Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（B）

Country Reports

Japan International Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS)Contents
1. Bangladesh

1

2. Cambodia

22

3. Iran(1)69

4. Iran(2)93

5. Guyana

127

6. Timor Leste

138

7. Indonesia

179

8. Sri Lanka

200

9. Nepal223

10. Myanmar

249

11. Brazil

297

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（B）

Bangladesh

-1 -

2

Official Name : The People's Republic ofBangladesh
Population : More than 160 Million
Area :

Total
Land
Water

147,570 sq km
133,910 sq km
10,090 sq km

Location : Latitude 20° 34' to 26°38'
Longitude 88°01' to92°41'
Coverage Water supply (whole country): 80%

DWASA Service Area: 360 km2
Population Served:125 million
Rainfall : Lowest 47" and highest 136"

3

Brahmaputra
626 BCM

Meghna195 BCM

Trans-boundary
Ground water
RainfallPadma
380 BCM

1200 BCM
76.5 %

343 BCMBa y o f Be ng al

23 BCM

22%

1.5 %
4

Current Coverage
25%(Dhaka)

11 new sewage
treatment
plants alongwith pipelines
andancillarystructures in
DAP arearequired
People in areas
outside DWASA
coverage areusing septic
tanks in mostcases
5

Brahmaputra
Padma
Meghna

April
May
June
July August
121.59 311.30 425.21 484.93 339.64
118.20 204.80 340.28 416.55 337.76
243.63 491.04 621.03 650.45 503.58

Sept.
353.40291.90449.20Oct.
154.55129.83
194.7

6

Brahmaputra
Padma
Meghna

April
9,499
996
2,825

May
15,857
1,361
4,578

June
23,1462,783
6,248

July August Sept.
49,702 35,204 36,527
24,268 34,610 50,651
11,562 10,464 26,759

Oct.
28,71827,42537,9797 Urban population
will increase to
73 million by2025, and 136
million by 2050.
Major migration
to Dhaka city andadjoining areas

140
120
100
80

Populatio, million

60
40
20
0

Rural

Urban

 Urban Water
supply, sanitationand drainage will
be major issues
confronting thenation89 The mission of the Local Government
Division is improving the standard living of
the people by strengthening local govt.
systems and institutions and implement
activities for social, economic andinfrastructure development.
 As Joint Secretary is the Chief of the Water
Supply & Sanitation Wing, my role is toformulate & Implementation of theformulated policy, monitoring of supervisionof the implementation of the policies.
10

Dhaka WASA, an autonomous body,
started its journey with the mandate toeffect (EP Ordinance No. XIX, 1963) :Supply of Water
Disposal of Sewage (Wastewater)
Storm water Drainage andSolid Waste management.

Dhaka WASA Reorganized to Introduce
Corporate Mgt. Under WASA Act ’96
Mandate : To ensure Water Supply,
Treatment & Disposal of wastewater(sewage) & Storm Water Drainage.
11

Area : Dhaka & N’ngonj City With Peripherals
Currently Served : Dhaka & Narayangonj City
Population : 12.5 Million
Water Supply
Description

IX
X

Total Coverage (Population)
Demand Quantity
Production Capacity
Supplied Quantity
Deep Tube Well
Surface Water Treat. Plant
Length of Water Line
Registered Consumer
Public Standpipes

93.0 %
2,250 MLD
2,450 MLD
2,367 MLD
651 Nos.
05 Nos.
3,036 Km
328,031 Nos.
1,727 Nos.

Drainage System

Description

Sewerage System

Description

Total Coverage (Area)
Length of Box-Culvert
Strom Sewerage Line
Open Channel
Length of Open Channel

38 %
10 Km
295 Km26 Nos.
65 Km

Total Coverage (Area)
Sewer Treat. Plant
Sewer Lift Station
Length of Sewer Line
Registered Consumer

25 %01 Nos.
27 Nos.
882 Km64,119 Nos.

VIII

IV

V

III

VI

II

I

VII

N. Gonj

12

Dhaka WASA Board

297

Saidabad Water TP (Opn)68
Saidabad Water TP (Maint.)
38
Pagla Sewer TP Division
148
Narinda Sewer Lift Station 89
Quality Control Division
07
Saidabad WTP Security
30

Community Program &Consumer Relation Division

11

Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation
Division

50
14
42
11
17
43
13
15

13

Internal Audit Division

18

G I S Division

Public Information Division533

Personnel Management Div I 27
Record Section
02
R & D Section
09
Pension Cell05
Personnel Management Div II 11
Welfare Division
14
School & Mosque Sect
08
Common Service Division160
Communication Section
09
Transport Pool
126
Discipline Section
04
Library Section
03
Law Division
05
Medical Center06
Board Affairs Division
05
Magistrate Court # 03
12

Training Center
Land Department
Security & Intelligence

72

76
253

462
457
48
397

Secretary’s Office

57
11

17

GIS Department

System Operation & Control
Chlorination Section
Meter Division
Meter Workshop
Store Division
Waste Prevention Division
Construction (Civil) Division
Civil Maintenance Division

36

14
14

Drainage R & D Division I
Drainage R & D Division II

MIS & Billing Department
M I S & Billing Division
Operation & Maintenance17

Drainage Res. & Dev Circle

34

14
14

Sewer Rehab & Dev Division I
Sewer Rehab & Dev Division II

84
46
39
25
36
64
13
14
13
13
16
27

Systems Manager

165

Sewer Rehab & Dev Circle

34

15
15

Water Rehab & Dev Division I
Water Rehab & Dev Division II

S M W C Circle
Water & Sewer T P Circle

Revenue Division I
Revenue Division II
Revenue Division III
Revenue Division IV
Revenue Division V
Revenue Division VI
Revenue Division VII
Revenue Division VIII
Revenue Division IX
Revenue Division X
Revenue Narayangonj
Central Function & PDR

Deputy Managing Director(Administration)

07

83

47
46
56
06
14
14

Water Rehab & Dev Circle

19
07
12
04
07

Revenue Department

05

Field Maintenance Division I
Field Maintenance Division II
Generator Division
WorkshopProcurement Division I
Procurement Division II

182

R P E & M Circle

Accounts Department
Accounts Division I
Cash Section
Accounts Division II
Budget Division
Finance Division

11
13
12
12
06
12
11

15

87

Drainage (O&M) Circle

Electrical & Mechanical Div
45
Operation & Maintenance Div I 17
Operation & Maintenance Div II 17

Commercial Manager

22

942
196
200
200
200
139
60

Electrical & Mechanical Div.
Water & Hydrology Division
P & D (Sewer) Division
P & D (Drainage) Division
Environmental Monitoring
Microbiology Division
Chemical Division

Deputy Managing Director(Finance)236
193

Planning & Dev. Circle

229
281
55
229
259
229
229

M O D S Circle II
MODS Zone – VII
MODS Zone - VIIIMODS Zone - IX
MODS Zone - X
Narayangonj
Narayangonj Water Works

Addl. Chief Engr (RP&D)

1463

M O D S Circle I
MODS Zone – I
MODS Zone - II
Dhaka Water Works
MODS Zone - III
MODS Zone - IV
MODS Zone - V
MODS Zone - VI

Deputy Managing Director(RP&D)

186

Chief Engineer (O&M)

3169

Deputy Managing Director
(O&M)

3163

Managing Director

4,431( Total Member # 13 )Two rates for 5 types of consumer
Does not recover full cost of production
Lowest in the world
Upto TheMonth
06-2000
06-200212-200212-200306-2005
05-2007
06-2008
06-2009
06-201006-201106-2012
Running

Tariff @ M3
Dom Comm
13.39
4.13
14.00
4.30
15.00
4.50
15.75
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.04
6.34
6.66
7.34

16.54
17.50
18.25
19.15
20.11
21.12
22.17
24.44

Tariff In Other Cities
Tariff (BDT)City

BDT/M3

Delhi

25

50

Chennai

25

40

Hyderabad

20

Lahore22

Karachi

12

Bangkok26

Nairobi

18 to 35

Kampala

60

Dhaka

6.04

60

Commercial

30
20

Domestic

10-06-1975

08-1979

06-1986

09-1992

05-1997

06-2000

12-200306-2008

Running

Statistics FY 2010-’11

14

Tariff Type

ConsumerDomestic

302,969

Commercial

25,062

Total

328,031

Domestic
Community
Commercial
Industrial
OfficeCommercial
7.64%

Domestic
92.36%

15

NRW hasbeen
decreasingover theyears
Over 9 %decrease of
NRW withinlast 4 years

16

SL Subject Area
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

NRW
Bills Sent Out
RevenueCollection
Debt Age /Receivable
Manpower per1000 Conn
Operating
Ratio
MeteredConnection

Performanceof 2008

BenchmarkStandard

40.38
93.00

Achievements Dhaka WASA
(Fin. Year)2010-‘11

2011-‘12

2012-‘13

25.00
99.50

33.07
97.56

29.57
98.86

26.66
98.02

64.50

95.00

94.96

93.36

94.57

14.58

3.00

7.54

5.78

5.65

16.20

12.00

9.11

8.86

9.16

0.90

0.65

0.78

0.66

0.67

78.90

95.00

83.34

85.56

85.16
17

Indicators
Staff / 1000 Connection
Production Capacity
Water Quality
Coverage
Supply Duration
Average Supply Pressure
Nr. Of Connections
NRW
Collection Ratio
Total Staff Number

2012-’13
9.16
2,450 MLD
WHO Standard
93.0 %
24 x 7
1 Bar
328,031 Nos.
26.66 %
94.57
3,576
18

 Supply of surface
water hasincreased by 09%
by theintroduction of a
new treatment
unit at SWTP
 22% water is now
supplied fromsurface sources This significantly
reduces thepressure on
ground water

100
90

13

22

80
70
60
50
40

87

Surface Water

78

30
20
10
0
Prior Dec 201219

Dec 2012
onwards

Ground Water

 Operating
ratio hasbeen in
reducing
trend
 17%
reductioninoperatingcost inlast 4years

Operating Ratio

0.83
0.79

0.79

0.78
0.75

2006-072007-0820

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

0.66

0.67

2011-12

2012-13

21

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（B）

Cambodia- 22 -

Kingdom Of Cambodia
Ministry of Industry mines and Energy

Deputy Chief of Kampong Cham Water Works

Kampong Cham , 12 November 201323

CONTENTES
1-Backround
1.1-General statistics
2-Organization chart
3-Goal and objective KCWS
4-Production system
5-Current Situation
6-water quality Control
7. Distribution System
8- Operation and Maintenance
9-Institutional Arrangements
10-Bill Collection system
11-Proposal Strategic Business Plans
12-Conclusion
24

1-Background






Kampong Cham water works ( KCWWS )started its service on 1942 :Two water production stations
The productions are about 1,000cu.m / day
Total pipes in town are about 12,000 meters
KCWWS Establishments :- 1942-1953 on the Kingdom of Cambodia called the services Water Machine- 1970 the stations were called Kampong Cham waterworks- 1970-1975 on the Khmer Republic : Kampong Cham waterworks.
- 1975-1979 Pol Pot’s regime: the services were stopped- 1979 to now the Kingdom of Cambodia : Kampong Cham waterworks.

1.1 General Statistics
 The town area is 20,651 meter squares .
 The agriculture land is 187 hectares The length of Mekong river in town.............. : 7,698 m
 Numbers of communes : 4 and 231 villages
 Total of households (09/2013) : 9,698 and total population : 51,432
 Population Density /Km² ..............................: 2,120 Persons / Km2
 Population occupations : businessmen 40% , producer 1% , farmer 13% and general
worker 46%.
25

2 - Organization Chart of Kampong Cham Water Supply

Director
Mr.Preap Somala
Deputy Director
Mr.Vasom Ork

Deputy Director
Mr.Teng Savoeun

Plannning &Accounting

Business & small
network

Administration

Type of organization is local public corporation.
26

Distribution &main network

Water production
laborator

3-Goal and Objective for Provincial Water Works
Government Goal : 80% of urban area will be covered
with safe potable water by the year
2015.
• Goal: To supply safe portable water withaffordable price.

• Objective:-

Production with good quality.
- Water supply service to every
population in town.
- Poverty reduction.

27

4. Production Systems
The profile of water treatment system and supply networks
To town

500m3
Chlorination building

Return to water tower

Water tower

To town

To town

Chlorination building

Shallow well No II

Shallow well No I

4mx4mx15m

4mx4mx15m

 The operating of the production method is the direct pump from the well to the water
tower by mixing with Chlorination treatment then supplied to the town .
28

5-Current Situation• Number of employee: 29• Production: 6,674m³/day ;In year 2012 = 2,205,586 m³• Supply: 24h/day• Water tank
: 500 m³
• Total length of pipe line
: 81,737 m• Population in service area : 47,379 person• Total water meter: 5,714• Total user
: 5,714 household = 31,127
Persons• Service coverage: 65,70 %• Non revenue water: 11.74 %29

A- Water Supply Coverage
Population have accessed water from waterworks in December 2012 = 31,127
persons of total population 47,379 persons in equal rate of 65.70% .

The population have accessed safe water ( 2002-2012)
40,00035,49335,00035,09834,72634,21830,00026,20325,19023,01825,00020,98820,000

19710

18011

16252

15,00010,000
5,000
0
2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Save

2008

Un Save

30

2009

2010

2011

2012

31

b. Water Supply Level of Service
1.) Raw Water Quality
Water Sources from two shallow wells and both are in dimension
4 m x 4 m and 15 m depth ,in two different stations, where are clear, non-color,non-smell, non-taste, including high quality water . Each shallow well has water
yield = 220 m³ / hWater turbidity are -0.14

Raw water are clear322.) Existing Treatment System
The profile of water treatment system and supply networks
To town

500m3
Chlorination building

Return to water tower

Water tower

To town

To town

Chlorination building

Shallow well No II

Shallow well No I

4mx4mx15m

4mx4mx15m

 The operating of the production method is the direct pump from the well to the water
tower by mixing with Chlorination treatment then supplied to the town .
333.) Existing Treatment System (Cont.)
WATER PRODUCTION
 Supply capacity of the two stations= 7,200 m³ / day Water supply production=

6,674 m³ / day Production duration for each station =23 h / day The duration of water supply=

24 h / daySupply Pressure=

2.5Bar/ 25 meters Water productions for 9 months in this year are 1,922,663 m3 .
2500000

Yearly Production since 2002-2012

2,205,586m3
1,869,111m3

2000000

1,775,136m3
1,514,064m3

1500000

1,284,384m3
1,094,803m3

1000000

600,570m³
629,370m³
616,760m³
557,060m³

649,044m³

500000

0

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012 34

206,902

WATER PRODUCTION REPORT ON YEAR 2012

182,202

183,826

177,297

190,710

182,344

185,049

179,696

175,860

180,000

188,023

190,000

174,929200,000

178,748

Water Supply (m³/Month)

210,000

Oct

Nov

170,000

160,000

150,000

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Month
Jun Jul

May
35

Aug

Sep

Dec

Actuals production report on 2012
Water productions in this year are 2,205,586 m3 .

36

213,975

210,000

207,369

210,076

211,641

215,000

210,621

Water Supply (m³/Month)

220,000

205,065

225,000

220,008

219,636

230,000

224,272

WATER PRODUCTION REPORT ON YEAR 2013

205,000

200,000

195,000

Month
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec 37

Actuals production report on 2013
- Water productions for 9 months in this year are 1,922,663 m3 .

38

Future Population for each in Communes in the supply area

39

6-water quality Control
1.) Supply Water Quality
Water Supply with good quality is the main object ofwaterworks and the Cambodia Millennium Development
Goals ( CMDGs ) and MDGs . We control water quality
every time in other to meet National Drinking Water Quality
Standard(NDWQS) and follow by JICA programs .

2.) Water Quality Monitoring Daily treatment water Analysis , Residual chlorine analysis in top water, All parameter analysis (pH, TDS, NTU, TCU, Akal.,Cond,
Organic Car, Mn, Zn, SO4, Cu, H 2 S, Al, Cl, Fe, NH3-N,....
.......etc403.) Water Quality Monitoring (Cont..)
KAMPONG CHAM WATER WORK s
Weekly Water Balance for The Month : September/2010

Date

Chief

Water Quality
Tem.

pH.

ºC

Turbidity

Color

ResidualChlorine

Conduct.

NTU

TCU

mg/l

µs/cm

Standard-

6.5-8.5<5<5

0.2-0.5

<1600

1

27.7

6.58

1

<2

0.9

439

2

27.4

6.6

1

<2

0.85

440

3

27.1

6.84

1

<2

0.61

447

4

27.6

6.81

1

<2

0.68

449

5

28.6

6.56

1

<2

0.85

444

41

4.) Water Quality Monitoring (Cont..)

42

Water analyzed

Existing Chlorination Facility
inspection43

7. Distribution System Pipe networks in Kampong Cham waterworks are 52,709 meters as follow : Distribution pipes ( Ø 400mm – 110 mm ) are 15,546 meters
 Service pipes ( Ø 63mm ) are 37,163meters The types of pipes are DI , HDPE and PVC .
 Pipe Diameter : the biggest ones are Ø 400 mm and the smallest ones are Ø 63 mm .
 Supply 4 Sangkat (Communes) in the town .
 Supply pressure 20-25 meters in daytime and 30-40 meters at midnight .

8. Operation and Maintenance Issues
Checking in cycle program : Daily , weekly, monthly and yearly operations due to manual
documents.
Maintenance : Daily clean-up, installing the new equipment or replacing,...........etc . Inscribe
and reports.

44

9-Institutional Arrangements1.) Legislations
KCWWs ¨ Supply safe portable water and with affordable price to every
population in coverage areas ¨.
- Official Government of Common Statue .
- Governance :. Inner compliance .
. Inspection office (Dismissal, demote, pay-cut, fine ). Salary increase.
. Customers Contract .
. Law No.32 about water application.

2.) Government and Participation- CMDGs & MDGs, Goal 7, ¨Ensure environmental sustainability¨ .
Target
10 : Have by 2015 proportion of without sustainable access to safe drinking
water and sanitation ¨ .
- The 2nd point on water supply policy ¨ The budget from private sector
could improve water supply ¨.
- In town areas: 5 water supply private sectors in active, and to begin of the
UN-HABITAT projects in years 2011 to operate WATER & SANITATION
projects in town areas.
45

10-Bill Collection system
1.) Tariff Structure and Collection Systems

 Tariff Structure

Cost Per Unit Sold
Descriptions

Riel / m³

Percent

Power297.7534.65 %

Salaries, Wages & Allowances

117.12

13.62 %

Chemicals

10.97

1.28 %

Other Operating Expenses

101.81

11.84 %

Depreciations & Amortization

321.0237.35 %

Non- Operating Expenses

10.3

1.26 %

Total Unit Cost

858.96100%

Water Block Tariff :(2006 - 2012)
The home Users : - 0 to 10 M³ =- 10 M³ Up =The business- 0 M³ up =Organization- 0 M3 up =550 Riels per cube meters.
900 Riels per cube meters.
900 Riels per cube meters.
1,500 Riels per cube meters.
462.) Tariff Structure and Collection System ( cont. ) The Collection Systems
5 localities divided for the collection system so that we could settle our account every
month,
Customer water meter read and monitored,
Data with billing system inserted,
The customers required to pay at the waterworks units controlled by networks computer,
Customers that overdue for15 days penalized, and 20 days more still without pay-off, theaudit office agents will cut off their temporary use,
Approximately 99 % customers of KCWWs pay on time .

Graph of Collection System
Business Office:reads & controls
water meter

Insert Data:

Collectors:

Customers paid due

at pay tool

share invoices

to pay tool / invoice

Pay Toll
Money & Money report

Cash

Accounting
Money report
Office47

Audit Office11-Proposal Strategic Business Plans
a. Water Demand1.) Population growth :The people growth rates are 0.4 % and the end of the year 2015 are 70,275 persons .

2.) Regional development and growth

The growth rate population of 0.4% are in the town area ,Thus, the development
object of KCWWs are town areas: Boeung Kok and Sambuormeas Communes ,where
today have been distributed such as Boeung Kok: 47.37% and Sambuormeas are 10.92% .

3.) The need of water supply : Lesson of experience The correct managements, right structure & good responsibility, andprofessional experts,
 Good operations & maintenances with the correct techniques, The employees with codes of ethics: morality, personality, and customer cares,
 The propagation to population in service area about water use & sanitation.
48

B - Strategic Proposals
1.) Proposal Plans
Rehabilitation of Existing Scheme : The new infrastructure
Average water production for one connection is 1,030 liters per day, therefore,
for the year 2015 KCWWs we need water production for 80% of service coverage
11,500 m³ per day, but our capacity of water production now 7,200 m³ per day andin dry season (March-June of 2012) was 4,800 m³ per day so the lacking of
2,400 m³ per day we encounter.

2.) Potential Performance Improvement in 2015
Water Quality & Monitoring- To upgrade on water quality control with approximate 50 parameters.
- To maintain water quality in accord with National Drinking Water Quality
Standard ( NDWQS) .

49

Level of Services
To increase of service water with distribution expand .
Securing stable water quality.
High reliability to customers.
 Coverage : Until the years 2015 : 80% of population in town will have accessedsafe water : - Sambuormeas Commune to increase 60%- Boeung Kok Commune to increase 90%

The comparison CMDGs with KCWWs application .

Now

UN-HABITAT Project(2011-2012)50

 Distribution Networks :- To add more expansion pipe networks: 15,000 meters on the year
2011-2012 under UN-HABITAT Project, and the years 2013-2015 will
add 15,000 meters .

100,000
90,00080,00070,000 UN-HABITAT
80,375 m

67,709 m
60,209 m

50,00052,709 m

40,00030,00020,00074,042 m

 TODAY

60,00086,708 m

45,728 m
38,197 m

10,000
0
2008

2009

1010

1011
51

1012

2013

2014

2015

O&M management service
 Maintenances : To be divided into two parts :A / The operation with condition control
B / The procedures of maintenance in accordance with standards
 Good maintenance to bring us along with :SAFETYDURABILITY

52

PROFIT3.) Human Resource Needs and Development Plans :» Community Training Education and Capacity Building
Commune Training Education
To provide community the training courses about “ High Quality Water
Advantages”.
To propagate widely during any conference organized by the Town-Commune
Authority.
To collaborate with the national and international organizations to sustain waterinterest, water use, water saves .

Capacity Building
To develop staff personalities, capacity in accordance with the technology.
To select on the young staff generation to train and strengthen them in our work.
To develop the existing staff the new skills the rough a technician expert.
To instruct directly and practically the junior staff by the senior expert in unit .

534.) Management Arrangements
Restructure the management : To promote young dynamic staff towards the responsibility,
 To streamline job responsibility and empower the high management,
Changing of cultures : Leadership by real exemplifications, Effective works, success, better revenues,
 Team work theme : One for all & All for one,Self-reliance Program : To train all staff the human resource,
 To reduce NRW, To improve water bill collection,
 To revise the tariff to cover the cost,545.) New Tariff Structure and Mode of Collection
Cost Per Unit Sold
Descriptions

Riel / m³

Percent

Power380.6542.83 %

Salaries, Wages & Allowances

166.5118.74 %

Chemicals

21.99

5.47 %

Other Operating Expenses

97.13

9.93 %

Depreciations & Amortization

212.6921.93 %

Non- Operating Expenses

9.80

1.10 %

Total Unit Cost

888.77100%

Water Block Tariff :The home Users : - 0 to 05 M³ Up = 550 Riels per cube meters.
- 05to10 M³ Up = 680 Riels per cube meters.
- 11to15 M³ Up = 990 Riels per cube meters.
- 16 M³ Up= 1,100 Riels per cube meters.
The business- 0 M³ Up= 950 Riels per cube meters.
- 10 M³ Up= 1,200 Riels per cube meters.
Organization- 0 M³ Up= 1,500 Riels per cube meters.

55

C - Mode of Collection ( Like what I have just mentioned earlier), but
in the plans, we will create another new bill tool at Sambuor Meas commune ,The Mode Of Collection Diagram
Business Office:Accounting

reads & controls

officewater meter
Insert Data:at pay tool

Cash

Pay toolCollectors: shareinvoices

Audit(1)Customers paid due

officeto pay tool / invoice(2)Customers paid due
to pay tool / invoice

56

Accidents
Customers

Accidents
Customers

Accidents
Customers

C- Expected Challenges
I – O & sM Management Issues
 Lack of capital investment, Traditional operations practiced by the old-aged technicians, Lacking of human resource knowledge,
 Low quality of equipment, Less efficiency of water meters for customers,
 Uneven evolvement with the new technology.
II - Process Efficiency Targets: To supply population efficiency including qualities andquantities in order to increase revenues towards more service
expansions, To upgrade the new technology to our employees throughlong-and-short term courses,
 To limit the expenses for better equipment,
57

III - Cost Involved
 The world crisis economic affected the power prices and the monetary rates, For the poverty reduction, the water tariff must be in low limitations
 The customers growth rate at the town area with the little water uses to cause thewater price favor,
 The law of well water in dry season ( Rain season less networks and dry season lesswater ) ,
 The maximal O & M expenses with the low equipment.

12 - Conclusions- High quality, safe and sufficient quantity water supply with reasonable price topeople lessen poverty- Water prices shall sustain the constant finances
As the two reversed conditions mentioned above, KCWWs have chosen the neutral
operations to process and improve the units along with the water supply service
expansions:Less Profits

Quantitative Sales
The above successes come from:

Sharp Increasing Profits“All impacts of good facilities, human resources and governances restrict thesteadiness inside the units.”
58

Water Leaked on 2012
loss 11.76% andcompare with last year
lower than 0,83%

59

60

61

TaMgenHkµankarRtYtBinitüKuNPaBehIyCaTUeTAK
Wmins¥atgayRbQmnwgCm¶W.

62

Rain Water

63

64

CAMBODIA.

Tonle Sap Lake

65

66

67

68

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（B）

Iran (1)- 69 -

70

Country Report
Official name: National Water And Waste Water Company(NWWEC)
The work of my organization and the service it
provides is :My organization is a National government company in IRAN that organize the official
activities of Ministry of Energy in water & wastewater affairs including the correct
management, supervision and evaluate the performance, guidance and governance,increase the efficiency and operation and the optimal use of resources of subsidiaries
companies in the policies of Ministry of Energy and also doing the supervision andcompile the programs.

My official position : operation sector
My Own Job: Expert of Bureau for Supervision on Consumption Management andReduction of non revenue water in urban sector

71The Organization of the Ministry of Energy

Minister of Energy
Executive
Deputies(Water Resource)& (Water andWastewater)

National Water& Wastewater
Co.

WATER
RESOURCESMANAGEMENT

65
COMPANIES

30
COMPANIES

Power&Energy
Generation,transmission anddistribution ofelectricity

86
COMPANIES72

National Water & Waste
water Engineering
Company
Deputy for Planning andDevelopment

Deputy for
Supervision of
Operations

Urban water &waste watercompanies
35 companies

Deputy of Human
Resources and Improving
the Management

Deputy of
Coordination andSupport

Rural water &waste watercompanies
30 companies
73

Managing Director
Deputy for Planning andDevelopment

Deputy for Supervisionof Operations

Management of Planningand Development

Crisis Management

Management ofProcurement of Funds
and Development of NGO
Participation

Management ofSupervision of Water andWastewater projects

Management ofTechnical Affairs

Deputy of Human
Resources andImproving theManagement

Deputy of
Coordination andSupportBureau for Improvement of Water
Operations

Bureau for Improvement ofWastewater Operations

Bureau for Safety and
Health for Water andWastewater

Bureau for Consumption
Management and Reduction of NRW

74

Water recourses in IRAN

75

Water use in iran

5.4 2.6
agricultural
potableindustry

9276

Precipitation and Availability of Water
Availability of Water

Avg. Annual Precipitation

mm/Y

m3/person/Y

750

800
600
400

238

200
0
Iran

7400

8000
6000
4000

1600

2000
0
Iran

World
77

World

78

Water availability & consumption Variation in Iran
Trend of Water availability (1955-2020)
Year

Per Capita(m3)

1955

7000

2000

2160

2012

1600

2020

1300

Water consumption Variation ( 1960-2020)

Sector1960

1995

Agriculture

98.6

93.3

Potable1.3

5.2

Industry

0.1

1.5

Total

100

100

Same (percent)

2012
92
5.4
2.6
100

2020
87
7.4
5.6
100

79

Water meterreadingIssuance
water bill

Customer
servicedepartment

Other
services

Calculating
the costs of
water

80

Average price of water For domestic consumptions: 0.07$ M3/month For non domestic consumptions : 0.1 $ M3/month• water meter reading is manually and performed by human
staff

81

water quality management
Water quality control is monitoring the changes in the physical, chemical
and microbial qualities of water from the sources of supply to theconsumption point and the sites of discharging effluents to admitting
waters or the delivery points to other consumption sectors.
There is 330 laboratories in the urban water and wastewater companies
and 280 others in the rural water and wastewater companies .also there is
2 national standards for control water quality in iran
1:microbial standard no 1011
2:physical, chemical standard no 1053
82

Water quality management
In the year 2011, the indicators for percentage of microbial
and free residual chlorine desirability, which show thesanitary conditions of water in the distribution networks,
with a defined minimum of 95 percent in urban and 90
percent in rural areas, were measured as 99.1 and 99 percent
respectively in urban areas and 94.1 percent and 95.1
percent in rural regions
83

water supply services
1-The population ratio to be served drinking water: 97% urban population
And 77% rural population(70million person)
2-average number of hours per day of water availability to most people :currently all of hours per day water is available for most people.
3-non revenue water is 25.5 %84

Private Sector Participation
In Iran private companies are very active in providing water andwastewater services. Most of these companies are as a producer ,consultant and contractor in the following sections
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Production of related equipment for water industry like (pipes and fittings,
water meters, water pumps ant etc.)
Study , design and Construction of water and waste water treatment plants
Water distribution
Bill collection, leakage repair
Reducing of non revenue water
Construction of pipe lines
Maintenance and Operation
Etc.
85

Privatization
Privatization is one of the major policies in water and waste water industry in
Iran.
Measures in this regard to provide funding for projects include :1-getting loan from world bank
2-getting loan from Islamic Development Bank(IDB)
3-getting loan from ECO Trade And Development Bank
Type of Privatization : BOT-BOO-Buyback contract-Internal and externalfinancing86

biggest problems
Limitation of resources, droughts and excessive
extraction from groundwater basins
Expansion of urban areas and the inclusion of water
resources within their limits
Inadequacy of financial resources for
implementation of plans
The worn-out condition of water systems
The shortage of specialized manpower87

Thank You For your Kind
Attention88

89

Taskswater and wastewatercompanies
Water supply & execution of water networks andtreatment and sewage disposal systems ;Water distribution in urban and rural areas;
Monitoring the drinking water quality in rural andurban areas;
Water demand management.
90

I.R. of IRAN

91

About IRAN

Geographic coordinates: 32o 00’ N, 53o
00’ E
Region: Middle East
Area:

total: 1.648 million sq km
Average annual precipitation: 250 mm(World average: 750mm)
Arid and Semi arid
Population: 75 million (2011)
Languages Persian
Capital City: Tehran (pop10.5 Million)
Government: Islamic Republic
92

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（B）

Iran (2)- 93 -

IN THE NAME OF GODCountry Report Of Iran
B.Sc: civil engineering
M.Ss:Urban Managment

94General Country profile• Iran or Persian: also known as Persia (/ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/), officially the Islamic Republic of Iransince 1980, is a country in Western Asia, The country is bordered on the north by Armenia,
Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, with Kazakhstan and Russia to the north across the Caspian Sea. Iranis bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulfof Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Iran is a country with great history•

The 18th-largest country in the world ,It is a mountainous country of particular geopoliticalsignificance owing to its location in three spheres of Asia. Iran is the third largest oil producer inthe world and the second largest gas producer in the world.

•

Tehran is the capital, the country's most populous city and the political, cultural, commercial andindustrial center of the nation
Whole Country:
Area: 1648195 km2
Population : 77,176,930 Habitants
Coverage Water Supply: 97% urban area-77% rural area

Selected Water Supply System/City:
Service Area in urban sections: 10420 km2
Population Served: 77 million person
Water connections: 13000000 connections

95

96

Official name: National Water And Waste Water Company(NWWEC)
The work of my organization and the service it
provides is :My organization is a National government company in IRAN that organize the official
activities of Ministry of Energy in water & wastewater affairs including the correct
management, supervision and evaluate the performance, guidance and governance,increase the efficiency and operation and the optimal use of resources of subsidiaries
companies in the policies of Ministry of Energy and also doing the supervision andcompile the programs.

My official position : operation sector
My Own Job: Expert of Bureau for Supervision on Consumption Management andReduction of non revenue water in urban sector

97Official organization which are responsible forwater supply and quality in Iran are as follows :Ministry of energy is responsible formanagement, supply and distribution of water
for all sectors as well as the collection ,treatment and disposal of urban and ruralwastewater .
Department of Environment is the official
body responsible for protecting the quality ofwater resources
Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical
Education is in charge of monitoring thedrinking water quality in rural and urban areas
98The Organization of the Ministry of Energy

Minister of Energy
Executive
Deputies(Water Resource)& (Water andWastewater)

National Water& Wastewater
Co.

WATER
RESOURCESMANAGEMENT

65
COMPANIES

30
COMPANIES

Power&Energy
Generation,transmission anddistribution ofelectricity

86
COMPANIES
99

National Water & Waste
water Engineering
Company
Deputy for Planning andDevelopment

Deputy for
Supervision of
Operations

Deputy of Human
Resources and Improving
the Management

Urban water &waste watercompanies

Deputy of
Coordination andSupport

Rural water &waste watercompanies

35 companies

30 companies
100Managing Director
Deputy for Planning andDevelopment

Deputy for Supervisionof Operations

Management of Planningand Development

Crisis Management

Management ofProcurement of Funds
and Development of NGO
Participation

Management ofSupervision of Water andWastewater projects

Management ofTechnical Affairs

Deputy of Human
Resources andImproving theManagement

Deputy of
Coordination andSupportBureau for Improvement of Water
Operations

Bureau for Improvement ofWastewater Operations

Bureau for Safety and
Health for Water andWastewater

Bureau for Consumption
Management and Reduction of NRW

101

Water recourses in IRAN

102

Water use in iran

5.4 2.6
agricultural
potableindustry92

103

Precipitation and Availability of Water
Availability of Water

Avg. Annual Precipitation

mm/Y

m3/person/Y

750

800
600
400

238

200
0
Iran

7400

8000
6000
4000

1600

2000
0
Iran

World
104

World

105

• In Iran rainfall is highly variable. In the north ismore than 2113 mm. in desert areas is about
15 mm. in West and North West, North Eastand southern Alborz is about 500 mm. and
Not more than 200 mm of rainfall in otherareas. Iran is grappling with water shortage
problems. and May be Encounter with water
stress status in 2025
106

Water availability & consumption Variation in Iran
Trend of Water availability (1955-2020)
Year

Per Capita(m3)

1955

7000

2000

2160

2012

1600

2020

1300

Water consumption Variation ( 1960-2020)

Sector1960

1995

Agriculture

98.6

93.3

Potable1.3

5.2

Industry

0.1

1.5

Total

100

100

Same (percent)

2012
92
5.4
2.6
100

2020
87
7.4
5.6
100
107

Water meterreadingIssuance
water bill

Customer
servicedepartment

Calculating
the costs of
water

Other
services108Average price of water
Water sales rate is low compared to othercountries For domestic consumptions: 0.07$ M3/month For non domestic consumptions : 0.1 $ M3/month• water meter reading is manually and performed byhuman staff
109

water quality management
Water quality control is monitoring the changes in the physical, chemical
and microbial qualities of water from the sources of supply to theconsumption point and the sites of discharging effluents to admitting
waters or the delivery points to other consumption sectors.
There is 330 laboratories in the urban water and wastewater companies
and 280 others in the rural water and wastewater companies .also there is
2 national standards for control water quality in iran
1:microbial standard no 1011
2:physical, chemical standard no 1053
110

water supply services
1-The population ratio to be served drinking water: 97% urban population
And 77% rural population(70million person)
2-average number of hours per day of water availability to most people :currently all of hours per day water is available for most people.
3-non revenue water is 25.5 %111

Reduction of non-revenue water1

Systeminput
volume5422056095(m3/year)

Authorized
consumption4135343382

Water
losses

Revenue
water

Billed authorized
consumption

4041555403

Unbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting,cleaning)
Apparent losses( Unauthorized
consumption(i.e. Illegal use),
Customer metering
inaccuracies )Non
Revenue
Water(NRW)
1380500692

1286712713

Real losses(Leakage)112

xx m3 /year( 74.5 %)xx m3 /year( 1.8%)

xx m3 /year(9.7 %)

xx m3 /year( 14%)
19

Comparison of NRW in Iran
۳۵.۵

36
35
34

۳۶.۰

۳۵.۳

۳۴.۴

۳۴.۸

۳۳.۰

33

۳۱.۸

32
31
30

۳۰.۲

۳۰.۴

۳۱.۴

29

۲۹.۶

۲۹.۹

۲۸.۲

28

۲۷.۱

27

۲۶.۳

26

Percent

25

۲۴.۸

24

۲۳.۱

23

۲۱.۴

22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

113

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

Real Losses Strategies

114

Apparent Losses Strategies

115Unbilled Authorized Consumptions Strategies

116Private Sector Participation
In Iran private companies are very active in providing water andwastewater services. Most of these companies are as a producer ,consultant and contractor in the following sections
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Production of related equipment for water industry like (pipes and fittings,
water meters, water pumps ant etc.)
Study , design and Construction of water and waste water treatment plants
Water distribution
Bill collection, leakage repair
Reducing of non revenue water
Construction of pipe lines
Maintenance and Operation
Etc.
117

Privatization
Privatization is one of the major policies in water and waste water industry in
Iran.
Measures in this regard to provide funding for projects include :1-getting loan from world bank
2-getting loan from Islamic Development Bank(IDB)
3-getting loan from ECO Trade And Development Bank
Type of Privatization : BOT-BOO-Buyback contract-Internal and externalfinancing118

biggest problems
Limitation of resources, droughts and excessive
extraction from groundwater basins
Expansion of urban areas and the inclusion of water
resources within their limits
Inadequacy of financial resources for
implementation of plans
The worn-out condition of water systems
The shortage of specialized manpower
119

Thank You For your
Kind Attention
ご清聴ありがとうご
ざいました

120

121

Taskswater and wastewatercompanies
Water supply & execution of water networks andtreatment and sewage disposal systems ;Water distribution in urban and rural areas;
Monitoring the drinking water quality in rural andurban areas;
Water demand management.
122

I.R. of IRAN

123

About IRAN

Geographic coordinates: 32o 00’ N, 53o
00’ E
Region: Middle East
Area:

total: 1.648 million sq km
Average annual precipitation: 250 mm(World average: 750mm)
Arid and Semi arid
Population: 75 million (2011)
Languages Persian
Capital City: Tehran (pop10.5 Million)
Government: Islamic Republic
124

Pottery vessel,
fourthmillennium B.C

125

Long history of Iran
A painting
discovered atabout theeighthmillennium BC

pottery vessel
was discoveredin about 4500
BC
126

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（B）

Guyana- 127 -

128

General Country Profile: Background Guyana is located on the North East shoulder of SouthAmerica. Our country neighbours are Venezula, Brazil andSuriname.
 Guyana is mostly covered with forest, approximately 80%.
The other 20 % is made up of hills and flat lands (coastal
plains). Most of the population lives on the flat lands(below sea level – 2 metres)
Whole Country
Area:
215,000 km2
Population:
750,000
Coverage Water Supply:98 %Selected Water Supply System: Georgetown
Service Area:
30 km2
Population Served:
240,000129General Country Profile: Background
Guyana's population
density in 2005 (people
per km2).

130

Guyana – Surrounded by
Atlantic
Ocean-North,Venezuela - South,
Suriname – East,
Brazil – West.

Management of Water Quality
 The management of water quality is done by the Scientific Services

department who utilises the WHO standards for safe drinking water. All
official testings are done at the central lab. We usually use 10 testing
parameters on a regular basis. Should the need arise for other testing to bedone, this can be arranged.

 Deep wells – Official tests are done every 3 months. Test include Fecal andTotal coliforms, turbidity, dissolved iron, pH. Never had any contaminationof aquifer except for treats from flooding.
 Surface water – Inlet water to the plants are normally tested every 2 weeks
for fecal and total coliforms, colour, turbidity, ph, dissolved iron.
 Water Treatment plants – Official tests are done every 2 weeks. Test aredone during the different stages of treatment and include the final water toconsumers. Test include Fecal and total coliforms, residual chlorine, iron,turbidity, colour, ph. Each plant is equipped to test residual chlorine,
dissolved iron and ph at any one time.
131

Reduction of Non Revenue Water Our company currently operates at a loss, however, with the reductionof NRW we can be able to break even operational cost once the value isbelow 35% .
 In 2012, it is estimated at a high value of 69%.
 Less than 40 % of customers are metered (Accounts for approximately

60% of total billings)
 High leakage rate due to aged pipe network
 High wastage by customers who do not have meters
 Inaccurate data in billing system132

Water Supply Service Standards/ Performance
Indicators
Supply Pressure
In accordance with the company’s license, we are required to supply aservice pressure of no less than 5 meters to our customers. To date, approximately
50 % of customers enjoy this pressure.
Challenges:
 Old network with high losses
 High leakage level in pipe network
 High wastage by other customers
 Low water pressure in network Optimization of transmission and distribution network needed
PERFORMANCE INDICATOR – LEVEL OF SERVICE MAPS

Quality Standards

We utilise the WHO standards for safe drinking water. Most of theparameters (8) we considered are maintained except for turbidity. Our
well water is high in dissolved iron, when precipitated, it increases the
Turbidity.
133

Managing of Water Supply Service on a Self SupportingBasis
Due to the high losses in our company, it cannot manage itself on a self
supporting basis. The financial losses are subsidized on a yearly basis by
the government.
For us to manage ourselves on a self supporting basis, we have to: Reduce NRW to 35 % and below
 Reduce our energy cost Collection efficiency (current year) must be above 85 %134

Major recent achievement in improvement ofwater supply services/management (Part 1)
2000

Indicators

2012

3.62

Staff per 1000 connection

3.23

230,000

Production capacity
m3/day430,000

WHO guidelines

Water Quality

WHO Guidelines

85 %Coverage area

98 %

16

Supply duration

16

Less than 2 metres

Supply pressure

Average 3 metres

135,000

No. of connections

177,832

56

NRW

60

70 %

Collection Ratio

63 % (Including Arrears
98%)

490

Staff Number

574

135

Major recent achievement in improvement of
supply services/management Part 2

November
2011

January 2o10

GRADE

KEY

5 m
4 - 4.99m
3 - 3.99m
2 - 2.99m
2 m
0 m

PS 1
PS 2

Map showing differencein pressure due tocapital intervention

PS 3
PS 4
PS 5

Excellent
Good
Adequate
Poor
Awful

Information Not Available
Treatment Plant

136

BH

Bore Hole#

Total Hours of Operation*

GPL FailureExpectation for the Japanese private Companies& Water Supply Utilities
 We would appreciate any form of assistance from Japan so that ourcompany can sustain itself without any more government subsidies in
the next five years.
These include Reduction of non revenue water Reduction of energy usage
 Improve quality of water from existing treatment plants
 Improved meter reading techniques Improve the billing system
 Possible assistance with water meters to install on customers

137Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（B）

Timor Leste- 138 -

COUNTRY REPORT 2013
WATER SUPPLY ADMINISTRATION FOR BETTERMANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICES”B”

FROM

TIMOR LESTE

139

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF
TIMOR LESTE (RDTL)
140

141

Full name: Democratic Republic of East Timor

Population: 1,066.582 Million (Sencus, 2010)

Capital: DiliArea: 14,609 sq km (5,641 sq miles)

Major languages
Major religion: Tetum and Portuguese (official),
Indonesian and English (working languages): CatholicLife expectancy: 60 years (men), 62 years (women) (UN)Monetary unit

: 1 US dollar = 100 cents

Main exports: Coffee, marble, potential for oil exports

GNI per capita: $750 (World Bank, 2006)

Internet domain: .tl

International dialling code: +670

142

GEOGRAPHICAL STATUS, POPULATION, SOCIALAND ECONOMIC CONDITION, CLIMATE, ETC.

CHARACTERISTIC OF Timor-Leste
Located in south pacific 400 km north of AustralianContinent
8500 km2 , altitude 8º and 9º 30’ south, longitude 124ºand 127º 30’ east
Generally mountainous characterized by rugged terrain &small narrow valleys
Rainfall average about 1,600 mm per year. August as
driest month average monthly rainfall of 20 mm, January
has highest precipitation average of 243 mm.
143

EAST TIMOR AVERAGE RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION
Figure. 1

Figure. 2144

Topics
Current Situation on Water distribution network in Dili,
Timor Leste !

145

POPULATION

Population of Dili

: 243.331 (Sencus,2010)

National Population growth: 2.41 % per year

Dili population growth: 33.3% since 2004

146

OUTLINE OF DILI WATERSUPPLY SYSTEMS147

o DNSAS organization was founded: 2000
o Structure organization:
Part of Government Departmento Governmental Control, subject togovernmental instruction:(a) Staff Number ()(b) Staff salaries ()(c) Tariff ()148

NATIONAL DIRETORATE OF WATER SERVICES
Figure. 3

149

 Total population served: 78.729

 Service area ( km2 ): 372 km²

 Number of staff members of the organization(a) Clerical Staff: 33(b) Engineer:4(c) Technical Staff: 178(d) Laborer:3(e) Total

: 221

150

o Type of the management: Government-owned

o Cost for operation/management :(a) Personnel:

254,000(b) Power/Fuel:300,780(c) Chemicals:

143,400(d) Other materials:

501,422(e) Transport:

105,336(f) Others (M&E):

73,000(g) Total O&M cost

: 1,377,938
151

 I. SERVICE AREA
Dili Water Supply Flow Chart
Figure. 4
Surface Water

IntakeBore

Ground Water

Chlorination
Trans. Pipe
WTP :1.Disinfection /Chlorination
2.Filtration
3.Flocculation and sedimentation

Trans. Pipe

Main Pipe
Main Pipe

Reservoir

Main Pipe

ReservoirDist. Pipe

Reticulation Pipe

Taps
152

 Area of responsibility
 Present service area
 Population of present service area
 Population served by the piped Water Services Zones
Map of Zones Water Supply
Figure. 5153: 372 sq.km: 29.52 sq.km: 11,247 Connection: 78729 People: 10 Zone

Figure. 5.1

Total length of distribution network : over
350km
CENTRAL WTP

LAHANE WTP
BENAMAUK WTP
BEMOS WTP154

II. Infrasrtucture :Water Treatment Plant Facility
Figure. 6

Central Water Treatment Plant:155

Figure. 7

 Bemos Water Treatment Plant

156



Figure. 8

Lahane Water Treatment Plant

157

Figure. 9

 Benamauk Water Treatment Plant

158

Figure. 10

Bores and Treatment Facility

159

Piped water supply connection
Tabel. 1
Domestic (Households)
10,646

Non Domestic (Industrial,commercial, institutional, other)
601

TOTAL
11,247

III. Water Consumption and production•Volume of water produced by the utility (12,992,461 million m3/year)•Volume of water metered : ( 1, 417,092 million m3/year) in the partial area
•Estimated un-metered consumption ; ( 11,575,369.05 million m3/year) in the partial area160

Capacity of Production in Timor Leste
Tabel. 2
Name

Maximum Production

Maximum Production(m3/day)(m3/year)IntakeComoro C, D, E

2,652

954,828

Bore

Comoro B, A

6,226

2,241,231

Bore

Comoro Asgor

697

250,776

Bore

Bemos

3,500

1,260,000

Bemos

Central

6,600

2,376,000

Bemos

Untreated

1,900

684,000

Maloa

Lahane2,600

936,000

NahaekLakoloMutudareBenamauk

Culuhun A,B

5,484

1,974,240

Bore

Becora I,II

3,607

1,298,592

Bore

Cendana

390

140,400

Bore

Benamauk

900

324,000

Benamauk

Bidau I,II,III

1,665

599,554

Bore

Total

36,09012,992,461
161

IV. Water supply system performance (intermitents)

162

Condition in distribution network

Portuguese age

Messy layout
illegal connection

Indonesian rule

Old Pipes
Physical leaks
163

Now (Timor Leste age)Material of pipe in Timor Leste
ACP

PVC

DIP
GS
PE

164

Situation in the distribution network
Figure. 11

Leaks

Leaks

165

Figure. 12

What is happening in the distribution network?
User's Abuse

Current
condition
Good condition

SHUT
OPEN
OPEN

Empty

OPEN

Reservoir

OPEN supply for several hours
Limited water
OPEN

OPEN
OPEN
OPEN

166






Typical mains water pressure in pipe network ; ( 2 meters)
Number of water pipe breaks in the distribution network : ( 800/year)
Required number of test of treated water for residual chlorine : ( 365 /year)
Number of customers who received intermittent supply ; ( > 90%)

Figure. 13. Intermittent Supply

167

Reduction of Non Revenue Water and water Supply Standard
 Action
Beside the help from donors, DNSA has established 5 Years action plan in 2012,by which many facilities such as reservoirs, distribution pipes and connection will
be rehabilitated further reduce NRW to 40%. Activities in the action plan are now inprogress.

 Achievement

1. Since 2007, DNSA sets 150 liter as a daily water supply to customers, However,current condition of the distribution network; leaking pipe, illegal connections NRW
up until August 2013 was almost 100%. But now, DNSA has resumed billing inselected areas. And NRW is now estimated to be around 80%
2. DNSA could evaluate it as 40% and will try to extend whole Dili. Activities in theaction plan are now in progress.

168 Current action against the problem
1. Caretaker appointed in sub zones
2. Improved planning and detail design with Technical assistance from JICA and ADB
3. Public Private Partners (PPP) is being evaluatedMajor achievement in improvement of water supply services
1. Has installed new pipes (PE: 118km, DIP: 23km), respond Customers complaint
2. Introduce issue bill of tariff and
3. 10.975 Customers registration 0n 2012 up to 11,247 Customers for this year (August2013).
4. GMF involvement has increased their confidence to speak and ability to make decisions
on implementation water system, Woman (28.10%), Man (71.90%) of period 2010-2013.

169

With ADB and JICA supported to DNSA with a Zonal Approach. Three subzones have been rehabilitatedFigure. 13.1. Intermittent Supply

170

Water resource management
Has scheduled to monitor and control water quality for twice per year; with conductivity of less than 1000 uS/cm, suitable for drinking, cooking and Brackish water 1000 – 2000 uS/cm, suitable for cooking and washing Salty water > 2000 uS/cm, suitable for washing only

Figure. 14

171

Monitoring system
DNSA has commenced a regular monitoring activity such as ;
 Water quality monitoring by laboratory staff on monthly basis for regular test Water quality monitoring by operator WTP staff on regular basis
 Dedicated staff to supervise the condition in intake on regular basis
Figure. 15172Tabel. 5
Parameters and Frequency of monitoring
frequency ofSI
Parameters
Monitoring
PhysicalRemarks

1

ColourDaily

2

pH value

Daily

3
4

taste & Odour
total dissolved solids (TDS)

Daily

for water system which have treatment plants. Without
treatment plants, monitor every quarter.
for water system which have treatment plants. Without
treatment plants, monitor every quarter.
for water system which have treatment plants. Without
treatment plants, monitor every quarter.

Daily

for water system which have treatment plants. Without
treatment plants, monitor every quarter.

5

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Turbidity
ChemicalArsenic (As)
Flouride (as F-)
Hardness (as CaCO3)
Iron (as Fe +2)
Manganese (Mn+2)
Nitrate as NO3sulphate (SO42-)
Residual Chlorine
Bacteriological
E. Coli
Total Coliform

only for groundwater source before selection of the water
sourceonly water systems which use gournd water source

Once
YearlyQuarterly
Quarterly
YearlyMonthly
Quarterly
Daily
MonthlyMonthlyfor Dili water supply system
for water system which use chlorination

173

More frequently during monsoon
More frequently during monsoon

Drinking water quality Standard/norms/regulation in Timor Leste

Tabel. 6

National Drinking Water Quality Standard
No
A
1
2
3
4
5
B
6
7
8

Parameter
PhysicalColourpH value
Taste & Odour
Total Dissolved Solid(TDS)
Turbidity
ChemicalArsenic (As)
Flouride (as F')
Hardness (as CaCO3

Unit

TCU

Maximunpermissible
limit

5
TCU is True Colour unit
> 6.5 and < 8.5 > = lessthan and < = more than
Unobjectionable

Mg/L
NTU

1000
<5

Mg/L
Mg/L
Mg/L

0.01
1.5
200

9 Iron (as Fe +2)

Mg/L

0.3 mg/L

10
11
12
13
C.

Mg/L
Mg/L
Mg/L
Mg/L

0.4 mg/L
50
250
0.1 - 0.2

Manganese (Mn+2)
Nitrate as NO3Sulphate (SO42-)
Residual Chlorine
Bacteriological

Remarks

NTU is Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

There is no signicant helath impact known
There is no signicant helath impact known No limit for drinking
watr supplied from public Source

no limit for drinking water supplied from public sourcesin water system where chlorination is usedin case of large supplies, where sufficient samples aremust not be detectable in any
14 Total Caliform Bacteria
examined,must not be present in 95% of samples taken through out
100 ml sample
any 12 months periiod
E. Coli or Thermotolerant must not be detectable in any
174
15 bacteria
100 ml sample

Situation of policy and regulation in Timor Leste
Tabel. 7
StatusNational and Regionla Plan

Guidelines, Codes and Standards

Legislative requirement/Guideline• Water Services Decree 2004
• Enviromental base law• Environmental licensing law• Water resource law (Draft)• Prime Minister and Cabinet Timor Leste Government National
Development Plan 2020
• DNSA Five Year Action Plan
• Timor Leste infrastructure Asset management plan 2003-2022
water supply system assest.
• National drinking water quality standards and monitoring
guidelines(2011)• Timor Leste National Water Supply Policy (DRAFT) 2012
• Timor Leste water resource policy

175

Water billed / soldTabel. 3
Domestic (Household)

Non Domestic (Industrial,
Bulk water sales TOTAL
commercial, institutional, other)

Just Start on August 2013 Just Start on August 2013

5400

1, 422,492

VI. Customers
The water rate system.
Tabel. 4
Type of Customers

Consumption

Tariff(US$/1000
liter)

Domestic (Households)
Social (Public Taps)
Social (Church, Masjid,= 14.00 Liters

US$ 0.20> 14.00 liters

US$ 0.40

a few liters

US$ 0.10

a few liters

US$ 0.15

a few liters

US$ 0.60

Hospital,School, etc)
General/Commercial

176

The bill collection system.
1. Billing was prepared
2. Cosumers come to DNSA to obtain Bill
3. Consumers pay bill at the Bank

•Number of new customers connected to water supply system during the year ; (80 HH/year)•Number of customer complaints recorded during the year; (1368 /year)

Connection charge for new customers•Domestic (Household) = $ 25.00•Non Domestic (Industrial, Commercial, institutional, other) = $ 100.00

177

-END-OBRIGADO178

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（B）

Indonesia- 179 -

Country Report
Jakarta Water Supply EnterpriseIndonesia
2013
180

Indonesia & Jakarta overview
 Republic of Indonesia
 240 million total population;
 Archipelago of 17,508 islands, stretch
along the equator with 2 distinct
monsoonal wet and dry seasons Total land area is 1,919,317 sq. km and93,000 sq. km of inland seas Time zone GMT +7 to +9
 Major economic sectors : industry,
service & commerce, agriculture Jakarta as Capital City of Indonesia
 9,2 million total population
 661 sq. km of total area On the north side of Jakarta lies JavaSea which bordered by 35 km long ofcoastline, where estuaries of 13 rivers
and 2 flood canals located.
 Water Supply Service Authority :Jakarta Water Supply Enterprise (PAM
JAYA)
181

Jakarta Water Supply Authority
 On February 1998, Cooperation Agreement was signed

between PAM JAYA and two Private Companies which marked
the handing over of Water Supply Service operation in Jakarta
for the period of 25 years, with each company being handed
over full operation of Water Supply Service in West side regionof Ciliwung River (PT. PALYJA) and East Side region of Ciliwung
River (PT. Aetra).
 while PAM JAYA act on behalf of Jakarta Government as theSupervisor of the Cooperation Contract with main
responsibility to supervise the water supply service activities
carried out by the Private Companies and ensuring targets met
182

Cooperation Service Area
WilayahIV

Wilayah I

WilayahIII

WilayahII

PT. PAM LYONNAISE JAYA(PALYJA)

WilayahV

WilayahVI

Ciliwung River183

PT. AETRA AIR JAKARTA(AETRA)

Raw water resources Raw Water 15,000 lps from Jatiluhur Dam (81%)
 400 lps from Krukut River (2%)
 150 lps from Cengkareng Drain(1%)

Bulk Treated Water(16%)
 2,800 lps from Cisadane 75 lps from Cikokol

184

Water source management
Current problems: Limited availability of raw water resources, both in termsof quality and continuity
 Heavily dependent on external water resources (97%)
Current efforts:
 Conducting studies on utilizing new raw water resources,
particularly internal water resources, with the aim ofusing the rivers as raw water source for new small WTPs
or reactivate old small WTPs
185

Production capacity
CDC

Cikokol
75 lpsBusiness
Area I

Business
Area IV

Business
Area IIPDKJ

PT. PALYJA

Capacity : 8,875 lps

PT. AETRA
Pulogadung
4000 lps

Pejompongan
5600 lps

PDLB

Cisadane
2800 lps

Year 2012
Total water produced
Total bulk water
Water produced

Business
Area III: 447 million m3: 88 million m3: Drinking water

Business
Area V

Buaran
5000 lps

Cilandak
400 lpsBusiness
Area VI

186

Capacity : 9,000 lps

West Tarum Canal (Raw Water)

Water treatment management
Current problems: Worsening raw water quality  increasing production cost
parameters exceeding raw
water standards

Organic matters, Pb, coli form, Manganese,Ammonium

Current efforts:
 Optimizing water treatment process Upgrading with new equipments (online analyzers, chlorine automatic dosing)Achievements:
 Increased production capacity
 Improved reliability of WTP
187

Distribution capacity

PT. PALYJA

PT. AETRA∑ pipe length : 5,300 km∑ customers : 407,459 units

Year 2012
Total pipe length: 12,000 km
Total Customers: 800,093 units
Service Coverage Ratio : 60.16 %NRW: 42.19 %∑ pipe length : 6,700 km∑ customers : 392,634 units

188

Water supply distribution
RAW WATER

TREATED WATERCAPACITY 17,875 l/sec
SERVED AREA

UNSERVED AREA
(39.83% )( Service Coverage Ratio 60.17% )DIRECT CONNECTION( 794,729 Connections )AETRA
394,939
Connections

PALYJA
406,215
Connections

WATER STATIONFOR COMMERCIAL( 3 Units )PUBLIC HYDRANT( 1,756 Connections )

AETRA
832
Connections

PALYJA
924
Connections

189

WATER STATIONPAM JAYA ( 7 Units )PAM JAYA WATERTANK CAR( 37 Units )WATER TERMINAL( 34 Units )

WATER
KIOSK
( 21 Units )

DEEP
WELL

WATER TANK (AID)
DEP. PU( 60 Units )WATER TERMINAL( 203 Units )Water supply management
Current problems: High level of NRW, caused by physical loss andcommercial loss, i.e.: Illegal connection
 illegal consumption
 Poor meter condition Poor and aging pipe network  prone to leakage
 Illegal settlement  prone to illegal connection

 Intermittent supply due to inadequate pressure in certain

area (house connection standard pressure is ≥ 7.5 m)
190

Water supply management
Water distribution balance:

Billed Metered
Consumption
Billed authorized
consumption

Revenuewater

Consumption
Billed Unmeteredconsumption
VolumeInput
SystemUnbilled
Authorized
consumption

Commercial
losses

LossesPhysical losses

191

Unbilled Meteredconsumption
Unbilled Unmeteredconsumption
Unauthorized
consumption
Inaccurate Customer
meter
Reading accurary anddata processing error
Leakage on transmission
and distribution mains
Leakage and overflows
from utilities storagetanks
Leakage on service
connection up to
customer meter

Non
Revenue
Water

Water supply management
Current Efforts:
 Pipe network area metering  smaller monitoring areas Leakage detection with JD7 and Sound Sense Pipe network rehabilitation
 Pressure management system on distribution network
using PRVs
 Water meter replacement  improve accuracy Law enforcement against illegal connection
 strict control of pipe laying works to comply withstandards
192

Water supply management

193

Customers profile as per 2012
By connection numbers:

Domestic(households)
689,152

Non domestic(industrial, commercial,
institutional, other)
110,941

TOTAL

800,093

By water consumed volume:

Domestic(households)
184 million m3

Non domestic(industrial, commercial,
institutional, other)
125 million m3

194

TOTAL

310 million m3

Water rates system The water rate tariff is divided by customer group typewith each group is progressively charged based on
consumption volume block.

 Jakarta Water Supply Enterprise (PAM JAYA) operates

under the authority of the Governor of Jakarta; thisincludes Water tariff setting which needs approval by theGovernor of Jakarta

195

Water Tariff as of 2007
Consumption block per m3
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Customer group
Group IGroup IIGroup IIIA
Group IIIB
Group IVA
Group IVB
Group V / Port

1 USD = 11,500 IDR

0 – 10 m3
USD
0.09
0.09
0.31
0.43
0.60
1.09
1.27
196

11 – 20 m3
USD
0.09
0.09
0.41
0.52
0.71
1.09
1.27

> 20 m3
USD
0.09
0.14
0.48
0.65
0.85
1.09
1.27

Problem Analysis Matrix
Management,
finance, tariff
Cause of the vicious
cycle
Detail of the cause

Low coverage area

Measures taken /solutions

Expanding service
coverage area

Results of the action
taken

1.
2.

Increasing
volume soldIncreasing
revenue

Water purification

Water distribution,water supply, water
service
Ineffective waterHigh occurrence oftreatment process
physical loss andcommercial loss
which cause a highlevel of NRW
1. Pipe network
1. Optimization
area metering,and up-rating ofwater treatment 2. Leakage
process,
detection and
2. Online analyzer
repair,on parameters
3. Pressureof water quality
management
during water
system ontreatment
distribution
process
network andpumps,
4. Law
enforcement
against illegal
connection /consumption
1. Upgraded
Reducing the NRW
productionlevel to 40%-43%
capacity ofduring the last decade
WTPs,(the previous NRW
2. Improved
level was > 55%)
reliability of
WTPs

Pipe materials ortypes, equipment

Water quality control

Old and fragile pipes
in the network, i.e.
GIP and DCIP

Contaminated-prone
pipe network

1.

Replacing oldpipes with HDPE
and PVC pipes,
strict control ofpipe laying
works to comply
with standards

Water quality
monitoring in the
network and water
taps

Reduced numbers ofpipe breaks

Development ofdrinking water area

2.

197

Problem Analysis Matrix
For future activity:
Management, finance,
tariffCause of the vicious
cycle
Detail of the cause

Priority
High, Mid, Low
Challenges, activities
necessary to change
into virtuous cycle

Target (expected
outcome) & Due date

Monitoring method(indicator) of activity

Water resources,
intake, watertransmission
Limited availability of
raw water resources,
both in terms of quality
and continuity

Medium priority

Medium priority

Water distribution,water supply, water
service1.
intermittent
supply to some ofour customers
due to inadequate
pressure,
2.
High level of NRW(>40%)High priority

currently we are heavily
dependent (97%) on
external water
resources from othercompanies

Increased production
cost

1.
2.

Convincing thegovernment to make aproper regulation
regarding water tariffadjustment to adapt
with current conditions

Conducting studies on
utilizing raw water
resources particularlyinternal water
resources

Optimized andrefurbished WTPs withnew technology which
is more efficient andreliable

Full cost recovery
system achieved

Additional raw water
resource for existing
WTPs or newly built
WTPs

Production costs are
kept at a favorable rate

Failure to achieve fullcost recovery
mechanism as a whole,particularly caused by
the improper ratio
between subsidized andsubsidizing tariff groups
High priority
Limitation for large
investment funding

Water purification
Worsening raw water
quality

3.
4.
1.

2.

Illegal connection,
Inaccurate
metering,
Pipe leakage,
Pipe breaks
caused by otherutilities works
NRW level
reduced toeconomic level ofwater losses,
24 hour
continuous supply
to all areas

Human resources
Inadequate supervisingcapability, and lack ofawareness and sense of
belonging among
employees in preserving
the water supply system
Medium priority
Improving supervisingcapability and system

Reliable humanresources

198

Jakarta Water Supply Enterprise - PAM JAYA
Jl. Penjernihan II – Pejompongan - Jakarta 10210
Indonesia
199

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（B）

Sri Lanka- 200 -

COUNTRY REPORTPRESENTATIONBY

SRI LANKA

201

COUNTRY REPORT• About Sri Lanka• About NWS&DB• Geography & water resources• Water quality• Chronic Kidney disease – unknown (CKDu)• Other factors in water sector• Current problems & analysis• Improvement plan202

About Sri Lanka

203

About Sri Lanka - • Capital - Colombo• Official Language – Sinhala& Tamil• Legislator – Parliament• Area – 65,660 Sq.Km• Population – 20.27 Mlns
R Religions Buddhism,Hinduism,
Islam, Christianity

204About NWS&DB
National Water Supply & Drainage Board (NWS&DB)
is the National Organization responsible for providing
sustainable water & sanitation solutions to thepeople in Sri Lanka.
Pipeborn coverage

34

NWS&DB
CBO
L.A & Other

56.4
8.2

No pipeborn

1.4
205

About the working area . . .
North Central Province (NCP)

Position as DGM(NC)GM

NCP
Other ADGM’s

DGM(N)

206

ADGM(N/C)

DGM(NC)

DGM(NW)

Geography and water resources
Land distribution

Water sources: Rivers, Lakes, Deep &Shallow GW

River

Forest - 29%
Agricultural - 40%
Residential - 31%

207

Length (Km)Mahaweli

335

Aruviaru

164

Kala Oya

148

Kelani145

Yan Oya142

Deduruoua

142

Walawe138

Water quality management• Central laboratory equipped for advanced tests & 11
regional laboratories for routine tests.
• Water quality monitoring (Physical, Chemical &bacteriological parameters) in each NWS&DB scheme ona routine program.
• Testing of water samples of community basedorganizations (CBO’s) and local authorities (LA’s) on
demand.
• Special W.Q monitoring programs in CKDu affected areas.
• WSP’s just started and a pilot project in NCP
208

Water quality problems in unprotected
catchments . . .
• Turbidity peaks due to unprotected catchments.
• Deterioration of bacteriological quality of raw water
due to groundwater pollution.
• Growth of algae as a result of groundwater pollution.
• Accumulation of heavy metals due to various humanactivities.
• High fluoride, iron and hardness levels ingroundwater.

209

Chronic Kidney disease – Unknown(CKDu)• One of major health issues in Sri Lanka.
• Named as CKDu as exact cause is still unknown.
• Area specific and highest in NCP.
• High fluoride & hardness levels and existence ofarsenic, heavy metals, algal toxins etc. in groundwater are suspected.

210

According to Health Officials . . .
N

W

E

PADAWIYAS
KEBITHIGOLLEWA

MEDAWACHCHIYAMAHAWILACHCHIYAHOROWPOTHANARAMABAWA
KAHATAGASDIGILIYANGP CENTRALMIHINTALENOCHCHIYAGAMANGP EAST
NACHCHADUWA

RAJANAGANAYAGALENBIDUNUWEWA
TIRAPPANE

MEDIRIGIRIYATALAWATAMBUTHTHEGAMAGALANEWAIPALAOGAMAHIGURAKGODA
PALUGASWEWA

ELAHERARECORDING NO OF KIDNEY PATIENT SINCE 2003

100 – 350

350 – 700

<100

WELIKANDATAMANKADUWA

PALAGALA

700 >LANKAPURAKEKIRAWA211

DIMBULAGALA

What we have planned . . .

AWARENESS

RAIN WATERSYSTEMSADVANCE
TREATMENTOPTIONSPIPE
EXTENTIONSBOWSER
SUPPLY212

Other factors - • Number of connections• Billing Vs collection• Tariff• Others in water sector• Sewerage• PS involvement- 1,592,411- 95%- Stepped type
- LA’s, CBO’s,NGO’s- In Colombo

o D&B Projects funded by foreign agencies
o Local contractors involved with Govt. funding213

Current problems considered in theReport . .
• Deterioration of catchments due to humanactivities• Poor asset management in water supply
systems• Problems towards sustainability of CBO
systems214

VICIOUS CYCLE ON WATER SAFETY

Unprotected
Catchments

Low priorityfor
Catchment
Protection

Deteriorationof Raw water
QualityMore Funds
for Advanced
Treatment

Investment
Restrictions
215

VIRTUOUS CYCLE ON WATER SAFETY

Protected
Catchments

National levelmonitoring

Integrated
Approach forCatchment
Protection

Improved
Raw water
QualityMore
Investment
on
Catchment
Protection

Less
Treatment
Costs
216

VICIOUS CYCLE ON ASSET MANAGEMENT

Low priority
for asset
management

Lack ofinvestmenton
replacements

Deteriorationof the system

More funds
for failure
repairs

Investment
restrictions
217

VIRTUOUS CYCLE ON ASSET MANAGEMENT
Improvewater supply
management

Proper asset
management

Plannedinvestment on
replacements

Improved
systemMoreinvestment
opportunities

Improved
service levels
and income
218

VICIOUS CYCLE ON SELF SUPPORTING SYSTEMS

Poor watersupplymanagementof CBO’s

Low priorityfor
Improvements

Deteriorationof the system

Investment
restrictions

Low Income219

VIRTUOUS CYCLE ON SELF SUPPORTING SYSTEMSRegulatory
reformBetter watersupplymanagementof CBO’s

Planned
Improvements

Improved
systemMore
Investment

Better service
level/Good
IncomeOpportunities
220

IMPROVEMENT PLAN

No:

Activity

Resources

Responsibility Due Date Cost Expected? Outcome

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Identify critical areas
Initial awarenessEstablish CBO,sEstablish WS option
Train CBO
Assist to Develop rates
Maintenance agreement
Assess the Impact
Advising & corrective actions

Field staff
Staff
Sociologists
Tech. Staff
Tech. Staff
RWS unit
RWS unit
Doctors
Committee

Health Dept
L.A
NWS&DB
NWS&DB
NWS&DB
NWS&DB
NWS&DB
Health Dept
Committee

221

Dec 2013
Feb 2014
Aug 2014
Sep 2014
Dec 2014
Sep 2014
Sep 2014
Dec 2014
RoutineIndicator

Mapping
Map area
Gathering Number
CBO.s
NumberUnits
Number
CBO.s
NumberTariffNumberAgreement Number
NumberReportRecommendns
ReportThank You !

222

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（B）

Nepal- 223 -

Country Report: Nepal
Water Supply Administration for
Better Management of Water
Supply Services
Tokyo, Japan
20 November 2013

Director General,
DWSS
224

Country Brief
Location 260 22’ N to 300 27’ N and 800 4’
E to 880 12’ E, total area 1,47,181 sq km
 Mountains-35%,Hills-23%,Plain-23%
 Population 26.49 million (CBS 2011) Nominal GDP(2012) $17.92 billion
 Per capita $624.0, Annual average rainfall
1000-4000 mm, Temp -2.40C to 420C
 14 administrative zones, 75 districts, 3914
VDC, 58 municipalities
 Water supply (2013) 85%, sanitation 62%225

DWSS Profile
Department of Water Supply & Sewerage(DWSS) is under Ministry of Urban
Development
 Vision: contribute to poverty reduction by
improving the health of all citizens byincreased sustainable access to safe
drinking water, and appropriate sanitation
facilities
 Goal: provide basic level water supply
services & sanitation coverage to all the
populations by the end of year 2017
226

DWSS Profile
Mission: the mission of DWSS is toimplement the policies and programs of theGovernment to provide safe drinking water& sanitation services to all the people ofthe country Objective: the objectives of DWSS are tofacilitate beneficiaries to improve access tosafe, adequate and sustainable watersupply and sanitation services, and toassist in attaining the sector goals set by
the Government

227

Water Sanitation SectorService Delivery Modalities

3.

Community Participation(20%+80%)- District level ruralprojects
Cost recovery & cost sharing(50%+50%)-Urban projects
Co-financing(40%+60%)- selected district level projects

Sector Achievement

1.

2.

Indicators1990 2000 2010 2012

MDG GoN
2015 2017

Population havingbasic level drinking
water facilities(%)

36

73

80

85

73

100

Population havingbasic level drinking
water facilities(%)

6

30

43

62

53

100

228

Services Provided by DWSS
Facilitate implementation of WASH projects
 Extensive sanitation campaigns (ODF) Technical support, capacity building Awareness, WSPs, WQ improvements
 Regulation of Water supply services
 Implement technically complicated & large
projects ( in urban settlements)
 Provide coordination & collaboration
 Ensure budgetary allocation for programs
 Prepare standards, norms, guidelines, etc229

Current National Scenario
Prevailing Problems in Water Sector
 Available financial resource is inadequate Existing water sources being depleted due
to climate variability Lack of in-house technical expertise (WTP,
WWTP, consumer services, business idea) Growing water demand and Urbanization
 High leakages (40%) in the system
For better assessment of the above problems
a typical WS Project has been consideredhere which comprise of representative &specific problems
230

Surunga WS Project Situation
Current Status3
 Deep boring 2 nos, OHT 450m ,pressure
filter-2 units, aerator unit-1, transmission
325 m, distribution pipe line 25.85 km
 Recently completed WASMIP Project Cycle
under JICA assistance Ever expanding demand for connections
 Service area not divided into blocks
 Pipe network is branched and only
partially looped, Pressure in pipes not
regulated Pipe networks are more than 7 yrs old231

Surunga WS Project Situation
Metered domestic connectins 1822 nos,populations served 11650 (2013)
 Average daily demand- 1165 m3/day
 Production capacity of well 2160m3/day
 Annual water bill collection US$ 32000
 Total annual income US$ 43500
 Annual operating cost US$ 19000
 Gross annual profit US$ 17900
 Domestic connection charge US$ 75
 Average water charge US$ 1.64/unit

232

1 unit = 1000 litres

Surunga Tariff Structure(Domestic Use) In US$(Institutional
Use)

In US$

Government

In US$(Domestic Use)0 to 80.80

0 to 81.10

0 to 101.00

9 to 15

0.12

9 to 15

0.15

For every
extra 1 unit

0.32

16 to 25

0.15

16 to 25

0.18

Lump sum/
month

7.85

26 to 40

0.17

26 to 40

0.21

Tanker, 10 m3

34.35

41 to 55

0.19

41 to 55

0.24

For each 1 m3

1.34

> 55 unit

0.22> 55 unit

0.28

233

Prevailing Challenges• Fe, Mn content in water is high (1.56 &0.38 ppm respectively)• Frequent leakages in pipelines >200/yr• Quality awareness during household
storage and handling inadequate• Absence of in-house water testing labs
• Limited financial resources for WQ
improvement plans• Need more storage (1 unit 450m3OHT),
service area extension, ultrasonic water
meter, standby pump 25 HP
234

Prevailing Challenges• Pressure filter units and aerator towerneeds rehabilitation• Replacement of butterfly valve needed• Extra 9 km distribution network needed
to meet current demand• Transformer capacity to be increased
from 50 to 100KVA• Quality of customer service delivery has
to be improved• Estimated NRW 26%, number of Water
bill collection counters be increased
235

Problem Analysis Matrix
Management,
finance, tariff

Water Resources,
intake, watertransmission

Water
Purification

Cause of thevicious cycle
Details of thecause

Lack ofinvestments
300 mil US$ isneeded/yr, only
UD$ 30 mil/yr isavailable

Sources are
depleting
May be due toclimate variability,
global effectPurification
mostly done inurban watersupplyHigh cost of WTP

Priority – High,Mid to Low

High

High

High

Challenges,
Activities
necessary tochange into
virtuous cycle

Besides
government fund,water users andpartners must
increase
investment

Water
conservation,
climate resilient
strategies should
be adopted

Target (expected
outcome) andDue date

By the end of
2017

After 5 years

Monitoring
method(indicator) of
Activity

Water supply andsanitation
Source yields
coverage willmeasurement
increase

Water
Distribution,water supply,
water service
Inadequate
supplyDue to highdemand,Pipe materials or
Types,
equipments

Water Quality
Control

Human Resources

HDPE pipes usedmostlyDI or other metal
pipes areexpensive

WQ duringmonsoon is notsatisfactory
Lack ofcoagulation,
laboratories, and
WTPs

Always lacking
trained personnel
User operated
system have few
such personnel

Mid

Low

High

Mid

Install more
WTPs with wateruser’s cost
sharing

Demand side
management,
proper leakage
detection andrepairs

Replacement ofolder pipes withmetal pipes

Adopt advancetechnology, set
up laboratories at
all districts,
application of
WSP

Carry out training
need, and O&M
assessment,
provide capacity
building training

Continuous

Continuous

As needed

Phase wise 5
years

Phase wise 5
years

Increment inservice coverage
by WTPs

Increased waterproduction,
reduction inleakage and
NRWLess number ofleakages

Significant
Increased
increase in Water personnel capacity,
Qualityefficient staff

238
236

Required Technology
Submersible water pumps
 Ultrasonic water meters, transformer Portable water quality test kits Customer service delivery trainings
 Leak detectors and associatedtrainings
 Computer, printers, software forcomputerized billing & records237Remedial Measures
Provide management support and technicalbackstopping through district level offices
 DWSS will provide training on preparation ofbusiness plan for the WUSC
 Future O&M need assessment will be carriedout through CHRDU
 WUSC will receive management capacity
development trainings by DWSS Implementation of Water Safety Plan inprogress Setting out Performance Indicators is done238

Remedial Measures
Replace the pressure filter materials andaerator packed materials to reduce Fe, Mn
 Follow WSP to increase QW awareness inuser community
 WSP will reduce chances of contamination
 Train personnel & strengthen regional labs
 Provide portable water test kits
 Adopt computerized billing systems
 Implement civil works for projectextension( 1unit OHT450m3,9km distribution
pipe line, maintenance works)


241

239

Proposed Organogram
Project Manager
Engineer-1

Block Supervisor
1-Sub-engineer for two blocks

Mobilizers -2
Social mobilizer, WSP

Field TechniciansMeter readers-2,tecnicians 2240

Expected Outcomes
Tangible increase in water quantity
 Marked difference in quality of service(quantity, pressure, WQ, reliability, billing,collection, complaints handling, etc.)
 Reduction in water leakage losses by 10%
 Enhanced monitoring mechanism for
distribution due to efficient database,training, mapping, block service
 Discourage illegal use of water Increase in revenue collection241Project in Pictures242

Project in Pictures

243

Project in Pictures

244

Project in Pictures

245

Project in Pictures246

Conclusion
Surunga Water Supply Project was built on
cost recovery & cost sharing basis(50%+50%) and is being operated by
WUSC who is fully responsible for O&M of
the project.
It has undergone management support
trainings and is receiving technical support
from DWSS. It is now a successful and selfsustaining project having annual profit of
US$ 19000.
247

THANK YOU

Arigato gozaimasu
248

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（B）

Myanmar- 249 -

THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR
MANDALAY REGION GOVERNMENTMANDALAY CITY DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEEMANDALAY
COUNTRY REPORTFORWATER SUPPLY ADMINISTRATION FOR BETTERMANAGEMENT OF
WATER SUPPLY SERVICES(B) (JFY 2013)
NO. J13-00786

ASSISTANT ENGINEER
WATER AND SANITATIONDEPARTMENT
250

MANDALAY

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Kachin State
Kayah State
Kayin State
Chin State
Mon State
Rakhine State
Shan State

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

Naypyidaw Region
Sagaing Region
Thnintharyi Region
Bago Region
Magway Region
Mandalay Region
Yangon Region
Ayeyarwaddy Region
251Location :·E Long; 96 06'
N Lat; 21·59'
 Area: 117.86 km2
 Population : 10,48941
 Population growth : ≈ 1.2 % Nos. of Township :5
 Nos. of Ward
: 88Name of township : Amarapura
 Area: 207.45 sq miles
 Population: 202666
 Nos. of Ward : 51 in 2011
252

City Area
Aung Myay Thar San Townwship

Numbers of Wards

Chan Aye Thar San Townwship

54NosMahar Aung Myay Townwship

Chan Mya Thar Si Townwship

Numbers of Townships
4Nos (up to 1993)

Pyi Gyi Tan Khon Townwship

Numbers of Townships
5Nos (1993-2011)
Numbers of Townships
6Nos (2011-Now)
Numbers of Wards
96Nos (Now)
253

I.

Organization profile

MANDALAY CITY DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

1.

Name of Applicant’s Organization- Water and Sanitation Department

2.

Work of Organization and Service- Water supply and Sanitation work

3.

Type of the applicant’s organization- Local Government

4.

Applicants occupation- Assistant Engineer (supervise fortube well drilling &operation ,booster pump operation andmaintenance.
5.

Organization chart of waterand sanitation Department- Table A254

Table A

WATER AND SANITATION DEPARTMENT
Organization Chart
Head of Department

17

Head of Branch

Procurement,
Store and
Maintenance
Section3

50

Description

400

Head of Branch

1

Sanitation
Section

Water
Distribution
Section

2

5

50
255

190

No

Officer

18

Other

400

Total

418

1

1

4

110

II. Flow Chart
Intake from
Ayeyarwaddy
river

Slow sandfiltration

Reservoir
1.5 MG

Boosterpumping
Station No.8
Reservoir
5 MG

400 mm dia:
production
tube well(25 Nos)

Boosterpumping Station
No.1

Water supply service Area
256

Mandalay
hill reservoir
2.5MG

III. Water Resources
1.

The geographical background-Forest 65%,Residential land 35%

2.

The precipitation per one year

-Table B

3.

Type of available water resource.

- Groundwater-Surface water

4.

The intake water per one day-about 30 million gallon

5.

The type of water resources for future -Surface water / Ground water257

Table B

Comparative of Rain fall per years 2004 to 2012
maximum rain fall

year

rain fall

total days of raining

2004

28 inches

72 days10.9.2004

2.83

2005

23.54inches

74 days

14.8.2005

2.2

2006

60.71 inches

97 days

5.10.2006

3.9

2007

46.57 inches

87 days

13.6.2007

10.19

2008

29.91 inches

75 days24.7.2008

4.14

2009

26.85 inches

71 days10.5.2009

2.91

2010

40.82 inches

93 days

8.10.2010

5.12

2011

49.02 inches

104 days

16.8.2011

5.87

2012

24.84 inches

59days

30.9.2012

6.34

258

date

inchesIV. Policy and Regulation• Formulation of water supply policies in Mandalay City
• Preparation, allocation and control of budget for water supply• Supply of enough clean water to meet the water demand• Control of water quality• Operation and maintenance of the existing water supply system• Formulation and execution of plans for improvement including extensionof the existing water supply system and facilities• Procurement of pumps, equipment and materials related to Water Supply
System259

Name of policy andRegulations

LegislatedYear

Purpose / Description

1

The Yangon Water
Works Act1885

To carry out development of thecity, to control, supervise andimplement the water works
concerned.

2

The Canal Act

1905

3

The Underground
Water Act

1930

4

The Union of
Myanmar Public
Health Law

1992

5

The Development
Committee Law

1993

6

Committee Law

8/2002
10/92

260

V. Water rates and Bill collection system
Water rates

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Kyats 5/m3 (1990-1996) (up to 90m3/3months)
Kyats 10/m3 (Above 90m3/3months from 1996)
Kyats 10/m3 (up to 90m3/3months)
Kyats15/m3 (above 90m3/3months)
Kyats 25/m3 (up to 90m3/3months(Dec, 2005)
Kyats 30/m3 (above 90m3)
Kyats 55/m3 (March 2007)
Kyats 55/m3 (Dec, 2010)
Kyats 77/m3 (Commercial use, Restaurant, Hotel, Shopping Mall and Other
Institutional Buildings)

261

Water billing1.

Estimated unaccounted for water-36818 (m3/day)2.

Percentage of metered water

-72%

3.

Annual number of meters repaired-1000 no4.

Name of authority which determined
the water rate

-MCDC

5.

Year of the implementation of thecurrent water rate

-2009

6.

Name of the system used for the
calculation of water rate

7.

Water rate against the amount ofconsumption

8.

Frequency of reading of water meter-every 90 days

9.

Billing period-3 months-Water charges per one unit x volume
of water used by meter- Progressive

262

7.

Water rate against the amount ofconsumption- Progressive

8.

Frequency of reading of water meter-every 90 days

9.

Billing period-3 months

V. Water quality management
Water Source management
The water lab of water& sanitation department in Mandalay City Development
Committee has been established since the project of water supply system started in
1987.After the project, testing of water quality control has been conducted in
1988-99 and since that time water has been distributed in 4 township in Mandalay
region.

263

Water quality standardWATER QUALITY DATAS OF EIGHT BOOSTER PUMPING STATIONS
Sampling Point

B.P.S 1

B.P.S 2

B.P.S 3

B.P.S4

B.P.S 5

B.P.S 6

B.P.S 7

B.P.S.8

Date

15.5.13

15.5.13

15.5.13

15.5.13

16.5.13

16.5.13

16.5.1321.5.13

Sr.
No

W.H.O Standard

Desirable

Imperative

PARMETER

1

pH (Scale)

7.4

7.6

7.6

6.8

7.6

7.6

7.6

6.8

7-8.5

6-5-9.2

2

Colour (Units)

less

less

less

less

less

less

less

<5

5

50

3

Turbidity (N.T.U)

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

3.21

5

25

4

Conductivity (micromhos/cm)

330

630

580

180

650

560

480

100

5

Calcium as Ca(mg/l)

32

32

4

20

4

4

8

8

75

200

6

Hardness, Total (CaCo3) (mg/l)

100

120

8

60

8

16

28

40

100

500

7

Magnesium as Mg(mg/l)

5

10

1

4

1

1

1

5

30

150

8

Chloride as Cl(mg/l)

12

58

10

8

15

12

20

8

200

600

9

Total Alkalinity (CaCO3) (mg/l)

220

300

360

80

360

360

240

60

200

500

10

Iron, Total (Fe)(mg/l)

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.1

1

11

Manganese (Mn)(mg/l)

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.05

0.5

12

Sulphate (SO4)(mg/l)

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

200

400

264

WATER QUALITY DATA OF 36 TUBEWELLS

Sr.
No

Sampling Point

TW - 1TW - 2TW - 3TW - 4TW – 5TW - 6

TW - 7TW - 8TW - 9TW - 10TW - 11Date

2.5.132.5.132.5.132.5.132.5.136.5.136.5.136.5.136.5.136.5.139.5.13

W.H.O Standard

Desirable

Imperative

PARAMETER

1

pH (Scale)

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

7-8.5

6.5-9.2

2

Colour (Units)

less

less

less

less

Less

less

less

less

less

less

less

5

50

3

Turbidity (N.T.U)

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

5

25

4

Conductivity (micromhos/cm)

360

340

330

330

320

330

330

330

340

360

370

5

Calcium as Ca (mg/l)

16

20

14

16

22

24

28

28

28

24

30

75

200

6

Hardness, Total (CaCo3) (mg/l)

40

40

40

40

68

60

80

88

88

80

88

100

500

7

Magnesium as Mg (mg/l)

1

5

1

1

3

1

3

5

5

5

3

30

150

8

Chloride as Cl (mg/l)

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

200

600

9

Total Alkalinity (CaCO3) (mg/l)

210

208

200

208

200

200

200

200

208

220

220

200

500

10

Iron, Total (Fe) (mg/l)

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.1

1

11

Manganese (Mn) (mg/l)

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.05

0.5

12

Sulphate (SO4) (mg/l)

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

200

400

265

WATER QUALITY DATA OF 36 TUBEWELLSSampling Point

TW-12

TW-13

TW-15

TW-16

TW - 17

TW - 18

TW - 19

TW - 20TW - 21TW - 22Date

9.5.139.5.139.5.1313.5.1313.5.1313.5.1313.5.1313.5.13

16.5.13

16.5.13

Sr.
No

W.H.O Standard

Desirable

Imperative

PARAMETER

1

pH (Scale)

7.4

7.5

7.5

7.5

7.4

7.5

7.4

7.5

7.5

7.4

7-85

6.5-9.2

2

Colour (Units)

less

less

less

less

Less

less

less

less

less

less

5

50

3

Turbidity (N.T.U)

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

5

25

4

Conductivity (micromhos/cm)

380

420

420

480

480

420

340

420

400

380

5

Calcium as Ca (mg/l)

60

58

56

40

48

58

350

60

48

48

75

200

6

Hardness, Total (CaCo3) (mg/l)

180

180

180

180

180

180

120

200

180

160

100

500

7

Magnesium as Mg (mg/l)

10

10

10

15

15

8

8

12

15

10

30

150

8

Chloride as Cl (mg/l)

10

10

20

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

200

600

9

Total Alkalinity (CaCO3) (mg/l)

240

260

260

260

240

260

220

260

260

240

200

500

10

Iron, Total (Fe) (mg/l)

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.1

1

11

Manganese (Mn) (mg/l)

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01.

0.01

0.05

0.5

12

Sulphate (SO4) (mg/l)

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

<200

200

400

266

Sr.
No

Sampling Point

TW – 34

TW - 35

TW -36Date

23.5.1323.5.1323.5.13

W.H.O Standard

Desirable

Imperative

PARAMETER

1

pH (Scale)

7.5

7.4

7.4

7-8.5

6.5-9.2

2

Colour (Units)

Less

less

less

5

50

3

Turbidity (N.T.U)

Nil

Nil

Nil

5

25

4

Conductivity (micromhos/cm)

580

480

460

5

Calcium as Ca (mg/l)

12

8

8

75

200

6

Hardness, Total (CaCo3) (mg/l)

36

28

24

100

500

7

Magnesium as Mg (mg/l)

1

1

1

30

150

8

Chloride as Cl (mg/l)

35

20

15

200

600

9

Total Alkalinity (CaCO3) (mg/l)

260

240

220

200

500

10

Iron, Total (Fe) (mg/l)

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.1

1

11

Manganese (Mn) (mg/l)

0.01.

0.01

0.01

0.05

0.5

12

Sulphate (SO4) (mg/l)

<200

<200

<200

200

400

267

WATER QUALITY DATA

Sampling Point

Moat Water

Ayeyarwaddy River Water

Dohthawaddy River Water

Sadawgyi Dam Water

W.H.O Standard

Date
Sr.
No

Desirable

Imperative

PARAMETER

1

pH (Scale)

6.8

6.8

7.1

6.8

7-8.5

6.5-9.2

2

Colour (Units)

20

> 50

30

> 50

5

50

3

Turbidity (N.T.U)

9.64

38.1

3.5

63.3

5

25

4

Conductivity (micromhos/cm)

180

120

320

130

5

Calcium as Ca(mg/l)

16

11

64

13

75

200

6

Hardness, Total (CaCo3) (mg/l)

68

60

200

68

100

500

7

Magnesium as Mg(mg/l)

5

14

10

6

30

150

8

Chloride as Cl(mg/l)

8

8

8

5

200

600

9

Total Alkalinity (CaCO3) (mg/l)

80

60

188

68

200

500

10

Iron, Total (Fe)(mg/l)

0.02

>0.2

0.04

> 0.2

0.1

1

11

Manganese (Mn)(mg/l)

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.05

0.05

0.5

12

Sulphate (SO4)(mg/l)

<200

<200

<200

<200

200

400

268

Laboratory Equipment & Instrument List
Test Parameter & Test MethodNoparameter

Type of Instrument

Test Method

1

D.O

Sension 378 (HACH)

Probe Method

2

B.O.D

Sension 378 (HACH)

Winkler's Mehtod &Test Range

Probe Method
HEAVY METAL
3

Arsenic as As

Test kit (HACH)

Strip/ Colour) Matching

0-500 ppb

4

Copper as Cu

Test kit (HACH)

Colour Disc &0-100 mg/l

Colour Matching

0-500 mg/l

Colour Disc &0-0.2 mg/l

5

Cyanide as CN

Test kit (HACH)

Colour Matching
6

Lead as Pb

Test kit (HACH)

Digital269

5-150 mg/l

Laboratory Equipment & Instrument List
Test Parameter & Test Method

No

Parameter

Type of Instrumetn

Test Method

pHMeter/ Strip

Digital/ Coloar

Test Range

Physical Examination
1

pH

Matching
2

ColourTest Kit (HACH)

Colour Matching

0-100,0-500

3Turbidity

Turbidity Meter

Digital0-1000(HACH 2100P)
4

Conductivity

DREL/5 With
Conductivity (HACH)

Chemical Analysis
5

Calcium as Ca

Titration Method

6

Hardness, Total as CaCO3

Titration Method

Total (CaCO3)
7

Magnesium

Titration Method

as Mg
8

Chloride as Cl

Titration Method

9

Total Alkalinity, Total as CaCO3

Titration Method

10

Iron, Total (Fe)11

Manganese

Test Kit (HACH)

Test Kit (HACH)

Colour Disc &0-1.0 mg/l

Colour Matching

0-0.2 mg/l

Colour Disc &0-0.7 mg/l

Colour Matching

0-0.7 mg/l

12Sulphate

Test Kit (HACH)

Plat form TRB

0-200 mg/l

13

NitrateTest Kit (HACH)

Colour Disc &0-50 mg/l

Nitrogen (NO3 - N)

Colour Matching270

VI. Water quality management
Drinking Water quality (W.H.O Standard referring for Mandalay Water
quality)
W.H.O Standard
No

Parameter

Units
Desirable

Imperative

1

pH

Scale

7-8.5

6.5-9.2

2

Colour

Units

5

50

3

Turbidity

N.T.U

5

25

4

Conductivity

5

Calcuim

mg/l

75

200

6

Total Hardness as Ca CO3

mg/l

100

500

7

Magnesium as Mg

mg/l

30

150

8

Chloride as Cl

mg/l

200

600

9

Total Alkalinity as CaCO3

mg/l

200

500

10

Iron as Fe

mg/l

0.1

1

(micromho/cm)

271

W.H.O Standard
No

Parameter

Units
Desirable

Imperative

11

Manganese as Mn

mg/l

0.05

0.5

12

Sulphate as SO4

mg/l

200

400

13

Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3-N)

mg/l

-

50

14

Arsenic (As+)

mg/l

-

0.01

15

Copper (Cu+)

mg/l

-

2

16

Cyanide (CN-)

mg/l

-

0.07

17

Lead (Pb)

mg/l

-

0.01

18

Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (Effunent)

mg/l
20

272

Laboratory Situations
Laboratory Equipment & Instrument List Test Parameter & Test Method
No

Parameter

Type of Instrument

Test Method

1

D.O

Sension 378 (HACH)

Probe Method

2

B.O.D

Sension 378 (HACH)

Winkler’s Method &Probe Method

Test Range

HEAVY METAL

3

Arsenic as As

Test kit (HACH)

Strip/ Colour Matching

0-500 ppb

4

Copper as Cu

Test kit (HACH)

Colour Disc &Colour Matching

0-100 mg/l
0-500 mg/l

5

Cyanide as CN

Test kit (HACH)

Colour Disc &Colour Matching

0-0.2 mg/l

6

Lead as pb

Test kit (HACH)

Digital5-150 mg/l

273

No

Parameter

Type of Instrument

Test Method

Test Range

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
1pH

pH Meter/ Strip

Digital/ Colour Matching2

colourTest Kit (HACH)

Colour Matching

3

Turbidity

Turbidity Meter (HACH 2100P)

Digital4

Conductivity

DREL/5 With Conductivity (HACH)

0-100,0-500
0-1000CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
5

Calcium as Ca

Titration Method

6

Hardness, Total as CaCO3

Titration Method

7

Magnesium as Mg

Titration Method

8

Chloride as Cl

Titration Method

9

Total Alkalinity, Total as
CaCO3

Titration Method

10

Iron, Total (Fe)Test Kit (HACH)

Colour Disc & Colour Matching0-1.0 mg/l

11

Manganese

Test Kit (HACH)

Colour Disc & Colour Matching

0-0.7 mg /l

12Sulphate

Test Kit (HACH)

Plat form TRB

0-200 mg/l

13

Nitrogen Nitrate

Test Kit (HACH)

Colour Disc & Colour Matching

0-50 mg/l274

VII. Water Supply Service
1. population ratio to be served by the_ 72 : 28

applicant’s organization
2. Average number of hours per day of water
availability to most people_ 8hour/ day (depend uponelectrical power )3. The distribution water use_ it is not directly used for the
potable water

4. Non revenue water(NRW)

_ 35%

275

Booster Pumping Station No. ( 8 )276

VIII.Other• If citizen cannot get sufficient waterfrom public water supply system,
they get from• The way of assuring secure water
for the largest building• Existing Sewage system
Sewerage system.

_ private tube well
_ Public water supply
system& private
tube well-no central sewerage system , Use septic tanks
ventilated pit latrine and pit latrine.

Septic Tanks- Mostly use in urban area

Effluent- Flow into the side drain

Sludge-Removed by night soil truck and disposeto the oxidation pond.

Apply for the permission of construction of septic tank.(Up flow filtration
septic tank Activate sludge system-super market, hospital)
277

Future plan for sewage system-To install wastewater treatment plant for east part of city.
-Domestic wastewater to be treated by activated sludge process before flowing to the. Taungtaman lake.
-To install treatment system near Kawdawgyi-Entrance to treat Thingazar Creek wastewater before following to Kandawgyi lake
-To install sewer lines in downtown area (Long Term Plan)

278

 Current situation of Solid Waste Management System•

The Householder carry the waste bag or basket or bin to the truck and disposal.

on the truck•

Collection Frequency in a week 3 to 4 times•

No Container System and No Dumping Site•

Direct dispose to refuse truck•

Total solid waste generation is 450-600 Ton/day Future Plans for Solid Waste Management System•

To implement refuse free zone in some ideal place and extension of refuse freezones gradually (2012) and the whole city.

•

To organize the people not to dispose the waste to main drains and near by drains.

•

To purchase more proper vehicles, compactor trucks, dust bins and to appoint moreworkers to get sufficient facilities for collecting and transportation of refuse.

•

To organize the people to use3Rs (Reduce, Recycle, Reuse) and to use more properor cloth bag for packing instead of thin plastic.

279

The biggest problems in Mandalay areA. Leakage of Water Transmission pipe line
B. Lack of central sewage plant and
C. Cannot distribute enough water to fulfill the demand for water of.
the city.

280

Form on Present Situation of the Water Supply and Management
Instructions for completing the form
1. All information provided should be for the fiscal year 2012 or most recent data if 2012year‟s data is unavailable (please indicate the year of the data available).
2. Please ensure that all information is provided for the same period (e.g. financial year).
3. For all financial information, please specify in the local currency with equivalent US
dollars.
4. When the answer to a question is unknown, please leave blank. Blank cells will betreated as “not available” data.
5. When a value is zero, please enter „0‟.
I. Service Area
1 Size of Utility‟s area of Responsibility: ( 314.6 sq. km)
2 Size of Utility‟s present service area: (119.58 sq. km)
3 Population of Utility‟s area of responsibility: (100% )4 Population of Utility‟s present service area: (72% )5 Population served by the Utility with piped water supply: (72% )6 Number of towns served with piped water: ( 4 towns )281

II. Infrastructure Description
1 Source of raw water (please tick relevant boxes)□ bulk water from another utility / company□ storage reservoir / impoundment□ direct river abstraction□ groundwater□ other, please specify surface water
2 What are the main methods of treatment used? (please tick relevant boxes)□ none□ disinfection□ filtration□ flocculation and sedimentation□ aeration□ desalination□ other, please specify slow sand filtration system
3 Capacity of production systems: ( 122720 m3 / day)4 Length of water distribution network:(200 km)
5 Capacity of storage in network ( 51360m3)
282

6 Piped water supply connections: please specify how many in each category
Domestic(Households)

Non Domestic(Industrial, commercial,
Institutional, other)

TOTAL

-

-

-

7 Number of connections with operating water meters: (86492 no)
8 Typical length of service connection from water main to water meter: (3-100 meters)
III. Water Consumption & Production
1 Volume of water produced by the Utility: ( 44million m3 / year)
2 Volume of water bought in bulk from other utility / company: ( NO )3 Volume of water metered: ( 31.18 m3 / year)
4 Estimated un-metered consumption: (42.84 % of metered consumption)
5 Estimate of average meter inaccuracy at typical flows rates: ( _ % of metered consumption)283

6. Volume of water billed / sold: please specify how much (million m3 / year) in eachcategory
Domestic
Non Domestic(Households) (Industrial, commercial,
Institutional, other)__

Bulk water sales

_

TOTAL

_

IV. Water Supply System Performance
1 Number of customers who received intermittent supply: ( 100%connections)
2 Typical duration of supply (planned and unplanned supply interruptions): ( 10hours /.

day)

3 Typical mains water pressure in your pipe network: ( _ )4 Number of water pipe breaks in the distribution network: ( _ )284

5 Required number of tests of treated water for residual chlorine: ( - / year)
6 Number of tests of treated water for residual chlorine carried out: ( - / year)
7 Number of tests of treated water for residual chlorine passed: ( - / year)

V. Staff
1 Who does the work in your company: (please tick relevant boxes)□ permanent staff . salaried Government employees□ permanent staff . with contract□ casual / part-time . contract staff□ casual / part-time . wages□ contracted out to outside company / agency□ other, please specify______________________________________________________

285

2 Number of FTE* staff in the company: please specify how many in each category
Corporate Services(Management,
Admin, Finance,
Technical, etc.)

Water Supply(O&M, Customer
Services, Support
Services, etc)

Other non watersupply(e.g. wastewater,
drainage,environment services)

_

_

_

TOTAL

_

* FTE = Full Time Equivalent staff (i.e. convert part-time and casual staff to equivalent full time
staff)
3 Number of staff that participated in at least one training event during the year: (36 staff )4 Total number of training days (Σ(participants x training event duration)) in the year: (30days)
5 Proportion of total operating budget used for Human Resource Development (HRD): ( _286%)

VI. Customers
1 Number of new customers connected to water supply system during the year: ( 1000/ year)
2 Number of customer complaints recorded during the year: ( 300/ year)
3 Means by which customer can make a recorded complaint (please tick relevant boxes)□ in person□ by telephone□ by email□ by letter□ other method, please specify____________________________________________________
4 How does the Utility find out the views of its customers? (please tick relevant boxes)□ from customer interactions (letters, telephone calls, enquiry counter, etc.)□ by responding to customer complaints□ from customer surveys , questionnaires, etc.
□ by market research□ other method287

5 Typically* what is the connection charge for new customers? Please specify how
much in each category
Domestic(Households)

100 USD

Non Domestic
Bulk water sales(Industrial,commercial,
Institutional, other)_

200 USDAVERAGE of all
categories

150 USD

6 Typically* what is the fixed water supply charge / month? Please specify how muchin each category
Domestic(Households)_

Non Domestic
Bulk water sales(Industrial,commercial,
Institutional, other)

_

_
288

AVERAGE of all
categories_

7 Typically* what is the water tariff for metered consumption? Please specify how
much in each category
Tariff Block

Domestic
From

To

Cost/m3

Non Domestic
From

To

Bulk water sales
Cost/m3

From

To

Cost/m3

1.
2.
3.**
Notes:* Where the Water Utility supplies multiple towns each with their own water charge
schedules, please specify the typical tariff schedule nominally for the principal town
supplied by the company** Where there are more than 3 blocks in the tariff schedule please specify the approximate
average tariff rates for consumptions above tariff block 2.
8 What would be the monthly water bill for a household consuming 6 m3 of water /month? (0.35 USD )289

Questionnaire on Major Constraints in Water supply sector
Constraints

Ranking of constraints
Very Severe

Severe Moderate

1. Lack of definite government policy for the sector

X

2. Funding limitations

X

3. Inadequate or Outmoded legal framework

X

4. Inappropriate institutional framework
5. Inadequate water resourcesX

6. Insufficient knowledge of water resourcesX

7. Inadequate cost-recovery framework

X

8.

Insufficiency of trained personnel(1) Professional(2) Sub-professional

X
X

9. Lack of planning and design criteriaX

10. Inappropriate technology

X

11. Intermittent water service

X

290

Constraints

Ranking of Constraints
Very Severe Severe

Moderate

12. Operation and maintenanceX

13. Logistics

X

14. Import restrictions

X

15. Non-involvement of communities

X

16. Insufficient health education efforts

X

17. Others (specify):

291

Water Supply Administration for Better Management of Water Supply Services(B)Management,finance,tariff

Water resources,intake

Water purification

PROBLEM ANALYSIS MATRIX(for future activity)
Pipe materials or types,
Water distribution,Water
supply,Water service
equipment
Water supply system is

Water transmission

case of the vicious cycle

reserve allotment for the_Seasonal getting downAfter Seasonal flood

detil of the causes

unexpected situationof the static water level

period leakage of the pipe needed to be inspect afteris needed_insufficient for the water line system and mixing
distribution system

Water quality control

Human resources

Necessary to use international The more secure and safe theWell practiced labour andstandard pipe&equipment

technician are needed

better for the city dweller

other
_

seasonal flood periodwith flood water into the
distribution system

HIGH

MID

Priority _ High,Mid to Low

Challenges,Activities

Lack of investment,

necessary to change into

earning those income for surface water and static

Cause of deforestation,

virtuous cycle

water distribution

HIGH

MID

HIGH

Slower rate of surface

Amount of intake water is_water as river and creek

low down

Pay attention for water

Well practiced labour andquality control is needed

technician and administraction

water level is low down sedimentation,so river

Services extended the

HIGH

HIGH

_

_

are needed

bed is risenwater distribution system
as circling pipeline system

Target (expected outcome) Refunded for the

Extended the water

Smooth water supply andSutible pipe material must Daily monitoring system

Well practiced labour and&Due dare

purification systemservices must be createdbe full filled

technician and administraction

Preservation for theenveromental preservation enveroment and wateris needed

are needed

resouces

Monitoring method

Funded for research

Maintaining the existing

Extended the water

Strong legislation is needed Sutible pipe material must Hourly monitoring system

Well practiced labour andand area survey isresources and looking

purification system

to protect the watertechnician and administractionneededfor new resources

distribution services

292

be full filled

is needed

are needed_Water Supply Administration for Better Management of Water Supply Services(B)Management,finance,tariff

Water resources,intake
Water transmission

PROBLEM ANALYSIS MATRIX(for sharing experiences among participants)
Water purification
Pipe materials or types,
Water distribution,Water
Water quality control
supply,Water service
equipmentcase of the vicious cycle

limitation of the investment mainly on underground

Sedimentation,pipe line&Booster pumping

main distribution pipe lines

Monthly monitoringby 8

detil of the causes

for the hold system forwater and partially on

filtration,system and metering system

are DI ,Sub distribution pipe

parametresthe city

surface water

chlorinaion

Surface water(river)Sedimentation,

Pumping up to the Hillpumping up andtransmission

filtration,

reservoir and distribute bychlorinaion

gravity flow to existing pipe

Measures taken/Solutions uprising of Municipal
tax & tariff to get moreallotment for water

2010-2011 fiscal year

Results of the action

Full allotment for

taken

investment gain in

other
_

government employee

lines are DI&PVC

distribution

Date of actions taken

Human resources

_

_

_

line system
2009-2010 fiscal year

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Extending for the distribution

_

_

_

_

3 fiscal year

Lessons (or) good practice Good management

Using surface water as

Needed moreis needed to upgrade&resources made up easy sedimentation area

expending for the distribution

expension of watercollection of waterarea is needed(or)pond

distribution system

293Format of the Improvement Plan

1.Title:.

The Project of Production and Distribution of More Drinking Water
in Mandalay, Myanmar

Subtitle:

Dia, 300 mm Production Tube well 3. Nos Drilling Works

Target group:

People living in downtown area and new settlement area

2.Reason of :To provide the demand for water according to the increasing. the plan

population of the town

2.1. Background:

Since 1990, Mandalay Water Supply Project has been distributing

and present

1,800,000 gallons of water a day with Dia, 400 mm Production

situations ofTubewell (19) Nos which can produce 50,000 gallons of water per

the problems

hour, using underground water.
At present, besides Production Tubewell (36) Nos, using Boaster Pumping Station (8) Nos.

together with two sets of slow sand filtration system Boaster Pumping Station, 2,700,000.

gallons of water are being supplied daily. However, due to the increasing population,.

demand for water supply is also increased.
294

2.2 Necessity ofthe plan:(i) Permission of Mandalay City Development Committee(ii) Receiving enough budget(iii) Related materials(Tubewell Casing and Screen, Pump, etc…,)(iv) Techniques
2.3. My role in this plan: Initiate the proposal of action plan of construction with the requirement, capacity,.
suitability of the process objective of proposal and submit to the senior management for approval and.
pursue the matter at all stages .
3.Details of the plan
A . Choosing location :To choose along the Ayeyarwaddy River on the southern part of 35th . .
.
Street of Mandalay as on the northern part, there has been Dia, 400 mm .
.
Tubewell (25) Nos already.
B . Building Tube well :Using Bourne 1500 RC Drilling Rig, Dia; 300 mm Tubewell will be built.
C . Getting electric:Installing 315 KVA Transformer
Power supply
D . Fixing Pump
:Three set of Submersible Pump will be fixed.
E . Installation of:Putting on Dia; 200 mm Discharge Pipe Line
Pipeline
3.1. Overall goal
:People living in the town will be able to use water more effectively.
3.2. Purpose of the plan :As one Dia; 300 mm Tube well can produce 50,000 gallons of water per .
.
.
hour, three tube wells may be able to produce more than 3,000,000 . gallons per day.
in average.
3.3 Organization and:(i) Mandalay City Development Committee
Responsibility:(ii) Water Supply and Sanitation Department295

THANK FOR YOUR ATTENTIONS

296

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（B）

Brazil

- 297 -

1. Country: Brazil
2. Position: Civil Engineer
3. Organization: Sanepar
November/2013

298

General Country profile:
Brazil is the world's fifth largest country, both in geographicalarea and in population. The Brazilian economy is the world's
seventh largest.
Brazil is composed of 26 States and the capitalcity, Brasília, and Municipalities.
BrazilArea:

Population :8,5 million km2
193,9 million Habitants

Coverage Water Supply:

84.6 %

Selected Water Supply System: ParanáService Area :199 ,314 km2

Population Served:

10,6 million

November/2013

299

The mission of my organization is to provide Environmental Sanitation

services in a sustainable manner contributing to the improvement of life quality.

My mission in the organization is to contribute to the improvement of theoperational efficiency in the water supply system.

My actual job to achieve the mission is developing methodologies andprocesses that result in an improved operational efficiency.

Iguaçu Water Treatment Plant

300

1. Management Of Water Quality
In 2012, 116,274 quality parameters were checked in monthly
average and of those, about 250, or 0.22% weren't within thegovernment regulation.
Major problems:
The management of water resources is deficient;
The operational process presents failures;Degradation of many supply systems;
The technology in the process of treatment is out-of-date;
The waste disposal generated presents difficulties.
301
November/2013

Challenges
 To improve the water quality management;
 To provide the technological adequacy of physical structures;
 To supply technical training to operators;
 To promote sustainable development;
 To deploy the water safety plan.
Current
 WATER SAFETY
PLANActions
 Ordinance No. 2.914/11 is required.
 Monthly
monitoringof May 2012 - Definition of the basicnonconformities
guidelines and according
methodology
toto be used for the implementationtheby Ordinance.
the Ministry of Health.
 Water safety plan: Identification of risks of thesource.
302
November/2013

2. Reduction of non-revenue water
Revenuewater
Authorized
consumption

Billed authorized
consumption
Unbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting, cleaning)

Systeminput
volumeNon
Revenue
Water
Water losses (NRW)Apparent losses( Unauthorized
consumption(i.e. Illegal use),
Customer metering
inaccuracies )Real losses(Leakage)

November/2013

466,630,192
m3/year (65%)
6,950,00 m3/year(1%)

79,452,860 m3/year(11%)

159,722,469
m3/year (22%)

303

2. Reduction Of Non-revenue Water
SANEPAR uses a Method of Analysis and Troubleshooting forlosses since 2006. It focuses on the analysis of processes tooptimize and improve the results applying quality tools and the
PDCA cycle.
Main actions:
Renewal of water meters (replacing
more than 400,000 meters)
Intensification of leak detection
Installation of pressure reducing valves
Index of non-revenue water (NRW)•In 2012 the index was 247 liters / connection / day, equivalent to246.1 million m³ of water lost was not converted into revenue.
•The projection for 2013 is 242 liters / connection / day.
November/2013

304

3. Water supply service standards
Challenges:
Ensuring the protection and identifying the pollution sources;
Monitoring the water supply system with preventive actions against
accidents;
Performing preventive maintenance;
Train personnel;
Technological upgrading of equipment and processes;
Developing a faster service and more accurate responses in caseof lack of water.
Maintaining and expanding the customers.
Current Actions
Inputs Management (electric power, chemical products, etc. ..);
Water Quality Management;
Losses Management;
November/2013305

Indicators For Water Process
IPL - Index of losses per connection per day (liters/connection/day);ICP - Index of Conformity with the Potability Standard (%);
Cost of Chemical Products ($/m3)
Energy spent per m3 (KWH /m³)
IDP - Relation between water demand and production capacity of thewater supply system (%)
Increasing of connections (#)
New meters (#)
Transported Volume (m3 / year)
Produced Volume (m3 / year)
Measured Volume (m3 / year)
Invoiced Volume (m3 / year)
306
November/2013

4. Management Of Water Supply Service On A Selfsupporting Basis
FAIR PRICE:
Covering the costs of services;Having socially acceptable tariffs;
Rates that contribute to theenvironment protection.

CHALLENGES:Guarantee the full recovery of services cost;Optimizing Operation Management and eliminating cost inefficiencies;

307
November/2013

5. Major recent achievement in improvement of thewater supply services/management (PART1)
2002

INDICATORS

2012

-

IPL - Index of losses per connection per day(liters/connection/day)247-

ICP – Index of Compliance with the Ordinance (%)

99.8

0.01

Cost of Chemical Products ($/m3)

0.02

-

IDP - Demand X production (%)

84.3

78,980

Increase of connections (#)

73,749-New meters (#)

401,399-

Transported Volume (m3 / year)

727.9 million-

Produced Volume (m3 / year)

712.7 million-

Measured Volume (m3 / year)

466,6 million-

Invoiced Volume (m3 / year)

549.1 million

November/2013

308

5. Major recent achievement in improvement of thewater supply services/management (PART2)
Analysis laboratories are decentralized;
Mobile laboratories were created;
The system for the management of chemical products;
New chemical products for the water treatment;
Monthly monitoring of non-compliance with the ordinance.
The implementation of the operational sectoralization;
The technical registration applying the GIS technology.
Power management;
Water meters management;Collection and disposal of solid waste is a new business at Sanepar

November/2013309

6. Expectation for the Japanese private companies &Water Supply Utilities
I hope that we exchange experiences, share knowledge andinvestigate technologies for a better management of thewater supply administration.

Miringuava Water Treatment Plant
November/2013

310

Site: www.sanepar.com.br
Fone: + 55 41 3330 7219

November/2013311

出典：平成25 年度JICA 集団研修カントリーレポート
 平成25 年度JICA 集団研修「水道管理行政（B）」

Japan International Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS) was established with the sanction of
the Minister for Health, Labour and Welfare in July 1983 and implements international technicalcooperation programmes with purpose of contributiing to the promotion of health and social welfare
activities in the friendly nations.
Japan International Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS)
Toranomon YHK Bldg. 4F, 2-3-20, Toranomon
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001 JAPAN
Phone: +81-(0)3-6206-1137
Fax: +81-(0)3-6206-1164
http://www.jicwels.or.jp

公益社団法人国際厚生事業団（JICWELS）は、国際的な保健・福祉分野の国際協力に貢献することを目的として、1983 年（昭和58 年）7 月7 日に厚生省（現厚生労働省）から社団法人の認可を受け設立されました。開発途上国の行政官研修や WHO フェローの受入れ、調査 企画
や研究開発並びに情報の交換及び広報活動など、海外諸国との国際交流活動を推進して います。

広報活動委員会〒105-0001
東京都港区虎ノ門2-3-20 虎ノ門ＹＨＫビル4 階
電話03-6206-1137（事業部） Fax03-6206-1164
http://www.jicwels.or.jp- 312 -