsystematic manner, based on the Basic Act on Ocean Policy (enacted in2007) and the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy.
 The Third Basic Plan on Ocean Policy was formulated on May 15, 2018.
(approval of the Headquarters for Ocean Policy and decision of the Cabinet)<Structure for Implementation of Ocean Policy>

enacted on April 20, 2007

Headquarters for Ocean Policy
Director‐General:

Prime Minister

Vice Director‐General: Chief Cabinet Secretary

Basic Plan on Ocean Policy* First Basic Plan (March 2008)
 Second Basic Plan (April 2013)

 Third Basic Plan (May 2018)*revised almost every 5 years

Members:

Minister for Ocean Policy
All ministers

Formulate and executethe Basic PlanCoordinate measures byrel. administrative bodies

National Ocean Policy Secretariat

for the Headquarters for Ocean Policy(experts appointed by the Prime Minister)

Basic Act on Ocean Policy

Advisory Council/Councilors’ Meeting

Cabinet1

Outline of the Third Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (1)a. Promote “Comprehensive Maritime Security”(1) Maritime security
 Law enforcement
 Defense Safety measures for marine trafficForeign policy
Responses to natural disasters(2) Foundation for contributing to reinforcement of maritime security(a) Measures forming bases for maritime security
 Establish structures for MDA
 Ocean surveys & observations
 Preserve and manage remote islands
 Promote science and technology, R & D  Develop HR and raise awareness(b) Measures supporting maritime security
 Protect marine environment
 Economic security

etc.
2Outline of the Third Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (2)b. Use ocean more for the purpose of industries

MethanehydrateUse maritime zones forrenewable energy

Improve accuracy offishery resource evaluation

b. Maintain and protect the marine environment
Respond tomarine litters

Establish MPAs

d. Improve scientific knowledge
Use satellite‐
derived data

Ocean survey& observation3

Outline of the Third Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (3)e. Promote Arctic policy(image)Ny‐Ålesund Research Stationf. International collaboration and cooperation

g. Develop human resources with knowledge of oceanand enhance citizens’ understanding

4

MDA: application fields
Application fields of exploiting MDA

Defense/Law Enforcement(Contingency Response, Surveillance, Maintaining
good order etc.)

Countermeasure for
Natural Disaster

Safeguard in marine traffics(Navigation Safety, Rescue at sea)

Promote industrial use

Marine Environmentalof the oceanProtection
Develop scientific technology
5Schematic image of information sharing for MDA*
Considering with appropriate classifications and access limitation of marine information,
develop a new scheme for effective sharing and utilizing marine information
Ministry of Defense

Japan Coast Guard(classified)(unclassified)Japan
Meteorological
AgencyRel. ministries& agencies

Classified and limited access info. (Layer 3)

JCG

MOD

Application field・Security
・Law enforcement

MOD/JCG data sharing system
Government-use info. (Layer 2)
Public open information (Layer 1)

MSIL(MDA Situational Indication Linkages)

Application field・Maritime safety
・Disaster preparedness
・Promotion of marine industry
・Environmental conservation
・R/D
・International collaborationand cooperation

Ocean research org.

Space exploring org.

Operated by JCG
Effective integration between relevant systems

Local governments
Private sectors
Bi/Multi framework- Strengthen promotion of marine prediction technology and visualization- Encourage and develop handling technology for large volumes data＊“Policy and measures to strengthen Japanʼs MDA capability”(decided by the Headquarters for Ocean Policy in 2018)

6

Global Monitoring Activities:
Today and Future
Dr. John Mittleman
Maritime Domain AwarenessSymposium on Marine Monitoring andFuture Activities Using Space Technologies
February 8, 2019
2/8/19Japan Space Forum1

The famous “Blue Marble” photograph2/8/19Japan Space Forum2

Maritime Domain Awareness2/8/19Japan Space Forum

3

Global AIS

2/8/19Japan Space Forum

4

Purse Seiner track

2/8/19Japan Space Forum

5

Fishing Activity

2/8/19Japan Space Forum

6

Transparency

2/8/19Japan Space Forum7

2/8/19Japan Space Forum8

2/8/19

Japan Space Forum9

2/8/19Japan Space Forum

10

Global Monitoring Activities: Today and Future – Keynote
address
ABSTRACT
Small Satellites and Big Data are helping us understand thestate of world, how it is changing, and how we can influencethat trajectory. Quantity has become quality, as seen in therise of artificial intelligence, which is enabled by computer
technologies that make collecting huge amounts of data andintense computational analytics feasible. This leads to
unprecedented global transparency, the ability to develop apenetrating understanding of activities and trends, theability to disseminate it quickly and widely. The resulting
democratization of intelligence appears to be nurturing a
new “whole of society” response to global issues, and theemergence of new approaches to trans‐national problems.
2/8/19Japan Space Forum

11

WHO WE ARE
C4ADS is a 501(c)(3) non-profit using open data and cutting-edge emerging technologies to
conduct innovative investigative research on conflict and transnational security issues.

•

PEOPLEDATATECHNOLOGYPARTNERS

Young, multilingual, widely
traveled, and tech-savvy
analysts

Fuse disparate data acrosslanguages, regions, types for
integrated capability

Adapt and build cutting-edge
emerging technologies

Collaborate with public,
private, media, and advocacy
organizations

In-house fluencies in 15+
critical languages and field
travel to 50+ countries
including conflict zones andfragile states•

200+ business, tax, property,
shipping, and judicial registries
in 120 jurisdictions, alongsidesocial media, satellite imagery,and geo-location••

Philanthropic partnerships
with technology companies(Palantir, AWS, Windward)
Internal data science /engineering capabilities

We measure impact in actionableoutcomes

36 designations

U.S. Treasury designations acrossseven sanctions programs (incl.
DPRK)

1,400 tonsof illicit contraband seized (including
weapons, ivory, illicit timber)••

Analysis is shared with theorganizations best positioned
to take action
Work on joint investigations
and provide open source
training

2.7 billion dollars
In disruptions to illicit financial
networks (including North
Korean/Hezbollah TBML)

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Business Proprietary - Not for External Release

USING OPEN DATA
The reasons these networks are observable are also the reason that they are vulnerable

1. Illicit actors nest in and exploit licit systems of trade, finance andtransportation.
2. This exploitation leaves a digital trail.
3. This use of the licit system makes illicit actors vulnerable – theirresources are exposed to forfeiture or freeze, and their access can be
restricted.

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Business Proprietary - Not for External Release

Open Source Analysis in the
Maritime Domain

Lucas Kuo

OVERVIEW OF PROBLEM SETS
Identifying typologies across problem sets and jurisdictions• Tracking North Korean maritime sanctions
evasion networks engaged in coal and fuelshipments and their connections to North
Korea’s broader portfolio of illicit activities• Analyzing global illegal, unregulated, andunreported (IUU) fishing activity andmapping corporate ownership of fleets byvessel type up to the ultimate beneficial
ownership level

Transshipment voyage patterns of DPRK- and foreign-flagged vessels
unloading DPRK-origin coal in Russia for ultimate delivery in Japanand South Korea (Source: Windward and UN Report S/2018/171)• Monitoring illicit fuel shipments from Iran to
Yemen that could be financing the Yemeni
Civil War
Beneficial ownership networks ofglobal industrial large-scale purse
seiner fleets

Illicit fuel shipments facilitating tradebased money laundering in Yemeni
Civil War (Source: Windward)

Unless specifically stated, the mention of any company, organization, individual, or other entity in this document or any attachments thereto does not imply the violation of any law, statue, or international agreement, and should not be construed as such.
Business Proprietary - Not for External ReleaseRisk-based screening measures should
combine activity- and network-based
analysis in order to build morecomprehensive risk profiles.

ACTIVITY-BASED ANALYSIS
Augmenting AIS analysis with typologies and voyage-related context• Use AIS transmissions to track individual
voyages and develop alerts that are
triggered whenever certain conditions aremet• Satellite imagery provide context on avessel’s activities at port and sea• Port records can include vessel entry andexit dates, cargo details, and names of local
port agents used

Alerts designed to capture high-risk vessels thatexhibit specific vessel and voyage characteristics(Source: Windward)

Voyage patterns of foreign-flagged vessels that loaded coal in North Korea fordelivery to Vietnam. Highlighted areas are where the vessels went dark prior tocalling at a Vietnamese port. (Source: Windward and Carto)

Area of Interest layer of the hotspot
for DPRK-linked ship-to-ship transfers(Source: Windward and OFAC)

Vietnamese port record showing
the arrival time, draft, and agent ofa vessel identified in the 2018 UN
Panel of Experts report as having
shipped coal from North Korea toVietnamUnless specifically stated, the mention of any company, organization, individual, or other entity in this document or any attachments thereto does not imply the violation of any law, statue, or international agreement, and should not be construed as such.
Business Proprietary - Not for External Release

NETWORK-BASED ANALYSIS
Going beyond sanctioned entities to identify high-risk networks• Create a high-risk pool of vessels andcorporate entities that have engaged
in illicit activity• The associated fleets of the owner andmanager companies that operated
illicit ships warrant increased scrutiny• Historical ownership and managementby known illicit entities should raise red
flags

Overlapping current and historical corporate ownership/management
between three vessels (in red) separately identified in the March 2018
UN Panel of Experts report as having shipped NK coal to foreign markets• Mapping the beneficial ownership ofvessels and companies can uncoverconvergence across fleets
C4ADS database of DPRK-linked maritime networks including high-risk
ships, associated fleets, and corporate identifiers

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Business Proprietary - Not for External Release

DEMO: WINDWARD

Unless specifically stated, the mention of any company, organization, individual, or other entity in this document or any attachments thereto does not imply the violation of any law, statue, or international agreement, and should not be construed as such.
Business Proprietary - Not for External Release

DEMO: WINDWARD

Unless specifically stated, the mention of any company, organization, individual, or other entity in this document or any attachments thereto does not imply the violation of any law, statue, or international agreement, and should not be construed as such.
Business Proprietary - Not for External Release

DEMO: WINDWARD

Unless specifically stated, the mention of any company, organization, individual, or other entity in this document or any attachments thereto does not imply the violation of any law, statue, or international agreement, and should not be construed as such.
Business Proprietary - Not for External Release

ELECTRO-OPTICAL IMAGERYEO imagery provides visual confirmation and ground-level context
Advantages• Can be applied at any stageof an investigation• Positive identification ofvessels• Analyze onshore activity
Disadvantages• Resolution vs. Frequency• Weather-dependent• Lack of at-sea imagery

One-year AIS transmission histories of a USsanctioned North Korea-flagged cargo ship
(blue) and a Togo-flagged cargo ship (orange)
with a US-sanctioned manager at Dalian Port,
China. Satellite base map for reference only.
(Source: Windward)

Satellite image (3-meter) of the North Korea- andTogo-flagged vessels servicing the same terminal
in Dalian, suggesting risk of transshipment.
(Source: Planet Imagery)

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Business Proprietary - Not for External Release

VISIBLE INFRARED IMAGING RADIOMETER SUITE(VIIRS)VIIRS can identify additional locations of interest and activity levels
Advantages• Highlight potential
hotspots of maritime
activity that are notcaptured by AIS• Clustering may suggest
meetings at sea• Updated daily and readily
accessible
Disadvantages• Difficult to apply totargeted investigations

VIIRS Boat Detection data (Korea region)(Source: Earth Observation Group at NOAA)AIS data (blue) overlaid with VIIRS Boat Detection
data (purple) (Source: Windward and Earth
Observation Group at NOAA)

Unless specifically stated, the mention of any company, organization, individual, or other entity in this document or any attachments thereto does not imply the violation of any law, statue, or international agreement, and should not be construed as such.
Business Proprietary - Not for External Release

FUTURE DATA INTEGRATIONS: SAR
Synthetic Aperture Radar provides weather-independent and change
detection capabilities• Use synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
imagery to obtain a target vessel’sheading and speed during a dark voyage
in the open sea• Apply change detection algorithms to SAR
imagery of commodity piles at port (e.g. coal)
to assess import/export flows• Apply vessel detection algorithms to SAR
imagery of key port terminals to compare
observable and AIS-reported activity• Fused with AIS data, SAR provides a powerfulmeans to track where suspicious ships are
actually going

Voyage path of foreign-flagged oiltanker traveling in direction of North
Korea before going dark (Source:
Windward)

Coal terminal at Wonsan Port, North
Korea that can be analyzed for export
activity (e.g. changes in pile height,
terminal logistics activity) (Source:
Google Maps)

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Business Proprietary - Not for External Release

FUTURE DATA INTEGRATIONS: RF DETECTION
Combine knowledge of physical presence of vessels with knowledge ofcommunication patterns• Use radiofrequency (RF) data to obtain
information on signals emitted andreceived by vessels and affiliated port
infrastructure• Track target vessels in high traffic areas (e.g.
major sea lanes and ports) and during dark
voyages

Distribution of detected Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) spoofing activity
across key locations in target region between 2016 and 2018 based on AIStransmission patterns (Source: C4ADS and Windward)• Pinpoint communications which could
indicate suspicious activity• Identify instances of signals interference fromshore-based assets
Time-series analysis of above GNSS spoofing activity indicating possible coordination(Source: C4ADS and Windward)

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Business Proprietary - Not for External Release

FUTURE DATA INTEGRATIONS: SMALL SATELLITES
Low-cost constellations allow civil society to engage actively inmonitoring international legal regimes• Cost-effective solutions such as small-sat
constellations enable persistent anddynamic observation of key points toenforce international sanctions and law• DPRK shipping routes traverse a relatively
limited geography which can be tracked• Yemeni ports can be observed to provide a
picture of economic activity and sanctionsbusting in real time

Analysis of activities at North Koreansatellite launch site (38 North)

Identifying unseen fishing activity in the South
China Sea (CSIS and Vulcan/Skylight)

Damage assessment of Russian airstrike on
civilian hospital in Syria (Syrian Archive)

Construction of Xinjiang internment camps(ABC Australia)• High-risk areas for IUU fishing can bepersistently monitored

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Business Proprietary - Not for External Release

The Center for Advanced Defense Studies (C4ADS)
1100 H St. NW, Washington DC 20005
www.c4ads.org
Tel: (001) 202-289-3332

Guidestar PlatinumDuns & Bradstreet Verified

SKYLIGHT OVERVIEW

Next Generation
Maritime
Insights
Cut Through The Noise
Patrick Dunagan, Director

11
1

SKYLIGHT OVERVIEW

Who We Are
Launched by Microsoft co-founder Paul G.
Allen and powered by the team at Vulcan,
our system unapologetically aims to change
the game for maritime enforcement.

What We Do
Skylight harnesses cutting edge satellite
and machine learning technologies toaddress the devastating effects of illicit
maritime activity and promote global
stability.
22

Investing in a robust
technology stack enabling maritime
transparency at scale

SKYLIGHT OVERVIEW

DifferentiatedTechnology

SATELLITEANALYTICS

We partner with industry leaders and leverage ourexpertise for an unprecedented level of maritime
imagery and dark-ship detection capabilities

VESSELDATABASE

We leverage our best-in-class database ofhundreds of thousands of vessels – while
continuously building and expanding our depth of
metadata.

MACHINELEARNING

Our proprietary algorithms synthesize billions ofdata points from millions of vessels to identify
suspicious activity in real-time.

3
3

SKYLIGHT OVERVIEW

Next Generation
Tasking

Short-Term: Automated alerts inform faster andmore effective deployment of aerial/surface assets.
1

AIS/SAR

2

EO

Long-Term: Enabled by improved responsiveness,
Skylight alerts automatically trigger EO collections,dramatically improving results, latency, and costs.

Building toward a“tipping a queueing”
system that unlocks
satellite imagery overtheoceansRobust vessel
data drives increasingly accurate
alerts using machine learning• Best in-class vessel database in place

Automated alerts, delivered in real-time, improveutilization of existing assets• 1,000s of key activities detected daily
Streamlined imagery tasking and analytics enable
operationally relevant insights using previously
latent capacity• Strategic partnership with industry leading

satellite company in place

44

SKYLIGHT OVERVIEWOur Solutions

Built for Real-World
Operations
Watchfloor Services
Tailored Solutions for the Toughest Problems

Alerting Platform
Direct User Access – Globally, in Real-Time

55
5

SKYLIGHT OVERVIEWSATELLITEANALYTICS

Watchfloor Services
Redefining the Possible
Customized Area Reporting:• Suspect Loitering• Rendezvous Detection• Situational Awareness

VESSEL DATABASE

Satellite Monitoring:• SAR: Wide-area monitoring for detection of

non-transmitting “dark” vessels• EO: Detailed identification and context fordiscrete area monitoring

MACHINELEARNING

Specialized Projects:• Looking to try something new? Reach out to

discuss your unique needs!

66

SKYLIGHT OVERVIEW

Sample Insight

Synthetic Aperture
Radar (SAR)
Wide Area Dark Vessel Detection•

This SAR collection captured 13 vessels, 5 ofwhich were smaller than 15m•

The majority of vessels were “dark” and nottransmitting an AIS signal•

The image chip shows two of thesedetections engaged in a potential
transshipment

Key Takeaway: SAR imagery is most usefulfor pattern of life assessment over wide
areas and focusing more precise assets
2018-12-13

97

SKYLIGHT OVERVIEW

Sample InsightElectro-Optical Imagery(EO)
Wide Area Dark Vessel Detection•••

Possible transshipment activity in known
smuggling region.
Collection based on pattern-of-life
assessment with preliminary SAR collect.
The vessels identified here are 10m-20m in
length and would be very difficult to clearly
identify using SAR.

Key Takeaway: EO is a powerful asset for
identification of specific vessel or
activities, but typically requires precise
tasking2018-12-14
2018-12-13

8

SKYLIGHT OVERVIEW

Sample Watchfloor
Project
South China Sea

Dark Vessel Activity Analysis•••

Systematic integration of SAR and VIIRS data toaugment AIS activity
Targeted EO monitoring to understand vessel
activity and trends.
Key findings:• 90%+ of vessel don’t transmit with AIS• Far more fishing vessels present than thanbe supported by the local fisheries• Chinese fishing vessels are typically notfishing – and congregated by island
outposts

Done in collaboration with CSIS

Effective research requires an integrated
approach to leveraging collection
modalities

SKYLIGHT OVERVIEW

12 9
10

SATELLITEANALYTICS

Alerting Platform

Next Generation
Awareness
Direct Access: Available through a simple and secure web
login. No specialized software updates or hardware installation
required.

VESSELDATABASE

Global Coverage: Track hundreds of thousands of vessels andsift through oceans of data to detect suspect activity.

Quality Alerts: Leverage advanced machine learning torecognize patterns, detect anomalies, and classify events.
Real-Time Insights: Alerts are available immediately enabling seamless direction to other aerial, surface, or spacebased assets.

MACHINELEARNING

Interoperable: System is fully unclassified, allowing end users
to push insights directly to operators and coordinate with partners.
1057

The new Skylight
Alerting Platform
provides a complementary
capability to
traditional MDA tools

SKYLIGHT OVERVIEWSkylight Alerting
Platform•

An alerting tool — sifts through millions of data
points daily to enable rapid, informed decisions•

An analysis tool – requiring a skilled analyst••

100,000s of active vessels at any time

Initial focus on rendezvous alerts (potential
transshipments) due to broad utility•

Overwhelming for manual analysis
11
12

SKYLIGHT OVERVIEW

Under Development

Single-Sided Rendezvous
1

2

3

1
2

AIS inconsistencies

Vessel transmitted AIS irregularly induring deviation from standard route
Potential single-sided rendezvous

Track pattern consistent withrendezvous behavior
Deviation from usual behavior

Vessel then proceeded to Somalia
for the first time in over a year.

Availability expected in mid-2019 for usersof the Skylight Alerting Platform3
2018-12-14
2018-12-13
1112
10

SKYLIGHT OVERVIEW

Under Development
Contextual DatabaseWest Africa Oil Transshipment Network•

10 vessels initially identified in oil transshipment
network in West Africa•

Over 1,000 related rendezvous identified in last
~2 years. Over 300 as likely transshipments•••

Significant fines per unauthorized ship-to-ship
oil transfer in the region
Approximate value of hydrocarbon products
potentially transferred per event: ~$3.5M

Ability to quickly identify affiliate vessels andpotential common ownership.

Integrating activity characterization atscale will enable significantly enhanced
insights

1013
12

SKYLIGHT OVERVIEW

Thank You

814

PROTECTING THE WORLD’S OCEAN RESOURCESWE FACE A GLOBAL CRISIS

90%

OF FISH STOCKSARE CURRENTLY
FULLY FISHED.

COSTING THE GLOBAL ECONOMY$10‐24BILLION

EVERY
YEAR

THREATENING THE FOOD SECURITY FORILLEGAL, UNREPORTED, AND
UNREGULATED FISHING IS PUTTINGUNSUSTAINABLE
PRESSURE ON THE REMAINING STOCKS3

BILLIONPEOPLEAND THE LIVELIHOOD OF

12%OF THEWORLDSPOPULATIONDECLINING TRENDS IN GLOBAL SEAFOOD STOCKSFAO State of the World’s Fisheries report 2018

OCEANMIND MISSION

By empowering enforcement and compliance,
OceanMind protects the world’s fisheries

OCEANMIND IS AN IMPACT‐ORIENTED, NOT‐FOR‐PROFIT ORGANISATIONHOW OCEANMIND WORKS
Satellite
Observations

Web
PortalVessel Identity

Computational
Authorities
Vessel Tracking

Analysis?

Fishing
Regulations

Local
Information

Actionable
Insights

Seafood Buyers

Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2018), processed by ESA

Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2016), processed by ESA

Image: © Digital Globe Inc, All Rights Reserved

Image: Tim PeakeTime

R&D: RADIO FREQUENCY DETECTION

Frequency

AI SUPPORTS HUMAN DECISION MAKING

Working with Microsoft’s AI for Earthprogram, OceanMind is building global
scale AI to change how we understandfishing behaviour on the oceans.

᪥ᮏ䛾Ᏹᐂᢏ⾡䜢䜰䝆䜰䛾බඹ㈈໬䛩䜛䝹䞊䝹ᙧᡂ
Rule-making Toward Public Use of Japan's Space Technologies for Asian Region

2019ᖺ2᭶8᪥ከᦶ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ᩍᤵ䝹䞊䝹ᙧᡂᡓ␎◊✲ᡤᡤ㛗ᅧศಇྐᅧศ ಇྐ䠄䛣䛟䜆䜣 䛸䛧䜅䜏䠅ከᦶ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ᩍᤵ䚸䝹䞊䝹ᙧᡂᡓ␎◊✲ᡤ ᡤ㛗䝟䝅䝣䜱䝑䜽䝣䜷䞊䝷䝮 䝅䝙䜰䝣䜵䝻䞊
EY䜰䝗䝞䜲䝄䝸䞊䞉䜰䞁䝗䞉䝁䞁䝃䝹䝔䜱䞁䜾 䝟䞊䝖䝘䞊 ⤒Ṕ
¾ IT௻ᴗ䛾⤒Ⴀ௻⏬䚸䝅䞁䜽䝍䞁䜽䚸⡿ᅜ⣔ᡓ␎䝣䜯䞊䝮 A.T. 䜹䞊䝙䞊 䝥䝸䞁䝅䝟䝹䚸⡿ᅜ⣔఍ィ䝣䜯䞊䝮 䞂䜯䜲䝇䝥䝺䝆䝕䞁䝖䝟䞊䝖䝘䞊䜢⤒䛶EY䛻ཧ⏬䚹¾ ♫఍ㄢ㢟䛚䜘䜃Ᏻ඲ಖ㞀⤒῭ᨻ⟇䜢㉳Ⅼ䛸䛧䛯䝹䞊䝹ᙧᡂᡓ␎䛾➨୍ே⪅䛸䛧䛶㏻ၟᨻ⟇䛾❧᱌䜔ᨻ䞉⏘䞉ᐁ䞉Ꮫ䛻䜘䜛䜲䝅䝳䞊䜶䝁䝅䝇䝔䝮స䜚䚸ྛᅜ䛾Ᏻ඲ಖ㞀⤒῭ᨻ䛻⩻ᘝ䛥䜜䛺䛔௻ᴗᡓ␎䛾❧᱌䜢ᨭ᥼䚹䜎䛯䚸Ᏻ඲ಖ㞀⤒῭ᨻ⟇䛻㛵䛩䜛ᨻᗓ䛾ጤဨ䜔ᨻົㄪᰝ఍䚸㆟ဨ㐃┕䛾䜰䝗䝞䜲䝄䞊䜢ከᩘṔ௵䚹䝹䞊䝹ᙧᡂᡓ␎◊✲ᡤ䛾๰タ⪅䛸䛧䛶ୡ⏺ྛᅜ䛾ᨻᗓ㧗ᐁ䚸䜲䞁䝔䝸䝆䜵䞁䝇ᶵ㛵䚸䝅䞁䜽䝍䞁䜽䛸䛾䝛䝑䝖䝽䞊䜽ᵓ⠏䛻䜘䜛᪥ᮏ䛾䝹䞊䝹ᙧᡂᡓ␎ຊ䛾ከඖ໬䚸ῶᑡഴྥ䛻䛒䜛᪥ᮏ䛾Ᏻ඲ಖ㞀ᨻ⟇䛾◊✲⪅䛾⫱ᡂ䛸ᑵᴗᶵ఍䛾๰ฟ䛻䜎䛷ྲྀ䜚⤌䜣䛷䛔䜛䚹¾ ෆ㛶䝃䜲䝞䞊䝉䜻䝳䝸䝔䜱䝉䞁䝍䞊䛂IoT䛾䝃䜲䝞䞊つ᱁᳨ウ఍䛃䚸⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬䛂㟁ຊ䜲䞁䝣䝷䛾䝕䝆䝍䝹໬◊✲఍䛃䚸䛂㉁䛾㧗䛔㟁ຊ䜲
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¾ ඹⴭ䠖A.T. 䜹䞊䝙䞊᭱ᙉ䛾⤒Ⴀ䝅䝸䞊䝈 䛂᭱ᙉ䛾ᴗົᨵ㠉䛃䚸䛂᭱ᙉ䛾䝁䝇䝖๐ῶ䛃ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫2¾ ᐤ✏䠖National Interest 2018ᖺ1᭶䛂Japan‘s New National Security Economy䛃䚸 䛂⡿୰䝃䜲䝞䞊つไ䛜௻ᴗ䛻ᙉ䛔䜛ኚ㠉䛃Wedge
OPINION 2᭶ྕ䚸䛂䜲䞁䝣䝷䛸 ఩䝅䝇䝔䝮䛾୍య㍺ฟ ୰ᅜ䛜≺䛖୍ᑐ୍㊰䜈䛾㌷஦ᒎ㛤䛃Wedge Point of view6᭶ྕ䚸
DIAMOND䝝䞊䝞䞊䝗䞉䝡䝆䝛䝇䞉䝺䝡䝳䞊䜸䞁䝷䜲䞁䛂䝃䝇䝔䝘䝡䝸䝔䜱ᡓ␎䛾᭱๓⥺䛃䛺䛹୰ᅜ䛻䜘䜛Ᏹᐂ䛸ᾏ䛾౫Ꮡᡓ␎
China's Dependence Strategy in Space and Maritime Area

3୰ᅜ䛿BeiDou䛾฼⏝䜢ಁ䛩Ᏹᐂᨻ⟇䜢ᱳ䛻䚸ྛᅜ䛸㌷஦ᨻ⟇䛾㐃ᦠᙉ໬䜢㐍䜑䛶䛔䜛ซ౛୰ᅜ䛸Ᏹᐂ㛤Ⓨ䛻㛵䜟䜛༠ຊ䜢㐍䜑䛶䛔䜛ᅜ䠄30䜹ᅜ䠅*1Ᏹᐂᨻ⟇䛻㛵䛩䜛୰ᅜ䛾୺䛺እ஺≧ἣ୰ᅜ䛸Ᏹᐂ⏘ᴗ䛻㛵䜟䜛ၟᴗྲྀᘬ䜢㐍䜑䛶䛔䜛ᅜ䠄11䜹ᅜ䠅*2ྲྀ䜚⤌䜏䛾ලయ౛ ୍ᖏ୍㊰ἢ⥺ㅖᅜ䛸Ᏹᐂ㛤Ⓨ䛻㛵䜟䜛ᨻᗓ㛫䞉䝡䝆䝛䝇༠ຊᯟ⤌䜏䜢⥾⤖*1 䜰䝆䜰ኴᖹὒᏱᐂ༠ຊᶵᵓ䠄APSCO䠅䛾䜸䝤䝄䞊䝞䞊ᅜ➼䜒ྵ䜐
*2 ༠ຊᅜ䛸㔜」䛧䛶䛔䛺䛔ᅜ䛾䜏䜢䜹䜴䞁䝖 䝍䜲䚸䝷䜸䝇䚸䝤䝹䝛䜲䚸䝭䝱䞁䝬䞊䚸䝟䜻䝇䝍䞁➼
䛿GPS䛷䛿䛺䛟BeiDou䛾᥇⏝䛻㋃䜏ษ䛳䛶䛚䜚䚸≉䛻䝟䜻䝇䝍䞁䛿㌷஦㠃䛷䜒฼⏝䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢බ⾲ ୰ᅜ-䝤䝷䝆䝹ᆅ⌫㈨※⾨ᫍ䜢ᡴ䛱ୖ䛢 ఩ศ㔝(BeiDou)➼䛷䛾༠ຊ䜒༠㆟୰ ୰ᅜ䛾Ᏹᐂ㏣㊧䞉ไᚚ᪋タ䜢ᘓタ ぢ㏉䜚䛻୰ᅜ┘ど⾨ᫍ䜈䛾䜰䜽䝉
䝇ᶒ䜢௜୚

4

ฟᡤ䠖୰ᅜᅜົ㝔䛂୰ᅜᏱᐂⓑ᭩䛃䚸ྛ✀බ㛤㈨ᩱ䜘䜚䝕䝻䜲䝖సᡂ୰ᅜ䛾Ᏹᐂᨻ⟇ᣑ኱䛻క䛔䚸㐠⯟⟶⌮䛻㛵䜟䜛䝅䝇䝔䝮䜒୰ᅜ⣔䛻䜘䛳䛶ᢚ䛘䜙䜜䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜛
㐠⯟⟶⌮䝅䝇䝔䝮䛾⌧≧୰ᅜ䛻䜘䜛ᾏὒබඹ䝃䞊䝡䝇䜈䛾㐍ฟ⯪⯧⮬ື㆑ู⿦⨨䠄AIS䠅䛾ᴫせBeiDou䛜ᾏୖ⾨ᫍ⯟✵䝅䝇䝔䝮䛸䛧䛶ᢎㄆ䜢⋓ᚓ

¾ ⯪⯧㛵㐃᝟ሗ䛾఩⨨᝟ሗ䛿⌧ᅾ䛾⦋ᗘ䛸⤒ᗘ䚸㏿ᗘ䚸㔪㊰䜢GPS䛷ྲྀᚓ ⡿GPS䚸㟢GLONASS䛻⥆䛟䚸➨3䛾ᾏୖ⾨ᫍ⯟⾜䝅䝇䝔䝮䛸䛧䛶ᅜ㐃䛜໭ᩯ⾨ᫍ䠄BeiDou䠅䜢ᢎㄆᨻᗓ䛜BeiDou㛵㐃⏘ᴗ䛾⫱ᡂ䛸ᾏእ㐍ฟ䜢ᨭ᥼ ᨻᗓ䛿BeiDou㛵㐃ᴗ⪅䜢ᨭ᥼䛧䚸2020ᖺ䜎䛷䛻ୡ⏺䛾⾨ᫍ ఩㛵㐃ᕷሙ䝅䜵䜰䛾80%⋓ᚓ䜢┠ᣦ䛩᪉㔪䜢Ⓨ⾲ ᭦䛻䛂୍ᖏ୍㊰ᘓタᾏୖ༠ຊᵓ᝿䛃䛻䛶䚸ἢ⥺ᅜ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸ᾏὒほ ┘ど䜲䞁䝣䝷䛻㛵䛩䜛ᢏ⾡䞉タഛ᥼ຓ䜢ቑ䜔䛧䚸⾨ᫍ᝟ሗ䝃䞊䝡䝇䜢ᥦ౪䛧䛶䛔䛟ពྥ䜢♧䛩

ᅜ㐃䛾ᢎㄆ⋓ᚓ䛻ຍ䛘䚸ᨻᗓᨭ᥼䛜㐍䜐䛣䛸䛷௒ᚋ䛿㐠⯟⟶⌮㛵㐃䝅䝇䝔䝮䜒
BeiDou䜢୰ᚰ䛻ᵓ⠏䛥䜜䛶䛔䛟ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜Ꮡᅾ

5↓ே┘ど⯪䛾㛤Ⓨ䜒୰ᅜ䛿╔ᡭ䛧ጞ䜑䛶䛚䜚䚸௒ᚋ䛿 ‴┘ど䝅䝇䝔䝮䜢䝁䜰䛻ྛᅜ䛾䜲䞁䝣䝷䛾せᡤ䜢ᢚ䛘䛯䝟䝑䜿䞊䝆㍺ฟ䜢ᒎ㛤䛧䛶䛔䛟ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜㧗䛔ୡ⏺䛷㐍䜐↓ே┘ど⯪䛾㛤Ⓨ୰ᅜ䛜㐍䜑䜛↓ே⯪㛤Ⓨ䠄䜲䝇䝷䜶䝹䞉G-NIUS䠅↓ே┘ど⯪㛤Ⓨ䜢᥎㐍 ↓ேරჾ㛤Ⓨ఍♫G-NIUS䛻䜘䛳䛶㛤Ⓨ‴㆙ഛ䝅䝇䝔䝮䛾୍⎔䛸䛧䛶㐠⏝䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸Ⓩ㘓䝹䞊䝖䛾⮬ື㐠⯟䛻ຍ䛘䛶㐲㝸᧯స䜒ྍ⬟୰ᅜ䛜↓ே⯪⯧㛤Ⓨ䛻ྥ䛡䛯䜰䝷䜲䜰䞁䝇䜢Ⓨ⾲ ୰ᅜ⯪⣭༠఍䛸ᾏ⯟㞟ᅋ䠄HNA䜾䝹䞊䝥䠅䛜୰ᚰ䛸
䛺䜚䚸2017ᖺ7᭶䛻↓ே㈌≀⯪㛤Ⓨ䛻ྥ䛡䛯䜰䝷䜲䜰䞁䝇䜢Ⓨ⾲ ᅜႠ㐀⯪䜾䝹䞊䝥䛷䛒䜛୰ᅜ⯪⯧ᕤᴗ㞟ᅋබྖ䜔↓ே⯪㛤Ⓨ䜢㐍䜑䜛䝻䞊䝹䝇䝻䜲䝇➼䛜ཧຍ䝻䞊䝹䝇䝻䜲䝇䛜
ཧຍ䜢⾲᫂䠄ⱥ䞉䝻䞊䝹䝇䝻䜲䝇䠅↓ே㈌≀⯪䠋㌷⏝⯪㛤Ⓨ䜢᥎㐍 ↓ே㈌≀⯪䠋㌷⏝⯪㛤Ⓨ䜢᥎㐍䛩䜛᪉㔪䜢Ⓨ⾲ ᾏ㌷ྥ䛡඲⮬ື㐠㌿⯪䛷䛿ᕠど䜔┘ど䚸㌷஦⏝䝗䝻䞊䞁䜢Ⓨ╔䝧䞊䝇䜔᭷ே⯪ㆤ⾨䜢᝿ᐃ䛧䛯㛤Ⓨ䜢ᐇ᪋

6

୍ᖏ୍㊰䛸㐃ᦠ䛧䛯↓ே⯪㍺ฟ
䛄୍ᖏ୍㊰䛅ἢ⥺ᅜ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶ᾏୖ┘どᢏ⾡䜢ᥦ౪䛩䜛᪉㔪 ୰ᅜᨻᗓ䛿䛂୍ᖏ୍㊰ᘓタᾏୖ༠ຊᵓ᝿䛃䜢Ⓨ⾲ ᾏὒㄪᰝ䚸ほ ⿦⨨䚸ᾏୖ↓ேᶵ䚸↓ே⯪䛺䛹䛾ศ㔝䛷ྛᅜ䛸༠ຊ䜢㐍䜑䚸◊✲ᶵ㛵䞉௻ᴗ䛻䜘䜛ᾏእᬑཬ䜢ᨭ᥼䛩䜛᪉㔪୰ᅜ䛷䛿఩⾨ᫍ䝅䝇䝔䝮䛸┘ど䜹䝯䝷䜢㐃ື䛥䛫䚸≢⨥⪅䜢㏣㊧䛧䛶䛔䜛┘ど䜹䝯䝷䛸

఩⾨ᫍ䝅䝇䝔䝮䛾㐃ື㏻⾜䛩䜛㌴୧䜔ே≀䜢ㄆ㆑䚸୙ᑂ䛺⾜ື䜢䛸䛳䛯ሙྜ䛿㢦ㄆド䛻䜘䜚≢⨥䠠䠞䛸↷ྜ୰ᅜ䛿┘ど䜹䝯䝷䛻AI䛸GPS䜢ά⏝䛧䛶≢⨥⪅䜢㏣㊧䛩䜛䝅䝇䝔䝮䜢ᵓ⠏ ୰ᅜබᏳᙜᒁ䛜2,000୓ྎ䛻䜒䛚䜘䜆AI┘ど䜹䝯䝷䜢䝧䞊䝇䛻ᵓ⠏䛧䛯≢⨥⪅㏣㊧䝅䝇䝔䝮䛂ኳ⥙䛃䜢㛤Ⓨ 䛂ኳ⥙䛃䛿㏻⾜ே䚸䝞䜲䜽䚸⮬ື㌴䛺䛹䜢㏣㊧䛧䚸䛂⏨ᛶ䞉40ṓ䞉㯮䝇䞊䝒䛃䚸䛂ⓑ-SUV䛃䛺䛹䛾ᴫせ䜢ㄆ㆑ 䛂ಙྕ䜢↓ど䛧䛯㌴䛃䚸䛂䛔䛝䛺䜚㉮䜚ฟ䛩㏻⾜ே䛃䛺䛹␗ᖖ䛺⾜ື䜢ᤕᤊ䛧䛯ሙྜ䚸ጼ䜢ᣑ኱䛧䛶㢦ㄆド䜢㛤ጞ 㢦ㄆド䛿≢⨥ᐜ␲⪅䝕䞊䝍䝧䞊䝇䛸㐃ື䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸䝸䝇䝖䛻↷ྜ䛧䛯ሙྜ䛿䚸༶ᗙ䛻㆙ሗ䛜సື ┘ど䜹䝯䝷䛻䛿GPSᶵ⬟䛜ྲྀ䜚௜䛡䜙䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸㆙ᐹᐁ䛻఩⨨᝟ሗ䜢ඹ᭷ฟᡤ䠖䝝䞊䝞䞊䞉䝡䝆䝛䝇䞉䜸䞁䝷䜲䞁2017ᖺ10᭶01᪥୙ᑂே≀䛾఩⨨䜢䜹䝯䝷䛻ഛ䛘௜䛡䜙䜜䛯GPS䛷≉ᐃ䛧䚸≢ே䛾఩⨨᝟ሗ䜢㆙ᐹᐁ䜈ᥦ౪7⡿ᅜ䛜ồ䜑䜛᪥ᮏ䛸䛾㐃ᦠCollaboration with Japan which US Requires8⡿ᅜ䛾ᡓ␎┠ᶆ䛻䛿䜰䝆䜰ኴᖹὒᆅᇦ䛻䛚䛡䜛⮬↛⅏ᐖ䜢㉳Ⅼ䛸䛧䛯୙Ᏻᐃせ⣲䛾๐ῶ䛸⅏ᐖ䜲䞁䝟䜽䝖䜢᭱ᑠ໬䛥䛫䜛ᨻ⟇䛾䜰䝆䜰ྛᅜ䜈䛾䜲䞁䝥䝸䜢⾜䛳䛶䛔䛟䛣䛸䛷䛒䜚䚸䛭䛖䛧䛯ほⅬ䛛䜙䛾᪥ᮏ䛾䝸䞊䝎䝅䝑䝥䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛⡿ᅜ䝸䝞䝷䞁䝇䛾ᮏ㉁䠄ᡓ␎ⓗពᅗ䠅䝕䜱䝣䜵䞁䝇ຊ᪥ᮏ䛷䛾༠㆟᪂⯆ᅜ䛾ᛴ⃭䛺ྎ㢌䛻䜘䜛䝟䝽䞊䝞䝷䞁䝇䛾ኚ໬䛜ᘬ䛝㔠䛸䛺䛳䛯ᅜᐙ㛫䛾⾪✺䛾ᅇ㑊Ᏻಖἲไ䛾ぢ┤䛧༠㆟䛜╔䚻䛸㐍ᒎୡ⏺䛷᭱䜒⮬↛⅏ᐖ䝸䝇䜽䛜㧗䛔ᆅᇦ䛜ୡ⏺
⤒῭䜢≌ᘬ䛩䜛ᵓ㐀ⓗ⬤ᙅᛶ䛾ᅇ㑊༑ศ䛺᳨ウ䛿
㐍䜣䛷䛔䜛䛾䛛䠛

䠇⡿ᅜ䛾䝸䝞䝷䞁䝇ᡓ␎

䝺䝆䝸䜶䞁䝇ຊ䝺䝆䝸䜶䞁䝇䜢㧗䜑䜛䝫䜲䞁䝖䛿ᖹ᫬䛻䐟୙Ᏻᐃせᅉ䜢ᴟຊ᤼㝖䛚䜘䜃పῶ䛥䛫䛶䛚䛟䛣䛸䐠⅏ᐖ᫬䛻㎿㏿䛻᚟ඖ䛷䛝䜛‽ഛ䞉カ⦎䜢䛧⥆䛡䛶䛚䛟䛣䛸䜰䝆䜰ᆅᇦ䛾Ᏻᐃ䜢㏻䛨䛶᪥ᮏ䛾Ᏻ඲䜢☜ಖ䛧䛶䛔䛟䛸䛔䛖どⅬ䛛䜙⤒῭ᨻ⟇䜢ᵓ᝿䛧䚸ᆅᇦ䛾䛷䛒䜚䚸䜰Ᏻ඲ಖ㞀䜢⤒῭ᨻ⟇䜢㏻䛨䛶⬟ືⓗ䛻䝕䝄䜲䞁䛧䛶䛔䛟ጼໃ䛜ᚲせ9኱つᶍ⮬↛⅏ᐖ䛿䚸ᅜෆ⛛ᗎ䛾ΰ஘䛻⧅䛜䜛䝸䝇䜽䜢ቑᖜ䛥䛫䜛䝔䝻䝸䝇䜽䜒ྵ䜑䛯⬤ᙅᛶ䛂⮬↛⅏ᐖ䛃㽢䛂䝔䝻䛃⬤ᙅᛶ䝬䝑䝥Myanmar
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ฟᡤ䠖Alliance Development Works 䛂World Risk Report 2013䛃䚸Institute for Economics and Peace 䛂Global Terrorism Index 2014䛃䚸
Global Terrorism Database䜘䜚సᡂ10᪥ᮏ䛻䛿䚸⡿ᅜ䜢⿵᏶䛩䜛ᙧ䛷䛾✚ᴟⓗ䛺HA/DR⬟ຊᵓ⠏ᨭ᥼䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛ᙳ㡪ຊ䝺䝧䝹1⡿㌷䛾ᙳ㡪ຊ
⡿ᅜ䛸䛾஺ὶ䝺䝧䝹*11⡿ᅜ䛾䜰䝆䜰ྛᅜ䛸䛾Ᏻಖ༠ຊ⌧≧

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⾡䛾ᑟධ
⬟ຊ

⡿ᅜ䛿䚸஧ᅜ㛫䚸ከᅜ㛫₇⩦䜢㏻䛨䛶䚸
䝺䝧䝹2䜎䛷䛾῝໬䜢ᚿྥ䛧䛶䛔䜛

ྠ
┕
ᅜ

䠁

᪥ᮏ

䠁 ⡿ᅜ

䝁䝇䝖㠃ཬ䜃ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺ไ⣙䛛䜙ᡭ䛜ᅇ䛳䛶䛔䛺䛔䠁᪥ᮏ⡿ᅜ䛰䛡䛷䛿䚸ከ䛟䛾₇⩦䜢㧗㢖ᗘ䛷ᐇ᪋䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿ᅔ㞴

11 *1䠖㜵⾨༠ຊ䛻㛵䛩䜛⡿ᅜ㜵┬䚸ᅜົ┬䚸䝅䞁䜽䝍䞁䜽➼䛾Ⓨ⾲㈨ᩱ䜢ᇶ䛻సᡂ⡿㌷䛜ᮇᚅ䛧䛶䛔䜛᪥ᮏ䛛䜙䛾⅏ᐖண
2017ᖺ3᭶䛻⡿ኴᖹὒ㌷ྖ௧㒊䜢ゼၥ䛧䛶䝠䜰䝸䞁䜾䜢ᐇ᪋⡿ኴᖹὒ㌷ྖ௧㒊㐃⤡ᐁ䝕䞊䝍J5(ᨻ⟇㒊䠅᪥ᮏ䝕䝇䜽z ⡿ኴᖹὒᣦ௧ᮏ㒊䛿䝬䜴䜲䛻Pacific Disaster Center(⮬↛⅏ᐖᙳ㡪ண 䝉䞁䝍䞊)䜢㛤タ䛧䛶䜰䝆䜰ྛᅜ䛾⮬↛⅏ᐖ䛾Ⓨ⏕≧ἣ䛸䛭䜜䛻క䛖⿕ᐖண ศᯒ䜢⌧ᆅ䛾NGO䛛䜙᝟ሗ䜢ᚓ䛶⾜䛳䛶䛔䜛䛜᝟ሗ䛾⢭ᗘ䛾ప䛥䛜ㄢ㢟z ᪥ᮏ䛜⌧ᆅ䛾♫఍䜲䞁䝣䝷䛾㐠⏝䛛䜙⿕ᐖண ᝟ሗ䜢⡿㌷䛻ඹ᭷䛧䛶䛟䜜䜜䜀䚸⡿㌷䛾ᩆຓຠ⋡䜢኱ᖜ䛻㧗䜑䜙䜜䜛䛯䜑䜰䝆䜰ኴᖹὒᆅᇦ䛾Ᏻ඲ಖ㞀䛻኱䛝䛟㈉⊩䛩䜛12Google X䛿
䛿Project Loon䜢❧䛱ୖ䛢ᡂᒙᅪ䠄ୖ✵18kmࠥ27km䠅䜢Wi-Fiᶵ⬟䜢ᣢ䛴Ẽ⌫䛷そ䛔ᑾ䛟䛩ᵓ᝿䛾᥎㐍䛻╔ᡭ

15m㽢12m䛷
40km䛾⠊ᅖ䛻Wi-Fi
ᶵ⬟䜢ᥦ౪

13

ฟᡤ䠖Google䚸Gigazine䛾䝩䞊䝮䝨䞊䝆䜘䜚సᡂ

Facebook䛜䛜タ❧䛧䛯NPO䛿ኴ㝧ග䛷Ẽ㇟䛾ᙳ㡪䜢ཷ䛡䛺䛔18kmࠥ27km䝯䞊䝖䝹䛾ୖ✵䜢3䛛᭶㛫㣕⾜䛧䛶Wi-Fi䛾㟁Ἴ䜢㏦䜜䜛䝗䝻䞊䞁䜢㛤Ⓨ
Boing737䠄⣙40m䠅
䛷40km䛾⠊ᅖ䛻Wi-Fi
ᶵ⬟䜢ᥦ౪

14

ฟᡤ䠖Facebook䚸Gigazine䛾䝩䞊䝮䝨䞊䝆䜘䜚సᡂᏱᐂ䛾බඹ㈈໬䜢ᐇ⌧䛩䜛䝹䞊䝹䛸ᣑᙇ䛩䜉䛝ᶵ⬟
Rule and Function for Realization of Public Use of Space15㕲㐨䜲䞁䝣䝷䜢᝟ሗ཰㞟䛸䛔䛖ほⅬ䛛䜙ᤊ䛘䜛䛸䚸ᘓタ᫬䛻䛿ᩘⓒᖹ᪉䜻䝻䝯䞊䝖䝹䛻Ώ䜛
ᆅ㉁䝕䞊䝍䚸㐠㌿㛤ጞᚋ䛻䛿᪥䚻䛾㝆㞵㔞䚸ᆅ㟈䚸㢼㏿䝕䞊䝍䛾཰㞟䛜ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖ᙉ䜏䜢ᣢ䛴㕲㐨ᘓタ䞉㐠⏝᫬䛻཰㞟䛩䜛᝟ሗᘓタ๓䞉ᘓタ᫬䛻ㄪᰝ䛩䜛᝟ሗ 䠄౛䠅•ᘓタᚋ䛻཰㞟䛩䜛᝟ሗ 䠄౛䠅•୰ኸ᪂ᖿ⥺䠄㉸㟁ᑟ䝸䝙䜰䛻䜘䜛ᮾᾏ㐨᪂ᖿ⥺䝞䜲䝟䝇䠅䛾ᘓタ䛻ྥ䛡䛶䚸⥺㊰䜢ᇶ‽䛸䛧䛶ᖜ
25km䜒䛾⠊ᅖ䛾ㄪᰝ䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛶䛔䜛

•

/

ᴫ
せ
叻
吸
呎
吏

㝆㞵䛻㉳ᅉ䛧䛯⅏ᐖ䜘䜚ิ㌴㐠⾜䛾Ᏻ඲䜢☜ಖ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䠈㞵㔞ィ䛾ほ ್䛻ᇶ䛵䛔䛶㐠㌿୰Ṇ➼䛾ิ㌴㐠㌿つไ䜢⾜䛳䛶䛔䜛ከ䛟䛾㕲㐨䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸㞵㔞ィ䛾タ⨨㛫㝸䛿
10km䜢ᶆ‽䛸䛧䛶䛔䜛

1*

data

ᆅ㉁䞉ᆅᙧ䝕䞊䝍䠄ᙎᛶἼ᥈ᰝ᝟ሗ ➼䠅2*㽢ᐃᖖⓗ䛺㞵㔞䝕䞊䝍 ➼ᘓタ๓ᚋ䛾ㄪᰝ䝕䞊䝍䜔⟶⌮᫬䛾䝕䞊䝍䜢᥃䛡ྜ䜟䛫䜛䛣䛸䛻䜘䜚䚸㟈⅏ண㜵䝕䞊䝍䛸䛧䛶ά⏝䛷䛝䜛ฟᡤ䠖1*ᖹᡂ22ᖺ䠏᭶䠏᪥ᅜᅵ஺㏻┬㕲㐨ᒁ 䠓ᅇ஺㏻ᨻ⟇ᑂ㆟఍㝣ୖ஺㏻ศ⛉఍㕲㐨㒊఍䜘䜚
2*http://www.shikoku.org.uk/JR/LINE/dosan/ST-TSUBOJIRI.htm䜘䜚సᡂ16䠄ཧ⪃䠅᪥ᮏ䛾㟁ຊ఍♫䛿㢼ຊⓎ㟁䛾ᘓタ᫬䛻⏕䜏ฟ䛩㦁㡢 ᐃ䛾䛯䜑䛾㏻⾜㔞ㄪᰝ䜔ື᳜≀䛾ᐇែㄪᰝ䜢࿘㎶ᩘ䜻䝻䝯䞊䝖䝹䛻Ώ䛳䛶ᐇ᪋䛧䚸䛥䜙䛻䛿㞵㔞䜔ⴠ㞾ண 䜎䛷ᥦ౪ฟᒎ䠖୵㛫䜴䜲䞁䝗䝠䝹ᰴᘧ఍♫䛂 ୵㛫㢼ຊⓎ㟁ᡤ䠄௬⛠䠅タ⨨ィ⏬ ⎔ቃᙳ㡪ホ౯᪉ἲ᭩ 䛃䚸 ᮾி㟁ຊ䝩䞊䝮䝨䞊䝆䜘䜚సᡂ17䠄ཧ⪃䠅᪥ᮏ䛾㟁ຊ఍♫䛿⮬἞య୺ദ䛾䛂Ỉ㜵༠㆟఍䛃䛻ฟᖍ䛧䚸䝎䝮䛾Ỉ఩᝟ሗ䜔㞵㔞ほ䝕䞊䝍䜢ᥦ౪䛧䛶Ἑᕝ䛾ỏ℃ண 䛻ᇶ䛵䛟ᆅᇦ䛾ῶ⅏ィ⏬䛵䛟䜚䜢ᨭ᥼䛧䛶䛔䜛㟷᳃┴䛾Ỉ㜵༠㆟఍ฟᖍ⪅䝯䞁䝞䞊ᕥグ䛾㆟஦㘓

㆙ᐹ䛸䛾㐃ᦠ䜒㟁ຊ఍♫䛿ᐇ᪋

18ฟᡤ䠖㟷᳃┴㟷᳃ᕷHP㆟஦㘓䜘䜚సᡂ⮬ẸඪIT≉࿨ᡓ␎ጤဨ఍䛻䛶䜲䞁䝣䝷䛛䜙Ẽ㇟䝕䞊䝍཰㞟䜢ྍ⬟䛻䛧䛶䛔䛟᪉㔪䛜᫂♧䠄1/2䠅

19⮬ẸඪIT≉࿨ᡓ␎ጤဨ఍䛻䛶䜲䞁䝣䝷䛷཰㞟䛧䛯᝟ሗ䜢⡿㌷䛸䝅䜵䜰䛩䜛᪉㔪䜢᫂♧䠄2/2䠅

20♫఍䜲䞁䝣䝷஦ᴗ⪅䛻⅏ᐖண ᝟ሗ䜢䝸䜰䝹䝍䜲䝮䛷ᥦ౪䛩䜛䝹䞊䝹䜢ㄢ䛩䛣䛸䛷᪥ᮏ䛾Ᏹᐂ䜰䝉䝑䝖䜸䝨䝺䞊䝍䞊䜈䛾౫Ꮡ㛵ಀ䜢ᡓ␎ⓗ䛻๰㐀䛩䜉䛝᪥ᮏ䛾Ᏹᐂ䜰䝉䝑䝖䜸䝨䝺䞊䝍䞊䛛䜙⅏ᐖண᝟ሗ䜢ᥦ౪䛩䜛䜰䜴䝖䝋䞊䝇㛵ಀ䛾ᵓ⠏♫఍䜲䞁䝣䝷㐠⏝஦ᴗ⪅䛿䝸䜰䝹䝍䜲䝮䛷⅏ᐖண 䝕䞊䝍䜢⮬἞య䚸㆙ᐹ䚸ᾘ㜵䚸㌷䛸ඹ᭷䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢⩏ົ໬䛩䜛䝹䞊䝹䜢ᙧᡂ
(ISO TC268䛻䛶䝹䞊䝹໬䜢᥎㐍୰)ᙉไ䝻䞊䜹䝹௻ᴗ
⮬἞య
䞉
㆙ᐹ
䞉
ᾘ㜵
䞉
㌷

21

⅏ᐖண
᝟ሗ

ᙉไ

᪥ᮏ䛷⵳✚䛧䛯⅏ᐖண䝕䞊䝍ᥦ౪䛾㐃ᦠ⬟ຊ䜢㉁䛾㧗䛔䜲䞁䝣䝷䛾せ⣲䛸䛧䛶ᙉ䜏໬᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ䠇Ẽ㇟ண 䛸䜲䞁䝣䝷䛾㐠⏝䛷ᚓ䜙䜜䛯᝟ሗ䜢⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䛶⅏ᐖண 䝕䞊䝍䜢⏕ᡂ⬟ຊᣑᙇor᪥ᮏ௻ᴗ䛸ᥦᦠ䠇᪥ᮏ䛾Ᏹᐂ䜰䝉䝑䝖䜸䝨䝺䞊䝍䞊

᪥ᮏ䛾Ᏹᐂ䜰䝉䝑䝖䜸䝨䝺䞊䝍䞊

⅏ᐖண
᝟ሗ

⮬἞య
䞉
㆙ᐹ
䞉
ᾘ㜵
䞉
㌷

「宇宙を用いたグローバルな海洋監視の最新技術動向と将来」
Future Maritime and Japan’s Role in International Collaboration－シンポジウム：（公財）笹川平和財団海洋政策研究所、（一財）日本宇宙フォーラム宇宙政策調査研究センター共催－

海洋ブロードバンドと地球ビッグデータが新たな海洋立国への道を拓く
Broadband on the Ocean and Big Data of the Earthopen a new avenue for a Maritime Nation
Feb.8, 2019

一般社団法人 日本宇宙安全保障研究所
主席研究員 木内英一
Eiichi Kiuchi, Research Fellow
Japan Institute for Space and Security（JISS）

海洋、人類に残された最後の聖域
The Ocean, the Last Sanctuary

海洋は貿易の舞台、資源の宝庫、地球環境の母体
Stage of World Commerce, Reservoir of Resources and Environment Base- from White House -■日本のEEZ海域面積：447万km2（世界6位）■世界貿易量：107億トン - 2015 日本9.5億トン（8.9%）
内、海上輸送 99.6%（重量ﾍﾞｰｽ）■世界漁獲量（養殖含む）：2.0億ﾄﾝ
中国40%、米国2.7%（5位）、
日本2.1%（7位）- 2016 -Japan’s EEZ：4,470,000km2（the 6th biggest in the world）

World Trade Volume: 10,700 million tons
- Japan 950 million tons (8.9%)- - Shipborne 99.6%- 2015 -( SHIPPING NOW 2016-17 )World Volume of Fish Catches & Cultured：202 million tons
- 2016 - China 40%, U.S.A 2.7%, Japan 2.1%
(FAO 2018.4)

新たな海洋立国への挑戦
The Challenge toward a new Maritime Nation

海洋基本計画≪the third Basic Plan on Ocean Policy≫
１．総合的な海洋の安全保障- Comprehensive Maritime Security

２．海洋の主要施策の基本方針- Basic Policy for other main Measures①海洋の産業利用の促進- promote Industrial Use of the Ocean②海洋環境の維持・保全- maintain/conserve Marine Environment③科学的知見の充実- improve Scientific Knowledge④北極政策の推進- promote Arctic Policy⑤国際連携・国際協力- International Collaboration/Cooperation⑥海洋人材の育成- develop Human Resources

海洋に関わる現代の課題
Maritime Challenges today

代表的な課題： Typical Challenges are:◆地球レベル(global level）
地球温暖化、生物多様性、地球環境保全、・・・
Global Warming, Biodiversity, Global environmental Conservation◆国家レベル（national level）
海洋安全保障、EEZ保全、海洋資源保全、・・・Maritime Security, Protection of EEZ and Marine Resources◆社会レベル（society level）
災害対策、海難事故対策、安全航行管理、・・・Countermeasures against Natural Calamities and Marine Accidents
and Safety Traffic Management人類共有地を紡ぐ物語（１）Innovation in Space and Cyber

同時に進行中のイノベーション Two Innovations proceed simultaneously
本格的な宇宙利用 ≪Full-Scale Space Utilization≫- High Precision Positioning

高精度測位

地球上いつでもどこでもブロードバンド通信- Broadband Communication on the Ocean, anytime
高頻度地球観測- Continual Earth Observation

ビッグデータ・イノベーション ≪Big Data Innovation≫
ビッグデータ、AI、IoT、CPS の目覚ましい進化- Big data, AI, IoT, Cyber Physical System are evolving
dramatically

人類共有地を紡ぐ物語（２）Space-Cyber Interaction for the Ocean

ドラマを起こすシナリオが必要だ A Scenario is needed to make a Drama◆本格的な宇宙利用 Full-Scale Space Utilization
・Broadband Communication on the Ocean
・Continual Earth Observation◆ビッグデータ・イノベーション Big Data Innovation

accelerateinnovation

・Big Data of the Earth, AI, Cyber Physical System,・・・

give solutions to◆新たな海洋立国◆海洋の課題A Maritime Nation

Maritime Challenges
・Global, Nationaland Social Levels

open a new
avenue for・promote Industrial Use
・conserve Maritime Environment
・improve Science・International Cooperation䛂Ᏹᐂ䛛䜙ぢ䜛ᾏὒ䞉⯪⯧᝟ሗ䛃“Ocean and ship information observed from space”

1979
799-1987
87ʁ
ʁSMMR

1988
888-2002
02ʁ
ʁSSM/I

2003033-2011
11ʁ
ʁAMSR
SRR-E

2013
133-2015
15ʁ
ʁAMSR2

Mr. Naoto Matsuura, Senior Chief Officer of Satellite Applications, JAXA
February 8, 2109, Sasakawa Peace Foundation

JAXA Satellites and capabilities
Late 1990s

2000s

2003 (JAXA established)
Climate Change/Water

Earth Observation

GPM/DPRADEOSADEOS-ϩ

GCOM-W

2014䠉

2012䠉
TRMM/PR

2002䠉

2017䠉

JFY2019

GOSAT

Aqua/
a//
AMSR
SRSR
R- E

1997䠉

EarthCARE/
CPR

GCOM-CCOM C

Global Warming
GOSAT-2

Advanced SAR (ALOS-4)

JFY20182009䠉

Land Use
ALOS
Late 1980s – early 1990s
MOS-1&1b

JERS-1

DisasterMonitoring
Demonstration
AIS

Yellow: On operation

ALOS-2

2014䠉

SDS-4

Advanced Optical(ALOS-3)
JFY20202012䠉

Red: Useful for ocean and/or vessel monitoring

1

AMSR2 Data Flow for Monitoring Sea Ice
GCOM-W/AMSR2

Sea Ice Concentration
Sea Ice Thickness
SIC + SST + Snow Depth
NIPR

EORC/JAXANIPRSea IceConc.,
Thicknes,
SST, etc.

ftp

ArcticDataarchive
System
(ADS)

https

Sea Ice Monitor for public users

e-mailNear Realtime AMSR2 data areprovided to NIPR (within 3hours fromsatellite observations)- Sea Ice Concentration (SIC)- Sea Ice Thickness- Sea Surface Temperature (SST)- Brightness Temperature- Others (Soil Moisture etc.)

Sea Ice Monitor for SHIRASE Cruise

2

GCOM-C “SHIKISAI” 250m resolution

Sea Ice

Open Ocean
CloudsSnow

9 Okhotsk Sea Ice observed by“SHIKISAI” 250m image (RGB:
1.6Pm, 0.87Pm, 0.67Pm) on 14
Jan 2019
9 Fine structure and small piecesof the Sea Ice can be observedby the 250-m resolution
Sea Ice

CloudsHokkaido

Saroma-lake

Sea Ice3

GCOM-C “SHIKISAI” 250m resolution
9 “SHIKISAI” has 250-m resolution channels in wavelengths of near-UV to near-infrared(11 channels), showtwave-infrared (1) and thermal infrared (2)9 Coastal area monitoring e.g., sea-surface temperature (SST) and Chlorophyll-aconcentration (Chl-a) will be improved by the 250-m channels

1-km Chl-a
MODISSGLI
250-m
Chl-abybyAqua“SHIKISAI”

1-km SST
MODISSGLI
250-m
SSTbybyAqua“SHIKISAI”
Kiso Riv.
Ibi Riv.
Tenryu Riv.

eddiesfront

9 Influence of rivers (e.g., Kiso, Ibi, and Tenryu Riv.), front of the Ise-Bay, and eddies
near the coast are clearly captured by the 250-m image than 1-km one

4

Ocean Weather Forecast by assimilating satellite observations• JAXA and JAMSTEC have developed of the system assimilating satellite-based sea
surface temperature (SST) into the 3-km resolution ocean model around Japan.
• JAXA has started routine distribution of SST analysis and 2-week forecasts by themodel since Nov. 2019 through the JAXA P-Tree system(https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ptree/).
• Other data (temperature, salinity, currents under ocean) and their forecast are alsoavailable from JAMSTEC.

• Introduction of GCOM-C/SGLI SST is currently underway.
AMSR2 &
passivemicrowave
SSTs

Himawari-8
SST㻡

Hourly model SST
with 3-km resolution

Dataassimilation

SGLI & polar
IR SSTs

FuturePlan5Decrease of sea surface temperature after Typhoon passing
Himawari SST & Visible RGB

Model SST with satellite assimilation
Hourly animation of
Typhoon No.21 from
Sep. 1 to 4, 2018

Previously, decrease of sea surface temperature (SST) corresponding to typhoon
passing was partly observed by passive microwave imagers. This information isimportant for forecasting development/decay of typhoon.

6

SPace-based AIS Experiment (SPAISE)
Launched on May 24, 2014

AIS Antennas

AIS (Automatic Identification System)••

Vessels over 300GT are obliged to be equippedwith AIS under SOLAS Convention by IMO (Int.
Maritime Organization).
The satellite with AIS has the wide observation
coverage of more than 5,000 km.

 SPAISE2 on ALOS-2
1.

2.

World’s First satellite of simultaneous
observation with SAR and AIS.
Channels for Satellite (Ch. 3 and 4)

AIS Antennas

 SPAISE1 on Small Demonstration
Satellite-4 (SDS-4)
Launched on May 18, 2012䖃䠖 S signals
䖃䠖AIS
䖃䠖Satellite
䖃䠖
䖃
S lli
l
Position (Ascending Orbit)7

ALOS-2 is the only satellite in the world which iscapable of simultaneous observation with SAR and AIS.
(Several organizations are planning.)

7

JAXA’s Mission: AIS Signal Reception on Satellite
SDS-4 2012-

ALOS-2 2014AIS ch1&2
or ch3&4

AIS ch1&2
SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)䠄Day/Night, Any weather䠅

Vesselwith AIS

Vessel notequipped with AIS

ALOS-2 is the first satellite in the world which is capable of simultaneous observation
with SAR and AIS.
8

Saury fishing fleets monitoring in the northwestern Pacifica)

SPAISE+GCOM
GCOM
M-W
M
-W SST
2015/10/24b)
AMSR2 Sea Surface Temperature [oC]

SPAISEÆ Ships with AIS signals(Small fishing ship near Japan): 䕿 Green
ALOS-2/SAR Æ Ships with no AIS
signals : 䕿 Red
9

Deep Learning
Constructing a system that classifies the position,
length, and type of ships from SAR images.
13, 000 px

13, 000 px

㻻㼡㼞㻌㼟㼥㼟㼠㼑㼙㻌㻔㻰㼑㼑㼜㻌㻸㼑㼍㼞㼚㼕㼚㼓㻕
SAR L 1.5 data㻻㼡㼠㼜㼡㼠
10

Deep Learning

11

Deep Learning
5HVXOW RI3URSRVDO0HWKRGV
6KLS/HQJWK

6KLS7\SH FDWHJRU\AIS: 244m
AIS: 182m
AIS: 55m
AIS: 96m
Pred.: 209m Pred.: 59m Pred.: 238m Pred.: 95m

AIS: 263m
Pred.: 195m

AIS: 328m AIS: 140m AIS: 74m
Pred.: 352m Pred.: 103m Pred.: 103m

Fish. : 0%
Pass. : 0%
Cargo: 98%
Tanker: 2%

Fish. : 0%
Pass. : 33%
Cargo: 47%
Tanker: 19%

Fish. : 0%
Pass. : 0%
Cargo: 100%
Tanker: 0%

Fish. : 0%
Pass. : 0%
Cargo: 56%
Tanker: 44%

Fish. : 0%
Pass. : 0%
Cargo: 9%
Tanker: 91%

Fish. : 0%
Pass. : 0%
Cargo: 19%
Tanker: 81%

Accuracy: 66%

㼂㼍㼞㼕㼍㼚㼏㼑㻌㼑㼞㼞㼛㼞㻦㻌㻝㻟㻑12

JAXA Space Technology Directorate I Program:Satellite monitoring for MDA (2018-2025)
GPM/DPR

Himaw
Himawari

GCOM-W

SDS-4

ALOS-2SPAISE1

GCOM-CSPAISE2$,6*60D3 5DLQ

6$5$,6

ALOS-4

ALOS 3
ALOS-3SPAISE3

6$5$,6

2SWLFDO

2WKHU$,6

ᶇ3UHGLFWLRQAISSIGNAL:KHUHWRJR"

JAXA MARU [Cargo]
JP HKR >> JP NGO
Underway Using Engine
15.2kn / 186deg?

2FHDQ&RQGLWLRQ?

AISNO SIGNALSI Size: 30m
Ship typeʁ
A: 10%
B: 12%
C: 78%

ᶅ0RQLWRU

ᶆ$QDO\]H:KDWLV$FWLYLW\3XUSRVH"

13

13

PROTECTING THE WORLD’S OCEAN RESOURCES

The possibility of MASS spreadingby the universe
JAPAN MARINE SCIENCE INC.
General Manager of Marine Technical Group© 2016.
NYK Group. All rights reserved.
© 2016. NYK Group. All rights
reserved.

Research and Development of Autonomous
operation on NYK Group

What is our Goal?
① Improve safety(Reduce the number of Accident)② Reduce Work load(New approaches for future crew
shortage)

What do we need?
Advanced Support by system = Complement existing
human factor

How to approach our goal?

① The user perspective utilizing ship operation
Know-How and Skill/Experiences which is
acquired on scene② Improve one by one toward our goal (Bottom-up
way)③ Collaborate with best partners© 2016. NYK Group. All rights reserved.

2

Research and Development of Autonomous
operation on NYK Group

Manned Autonomous Ship

Provide by Japan Radio Co. Ltd.

• Advanced supporting system with realistic cost
(Analysis and planning）• Approval(decision making) by human, Operate byseafarer on board

MannedAutonomous

Information
Acquisition

AnalysisPlanning

Approval

Onboard
Equipment
Seafarer

Onboard
Equipment
Seafarer

Onboard
Equipment
Seafarer

Seafarer

Quote：Edward Fort , Global Head of Engineering, Lloyds Register, “Autonomous ships – LR approach” January 2018
© 2016. NYK Group. All rights reserved.

Concept of NYK Manned Autonomous ship
RemoteConcierge<Watch keeping
Support>Computer Vision(Visual processing &Identification)・Display AR/VR＜Analysis /Planning Support＞
Index for Collision risk
judgement & Display
risk area (*1)
Auto Collision
Avoidance Program (*2)

SensorValue added
Information<Provide
information>
Marine Weather
Marine Traffic
Long-term
voyage planning

NeCST<Maneuvering
Support>Remote operation
at open sea
Suggestion of
Action for collision
avoidance
Confirmation ofactionAPS
SIMS<Monitoring>
Nav. status
Eng. status*1: Partial Findings in Study on Avoiding Collisions: The study was selected by MLIT for its “2016 Support Projects for R&D in Advanced Safety Technology of Vessels” in i-Shipping.
*2: A system development using artificial intelligence (AI) as core technology for navigation support system of domestic vessels: The study was selected by MLIT for its “2018 Transportation
Research and Technology Promotion Program”.
*3: Participate in Demonstration Project to Remotely Operate a Ship: The study was selected by MLIT for its “participate in a demonstration project utilizing ship maneuvering support functions
and remote control”.
© 2016. NYK Group. All rights reserved.

Anticipated effects for upgrade of satellite
technology
High Precision Sensor on satellite①②③

High accuracy on fixed position [Auto Docking]Live viewing of traffic flow on the sea [Safe Navigation・Precaution of Piracy]

Actual weather status・sea condition (especially ocean
current) [Economical Navigation]

Low cost/Stable/High speed/Full-time connection Satellite
communication①②③

Grasping of Shipʼs data (Navigation・Engine conditionetc.) with high precision [Safe & Economical Navigation・Quick
accident response on shore]

Remote system maintenance [Safe Navigation]
Dynamic remote operation from shore (Camera
viewing・Control signal…) [Support Navigation]© 2016. NYK Group. All rights reserved.

免責事項
本資料は、電⼦的または機械的な⽅法を問わず、当社の書⾯による承諾を得ることなく複製⼜は頒布等を⾏わないようお願いします。

Legal Disclaimer
No part of this document shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of NYK Line.
© 2016. NYK Group. All rights reserved.

Big-data applications to observation andforecasting of oceanic conditions

Yasumasa Miyazawa (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology)

Satellite sea surface temperature with 6-hour interval
Modeled sea surface temperature
1km
grid
10kim
grid
(Miyama et al. 2010)

Higher resolution models are available …
(Nishimura et al. 1998)

JAXA-JAMSTEC Cooperative Ocean Weather
Forecast Operation since Nov. 2018
Observation + Model

Himawari-8 SST

Nowcast/Forecast

Modeled SST

https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ptree/ocean_model/index_j.html
https://www.jma-net.go.jp/sat/himawari/enkaku.html

Ocean forecasting applications
Domestic cargo ship
TabletroutesaccessOn a bridge

A cargo ship 499-ton

http://www.forecastocean.com

Other on going applications: fishery, marine leisure, ocean drilling, defense, security

Observing Ocean: current status

The skill of ocean prediction highly depends on available observation data.
<Numbers of available observation within one month>Satellite SSHA

Satellite SST

Acceptable

EnoughIn-situ T at 100m

In-situ S at 100m

Not acceptable particularly in marginal seas

Possible feedback mechanism
A spiral for enhancing forecasting skills/ observation activity

Ocean forecasting
Users

Observation data

(Miyazawa et al., 2015)

Autonomous platforms in 21st century

Argo Float/Glider

Sail drone

Wave glider

http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/

https://www.saildrone.com/

https://www.liquid-robotics.com/

Animal telemetry
Bio-logging

Miyazawa et al. 2015

Yusuke Goto

Tomoko Narazaki

Miyazawa et al. 2019

Toward more autonomous / deeper layers
Deep sea‘Subsea Power Hub’ocean currents Ocean current converter(Nagano et al.
2013)‘SOLO-TREC’
Thermal energy converter

6000m
30cm/shttp://ec-og.com

http://seatrec.com/

Harness the ocean renewal energy for marine activity (not for land activity)

Updated feedback mechanism

A spiral for enhancing platforms handling/ocean monitoring/forecasting

Ocean forecasting/analysis
Control Instructions
Big observation
data
AI/ML
technology

Enhanced
Communication
Networks(LEO satellites)

Status data
Sensor data

Autonomous
scientific/industrial
platforms
http://automatedshipsltd.com/

添付 2：第 2 回シンポジウム資料※一部開示制限あり。一部開示不可。

「宇宙から見る海洋・船舶情報」“Ocean and ship information observed from space”

1979‐1987：SMMR

1988‐2002：SSM/I

2003‐2011：AMSR‐E

2013‐2015：AMSR2

Ichiro Naito, Director of Satellite Applications and Operations Center, JAXA
Octorber 4, 2019,
これは1980年から2015年まで5年毎に北極海を観測した画像である。
濃い青は厚い氷を、薄い青は薄い氷を示している。
これを見ると、年々、北極海の厚い氷が減少しているのがわかる。
これらのデータは一つの衛星が観測したものではなく、米国や日本の複数の衛星による継続的な観測から得られた情報である。
-----------------Brightness temperature (BT) of the Arctic sea-ice observed with satellite-borne
passive microwave radiometers on April 20 (RGB composites of BTs at 18GHz
and 36GHz. Deep blue indicates thick perennial ice, whereas bright blue indicate
thin seasonal ice).
Recently perennial sea ice cover in the Arctic ocean is getting smaller year by
year indicating the acceleration of the weakening of the Arctic sea ice.

0

JAXA Satellites and capabilities
Late 1990s

2000s

2003 (JAXA established)
Climate Change/Water

Earth Observation

GPM/DPR

ADEOS
ADEOS-Ⅱ

TRMM/PR

GCOM-W

2012－

1997－

2017－

JFY2021

GOSAT

Aqua/
AMSR-E

2002－

2014－

EarthCARE/
CPR

GCOM-C

Global Warming

2009－

ALOS-4(SAR)

GOSAT-2

JFY2018

Land Use
ALOS
Late 1980s ‒ early 1990s
MOS-1&1b

JERS-1

DisasterMonitoring
Demonstration
AIS

Yellow: On operation

ALOS-2

2014－

SDS-4

ALOS-3(Optical)

JFY2020

2012－

Red: Useful for ocean and/or vessel monitoring1

日本は1980年代から地球観測衛星を打ち上げている。
JAXAは2003年の設立以来、気候変動や災害監視等を目的とする多くの衛星を開発・運用している。
------------Japan has been launching Earth observation satellites since 1990’s
JAXA was established in 2003 has been developing and operating manysatellites

1

AMSR2 Data Flow for Monitoring Sea Ice
GCOM-W/AMSR2

Sea Ice Concentration
Sea Ice Thickness
SIC + SST + Snow Depth
NIPR

EORC/JAXANIPRSea IceConc.,
Thicknes,
SST, etc.

ftp

https

ArcticDataarchive
System(ADS)

Sea Ice Monitor for public users

e-mailNear Realtime AMSR2 data areprovided to NIPR (within 3hours fromsatellite observations)- Sea Ice Concentration (SIC)- Sea Ice Thickness- Sea Surface Temperature (SST)- Brightness Temperature- Others (Soil Moisture etc.)

Sea Ice Monitor for SHIRASE Cruise2

これは海氷モニタにおける衛星情報の流れを示したものである。
人工衛星で観測されたデータは、JAXAの地球観測解析センター(EORC)で処理され、海氷の厚さ、海面水温等の情報に変換され、国立極地研究所(NIPR)のシステムから配信されています。
これらの情報は、一般ユーザによる海氷の監視に使われるほか、南極観測船しらせの航海でも利用されています。

Sea Ice Concentration (SIC) 海氷密接度
Sea Ice Thickness 海氷厚さ
Sea Surface Temperature (SST) 海面水温
Brightness Temperature 輝度温度
Soil Moisture 土壌水分2

GCOM‐C “SHIKISAI” 250m resolution

Sea Ice

Open Ocean
CloudsSnow Okhotsk Sea Ice observed by“SHIKISAI” 250m image (RGB:
1.6m, 0.87m, 0.67m) on 14
Jan 2019
 Fine structure and small piecesof the Sea Ice can be observedby the 250-m resolution
Sea Ice

CloudsHokkaido

Saroma-lake

Sea Ice3

これは、「しきさい」が解像度250m解像度で観測した2019年1月に観測した画像です。
海氷、雪、雲等がきれいに識別されていることがわかります。

2019/01/14 01:50頃

3

GCOM‐C “SHIKISAI” 250m resolution
 “SHIKISAI” has 250-m resolution channels in wavelengths of near-UV to near-infrared(11 channels), showtwave-infrared (1) and thermal infrared (2) Coastal area monitoring e.g., sea-surface temperature (SST) and Chlorophyll-aconcentration (Chl-a) will be improved by the 250-m channels

1-km SST
MODISSGLI
250-m
SSTbybyAqua“SHIKISAI”

1-km Chl-a
MODISSGLI
250-m
Chl-abybyAqua“SHIKISAI”

Kiso Riv.
Ibi Riv.
Tenryu Riv.

front

eddies Influence of rivers, front of the Ise-Bay, and eddies near the coast are clearly
captured by the 250-m image than 1-km one

4

これは「しきさい」の250m分解能の効果を説明する図となります。
「しきさい」は250m分解能を有する近紫外から近赤外、そして、短波長赤外、熱赤外を
16チャンネルで観測します。
これらの情報から算出される海面水温(SST)や植物プランクトンに含まれるクロロフィルAの情報は、漁場の推定に役立つと考えられています。
この図では従来の1kmの分解能では細部が不明確であった河川の影響、伊勢湾の冷
たい水と温かい水の境界(front)、沿岸近くの渦(eddies)がクリアに捉えられています。
2019/01/14 01:50頃

4

Ocean Weather Forecast by assimilating satellite observations• JAXA and JAMSTEC have developed of the system assimilating satellite‐based sea
surface temperature (SST) into the 3‐km resolution ocean model around Japan.
• JAXA has started routine distribution of SST analysis and 2‐week forecasts by themodel since Nov. 2019 through the JAXA P‐Tree system(https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ptree/).
• Other data (temperature, salinity, currents under ocean) and their forecast are alsoavailable from JAMSTEC.
• Introduction of GCOM‐C/SGLI SST is currently underway.
Hourly model SST
with 3-km resolution

AMSR2 &
passivemicrowave
SSTs

Himawari-8
SST
5

Data
assimilation

SGLI & polar
IR SSTs

FuturePlan
5

次に海中天気予報について紹介します。
JAXAと海洋研究開発機構(JAMSTEC)は衛星で得られた海面水温を、日本周辺の3kmの解像度の海洋モデルに同化するシステムを開発しました。
そしい、JAXAは2018年11月から、2週間先の海面水温の配信を始めました。
この図は、予報の概念を示しています。
左上は「しずく」衛星が観測した、分解能は荒いけど雲を通して観測できるマイクロ波から算出した海面水温(SST)です。
左下は、雲の下は見えないけど、高頻度に観測できる気象衛星「ひまわり8号」データから算出した海面水温データです。
これらのデータを、コンピュータの計算によって海中を模擬したモデルに観測したデー
タを入力、すなわち同化することで、分解能3kmの1時間毎の海面水温を推定しています。
雲の下の見えないところや、時間的にデータの抜けがあるところは計算して求める訳です。
将来的には、「しきさい」の観測データを同化して、精度の向上を目指す予定です。
--参考データ--「しずく」衛星が観測したマイクロ波から算出した海面水温 2日毎(?) 空間分解能

550km(?)
気象衛星「ひまわり8号」の海面水温 1時間毎、空間分解能 2km「しきさい」の海面水温 2日毎(?) 空間分解能50km
Polar IR SST(？)

5

Decrease of sea surface temperature after Typhoon passing
Himawari SST & Visible RGB

Model SST with satellite assimilation
Hourly animation of
Typhoon No.21 from
Sep. 1 to 4, 2018

Previously, decrease of sea surface temperature (SST) corresponding to typhoon
passing was partly observed by passive microwave imagers. This information isimportant for forecasting development/decay of typhoon.

6

この図は台風通過後の海面温度の低下を表しています。
左図はひまわりの可視画像と、海面水温を示していますが、雲の下はわかりません。
右図はモデルに同化しているため、雲の下も推定しています。
海面水温の情報は、台風の発達や勢力低下の予測に重要であるため、この精度が改善されることは非常に有効である。
------参考--------------従来より、台風通過後の海面水温の低下はマイクロ波画像による観測で部分的に推定されている。この情報は、台風の発達や減衰の予測に重要である。

6

SPace‐based AIS Experiment (SPAISE)
Launched on May 24, 2014

AIS Antennas

AIS (Automatic Identification System)••

Vessels over 300GT are obliged to be equippedwith AIS under SOLAS Convention by IMO (Int.
Maritime Organization).
The satellite with AIS has the wide observation
coverage of more than 5,000 km.

 SPAISE2 on ALOS‐2
1.
2.

World’s First satellite of simultaneous
observation with SAR and AIS.
Channels for Satellite (Ch. 3 and 4)

AIS Antennas

 SPAISE1 on Small Demonstration
Satellite‐4 (SDS‐4)
Launched on May 18, 2012●：AIS signals●：Satellite Position (Ascending Orbit)7

ALOS‐2 is the only satellite in the world which iscapable of simultaneous observation with SAR and AIS.
(Several organizations are planning.)

7

ここからは衛星ベースのAIS(自動船舶識別装置)の話になります
AISを装備した船は自分の周囲数十キロのデータを受信して相手の船の位置を把握します。
これに対して、衛星からは5000kmの範囲のデータを受信することができます。
JAXAは現在、ALOS-2とSDS-4という二つの衛星に搭載したAISのデータを取得しています。
そして、ALOS-2は船舶の位置を観測できるレーダも搭載されていて、レーダ画像とAIS情報を同時に取得することが可能です。

7

JAXA’s Mission: AIS Signal Reception on Satellite
SDS‐4 2012‐

ALOS‐2 2014‐
AIS ch1&2
or ch3&4

AIS ch1&2
SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)（Day/Night, Any weather）

Vesselwith AIS

Vessel notequipped with AIS

ALOS‐2 is the first satellite in the world which is capable of simultaneous observation
with SAR and AIS.
8

AISだけだと、AIS信号を発信していない船舶の情報はわかりません。
これに対して、ALOS-2は、AIS信号を発信していない船舶の位置を合成開口レーダで把握することができます。

8

Saury fishing fleets monitoring in the northwestern Pacifica)

SPAISE+GCOM‐W SST
2015/10/24b)
AMSR2 Sea Surface Temperature [oC]

SPAISE Ships with AIS signals(Small fishing ship near Japan): ○ Green
ALOS‐2/SAR  Ships with no AIS
signals : ○ Red
9

これは西太平洋のサンマ漁船の観測結果を示したものです。
背景には、衛星観測で得られた海面水温を重ねています。
この領域は、秋にはサンマの良い漁場として知られていますが、船が冷たい水と、温かい水の境界付近に船が集まっていることがわかります。
拡大した図では、緑はAIS信号が確認された船の位置、赤はSARで把握した船の位置を示していますが、AISで確認できないたくさんの船がいることがわかります。
------------(a) the distributions of SST derived from AMSR2 onboard the GCOM-W satelliteand AIS signals derived from SPAISE1 and SPAISE 2 on 24 Oct. 2015 on
Eastern of Japan Islands. (b) SAR I
mage at 1418 UTC 24 Oct. 2015, ship distribution from SPAISE2 (large circles)
and detected by SAR image (small circles) in the rectangle of (a).
Figure (a) shows the distributions of SST derived from Advanced Microwave
Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) onboard the GCOM-W satellite and AIS signals
derived from SPAISE1 and SPAISE2 on 24 October 2015 on eastern maritime ofJapan Islands. This field is famous for a good fishery ground of the Pacific sauryin the autumn season. Ships concentrated at the front between cold SST area at9the north and warm SST area at the south around 40-41oN and 147-150oE. Figure(b) shows the ship detections from SPAISE2 and PALSAR2 in the rectangle areaof Fig. (a). It indicates that much amounts of small fishing boats with no AIS
worked in addition to ships with AIS signals in this area.

9

Deep Learning
Constructing a system that classifies the position,
length, and type of ships from SAR images.
13, 000 px

13, 000 px

Our system (Deep Learning)
SAR L 1.5 data

Output10

次は、ディープラーニング(深層学習)に関する取り組みについて紹介します。
深層学習とは、人間の脳の働きをコンピュータで模擬する技術です。
従来のコンピュータの使い方は、人間が計算の仕方、すなわちアルゴリズムを考えてコンピュータにプログラミングし、データを入力して答えを得るといった使い方をしていました。
これに対して、ディープラーニングは、人間が失敗しながら正しいやり方を学習していく
ように、コンピュータに学習させて、正しい答えを出すようにする技術です。
現在、JAXAでは、SAR画像から、船の情報を抽出するシステムの研究を進めています。
左上のようなSAR画像にディープラーニング技術を適用して、右下のように船の位置、種類、長さを抽出するというものです。

10Deep Learning

11

これはディープラーニングの流れを簡単に示したものです。
最初に船が映っている部分の画像を抽出します。
次に、船の画像から、船の長さ、種類を分類します。
最後に、元の画像に、抽出した情報を重ねて表示します。

11

Deep Learning
Result of Proposal Methods
Ship Length

Ship Type (4 category)

AIS: 244m
AIS: 182m
AIS: 55m
AIS: 96m
Pred.: 209m Pred.: 59m Pred.: 238m Pred.: 95m

AIS: 263m
Pred.: 195m

AIS: 328m AIS: 140m AIS: 74m
Pred.: 352m Pred.: 103m Pred.: 103m

Variance error: 13%

Fish. : 0%
Pass. : 0%
Cargo: 98%
Tanker: 2%

Fish. : 0%
Pass. : 33%
Cargo: 47%
Tanker: 19%

Fish. : 0%
Pass. : 0%
Cargo: 100%
Tanker: 0%

Fish. : 0%
Pass. : 0%
Cargo: 56%
Tanker: 44%

Fish. : 0%
Pass. : 0%
Cargo: 9%
Tanker: 91%

Fish. : 0%
Pass. : 0%
Cargo: 19%
Tanker: 81%

Accuracy: 66%
12

こちらは解析結果です。
AIS情報を使って調べた船の大きさを正解とし、ディープラーニングで予測した値と比べると、誤差は13%となりました。
船の種類を4つに分類した結果、精度は66%でした。

12

JAXA Space Technology Directorate I Program:Satellite monitoring for MDA (2018‐2025)
GPM/DPR

Himawari

GCOM-W

SDS-4

ALOS-2SPAISE1

GCOM-CSPAISE2AIS

GSMaP (Rain)

SAR+AISALOS-4

ALOS-3SPAISE3

SAR+AIS

OpticalOther AIS

③Prediction

AIS
SIGNAL

Where to go?

JAXA MARU [Cargo]
JP HKR >> JP NGO
Underway Using Engine
15.2kn / 186deg?

Ocean Condition?

AIS
NO SIGNAL. Size: 30m
Ship type：
A: 10%
B: 12%
C: 78%①Monitor②Analyze
What isActivity/Purpose?

13

13

JAXAでは、現在、海洋状況把握(MDA)プログラムに取り組んでいます。
これまで、船舶がどこにいるかといったモニタを行い、解析を加えることによって漁船がサンマ漁をしているといった情報がわかるようになってきました。今後は、将来の行動を予測するといった活動に取り組んでいく予定です。

13

CONFIDENTIAL

⼩型衛星搭載合成開⼝レーダによる⾼頻度観測と海洋監視の実現
Revolution by frequent observation and ocean monitoring with small synthetic aperture radar satellites

Toshihiro Obata
Board Director and General Manager of Satellite System Development Department
Synspective Inc.
©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIAL

01

判断を⽀える⾼頻度データ
Frequent Information
for Decision Making©･Synspective Inc.

1

CONFIDENTIALRIMPAC Demonstration to Identify the Ships

2

During the RIMPAC2018, 185 satellites are gathered and used for identifying ships

Reference: David Lingard, “Demonstration of a Heterogeneous Satellite Architecture During RIMPAC 2018”, Small Satellite Conference 2019©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIALRIMPAC Demonstration to Identify the Ships

3

Still there are period that satellites can not observe,
even 185 satellite gathered.
- Optical satellite can not observe during night- SAR satellites are limited

Dark period,
not Adequate
for Optical Satellites

Dark period,
not Adequate
for Optical Satellites

Limited Access to the SAR Data

Reference: David Lingard, “Demonstration of a Heterogeneous Satellite Architecture During RIMPAC 2018”, Small Satellite Conference 2019©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIAL

Decision making in 50 years ago without Data

4

This may be something what we are doing Now
in most business and personal decision making without data
I need Umbrella !

https://note.mu/mkweather/n/nf20972a367ba©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIAL

Decision making with frequently updated data

5

Now ： Satellite data is valuable or expensive
Mostly for government strategic/long forecast
Future： Affordable data distribution for business and personal
Daily decision making like weather forecast
・ More variety and familiar usage (ex: Traffic jam monitoring）
・ Timely and fresh（ex: construction progress abroad in 30min）
I need Umbrella !

©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIAL

Benefit of SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)

6

SAR can provide geospatial data even at night / in cloudy day,so it’s good for area having rainy season, for example Asia and India.

©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIAL

02

Synspectiveのビジョン
Who is Synspective?

©･Synspective Inc.

7

CONFIDENTIAL

Company Overview

Name

Synspective Inc.

Date
Founded2018.2.22

CEO

Motoyuki Arai

Address

3-10-3 Miyoshi, Koutou-ku, Tokyo, JAPANBusiness• Solution Services with Satellite Data
• Development and Operation of Small SAR Satellites

Subsidery

Synspective SG Pte. Ltd.

460 Alexandra Road #07-01 PSA Building Singapore 119963!
Solution Services

Small SAR Satellites©･Synspective Inc.

8

CONFIDENTIAL

Recent News (26th July 2019)9

Synspective:
Founded in Feb 2018
Raised $100M in 17months
from Japanese private companies
for building and launching
6 satellites
Inheriting the outcome ofJapanese Government
Small SAR development
project, called ImPACT
About 50 Members

From SpaceNews Web Page on July 26 th 2019©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIAL

Main Business : SAR data solution

10

Machine Learning

SAR data

Technology

1

Development of Small
SAR sat. constellation

2

4
Information extraction
with machine learning

Enormous
imagerydata

Traditional data sales
for governmental use

Service3

Business Plan & Progress!

Daily monitoring for big
cities in whole earth with
25 satellites.
x25

1st

x6

2020

2022

202X

Asia

Whole earthdemo

New market generation
with SAR data solution

Data sales
PoC → Apps→Platform

Scaling by collaboration withother P/F and standardizing
in urban/infra dev.
©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIAL

Ship Detection© Synspective Inc.

11

Detecting Ship for images and comparing with AIS (Automatic Identification System) data
⇒ Identifying Suspicious ship or pirate shipComparison between Image andAIS©･Open StreetMap©･Analyzed by Synspective,
image distributed by JAXA

Without AIS （Only Satellite detects）
With AIS (both Satellite and AIS detects）
With AIS (only AIS detects)©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIALCounting Container at the harbor© Synspective Inc.

12

Making 3D model of piled containers and estimating the number of the containers➡

Estimating amount of shipment and traffic
Detection result

SAR Satellite
Imagery
10/06/18 12:21©･Synspective

Optical Satellite
Imagery(Google map)

3D
model

©･Synspective Inc.

Google Earth

CONFIDENTIAL

Autonomous quick data acquisition will be demonstrated in 2021

13

Quick ordering of observation targets to the satellite
without human processing and instructions via IoT and satellite networkby ground/sea sensors
by onboard(on-satellite) data processing (event detection)

small relay satellite

Distress signal

Ground Transmitter
10×10cm, 8mW(Univ. Tokyo)

Event detection
on the satellite

Oil Spill©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIAL

Feature of Synspective

14

Synspective has both specialists :data processing/service development andsatellite development
who enable quick response to the user needs, by not only solutions, but also satellite

User
City Plan
Infrastructure
DisasterFinance/Insurance
Security

Synspective
Service Development

Satellite Development

User Needs!
Satellite and Solutions
based on Needs©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIAL

Sharing our Vision

15

Please check Synspective video on our Webpage or YouTube!

©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIAL

03

衛星開発状況
Development Status of our Satellite©･Synspective Inc.

16

CONFIDENTIAL

Our Satellite

StriX-α17from ‘Strix uralensis’, scientific name of ‘Owl’

1st Demonstration X-band SAR Satellite
Deployable SAR Antenna Panel with Solar Cells
Mass: 140kgSize: 5 x 0.7 x 0.7m (in Orbit)
0.7m Cubic(at Launch)
Resolution : 1〜3m
Launch: 2020©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIAL

Position of Synspective Small Satellite

18

Japanese SAR Satellites

Small SAR Satellites

Synspective

ICEYE

Capella SpaceQPSASNARO-2

ALOS-2

Cost

$5M

$3-5M

$2-4M

$4-8M

$110M

$190M

Mass

140kg

70kg

20-30kg

100kg

570kg

2000kgResolution

1-3m

0.5-10m

0.5-3m

1m

1m

3m

Band

X bandX bandX bandX/L bandX band

L bandLife

3 years

3 years--

5 years

5 years

71,100km2

21,600km2

164,000km2

5,925,000km2

20min./day
10-30km1,600-27,000km2-

1.1min./day
50km

35min./day
10km

250min./day
50km

Daily Acquired
Data- Observation Time- Swath©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIAL

Antenna Mechanical Test

19©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIAL

Assembled Flight Model Satellite Body

20©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIAL

Satellite Development Team at Thermal Vacuum Test

21©･Synspective Inc.

CONFIDENTIAL

This document is protected under the copyright and any applicable laws in Japan as an unpublished work. This
document contains information that is proprietary and confidential to Synspective Inc. or its technical alliance partners,
which shall not be disclosed outside or duplicated, used, or disclosed in whole or in part for any purpose other than toevaluate Synspective Inc. Any use or disclosure in whole or in part of this information without the express written
permission of Synspective Inc. is prohibited.
© 2019 Synspective Inc. All rights reserved.
Synspective Inc.

Toshihiro Obata
Board Director & General Manager of Satellite System Development Dept.

3-10-3 Miyoshi, Koutou-ku
Tokyo, JAPAN
hello@synspective.com©･Synspective Inc.

超⼩型衛星によるIoT通信の実現
東京⼤学中須賀船瀬研究室のTRICOM1R衛星を活⽤し、宇宙IoTを標準化、量産コンステレー
ションを⽬指す。既に、海洋分野への展開にむけてインドネシア、フィリピン、アジア各国や中東
アフリカと連携。

東京大学中須賀船瀬研究室
2003

04

05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Education,
Camera test

[1]

CubeSat XI-IV（ROCKOT） 2003/6[2] Education,

CIGS solar cells

World First
CubeSat !

[3]30m GSD Remote sensing[9] Astrometry (top-science)
PRISM(H-IIA) 2009/1

NANOJASMINE(TBD)[8] Comm.

TRICOM-1R(2018/2)[4][5][6] Remote sensing, S&F
HODOYOSHI-1,3,4(DNEPR) 2014/6,11

CubeSat XI-V
（COSMOS) 2005/10 [7] Deep space exploration[1]-[8]:Launched [9]: Waiting for launch
PROCYON(H-IIA) 2014/12
3 x 3U CubeSat
EQUULEUS (14kg, deep space)development
are being developed.

launchLaunch of TRICOM-1R by SS-520-5
2018年2⽉3⽇ JAXA/ISASのSSｰ520によって打上げ• S&F 通信およびカメラの実証成功• ⽇本、ルワンダなどで、8mW 通信試験成功
transmission from Japan, RWANDA, etc• これらの成果をさらに展開・サービス事業化を推進“Store & Forward” 通信による地上情報の収集
Satellite collecting data
Data collection

Fixed sensors

Data collection

Data Downlink

Moving sensors

GroundStation

8mW RF power, low data rate (300bps)
通信の実証に成功
本格的な実装にむけた取り組み・事業化へ
3kg TRICOM-1R

Space Inclusion
by Satellite Constellation
 アジア・中東・アフリカとの連携によるコンステ
レーションの実現

MOU to develop 3U CubeSat to be launched in 2019
News from Africa (09/05/2018)
Smart Africa, Rwanda Sign Deal With
Tokyo University For Satellite Technology

TICAD7 安倍総理オープニング
スピーチ⼀部抜粋「⽬をずっと上げ、地球の外に上げてみたいと思います。もうじきそこに、ルワンダが東京⼤学と⼀緒に作った⼩型衛星が現れます。ルワンダの作付けや、⽔資源の様⼦を宇宙から⾒る衛星です。
ｰ中略ｰ
アフリカの未来に懸ける⽇本の事業者たちを、わが政府は、New TICADは、全⼒で⽀援します。」

TICAD7横浜⾏動計画2019
AU フラッグシップ・ イニシアティブ: ア
フリカ宇宙戦略

AU議⻑国エジプト⾼等教育研究⼤⾂とアフリカ宇宙戦
略⼈材育成に向けたLOI署名

対応する重点分野：
・経 済 の 多 ⾓ 化 ・ 産 業 化，競争⼒の促進。持 続可能な資⾦調達慣⾏ の確保
・⼈的資本開発の⽀援及 び SDGs 達成のた
めの STI の活⽤Cubesatコンステレーションに向けた量産・標準化の実現• 2019年9⽉25⽇に2機打上げ。
（ルワンダ衛星、超⼩型推進器の実証）• 今後、経産省実証も実施
TRICOM-1R

Next Generation
CubesatS&F Module

Mother Board

Standard BoardACS Modules

各国への提案• Any Collaboration : Your Idea × Our Experience• All options can include capability building programsYour Mission × Our 2U/1U S&F
BUS

Your Members × Our 3U/2U S&F Cubesat(build Together!)×
Vecteezy.com

Your Bus × Our S&F Mission BoardYour Bus × Our Heritage Components

衛星LoRA通信の開発・実証
東京大学本郷キャンパス近郊におけるログ→↑キガリ市内におけるLoRAによるGPSログ

キャプションを⼊⼒してください。

Japan Space Forum / The Sasakawa Peace Foundation
International Symposium on Maritime-Space Cooperation

How we utilize next generation
technology of AIS
Expectation for VDESThe Sasakawa Peace Foundation / The Ocean Policy Research Institute / Takeshi MIZUNARI (Mr.) t-mizunari@spf.or.jp

Self Introduction (Takeshi MIZUNARI)

 Japan Coast Guard Days (1999/12～2013/12）
Navigating Officer （Resigned at Chief Officer）
Info-Communication Division Officer at HQ （Concerning SPAISE(JAXA)） The Japan Association of Marine Safety Days （2014/03～2018/12）
Research on Prevention Maritime Polution from Ships
Support Japanese Government (MLIT) on MEPC/PPR meeting at IMO
Compiling ESI map for National Crude Oil Reserve Base
Personally committed with Maritime-Space Collaboration Issue （went C-SIGMA）
 The Sasakawa Peace Foundation Days （2019/04～present）
Fellowship Program for World Maritime University (WMU) MSc Course at Malmo, Sweden
Join Maritime-Space Collaboration Issue Team Navigation Officer
Diving Instructor （PADI Open Water Scuba Instructor）

2

Let Me Introduce My Present Occupation (1) WMU (World Maritime University) Sasakawa Fellowship MSc Program
Main target : Public servant in developing countries committed to maritime industries
77 Countries, 669 Recipients since 1987 to now (2019/9) (approx. 30 per year)
Support intermediate officers who commit to maritime or marine issues
Also support networking after their graduation from WMU

3

Let Me Introduce My Present Occupation (2) Maritime-Space Collaboration Issues
Exchange opinions between various organization about VDES
Study group on Maritime-Space collaboration issue

4

Disclaimer

5

AgendaAbout AIS (review...)
About VDESAbout Satellite VDESWhat We Expect to Satellite VDES

6About AIS (review...)
About VDESAbout Satellite VDESWhat We Expect to Satellite VDES

7

About AIS (review...) (1) Simply saying...
≥ 300G/T ships engaged on int’l voyage≥ 500G/T cargo ships not engaged on int’l voyage
All passenger ships
aresharing ship’s identity, type, position, course, speed,navigational status and other safety-related information
nowadays smaller ship voluntarily equip though they are not mandated(but not all the ships)

8About AIS (review...) (2) Originally ship to ship communication (prevent collision)
Not limited to ship’s position (static information, application specific messages)
 Can also communicate with land base station
e.g. “Virtual AIS navigational system)
may be settled where hardly deploy buoys (deep place etc.)
 Broadcasting the data
Only we need is to prepare receiver station to gather ship’s information
 The capability of receiving AIS signal from satellite orbit had found Nowadays coastal vessel can be found by coastal station, ocean-going vessel can befound by S-AIS(not limited to fleet under control, they can purchase the data almost real time globally)

9

About AIS (review...) (3)10About AIS (review...) (4)11About AIS (review...) (5)12About AIS (review...)
About VDESAbout Satellite VDESWhat We Expect to Satellite VDES

13

About VDES (1) VDESVHF Data Exchange System
 Expanded from AIS (frequency etc.), prepared as a infrastructure not limited to position
report Simply speaking, “AIS and very low speed network”(not “internet” at this moment but has a capability)
160MHz, max. 300kbps (not per ship, per area)
Free of charge for vessels! (infrastructure and tax (in Japan) cost some) We are on the way of deploying
Land frequency confirmed, Satellite frequency (uplink) confirmed
Satellite frequency (downlink) will be discussed at WRC-19 (10/28 - 11/22)
 It is not confirmed what kind of data will be exchanged at this moment(will be standardized)
14

About VDES (2) What kind of data will be expected to exchange with VDES?
IMO introduced e-Naviation strategy implementation plan (MSC.1/Circ.1595)
 It is introduced what kinds of data should be processed by computer“Maritime Service Portfolio” concept

















MSP 1: VTS Information Service
MSP 2: Navigational Assistance Service
MSP 3: Traffic Organization Service
MSP 4: Local Port Service
MSP 5: Maritime Safety Information Service
MSP 6: Pilotage Service
MSP 7: Tug Service
MSP 8: Vessel Shore Reporting
MSP 9: Telemedical Assistance Service
MSP 10: Maritime Assistance Service
MSP 11: Nautical Chart Service
MSP 12: Nautical Publications Service
MSP 13: Ice Navigation Service
MSP 14: Meteorological Information Service
MSP 15: Real-time Hydrographic and Environmental Information Service
MSP 16: Search and Rescue Service

15

About VDES (3) IALA (International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities)
They developed VDES (as well as e-Navigation concept)
 IALA issues VDES technical specification document
IALA Guideline G1139 (The Technical Specification of VDES) Edition 2 (Jun./2019)16

About VDES (3)17About VDES (3)18About VDES (4)Japan Coast Guard
 “Research on VDES maritime traffic use” (FY2017-2018)
Research Committee conducted
Trial manufacture of VDES Tx/Rx, then trial on 2018/12
 Terrestrial VDES will be deployed
Satellite VDES was not considered at the moment To be determine what kind of data should be exchanged with VDES (waiting for IMO
decision)19About AIS (review...)
About VDESAbout Satellite VDESWhat We Expect to Satellite VDES

20

About Satellite VDES (1) Satellite VDESSatellite based VDES communication between base stations and vessels
 Uplink frequency has confirmed Downlink frequency – Discussion had carried over from WRC-15 to WRC-19
To Be Determined at WRC-19 (2019/10 – 11)
Many proposal submitted to resolve, but not sure which one is likely been supported

21

About Satellite VDES (2) MIC (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) requested Public Comments forWRC-1922

About Satellite VDES (3) Norway did experiments
Since their water is located on high latitude, we believe they are interested in Polar Orbit
Satellite, in difficulty of being in good communication with Geostationary Satellite

23

About Satellite VDES (4) We do need to wait until the result of WRC-19
 My perspective: Start immediately globally just after the result(R&D, Standardization, Deployment infrastructure, etc. etc.)
But it is still needed to be determined by IMO, as they have reputation in shipping /maritime industries

24About AIS (review...)
About VDESAbout Satellite VDESWhat We Expect to Satellite VDES

25

What We Expect to Satellite VDES (1) Very low speed (total approx. 300kbps)
No rich contents
Flow control will be needed by Administration (Organization or Coastal States?)
 No video transmission / communication(e.g. bridge camera, radar display, non-organized big data)
Some method is needed to utilize (compression, coordination with other method) Should we review any maritime infrastructure?
GMDSS, e-Navigation, etc. (more wider than they considered and discussed)

26

What We Expect to Satellite VDES (2) Sat/Ter VDES → Fit to Low Cost Data (few - dozens of bytes)
 Do we have presently such data among maritime infrastructure...?
 Position report for ordinary ship (submit periodically, some fail result SAR activities)
 Position report for fisheries (observed by administration during fishing activity)
 Distress alert (triggered by hand or water to transmit their position)
 Weather observation report (report position and weather periodically)
 LRIT (Long Range Identification and Tracking) (report position to next port of call) SSAS (Ship Security Alert Systems) (report when attacked)

 Integrity, design, and safety issue may make transition difficult

27

What We Expect to Satellite VDES (3) We had already experienced
Telephone → Internet → IoT → Artificial Intelligence When infrastructure established, maritime communication will be expected to be simple
 We also can expect for other requirements / elements

28

What We Expect to Satellite VDES (4) Why should we make maritime communication simple?
 Answer: We should focus to carry simple communication device, not many
 Ship equipment is a quite pricy
Agreeable by vessel (price of the vessel is pricy as well, so be covered)
Disagreeable by small boat (quite quite pricy compare to the boat’s price) If we can make mandatory requirement to equipment relax, more vessel/ship/boat can
carry such ultimate device, which light more dark target Ultimate desire is unsterilized, like aerospace industries
Discussion will be needed how we treat “row-a-boat”

29

Closing Remark

30

Closing Remark (1) Experiment “We Are 42”

31

Closing Remark (2) Experiment “42” conducted by Port of Rotterdam“The answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe and everything is 42.”
「生命、宇宙、その他もろもろについての深遠なる疑問の答えは42。」－銀河ヒッチハイク・ガイド（ダグラス・アダムス）
 Can we found our “42”?

32References exactEarth
https://www.exactearth.com/
 バーチャルAIS航路標識の運用開始について（海上保安庁）
https://www.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/info/kouhou/h27/k20151021/k151021-2.pdf
 先進レーダ衛星（ALOS-4）（宇宙航空研究開発機構）
http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/alos4/index_j.html
 Global Fishing Watch
https://globalfishingwatch.org/
 e-Navigation Strategy Implementation Plan（国際海事機関）
http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Navigation/Pages/eNavigation.aspx
 IALA Guideline G1139 (The Technical Specification of VDES)
https://www.iala-aism.org/product/g1139-technical-specification-vdes/
 2019年世界無線通信会議（WRC-19）に向けた我が国の考え方（案）に係る意見募集の結果（総務省）
https://search.e-gov.go.jp/servlet/Public?CLASSNAME=PCMMSTDETAIL&id=145209318&Mode=2
 NorSat-1 and NorSat-2 launched!（Norsk Romsenter）
https://www.romsenter.no/eng/News/News/NorSat-1-and-NorSat-2-launched We are 42.
https://weare42.io/about/ ご清聴誠にありがとうございます。 / Thank you so much for your kind attention!!
水成 剛 / Takeshi MIZUNARI (Mr.)
33

Backup Slides34

エグゼクティブサマリー(VDESの観点から)

 超ざっくり言えば、VDES = AIS + 超低速回線（※インターネットや社内用イントラネットという意味ではなくVDES局保有者同士、但し接続余地あり）
 「超低速イントラネット回線」に流す具体的なデータはまだ決まっていない
 海事業界側(IMO)は「どのようなデータを流通させたいか」のデータ分類を実施
e-Navigation Maritime Service Portfolios (MSC.1/Circ.1595)
 灯台業界側(IALA)はVDES技術基準について検討
The Technical Specification of VDES (IALA Guideline G1139)
 無線業界側(ITU)は周波数割り当て等について検討
Technical Characteristics for a VHF data exchange system in the VHF marine mobile band (M.2092-0)
 海図業界側(IHO)は海図データ等GISデータの統一化を実施
S-100 Universal Hydrographic Data Model→でも、現段階でどのデータをどのように固めてどのように伝送するかが全て細かく決まっている訳ではない 地上系VDESの周波数は確定
2019年秋のWRC-19で衛星系VDESの周波数割当について国際的判断がなされる予定
各国は独自に実験を行いつつ判断を待っている状況→Goの判断があれば一気に世界が動く可能性！

35

AISの解説 Automatic Identification System -> AIS
300総トン以上の国際航海船舶・500総トン以上の非国際航海船舶・全ての国際航海を行う旅客船に搭載義務が課せられているが、非搭載義務船でもAISを装備した船がいる
 自船の位置を一定時間毎にVHF電波にて発信し続け、周囲（VHF帯電波が到達する見通し距離内）の船舶と衝突予防のために情報交換（実際には各船電波出しっぱなし）
 船舶局にはClassA（搭載義務船用）とClassB（非搭載義務船用）の2種類がある
位置情報：Message1～3（ClassBはMessage18～19）、速力等により位置情報の発信間隔が異なる

 船位以外にも様々なデータを送信している
Message5（静的情報：IMO番号、呼出符号、船名、船種、サイズ、喫水、次港・到着予定時刻等）
Message6（バイナリ、様々な情報をやり取りできるようになっている）……
 バーチャル航路標識もある
実際には浮標（ブイ）のない場所に、画面上にだけAIS航路標識シンボルを掲載
36

衛星AISの解説

 ある時、AISの電波が人工衛星の軌道から受信できる事に気づいた人がいた（→衛星AIS）
米Orbcomm社、加ExactEarth社が競いながら発展（日本を含め他国も様々な実験を実施）
 人工衛星軌道からAIS電波を受信することは非常に難しい
信号強度の問題（元々人工衛星までデータを送信することを想定していない）
信号分離の問題（半径2～30kmの海域でTDMAしている電波を広域受信すると信号衝突してしまう）
 遠隔地の船舶動静情報を入手するには他にもLRIT（一般船）・VMS（漁船）といったものがあるが、ほぼ全ての国際航海を行う船舶が発信するAISデータは買うだけなので非常に利便性が高い
 商用AISデータ販売に関しては現在ではExactEarth社の一人勝ち状態
1分以内の遅延で全球データをリアルタイム配信
後述するVDESデータも受信できるよう対応可能（ソフトウェア無線機技術）
 AIS電波未発射、MMSI（ID番号）の複数局共有・偽ID発信など、AISデータ単体だけでは判別できない問題の解決が課題（e.g. SAR衛星情報との併用など）
 ちなみに、自社のフリートに関しては定時報告を打つのが通例であるため、ここで入手できる/したい
情報とは支配下にない船舶の情報（e.g. 旗国/沿岸国/それ以外の国家による状況把握、他社情報の入手、研究、SIGINT/OSINT、etc.）

37

VDESの解説 VDES : VHF Data Exchange System
AISの仕組み（周波数チャンネル等）を発展させ、位置情報だけではなく様々なデータを流すことのできるインフラとして今後用意される事が決定 データを流す仕組みとしては現在のAISの仕組みの中でもASMがある
VDEによって更に多くのデータを流せるようにする
AIS(9.6kbps) + ASM(19.2kbps) + VDE(最大307.2kbps)
 VDEには地上系VDEと衛星系VDEがある
地上系VDE ： 導入確定
衛星系VDE（地上→衛星） ： 導入確定
衛星系VDE（衛星→地上） ： WRC-19で審議、各国動向を見守っている 地上系だけだと沿岸からVHF見通し距離しかカバレッジにならない
全海洋をカバレッジにするためには衛星利用は不可避
衛星系アップリンクのみだと片方向だけの伝送になってしまう、できればダウンリンクも欲しい
しかしながら現状でもVSATがある……しかも早い……（でも高い……）
 VSAT等他の通信インフラとVDESとのプロ・コンを踏まえた活用？
 現段階で利用方法は確定していない→様々な活用方法が発掘されるかも？

38

VDESを取り巻く環境（1：IMO e-Navigation）

 IMOではe-Naviation（次世代航海支援システム）のコンセプトを打ち出している(MSC.1/Circ.1595)
徐々に航海計器等の近代化を進めていきましょうという考え
 その中で、「Maritime Service Portfolio」という概念で電子処理するべきデータの種類を整理している
 MSP 1: VTS Information Service
 MSP 2: Navigational Assistance Service
 MSP 3: Traffic Organization Service
 MSP 4: Local Port Service
 MSP 5: Maritime Safety Information Service
 MSP 6: Pilotage Service
 MSP 7: Tug Service
 MSP 8: Vessel Shore Reporting MSP 9: Telemedical Assistance Service
 MSP 10: Maritime Assistance Service
 MSP 11: Nautical Chart Service
 MSP 12: Nautical Publications Service
 MSP 13: Ice Navigation Service
 MSP 14: Meteorological Information Service
 MSP 15: Real-time Hydrographic and Environmental Information Service
 MSP 16: Search and Rescue Service
39

VDESを取り巻く環境（2：IALA VDES）

 IALA（国際航路標識協会）はVDESの仕掛人
航路標識 = 灯台・浮標等 + 電波航路標識
古くはデッカ・ロラン・オメガといった測位用電波航路標識も担当していた（これらはGNSS衛星の台頭により日本では廃止、一部ロランは海外でバックアップ運用）
 IALAはe-Navigationについても仕掛人
ちなみに現在のIALA e-Navigation委員会議長は海上保安庁野口氏
 IALAはVDESの技術スペック文書を発行している
IALA Guideline G1139 (The Technical Specification of VDES) Edition 2 (Dec/2018)40

VDESを取り巻く環境（3：ITU 周波数割当） WRC（World Radiocommunication Conference）：世界無線通信会議
ITU（International Telecommunication Union）が4年に1度実施する会議
 VDESに関しては、地上系・衛星系（アップリンク）の周波数を策定
 次回開催はWRC-19（2019/10/28～2019/11/22）、VDESに関しては議題1.9.2で審議
衛星系（ダウンリンク）の周波数について審議予定
 Council RESOLUTION 1380 (Place, dates and agenda of WRC-19)
1.9.2 modifications of the Radio Regulations, including new spectrum allocations to the maritime mobilesatellite service (Earth-to-space and space-to-Earth), preferably within the frequency bands 156.0125157.4375 MHz and 160.6125-162.0375 MHz of Appendix 18, to enable a new VHF data exchange system(VDES) satellite component, while ensuring that this component will not degrade the current terrestrial VDES
components, applications specific messages (ASM) and AIS operations and not impose any additional
constraints on existing services in these and adjacent frequency bands as stated in recognizing d) and e) of
Resolution 360 (Rev.WRC-15)

 規格文書として、ITU-R M.1371-5 (AIS) 及び
M.2092-0 (VDES) がある。

41

VDESを取り巻く環境（4：IHO S-100）

 IHO（International Hydrographic Organization）では電子海図向けの規格作業を行っている
S57からS-100シリーズに移行中、電子海図のみならず航海に必要な様々な電子データの標準化を実施
 S-1XX (101-199) ではIHO関係の規格を制定
電子海図、海底面、潮流、海域境界、海洋保護水域、航行警報等
 S-2XX (201-299) ではIALA関係の規格を制定
航行援助情報、寄港情報、ASM、DGNSS用アルマナック、eLoran関係等
 S-3XX (301-399) ではIOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission)関係の規格を制定
 S-40X (401-402) では内水電子海図調和グループ関係の規格を制定
 S-41X (411-414) ではWMO/IOC合同技術委員会関係の規格を制定
海氷情報、気象情報、波浪情報等
 ……

42

VDESを取り巻く環境（5：海上保安庁）

 「VDESの海上交通利用に関する調査研究」を2017-2018年度に実施
調査研究委員会実施
入力表示部を含むVDES送受信機試作、2018/12に実海域試験を実施
 地上系VDESについては導入実施予定
衛星系VDESについては現時点で未想定
但し具体的なVDESでやりとりするデータについては未確定（IMOの要件待ち）（海上保安庁 野口氏 ヒアリングによる）

43

VDESが担うべきアプリケーション案
 東京海洋大学 庄司先生のご意見（2019/5/27 衛星VDES情報交換会（OPRI））
 ASMやMSPにおける利用 海上（含 浅水域）構造物、ブイ、漁網等の位置情報
 小型船等対応
 AIS非搭載 → GPS + 陸上回線 or 無線（近距離時の対応）
 安定した通信インフラとしての利用
 海域を問わない通信 → 北極海航路
 高速大容量通信のバックアップ → 最小限の通信容量
 船舶からの情報提供 船舶運航上の最小限（時間、船位 or GPS針路、GPS速力）
 航海性能解析用データ
 気象・海象関連データ
 船舶をセンサーとしたデータ（対水速力、針路、実航針路、GPS高度、動揺等）– 船上での気象・海象把握、津波予測

 船舶周囲情報（AIS、レーダー、映像等）– 船内での一次解析– 他の情報と比較（航空・衛星写真、Pathfinder衛星情報等）

 陸上からの情報提供
 個船に対応した気象・海象 → 商船、漁業
 陸上で統合解析した情報の提供
 陸上からの操船信号
 自動航行船対応
44

Satellite remote sensing technologies for estimating IUU fishingactivities around Japan, in collaboration with GFW
衛星リモセン技術を⽤いたIUU漁業活動の解析−GFWとの連携
Objectives
Understanding fishing impact by foreign fishing boats
Information services to fishing patrol or to fishermen foravoiding accidentsImprovement of stock assessment accuracy
⽬的外国漁船による漁獲圧の推定
漁業取締・漁船への情報提供
資源評価精度向上
Yoshioki Oozeki,
Japan Fisheries Research & Education Agency (FRA)
⽔産研究・教育機構 ⼤関芳沖

Foreign fisheries activities around Japanese EEZ
我が国EEZを取り巻く外国漁船の活動

Satellite remote sensing
衛星リモセンによる解析

 S-NPP (VIIRS)
S-NPPの夜間光画像

 Satellite AIS
衛星取得AISデータ

 Satellite synthetic
aperture radar
人工衛星合成開口レーダー

Light points by satellite remote sensing images at the midnight
深夜の衛星リモセン画像による光点抽出Light points extracted from thedata of S-NPP satellite.
Effects of sun light, moon andclouds are eliminated.
S-NPP衛星データから光点を抽出
太陽・月・雲の影響を除去

Most fishes and squid gather to thelight at night (500kW)
全ての漁業で集魚灯を使用
Yokohama baseball stadiumEach light point corresponds to one fishing boat.
Number of fishing boats in operation can be counted.
各光点が1隻の漁船に相当
ある時間における漁船の操業数推定が可能

Metal halide lamps
1,500W × 708 = 1,062 KW

Automatic Identification System (AIS)

船舶自動識別装置

AIS is an automatic tracking system used for collision avoidance on ships.
AIS information include MMSI code (ID), name, position, course, and speed.
Satellite-AIS system provides the information of ships in high seas.
AISは船舶の衝突防止のために自動的に位置を追跡するシステム
信号には、ID、船名、位置、針路、船速などが含まれる
衛星AISシステムでは、公海域でも情報取得可能
AIS

2016. 8.29 8.30

S-NPP
Foreign fishing boats(200 in total)● Group A (47)
China 47
● Group B (76)
China 17
Taiwan 58
Russia 1● Group C (73)
China 73
● Refrigeration factory
ship (4) China 4

Monitoring only by AIS information is not reliable enough.
Intentional suspension of signal transmission from the onboard AIS, lowreliability of AIS signal including incorrect datum.
AISデータだけからでは信頼できる情報は得られない
故意の発信停止やID・船名などのデータ書換えもあり得る。

1) East China Sea

東シナ海
Chub mackerel, Scomber japonicas
マサバ
Japan: 300,000 t per year (late 1970s)⇒ 60,000  120,000 t per year (after 2000)
Foreign fishing vessels
 China: 500,000 t/year in the entire North Pacific Chinese purse seiners (lit covering net and tiger net) have been active The number of Taiwanese stick held dip net has been increasing
日本は1970年代に30万トン漁獲、近年は6-12万トンに低迷
中国は北西太平洋全体で50万トン漁獲、近年虎網による操業が活発化、台湾の棒受け網船も増加傾向

Developing technique to detect the position of lit fishing gear types
from satellite luminescence data (VIIRS)
衛星リモセンによる光点データを、その海域のレーダー画像と併せて解析することで、光の強さから漁法を特定Lighting purse seiner (tiger net)

Lighting purse seiner (lit covering net)

Comparative analyses of VIIRS & radar image
夜間光データとレーダー画像との照合により漁船種類を特定 (R. Saito et al. in press)
In-situ observation data

Satellite data
Suomi-NPP satellite

Visual observation data

Ship radar image

VIIRS DNB

Cloud masking

Match-up with cloud masking
Image
analysis
Position of fishing vessel
Luminescence of lit fishing gear type
Statistical analysis
Luminescence range of lit fishing gear type
Horizontal distribution of lit fishing gear type

Extractionof noiseNight-time fishing position

現場観察 (左側上)
調査船や漁船による目視デー
タとレーダー画像から、外国漁船の位置と漁船種類を識別
衛星データ (右側上)
人工衛星による夜間光解析
統計解析 (左側下)
時間を合わせて、レーダー画
像と夜間光データを照合し、光の強さから漁法を特定

Luminescence range of lit fishing gear types in ECS
光量範囲から漁法の推定が可能に (R. Saito et al. in press)

The luminescence range of Chinese lit covering net was separated from the other fishing gear types
光量範囲のデータから中国の敷網漁船のみを抽出 (上は晴天時、下は曇天時)

Horizontal distribution of Chinese lit covering net
中国の敷網漁船の分布 (R. Saito et al. in press)
Nighttime fishing position (VIIRS)
2018/7/18
N = 726 3:09 AM

Nighttime fishing position of
lit Chinese covering net
N = 42Luminescence (1010 W cm2 sr1)

We can estimate the horizontal distribution position of lit Chinese covering net (right) form
VIIRS data using its own luminescence range
全ての光点分布から、中国の敷網漁船のみを抽出することが可能になった

2) Japan Sea 日本海
Dailey report of fishing activities during nighttime (S-NPP, NOAA#20)
夜間の漁業活動について、毎日レポートを作成し、安全な漁船操業に貢献(Courtesy of Dr. Inagake)

Red: Korean squid vessels
⾚ 韓国イカ釣漁船

Blue and yellow: North Koreansquid boats
⻘・⻩ 北朝鮮イカ釣漁船

Blue: Chinese twin
trawls⻘ 中国⼆艘曳き漁船
Gray area iscloud.

Color chart of radiance
10-10W cm-2 sr-1

Red: Chinese vessels
⾚ 中国漁船Red: Japanese squid vessels
⾚ ⽇本イカ釣漁船

Chinese twin net trawls are difficult to distinguish from NK wooden boats by the light intensity.
中国の二艘曳きトロールは、灯火をつけないので夜間光の解析からは見つけにくい

Dailey report of fishing activities during nighttime
前夜の夜間光レポートを作成し、日本漁船の操業安全に貢献
23th September 2016

26th September 2017

14th October 2018

16th November 2018

(Courtesy of Dr. Inagake)Time-series of light points

操業数の日変化を追跡

2016 Maximum：845(Courtesy of Dr. Inagake)2016

Maximum：1032

Blue & yellow: North
Korean squid boats
or Chinese twin
trawls⻘ 中国⼆艘曳き漁船
⻩ 北朝鮮イカ釣漁船

2017

Maximum：2057

Maximum in
November：1001

2018

Maximum：2917

Red: Chinese
vessels
赤 中国漁船Yellow:
Moonlight
黄色帯: 月明
かりの存在

Gray :
with cloud2017 Maximum：730

2018

Maximum：347

Blue: North
Korean squidboats⻘ 北朝鮮イ
カ釣漁船
Red: Koreansquid vessels
⾚ 韓国イカ釣漁船

Russian EEZ

North Korean EEZTechnical trial on analyzing SAR data
合成開口レーダーによる解析技術開発(Dr. Takasaki submitted.)

Ships detected by VIIRS
夜間光により検出

Ships detectedby SAR & VIIRS

ALOS-2PALSAR (phased array L-bandsynthetic aperture radar)
JAXAのALOS-2衛星
Lバンド合成開口レーダー

Ships detected by SAR
合成開口レーダーにより検出

Ships detected by SAR & VIIRSImprovement of auto detection algorism of twin net trawls
二艘曳きトロール漁船の自動検出アルゴリズム改良(Dr. Takasaki submitted.)

Undetected ships on the VIIRS…
Trawler ship with small light?
夜間光で確認できない船は、光の弱い中国の二艘曳きトロール船ではないか?

GMS image :Japan Weather Association

3) North western Pacific

北西太平洋

AIS information downloaded from Shipfinder.com (2016  Present)
2016年よりAIS情報を蓄積
PeriodGroup A GroupB Group C Carrier Ship
Apr. 2016 - Mar. 2017
Apr. 2017 - Mar. 2018
Apri. 2018 - Dec. 2018

128
145
156

194
259
276

104
128
141

33
54
75

Group A: Chub mackerel fishing of China 中国のマサバ漁業
Group B: Pacif c saury fishing of China, Russia, S. Korea, andVanuatu 中国他によるサンマ漁業
Group C: Neon flying squid fishing of China
中国によるアカイカ漁業
Trans-shipment might be the key factor for estimating the fishing amounts.
漁船は長期間漁場に滞在するため、漁獲量推定には洋上転載活動の把握が重要Future research activities of FRA, in collaboration with GFWGFWと連携した水研機構の将来の調査研究活動

1) East China Sea (China-Japan joint fisheries zone) 東シナ海
Distinguish of fishing boats by light intensity data 光点解析による漁業把握
Japanese common squid, small pelagics スルメイカ・マイワシ・マアジ等
2) Japan Sea (South Korea-Japan joint fisheries zone) ⽇本海
Comparative analyses of VIIRS and SAR data for vessel type identification
光点解析と合成開口レーダーによる漁船識別Japanese common squid スルメイカ
3) North western Pacific (NPFC area) 北西太平洋
Analyses of trans-shipments by the monitoring of AIS data (cargo ships,
refrigerator factory ships) 輸送船の挙動把握に基づく洋上転載の解析
Pacific saury, small pelagics サンマ・サバ類・マイワシ
4) Western Central Pacific (WCPFC area) 中⻄部太平洋
Analyses of trans-shipments by the monitoring of AIS
AIS情報解析を主体とした洋上転載実態の把握
Bluefin tuna, Skipjack マグロ類・カツオ

Thank you for your attention.

SPACE TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION TO MARITIMESURVAILLANCE IN INDONESIA:
Operational case of Bali Radar Ground
Receiving Station (BARATA)
I Nyoman Radiarta

Institute for Marine Research and Observation
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries
INDONESIATokyo, 4 October 2019
BRSDM KP

“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Characteristic of Indonesian sea
2. Satellite data requirement
3. Existing operational for maritime
applications
4. Future needs

BRSDM KP

“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

CHARACTERISTIC OF INDONESIAN SEASGEOGRAPHY OF INDONESIA

The second longest coastline
in the world
1. Canada: 202 thousand Km
2. Indonesia: 99 thousand Km
3. Greenland: 44 thousand Km

Indonesia as the largest
archipelago in the world, where:
North-South Indonesia exceeds
the distance Berlin-Rome
East-West Indonesia exceeds
Dublin-Moscow distance

The area of Indonesia is notmuch different from the UnitedStates. However, Indonesian
territory is dominated by theocean

Source: Bappenas (2019)
BRSDM KP

“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

CHARACTERISTIC OF INDONESIAN SEASGEOECONOMY MARITIME INDONESIA

40 Offshore sedimentarybasins have the potential toproduce billions of barrels of oil
and gas (Ministry of Energy
and Mineral Resources).
Source: Bappenas (2019)
BRSDM KP

49% Transportationroutes of world tradethrough the Malacca
Strait, Lombok Strait, andother Indonesian seas
(World Bank).

2-3% The contribution of
the Fisheries sub-sector to
GDP per year with a value of
Rp317 trillion growth that is
consistently increasing (BPS)“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

CHARACTERISTIC OF INDONESIAN SEASFISHERIES MANAGEMENT AREA - FMAs

BRSDM KP

“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

SATELLITE DATA REQUIREMENTS

RADAR DATA USED FOR OPERATIONAL IN INDONESIACOSMO SKYMED
 Property to the Italian Space Agency andthe Italian Ministry of Defense.
 Consists of 4 satellite constellations, eachequipped with SAR (Synthetic Aperture
Radar) instruments.
 It is a commercial satellite radar, so thatusers can determine the desired
observation time and area
 CSK imagery can be acquired in nearreal time at BARATA.
More information at
http://www.e-geos.it/products/pdf/csk-product%20handbook.pdf

BRSDM KP

“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

SATELLITE DATA REQUIREMENTS

RADAR DATA USED FOR OPERATIONAL IN INDONESIA

Launched December 14, 2007, owned by the CanadianSpace Agency (CSA) and MacDonald, Dettwille andAssociates Ltd. (MDA); now MAXAR Company
It is a commercial satellite radar, so that users candetermine the desired observation time and area.
RADARSAT-2 imagery can be acquired in near-real timeat BARATA.

Beam modes
Spotlight
Fine
Wide Fine
Standard
Wide
ScanSAR Narrow
ScanSAR Wide
Ocean
Surveillance

NominalMaximalswath width
spatial(km)
resolution (m)
18
1
50
8
150
8
100
25
150
25
300
50
500
100
530Variable

http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/radarsat/technicalfeatures/radarsat-comparison.asp

RADARSATBRSDM KP

“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

SATELLITE DATA REQUIREMENTS

RADAR DATA USED FOR OPERATIONAL IN INDONESIASENTINEL 2: Free available data
 Property to the European Space Agency (ESA) Consists of 2 satellite constellations: Sentinel 1A and
1B Data can be accessed free of charge via
https://scihub.copernicus.eu/ with a delay of 8hours.
 Has 4 scene modes: Interferometric Wide (IW),Wave (WV), Stripmap (SM), and Extra Wide (EW).
 Focus of Sentinel observation:
 Continuous observation on land (IW mode) Sea-ice monitoring (EW mode)
 Open ocean monitoring (WV mode) SM mode is used for emergency events As a result, not all Indonesian waters can beobserved by Sentinel.

https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/user-guides/sentinel-1-sar

BRSDM KP

“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

EXISTING OPERATIONAL IN INDONESIAGLOBAL AND NATIONAL STRATEGIC ISSUES (IUU FISHING)
Number of Crimes Related to IUU Fishing (case)

Source: KKP (2018)

Impact of Illegal / IUU Fishing Behavior
Source: KKP (2015)

IUU Fishing often occur in the NatunaSea, Sulawesi Sea, Timor Sea,
Malacca Sea, Arafura Sea

State losses areprojected at IDR 260
billion per year (WorldBank and FAO, 2014)30.45% of Coral Reefs
damaged and 25% ofCapture Fish Stocks are
threatened withpopulation. (LIPI
Oceanography
Research)

50% decrease in thenumber of fishermen
and 115 seafoodexporters out ofbusiness (KKP, 2015)

Source: Bappenas (2019)“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

BRSDM KP

EXISTING OPERATIONAL IN INDONESIADIVISION OF MARINE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONAL AREAS AND LEGAL BASIS
MMAF• Indonesian Fisheries
Management Area
• Conservation Areas in the
Territorial Sea• Exclusive Economic Zone

Indonesian
Coast Guard• Waters and Jurisdictions(Inland Waters, Islands Waters
and Territorial Sea)
• Additional Zones, Exclusive
Economic Zones (EEZ), andContinental Shelf

MTransportation• Territorial Sea• Islands Waters• Inland Waters

NAVY
POLICE• Inland Waters• Islands Waters• Territorial Sea.
Source: Bappenas (2019)
BRSDM KP

“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

•
•
•
•
•

Additional Zone
Exclusive economic zone
Continental Platform
Territorial Sea
Islands Waters

EXISTING OPERATIONAL IN INDONESIAINTEGRATED SURVAILLANCE SYSTEMS OPERATED IN MMAF
Cosmo SkyMed
Radarsat-2,
ExactEarth/Shipview
LAPAN A2/A3

VIIRS/Night
VisionBARATABALI RADAR GROUND RECEIVING STATION

Provider:Inmarsat, Iridium,
Argos

Fishing Vessel>30 GT

ExactEarth/Shipview
Source: PSDKP(2019)
BRSDM KP

“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

EXISTING OPERATIONAL IN INDONESIABALI RADAR GROUND RECEIVING STATION-BARATA MMAF: DJ of Marine and Fisheries
Resources Surveillance DJ of Spatial Planning DJ of Capture Fisheries
 Indonesian Coast Guard
 Navy Spatial task Force: Satgas 115
 Ministry of Coordinating Maritime

BRSDM KP

“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

EXISTING OPERATIONAL IN INDONESIADATA ANALYSING & INFORMATION DELIVERING
Overlay Data VMS, AIS, and Radar Data

BARATA X-band satellite antenna toreceive images in real time Image processors for 2
satellite missions (Radarsat-2
and Cosmo-Skymed)
 Value-adding systems todetect and analyze vessels

VMS
AIS
Purpose:"Determining fishing vessels that do nothave VMS and / or AIS reach are detectedby satellite radar"
Source: PSDKP(2019)
BRSDM KP

“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

BRSDM KP

“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

FUTURE NEEDSSPACE TECHNOLOGY FOR MARITIME APPLICATION

Satellite technology:

Low cost and high temporal/spatial data
Near real time availability
Easy accessible

Maritime Applications:

BRSDM KP

Source: e-GEOS(2018)

Surveillance: Illegal fishing; Oil spill;
Transhipment; Marine traffic, Human
trafficking
Planning and Management: Marine spatialplanning; Conservation areas; Marine
Aquaculture
Marine/coastal resources: Potential fishingground (PFG)“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

THANK YOUI Nyoman Radiarta

Institute for Marine Research and Observation
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries
INDONESIABRSDM KP

“SATU KATA, SATU RASA, SATU KERJA, SATU KARYA”

Source: e-GEOS(2018)

October 4, 2019Japan Space Forum,
Tokyo, Japan

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCESOUTLINE
Background – PH Marine Resources
PH Performance in World Fisheries
PH Losses in IUUF
DA-BFAR MCS Definition
 Components
 Sea – Patrol Vessels
 Land – Vessel Monitoring System- IMEMSBACKGROUND
Territorial Water & EEZ(2.2 million sq. km)

7x bigger than the total
land area (29,817,000 has)

Shelf area (Depth 200m)
18,460,000 ha.
Coral Reef Area 2,700,000 ha.
8.81 % of the world’s coral reef next toIndonesia and Australia*

Coastline (Length)
36,289 km
Canada; Indonesia; Greenland; Russia; Philippines

PH Performance in World Fisheries
3rd
AQUATIC PLANTS
PRODUCTION

11th

FARMED FOOD-FISH
PRODUCTION

12th

MARINE CAPTUREFISHERIESPRODUCTION

Produced a total of 1.75 million metrictons of aquatic plants (including
seaweeds) or 7.36% of the total world
production of 23.8 million metric tons
(2012 data; SOFIA, 2014)

Produced a total of 0.791 million metrictons of finfishes, crustaceans, andmollusks which constitutes 1.24% shareto the total global production of 66.63
million metric tons (2012 data , SOFIA,
2014)

Produced a total of 2.13 million metrictons from marine capture fisheries or
2.67% of the total world marine capture
production of 79.71 million metric tons
(2012 data , SOFIA, 2014)

Impacts in IUU Fishing The estimated economic loss due to illegal fishing is USD894 million(Fisheries Resources in the Philippines, Alino) The World Resource Institutes suggests that the total net loss from blast
fishing in the Philippines is USD 1.2 billion (L. Burke, E. Selig and M. Spalding, Reefs at
Risks in Southeast Asia, 2002)

 Weaken competitiveness of National Fishing Industries
 Marine Ecosystem and fish stock degradation

Monitoring, Control & Surveillance• Section 14 of RA 10654 – Monitoring, Control and Surveillanceof Fishing in all Philippine Waters and Philippine Flagged
Distant Water Fishing Vessels – A MCS system shall beestablished by the Department in coordination with LGUs,
FARMCs, the private sector and other agencies concerned toensure that the fisheries and aquatic resources in Philippine
waters are judiciously and wisely utilized and managed onsustainable basis and conserved for the benefit and enjoyment
exclusively of Filipino citizens.

Monitoring, Control & Surveillance

Monitoring ‐ data collection and analysis of fishing activity including, butControl ‐ entails the enactment of appropriate legislation and ordinances
under which the exploitation of the resources may be conductedSurveillance ‐ law enforcement. The checking and supervision offishing activity to ensure that national legislation and terms,
conditions of access, and management measures are observed.

not limited to, catches, species composition, fishing effort, discard, areaof operation, etc. or the use by fisheries managers to arrive atmanagement decisions.

Monitoring, Control & Surveillance
MCS Component: Land Component– Vessel Monitoring System (VMS)– Fisheries Observer Program Sea Component– MCS Patrol Vessels (Offshore MCS)
– Deployment of Small Patrol Crafts (Coastal MCS)
– Deployment of Fisheries Observers to Commercial Fishing Vessels

 Air Component ‐ At present BFAR is closely working with thePhilippine Coast Guard (PCG)

Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) Vessel Monitoring system – was established in 2009 forthe Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)
floating assets in an effort to combat illegal, unreported
and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities.
 In 2012, VMS was introduced to fishing industry, as
compliance to Western and Central Pacific FisheriesCommission (WCPFC) to authorize the Philippine‐flagged
fishing vessels to operate in Special Management Area ‐High Seas Pocket – 1 (SMA‐HSP1).
 VMS uses communications and navigation systems to
track the movements and activities of the vessels in thePhilippine EEZ and high seas.

VMS Components

VMS Capabilities
 Monitoring and tracking fishing vessels
operating in HSP1 and other coastal states.
The system can provide oceanographic,
weather data, oil spill detection and radar
satellite imaging.

VMS Coverage•

BFAR Floating assets – 72•

Philippine‐flagged fishing vessel – 313•

Foreign fishing vessel passing through EEZ
and 100 NM buffer zone – average 150
vessels

Automatic Identification System National Coast Watch Council(NCWC) provided access to
BFARtomonitorthecommercial vessels equippedwith AIS. The system is used tovalidate and to monitor any
related IUU fishing activity.

Visible Imaging Infrared Radiometer Suite(VIIRS) The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer
Suite (VIIRS) data is used to check andvalidate specific area or areas in
Philippine waters most especially thoseareas with closed fishing.

Autonomous beacon for remotemonitoring and communication(INO)The INO Advanced beacon is connected to
the Iridium communication satellite network
to keep the user connected anywhere in theworld and in complete safety. Adjustable
tracking intervals allow you to track theroute and communicate your GPS position,
including heading and speed.
It is given to Fisheries Observer onboard
fishing vessel to report any related IUUfishing activities and for their safety in caseof emergency.

Integrated Marine Environment Monitoring
System (IMEMS)
 KEY ELEMENTS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

VMS Transceivers
Port and Coastal Monitoring System
Electronic Reporting System
Satellite Maritime Domain
Awareness
Meteorological, Environmental and
Productions System
National Marine Data
Fisheries Monitoring Centers
Ocean Resource Information
SystemCapacity Building

Information Systems
 Fishing Vessel E‐Licensing System(FeLIS) Municipal Fisherfolk Registration
System (FISHR) Boat Registration System (BOATR) Fisheries
Law
Enforcement
Management Information System(FLEMIS) Electronic Catch Documentation andTraceability System (eCDTS)

SEA: Patrol Vessels
 The Bureau under its MCS Program
maintains 10‐units of 30‐meter and 4 unitsof 11‐meter patrol vessels deployedstrategically around the country. The MCS
patrol vessels provide greater capabilities
for the bureau to efficiently address
maritime incidents.
 The DA‐BFAR has also awarded 30‐footer
MCS patrol vessels to various Regional
Fisheries Offices around the country.
 These vessels aims to alleviate thecontinuosly
deterioratingproblems
plaguing the Philippine fisheries sector

SEA: Patrol Vessels
On‐going constructions of 2 units of 50m multi‐mission offshore vessels.
 MV DA‐BFAR, is an research and management vessel that conducts
oceanographic and fishing survey in Philippine waters to identify potential
fishing grounds and collect fisheries information/data as basis for policy
formulation.
DEPLOYMENTOF PATROLVESSELS

SEA: Patrol Vessels
MMOV (2 units)

Existing MCS
30m (11 units)

Additional MCS
30m (16 units)

30 footeroutboard (48units)

38 footeroutriggered(24 units)

IUU FISHING & MARITIME - SPACE TRACKING:MMEA PERSPECTIVE

4th Oct 2019
Tokyo, Japan
By:
Captain Maritime Abd Razak bin Mohamed
Senior Principal Assistant Director C4ISR
Maritime Security & Surveillance Division
MALAYSIAN MARITIME ENFORCEMENT AGENCYINTRODUCTION
In striking a balance between achieving economic
growth and maintaining ocean health, the Blue
Economy warrants for proper planning andmanagement of the maritime space. Major
prioritised sectors like fisheries, aquacultures, ports
and shipping, oil and mineral exploration andextraction, as well as ocean energy development
should be properly planned and managed. Central
issues like pollution control, marine ecosystem
health and sustainable fisheries should always be
the basis if we are to achieve the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDG)

LIMA 201927 Mac 2019

Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad
Prime Minister
MALAYSIA

MALAYSIAN MARITIME ZONE (MMZ)

 4,490 km of Coastlines 516,852 square km of MMZ

 561 Islands 60% of Population Live Along The CoastMARITIME ENVIRONMENTPETROLEUM AND GAS* 600,000 barrels crude oil per day* 2.1 billion cubic feet of gas per day* Petroleum & gas export value USD20 billion per year
mainly from offshore

5

MARITIME ENVIRONMENTFISHERIES‐ 70% of fish consumptions
caught at sea‐ Fish production ‐ 2 millions
tonnes per year
‐ 80,000 fishermen
ISLAND & COASTAL TOURISM‐ USD 4.4 billions per year

6

ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED, UNREGULATED(IUU) FISHINGRETAIL VALUE OF IUU FISHINGFORMS OF IUU FISHING①

Illegal Fishing Activities within Country

Fishing with fake or without license / registration

Vessels carrying more than one flag, fishing in waters
outside the permitted or designated fishing areas

Use prohibited & dectructive fishing gears and methods

Vessel with a fishing license, but with vessel specifications
different from those indicated in the license

Landing of fish in unauthorized ports
Transfer of catch at sea

SOURCE :SEAFDEC

FORMS OF IUU FISHING② Landing of Catch Across Borders
CAMBODIA  THAILAND
MALAYSIA
 VIETNAMTHAILAND  MALAYSIAMYANMAR THAILAND
INDONESIA 
SINGAPORE
INDONESIA 
MALAYSIA

Concerned stakeholders: Small-scale fisheries Commercial fisheries
Another Issues:
 Double Flags

Sumber asal : SEAFDECFORMS OF IUU FISHING③ Poaching in Other Countryʼs EEZARREST STATISTICS FORFISHERIES RELATED ACTIVITIES 2006 – 2019 : 1,321
boats and 11,243
crews
from
ASEAN
countries
and outside, weredetained in Malaysia
by MMEAFORMS OF IUU FISHING④ Illegal Fishing and Trading Practices ofLive Reef Food Fish (LRFF),
Ornamentals and Endangered Aquatic
Species Direct shipments of LRFF from producer toimporters that bypass in-country exporters;

 Illegal/bad practices by stakeholders along
the value chain

Source : SEAFDECFORMS OF IUU FISHING⑤ IUU Fishing in High Seas & RFMO Areasfishing without permission or during out-of-season;
disregarding catch quotas;
non-reporting and under reporting catch volumes & species.
IUU Fishing from Flag of Convenience, etc….

Source : SEAFDEC

ENCROACHMENT OFFOREIGN FISHING VESSEL

6 MONTHS TRAIL HISTORYVESSEL DETENTION CENTRE

MARITIME STATETERENGGANU:
19 BOATSMARITIME STATEPAHANG
38 BOATSMARITIME STATE KELANTAN
25 BOATS
16

LEGISLATIONS FOR IUU- Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Act 2004
- Fisheries Act 1985
- Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Act 1971
- International Trade In Endangered Species Act 2008
- Malaysian Quarantine and Inspection Services Act 2011
- Custom Act 1967
- Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984
- Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952
- Continental Shelf Act 1966
- Emergency (Essential Powers) Ordinance 1969

17

MONITORING, CONTROL & SURVEILLANCE
Monitoring – the collection, measurement & analysis of fishingactivity including catch, species composition, fishing effort, bycatch, area of operations etc..
Control – involves the specification of the terms and conditions
under which resources can be harvested
Surveillance – the regulation and supervision of fishing activity
to ensure that national legislation and terms, conditions ofaccess and management measures are observed

EFFORTS TO ADDRESS IUU FISHING- Amendment of Fisheries Act 1985 in Parliament- Procurement of OPVs and Patrol Crafts- Upgrading C3I System to C4ISR System- Installation of new surveillance radars- Joint Enforcement on Land
- Monitoring, Control and Surveillance- Special Task Force Operation – Op Naga
East/West- Engagement with Regional Law Enforcement
Agencies- Continuous exercise and training with visiting
ships- Capacity building in Malaysia and abroad

INTELLIGENC- Report fromEcommunity- Media- International
report- Own intel report

COMMAND CONTROLCOMMUNICATIONINFORMATION (C3I) - Tracker- Stand alone
SYSTEMsystem- Need upgrading- No intelligence
analysis
AUTOMATICIDENTIFICATION SYSTEM- Terresterial
(AIS)
AIS
- 32 Tx/Rx
antennaredundant
MOBILE SURVEILLANCE- Satellite AISRADARS-“Gap filler” for
SWASLA- 100 feetantenna

HOW
MMEA
DO IT

-Daily patrol-Hot spot
MMEA VESSELS
areas-EEZ - 20 sorties permonth- Mostly on SAR
mission- Surveillance for
SAR/IUU
AIR
Fishing/Criminal
ASSETS
activities- Hot spot areas
coverage- Fulmar- Covering 90nm from
NGPC
UAV

(FULMAR)- 11 radars site in Malacca Straits, 3
radars in Borneo- Overlapping coverage
SEA SURVEILLANCE
RADAR

20

AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM(TERRESTERIAL AIS COVERAGE)SATELLITE AISTYPES OF ARRESTFISHERIES RELATED ACTIVITIESIUU Fishing Black Listed
VesselIUU Fishing (Fish & Squid)

Pair Trawler- Damage to the fish internal air bladder

Cockles Smuggling

Fish Bombing

Smuggling of Turtles

Sea Cucumber
Smuggling

Destructive Equipment

Bribe

FISH BOMBINGPOTASSIUM NITRATE &PEBBLES OR AMMONIUMNITRATE & KEROSENE

DETONATORSFISH BOMBING
Water Proof Cap

Bottle ( 390 gm )Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer( Mixed with kerosene ); ratio = 3 : 1- ( 460 gm )- RM7 – 10 / 50 Kg Of Fish

“ Detonator Cap ”

Matches (covered with plastic)

Fuse ( Covered with wax / melted candle )SUCCESS STORIES OF IUU FISHINGFV MING NO 5 (FV THUNDER)
 Owner World Maritime Navigation S.A
 address: 53rd E Street, Urbanizacion Marbella, MMG Tower 16th Floor.
Panama City. Republic of Panama.
 Registered Monggolian flag Ship Length : 53 meter , Breadth : 10 meter, draught : 4.85 meter, GRT : 1160
tonnes 40 crews
 carry 18,000 kg of fish

Section 16(3) Fisheries Act 1985
(Act 317)“The master of a foreign fishingvessel entering Malaysian fisheries
waters for the purpose mentioned insubsection (1) shall notify by radio,
telex or facsimile in the English or
Malay Language an authorized
officer of the name, the flag State,location, route and destination of
the vessel, the types and amount offish it is carrying and of the

Detained
Location at anchor position when detained, 3
nm Southeast of Teluk Ramunia,
Pengerang Kota Tinggi Johor Ming No 5 under IUU blacklist
 she was committed an offence
under fisheries act
 charged under Section 16(3)Fisheries Act 1985 (Act 317)

 18 June 2014, Ming No 5 master (Yury Gara) had been accused under
section 16(3) Fisheries Act at Kota Tinggi court
 He pledged guilty and fined with RM200,000.00. The owner paid the finedas ordered by the Kota Tinggi court. Ship and cargo returned to the owner
28

FV VIKING
 Owner: BETEX Limited
 Address:23 Oborale Street Tedi Ojo, Lagos,
Nigeria
 Flag Nigeria
 Ship length : 62 meter, breadth : 10.7 meter,
depth : 6.82 meter, GRT : 1322 tonnes
 18 crews

 On the 7th April 2015, FV Viking
master (Jimmi Kawilarang) had beenaccused under section 16(3)Fisheries Act 1985 at Kota Tinggi
Session court

Location
Arrested 15 March 2015, she was atanchored when detained
 No permission to anchor
 Failed to inform her arrival asforeign fishery vessel to
Director General of
Department of Fisheries(DOF) FV Viking verified by DOF as afishing vessel.

 He pledged guilty and fined with RM200,000.00. He
failed to pay and was send to Kluang prison for 3
months29

FV PERLON Owner: Royal Marine & Spares Nigeria
Limited Address: 7B, Balarabe Musa Crescent,Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria
 Flag: Nigeria
 Ship length : 60.3 m, breadth : 11m,
moulded depth : 5.5m, GRT : 988 tons
 Cargo: 270 tons Patagonian andAntartic Toothfish

 7th July 2015, master and crew Asia Link pledged guilty and fined RM400,000.00
 2 August, all crews FV Perlon pledged guilty for the charges. They was fined totalof RM 1.595 million and cargo auctioned RM 5 million forfeited to Malaysia
Government

TOOTH FISH
 9 May 2015, she was atanchored when detained.
Approximately , 2.7 nm south of
Tanjung Bulat, Pengerang Kota
Tinggi Johor Involved in STS activity
 Other ship: Asia Link Barge
60 tons already transfer toAsia Link Barge.
 FV PERLON charged under
Section 16(3) Fisheries Act 1985
(Act 317) and Section 15(2)Fisheries Act 1985 (Act 317)
 Asia Link Barge charged under
Section 20 Fisheries Act 1985
(Act 317)
30

PIRACY & ARMED ROBBERY
TRACKING OF MT LEE BO

31 May – 1 June 2018

SUCCESFULL ARRESTS OF SEA ROBBERS
FROM 2011 TO 2018
2 Mar 2011
MT Queen
7 robbers
12 years inprisonsentence
3 whip ofstrokesPengerang

2011

19 Sep 2011
MV SkyJupiter
6 robbers
15 years inprison5 whips ofstrokes
West ofSingapore
Straits

7 Aug 2011
Boat PKF(U)928
2 robbers
10 years inprison4 whip ofstrokes
Nothern
Straits ofMalacca

11 Dec 2012
MT Merlion
2
8 robbers
13 years inprison3 whip ofstrokesPengerang

12 Jun 2015
MT Orkim
Harmony
8 robbers
18 years inprison5 whip ofstrokesSouth China
Sea

2012

2015

18 Oct 2012
Tug bot Hub 1
4 robbers
10 years inprisonSarawakwaters29 Jan 2015
MT Sun Birdie
9 robbers
10 years inprison1 whip ofstrokeSouth China
Sea

4 Aug 2018
Tanker Tesai
14 robbers
8 years inprison3 whip ofstrokes
Bintuluwaters

2018
1 Jun 2018
MT Lee Bo
14 robbers
1 year prison

TOTAL
: 65
ROBBERSCASE: 9 CASESFUTURE C4ISR PROJECTSSATELLITE SURVEILLANCESYSTEMSW HF RADAR

Phase 2 C4ISR-

Satellite Imagery, SAR & VIIRSSWATH Ship
Maritime Surveillance Aircraft (MSA)SW HF Radar
Capacity Building on Spacetechnology

CONCLUSION IUU Fishing threaten Food Security, Economy Security
and Job Security
Malaysia’s National Plan Of Action (NPOA)-IUU closely
follows the provisions of the FAO International POA-IUUIUU Fishing normally used Flag Of Convenience vessel.
Eliminate FOC registration
All fishing vessels must install AIS tracking device especiallyfor SAR ops
Need cooperation from Coastal State, Regional andInternational body to reduce/eliminate IUU FishingThank You

MONITORING IUU IN INDIAUSING SPACE TECHNOLOGY:PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES
International Symposium on Maritime-Space Cooperation in the Asia-PacificRegionOctober 4, 2019
By Gayathri Iyer, Observer Research Foundation, India
Wwf.org.nz

STRUCTURE
Illegal, Unreported, Unregulated (IUU) Fishing Index - India Score
India’s Fishing and IUU Monitoring Control and Surveillance (MCS)
Indian Use of Space Technologies for IUU MCS• Satellite based Vessel Imaging systems• Electro/optical imaging satellites• Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) imaging satellites• Synthetic aperture radar imaging satellites (SARsats)• Satellite based monitoring and tracking data systems• Vessel monitoring systems (VMS)• Satellite Automatic Identification System (AIS)• Long Range Identification and tracking• Summary
B Prabha, Tallengestoare.com

INDIA IUU FISHING INDEX RANKING – 17 OF 152 COUNTRIESThe Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) since 1997

Estimated EEZArea available:
2.02 mn sq km

Coastal population: 560 mn• Half of 1.3 Bn population on coasts• 14 mn directly employed in fishing
Annual Fishing Industry Exports: $6.4 bn• 5.23 % of Agricultural GDP

India has adequate coastal
surveillance infrastructure
and patrolling capacity••

5th Largest coast guard fleet in the world
60% of Indian Fishermen have Biometric IDs

Monitoring, Control and Surveillance(MCS) Issues

Fractured governance• Unequal MCS asset distribution between
Coast Guard and state Governments
agencies
Legal complexities• Coast Guard Act of 1978 and Maritime Zones
of India (Regulation of Fishing foreign
Vessels) Act 1981. No management plans to
Monitor Indian Vessels or Indian Registered
LOPs beyond the EEZIUU FISHING OF TOTAL REPORTED CATCH:10.9% IN BAY OF BENGAL
AND 2-3% IN ARABIAN SEA
More than 50%
species in the
Arabian Sea areat elevated riskof extinction
Sharks, rays, sawfish,
hammerheads some of
the most threatened
fish in the word

India Sustains one of the lastHealthy Tuna Populations in
the World!

Seafloor ecosystem damage: Pink gold
rush for prawns by mechanized trawlers
Bycatch use boom: Vulnerable and topof the food chain species particularly
affected

Unintended consequences of2004 Tsunami aid: sudden
expansion and modernizationof small-scale fisheries
HILSA COULD BE SOON EXTINCT in the
BAY: an estimated 14,000 trawlers hover
the migratory path of the fish as it
approaches the river to spawn

SPACE TECHNOLOGIES CAN FILL GAPS IN MCS THROUGH SATELLITEIMAGING AND TRACKING OF VESSELSMCS Challenges•

Vast EEZ•

Unequal MCS asset distribution between states
and the Union - Aerial patrolling fragmented•

Industrial vessels do not take on-board observers•

Low prosecution rate due to lack of documented,
time stamped proof of IUU fishing•

Low domain awareness: gaps in the availability,
reliability, and quality of information on marine
assetsIndianSpace
Research
Organisation (ISRO) has developed
a mix of imaging and data
communication
technologies:
indigenous and in collaboration
with other country space agencies
Satellite based Vessel Imaging systems• Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) imaging satellites• Electro/optical imaging satellites• Synthetic aperture radar imaging satellites (SARsats)
Satellite based monitoring and tracking data systems• Vessel monitoring systems (VMS)• Satellite Automatic Identification System (AIS)• Long Range Identification and tracking (LRIT)

IRS SATELLITE SYSTEM FOR OCEAN COLOUR MONITORING
24 Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites launched byIndian Space Research Organization (ISRO) since
1988:
•
•

Currently, world’s largest operational constellation of 11
IRS for civilian use
Data available through NRSC Data Centre purchaseprocess and free through Bhuvan Geoportal of ISRO

India provides continuity of Ocean Colour Monitoring(OCM) data to the international ChloroGIN project•

OCEANSAT-1 in 1999: First OCM payload aboard IRS-P4 toassess clorophyll concentrations, algal blooms for ocean
modelling, potential fishing zone (PFZ), productivity andharvesting potential•

OCEANSAT-2 in 2009: Second OCM payload•

OCEANSAT-3 to be launched in 2020

OCEANSAT-2 OCM Feb 6, 2017 Irrawaddy River Delta, Bay
of Bengal- image credit: ISRO/SAC, Prakash Chauhan

ISRO’s ocean color program has evolved into ocean
colour-based services: information on the state of
the marine ecosystem of Indian EEZ at synoptic
scales for policy makers and stake holders including
law enforcement agencies

INDIAN REMOTE SENSING OPTICAL IMAGING SATELLITES FOR
EARTH OBSERVATION
1980s: India started building and launching several
Electro/Optical satellites for long-term spaceborne
imaging capability under its National Natural
Resources Management System program. Examples:• 2 OCEANSAT – IRSP4 and IRS OS2 in 1980s-90s• 2 ResourcesSAT satellites (P6 and RS-2) satellites

Optical satellite imaging
•
•
•

•

High resolution
Can detect and also identify vessels
However, strongly affected by:• Darkness• Cloud CoverVery costly for identifying illegal fishing boats

Source: ISROSATELLITE-BORNE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (SAR)
IMAGING SATELLITES OF INDIA
Globally, current methods for detecting, monitoring and acting on suspicious fishing activity are limited
without radar satellite imaging technologies•

Satellite-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) or optical sensor units till now were very large and expensive withlimited availability. Ver few countries have launched them.

•India launched two SAR Satellites RISAT-1 and RISAT-2. Both are primarily focused on weather surveillance activities;
IUU has not been their priority

January 2018
First Finnish commercial satellite ICEYE-X1 with world's first under 100kg SAR sensor payload
launched by ISRO’s PSLV-C40 rocket from Satish Dhawan Space Center in India• Enables radar imaging of the Earth through clouds and even in total darkness

https://www.iceye.com/resources/company/history

VMS USING ISRO’S INDIAN REGIONAL NAVIGATION SATELLITESYSTEM NAVIC
Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS)• Global navigation satellite systems and dual-mode
communications (Global Position System)• Use a variety of communication technologies: satellite
AIS or Inmarsat, Iridium, Argos, etc.
• Advantages• Resource efficient – one law enforcement
employee can monitor nearly 500 boats• No shore distance limitation• Cost effective, especially for monitoring mid-seatrans-shipments
Indian VSM was developed by ISRO’s Space application
Centre in 2009 for implementing in the EEZ but there wasno mandate to use VMS till 2017
Large scale efforts begun by the Government of India to
install VMS in all registered vessels (less than 20 m).

Picture source: www.thehindubusinessline.com

India uses its own Indian Regional Navigation
Satellite System, a constellation of sevensatellites operating under the name NavIC.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION BETWEEN ISRO AND CNES FORSPACE AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (S-AIS)
VHF and radar based Terrestrial Automatic
Identification System (AIS): India set up a
National AIS Network on 74 shore stations
Challenge: VHF range limitation of maximumof 25-40 nm from the coast. Currently India
has AIS fitted on vessels larger than 20 m
Satellite
detectionofAIS:
Privateinternational companies like ‘exactEarth’ and‘ORBCOMM’ providing commercial service
Current shortcomings in the Satellite AIS
technology: ships’ position data delayed by~90 minutes depending upon the number ofsatellites available for covering a particulararea

Picture Source: https://www.fleetmon.com/services/satellite-ais/

August 2019: India’ ISRO and France’s space agency CNES
announced joint development and operations of 10 lowearth orbit satellites for world’s first S-AIS series to track
merchant ships on a real-time basis

LRIT BASED, REAL-TIME TRACKING AND REPORTINGSYSTEM FOR ENHANCED MARITIME DOMAIN AWARENESS
Long-Range Identification and Tracking
system (LRIT) - satellite based, real-timetracking and reporting system of ships• IMO approved system since 2006 for shipsof 300 gross tonnage plus
• Consists of Ship Satellite terminal,
Inmarsat
Satellite
Communication,national data centres• India installed LRIT data centre in 2009; it
shares own data with the other Flag States• Major advantage: very secure access only
by authorized governmental agencies

worldmaritimenews.com

However, in India the system is not being used by the member States regularly for monitoring the illegal
fishing because it is costly to obtain positions of ships of another flag. S-AIS is cheaper

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VMS, AIS AND LRIT SYSTEMS
VMS

AIS

Not mandated by IMO

Collision avoidancesystem mandated by
the IMO; open andnon-proprietary withinternational standards

Closed proprietarysystems with highbarriers to data accessTransmit every 30 min
to 2 hr

Public broadcast system
Transmit continuously

LRIT
Reporting system mandated by the IMO, LRIT
ProtocolTransmit every 6 hour, can be set for 15 minutes
Secure data only available to entitled institutions

SUMMARY
Conditions that affect India’s space agency’s
efficacy in responding to maritime threats• Priortized National Interest inprotecting its fish for food security• A mix of technologies including
optical imaging and tracking• International collaboration• Domain awareness• Enforcement
B Prabha,
Tallengestoare.com

THANK YOU!
Gayathri Iyer
Email: gayathri.iyer@orfonline.org
ww.orfonline.org

The use of satellite technology incombatting IUU fishing in the
Pacific Islands region

Presentation to the 2019 International Symposium on
Maritime-Space Cooperation in the Asia Pacific Region
Tokyo, JapanbyJames T. Movick
Consultant, Pohnpei, FSM.

The maritime management challenge facing
PICs
The region is characterized by:o Small Island Countries with very large EEZs (plus Australia & NZ)• PIC EEZs cover 30 million sq kms (not including ANZ)
• Adjacent High Seas & HS Pockets• Region spans 6 time zones & Intl Date LineoHighly valuable tuna resources• WCPO produces 55% of world tuna catch• Catch yields 2.25million tonnes per annum• 80% of catches are from FFA member EEZs
• PNA EEZs alone produce 40% of world canning tuna supply
oGenerally limited resources with which to undertake MCS• IUU fishing has the potential to significantly erode the benefits to PacificIsland people.

WCPO and FFA waters

Satellite tracking – a key part of the regional IUU
fishing solution….BUT only when supported by aneffective enforcement capability• The member countries of the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA)
were amongst the first multinational collective management arrangements
to require secure satellite tracking of registered vessels involved in fishing of
the tuna and other highly migratory fish species in their combined EEZs,
starting in 1998 and mandatory since 2002.

• MY KEY TAKEAWAY POINT NUMBER 1………….

• The success of satellite tracking in reducing IUU fishing in FFA member EEZs
has been noticeably significant but that success is also substantially due tothe collective regulatory management framework shared by the PICs, which
includes further surveillance and legal enforcement tools that support the
integrity of the system and the apprehension and prosecution of vessels
suspected of illegal fishing within the EEZs. …………TO BE EFFECTIVETECHNOLOGY (SATELLITE SURVEILLANCE AND MONITORING) MUST BE
SUPPORTED BY EFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT INCLUDING LEGAL STANDING,
LINKAGE TO DEPLOYABLE ASSETS AND LONG‐ARM REACH CAPABILITY.

• The comparative importance of this supportive regulatory element isdemonstrated by the less successful efforts of the WCPFC incombatting IUU fishing activity on the region’s high seas areas.

The fundamental diplomatic/legal basis to PIC regional
fisheries management efforts and success is Regional
Cooperation supported by Zone Rights Based Management
 National sovereignty – From the outset of UNCLOS3 PICs insisted
on national (coastal state) sovereignty and sovereign rights overthe management and development of tuna and other highly
migratory stocks of fish (HMS) within their EEZs.
 As such, because HMS move across multiple zones, effective
management requires cooperation amongst the coastal states
sharing those stocks.
 The management framework adopted has been of Zone Rights
Based Management ‐ a multi‐jurisdictional form of rights‐based
fisheries management that recognizes the right and responsibilityof coastal states under UNCLOS to conserve and manage
resources in their EEZs, giving coastal states a more equitable say
in the management of highly migratory species.
 Noteworthy, that PICs were committed to the national sovereignty
based approach even though in 1978 the extent of the fishery andits principal location within EEZs was not at all clear – a strong
point of principle based on desire for greater equity.
 Understanding this basic conceptual framework is fundamental
to understanding PIC regional fisheries management.

Implementing ZRBM
1. Establishing a regional body to coordinate their cooperation• In 1979 PIC leaders established the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency(FFA) to facilitate fisheries management cooperation amongst the PICs
• With its secretariat in Honiara, Solomon Islands, FFA now includes the 15
independent PICs, Australia and New Zealand and the Territory of Tokelau.

2. From the early 1980’s the FFA members adopted a number ofcooperative uniform measures to enhance their limited individual
capability to control foreign fishing activity in their EEZs (Detailed
below).
3. Sharing and coordination of surveillance and enforcement efforts
was formalized into more legally binding form in 1992 when FFA
members adopted the ‘Niue Treaty on Cooperation in Fisheries
Surveillance and Law Enforcement in the South Pacific Region’.

Through FFA adopted key Common Programs
 HMTCs for licensing of foreign fishing vessels
 FFA Register of Fishing Vessels ‐ 1200 vessels
 FFA VMS
 FFA RSP FFA Observer Program Port controls & monitoring Legal / Prosecutions
 Data & information sharing / exchange Aerial & surface patrols

Monitoring, Control & Surveillance (MCS)RFSC BRIEF

Primary MCS Monitoring tools are:
• FFA VMS

• WCPFC Vessel Monitoring System (VMS)• Automatic Identification System (AIS)• Electronic Op Room (E-Ops Room)• Regional Surveillance Picture (RSP)• Regional Information Management Facility (RIMF)• Niue Treaty Information System (NTIS)

Vessel Monitoring System
 Agreed in 1997, became ‘operational’ in 1998 and mandatory by
2002.
 Type‐approved Automatic Location Communicators (ALC)/Mobile
Transmitting Units (MTU) required on all licensed fishing boats;mandatory reporting required from port to port; units directlyinterrogated by FFA; monitored in real‐time by FFA RFSC (region‐wide) and by PICs (own and authorized EEZs) in accordance withagreed data sharing rules – tracks 1200 boats.
 In 2007 WCPFC adopted same VMS platform as FFA to trackvessels authorized to fish on the high seas, albeit HS data
generally not accessible to FFA – tracks about 3000 boats.
 Advantage of the closed, type‐approved, VMS units is that thelocation and details of the vessel cannot be easily altered without
detection by the RFSC, unlike AIS units.
 In 2011 FFA members mandated that fishing vessels also installand utilize AIS units, which serves to further validate vessel
position and can be a back‐up in the event of VMS MTU failure.

The basis for a regional Maritime Domain Awareness ‐ Common
Operating Picture – the FFA regional fisheries surveillance picture

FFA Regional Fisheries Surveillance Centre

Regional Fisheries Surveillance Centre– the regional hub for cooperative fisheries monitoring Established in 2009 – located at FFA secretariat, Honiara.
 Provides analysed Surveillance Picture to FFA Members
and QUAD Surveillance Providers (Australia, NZ, France,USA) to support national MCS activities.
 Analytical capacity complimenting Members’ MCS efforts.
 Coordinates QUAD surveillance with Members.
 Assist Members through provision of case packages (incl.
evidence to support prosecutions).
 Capacity build Members on regional MCS tools.
 Supports PMSP/FFA regional air surveillance operations.
 Assists trials of new technology for FFA.

FFA Regional Information Management Facility –facilitating regional information sharing
 Originally developed in 2009…operational by mid‐2014
 RIMF is an integrated/central system to house/manage MCS
data and info, that FFA Members access through secure
portals also allowing
them to populate/update
their own information
data‐bases and regional
information systems

Going forward: Proposed and interesting newtechnology for improved IUU fisheries detection• Seeking to improve Real‐Time data access – Satellite
communication systems• Electronic monitoring – video monitoring of on‐board fishing activity andsensing of fishing equipment use, including FADs.
• Electronic reporting – satellite communications to enable real‐time catch
data reporting by vessels and on‐board Observers (also Observer safety).
• Independent/Verifiable AIS reporting validation.

• Using Satellite imagery platforms to cross‐validate vessel
position reporting data.
• Trials with night light vessel imagery, small boat detection using Satellite
based SAR imagery, trials with high quality Satellite Optical imagery.

• Using Satellite remote sensing for intelligence assessment
to more efficiently focus surveillance targeting• Trials with Satellite remote sensing data to better focus surveillance
efforts, such as plankton distribution, ocean currents and temperature.

Going forward: Broader law enforcement security
cooperation – regional Maritime Domain Awareness The re‐conceptualization of IUU fishing as a facet of trans‐national
crime will pose new opportunities and challenges for the use ofsatellite based technology in the PIC region in the years ahead.
 This will include engaging with Broader Law Enforcement
stakeholders under the Boe Declaration on Cooperation in
Broader Regional Security ( which recognizes Climate change,
People Security (food security and disaster response), Trans‐
National Crime, Economic resource security (including IUUfishing),and Cyber‐security as regional security threats to beaddressed collectively.
 Pacific Fusion Centre – an Australia Government initiative withcritical PIC governmental oversight and regional technical agency
cooperation; to undertake cross‐sectoral Intelligence analysis,
Broader Information sharing, Intel capacity building and Maritime
Domain Awareness in support of implementing ‘Boe’.
 The PFC will develop a regional Maritime Domain Awarenes(MDA)system hopefully incorporating multiple Satellite communications,imagery and remote sensing input fused with other information toprovide better security intelligence support to regional
governments and appropriate technical agencies.

The PIC region – many needs and constraints
For many PIC communities detection of IUU activity innear‐shore coastal fisheries and protection of Marine
Protected and Managed Areas is a pressing food, economicand environmental security issue.
BUT PIC’s aspirations for more effective usage of satellite
technologies, are significantly constrained by COST and
LIMITED TECHNICAL EXPERTISE:• high cost of products and communications• limited awareness of available technology, possible
applications and meta‐data• limited technical know‐how to develop algorithms to analyse
the data to address the needs most important to PICs
• limited expertise to know and to properly frame thequestions that can/should be asked• apparent technical limitations to the expeditious use ofinternational satellite systems in the region – available earth
stations and orbits

So what can be done going forward?
Key take‐away point Number 2……Let’s DO something,
don’t just talk…SDG’s ..PALM8..the mandate is there…..
• Help PICs address the cost issues through free or cheaper access –including through creative indirect means eg development ofalgorithms to use free data feeds from existing satellites.
• Meet with PIC technical users to understand and address thetechnical constraints that they are experiencing.
• Help develop space technology/satellite expertise in the PIC
region through appropriate academic scholarships, training
programs and provide technical expertise to PICs.
• Undertake public information programs and events to inform PIC
regional policy makers, technical officials and communities about
the range and value of space technology/satellite observation andcommunication platforms and of products.
e.g. support the
Pacific Islands pre‐event planned for the GEO conference inCanberra in November.
• Support the development of a Regional Earth Observation(including Satellite Oceans Observation) platform to promote
greater access to and use of Earth Observation tools to address
the needs of PICs more systematically.

Remember …Someone is watching…

Someone is watching…..

Title: Considerations for global maritime-space cooperation in the Asia-Pacific
Presenter: Victoria Samson, Washington Office Director, Secure World Foundation
Bio: Victoria Samson is the Washington Office Director for Secure World Foundation and has overtwenty years of experience in military space and security issues.
Before joining SWF, Ms. Samson served as a Senior Analyst for the Center for Defense Information (CDI),
where she leveraged her expertise in missile defense, nuclear reductions, and space security issues to
conduct in-depth analysis and media commentary. Prior to her time at CDI, Ms. Samson was the Senior
Policy Associate at the Coalition to Reduce Nuclear Dangers, a consortium of arms control groups in the
Washington, D.C. area, where she worked with Congressional staffers, members of the media, embassy
officials, citizens, and think-tanks on issues surrounding dealing with national missile defense andnuclear weapons reductions. Before that, she was a researcher at Riverside Research Institute, where
she worked on war-gaming scenarios for the Missile Defense Agency's Directorate of Intelligence.
Ms. Samson holds a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in political science with a specialization ininternational relations from UCLA and a Master of Arts (M.A.) in international relations from the Johns
Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.
Brief description of the presentation: Space-derived data for MDA can be very beneficial, but there areconsiderations to keep in mind when sharing space-derived data it. As well, there are issues in space
situational awareness data-sharing that may provide warning of possible complications that MDA datasharing may face. Last, given the growing interest in space-derived MDA, there are broader space policy
issues that this community should be aware of.
Remarks:
Hello. It is my honor to be speaking here at the “International Symposium on Maritime-Space
Cooperation in Asia-Pacific Region.” Thank you to the Ocean Policy Research Institute of the Sasakawa
Peace Foundation and the Space Policy Research Center of the Japan Space Forum for inviting me tospeak today. My organization is the Secure World Foundation (SWF), a private operating foundation that
promotes the long-term sustainable use of outer space. SWF works with governments, industry,
international organizations, and civil society to develop and promote ideas and actions for international
collaboration that achieve the secure, sustainable, and peaceful uses of outer space. We use acooperative, international approach to promote best practices and norms of behavior that will allow us
to continue to have access to and use of space over the long-term.
I will focus my remarks today on three main issues. The first are considerations to keep in mind whensharing space-derived data for maritime domain awareness (MDA). Next, I will speak about issues inspace situational awareness (SSA) data-sharing that may provide warning of possible complications that
MDA data-sharing may face. Last, given the growing interest in space-derived MDA, I will speak aboutbroader space policy issues that this community should be aware of.
MDA is can be defined as effective understanding of anything associated with the maritime domain that
could impact security, safety, economy, and environment. MDA relies on a layered set of terrestrial, airborne, and space-borne systems. Satellites can play an important role in MDA, including optical andradar imaging satellites, as well as satellites that carry receivers for the Automatic Identification System(AIS) created by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and even commercial satellites whichcan collect radiofrequency signals. With the rise of commercial Earth observation constellations, we areseeing much higher revisit rates with less exquisite architecture, which is allowing for an explosion of
usable MDA data points. As well, many of the satellites being launched as part of the smallsat
revolution are providing Earth observation capabilities that could be used to improve MDA. Some ofthese systems carry synthetic aperture radar, which can see through bad weather and during day andnight. Space-based solutions are helping to close the gap for knowledge of what is on the oceans.
Some complications to sharing space-derived MDA data are that sometimes there are a lack of training
and/or a limited patrol response that is possible. As well, even with a multi-layered approach, there canbe gaps in coverage. Furthermore, space-based MDA data suffers from the same problems that all data
sources suffer: latency issues, the potential for deliberate spoofing or interference, validation of data,and concerns about bias of the data collector.
There also is the need to improve data analytics. Data that is collected is only useful if we know what to
do with it, and even in our current space domain configuration, we run the risk of being inundated withtoo much data. Big data analytics are going to be crucial to being able to fully take advantage of thebenefits that these space applications can bring to MDA. As well, while data is useful, it in and of itself is
not going to provide decision-making support. It is the foundation for it, but you cannot stop just at
sharing data. One option might be to get your data, apply machine learning to it in order to determine
behavioral patterns, and overlay it on the regulatory context in order to produce real-time decisionmaking support at the operational level.
Now, I would like to discuss space situational awareness (SSA) and issues in international cooperationand data-sharing that may prove helpful in identifying potential complications for sharing space-derived
MDA. SSA is the knowledge and characterization of space objects and their operational environment tosupport safe, stable, and sustainable space activities. This is done to operate safely and efficiently; avoid
physical and electromagnetic interference; detect, characterize and protect against threats; understandthe evolution of the space environment; and provide awareness and transparency of space operations.
Most space actors do not have the resources or capacity to provide their own SSA, but instead rely on
the U.S. military to send them notifications of potential close approaches, or conjunctions.
In the past several years, there have been two big changes in the SSA domain. The first is that the U.S.
government is seeking to change which government entity is responsible for collecting anddisseminating the data. We are potentially shifting to a system where instead of Strategic Command
being in charge of sending out notices to operators, it may be a one-stop shop at the Department ofCommerce. This is still being worked out, as Congress has not authorized this change yet. The second is
the proliferation of SSA capabilities, both by other countries and also by commercial SSA providers.
The latter has prompted discussions about the essential nature of SSA. Is it necessary for spaceflightsafety, and thus a public good that the government should provide at least a basic level of? How can thegovernment encourage the commercial sector to invest in SSA if they will be competing with the public
provision of free data? There is also the question of transparency of the data sources: how can you
verify the data’s authenticity? What is the liability of using commercially provided SSA? How do you
combine multiple sources of data that use different formats? And finally, how do you share data
without bumping into national security considerations, given that much of space information is almostreflexively classified?

Finally, I would like to use the few minutes I have remaining to discuss some of the broader space policy
issues that the MDA community should be aware of as space becomes increasingly important to MDA.
The space domain is undergoing a significant set of changes. A growing number of countries andcommercial actors are getting involved in space, resulting in more innovation and benefits on Earth, butalso more congestion and competition in space. From a security perspective, an increasing number ofcountries are looking to use space to enhance their military capabilities and national security. The
growing use of, and reliance on, space for national security has also led more countries to look atdeveloping their own counterspace capabilities that can be used to deceive, disrupt, deny, degrade, or
destroy space systems.
The existence of counterspace capabilities is not new, but the circumstances surrounding them are.
Today there are increased incentives for development, and potential use, of offensive counterspacecapabilities. There are also greater potential consequences from their widespread use that could haveglobal repercussions well beyond the military, as huge parts of the global economy and society are
increasing reliant on space applications.
Another disruption to the space domain is the emergence of new actors. During the Cold War, space
was largely the province of only a few states. However, there are now over 80 countries that haveaccess to satellites. Small satellites, or smallsats, have lowered the cost of entry to space. As of March
2019, there were 2062 active satellites. Earlier this year, we also saw the first launches of what havebeen called mega-constellations. We have the potential for the addition of 20,000 more satellites inEarth orbit in the near future, which will hugely change almost everything of how we operate in andfrom space. Another complication is that the mega-constellations are being launched by commercial
companies, which means that space will be shifting from being dominated by nation-states to one
where the commercial sector is preeminent. This will make global governance discussions challenging,as multilateral fora historically have only allowed the participation of nation-states.
We are at an inflection point for the use of space. Thoughtful, international, and cooperative
considerations of these challenges now can help set the standards and norms to ensure that space isusable for and accessible to all in the long-term. Thank you for your time and attention.

Perspective for Maritime-Space
Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific
A Focus on ASEAN
October 2019

Dr. Christopher Merritt, Department of Navy,
U.S. Mission to ASEAN

Maritime Domain Awareness

Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) is the effective
understanding of anything associated with themaritime domain that could impact the security,
safety, economy, or environment.
— International Maritime Organization

2
UNCLASSIFIED

1MDA Technology• Geospatial Information
Systems• Space-based Maritime
Surveillance• Vessel Tracking andScreening• Analytics• Monitoring and Alerting• Databasing and
Collaboration
3

UNCLASSIFIED
UNCL
UN
CLAS
ASSI
SIFI
FIED
ED
D

• Dissemination

MDA Strategy and Policy Evolution 2003 - Present

A comprehensive approach to maritime governance that is based on
4
exploitation and information
sharing among agencies,
technology
Philippines National Coastwatch Centerinternational partners, academia, UNCLASSIFIED
and the private sector.

Marine-Space Technology for Safety of Navigation

5
UNCLASSIFIED

National Intelligence Manager for Maritime

The National Maritime Intelligence Integration Office (NMIO) and the
National
MDA Executive Steering Committee work with the Global
6
Maritime Community of Interest toUNCLASSIFIED
identify opportunities for cooperation.

Multi-Source Maritime Data Fusion• Visible Infrared Imaging
Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)• Automatic Identification
System (AIS)• Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR)

VIIRS Boat Detection

SalmonAlbacore

AIS & SAR Imagery

Neon Flying
Squid

Species Prediction

UNCLASSIFIED

X-Band Marine Navigation Radar
Geolocations (Hawkeye360)

8

UNCLASSIFIED

Space-based Imagery – (Planet)

9

UNCLASSIFIED

Correlation• If the AIS/VMS tracks align with the anomaly, the watch will
identify the vessel as well as its previous port of call and next portof call.
UNCLASSIFIEDAn Immediate Regional Need
• ASEAN Leaders express intent
to establish greater maritime
Cooperation in Southeast Asia.
– Shared interest in building acommon understanding of theregional security environment.

– More information-sharing andgreater maritime cooperation.

11
11
UNCLASSIFIEDUS Cooperation on MDA• ASEAN Forums• National Maritime Single
Points of Contact• SeaVision

Changi IFC

Philippines National Coastwatch Center

UNCLASSIFIED

12

Maritime Data Fusion (SeaVision)“Fusing Maritime Domain Awareness Information Sources”“Increasing the Effectiveness of Operational Resources — Intelligence Driven Operations”
UNCLASSIFIED

Sea Vision

14 14“Increasing the Effectiveness of Operational Resources — Intelligence Driven Operations”
UNCLASSIFIED

Questions?

UNCLASSIFIED