㐃⥆௻⏬㸸ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ไᗘࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬㸫᭱᪂ືྥ࡜⌮ㄽศᯒ㸫     ࡑࡢ㸰ἙἊἑἽ҄଺ˊỆấẬỦ‫׎‬ᨥᓸ˺ೌСࡇỉ࢟঺ᢅᆉ  ᴾÜWIPOᓸ˺ೌவኖỉС‫ܭ‬ể഑቟˖ಅỉἿἥὊ෇ѣす ᮧ ࡶࡶᏊࡣࡌࡵ࡟㻌 ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࡸ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢࡵࡊࡲࡋ࠸Ⓨᒎ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡣᛴ㏿࡟ᬑཬࡋࠊ᝟ሗࡢࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ໬ࡀ㐍ࢇࡔࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᝟ሗ♫఍ࡢࡵࡊࡲࡋ࠸Ⓨᒎࡣࠊⴭసᶒࡢୡ⏺ࢆ኱ࡁࡃኚ࠼ࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋⴭసᶒࡣࠊᛮ᝿ࡸឤ᝟ࡢ⾲⌧≀ࢆ๰సࡋࡓ⪅࡛࠶ࢀࡤㄡ࡟࡛ࡶ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡾࠊⴭస≀ࡀ๰సࡉࢀࡓ᫬Ⅼ࡛⮬ືⓗ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿࡀࠊᚑ᮶ࠊࡑࡢಖㆤࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣᑠㄝࠊ㡢ᴦࠊ⤮⏬࡜࠸ࡗࡓྂ඾ⓗ࡞ⴭస≀࡟㝈ࡽࢀࠊసᐙࠊస᭤ᐙࠊ⏬ᐙ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ୍㒊ࡢேࠎ࡟ࡢࡳ㛵ಀࡍࡿᶒ฼ࡔࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝᢏ⾡࡛ࡣࠊᩥᏐࠊ㡢ࠊື⏬࡞࡝ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ᝟ሗࡀ࡜ࡢᩘᏐࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ࡜࠸࠺ྠ୍ࡢᙧᘧ࡛⾲⌧ࡉࢀࠊㄡ࡛ࡶᐜ᫆࠿ࡘᏳ౯࡟」〇ࠊᨵኚࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ຎ໬ࡶࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡣ᝟ሗࡢཷࡅᡭ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓಶேࡀࠊ࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣝ࡜➼౯ࡢ」〇≀ࢆసᡂࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟Ⓨಙࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝ᝟ሗࡢ฼⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡝ࡇࡲ࡛ⴭసᶒ⪅ࡢチㅙࡀᚲせ࡞ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ⴭసᶒἲୖࡢุ᩿ࡀࠊ୍ಶே࡟࡜
ࡗ࡚㌟㏆࠿ࡘ㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢹࢪࢱࣝ᝟ሗࡢὶ㏻ࡀ⇿Ⓨⓗ࡟ᣑ኱ࡋࠊᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࡑࡢ฼⏝ᙧែࡀከᵝ໬ࡍࡿ୰࡛ࠊⴭసᶒࡢ᤼௚
ᮏ✏ࡣࠊᖹᡂᖺᗘ࣐࢖ࢡࣟࢯࣇࢺ▱ⓗ㈈⏘◊✲ຓᡂᇶ㔠࡟ࡼࡿ◊✲ᡂᯝࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏ᇳ➹࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ࠊ▼⏣῟ඛ⏕ࠊྂᇛెᏊඛ⏕ࠊ㕥ᮌᑘᩥඛ⏕ࠊ⏣ᮧၿஅඛ⏕ࠊ୰ᒣ୍㑻ඛ⏕ࠊྜྷ⏣┤ᮍẶ࡯࠿ከࡃࡢ᪉࠿ࡽ㈗㔜࡞ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡟῝ࡃឤㅰ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡓ࠸ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬᫬௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜ㝿ⴭసᶒไᗘࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬ すᮧ 㻌ᛶࢆᙉࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡛ⴭసᶒ⪅ࡢಶᛶࡸࡑࡢ๰సពḧࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸࠾ࡼࡧ㛵㐃ᶒࡢ୍ᐃࡢഃ㠃ࡢࣁ࣮ࣔࢼ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡍࡿḢᕞ㆟఍࠾

ࡣࠊࡑࡢᶒ฼ࡢ᤼௚ᛶࢆᙅࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ⴭస≀ࡢ฼⏝ࡸὶ㏻ࡢ⮬⏤ᗘࡼࡧ⌮஦఍ࡢᣦ௧ࠖࡀྍỴࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ㻱㼁㻌ⴭసᶒᣦ௧ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᨵṇⴭࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ୧⪅ࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆ࠸࠿࡟࡜ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊྛᅜࡢⴭసᶒไసᶒἲ࡜ఝࡓつᐃෆᐜ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢᣦ௧ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊ㻱㼁㻌ຍ┕ᅜࡣⴭᗘࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ุ᩿ࢆ㏕ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋసᶒἲࡢᨵṇࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏࡶࠊᖺ௨㝆ࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡢไࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᝟ሗࡢࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ໬ࡀᛴ㏿࡞ᗈࡀࡾࢆぢࡏጞᐃࢆཷࡅࡓἲᨵṇࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡵ࡚࠸ࡓᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࠊୡ⏺▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒᶵ㛵㸦㼃㼛㼞㼘㼐㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌ࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡢᚋࠊ᝟ሗᢏ⾡ࡀࡲࡍࡲࡍⓎᒎࢆ㐙ࡆࡿ୰ࠊ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖ㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻧㻌 㼃㻵㻼㻻㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ஧ࡘࡢⴭసᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿᮲⣙ࡀ᥇ᢥࡉࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞฼⏝⾜Ⅽ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᅜ㝿つไࢆࡉࡽ࡟ᙉࡵࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ືࡁࡀ࠶ࡿࢀࡓࠋࠕⴭసᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿୡ⏺▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒᶵ㛵᮲⣙㸦㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌㻯㼛㼜㼥㼞㼕㼓㼔㼠㻌㼀㼞㼑㼍㼠㼥㸧୍᪉࡛ࠊ⌧⾜ไᗘࡣⴭసᶒ⪅࡟㐣ᗘ࡟᭷฼࡞ไᗘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ฼⏝⪅ࡀ▱㆑ࡸ㸦௨ୗࠊ㼃㻯㼀࡜࿧ࡪ㸧ࠖ࡜ࠕᐇ₇࠾ࡼࡧࣞࢥ࣮ࢻ࡟㛵ࡍࡿୡ⏺▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒ᝟ሗ࡟࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆ༑ศ࡟ಖㆤࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ᢈุࡀ⏘ᴗ⏺ࡸᶵ㛵᮲⣙㸦㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌㻼㼑㼞㼒㼛㼞㼙㼍㼚㼏㼑㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻼㼔㼛㼚㼛㼓㼞㼍㼙㼟㻌㼀㼞㼑㼍㼠㼥㸧㸦௨ୗࠊ㼃㻼㻼㼀࡜࿧ἲ᭪⏺࠿ࡽᗈࡃᐤࡏࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊ௒᪥ࡢᅜ㝿ⴭసᶒไᗘࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ᒱࡪ㸧࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㸦௨ୗࠊ஧ࡘྜࢃࡏ࡚ࠕ㼃㻵㻼㻻ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪ ࠋ࠸ࡎࢀ㊰࡟❧ࡓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡣࠊඛ㐍ᅜㅖᅜࡢࢹࡶࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎࡸ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖࡢ᝟ሗὶ㏻ࡢᣑ኱࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓࢪࢱࣝⴭసᶒไᗘࡢᅵྎ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ᮲⣙࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ௒᪥ࡢⴭసᶒἲࢆⴭసᶒ࠾ࡼࡧⴭస㞄᥋ᶒ㸦௨ୗࠊࠕࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭసᶒࠖ࡜࿧ࡪ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᪂ࡵࡄࡿㄽதࡢཎⅬ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࠊ㔜せ࡞ᅜ㝿ไᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡞ಖㆤᇶ‽ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᙜ᫬ࠊඛ㐍ᅜㅖᅜ࡛ࡣࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭసᶒࢆ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡢἲⓗ࡞ศᯒࡣඛ⾜◊✲࡟ጤࡡࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᮏ✏ࡀ᳨ウ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟つᚊࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡭ࡁ࠿࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊᙜ᮲⣙࡟つᐃࡉࢀࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸ᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ἞㐣⛬ࢆࡢ୰࡛᥇ᢥࡉࢀࡓ୧᮲⣙ࡣࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢඛ㐍ᅜㅖᅜࡢⴭసᶒไᗘࢆࠊⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤᙉ໬࡬࡜኱ࡁࡃ᪉ྥ࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡢ᥇ᢥࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊࡲࡎ⡿ᅜࡀᖺ࡟ⴭసᶒἲࢆᨵṇࡋࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society.

ࡼࡾࡉࡽ࡟ⴭసᶒ⪅ࡢಖㆤࢆᙉࡵࡓไᗘࢆᐇ⌧ࡉࡏࡓࠋ⥆࠸࡚ᖺ࡟

Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 2001 on the㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙࡟ἢࡗ࡚ࠊᇦෆㅖᅜࡢⴭసᶒἲࢆㄪ࿴ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢᣦ௧ࠋᖺ᭶࡟බᕸࠋ

ࡣࠊḢᕞ㐃ྜ㸦㻱㼡㼞㼛㼜㼑㼍㼚㻌 㼁㼚㼕㼛㼚㻧㻌 㻱㼁㸧ࡢ㆟఍࡛ࠕ᝟ሗ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿⴭసᶒ࠾ࡼࡧ୙ṇ➇த㜵Ṇἲᨵṇ࡟ࡼࡿᢏ⾡ⓗಖㆤᡭẁᅇ㑊࡟㛵ࡍࡿつไ࡜㟁Ꮚⓗᶒ฼౛࠼ࡤࠊᖺⴭసᶒἲᨵṇ࡟ࡼࡿබ⾗㏦ಙᶒ➼ࡢ᪂タࠊᖺࡢⴭసᶒἲᨵṇࡇࡢ㼃㻵㻼㻻ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡢไᐃࢆࡵࡄࡿ஺΅࡛ࡣࠊ㼃㻯㼀㻌࡜㼃㻼㻼㼀㻌࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ➨୕ࡢ⟶⌮᝟ሗࡢ㝖ཤ࣭ᨵኚ➼ࡢつไࡢᑟධࠋ᮲⣙࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᮲⣙ࡢ᥇ᢥࡶ┠ᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ

ຍ┕ᅜࡢពぢࡀྜࢃ࡞࠸ࡲࡲ࡟ᑂ㆟ᣢ㉺ࡋ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣᢅࢃ࡞࠸ࠋ

Their Interpretation and Implementation, Oxford University Press, 2002; Jorg Reinbothe㼃㻯㼀㻌ࡣⴭసᶒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㼃㻼㻼㼀㻌ࡣⴭస㞄᥋ᶒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᐃࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ

and Silke von Lewinski, The WIPO Treaties 1996㸫The WIPO Copyright Treaty and theᐇ₇ᐙࠊࣞࢥ࣮ࢻ〇స⪅ࠊᨺ㏦஦ᴗ⪅࡞࡝ࡢᶒ฼ࢆูಶࡢไᗘ࡛ಖㆤࡏࡎⴭసᶒ࡜

WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty Commentary and Legal Analysis, Butter-౛࠼ࡤࠊMihaly Ficsor, The Law of Copyright and the Internet: The 1996 WIPO Treaties,ࡋ࡚ಖㆤࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ᫂☜໬ࡢࡓࡵࠊⴭస≀ࢆఏ㐩ࡍࡿ⪅࡟㛵ࡍworths Lexis Nexis, London, 2002.

ࡿᶒ฼ࡣࡍ࡭࡚ⴭస㞄᥋ᶒ࡜⾲ࡍࠋ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊከᅜ㛫᮲⣙࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊࠕᇶᮏཎ๎ principles/standards ࠖࡣຍ┕ᅜࡀ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒἲ U.S. Code, Title 17 ࢆᨵṇࠋᖺ᭶࡟ᡂ❧ࡋࡓࡀࠊᖺ᭶࡜ࡿ࡭ࡁᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞⾜Ⅽࢆᣦࡋࠊࠕつ๎ rules ࠖࡣලయⓗ࡞⾜Ⅽࢆᣦࡍ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡟᪋⾜ࡉࢀࡓࡓࡵࠊࠕࢹࢪࢱ࣑ࣝࣞࢽ࢔࣒ⴭసᶒἲ Digital Millennium Copyrightࡋ࠿ࡋᐇ㝿࡟ࡣࠊᅜ㝿᮲⣙࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࠕつ๎ࠖࠊࠕཎ๎ࠖࠊࠕつ⠊ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⏝ㄒࡣࡤAct㸧ࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࠋ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡢᢈ෸࡟ྥࡅࡓᅜෆ❧ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ᮲⣙ୖࡢࡽࡤࡽ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊྛ᮲⣙ࡢࠕᇶᮏཎ๎ࠖ࡟ἢࡗ࡚ຍ┕ᅜࡀ࡜ࡿ⩏ົ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࣭ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡢಖㆤࡢつᐃࢆ┒ࡾ㎸ࡴ࡞࡝ࠊୡ⏺

࡭ࡁලయⓗ⾜Ⅽࢆつᐃࡋࡓࡶࡢࢆࠕᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࠕᇶ‽ࠖ࡟࡟ඛ㥑ࡅ࡚ࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭసᶒࡢᙉ࠸ಖㆤࢆᅗࡾࠊὀ┠ࢆᾎࡧࡓࠋࡣࠊᶒ฼⩏ົ࡛࠶ࡿࠕᐇయつ⠊ norm ࠖ࡜ࡑࡢ㐠⏝ᡭ⥆࡛࠶ࡿࠕᶒ฼⾜౑ en- ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬᫬௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜ㝿ⴭసᶒไᗘࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬ すᮧ 㻌⤒࡚ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭసᶒࡢ῭ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ࡣㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸≉Ṧ࡞ศ㔝࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᙉࡃ༳㇟࡙ࡅࡓࠋၥ㢟ࢆ᪂ࡋ࠸᮲⣙࡛つไࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀỴࡲࡗࡓࡢࡣᖺ᭶ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤᙉ໬ࡣࠊ㛵⛯⋡ࡢᘬࡁୗࡆࡸ㠀㛵⛯㞀ቨࡢ᧔ᗫ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀ௨๓ࡢ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡛ࡣࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭసᶒࡢၥ㢟ࡀヰࡋྜࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜㈠᫆⮬⏤໬࡜ࡣ㏫᪉ྥࡢຠᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᅜᐙ㛫࡛ᢏ⾡ࡸ᝟ሗࡣ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊලయⓗ࡞ᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ‽ഛࡣᩚࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡢ⮬⏤࡞ὶ㏻ࡀ㐍ࢇࡔ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀ࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ྛᅜࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢ᮲⣙ࡢᙧᡂ࡟ྥࡅࡓ஺΅ࢆඛᑟࡋࡓࡢࡣ⡿ᅜᨻᗓ࡜㻱㼁㻌࡛࠶ࡿࡀᙉ໬ࡉࢀࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊᢏ⾡ࡸ᝟ሗ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ฼┈ࡣᶒ฼⪅࡟⊂༨ࡉࢀࡿ

ࡀࠊᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡢไᐃ௨๓ࠊ⡿ᅜ࡜㻱㼁㻌ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡾࠊᶒ฼⪅ࢆከࡃ᭷ࡍࡿඛ㐍ᅜ࡟᭷฼࡜࡞ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᅜ㝿ࡶࠊⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟✚ᴟⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊࡑࡢᐇ⌧࡟ྥⓗ࡞ಖㆤᙉ໬ࡢືࡁ࡟㏵ୖᅜࡀᙉࡃ཯Ⓨࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡛ࡅ࡚⏘ᴗ⏺ࡸἲ᭪⏺ࡢពぢࡍࡽࡲ࡜ࡲࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸≧ἣ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࠶ࡾࠊᅜ㝿ᨻ἞Ꮫࡢぢᆅ࠿ࡽ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒไᗘࢆぢࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࡢ኱༙ࡀࠊࡇࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ໬࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤࢆᅗࡿࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ඛ㐍ᅜഃࡢㄽ⌮ࡔࡅ࡛ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒไᗘࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡜ࡀᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟ᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂☜࡞⟅࠼ࡣᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊࡲࡓࠊࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᢈุࡍࡿㄽㄪ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸࠿࡞ࡿⴭసᶒἲࢆไᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⮬ᅜࡢ฼┈࡟࡞ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊඛ㐍ᅜ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒၥ㢟ࡢ≉ᚩࡢ୍ࡘࡣࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࢆタࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅜ㝿࡛ࡍࡽ⟅࠼ࢆぢฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⓗ࡟ᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࡢุ᩿ࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟㞴ࡋ࠸࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟࠶ࡿࠋᢏ⾡ࡸ᝟ሗ࡛ࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭసᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ஺΅ࡀᮏ᱁ⓗ࡟ጞࡲࡗ࡚࠿ࡽ⣙ᖺᚋࡢᖺ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ⪅ࡢᶒ฼ࢆ࡝ࡇࡲ࡛ㄆࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅜ㝿⤒῭ࡢⓎᒎࡸ᭶ࠊ஧ࡘࡢⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡀ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌እ஺఍㆟ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚᥇ᢥࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍ᒎ࡟ᙺ❧ࡘࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࡢ☜࠿࡞ᅇ⟅ࡀᚓࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡲࡲ࡟ࠊᢏ⾡ࡣ㐍࡞▷࠸஺΅ᮇ㛫ࡢ㛫࡟ࠊ࡞ࡐ᪂ࡋ࠸ᅜ㝿ᇶ‽࡟㛵ࡍࡿྜពࢆᡂ❧ࡉࡏࡿࡇ໬ࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ḟࠎ࡜᪂ࡋ࠸ᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡀసࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞▱ⓗ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡇࡢᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡢỴᐃࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ἞㐣㈈⏘ᶒไᗘࢆᅜ㝿ᨻ἞Ꮫࡢぢᆅ࠿ࡽㄽࡎࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࡢከࡃࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᅜ⛬ࡀᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ㝿ᇶ‽ࡀࠊୡ⏺࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛⮬ࡽࡢᶒ฼ࢆᮏ✏ࡣࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬ࢆࠊᅜ㝿ᨻ἞ᏛࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽศᯒࡍಖ඲ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿඛ㐍ᅜ௻ᴗ࡜ࡑࡢせㄳ࡟ᛂࡎࡿඛ㐍ᅜᨻᗓࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࢀࡿࠋᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡲ࡛ࠊⴭసᶒࢆྵࡵ࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࢆᅜ㝿ᨻ἞࡟ᑐᢠࡍࡿ㏵ୖᅜᨻᗓ࡜ࡑࢀࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ㻺㻳㻻㻌࡜࠸࠺ᑐ❧ࡢᵓᅗࡢ୰࡛ᙧᏛࡢぢᆅ࠿ࡽศᯒࡍࡿ◊✲ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ぢࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ௒᪥ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡀඛ㐍ᅜࢆᶒࡣᅜᐙ㛫ࡢᨻ἞ⓗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⤒῭ⓗ㛵ಀࢆᕥྑࡍࡿ㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ◊✲ࡶᛴቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜ᅜ㝿ᨻ἞⤒῭ࡀ㛵ಀ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡀࠊ㻳㻭㼀㼀࢘ࣝࢢ࢔࢖࣭ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻ࡛ไ

Christopher May, The Global Political Economy of Intellectual Property Rights, London:Routledge, 2010.

ᐃࡉࢀࡓࠕ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㈠᫆㛵㐃ࡢഃ㠃࡟㛵ࡍࡿ༠ᐃ㸦㻭㼓㼞㼑㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠㻌 㼛㼚㻌㼀㼞㼍㼐㼑㻙㻾㼑㼘㼍㼠㼑㼐㻌㻭㼟㼜㼑㼏㼠㼟㻌㼛㼒㻌㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌㻾㼕㼓㼔㼠㼟䠅㸦௨ୗࠊࠕ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌༠ᐃࠖ

Knowledge Economy?, NY: the New Press, 2002.; Jonathan D. Aronson, “International࡜࿧ࡪ ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌༠ᐃࡢไᐃࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻᗓ㛫ࡢᨷ㜵ࠊࡑࡋ࡚Intellectual Property Rights in Networked World” in Helen V. Milner and Andrew Moravc-ࡑࡢᚋࡢୡ⏺㈠᫆ᶵ㛵㸦㼃㼛㼞㼘㼐㻌㼀㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌㻻㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻧㻌㼃㼀㻻㸧࡟࠾ࡅࡿඛ㐍ᅜ
࡜㏵ୖᅜࡢ⃭ࡋ࠸ᑐ❧ࡢ㐣⛬ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀࠊᚑ᮶ࡢᅜ㝿⤒౛࠼ࡤࠊPeter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns thesik eds., Power, Interdependence, and Nonstate Actors in World Politics, Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press, 2009, pp.185-203.
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ㠀Ⴀ฼࡟άືࡍࡿ㠀ᨻᗓ⤌⧊ Non-Governmental Organization: NGO㸧࡜௻ᴗࢆ༊ูࡋࠊ୧⪅ࢆྜࢃࡏ࡚ࠕ㠀ᅜᐙ୺యࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࠋࡲࡓࠊ௻ᴗྠኈ࡛タ❧ࡉࢀࡿᅋయࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊᕷẸᅋయ࡞࡝ࡢཧຍࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㠀Ⴀ฼࡟άືࡍࡿ⤌forcement ࠖࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ⧊࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᶆᴶࡍࡿᅋయࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊ௻ᴗࡀ୰ᚰⓗ࡟άືࡋࠊࡑࡢάືෆᐜ࡟௻ᴗࡢពぢࡀ཯ᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᅋయࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࠊ௻ᴗᅋయ࡜࿧ࡪࠋ㼃㼀㻻㻌༠ᐃࡢ௜ᒓ᭩࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᖺ࡟Ⓨຠࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬᫬௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜ㝿ⴭసᶒไᗘࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬ すᮧ 㻌୰ᚰ࡟ᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢෆᐜࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞࡟ࡼࡗ࡚฼┈ࢆᚓࡿࡇࢀࡽࡢ௻ᴗࡣࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ࡢᶒ฼⠊ᅖࡀ㐣ᗘ࡟ᗈࡀࡿᨻ἞㐣⛬ࢆ⤒࡚ᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ศᯒࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛⮬ࡽࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪ࡀไ㝈ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㆙ᡄࡋࠊⴭసᶒࡢᣑ኱ࡀⴭ◊✲ࡣࡲࡔᑡᩘ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿࠋࡇࡢඛ㐍ᅜ௻ᴗࡸ㻺㻳㻻㻌ࡢᙳ㡪ຊࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈స≀ࡢ฼⏝⪅ࡢ⮬⏤ࡢ౵ᐖ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ࡜ッ࠼ࡓࠋࡇࡢ୺ᙇෆᐜࡣࠊ࢖ࣥࢱ⏘ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡢෆᐜỴᐃ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖࡢ⾲⌧ࡢ⮬⏤ࡸ฼⏝⪅ࡢᶒ฼ࡢᐇ⌧ࢆồࡵ࡚άືࡍࡿᶒ฼ᅋᮏ✏ࡀྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡶࠊࡑࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬࡟࠾࠸࡚⡿ᅜ࡜Ḣయࠊᾘ㈝⪅ᅋయࠊᅗ᭩㤋ᅋయࠊᩍ⫱ᅋయࡢᙉ࠸ᨭᣢࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋᕞㅖᅜࡢ௻ᴗࡸ㻺㻳㻻ࡀ⢭ຊⓗ࡞άືࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓⅬ࡛ὀ┠ࢆ㞟ࡵࡓ஦౛࡛ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬࡟ࡣࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢໃຊࡀᏑᅾ࠶ࡿࠋᚑ᮶ࠊᩥᏐࡣ᭩⡠ࠊ㡢ࡣࣞࢥ࣮ࢻ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ⴭస≀ࡢ฼⏝᪉ἲࡋࡓࠋᾘ㈝⪅ྥࡅ㟁Ꮚᶵჾ௻ᴗ㸦௨ୗࠊࠕᐙ㟁௻ᴗࠖ࡜࿧ࡪ㸧࡜ࢥࣥࣆࣗࡣࡑࡢ፹య࡟ᛂࡌ࡚␗࡞ࡾࠊ᭩⡠࡟ᑐࡍࡿฟ∧♫ࠊࣞࢥ࣮ࢻ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣞࢥ࣮ࢱ௻ᴗࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔௻ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋḢ⡿ㅖᅜ࡛ࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭసᶒࡢ࣮ࢻ఍♫࡞࡝ࠊ፹యࡢ✀㢮ࡈ࡜࡟ಶูࡢᴗ⏺ࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࠶ၥ㢟ࡀ㆟ㄽࡉࢀጞࡵࡓᙜึࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤᇶ‽ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆࡇࢀࡽࡢࡽࡺࡿ᝟ሗࢆྠࡌᙧᘧ࡛⾲⌧ࡍࡿࢹࢪࢱࣝᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᴗ⏺࡜࠸௻ᴗࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⏘ᴗෆ࡛ࡶពぢࡣࡲ࡜ࡲࡗ࡚

࠺ᇉ᰿ࡣྲྀࡾᡶࢃࢀࠊ፹య࡜ࡣ↓㛵ಀ࡟ᵝࠎ࡞㛵ಀ⪅ࡀฟ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᐙ㟁௻ᴗࡸࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ௻ᴗࡣⴭస≀ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡗࡓࠋ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡢᙧᡂࡣࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭస≀࡟㛵ࢃࡿᵝࠎ࡞㠀ᅜᐙࡵࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࡸ㘓㡢ᶵჾࢆ〇㐀ࡋࠊࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔௻ᴗࡣ࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣝࡢ୺యࡀࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡢ୰࡛⮬ࡽࡢᶒ฼⠊ᅖࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ពぢࢆᡓⴭస≀ࢆ〇㐀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢⴭస≀ࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓ〇ရࢆ〇㐀ࡍࡿࢃࡏࡿ᱁ዲࡢ⯙ྎ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ௻ᴗࡣࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡢᙧᡂ࡟ྥࡅࡓືࡁࡀᮏࡑࡢ㐣⛬ࡣࠊḟࡢ஧ࡘࡢໃຊࡢத࠸࡜ࡋ࡚ᥥ࠿ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ ࠋࡲࡎࠊ᱁໬ࡍࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ࠊ㆟ㄽ࡟ཧຍࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊ➇த┦ᡭࡢືࡁ࡟ྜࢃࡏ㡢ᴦࠊᫎ⏬ࠊฟ∧࡞࡝ࠊⴭస≀ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚฼┈ࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡿ௻࡚⮬ࡽࡢពぢࢆᅛࡵ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ௻ᴗࡢࡑࡢᚋࡢືྥࡀࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡟ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ௻ᴗࡣࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭస≀࡟࠾ࡅࡿⴭసᶒ⪅ࡢᶒ฼⠊ᅖ࠾ࡅࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡢෆᐜࢆ኱ࡁࡃỴᐃ࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡢᣑ኱ࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐᢠࡋࡓࡢࡀࠊ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡸ࢜ࣥࣛ࢖ࣥ௨ୖࡢ୕ࡘࡢໃຊ࡟ᒓࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ㟁ヰ㏻ಙ௻ᴗࡸࣉࣟࣂ࢖ࢲ௻ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴭస≀ࡢὶ㏻ᙧᡂ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡭ࡃࠊ✚ᴟⓗ࡟άືࡋࡓࠋ⡿ᅜᨻᗓࡸḢᕞጤဨ఍

ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒไᗘࡢᙧᡂ࡟ᑐࡍࡿඛ㐍ᅜ௻ᴗࡢᙳ㡪ຊࢆศᯒࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜㸦㻱㼡㼞㼛㼜㼑㼍㼚㻌㻯㼛㼙㼙㼕㼟㼟㼕㼛㼚㻧㻌㻱㻯㸧ࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌஺΅ࡢᨻᗓ௦⾲⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿពぢࡢ⾲᫂ࠊ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡞࡝ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓኌ᫂ࡢⓎ⾲ࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌୺ദࡢࢩ࣏ࣥࢪ࣒࢘࡬ࡢཧຍࠊ

ࡋ࡚ࠊSusan Sell, Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ࡢᆅᇦู఍㆟࡬ࡢ࢜ࣈࢨ࣮ࣂ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢཧຍࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣᶒ฼⪅ᅋయRights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003;㐲▮ᾈつࠕࠗ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟࠘ࡢඹ᭷▱㆑ࡸᾘ㈝⪅ᅋయ࡜ࡢ༠ຊ࡞࡝ࠊᐇ࡟ከᙬ࡞άືࡀᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛ࡶ໬̿ᵓ㐀࣭㐣⛬࣭୺యࠖ៞᠕⩏ሿ኱ᏛἲᏛ◊✲఍⦅ࠗἲᏛ◊✲࠘ᕳྕ ᖺ㸧ࠊᮏ✏ࡀὀ┠ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࠾ࡼࡧḢᕞ௻ᴗࡢ୰࡟ࠊ௻ᴗྠኈ࡛ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟༠すᮧࡶࡶᏊࠕᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢᙧᡂ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௻ᴗ㛫༠ຊ̿㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟஺΅࡜᪥⡿Ḣ௻ᴗࠖࠗᅜ㝿ᨻ἞࠘ྕ ᖺ ࠋ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ࡶࡇࢀࡽࡢ㠀ᅜᐙ୺యࡢᙳ㡪ຊࢆㄆࡵࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞᮲⣙᥇ᢥ࡟ྥࡅࡓᖺ

᭶ࡢእ஺఍㆟࡟ࡣࠊୡ⏺ㅖᅜ࠿ࡽࡶࡢ㠀ᅜᐙ୺యࡀ࢜ࣈࢨ࣮ࣂ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ṇᘧ࡟ᣍᚅࡉࢀࡓࠋWIPO Document CRNR/DC/INF.4 (Dec. 2, 1996).ຊࡋࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌஺΅࡛ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁᅜ㝿ᇶ‽᱌ࢆẸ㛫ࡢഃ࠿ࡽᨻᗓ࡟ᥦ♧ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⾜ືࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅜ㝿ᨻ἞Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᨻᗓࡢᑐእᨻ⟇ࡢỴᐃ࡟ྥࡅࡓ௻ᴗࡢࣟࣅ࣮άື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᪤࡟࠿࡞ࡾࡢ◊✲⵳✚ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ௻ᴗࡢάືࡣࠊྛ

Silke von Lewinski, Exploring the sources of copyright: ALAI congress, September௻ᴗࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ␗࡞ࡿෆᐜࡢᨻ⟇ࢆᨻᗓ࡟せㄳࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺୍⯡ⓗ࡞ࣟࣅ

18-21, 2005, Paris.

࣮άື࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊᨻᗓ㛫࡛ᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢෆᐜࡀỴࡵࡽࢀࡿ௨๓࡟ࠊ」ᩘᅜ


౛࠼ࡤࠊPamela Samuelson, “WIPO Panel Principal Paper㸫The U.S. Digital Agenda atWIPO,” Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol.37, pp.369-440.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

Samuelson, op.cit., p.374. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬᫬௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜ㝿ⴭసᶒไᗘࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬ すᮧ 㻌࡟ᒓࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡀྠෆᐜࡢไᗘ᱌ࢆసࡾࠊࡑࡢྠࡌෆᐜࡢไᗘ᱌ࢆྛᅜᨻᗓ

࠸࡚ࠊ▱㆑ඹྠయࡀࡑࡢᑓ㛛▱㆑ࡸ᝟ሗ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ▱ぢࢆ♧ࡋࠊᅜᐙࡢᨻ⟇࡟ồࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᮏ✏ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞௻ᴗ㛫ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞༠ຊࡸᅜᐙ㛫ࡢ༠ຊ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㻹㻚ࣇ࢕ࢿࣔ࢔࡜㻷㻚㻌ࢩࢵ࢟ࣥࢡࡣࠊάື࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢศᯒࢆேᶒᅋయࡢάືࢆཷࡅ࡚ேᶒࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ฼┈࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ᅜᐙࡀุ᩿

㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ௻ᴗࡀᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢᙧᡂ࡟ྥࡅ࡚௚ᅜ௻ᴗ࡜༠ຊࡍࡿࡢࡣ࠸࠿࡞ࡿࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊேᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢᙧᡂࡀᐇ⌧ࡉࢀࡓ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ሙྜ࠿ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ௻ᴗ㛫ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ༠ຊࡀᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢᡂ❧࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡢࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ᥥ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊᑓ㛛ᐙᅋయࡸேᶒᅋయ࡞࡝ࡢ㻺㻳㻻㻌ࡀࠊᑓࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺஧ࡘࡢၥ࠸ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚㛛▱㆑ࡸಙ᮲ࡢᬑཬ࡟ດࡵࠊᨻ⟇Ỵᐃ⪅ࡢㄆ㆑ࡸᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞つ⠊࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠸ࡿࠋ࠼ࡿ㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶ㻺㻳㻻㻌ࡣ➨୍⩏ⓗ࡟බⓗ฼┈ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿ୺య࡛࠶ࡿࡓ㸯㸬௻ᴗ࡜ᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢᙧᡂ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽⓗศᯒ㻌ࡵࠊබⓗ࡞ᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢᙧᡂ࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚⪃࠼ࡸࡍ࠸ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᮏ✏ࡀ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࡢࡣࠊ௻ᴗ࡜࠸࠺Ẹ㛫୺యࡀࠊ➇த㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿࡣࡎࡢ௚ᅜ஦౛᳨ド࡟ධࡿ๓࡟ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ஦౛ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࢆ♧ࡍࠋ௻ᴗ࡜༠ຊࡋ࡚බⓗ࡞ᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢᙧᡂࢆ┠ᣦࡍሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸୰ኸᨻᗓࡢ࡞࠸ᅜ㝿㛵ಀ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᅜᐙࡣ࡞ࡐᅜ㝿ไᗘࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠋ࡚ࠊ௻ᴗ࡞࡝ࡢ⤒῭୺యࡢ㛫࡛⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿつ๎ࡸไᗘ㸦⚾ⓗࣞࢪᅜ㝿ᨻ἞Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜ㝿ไᗘ◊✲ࡣࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟㛵ᚰࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ࣮࣒㸧ࡀᙧᡂ࣭⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡿせᅉࡸࡑࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ⌮ㄽ໬ࢆヨࡳࡿ◊✲ࡶぢࡓࠋ≉࡟ࠊᖺ௦࡟⏕ࡌࡓ஧ࡘࡢᅜ㝿⤒῭యไࡢኚືࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕኚືⅭ

ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢศᯒࡢ↔Ⅼࡣ௻ᴗྠኈࡢ㛵ಀࡢゎ᫂࡟࠶ࡾࠊ௻ᴗ㛫࡛ඹ᭷᭰┦ሙไ࡬ࡢ⛣⾜࡜࢜࢖࣭ࣝࢩࣙࢵࢡࡣࠊᅜ㝿ไᗘࡀᏳᐃࡋ࡚ᡂ❧ࠊ⥔ᣢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᑓ㛛ⓗ▱㆑ࡸ⤒㦂ࡀࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ไᗘᙧᡂ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨻᗓࡢㄆ㆑࡟ᙳࡉࢀࡿ᮲௳ࡣఱ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࢆㄽࡎࡿᅜ㝿ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ㄽࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡜

㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛ࡣࠊ๓㏙ࡢ㻺㻳㻻㻌࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲࡜ྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢᅜ㝿ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ㄽ࡛ࡣࠊ⌮ㄽࡢ⡆₩໬ࡀ㔜ࢇࡌࡽࢀࠊ

☜࠿࡟ࠊ㏆ᖺࡢᅜ㝿⤒῭࡛ࡣࠊ」㞧࠿ࡘᑓ㛛ⓗ࡞᝟ሗࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿၥ㢟ࡀᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢᙧᡂ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ୺యࡣᅜᐙࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ぢࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊᙜ↛ࡢ๓ᥦቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ຍ࠼ࠊ⎔ቃࡸேᶒ࡞࡝ࠊᚑ᮶ࡣ⤒῭እ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓၥ㢟࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ ࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ⎔ቃࠊேᶒࠊ㈋ᅔ࡞࡝୍ᅜ࡛ࡣゎỴ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ၥࡀ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ௻ᴗࡢ᭷ࡍࡿᑓ㛛▱㆑ࡸ᝟ሗࡀᨻᗓࡢ㢟ࡢ῝้ࡉࡀቑࡍ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᆅ⌫つᶍࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊၥ㢟ㄆ㆑ࡸᨻ⟇ุ᩿࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡀᙉࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ᅜᐙ௨እࡢ୺య࡟ࡼࡿ㠀ᶒጾⓗ࡞ไᗘࡶど㔝࡟ධࢀࡓୖ࡛ࠊᅜ㝿⛛ᗎࡸไࡋࠊၥ㢟ゎỴࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᅜ㝿ไᗘࢆసࡿᚲせᛶࢆᨻᗓࡀㄆࡵࠊලయⓗ࡞つᚊᗘࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡀྎ㢌ࡋࡓ ࠋࡇࡢࢢ࣮ࣟෆᐜࢆ஺΅ࡍࡿẁ㝵࡟ධࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࡢᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡢෆᐜࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ᵝࠎ࡞฼ᐖࣂ࣭ࣝ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫㄽࡸࢥࣥࢫࢺࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࣦ࢕ࢬ࣒㸦ᵓᡂ୺⩏㸧ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷᑐ❧ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡇࡢ୰࡛ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡢෆᐜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚฼ᐖ࡟㐪ࡅ࡚ࠊ㏆ᖺࠊ㠀ᅜᐙ୺యࡀᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢᙧᡂࡸ㑂Ᏺ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆศᯒࡍࡿ◊✲ࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ㻼㻚ࣁ࣮ࢫࡽࡣࠊᏛ⪅ࡸ⛉Ꮫ⪅࡞࡝ᑓ㛛▱㆑ࢆඹ᭷ࡍࡿ㞟ᅋ㸦▱㆑ඹྠయ㸧ࡀࠊᅜᐙࡢᨻ⟇ࡸᅜᐙ㛫ࡢ༠ຊ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆᙉㄪࡋࡓࠋ⎔ቃಖㆤ࡞࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᨻ⟇ᢸᙜ⪅࡟ࡣุ᩿ࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ၥ㢟࡟ࡘ
౛࠼ࡤࠊPeter M. Haas, “Introduction: epistemic communities and international policy

coordination,” International Organization, 46-1, 1992.
౛࠼ࡤࠊMargaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy

Networks in International Politics, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998.

౛࠼ࡤࠊRobert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World౛࠼ࡤࠊA. Claire Cutler, Virginia Haufler and Tony Porter eds., Private Authority andPolitical Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.

International Affairs, NY: SUNY Press, 1999.

౛࠼ࡤࠊOran R. Young, International Governance: Protecting the Environment in aStateless Society, Cornell University Press, 1994.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

William J. Drake and Kalypso Nicolaïdis, “Ideas, interests, and institutionalization:‘trade in services’ and the Uruguay Round”, International Organization, 46, 1992, p.95.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬᫬௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜ㝿ⴭసᶒไᗘࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬ すᮧ 㻌࠸ࡀฟ࡚ࡃࡿ௻ᴗࡀᒎ㛤ࡍࡿᨻ἞ⓗάືࡣࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࢆࡶồࡵࡿࠋ㏆ᖺࡢ⤒῭άືࡢᣑ኱࡛ᑓ㛛▱㆑ࡸᐇົ⤒㦂ࢆᚓࡓ௻ᴗࡣࠊ⮬ᅜ࡜௚ᅜࡢつไࡢ㐪࠸ࡀࡶࡘព࿡ࢆᨻᗓࡼࡾṇ☜࠿ࡘᐜ᫆࡟ゎࡍࡿࡇࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆᮏ✏ࡣࠊ஧ࡘࡢၥ࠸࡟ศࡅ᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋ୍ࡘࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡟ࠊᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢᙧᡂ࡟ྥࡅ࡚௚ᅜ௻ᴗ࡜༠ຊࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ཮᪉ࡢᅜෆつไࢆྠ᫬࡟᭷฼࡞ෆᐜ࡟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࢆồࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋၥ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏻౛ࠊ௻ᴗࡀఱࡽ࠿ࡢᨻ⟇ࡢᐇ⌧ࢆ┠ᣦࡍሙྜࠊࡲࡎ⮬ᅜᨻ࡛ࡣࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡟ࠊୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡢタᐃࢆồࡵ࡚௻ᴗࡣᗓ࡟ࣟࣅ࣮άືࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡇࡢࣟࣅ࣮άື࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ௻ᴗࡣ⮬ᅜᨻᗓࡸ௚ᅜ௚ᅜ௻ᴗ࡜ࡢ༠ຊࢆᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ゎỴ࡟ᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿᨻᗓ࡬ࡢᅽຊࢆᙉࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟௚ᅜ௻ᴗ࡜༠ຊࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㐣⛬ࡣᢏ⾡ࡸ▱㆑ࡀᑓ㛛໬࣭」㞧໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ௒᪥ࠊ௻ᴗࡢሙྜ࡜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊᨻ┦஫ᾐ㏱ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௻ᴗࡢࣟ

ᗓࡀࠊᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡢࡶࡓࡽࡍ฼┈ࡸࢥࢫࢺࢆṇ☜࡟ண ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࣅ࣮άືࡣࠊྛᨻᗓ࡟ᑐࡍࡿಶูᨻ⟇ࡢせㄳ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵᨻᗓࡣࠊᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡢᙧᡂ࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࠊࡲࡎ⮬ᅜࡢᅜෆᮏ✏ࡀྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿ஦౛࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿ௻ᴗࡢᅜቃࢆ㉺࠼ࡓ༠ຊࡣࠊᨻᗓ㛫஺΅つไ࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ᭱ᑠ㝈࡟࡜࡝ࡵࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊᨻᗓࡣከ࡛ᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢෆᐜࡀỴࡵࡽࢀࡿ௨๓࡟ࠊ」ᩘᅜ࡟ᒓࡍࡿ௻ᴗࡀྠࡌ୍ࡘࡢ

ᅜ㛫༠ᐃࡸ஧ᅜ㛫༠ᐃࡢᙧᡂࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚௚ᅜࡢᅜෆつไࢆኚ࠼ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜

ไᗘ᱌ࢆసࡾࠊࡑࡢྲྀࡾධࢀࢆᨻᗓ࡟ồࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟✚ᴟⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᨻᗓࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞ᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡢタᐃࢆ࡞ሙྜ࡟௻ᴗࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾜ືࢆ࡜ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ

㏻ࡋ࡚௚ᅜࡢᅜෆつไࢆኚ࠼ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟✚ᴟⓗ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ⮬ᅜࡢᅜෆࡲࡎࠊ௻ᴗࡣ࡞ࡐᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢᙧᡂࢆồࡵࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋつไࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡣᾘᴟⓗ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛௻ᴗࡣࠊᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢᙧᡂ࡟࠶

ไᗘࡢ᭱ࡶᇶᮏⓗ࡞ᶵ⬟ࡣྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࡢ๐ῶ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ௻ᴗࡀไᗘࢆồࡵࡿࡓࡗ࡚⮬ᅜࡢᅜෆつไࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᑐᛂࡉࡏࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⮬ᅜࡢࡣࠊᶒ฼㛵ಀࡢ᫂☜໬ࡸᒚ⾜☜ಖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚┦ᡭ௻ᴗ࡜ࡢᑐ❧ࢆᮍ↛࡟㜵ᨻᗓ࡜ពぢࢆᑐ❧ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻᗓࡢែᗘࢆኚ࠼ࡉࡂࠊ୙☜ᐇᛶࢆ㝖ཤࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡢไᗘࡀ⚾ⓗࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢ

ࡏࡿ࡟㊊ࡿྠពࢆᅜෆࡢ௚௻ᴗ࠿ࡽᚓࡽࢀ࡞࠸ሙྜࠊពぢࡢ୍⮴ࡍࡿ௚ᅜࡼ࠺࡞௻ᴗ㛫ࡢつ๎ࡸไᗘ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿሙྜࠊࡑࡢᐇ᪋ࡣ௻ᴗࡢ⮬୺ⓗ࡞㈐௻ᴗ࡜༠ຊࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ௻ᴗࡣࠊ௚ᅜ௻ᴗ࡜ࡢ༠ຊࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ௚ᅜ

௵࡜⟶⌮ࡢୗ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࠊ㐪཯ࢆ㜼Ṇࡍࡿຠຊࡣᙅ࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ௻ᴗࡣබ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ྜពྍ⬟࡞ᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡢ⠊ᅖࢆᨻᗓࡼࡾඛ࡟⏬ᐃࡋࠊࡑࡢᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ⓗ࡞ไᗘ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ௻ᴗ㛫ࡢつ๎ࡸไᗘࡢᐇຠᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡢᐇ⌧ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋබⓗ࡞ไᗘ࡟ࡣࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᅜෆἲࡢᙧᡂࡸᨵṇࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᶆ‽ࡸつ᱁ࡢ௨ୖࡢ⪃ᐹ࠿ࡽࠊ௻ᴗࡀ௚ᅜ௻ᴗ࡜༠ຊࡋ࡚ᅜ㝿ไᗘ᱌ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊタᐃࠊཎ๎ࡸ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࡢసᡂ࡞࡝ᵝࠎ࡞ἲᚊࡸᨻ⟇ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᮏᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢᙧᡂ࡟ྥࡅ࡚⮬ᅜࡢᅜෆつไࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚ᭦ࡍࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺✏ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟௻ᴗࡀᅜෆࡢᵝࠎ࡞⤒῭つไ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂♧ⓗ࡞ኚ᭦ࢆồⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᙜヱ௻ᴗ࡜ᨻᗓࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᙜヱ௻ᴗ࡜௚ࡢ௻ᴗ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ᑐ❧ࡀࡵࡿሙྜࢆ⥲ࡌ࡚ࠊࠕᅜෆつไࡢኚ᭦ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋ⤒῭άືࡀᅜ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࠋቃࢆ㉺࠼࡚ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿሙྜࠊ௻ᴗࡣ⮬ᅜࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ௚ᅜࡢᅜෆつไࡢኚ᭦すᮧ ᖺ ࡛ࡣࠊᮏ✏࡜ྠࡌၥ࠸ࢆ❧࡚ࠊྠࡌศᯒᯟ⤌ࡳ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌༠ᐃࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬ࢆศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡀ᳨ウࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ஧ࡘࡵࡢၥ࠸ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡀᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟༠ຊࡋ࡚సࡾୖࡆࡓᇶ‽᱌ࡀᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢෆᐜࡢỴᐃ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡢࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ௻ᴗࡀ௚ᅜ௻ᴗ࡜༠ຊࡋ࡚సࡾୖࡆࡓ᮲⣙᱌ࢆࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᨻᗓࡀྲྀࡾධࢀࡿࡢࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡞ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋⲡ㔝ཌࠗ᪥⡿࢜ࣞࣥࢪ஺΅࠘᪥ᮏ⤒῭᪂⪺♫ࠊᖺࠋ

㻶㻚ࢦ࣮ࣝࢻࢫࢱ࢖ࣥ࡜㻷㻚ࢥ࣊࢖ࣥࡣࠊᑐእᨻ⟇࡟㛵ࡍࡿᆒ⾮ゎࡀ」ᩘ࠶ࡿ

Douglas C. North, “Government and the Cost of Exchange in History,” The Journal ofሙྜ࡟ࠊ࠶ࡿᨻ⟇࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡀࣇ࢛࣮࣭࣏࢝ࣝ࢖ࣥࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚ാࡃྍ⬟ᛶࢆㄽ

Economic History, 44, 1984, p.256ࡣࠊࠕྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࠖࢆࠕྲྀᘬࡢᇶ♏࡜࡞ࡿዎ⣙ࡢෆᐜࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡋࠊࡑࡢᒚ⾜ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࢥࢫࢺࠖ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬᫬௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜ㝿ⴭసᶒไᗘࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬ すᮧ 㻌ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀ」ᩘ࠶ࡿ୰࡛࡝ࡢᨻ⟇ࢆ㑅ࡪ࡭ࡁ࠿ࡀᨻ⟇Ỵᐃ⪅࡟ၥ㢟ࡀྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀࡿ࡟⮳ࡿ㐣⛬ࢆࠊࡑࡢ❧ᙺ⪅࡜࡞ࡗࡓ⡿ᅜᨻᗓ࡜㻱㻯㻌࡜ࡗ࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࡞࠸≧ἣ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࠶ࡿᨻ⟇࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡀ♧ࡍண᝿⤖ᯝ࡜ᡓጤဨ఍ࡢືࡁࢆ୰ᚰ࡟㏣࠺ࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙࡟࠾ࡅࡿලయⓗ␎ࡣࠊᨻ⟇Ỵᐃ⪅࡟ぢ㏻ࡋࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋ≉࡟ᨻᗓ㛫஺΅࡛ࡣࠊ᝟ሗࡢ୙☜ᐇ࡞ᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋᛶࡺ࠼࡟ࣃ࣮ࣞࢺ᭱㐺ࡢᡤᅾࡀ୙᫂࡜࡞ࡾࡸࡍࡃࠊࡑࡢ୰࡛ࠊ࠶ࡿᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓᨻ⟇࢔࢖ࢹ࢔࡟ᨻᗓࡢᮇᚅࡀ཰ᩡࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ㸰㸬㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ஺΅࡟ྥࡅࡓḢ⡿ᨻᗓࡢືࡁ㻌࠺࡞ሙྜ࡟࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡀࣇ࢛࣮࣭࣏࢝ࣝ࢖ࣥࢺ࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࡢ᮲௳ࡣࢦ࣮ࣝࢻࢫࢱ࢖ࣥࡽࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ」ᩘ࠶ࡿᆒ⾮ゎ࠿ࡽ୍ 㼃㻵㻼㻻࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊⴭసᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ᅜ㝿᮲⣙ࡢసᡂ࡟ྥࡅࡓືࡁࡀࡘࡢᨻ⟇࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡀ㑅ࡧฟࡉࢀࡿዎᶵࡣࠊࡑࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡢෆᐜࡔࡅ࠿ࡽㄝᮏ᱁໬ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊᖺ᭶ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࡕࡻ࠺࡝ࠊ㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌࡛㛤࡛᫂ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ≉࡟ࠊ㼃㼀㻻ࡸ㼃㻵㻼㻻ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊⲡ᱌ࡢసᡂẁ㝵ദࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࢘ࣝࢢ࢔࢖࣭ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࡢ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌༠ᐃࡢᙧᡂ࡟ྥࡅࡓ஺΅ࡀࠊ࠿ࡽ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞᮲⣙ࡢ᥇ᢥ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࡢᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࡢỴᐃ㐣⛬࡟ຍ┕ᅜᨻᗓࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢධࡾཱྀㄽத࠿ࡽᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞㆟ㄽ࡟⛣⾜ࡋࡓ᫬ᮇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌ࡀ✚ᴟⓗ࡟㛵ࢃࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᨻᗓ㛫஺΅࡟࠾ࡅࡿྜព࡜ྛᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྜ

ࡀᢅ࠺▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒၥ㢟ࡢ⠊ᅖࡀỴࡲࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ෆ࡟ࡣࠊពࡢᡂ❧ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ௻ᴗࡀ♧ࡍᅜ㝿ᇶ‽᱌࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᨻ㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌እ࡜࡞ࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ᪩ᛴ࡟ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞୺ᑟᶒࢆ☜❧ࡋᗓࡀࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ᪉㔪ࢆኚ࠼ࠊᙜᇶ‽᱌ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿ࡟ࡣࠊḟࡢ஧ࡘࡢ᮲௳࡚࠾ࡃ࡭ࡁ࡜࠸࠺ពぢࡀᙉࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ≉࡟ⴭసᶒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣞࢥ࣮ࢻࠊࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊᨻᗓ㛫஺΅࡟࠾࠸࡚௚ᅜࡢྜពࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㻯㻰ࠊࣅࢹ࢜࡞࡝᪂ࡓ࡞፹యᢏ⾡ࡀసࡾฟࡉࢀࡿࡓࡧ࡟ࠊࡑࡢಖㆤࡢ࠶ࡾ㧗࠸࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᨻᗓࡣ௚ᅜ௻ᴗࡢྜពࢆᗈࡃᚓࡽࢀࡓᇶ

᪉ࢆ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ⤒㦂ࡀ࠶ࡿ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢᶵ఍࡟ࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ⴭసᶒ‽᱌࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࢆホ౯ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋḟ࡟ࠊᅜෆࡢ฼ᐖၥ㢟ࢆᢅ࠺ᑓ㛛ᶵ㛵ࡣ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆෆእ࡟▱ࡽࡋࡵࡼ࠺࡜㛵ಀ⪅࠿ࡽᗈࡃྜពࡀᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡑࡢᅜ㝿࠸࠺ືࡁࡀᙉࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡛ࡢ᮲⣙సᡂࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣࠊᑓ㛛ᐙ఍ྜ࡟ጞࡲࡿࠋ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌஦ົᒁᇶ‽᱌ࡀ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿ⮬ᅜࡢᅜෆつไࡢኚ᭦ࢆࠊᅜෆࡢ௚ࡢ௻ᴗࡀྜពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࢆᨻᗓࡣ㔜どࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢ⪃ᐹ࠿ࡽࠊ௻ᴗࡀ௚ᅜ௻ᴗ࡜ࡢ༠ຊࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ᥦ♧ࡋࡓᅜ㝿ᇶ‽᱌ࢆࡑࡢᅜࡢᨻᗓࡀྲྀࡾධࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊࡑࡢᇶ‽᱌ࡀ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿᅜෆつไࡢኚFicsor, op.cit., p.18.

᭦࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᅜෆࡢ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡢ୍⮴ࡀᅗࡽࢀࠊ௚ᅜ௻ᴗࡢྠពࡶᚓࡽࢀ࡚ᖺࡢࣛ࢘ࣥࢻ㛤ጞᙜึ࠿ࡽࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ඲య࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ᅜ㝿ไᗘࡢᙧᡂࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿඛ㐍ᅜ࡜ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣᮏ᮶㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡛ᢅ࠺࡭ࡁ஦㡯࡛࠶ࡗ࡚㻳㻭㼀㼀㻌ࡢ⟶࠸ࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࠋ௨ୗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ௻ᴗࡢືࡁࢆ୰ᚰ࡟㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ༠ᐃࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬ࢆศᯒࡋࠊୖグࡢ஧ࡘࡢ௬ㄝࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭసᶒ㎄ࢆ㉺࠼ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿ㏵ୖᅜࡢᑐ❧ࡀ⃭ࡋࡃࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸᮲⣙࡟㛵ࡍࡿලయⓗ࡞㆟ㄽࡀᨻᗓ㛫஺΅࡟࠾࠸࡚ṇᘧ࡟ጞࡲࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊᖺ᭶ࡢ୰㛫ࣞࣅ࣮ࣗ௨㝆࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡛ࡣᖺ௦࠿ࡽᖺ௦࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࠊ᪂ᢏ⾡࡜ⴭసᶒไᗘࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᳨ウࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ“guided development” ࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋFiscor, op.cit.,pp.3-14.



Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, “Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical

Framework” in Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy: Be-㻌 ࢘ࣝࢢ࢔࢖࣭ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿ஺΅࡛ࡣࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡸࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ≉ᐃࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ㄽⅬ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢ

liefs, Institutions and Political Change, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993, pp.3-30.

ࡢࠊⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤᇶ‽⮬య࡟ࡘ࠸࡚῝ධࡾࡋ࡚㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊⴭసᶒࡢಖ

ㆤࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡛㆟ㄽࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺஢ゎࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

Geoffrey Garrett and Barry R. Weingast, “Ideas, Interests, and Institutions: Constructing

the European Community’s Internal Market” in Goldstein and Keohane eds., op.cit.,pp.173-206.

ᨻ⟇࠘᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊᖺࠊ㡫࡟ヲࡋ࠸ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᮲⣙సᡂࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㧗಴ᡂ⏨ࠗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲไ࡜ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬᫬௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜ㝿ⴭసᶒไᗘࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬ すᮧ 㻌ࡀ᮲⣙ࡢ⣲᱌ࢆసᡂࡋࠊࡇࡢ⣲᱌ࢆᑓ㛛ᐙ఍ྜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ຍ┕ᅜ௦⾲ࡀᑂ㆟

Ẽ㏻ಙ㛤Ⓨ఍㆟࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᙜ᫬ࡢ⡿ᅜ๪኱⤫㡿ࢦ࢔㸦㻭㼘㻌㻳㼛㼞㼑㸧ࡀᥦၐࡋࡓࡍࡿࠋಟṇࡀồࡵࡽࢀࢀࡤᨵゞ∧ࢆ஦ົᒁࡀసᡂࡋࠊࡲࡓᑓ㛛ᐙጤဨ఍࡟ࠕ඲ᆅ⌫つᶍ᝟ሗᇶ┙㸦㻳㼘㼛㼎㼍㼘㻌 㻵㼚㼒㼛㼞㼙㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌 㻵㼚㼒㼞㼍㼟㼠㼞㼡㼏㼠㼡㼞㼑㸧ࠖᵓ᝿࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠋ࡚ᑂ㆟ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᑓ㛛ᐙጤဨ఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㆟ㄽࡀ཰᮰ࡍࡇࢀࡣࠊㄡࡶࡀ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞᝟ሗ㏻ಙ⥙ࢆ඲ୡ⏺࡟ࡣࡾࡵࡄࡽࡑ࠺࡜࠸࠺ᵓࡿ࡜ࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ࡢពᛮỴᐃᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡿ୍⯡⥲఍ࡀࠊእ஺఍㆟ࡢ㛤ദࢆỴᐃࡍ᝿࡛࠶ࡾࠊⓎ㊊┤ᚋࡢࢡࣜࣥࢺࣥ㸦㻮㼕㼘㼘㻌 㻯㼘㼕㼚㼠㼛㼚㸧ᨻᶒࡀᖺ᭶࡟බ⣙ࡿࠋࡇࡢእ஺఍㆟ࡢ୰ᚰࡣᮏ఍㆟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡢᑂ㆟ࡣᙧᘧⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᡴࡕฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ඲⡿つᶍ᝟ሗᇶ┙ᵓ᝿㸦㻺㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼍㼘㻌 㻵㼚㼒㼛㼞㼙㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌 㻵㼚㼒㼞㼍㻙࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡾࠊᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ࢔ࣇࣜ࢝ࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔ࠊඛ㐍ᅜࠊ୰༡⡿࡜࠸ࡗࡓᆅ㼟㼠㼞㼡㼏㼠㼡㼞㼑㻧㻌 㻺㻵㻵㸧࡟➃ࢆⓎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ඲⡿ࡢᐙᗞࠊ࢜ࣇ࢕ࢫࠊᏛᰯࠊᅗ᭩㤋ᇦࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ௦⾲⪅࡟ࡼࡿ༠㆟࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ᮲⣙ࢆ᥇ᢥࡍࡿ࠿ࡀỴ࡞࡝ࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ୍ࡘ࡟⤖ࡪ࡜࠸࠺ࡇࡢᵓ᝿ࢆ⛉Ꮫᢏᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ஺΅࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄪᩚࡀᡂຌࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᮏ఍㆟࡛ࡢ᮲⣙⾡ᨻ⟇ࡢ୰ᚰ࡟ᢲࡋฟࡍ୍᪉࡛ࠊࢡࣜࣥࢺࣥᨻᶒࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤᙉ᥇ᢥ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᮲⣙᥇ᢥࡢ㐣⛬ࡣࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌஦ົ໬࡟✚ᴟⓗ࡞ጼໃࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ⡿ᅜẸ୺ඪࡢᙉຊ࡞ᨭᣢẕయ࡛ᒁ࡜ຍ┕ᅜᨻᗓࡀලయⓗ࡞ᅜ㝿ᇶ‽ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋྜࡗ࡚ⲡ᱌ࢆసᡂࡋࠊ᭱⤊ⓗࡶ࠶ࡿᫎ⏬⏘ᴗࡸ㡢ᴦ⏘ᴗ࡞࡝ࠊⴭస≀ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛฼┈ࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞ᨻ἞ⓗỴᐃࡣᆅᇦࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡈ࡜ࡢ஺΅࡟ጤࡡࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏘ᴗࡢᙉ࠸せㄳ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋ㻺㻵㻵ࡢⓎ⾲࡜ྠ᫬࡟⤌⧊ࡉࢀࡓࠕ᝟ࡇࡢ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᖺ᭶ࠊ➨ᅇᑓ㛛ᐙጤဨ఍ࡀ㛤ദࡉࢀࡓࠋሗᇶ┙ࢱࢫࢡࣇ࢛࣮ࢫ㸦㼠㼔㼑㻌㻵㼚㼒㼛㼞㼙㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻵㼚㼒㼞㼍㼟㼠㼞㼡㼏㼠㼡㼞㼑㻌㼀㼍㼟㼗㻌㻲㼛㼞㼏㼑㻧㻌㻵㻵㼀㻲㸧ࠖ࡟ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎ࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡚ࠊྛᅜࡀᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ᶍ⠊࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁⴭࡣࠊ㟁Ẽ㏻ಙᨻ⟇ጤဨ఍ࠊᛂ⏝ᢏ⾡ጤဨ఍ࠊ᝟ሗᨻ⟇ጤဨ఍࡜࠸࠺୕ࡘࡢసᶒไᗘࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺㊃᪨ࡢୗࠊ࣋ࣝࢾ᮲⣙㆟ᐃ᭩㸦㻼㼞㼛㼠㼛㼏㼛㼘㻌 㼠㼛㻌 㼠㼔㼑㻌ጤဨ఍ࡀタࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ᝟ሗᨻ⟇ጤဨ఍࡟▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒసᴗ㒊㻮㼑㼞㼚㼑㻌 㻯㼛㼚㼢㼑㼚㼠㼕㼛㼚㸧ࡢసᡂࡀ┠ᣦࡉࢀࡓ ࠋᖺ᭶࠿ࡽィᅇࡢጤဨ఍఍ࡀࠊ࣮࣐ࣞࣥ㸦㻮㼞㼡㼏㼑㻌㻭㻚㻌㻸㼑㼔㼙㼍㼚㸧ၟົḟᐁ⿵ව≉チၟᶆᗇ㛗ᐁࢆᗙ㛗࡜ࡀ㛤ദࡉࢀࠊ」〇ᶒࠊ㈚୚ᶒࠊ㡺ᕸᶒ࡞࡝ࠊⴭసᶒ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿࡍ࡭࡚ࡢㄽࡋ࡚タ⨨ࡉࢀࡓࠋⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸୍࡚㏻ࡾࡢ㆟ㄽࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࠸ࡼ࠸ࡼලయⓗ࡞᮲ᩥ໬ࡇࡢసᴗ㒊఍࡟ࡼࡗ࡚సᡂࡉࢀࡓࡢࡀࠊࠕᖺ㻺㻵㻵㻌ⴭసᶒಖㆤἲࠖἲ᱌ࡢసᴗ࡟ධࢁ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᖺ᭶ࡢ➨ᅇᑓ㛛ᐙጤဨ఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⡿㸦௨ୗࠊࠕ㻺㻵㻵ἲ᱌ࠖ࡜࿧ࡪ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤᙉ໬ࢆᙉࡃᡴᅜᨻᗓࡀࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭసᶒࢆ᳨ウ㆟㢟࡟ຍ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊᖺ᭶ࡕฟࡋࡓࡇࡢἲ᱌ࡢᡂ❧࡟ྥࡅࡓࢡࣜࣥࢺࣥᨻᶒࡢᛮ࠸ධࢀࡣᙉࡃࠊࡍ࡭࡟እ஺఍㆟ࢆ㛤ദࡋ࡚᮲⣙᥇ᢥࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡇ࡜ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࠊࡇࢀ࡟Ḣᕞ㐃ྜࡢ࡚ࡢ㛵ಀ⪅࠿ࡽᗈࡃពぢࢆồࡵ࡚ࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫࢆᅛࡵࡓୖ࡛ἲ᱌ࢆసᡂḢᕞጤဨ఍ࡀྜពࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ៅ㔜࡞ጼໃࡀ࡜ࡽࢀࡓࠋࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࠊࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࠊᫎ⏬ࠊࡇࡢ⡿ᅜᨻᗓࡢᥦ᱌ࡣࠊᖺ᭶࡟ࣈ࢚ࣀࢫ࢔࢖ࣞࢫ࡛㛤ദࡉࢀࡓᅜ㡢ᴦࠊ㟁ヰ㏻ಙ࡞࡝ࡢ⏘ᴗ⏺ࡢ㛵ಀ⪅ࠊ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟Ꮫ⪅ࠊᅗ᭩㤋࣭ἲ᭪㛵ಀ㝿㟁Ẽ㏻ಙ㐃ྜ㸦㻵㼚㼠㼑㼞㼚㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼍㼘㻌 㼀㼑㼘㼑㼏㼛㼙㼙㼡㼚㼕㼏㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌 㼁㼚㼕㼛㼚㻧㻌 㻵㼀㼁㸧ࡢ➨୍ᅇ㟁⪅ࠊⴭసᶒ฼⏝⪅࠿ࡽࡢពぢ⫈ྲྀࡸ⫈⪺఍࡞࡝ࢆ㏻ࡋ᳨࡚ウࢆ㐍ࡵࠊࡑࡢ࣋ࣝࢾ᮲⣙ࡣ඲఍୍⮴࡛ࡋ࠿ᨵṇ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊ࣋ࣝࢾ᮲⣙඲యࡢᨵṇࡣᅔ㞴࡞≧ἣ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊࢹࢪࢱ࣭ࣝ࢔ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿつᐃࢆ⤖ᯝࢆࠊᖺ᭶࡟୰㛫ሗ࿌᭩㸦ࢢ࣮࣮ࣜࣥ࣌ࣃ࣮㸧࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡇࡢࢢ࣮࣮ࣜࣥ࣌ࣃ࣮࡟ᑐࡍࡿពぢࢆᗈࡃ㞟ࡵࠊࡑࡢ᳨ウ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᖺ᭶ࠊࠕ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜඲⡿᝟ሗᇶ┙ࠖ࡜㢟ࡍࡿ᭱⤊ሗ࿌᭩㸦࣍࣡୰ᚰ࡜ࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸᮲⣙ࢆ࣋ࣝࢾ᮲⣙➨᮲࡟つᐃࡍࡿࠕ≉ูࡢྲྀᴟࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚⟇ᐃࡋࠊࡇࢀࢆ᥇ᢥࡋࡓᅜࡔࡅ࡟ࡑࡢ㑂Ᏺࢆ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋᖺ᭶ࠊ᭶࠾ࡼࡧᖺ᭶࡟㛤ദࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ㏵୰࡛ᐇ₇ᐙ࣭ࣞࢥ࣮ࢻ࣮ࣥ࣌ࣃ࣮̿▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜඲⡿᝟ሗᇶ┙̿▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒసᴗ㒊఍ሗ࿌ࡢணഛⲡ᱌ࠖⴭ〇స⪅ࡢಖㆤ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪂ᩥ᭩ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙጤဨ఍ࡀ᪂ࡓ࡟タࡅࡽࢀࠊࡇࡢጤဨ఍ࡣసᶒ᝟ሗࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠊᖺࠊ㡫ࠋᖺ᭶࠾ࡼࡧ᭶࡟㛤ദࡉࢀࡓࠋᶒ ᖺ᭶᪥㸧ࠖⴭసᶒ᝟ሗࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࠊᖺࠊ㡫ࠋ

WIPO Document BCP/CE/IV/2, Annexϩ(Oct. 5, 1994); Fiscor, op.cit., p.34.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  㻺㻵㻵ࡢ⤌⧊ࡸ᪉㔪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࣈ࣮ࣝࢫ࣭㸿࣭࣮࣐ࣞࣥ㸦኱ᴦගỤヂ㸧ࠕ⡿ᅜࢢ࣮ࣜᒣᮏ㝯ྖヂࠕḢᕞጤဨ఍ࢢ࣮࣮ࣜࣥ࣌ࣃ࣮̿᝟ሗ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿⴭసᶒ࠾ࡼࡧ㛵㐃▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬᫬௦࡟࠾ࡅࡿᅜ㝿ⴭసᶒไᗘࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬ すᮧ 㻌࢖ࢺ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮㸧ࡀᥦฟࡉࢀࡓࠋ㻺㻵㻵ἲ᱌ࡣࡇࡢ࣍࣡࢖ࢺ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮࡟௜ᒓᩥࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊḢᕞ࡛ࡣࠊ᝟ሗ♫఍ࡢ㐍ᒎ࡟ྥࡅ࡚ⴭసᶒไᗘࢆ᭩࡜ࡋ࡚ῧ࠼ࡽࢀࠊ⡿ᅜ㆟఍ ᖺ㹼ᖺ ࡟࠾࠸࡚ୖୗ୧㝔࡟ᥦฟࡉㄪ࿴ࡉࡏࡿヨࡳࡀ᪩ࡃ࠿ࡽጞࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊຍ┕ᅜࡢⴭసᶒไᗘ

ࢀࡓ㸦㻴㻚㻾㻚㻌㻞㻠㻠㻝࠾ࡼࡧ㻿㻚㻌㻝㻞㻤㻠㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㻺㻵㻵ἲ᱌ࡣࠊᛕධࡾ࡞‽ഛస࡟ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢṔྐࡸไᗘୖࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊྛᅜࡢⴭసᶒἲࢆඹྠయࣞ࣋ᴗࢆ⤒࡚సᡂࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㆟఍࡛ලయⓗ࡞㆟ㄽࡀጞࡲࡿ࡜ࠊ࡛ࣝㄪ࿴ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ᅔ㞴࡞సᴗࡔࡗࡓࠋ๓㏙ࡢᖺࡢィ⏬᭩࡟ᇶ⡿ᅜࡢᫎ⏬⏘ᴗࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿ㻹㼛㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻼㼕㼏㼠㼡㼞㼑㻌㻭㼟㼟㼛㼏㼕㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼛㼒㻌㻭㼙㼑㼞㼕㼏㼍㻌 㻹㻼㻭㻭㸧ࠊ࡙࠸࡚ࠊḢᕞ࡛ࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᣦ௧ࡀ᥇ᢥࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡢᣦ௧ࡶྜ⡿ᅜࡢࣞࢥ࣮ࢻ௻ᴗࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿ㻾㼑㼏㼛㼞㼐㼕㼚㼓㻌 㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌 㻭㼟㼟㼛㼏㼕㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻭㼙㼑㼞㼕㼏㼍㻌ពྍ⬟࡞㒊ศࡔࡅࢆᢳฟࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ᥇ᢥࡲ࡛࡟ࡣ㛗࠸᫬㛫ࡀ࠿㻾㻵㻭㻭 ࡞࡝ࡢᙉ࠸ᨭᣢࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ㟁ヰ㏻ಙ௻ᴗࠊࣉࣟࣂ࢖ࢲ௻ᴗࠊ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࢢ࣮࣮ࣜࣥ࣌ࣃ࣮බ⾲ࡢᚋࠊ㻱㻯㻌ࡣ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡢ஺΅ᐙ㟁௻ᴗࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ௻ᴗ࡞࡝ࡀᵝࠎ࡞཯ᑐពぢࢆ♧ࡋࠊྜពࡀᚓࡽࢀ࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚࣍࣡࢖ࢺ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮ࡢᥦ♧ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮ࡢෆ࡞࠸ࡲࡲ࡟ྠ᱌ࡣᗫ᱌࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡍࡽࠊḢ⡿ㅖᅜࡢྜពࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ ୍᪉ࠊⱁ⾡ᩥ໬ࡢⓎ⏕ࡢᆅ࡛࠶ࡿḢᕞ࡛ࡣࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡟ࠊ㡢ᴦࠊᫎ⏬ࠊฟࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⡿ᅜᨻᗓ࡜㻱㻯㻌ࡣ࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤᙉ໬ࢆ┠∧࡜࠸ࡗࡓⴭస≀ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ⏘ᴗࡢⓎゝຊࡀ኱ࡁࡃࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ㘓ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢᐇ⌧࡟ྥࡅ࡚⡿ᅜෆ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣḢᕞᇦෆࡢྜពࢆᅛࡵࡿ㡢ᶵჾࡸグ㘓፹యࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿⓎᒎࢆண ࡋࠊḢᕞᇦෆࡢⴭసᶒἲࡢࣁ࣮ࣔࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡛࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛ጞࡲࡗࡓࡢࡀࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌ⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡢ஺΅ࢼ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚ࠊḢᕞ⏘ᴗࡢ฼┈ࢆᏲࢁ࠺࡜ࡍࡿືࡁࢆ᪩ࡃ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊḢ⡿ࡢ୧ᨻᗓࡀ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡛ࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭసᶒࡢၥ㢟ࢆᢅ࠺ࡇ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢ୰ᚰ࡟❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣࠊࣟࣥࢻࣥ࡟஦ົᒁࢆ⨨ࡁࠊḢᕞ࡜ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋࡓᖺ᭶ࡣࠊ୧ᨻᗓࡀࢢ࣮࣮ࣜࣥ࣌ࣃ࣮ࢆබ⾲ࡍࡿ┤๓ࡲᇦෆࡢ㘓㡢⏘ᴗࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿ㼠㼔㼑㻌㻵㼚㼠㼑㼞㼚㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼍㼘㻌㻲㼑㼐㼑㼞㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼛㼒㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㻼㼔㼛㼚㼛㼓㼞㼍㼜㼔㼕㼏㻌ࡓࡣ┤ᚋ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡣࠊᨻᗓᢸᙜ⪅ࡣ⡿ᅜ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣḢᕞᇦෆࡢ㻵㼚㼐㼡㼟㼠㼞㼥㻌 㻵㻲㻼㻵 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㻵㻲㻼㻵ࡣࠊᾏእ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣞࢥ࣮ࢻࡸ㻯㻰ࡢ୙ṇၟရၥⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤᙉ໬࡟⮬ಙࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊⴭసᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ไᗘࢆ᪂ࡓ࡟㢟ࡢゎỴࢆồࡵࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊḢᕞᇦෆࡢⴭసᶒไᗘࢆඹྠయ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝᙉᅛไᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⮬ᅜ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᇦෆἲࡢไᐃࡢಁ㐍࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࠕᢏ
࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿᚲせᛶࢆッ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊ㻱㻯ࡣᖺ᭶ࠊࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᅜෆ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᇦෆࡢⴭసᶒἲࡢᨵṇࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚⾡ࡢᣮᡓؐ㏿ࡸ࠿࡞ᑐᛂࢆồࡵࡿⴭసᶒၥ㢟ࠖ࡜㢟ࡍࡿሗ࿌᭩ࢆᥦฟࡋࡓࠋࡃࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᨻᗓᢸᙜ⪅ࡣࠊ㼃㻵㻼㻻㻌࡟࠾ࡅࡿⴭసᶒ᮲⣙ࡢไᐃࢆࠊࡇࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ⴭస≀ࡢᅜቃࢆ㉺࠼ࡓὶ㏻ࡀᣑ኱ࡍࡿ୰࡛ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅔ㞴࡞≧ἣࢆᡴ㛤ࡍࡿ᭷ຠ⟇࡜ぢࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ㐺ษ࡞ⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤࢆᅗࡿࡇ࡜ࡢᚲせᛶࡀㄝ࠿ࢀࠊࡇࢀࡣᖺ᭶ࡢࠕⴭసᶒ࠾ࡼࡧ㛵㐃ᶒࡢศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿḢᕞጤဨ఍సᴗィ⏬ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ලయⓗ࡞ィ⏬᭩ࡢసᡂ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟⥆࠸࡚ࠊ㻱㻯㻌ࡣᖺࠊ⌮஦఍ࡢᢎㄆࢆ
⤒࡚ࠊ᝟ሗࡢࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ໬࡟ᑐࡍࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤ࡟㛵
ࡍࡿ㉁ၥ᭩ࢆࠊḢᕞ⏘ᴗ⏺࡞࡝࡟ᗈࡃᢞࡆ࡚ᅇ⟅ࢆເࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊྠᖺ᭶࡟⫈⪺఍ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࠊࡑࡢ᳨ウ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᖺ᭶ࠊ
ࠕ᝟ሗ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ



Thomas Hoeren, “The Green Paper on Copyright and Related Rights in the InformationSociety,” European Intellectual Property Review, 10, 1995, pp.511-512.
ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢಖㆤᣦ௧ ᖺ᭶㸧ࠊ㈚୚ᶒ࣭㈚ฟᶒ࣭㞄᥋ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᣦ௧ ᖺ᭶㸧ࠊⴭసᶒಖㆤᮇ㛫ᣦ௧ ᖺ᭶㸧ࠊࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫಖㆤᣦ௧ ᖺ᭶ ࠋ㻱㻯ࡣᖺᮎ࡟ࠊࢢ࣮࣮ࣜࣥ࣌ࣃ࣮ࢆࣇ࢛࣮ࣟ࢔ࢵࣉࡍࡿ࣓ࣔࢆබ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ⴭసᶒ࠾ࡼࡧ㛵㐃ᶒࠖ࡜㢟ࡍࡿࢢ࣮࣮ࣜࣥ࣌ࣃ࣮ࢆᥦฟࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࠋ᝟

Commission of the European Communities, Follow-Up to the Green Paper on Copyrightሗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ᕷሙࡢᡂ❧ࡀぢ㎸ࡲࢀࡿ୰࡛ࠊḢᕞ㐃

and Related Rights in the Information Society, COM96 (568) Final.ྜࢆ⤫୍ᕷሙ࡜ࡋ࡚⥔ᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵ࡟ⴭసᶒ㸦࠾ࡼࡧⴭస㞄᥋ᶒ㸧ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᑐᛂࡉࡏࣁ࣮ࣔࢼ࢖ࢬࡉࡏࡿ࡭ࡁ࠿ࠊࡑࡢ୰㛫ሗ࿌ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࡶ


Property Committee on the Judiciary United States House of Representatives and the Com-European Report, December 7, 1996.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

Statement of Bruce Lehman (USPTO) on the Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual

mittee on the Judiciary United States Senate, November 15, 1995 (hereinafter “NII Hearing”).
New York Times, December 21. 1996.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   