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Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services&RXUVHᲢ᲻ᲣᲢ᲼Უ
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on Ensuring Access to Quality Medicines&RXQWU\5HSRUWV
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１．Water Supply Administration For Better Management of
Water Supply Services Course（Ａ）………………1
２．Water Supply Administration For Better Management of
Water Supply Services Course（Ｂ）……………113
３．Regulatory Systems on Ensuring Access to Quality
Medicines …………………………… 203

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

Country Reports

Japan International Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS)－ 1 －Contents
1.AFGHANISTAN…………………………５
2.BANGLADESH………………………１５
3.BURKINA FASO………………………２７
4.EGYPT…………………………………３７
5.ETHIOPIA………………………………５１
6.MALAWI……………………………６３
7.PALESTINE……………………７３
8.RWANDA………………………８９
9.SRI LANKA……………………９９－ 3 －Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

AFGHANISTAN－ 5 －Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

BANGLADESH－ 15 －

“Water Supply Administration for Better
Management of Water Supply
Services(A)”(J1804149)
Presented by
MD.ARMAN SIDDIQUIEXECUTIVE ENGINEERKHULNA WATER SUPPLY PROJECTKHULNA WASACountry: Bangladesh

About Bangladesh:
Bangladesh is a south Asian
Democratic country surrounded byIndia, Myanmar and Bay of Bengal.
The population is 160 Million and the
population density is 1266 person per
square kilometer. Main source ofincome of our country is exporting
garments, Tea, shrimps and otheragricultural products. GDP per capita
is 1602 USD (approximately). Though
the majority of Bangladesh is Muslim
concerning religion but there aresome
Hindus,Christians
andBuddhists also.

－ 17 －

BACKGROUND OF KHULNA WASA:City Corporation Started: December 10’1984

KWASA Established ; separated from City corporation: March 02‘ 2008

Total area(KCC): 45.65 sq.km

Population: 1.5 Million

Wards

: 31

Holding no: 50312Drains: 545.70km

Daily Water Supply Demand in KWASA area

: 240 MLD

Daily Water Supply in KWASA area

: 110 MLD

Production Well (Housing pipe 14 inch x Blind pipe 6inch) 300m

: 32 No

Mini Production Well( Housing pipe 8"X Blind pipe 4" ) : 42 No
300m½" Deep Hand Tube Well

: 3736 No½" Shallow Tube Well

: 5526

Street Hydrant: 503

Distribution Pipe Line: 252 kmHouse Connection(1/2"~ 2"): 21250 Nos. (Approx.)

Water Loss (NRW and Leakage): 22%

Officer & Staff: 272 No－ 18 －

BACKGROUND OF KHULNA WASA
 Khulna, the third‐largest city in Bangladesh, is located on the banksof the Bhairab (Rupsha) rivers in the southwest part of the country.

 To constantly seek ways to provide better service for our

consumers and to reduce dependency from ground water. To copewith current insufficient supply and increasing demand, KWASA
established in 02 March 2008.Moreover, to improve efficiency andreduce the operating cost as well as maintain Non Revenue Water(NRW) to a satisfactory level by ensuring the implementation of
the projects effectively and timely.

 KWASA currently implementing a mega water supply project which

is being used surface water by proper treatment; aided by JICA ,ADB & GOB.

Overview of Khulna Water Supply Project
IntakeRaw water Transmission
Line

¥

OHT &
Reservoir
IR

SWTP
6

－ 19 －

Main Components are: Construction ofi) 110 MLD river Intake Facility & 33 Km Raw Water
Transmission Pipeline.
ii) 110 MLD Surface Water Treatment Plant &Impounding Reservoir.
iii)36 Km Clear Water Transmission Main including Rivercrossing.
iv)10 number Overhead Tanks and7 number
Distribution reservoirsv) 650 km distribution pipe line.
Financial Source

JICA

Name

Amount (mUSD)

JICA

183.44

ADB

74.83

GOB

107.20Total

365.47ADB
GOB－ 20 －

Responsible Agency PMU Of KWASA Supporting Body
Project
Director/Managing
director

Consultants

Project Manager

Executive Engineer

Assistant Engineer

Sub- AssistantEngineerTechnician

Accounts Officer

Computer operator/
Office Asstt.

INTAKE POINT MOLLAHAT－ 21 －

SWTP & IPR (CONSTRUCTION ONGOING)CAPCITY: 110 MLD

DUCTILE IRON CEMENT LINED PIPES(in the Stack Yard)－ 22 －

Current situation of water rates and bill collection system:

The users who contributed the 99% of KWASA revenue was an aggregate ofbroadly four types of users, namely residential, industrial, social andcommercial.Approximately,12000 connections are already metered system outof 21250 connections. Water bill collect through banks, mobile payment systemfrom the dwellers. The water rates in Khulna are summarized in the following
table:

Connection Diameter(inch)

Flat rate tariff(Tk/month)

1/2"

64.80

3/4"

100.80

1"

288

1.5"

1728

2"

2880

CURRENT SITUATIONKWASA has developed awareness among the consumer by
JICA/ADB study and find out the illegal connection andinitiated metering system.
 NRW was 37% in 2010 now which is reduced to 22%.
 Maintaining proper inspection of distribution pipe network to
detect leakage.
 The effect of consumer senses is visible now. Every monthillegal consumers are willingly coming to KWASA office tolegalize their connection and hence reducing the NRW.
－ 23 －

 Monitored by one stop services. Customer

can complain by written or call to thespecified number. Based on the customer
complain, necessary action is taken to theirservice problem.

Some Recent Pictures of ongoing Construction Work－ 24 －

－ 25 －

－ 26 －

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

BURKINA FASO

－ 27 －

BURKINA FASO
ブルキナファソ

BY:
JULY 2018

SUMMARY GENERALTY WATER SUPPLY SERVICE LEVELS MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLYSERVICES DIFFICULTIES IN THE WATER SECTOR CONCLUSION－ 29 －

GENERALITES
Population : 14 017 262 Persons
Area : 274 000 Km2
13 Regions

GENERALITES
It covers an area of 35,889 km².
The Sahel region borders on the north with the Republic ofMali; in the North-East with the Republic of Niger, in the South
with the Center-North and East regions, in the West with theNorth region.
Four (04) provinces thatare :Oudalan (chief town:
Gorom-Gorom),
Séno (chief town: Dori),Soum (chief town:
Djibo), andYagha (chief town:
Sebba).

－ 30 －

GENERALITES
The drinking water supply of the population of the Sahel is mainly basedon drilling water (PMH) and drinking water supply systems(AEPS/PEA). The chief town of the region, Dori, is the only city that is
supplied with water by a dam. The dam is called Yacouta, whose
capacity is estimated at 1.2 million m3

Yacouta Dam’s

WATER SUPPLY SERVICE LEVELSSTANDARDS AND CRITERIASTANDARDS

Settings

Specific water
consumption
Distance

Accessibility

Village

Town

20l/d/person for water fountain
20l/d/person

40 à 60 l/d/person for houseconnection

For PEM (Drilling), less than

For water fountain,
less than 500 m from the center of thehouses1000 m from the center of thehouses
1 PEM(Drilling) for 300 persons

Sources : MAH, 2006

－ 31 －

1BP (water fountain)
for 500 persons
1BP (house connection) for 10 persons

WATER SUPPLY SERVICE LEVELS
manual water pump

1PMH = 300 persons
Dtce ≤ 1000 m to thecenter of houses

WATER SUPPLY SERVICE LEVELS
1 BF = 500 persons
Dtce ≤ 500 m to the center of houses
water towersource of energy and drilling

Simplified Drinking Water Supply－ 32 －

SITUATION DEWATERL’APPROVISIONNNEMENT
SUPPLY SERVICE LEVELSEN EAU POTABLE
Each year, the regional water and sanitation department organizes
an inventory of all sources of drinking water. This calculates therate of access to drinking water in the region
rate of access %
56.4
51.8

42.2
35.2

35.1

52.6

53

54.3

54

42.9

35.3

33.9

Evolution of the rate of access to drinking water

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

SITUATION DEWATERL’APPROVISIONNNEMENT
SUPPLY SERVICE LEVELSEN EAU POTABLE
The rate of access to drinking water by province
Province

Population
Projected 2017

Population
served 2017

Population notserved 2017

rate ofaccess %OUDALAN254 097

128 465

125 632

50,6 %SENO

331 463

203 184

128 279

61,3 %

SOUM

412 417214 214198 20351,9 %YAGHA

212 196

139 977

72 21966,0 %SAHEL (region)

1 210 173685 840524 333

54,3 %

Drinking water supply structures
Province

NumberofVillages

Numberofdrilling

Rate
funtionalityof PMH

Number of
AEPS/PEA

Rate funtionality
d'AEPS/PEAOUDALAN

165

761

85,9 %

13

69,23 %

SENO

195

1107

89,9 %

31

87,1 %

SOUM

210

1233

84,8 %

29

86,21 %

YAGHA

110

815

91,5 %

15

93,33 %SAHEL (Region)

680

3916

87,9 %

88

85,23 %

－ 33 －

The powers and resources of the state are transferred to themunicipalities in the field of drinking water and sanitation

 There is a reform of the management system of hydraulicinfrastructure for drinking water supply in rural and urban
areas－ 34 －

Ministry of Water and Sanitation

Realization of water
works in the townshipand the villages

Regional Directorate for Water and Sanitation

report on management

contract
association of water users

contract
Managementof drinking
water supply
structures

report on management

Townshipmanager of drinking
water supply systems

contract

Payment by volume

water supply

manager of water drilling

Monthly contribution

water supply

Water users

DIFFICULTES RENCONTREES DANS LE SECTEUR DE L’ AEPA

The decrease in water resources linked to climate change;
Lack of professionalism of municipal actors in the management ofdrinking water in general;
Problem of maintenance of equipment of drinking water works;
Problem of maintenance of water quality at the household level;－ 35 －

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
We expect from this training, knowledge and experience to be ableto :
 Support municipalities to ensure their role as project ownerin the field of water;
 Improve the system of monitoring and evaluation of water
structures; Find a strategy for monitoring water quality;
 Generally ensure the sustainability of water works.
－ 36 －

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

EGYPT－ 37 －

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Presented by Eng /Amany Abdel Meguid Ahmed
The Holding Company for Water and Wastewater

Contents :1

General Information.
2

Position Of Water Supply Services.

3

Water Supply Services Level.

4Management Of Water Quality.

5

Reduction OF Non-Revenue Water

6

Accounting System For Water Service

6

Most Recent Achievements in Water Service－ 39 －

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Official Population No. for year 2017=94.7 million capita

4766 villages

248 cities

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Most of the population isallocated in only 5% of the total
area of Egypt in the Delta andNile Valley.
Water Resources (57.0 BCM/yr)
River Nile (55.5 BCM/yr)•
Groundwater (0.5 BCM/yr)•
Rainfalls (1.0 BCM/yr)•－ 40 －

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Water and Wastewater Sector reformin Egypt
Establishment of the Holding Company by Presidential
Decree no. 135 for the year 2004.
The transfer of the municipalities in Egypt into subsidiarycompanies of the Holding Company.

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Stakeholders after Reform Of HCWWHCWWNOPWASD

Own, manageand operate
through existing
25 companies

Executive Agency of Water& Wastewater projects
in the Governorates

CAPWO
Executive Agency of Water& Wastewater projects
in Cairo & Alexandria

EWRA
Regulatory Agency－ 41 －

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

General Information About HCWW
Number of
Subsidiary
Companies

25 Company •Service
Region27 Governorates •2-Position Of Water Supply Service
Drinking Water Production from Different
Sources in Egypt
Surface Water
WTPs

Groundwater

Total amount 22.3
million m3/day

Total amount 2.717
million m3/day

88.143% fromtotal amount10.739 % fromtotal amount－ 42 －

Sea Water
Desalination

Total amount 0.29
million m3/day

1.1462 % fromtotal amountHolding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Number of Wastewater 409 with total Design
capacity 13.5 million m3/day

Triple treatment2%

Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Secondarytreatment

Primarytreatment

85.3%

12.7%

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater

Position Of Water Supply Service
Water Production(Millions m3/day)Number of Water
Treatment Plants
Coverage Percentage

Water Distribution
Networks (km)96%

Wastewater
Networks (km)－ 43 －

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

3- Water Supply Services Level.

SDG 6.1.1 population using safely managed drinking water services

90.912 Million

80.918Million
Measured by Population

Year 2017

Year 2012

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and WastewaterContinuity of Water Supply - Water Networks (2017)
Measured by Population

98.5%
Daily
Continuous
Supply

1.2%

0.2%

0.04%

From 3
to 4 days
supplyOne day
supply perweek

One day
supplyper two
weeks

Total Population for Water Networks =90Million Capita－ 44 －

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater Upgrading of Labs

2005: 0 mobile lab 2012: 225 mobile labs
2017: 260 mobile labs
2005: 3 central labs 2012: 14 central labs 2017: 14 central labs
A Reference laboratory established for HCWW.
13
No. Of Samples Taken At Yr.2017= 3 Million

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

SDG 6.1 safely managed drinking water services
Measured by Water Quality

A
A
B

Water Supply Disinfected by one of
the main disinfection method
Water Supply not Disinfected by one of
the main disinfection method－ 45 －100%
0 %Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater Performance Indicator System 63 indicators used to measure and analyze performance of water andwastewater operations on a quarterly basis covering five areas:

Technical

Commercial
Cost per m3
Administrative

Financial

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater

Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

40%

5- Reduction of Non-Revenue Water
Annual loss precentage

35
31.8

31.4

31.3

31.8

2009

2010

2011

32.2

32

30

30.4

30.4

30.6

30.2

2014

2015

2016

2017

25

20
2008

2012

－ 46 －

2013

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater

Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Real Loss Reduction Strategy Funded By USAID, KfW, JICA, EU, GIZ, … etc bydividing Egypt to 10000 DMA
District Metered Areas Data
No.

Networks Lengths
Km

House
Connections
No.

Alex.

3

10

1510

1.3

Decreasein lossvalue%
24 to 18

Beherah

2

50

7652

13

41 to 31

Giza

7

43

6035

3.69

29 to 22

Cairo

4

195

6213

3.8

47 to 40

Sharqiah

12

112

14057

7

37 to 31

Bani Swief

3

73

8452

3.7

44 to 37

Luxor

1

4

854

0.2

37 to 34

Company

Area
Km2

6- Accounting System For Water Service

0-10

0.3

0.45

11-20

0.7

1.2

21-30

1.05

1.65

0-40

1.35

2.0

> 40

1.55

2.15

－ 47 －

A- Expansion Of Using Sea Water Desalination Plants
According to master Plan Studies
Accumulated Capacity by 2037 ≈ 2.6 Million m3/day

m3/day3000000

2500000

2000000

Added Capacity (m3)1500000

2639000
1000000

5000002900000

Existing

604000641000540000564000Ongoing2017-2022

2022-2027

2027-2037

Total

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater Replacement and Renovation
program for W&WW networks
 Integrated plan to address old pipes
and valves Allocation annual budget of 2 billion
LE for rehabilitation projects
BeforeAfter－ 48 －

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Cost M.L.E
1291

1400
1200
1000
800

868
655

Cost M.L.E

600
400
200
0
2015

2016

2017

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Most Recent Achievements in Water Service

Cooperation with EU by dividing Egypt to 10,000
Isolated DMA With approximate Cost Of
11 Billion L.E－ 49 －

Holding Company for
Water and Wastewater

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater

Recent Challenges to Improvement of Water
Supply Services

Firstly: Rationalization of water uses:• Reduce the leakage in water networks.
• Reduce the average water consumption to be 200
lit/cap/day.(280 lit/cap/day for the current).

Secondly: Development of Water Resources:• Expansion of dependence on Desalination.
• Dependence on Ground Water.
• Increase coverage of wastewater treatment plants to reuse thewater in agriculture.
• Protecting Water Resources & Sheds.
23－ 50 －

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

ETHIOPIA－ 51 －

Water Supply Administration for Better Management of
Water Supply Services
Inception Report Presentation
Name: Worku Geda Bedada
Position: Branch Office Manager
Organization: AAWSACONTENT OF PRESENTATION
1.

Outline of Water Supply Services

2.

Water Supply Service Levels

3.

Management of Water Quality

4.

Reduction of Non-Revenue Water

5.

Accounting system of Water Supply Service

6.

Major Recent Achievements in Improvement of Water Supply
Services/Management

7.

Recent Challenges to Improve Water Supply Services－ 53 －

1. Outline of Water Supply Services
1.1. Legal Basis of Water Supply Services
 The Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA) was established as an autonomous
body by order No. 68/1971 issued on 26 February 1971, and re‐established by Proclamation No.
10/1995 with more mandates and power as an autonomous Public Authority under Region 14.
 Recently, the Addis Ababa City Administration has launched BPR (Business Process
Reengineering) undertaking for all municipal entities and sector bureaus in the City. In line withthese undertakings AAWSA has also embarked in reengineering all business and operation areasof the organization.
1.2. Demarcation of Water Supply Services
 The scope and dimension of water supply planning and management in Ethiopia has changed
rapidly in the last couple of years due to a number of realities.
 These changes are triggered by the rapid economic development, increase of population andresources limitation both physical and financial.
 As a consequence, the marginal costs of additional water supply have increased rapidly, whileavailable financial resources are becoming comparatively scarce.
 Addis Ababa with around 3 Million population being by far the largest urban center in the Country
has been affected by these changes as dramatically as the other smaller urban centers.
 AAWSA has boosted the capital investment for water supply and sewerage services to increase thewater supply and develop the sewerage infrastructures in the City.

CONT……
1.3. Main Actor of Water Supply Utilities

The Main Actor of Water Supply Utilities in City Government is Addis Ababa Water andSewerage Service Authority & Project Office under AAWSA.
1.4. Mission/Vision of Water Supply Utilities
Vision: To line Addis Ababa among the best 5 African cities in water and sanitation services by the year
2020.
Mission: To deliver sustainable and adequate potable water and liquid waste disposal services in line withthe city’s speedy development via working hand in hand with stake holders.


1.5. Your Mission/Vision in your organization
Vision: To insure reliable services & to establish good governance at branch level.
Mission: To deliver effective and efficient services for the customers at Branch level.

－ 54 －

CONT…….
 Country:- ETHIOPIA Area : 1.127 Million km2
 Population: 102.4 Million

 Coverage Water Supply: 84 %

 City: ADDIS ABABA
 Service Area :540 km2

 Population Served: 3 million

2. WATER SUPPLY SERVICE LEVELSINDICATORS

2000

2018

Goals for 2025

Staff/1,000
connections

8

6.5

3.8

Production capacity(m3/day)

350,000

600,000

1,000,000

Water quality
standards

As per WHO standard

As per WHO standard

As per WHO standard

Coverage area

52%

70%

85%

Supply duration(hour/day)

10

16

24

Supply pressure

0.2 bar

0.2 bar

0.2 barNumber ofconnections

280,000

490,000

820,000

Population Served

1.8 Million

3 Million

4.3 Million

NRW

36%

40%

30%

Collection ratio

48%

70%

90%

Staff number

2,800

3,200

3,800

－ 55 －

3. MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY•

3.1. Current Situation and Major Challenges/Problems
The risk of pollution is increasing due to intermittent supply (water rationing) in many areas. Maybe
more sampling points should be created in those areas and in the external (suburban) areas to get therisk under control.
Water quality-related problems
 Raw water problems
Turbidity problem due to soil erosion from the upstream of the reservoir.
Pollution problem due to pesticides used by farms around the reservoir.
 Pollution of specific water line during breakage of lines

3.2. Current Actions against Those Challenges/Problems•

The supply water has WHO standard and this is controlled through water quality controllingstandard. Sampling has been taken at different levels, at production, service reservoir anddistribution level. Daily sampling and controlling is done at the check points.

3.3. Any Achievements


The Quality & Leakage of Water problem are solved .

CONT………
3.4. Water Quality Standards for Drinking Water

Water Quality data
Turbidity (degree)

Raw water
300-1600 (NTU)

Color (degree)

Finished water< 1NTU

1500-4000 (TCU)< 5TCUpH

7.4 - 7.8

Hardness (ppm)
Iron (ppm)

34
0.2-0.4

7.4 - 7.8
34
< 0.01Manganese (ppm)

0.033

0.008

Nitrate Nitrogen (ppm)

0.004

0.004

Others Phosphate (ppm)

0.15

0.15

Sulfate (ppm)

0.2

0.2

－ 56 －

CON……..
3.5. Monitoring System or Plans for Safety of Drinking Water inYour Organization
 AAWSA is the only Monitoring body & responsible to plan &implement a safety of Drinking Water.
3.6. Implementation of Water Safety Plans* or Similar Efforts
 There is a responsible body which has well equipped Laboratory to
implement Water Safety Plans.

4. REDUCTION OF NON-REVENUE WATER
Authorized consumption
66,129,097
55.07%

Revenue water
65,992,597
54.95%
Non-Revenue Water(NRW)
54,095,795
40.05%

Water losses
53,959,295
44.93%

Billed authorized
consumption
65,992,597
54.95%
Unbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting, cleaning)
10,819,159
20%
Apparent losses( Unauthorized consumption(i.e. Illegal use), Customer
metering inaccuracies )14,512,365
12.08%
Physical losses(Leakage)
4,327,663
7.97%• Leakage Detection Measures－ 57 －

118,260,000 m3 /year
54.95%

43,800,000 m3 /year20%

26,280,000 m3 /year
12.08%

17,454,300 m3 /year
7.97%

CONT………….
Leakage Detection Measures

Non revenue water detection is done by water loss inspection and control case team.
Leakage control equipments are

Correlator
Ground microphone•
listening stick• Pipe locater, metal detector, ultrasonic flow meter The work flow of leakage detection for water supply networks and as the assessing un reported
leak by used Leakage control equipments for DMAs & Zonings
 The work flow of leakage repairs was reported & un reported leaks reported the team will
repair the line and also by its own investigation in line and house to house connection the leakline was maintained.
 Countermeasures for NRW
 Identifying and modeling of the water supply system
 Supply area isolation and installation of bulk meters
 Exercising of water balance and prioritization of interventions
 Replacing aged customer connection lines
 Replacing aged distribution lines
 Replacing aged transmission lines
 Maintenance of reservoirs.
••

5. ACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICEAAWSA measures the quantity of water production and supply to customers.
All subscribed customers are metered at this time. Every month nearly 95 percent of all customers meter havebeen reading.
Currently there are three type of customer. List of them are:

Domestic Customers
Non-domestic customers
And Public fountain

The tariff rate is different for each of customers’ type.

5.1. Water Tariff in our Organization.
Tariff Block

Monthly water

Tariff in birr/m3

RemarkConsumption
Block 1

0 – 7 m3

1.75/ m3

The tariff structure for both domestic and non-domestic customers

Block2

8 – 20 m3

3.80/ m3

are the same. The only difference is the calculation. The tariff

Block 321 – 40 m3

4.75/ m3

calculation for domestic is progressive but for non-domestic the

Block 441 – 100 m3

5.95/ m3

Block 5101 – 300 m3

7.45/ m3

Block 6301 – 500 m3

9.30/ m3

Block 7>501 m3

11.60/ m3－ 58 －

quantity of water consumed multiply by tariff rate up on which the
maximum quantity of water falls.

5.2. BALANCE SHEET OF YOUR ORGANIZATION
Budget of the Year

1,791,420,000 (USD $ )Expenses

62,211,487.65

Operation related costs
Salaries and related benefits

33,178,092.45
10,844,135

Electricity
Chemicals

9,542,969.75
3,414,342.85

Repairs & maintenanceNew connections

4,636,038.65
3,816,864.65

Sludge Operation Fuel and Lubricants
Sewerage Treatment cost

1,406,210.5
541,749.55

Other operating expenses

923,741.45

Non operational costs

29,033,395.25
26,732,062.75

Depreciation
1,571,343.20
Provision for bad debt
729,989.3
Other non operational expenses
16,355,672.1
Net gain (deficit) from operation
Income78,497,980.55

Water sales

59,032,440.65

Other water income
Sewerage Revenue

2,669,877.1
13,509,651.95

Sludge Revenue
Non operational income
Public toilet commission

2,924,853.45
360,957.4
05.3. PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT OF YOUR ORGANIZATION The income from water sales is major part of financial source to the organization.
 The following major challenges are existed in AAWSA:-

The limitation to timely prepare financial statements and submit for external
audit,
 AAWSA is unable to meet its financial goals and targets it has set in thebusiness plan, Fixed asset management is not done properly. Asset values maintained atorganization are not compatible with the asset value in the financial records,
 There is no well-organized system to integrate the capital fund account to
AAWSA’s overall finance.
The capital budget of the Organization fully covered by the City Government.
The production cost of Water & running cost of the Organization has covered fromsailing tariffs of Water, i.e. the income is not enough to cover the expenses of theorganization.
AAWSA also stands as Non-Profit Organization to provide potable drinking Water& reachable Services for low income residences of The City. It is highly difficult tobalance the profit & the loss of the Organization.


•
•

•

－ 59 －

6. MAJOR RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS IN IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SUPPLYSERVICES/MANAGEMENT AAWSA achieved the following goals:-






The daily water production rate increased from 301,000 m3/day in 2010 to 600,000 m3/day in 2018
Improved the water supply service delivery system by implementing business processing
reengineering and balanced score card
Improve water meter reading efficiency to 95 percent
Launching long term strategic plan for non-revenue reduction project Addis Ababa water and sewerage authority takes major measurements to improve watersupply services:- for example









Construction of surface water source (Gerbi and sivilu dam)
Waste and river water recycling for construction purpose
Change old GS pipe (aged pips) to HDPE pipe
Proper water shift or making shift program and effective and equal distribution for customers
Using district meter(bulk meter) area or use technique to reduce water loses
Minimizing physical or technical loses and non-physical loses(commercial loses)
Distribute water by truck for the customers who had a shortage of water
Minimizing water and forcing high water consumers to dig their own ground water

7. RECENT CHALLENGES TO IMPROVE WATER SUPPLY SERVICES The major recent challenges to improvement of water supply services are:-

The major portion of the existing water supply network is very much aged and needs
extensive work and capital to renew it, Now a day the Addis Ababa City is expanding horizontally as well as vertically
dramatically, hence the socio-economic development of the city is much more faster than
the growth of the water supply development, The rate of NRW is high, 40%, that exposed the water supply service to be poor since the
NRW in other side could cause the water contamination,
 Lack of application of appropriate technology in operational activity,
 The water supply coverage is below the demand for water of the people. This casesuppressed the satisfaction of the customers.
 Lack of competent personnel to cop up the prevailing challenges in water supply service,－ 60 －

－ 61 －

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

MALAWI－ 63 －

Water Supply Administration for Better
Management of Water Supply Services

Inception Report Presentation
Name:
Position︓
Organization:

Dalitso Goddia
Supply Manager
Blantyre Water Board - Malawi

2

Presentation Outline
1. Outline of Water Supply Services
2. Water Supply Service Levels
3. Management of Water Quality
4. Reduction of Non-Revenue Water
5. Accounting system of Water Supply Service
6. Major Recent Achievements in Improvement of Water

Supply Services
7. Recent Challenges to Improvement of Water Supply

Services－ 65 －

3

Outline of Water Supply Services• Legal Basis of Water Supply Services

Water resources act No. 2 of 2013
National Water Policy• Demarcation of Water Supply Services

Main Actor of Water Supply Utilities : Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigationand Water Development
Others include: National Water Resources Board, Water Utilities (e.g.
Blantyre Water Board)

4

Outline of Water Supply Services (C’ntd)• Mission/Vision of Water Supply Utilities : To provide sustainable

access to safe and sufficient water, sanitation services in an efficient,effective and sustainable manner.

• Your Mission/Vision of Blantyre Water Board: To provide reliable andaffordable water supply services to customers whilst effectively
contributing to the development of the national economy andsustenance of the environment－ 66 －

5

Outline of Water Supply Services (C'ntd)
Whole Country:
Area:

Population

118,484:km2

19.16 Million

Coverage Water Supply: 75 %Selected Water Supply System/City:
Service Area :

273

km2

Population Served: 850,000

Thousand

6

Water Supply Service Levels
INDICATORS

2000

2018

Goals for 2025

Staff/1,000 connections

15

6

5

Production capacity(m3/day)

65,00096,000150,000

Water quality standards

None

None

None

Coverage area

50%

85%

100%

Supply duration (hour/day)

16

18

24

Supply pressure

0.2 bar0.5

1.0

Number of connections

30,00042,00050,000Population Served

600,000

849,499

1,500,000

NRW

48%

43%

28%

Collection ratio

48%

50%

85%s

Staff number

480

558

700

－ 67 －

7

Management of Water Quality•

Current Situation and Major Challenges/Problems
I. High levels of turbidity especially during the rainy season due to high siltation

propelled by cutting down of trees around the catchment area
II. Lack of drinking water safety plan in the organization•

Current Actions against Those Challenges/Problems
I. An intensive tree planting exercise around the catchment area of our water

sources has been put in place and is in effective
II. The Water Safety Plan is being formulated so that by 1st July 2018, it should be ineffect•Water Quality Standards for Drinking Water
I. National Standards also referred to as Standards for Drinking Water MS214

The Board also uses World Health Organizations Guidelines for Drinking

Water.

8

Management of Water Quality• Monitoring System or Plans for Safety of Drinking Water in Your

Organization / Regulatory Body / Independent Institution /Others
 Regulatory Body : Malawi Bureau of Standard
 Independent Institutions: Consumer Association of Malawi (CAMA).
• Implementation of Water Safety Plans or Similar Efforts
 Blantyre Water Board is currently in the process of formulating acomprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach thatencompasses all steps in water supply from catchment to consumer inaccordance with the strict guidelines of World Health Organization. The
formulation process is in its final stages and expected to be in effect by 1st
July 2018, which is the next financial year.

－ 68 －

9

Reduction of Non-Revenue Water
Revenuewater

56.7 (%)

Authorized
consumption

Systeminput
volumeWater losses

Billed authorized consumption

15,692,445(m3/year)

Unbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting, cleaning)
Non
Revenue
Water
(NRW)

Apparent losses( Unauthorized consumption(i.e. Illegal use), Customer
metering inaccuracies )Real losses(Leakage)

120,085(m3/year)
0.4 (%)
9,784,920(m3/year)35.4 (%)
2,070,280(m3/year)
7.5 (%)

10

Reduction of Non-Revenue Water (C’ntd)• Leakage Detection Measures
DMAs, Pressure loggers, Correlators, Ultrasonicflow-meters• Countermeasures for NRW
I.

Revision of by-laws on penalties for illegal
connection fees
II. Pipe replacement of aged pipes－ 69 －

11

Accounting System of Water Supply Services• Water Tariffs (BWB)
As of the 2017 to 2018 Financial YearDESCRIPTION (Per cubic metre)

COST (US$)

Communal Water Points

0.03

Domestic purposes

0.53

Supplied to Institutions

1.24

Supplied for Commercial purposes

1.57

Supplied for Industrial purposes

2.28

12

Accounting System of Water Supply Services(C’ntd)• Balance Sheet (BWB)
Item
Description

Assets (US$)

Liabilities(US$)

Current

4,497,450

12,942,254

Non-Current

37,568,962

24,743,015

Equity &Reserves(US$)

4,381,142
Totals

42,066,411

37,685,269－ 70 －

4,381,142

13

Accounting System of Water Supply Services(C’ntd)• Profit & Loss statement (BWB)
Item Description

Income (US$)

Revenue from Sales

13,581,325

Other Income

1,056,700

Deferred tax onrevaluation Surplus

2,080,976

Income tax credit

272,050

Expenses (US$)

Operational Cost

9,176,988

Selling & Distribution
Administration &Finance

5,030,897

16,719,001

Totals

14,207,885

14

Major Recent Achievement in improvementof water supply services• New water source: The board has managed to secure funds in form of a loan

from India to construct new treatment plant from a new identified water
sourcein

Mulanje

20,000m3/day,

districtsupplementing

which
to

will

the

be

producingalready

existing

approximately
productionof

96,000m3/day. The project is currently in progress and is expected to becompleted by 2019.
• Capitalization of ground water use in form of boreholes: The board has also

increased number of borehole pumping stations in the outskirts of the centerof the city to supplement to the ever degrading and depleting surface water
sources－ 71 －

15

Recent challenges of Water Supply Services• The pipe infrastructure is old and deteriorating, leading to frequent pipe

bursts and numerous water leakages which are contributing towards
intermittent water supply to city residents and Non-Revenue Water• The main water source of Blantyre Water Board is Shire River which is 35KM

away from Blantyre City and the total dynamic head is around 870 metres
hence heavy duty pumps and motors are used resulting in higher electricity
costs ( Current monthly bills US$ 840,000).
• Catchment degradation around our main water sources which has resulted inincreased runoff, flash flooding, reduced infiltration, erosion andconsequently siltation of the water sources and hence reduced storage
capacity.

－ 72 －

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

PALESTINE－ 73 －

Knowledge Co-Creation Program
Water Supply Administration for Better
Management Of Water Supply Services
No. J18 – 04149/ ID. 1684472
Inception Report Presentation







Country: State Of Palestine.
Name: Aed Alnabi Zaydoun Mohammed Salem
Professional: Dr. Electro-Mechanical Engineering
Position: Manager of Workshop and Maintenance
Organization : Palestinian Water Authority.
Department : West Bank Water Department

1

2018

Background:* WBWD was a branch of the Jordanian natural resources authority.
* In the year 1966 a branch was established in Jerusalem.
* After June of the year 1967, the Israeli occupation and as result ofa military order made by a military ruler, the name of the department
was changed from natural resources authority to WBWD and assigning
an Israeli officer to look after it.
* In 1996, Control over WBWD was relinquished by Israel to thePalestinian National Authority.
* WBWD is a governmental institution ,producing, purchasing anddistributing potable water for the Palestinian communities inaffordable price and insure good quantities of water with high quality.

－ 75 －

(1). The Water Department has regional authority for monitoring, implementing andinspection on the water resources in the west bank as well as maintenance ofwater pipe networks.
(2). Reading of water meters of cities and regional councils and the issuance ofnotes regarding consumed water by these cities and regional councils.
(3). Preparation of detailed plans, specifications and tenders to implement different
water projects for these cities and regional councils. Also complete monitoringover these projects.
(4). Giving assistance regarding water issues for semi-governmental establishments
and the rest of the municipalities, in addition to providing consultancy services.
(5). Working on permissions issuance for water projects, water reservoirs, wells
and main pipelines in all parts in the West Bank.

(1). Boundaries of Palestine:- West: The Mediterranean Sea.
- East: Kingdom of Jordan.
- North: Lebanon & Syria.
- South: Egypt.
(2). Area of Palestine:- The historical area of Palestine about 27,009 Km2.
(3). Capital of Palestine:- Jerusalem which became known as Al-Quds.
- Divided into East and West after 1967 war.
(4). Time Zone:- G.M.T+2 hours (in winter) G.M.T+3 hours (in summer).
(5). Climate of Palestine :- A Mediterranean climate.
(a). Summer ( hot and dry ).
(b). Winter ( cold and rainy ).
(6). Language:- Arabic : Official Language.
- English : Large percentage of the population.
(7). Population:- West Bank : Area ( 5572 Km2 ) , Population ( 2.9 M ).
- Gaza Strip : Area ( 0367 Km2 ) , Population ( 1.8 M ).

－ 76 －

Manger Department of Maintenance and Workshops Center Building, including
Operation and maintenance well stations well stations with Distribution
System.
My Actual Job :••Manage, organize and control an efficient maintenance department including themanagement of Technicians related there divisions at structure this department.
Make need coordination with others departments and supports stations
managers in the field including general maintenance and installation issues.
Technical project management and engineering design review, Preparing
technical specifications and tender assessment including related duties.
Rainfall is the main source of water In Palestine

The estimated amount of rainfall in the season is about 2800 million cups and distrusted as following:
1‐ 1700 million cups are lost in evaporation, or 60.71% of the rainfall.
2‐ There are (114) million cups in rivers and valleys, (4%).
3‐ There are 62 million cups of runoff by Natural flow , representing 2.2%.
4‐ There are 650 million cups that go to groundwater,
5‐ The difference between fallen and distributed water is absorbed by trees, plants and rain fed crops
6
and is 274 million m3.

－ 77 －

2.2.1 Jordan River:Historically, water flow of 1400 MCM/y, currently is about 50 MCM/, most of it is untreatedwastewater
Palestinians use 0 MCM since 1967 and without accessibility. Under Israel Control

2.2.2 Wades:
The long-term average annual flow of flood water in the West Bank is about 53 M/y and 11
MCM/y in Gaza.
Constrains of harvesting: High costs, no permits from Israel and no practical Experience.

2.2.3 Seawater desalination Plant In Gaza
Under the Management of funding from donor countries, two stage, first stage capacity of desalinationwater 55MCM/y, cost project 665M$, arranged scheduled operation date at 2022

2.2.4 Groundwater resources:
The ground water resources in Palestine consist of two main Aquifers:
2.2.4.1 Coastal Aquifer
a- Which lies underneath the Mediterranean seashore in Israel and Gaza Between Rafah and Mount
Carmel.
b-It has an estimated water potential of approximately 450 MCM per year, the Approximate area of theentire aquifer is 2200 km2, with 400 km2 beneath Gazac- The 96.4 % of Gaza Water is not suitable for drinking purposes. However More than 95% of the
Gaza aquifer is brackish or saline water

2.2.4.2. Mountain Aquifer:
Actual Utilization
MCM

AnnualYield(MCM)(Israelis)

Palestinians

Western

362 ‐ 400

411

031

North‐eastern

100 ‐ 145

103

020

Eastern

145 ‐ 185

150

055

664

106

430 ‐ 460

433

198 *

1037 ‐ 1190

1097

304

Basin

Sub‐total
CoastalTotal－ 78 －

Over 90% of Palestinian water resources are controlled and exploited by Israel, while only 10% areallocated for Palestinian use, this has enabled Israel to engineer a situation of artificial water
shortage in the occupied Palestinian territory.
However, some indicators such as the collection efficiency and non‐revenue water figures
reported are not fully reflective of the performance of the WBWD due to the lack civil and security
jurisdiction in Area C where many supply mains and supply points are located.

The WBWD, the bulk water provider in the West Bank, distributes water to about
220 service providers in the West Bank.

Service Area:
1. Size of Utility’s area of responsibility at normal conditions: ( 5572 km2 ).
2. Size of Utility’s present service area: Approx. ( 70 % ) ( 3,900 km2 ).
3. Population of Utility’s area of responsibility at normal conditions: ( 2,9 M ) capita

The following table shows the performance indicators relating to water quality. ( Unit: % )

No.

2012

2017

Unit

01.

Key Performance Indicators
Samples (in the main supply lines) containing freechlorine residual (CR).

100.00

93.43

%

02.

Samples (taken at source) free from total coli form
contamination.

80.00

100.00%03.

Samples (taken at source) free from fecal coli form
contamination.

98.00

100.00%04.

Samples (in the main supply lines) free from total coli
form contamination.

95.83

100.00%5.

Samples (in the main supply lines) free from fecal coli
form contamination.

100.00100.00%6.

Microbiological tests carried out.

3.56

56.00

%

－ 79 －

Table 1: Selected Indicators for Water Statistics in Palestine (1) ( 2009 ‐2017 ) :( Unit: million m3 )Indicator

Annual Available Water Quantity (2)Annual Pumped Quantity from Groundwater Wells(3)
Annual Discharge of Springs Water (4)Water Company ( Mekerot ) (6)

2016

365.3

363.6

250.5

251.6

28.2

40.7

29.0

4.7

3.9

3.9

70.2

79.1

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

315.2

331.1

323.9

349.2

365.7

342.7

227.2

244.0

245.5

253.3

262.9

246.3

30.6

26.8

21.4

39.3

39.5

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

57.4

60.3

57.0

56.6

63.3

63.5

Desalinated Drinking Water (5)Annual Quantity of Water Purchased from Israeli

2015
2009

* NRW is a water which is supplied (produced and purchased) but not paid for due to : technical losses (leakage),Not billed water, illegal connections, Poor water meter performance and Inaccurate reading and accountingof metered flows.
* Palestine is a special case in the region because of political and security situation.
* In Palestine control over the different areas is not directly the responsibility of the PA forces, and that leads toinability to reach many areas which are under Israeli control to make rehabilitation and stop illegal
connections.
•
Despite all the obstacles, PWA makes all efforts to improve water situation and reducing non revenue waterby all means available ( rehabilitations projects, flow monitoring , installing new pipelines with different
diameters ,….. etc ).
•The West Bank Water Department and the Palestinian Water Authority have helped municipalities, local
councils and villages (Service Providers Systems) to solve the problem of NRW by directing relevant projects,
as well as providing technical expertise from equipment, as well as training in maintenance and operation* Percentage of NRW ( 2007 – 2017 ) : ( Unit: % )
2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

10.61

14.26

12.18

18.94

12.78

11.34

12.58

14.99

13.85

2017
10

12

－ 80 －

2017

System Input
Water
91,747,921
m3/year( 100% )Produced
19,123,812
m3/year( 20.84% )Purchased
72,624,109
m3/year( 79.15% )Authorized
consumption
Revenue Water
82,938,447( 90.39%)m3/year( 90.39% )Water losses
9,349,474
m3/year( 9.6% )Non Revenue
Water (NRW)( 9.6%)

Billedauthorized
consumption

71,345,624
m3 /year( 86.0%)Unbilled
authorized
consumption

140,242.11
m3 /year( 0.15 %)Apparent
losses(Unauthorized)
consumption

920,923,12
m3 /year( 9.45 % )Real losses(Leakage)

3,246,339
m3 /year(3.85 %)－ 81 －

Table 7Water Meters Accuracy Test Results – Test Bench

Test Mode

Total test
volume(liter)Test Flowrate(liter /hour)

Monitoring
Volumetric
Meter (liters)

Tested Velocity
Meter(liters)

Accuracy%

Q1
Minimumflow
Q2 Flow

10

10

10

0

0%

20

100

20

10

50%

1000

1500

1000

1000

100 %

Qn Nominal
flow

Water supply system in Rameen is continuous supply with roof top tanks; therefor, the house connections run at
minimum flow velocity in most of time.

prepared GIS shape files were imported into WaterCAD－ 82 －

4.3.1 Operation and Maintenance relationship at NonRevenue 2
An inadequate technical skills, poor operations and maintenance, poor workmanship and poormaterial during construction of water networks
1‐ The lack of qualified technical staff
2‐ Bureaucracy and delay on the procedures of changing the counters if the meter is available in thestores, and at best, a period of two days to a week, If are not available, the procedures will be
extended to long periods that could be extended months.
3‐ Long Required time of change The meter in the department reaches from 7 to 12 meters permonth.
4‐ Weak technical management in monitoring the installation and maintenance of meters.
5‐ Do not take meter readings periodically for technical reasons or security or not follow up.
6‐ There is no details technical data archived (assessment) about the meters, pipes, fittings including
installation, breakdown, reading. The management computerize inter of technical is not sufficient
works.
7‐ The GIS and SCADA are not efficient work. In order to achieve maintenance demands.
And the use of modern systems in the introduction of data on lines and numbers
8‐The poor quality materials or poor contractors implemented projects

4:3:2 Requirements to improve to Maintenance of water
meters in WBWD
The length of time a leak is allowed to run affects the volume of physical losses, so repairs should becompleted as soon as possible once a leak is detected. Repair quality also has an effect on whether the
repair is sustained. Key issues to consider when formulating a repair policy include:• Efficient organization and procedures from the initial alert through to the repair itself• Availability of equipment and materials• Sufficient funding• Appropriate standards for materials and workmanship• Committed management and staffs and used integrated programs CMMS, SCADA, GIS and hydraulicanalysis.
• Good quality of service connections—service connections are often the ‘weakest link’
4 : 3 : 3 E n e r g y C o n s u m p t i o n i n Wa t e r S y s t e m
The amount of energy consumed is directly associated with increased pressure and flow in thepipe system
4.3.4 Challenge Reduction of NRW:
Reduction of NRW requires proven solutions, tools, knowledge and expertise to successfully
achieve an optimized distribution system and increased revenue.
The overall goal is to reduce NRW, which will provide a significant improvement in the economy of
the utility companies, achieving direct cost savings and increase revenue through additional water
sales.

－ 83 －

* Source Of Water in WBWD:‐ The main sources of drinking water in the West Bank Water Department are :(a). 19 production wells managed by WBWD : Cost Per m3 : ( 0.565 $ ).
(b). Purchased water from the (Israeli) Water Companies, Mekorot and Hagihon.
‐ The following table shows water tariff in WBWD : ( 1$ = 3.8 NIS )No.

Source Of Water

Mekerot

Cost price
WBWD
(USD)

Selling price
To Customers
(USD)

0.753
0.949

0.684

‐

0.139

0.108

Category(million m3 )1.0 – 46.160> 46.160

01.
Mekorot (Bardalah)
02.
03.

Hagihon

‐

1.299

0.815

04.

WBWD wells

‐

0.565

0.684

* A performance monitoring system for water andwastewater services is essential for improving
the quality of services.
* Key performance indicators (KPIs) offer a soundand internationally accepted form of measure ofservice quality and allow for transparent andobjective comparisons between different providers.
* Key performance indicators (KPIs) of WBWD :A. Technical Indicators :No.
04.

Key Performance Indicators

2012

Non‐Revenue water ( NRW )

11.34

2013
12.59

2017

Unit

10

%

2012

2015

2017

05.

Number of flow meters

300

320

540

06

Number Remotely Reading Flow Meter

0

45

127

No.

Key Performance Indicators－ 84 －

B. Financial Indicators :
No.
01.
02.
03.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.

Key Performance Indicators
Working Ratio.
Collection efficiency.
Operating costs per m3 of water sold.
Personnel costs per m3 of water sold.
Water purchase costs per m3 of water sold.
Energy costs per m3 of water sold.
Other operating costs per m3 of water sold.

2012

2016

Unit

1.26

1.47

No.

62.35

31.60

%

0.821

0.968

USD

0.031

0.034

USD

0.605

0.747

USD

0.128

0.132

USD

0.057

0.055

USD

2012

2016

Unit

0.58

0.62

No.

C. Water Quality Indicators :Kindly See 6 KPIs in Slide No.9, Management Of Water Quality.

D. Other :No.
12.

Key Performance Indicators
Staff Productivity Index* WBWD is a governmental institution, therefore, the source of its own
budget is the Palestinian Ministry of finance.
* The cost of purchasing and producing drinking water in the West Bankare expensive.
* The Palestinian government is supporting the price of water in Palestine.
* WBWD is the bulk water supplier for water service providers, and it supplies
water at a fixed rate of 0.684 $/m3 which is less than its cost .
* Operating costs per cubic meter of water sold is high compared to a selling
price, added to that, operational costs of the water department of the Israeli
civil administration are carried onto the WBWD.
* WBWD reported a major decline in collection efficiency to a low of 31.6%
for 2013 compared to 62.35% for 2012. This decline is due to lack ofcommitment from water service providers in paying water bills.
* Low collection efficiency, high non‐revenue water, insufficient revenues,
combined with the additional contested charges have placed the WBWD ina poor financial state.

－ 85 －

•2007

INDICATORS

2017

160,000

Production capacity m3/d

251384

WHO Guidelines

Water quality

WHO Guidelines

85 %Coverage area ( Customers )97 %13 ‐ 24 hr/d

Supply duration

16 ‐ 24 hr/d

10 – 25 bar

Supply pressure

10 ‐ 25 bar

371

Number of Bulk connections

361

11 %

NRW

10%

31 %

Collection ratio

58%

106

Staff number

238

WBWD is the bulk water provider in the West Bank.

* Despite of the obstacles and difficulties faced due to the Israeli occupation
and almost complete control over water resources which are mainly theright of the Palestinian side.

* PWA has worked on the development of water sector in Palestine in all
ways and means available in collaboration with partners and friends in thedonor countries, municipalities and the services councils.
* During the past few years, PWA has implemented several development
projects in the infrastructure of the water sector in the communities andvillages that suffer from a lack of sanitation and drinking water sources.

* Those projects have contributed to alleviating the suffering of the citizens
and improve the standard of living in those areas.
* The following table shows an example for some of those projects
in the west bank:－ 86 －

* Japan was the first non‐Western country to successfully
modernize its society and industrialize its economy.
* We are looking for acquaint of accumulated Japanese privatecompanies experiences on water supply administration andtechnologies.
* Capacity building on administration, management, operationand maintenance.
* Gaining more experience in supply of safe, stable quantities
of drinking water for many more people in my country.
* Supporting our country with all recent technologies inmanagement of water supply services.
* Providing training programs in water utilities development.

－ 87 －

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

RWANDA－ 89 －

INCEPTION REPORT

Water Supply Administration for Better Management of
Water Supply Services

Country: RWANDA
Name: MUKIZA ANACLET
Position: Branch Manager
Organization: Water and Sanitation Corporation
Limited (WASAC Ltd)
1Country Overview
Rwanda is located in the great
lakes region of East Africa. Its
Neighbouring countries are
Uganda in the North, Tanzania
in the East, Burundi in the
South
and
Democratic
Republic of the Congo in theWest. The country covers an
area of 26,338 Km2 and an
estimated population of 12
million people, with an annual
population growth rate of 3 %.

2

－ 91 －

Water Supply Services
National targets
The water Sector is committed to reaching ambitious targets in watersupply and sanitation, with the vision to attain 100% service coverage by
2020. Water supply and sanitation services are critical drivers for socialand economic development, poverty reduction and public health. To
achieve these targets, the Sector needs to increase drinking water accessof 4% every year.

• Current Status• National drinking water coverage : 84%• Urban drinking water coverage : 92 %• Rural drinking water coverage : 76 %3

Water supply services in WASAC Ltd
2014‐2015

Staff/1000
Production
capacity(m3/day)

2015‐ 2016

5/10002016‐ 2017

5/10005/100045,253,292

Water Quality

41,061,229
WHO

43,558,705
WHO

WHO

Coverage area

74%

82%

84%

Supply duration

14‐16 h14‐16 h14‐16 hSupply pressure

2‐6 bars

2‐6 bars

2‐6 bars

Number of connection

156,61838%

172.747

189,642

35.7%

37%

59

59

793

820

NRW
Collection ration
Staff number

834

4－ 92 －

Success story of Water Supply Services• WASAC treats and distributes clean water Countrywide to supply water to all
populations especially those in urban habitats.
• 3,512,250 residents of 13 urban areas including Kigali City are the population
targeted for clean water services• WASAC manages 23 treatment plants which provides clean water (74.4 m3 perday) through 7,781,477m of pipes to reach 191,684 Its water supply
connections which supply various categories of users (Households, Industries,
Publics services, …)• WASAC systems combines a new and an old network (some of pipes are oldfrom colonial period) which are the main cause of leakages influencing the
gap between the supplied and the billed quantity of water
5

Success story of Water Supply Services(cont’d)• WASAC faces regularly water losses due to water leakage in the network,and fraudulent connections.

• Water registered for billing compared to quantity supplied to networks is anindicator of distribution efficiency• New pipes have been laid and old pipes rehabilitated.
• Provision of meter to every client has been made so that each meter could
be read and fraud reduced.

• Many development partners supporting the water supply and sanitation sub
sector. These include Vitens Evidens International, JICA, Water for People,
UNICEF, WHO, World Vision, Humburg Wasser
6－ 93 －

Water Rates And Bill Collection System•The WASAC bills are issued on the basis of actual
readings recorded from the meter by our Meter
Readers.
•All water services are billed monthly. Customers cansettle their bills at the WASAC bank accounts indicatedon their bills or by using a mobile phone.
•All WASAC bills for water supply, meter rent, repair
works and any other services are payable before thedeadline indicated on the bill

7

Water Prepayment Service

In a bid to promote good service delivery and revenue collection, theManagement of WASAC LTD is implementing Water Prepayment Services.
This service consists of the following:
Prepayment between WASAC Ltd and Customer who prefer to pay Bills in
advance. Customers on this prepayment system will sign an agreement with
WASAC Ltd to pay for their water bills according to the previous average
consumption of six months or one year depending on the choice of thecustomer.

8－ 94 －

Water Tariff/m3

Tariff

FRW/m3TVA

TTC

TTC+VAT

Water Tap

323

0.18

58.1

381

0‐5

323

0.18

58.1

381

6‐20

331

0.18

59.6

391

21‐50

413

0.18

74.3

487

51‐100

736

0.18

132

868

>101

847

0.18

152

999

Factories

736

0.18

132

868

9

Water Quality Management• The water supplied by WASAC is treated according to the international standards
and it benefits of a regular control at water treatment plants and distribution
network• In order to meet current water standards, specific water purification steps aretaken that include: Physical and chemical treatment; and Laboratory analysis toassure the water quality.
•After these steps have been taken and it is ascertained that the water is safe, it isthen distributed.

10－ 95 －

New Nzove Water Treatment Plant

11

Water Treatment Plants Capacities
Supplied City, Town or Center

Name of water
treatment plant
Kimisagara WTP

Kigali City

Southern

Nyarugenge, Kicukiro,GasaboHUYE
MUHANGANYANZA & RUHANGONYANZA & RUHANGO

Western
Northern

NYAMAGABERUBAVU
RUSIZI
KARONGIMUSANZE
GICUMBIRWAMAGANA
RWAMAGANA

Eastern

BUGESERANGOMANYAGATARENYAGATARENYAGATARENYAGATARE
Total

Nzove WTP
Karenge WTP
Kadahokwa WTP
Gihuma WTP
Mpanga WTP/CU
Mpanga WTP / LV
WATSAN
Gisuma WTP
Gihira WTP
Cyunyu WTP
Kanyabusage WTP
Mutobo WTP
Nyamabuye WTP
Muhazi WTP
Muhazi WTP / LV
WATSAN
Ngenda WTP/CU
Rwasaburo WTP
CyondoGihengeri
Tovu
LV WATSAN－ 96 －

Date ofinstallation/
extension
1981/1988
2003/2009/2016/
2017
2008
1982/2005 /2015
1987/2015
1984/2006/2014

Installed Average of watercapacity Production/May‐(m3/day) 201724,36724,00050,00015,000
8,500
4,320
3,840

2017

5,040

1987/2005
1987
1987
1986
1987/1994
1988
1986/2004/2014

1,200
8,640
1,300
850
12,500
1500
3,960

2017

2,800

1998/20141986
1982/2014/2015
1982/20161982/2012/2015
2017

4,840
1000
5,000
3,500
1,200
2,400
161,390

37,641
15,578
5,833
3,990
1,471
1,786
1,331
8,409
494
975
6,155
1,012
1,299
791
3,140
847
2,843
1,572
112
12 400120,045

Monthly Production
WTP

Kimisagara

17‐Jul17‐Aug17‐Sep17‐Oct17‐Nov

17‐Dec848,713856,098820,218

849,267

860,740

901,218

Karenge449,170456,025

437,283

471,964

452,826

480,626

NZOVE

1,299,524

1,314,653

1,164,050

1,010,617

1,115,244

1,190,776

Kadahokwa

130,208

118,920

136,640

145,835

174,394

138,220

Gihira287,343

280,816

264,667

269,630

275,790294,669

Mutobo211,900

219,590

201,430

213,040

214,900

216,350

Gihuma93,06482,04872,82185,78180,987

81,673

Cyunyu115,309

115,947

103,662

97,06488,961

94,519Gisuma43,172

41,63639,04342,27638,82841,960

Mpanga117,915

108,114

107,051

98,905

97,847100,236

Muhazi131,605

129,435

123,053

138,767

126,007

134,787

Rwasaburo

42,41548,30245,04644,612

44,18846,691

Kanyabusage

37,13536,044

37,14438,01336,83737,809

Nyamabuye

50,42049,80048,36547,82247,59350,500

Nyagatare

241,829

231,422

172,491

169,695

171,698

189,153

Ngenda107,275

105,225

99,174104,149

102,978

105,789

Kibonabose

12,34012,21011,44012,45012,62013,030Gashyuha

22,48522,452

25,384

16,52823,04928,4924,241,821

4,228,737

3,908,962

3,856,414

3,965,487

4,146,498

Total

13

BIGGEST CHALLENGES FACED

1. Water losses of any nature which has many consequencesfrom finances resources to environment wastage
2. Inappropriate technology in water supply services
3. Lack of funds for large scale projects implementation
4. Non revenue Water is still high14

－ 97 －

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

SRI LANKA－ 99 －

AYUBOWAN

WATER SUPPLYADMINISTRATION FOR BETTERMANAGEMENT OF WATERSUPPLY SERVICESINCEPTION REPORT PRESENTATION
Name: M. S. Bandara
Position: Senior Programme Director
Organization: Ministry of City Planning and Water Supply
Sri lanka－ 101 －

－ 102 －Ministry

MandateMinistry of City Planning & Water Supply

MinistryofEnvironment

Mahaweli

Development

Subject Ministry WASH, for Sector policy, coordinating
budget allocation, monitoring and review of progress& Manage the environment and natural resources of thecountry under the National Environmental Act.

National Water Supply & Drainage Board

Implementation of water supply and sanitation schemes,maintenance of the same and offering satisfactory service to theconsumers.

Department of National Community Water
SupplyProvision of pure and adequate drinking water and basic healthfacilities for all rural people of Sri Lanka with the participation ofthem.

Plantations’ Human Development Trust(PHDT)

Government Agency established for welfare of the plantation
workers. Responsible for channeling funding for water andsanitation to the plantation sector.

Civil Societies

Play an important role in reaching the marginalized communities
where the government delivery system was not effective.

－ 103 －

Institution

Ministry of City Planning &Water Supply

National Water Supply &Drainage Board

INDICATORS

VisionMissionPlaned cities, Safe Drinking
Water and Improved
Sanitation for all

Providing people withfavorable living conditions
through sustainable city
planning, safe drinking watersupply and improved
sanitation facilities while
ensuring the protection of theliving environment and water
resources

To be the most prestigious
utility organization in Sri
Lanka through technologicaland service excellence.

Serve the nation by providing
sustainable water & sanitation
solutions ensuring total user
satisfaction.

2005

2018

Goals for 2025

8.8

4.66

2.8

1,049,315

1,859,937

Water quality - % of samples
passing Bacteriological tests

N. A.

99.26

100

Coverage %

30

40

65

24 x 324x5

24x7

Staff/1,000 connections
Production capacity(m3/day)

Supply duration (hour/day)
Supply pressure

1.5 bar

2.0 bar

3.0 barNumber of connections

907,6222,219,172

4,123,216

Population Served

3,176,677

7,767,102

14,431,256

NRW (%)

33.8

25.24

18.4

Collection ratio

0.75

1

1

Staff number

6,500

10,40010,400－ 104 －

Water Quality Issues in Sri Lanka
HardnessIndustrial Waste
FluorideDomestic WasteIronAgro fertilizers
ManganesePesticides and herbicides
Algae－ 105 －

•

•

•

•

Institutionalize Water Safety Plans for all service providers
including CBO run schemes and build capacity for preparationand implementation of Water Supply Project
Capacity building of service providers to implement Water Supply
Project
Establish and orient district WQSS committee on the regulatoryrole (TORs to introduce functions)
Implementation and maintenance of Database and Disseminationof information

3.4 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FORDRINKING WATER Physical – Organoleptic requirement

PARAMETERREQUIREMENT

Colour, Hazen Units, (max,)

15

Odour

Unobjectionable

Taste

UnobjectionableTurbidity, (NTU) (Nephelometric Turbidity Units), (max.)
pH at 250C +_20C

2
6.5 to 8.5－ 106 －

Aluminium (as AI) (mg/l)

0.2

Ammonia;
Free Ammonia (as NH3) (mg/l)
Albuminoid Ammonia (mg/l)

0.06
0.15

Anionic detergents (as MBAS (Methylene Blue Active Substances) (mg/l)

0.2

Calcium (as Ca) (mg/l)

100
250

Chloride (as Cl-) (mg/l)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (mg/l)

10
1.0
1.0
1
0.3
0.1
30
50
3
0.02
0.2
0.001

Copper (as Cu) (mg/l)
Fluoride (as F) (mg/l)
Free residual Chlorine (mg/l)
Iron (as Fe) (mg/l)*
Manganese (as Mn) (mg/l)*
Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l)**Nitrate (as NO3-) (mg/l)
Nitrite (as NO2-) (mg/l)
Nickel (as Ni) (mg/l)
Oil and grease (mg/l)
Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH) (mg/l)
Sodium (as Na) (mg/l)

Mercury (as Hg) (mg/l)

200
250
200
500
250
2.0
3.0
0.01
0.003
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.001

Selenium (as Se) (mg/l)

0.01

Sulphate (as SO42-)(mg/l)**Total alkalinity (as CaCO3) (mg/l)
Total dissolved solids (mg/l), (max.)
Total hardness (as CaCO3) (mg/l)
Total Phosphates (as PO43-)(mg/l)
Zinc (as Zn) (mg/l)
Arsenic (as As) (mg/l)
Cadmium (as Cd) (mg/l)
Chromium (as Cr) (mg/l)
Cyanide (as CN-) (mg/l)
Lead (as Pb) (mg/l)

03. BACTERIOLOGICALREQUIREMENT
Treatment works and piped distribution system
E. Coli/ 100ml or thermo tolerant coliform/ 100ml
Total Coliforms/ 100ml

Not detected
I. Shallnotexceed 3 in
any
100ml
sampleII. Not detectedin any twoconsecutive
samples－ 107 －

 Public water bodies are monitored by different interest group to:- Ascertain changes in water quality (source water for drinking)- Identify water quality problems- Gather information for pollution assessment and prevention.

 Public

water bodies in Sri Lanka are monitored by:- Research organizations- National Water Supply & Drainage Board- Central Environmental Authority

Proposed Activities for 2018 – 2020
•

•

•

•

•

Construction of erosion controlling and soil conservation barriers insensitive catchments causing high turbidity in source water.
Tree plantation and improvement of riparian vegetation as tree barriers inremoving pollutants from raw water.
Construction of household toilet facility in the most sensitive catchments
areas, vulnerable for high level of biological contamination.
Construction of wastewater treatment facility for controlling effluents fromcattle farming.
Improving natural wetlands for controlling discrete pollution.

－ 108 －

Revenue water

Systeminput
volumeAuthorized
Consumption

Billed authorized
consumption(Year 2017)
Unbilled authorized
consumption (ex: firefighting, cleaning)

Non Revenue
water (NRW)Water losses

Apparent losses(Unauthorized
consumption (i.e. Illegaluse), Customer
metering inaccuracies)
Real losses (Leakage)

Water Tariff in your Organization
No. of units

Usage Charge
Rs./ Unit

Monthly Service
Charge Rs.

00-05

8.00

50.00

06-10

11.00

65.00

11-15

20.00

70.00

16-20

40.00

80.00

21-25

58.00

100.00

26-30

88.00

200.0031-40

105.00400.0041-50

120.00650.0051-75

130.001,000.00

Over 75140.001,600.00－ 109 －

507,552,000
m3/ yearXx m3/ year (%)

Xx m3/ year (%)

Xx m3/ year (%)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Budget Rs.

Actual 2015 Rs.

20,875,923,000

19,884,021,370

Actual 2014 Rs.
18,710,049,680(13,779,185,419)(12,314,954,106)(11,325,829,471)

7,096,737,581

7,269,067264

7,384,220,209

2,064,670,000

1,665,908,597

1,390,066,559(8,247,865,581)(8,571,562,031)(5,985,331,888)(500,000,000)(463,870,115)(334,370,432)

413,542,000(100,456,285)

2,454,584,449

100,000,000

1,186,119,227

213,239,303(1,700,000,000)(1,736,845)(1,242,530,161)(1,186,458,000)

1,083,926,097

1,425,293,591(60,000,000)(53,881,978)(53,113,301)(1,246,458,000)

1,030,044,119

1,372,180,290-(1,979,658,769)

-

-

-

(1,979,658,769)-(1,246,458,000)(949,614,650)

1,425,890,828

Safe Drinking Water Coverage
Percentage of Pipe Borne Water
Coverage
Percentage of Pipe Borne Water
Coverage (NWS&DB)
Percentage of Non – Revenue Water forwhole Island
Percentage of Non- Revenue Water in
Colombo City

－ 110 －

53,710,538

84.6%
44.3%

86%
45.9%

87.8%
47.7%

89.3%
49.2%

33.4%

35.2%

37.1%

38.7%

28.54%

27.3%

25.55% 25.24%

46.62% 46.16% 45.72% 43.3%

•Regional disparities in accessing safe drinking water.

•

Serving for CKDU affected areas with safe drinking water facilities.

•

Maintaining better quality in water sources, water intakes and CBO managed
schemes.

•High rate if Non –Revenue Water (NRW).

•

Growing demand for reliable pipe borne water service than the institutional
capacity.

•

Delivering higher levels of service with sustainable sources and systems ataffordable costs.

•

Create conducive environment to attract private sector investment into water sector.

•

Maintaining cost reflective tariff system for pipe borne water supply services.

－ 111 －

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