㐃⥆௻⏬㸸ኚ໬ࡍࡿ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࢖ࢩࣙࣥ࡜≉チไᗘࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ ࡑࡢ㸯‫׎‬ᨥ২ᘐ೅แƱ࣏᪰ཎᚩ  Ü২ᘐƷᇤʗƴ᧙Ƣǔ‫׎‬ᨥȏȸȢȊǤǼȸǷȧȳƷᚇໜƔǒÜBranislav HAZUCHAబ⸨  ㇏ ヂ せ᪨ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢ᥇⏝ࡸᶆ‽࡬ࡢ㐺ྜᛶホ౯ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣࠊᅜ㝿ྲྀᘬࢆಁ㐍ࡋࠊୡ⏺
඲యࡢ⏕⏘ࡢຠ⋡ᛶࢆᨵၿࡉࡏࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᚑ๓ࡼࡾྲྀࡾᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ
࡞ࡀࡽࠊᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ྠᵝࠊከᩘࡢᅜෆ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᆅᇦⓗ࡞ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡶࡲࡓࠊࡋࡤ
ࡋࡤ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࢆໟྵࡋࠊࡑࢀࡣᶆ‽࡟㐺ྜࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲ㡲ࡢࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋᅜ㝿㈠᫆࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㠀㛵⛯㞀ቨࢆ᧔ᗫࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ㈠᫆ࡢᢏ⾡ⓗ㞀ቨ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ༠ᐃ 㼀㻮㼀 ༠ᐃ ࡣࠊ㼃㼀㻻 ຍ┕ᅜ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࢆᅜෆࡢᢏ⾡つไ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᶆ‽ࡢᇶ♏࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡿࡼ࠺⩏ົ࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㼀㻮㼀 ༠ᐃ࡟ࡼࡿ⩏ົࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࢆໟྵࡍࡿᅜ㝿ᶆ‽࡟ࡶ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㧗ᗘ࡞ᢏ⾡࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡣࠊ୺࡟ඛ㐍ᅜࡢ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡉࢀࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡࡟ከ኱࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ㼀㻮㼀༠ᐃ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⩏ົࡣ୍⯡࡟ࠊඛ㐍ᅜ࡜᪂⯆ᅜ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛⾪✺ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢᡂᯝ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟ࡼࡿಖㆤࡢ㔜せᛶࡣ୍⯡࡟ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࡀࠊከࡃࡢ᪂⯆ᅜࡣ 㼃㼀㻻 ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡢ᥇⏝ࡀ⩏ົ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ୙බṇ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪂⯆ᅜࡢ௻ᴗࡀࠊᅜ㝿ᶆ‽࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᚲ㡲≉チࡢᶒ฼⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࠿࡞ࡾࡢ㢠ࡢࣟ࢖ࣖࣜࢸ࢕ࢆᨭᡶ࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࠊ᪂⯆ᅜࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⩏ົ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᭱ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞୙බṇࡉࡢㄆ㆑ࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏ࡣࠊḢᕞࠊᴟᮾࠊཬࡧ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᩘୡ௦࡟ࢃࡓࡿ⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜෆཬࡧᅜ㝿ࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟㛵ࡋ᳨࡚ウࢆࡃࢃ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ  ⛣ືయ㏻ಙศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㏆ᖺࡢᶆ‽໬άືࡢᅜ㝿໬ࠊ  ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᶆ‽࡟࠾ࡅࡿᚲ㡲≉チࡢᆅᇦศᕸࠊ ᅜෆࠊᆅᇦ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣୡ⏺࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢᶆ‽໬ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟㐺ᛂྍ⬟࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᨻ⟇ࡢⓎᒎ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡣࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ
༢୍ࡢᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡀᣍ᮶ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊ㼀㻮㼀 ༠ᐃࡣࠊୡ⏺ᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ」ᩘࡢᢏ⾡ⓗᡭἲࡀ➇தྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿ≧ἣࢆసฟࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅ
ࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ」ᩘࡢᢏ⾡ࡢ➇தࡣࠊᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞᪉ἲ࡛ࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᢏ⾡ࡢ
Ⓨᒎࢆಖ㞀ࡍࡿ๓ᥦࡢ୍ࡘ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ᚲ㡲≉チ 㻴㼍㼦㼡㼏㼔㼍 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟㻌ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊᴫࡋ࡚฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡢ㛫࡟⥭ᙇࡸᦶ᧿ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⥭ᙇࡸᦶ᧿ࡣࠊ㔜せ࡞฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡀࡇࡇᩘ༑ᖺࡢ㛫࡛ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿᢏ⾡ࡀᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟⤌ᶆ‽໬ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡼࡾ῝้࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࠋᶆ‽໬ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡢࡀ࠶ࡓࡾࡲ࠼ࡢࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓ ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓኚ໬ࡣࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞సᴗࡀࠊ㝈ࡽࢀࡓᢏ⾡⪅㞟ᅋࡢࡳࡀ࢔ࢡࢭࢫྍ⬟࡞ࠊ㧗ᗘ࡟ᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞άືᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ྠᵝࠊᅜෆࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᆅᇦⓗ࡞ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ

࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊࡇࡇᖺ᮶」ᩘࡢᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࡼࡃ࠶ࡿࡢࡣࠊᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࡀ฼⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ㛵㐃ࡢㄽதࡀබ࡟႖ఏࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ែࡀࡍ࡛࡟ᅜෆእ࡟ከ

ᙜヱᢏ⾡࡟㛵ࡋ࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ⾜౑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊࡑࡢᶒ฼⪅ࡀᢏ⾡

Ⓨࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᶆ‽ࡢ⟇ᐃ࡟㝿ࡋ࡚┦ᙜࡢຊࢆ⾜౑ࡋ࠺ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢ⟇ᐃ࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡓᶆ‽ࡢ㐺⏝࡜ᐇ᪋࡟ᚲ㡲࡞㈈⏘≉࡟ࠊᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡬ࡢ‽ᣐ࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆᚓ

ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࢆໟྵࡍࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᙜヱ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᶒ฼⪅ࡣᙜࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲ㡲࡛࠶ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ࡞࠾ࡉࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤࠊ

ヱᶆ‽ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡜ෆᐜࢆ᭷ព࡟⏬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋᶆ‽⟇ᐃࡢࣉࣟࢭ

ᚲ㡲ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᡓ␎ⓗ฼⏝ࡀᶒ฼⪅࡟᭷฼࡞ᙧ࡛㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺

ࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᶒ฼⪅ࡢᙳ㡪ຊࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᶵ఍୺⩏ⓗ⾜ື࡜࡞ࡗ࡚㢧ࢀ࠺


See, e.g., Rudi Bekkers and Isabelle Liotard, European Standards for Mobile Communi-ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᶵ఍୺⩏ⓗ⾜ືࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࡢᙜヱᶆ‽࡬ࡢᑟධࡸ௚♫ࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࡢ᤼㝖ࠊᶆ‽⟇ᐃࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟ጞࡲࡾࠊᶆ

cations: The Tense Relationship between Standards and Intellectual Property Rights, EUR.

‽໬ࣉࣟࢭࢫ඲యࡢ୍᫬ⓗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣỌ⥆ⓗ࡞࣮࣍ࣝࢻ࢔ࢵࣉ࡟ཬࡪࡶࡢINTELL. PROP. REV. 110, 120-122(1999) ྠ✏ࡣࠊ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙᢏ⾡࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚲ㡲ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᙳ㡪ຊࡣࠊ㻵㼀㼁 ࡢ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡟㛵Ḣᕞ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᶆ‽࡟ᨭ㓄ⓗᢏ⾡ࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡿ᮲௳ࡀ࠸࠿࡟ኚ໬ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࠿ࢆᴫㄝ

ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡢ⟇ᐃ࡟ࡳࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ

ࡍࡿ .


➢ྕศ๭ከඖ᥋⥆ 㻯㻰㻹㻭 ↓⥺㏻ಙᢏ⾡࡟ᚲせ୙ྍḞ࡞ከᩘࡢᢏ⾡ࢆከࡃࡢᶆ‽໬ᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡾ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡓ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᨻ⟇ࡢᐇド◊✲ࡢᡂᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊseeໟྵࡍࡿ኱つᶍ࡞ࣃࢸࣥࢺ㺃࣏࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣜ࢜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ↓⥺㏻ಙ࡟㛵Mark A. Lemley, Intellectual Property Rights and Standard-setting Organizations, 90 CAL.

ࡍࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨ௻ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡣࠊ㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌ࢳࣕࣥࢿࣝ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ᪉ἲ࡟

L. REV. 1889, 1904-1906 (2002).㻳㻿㻹 ᶆ‽࡜ 㼁㻹㼀㻿 ᶆ‽࡟࠾ࡅࡿᚲ㡲≉チࡢ฼⏝ࢆ⤫ᚚࡍࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᨻ⟇ࡢ⤒⦋࡜⌧≧࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊsee, e.g., Bekkers and Liotard, supranote 1, at 120-122 ྠ✏ࡣࠊḢᕞ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㟁Ẽ㏻ಙ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࢆ⟇ᐃࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠊࡼࡿ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢ⟇ᐃࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࠊỴᐃⓗ࡟㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᢸ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡀᚲせ୙Ḣᕞ㒑౽㟁Ẽ㏻ಙ୺⟶ᗇ఍㆟ 㻯㻱㻼㼀 ୪ࡧ࡟ࡑࡢᚋ㌟ࡢḢᕞ㟁Ẽ㏻ಙᶆ‽໬ᶵᵓྍḞ࡞ᢏ⾡࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣃࢸࣥࢺ࣭࣏࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣜ࢜ࢆᡓ␎ⓗ࡟⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼ

㻱㼀㻿㻵 ࡟ࡼࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᨻ⟇ࡢ㐺⏝ࡢ⤒⦋ࢆᴫㄝࡍࡿ ; Rudi Bekkers and Joel West,ࡾࠊ࠾ࡼࡑ୍ᖺ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢ⟇ᐃࣉࣟࢭࢫ඲⯡ࡢ࣮࣍ࣝࢻ


The Limits to IPR Standardization Policies as Evidenced by Strategic Patenting in UMTS,
33 TELECOM. POL’Y 80, 81, 93 (2009) ྠ✏ࡣࠊ㻱㻿㼀㻵 ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᨻ⟇ࡢⓎᒎཬࡧ 㼁㻹㼀㻿ᶆ‽ࡢ⟇ᐃ࡜ᐇ᪋࠿ࡽࡢ⤒㦂࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᨻ⟇ࡢᨵၿࡢヨࡳࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿ .

F.3d 297 (3d Cir. 2007); Rambus Inc. v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 522 F.3d 456 (D.C. Cir. 2008).

See, e.g., Dell Computer, 121 F.T.C. 616 (1996); Broadcom Corp. v. Qualcomm Inc., 501

᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢሙྜࠊᙳ㡪ࡢ࠶ࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣⴭసᶒࠊ≉チᶒࠊཬࡧព໶ᶒ࡜࠸

⡿୰㛫ࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㈠᫆⣮த࡜஺΅ࡢᴫせ࡟ࡘࡁࠊsee, e.g., An Baisheng,ࡗࡓከᵝ࡞᤼௚ᶒ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ

Intellectual Property Rights in Information and Communications Technology Standardiza-tion: High-Profile and Potential for Collaboration Between the United States and China, 45

See, e.g., Rudi Bekkers, Geert Duysters and Bart Verspagen, Intellectual Property Rights,

Strategic Technology Agreements and Market Structure: The Case of GSM, 31 RES. POL’Y

TEX. INT’L L.J. 175, 177-82 (2009).

1141 (2002) ྠ✏ࡣࠊ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ 㻳㻿㻹 ᶆ‽ୗࡢ≧ἣࢆศᯒࡍ

ࡿ ; Bekkers and West, supra note 2 ྠ✏ࡣࠊ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡢ⟇Proposals for IMT-2000 Could Be Excluded from Further Consideration if IPR Stalemate Isᐃࡢሙྜࡢ≧ἣࢆศᯒࡍࡿ .

Not Resolved by the Year End, http://www.itu.int/newsarchive/press_releases/1998/34.html.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

See, e.g., International Telecommunication Union, ITU Warns That CDMA-Based RTT▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

࢔ࢵࣉࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࠋ≉チ࣮࣍ࣝࢻ࢔ࢵࣉࡢ୺せ࡞せᅉࡣࠊ஧ࡘࡢ୺せ࡞➇ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ᚲ㡲≉チ 㻴㼍㼦㼡㼏㼔㼍 ࡵ࡟ࠊᖺ௦ᚋ༙࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᖺ௦ࡢ᪩ᮇࡲ࡛㐜ࢀࡓࢣ࣮ࢫࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ྜࡍࡿᶆ‽ࡢᥦၐ⪅ࡢ㛫࡛ࠊ஫࠸࡟㒊ศⓗ࡟ㆡṌࡋࠊ┦஫࡟ྜពࢆࡳ࠸ࡔ

ᩘᖺᚋࠊ㻵㼀㼁 ࡟ࡼࡿ➨  ୡ௦⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡢ㐺⏝࡟㝿ࡋࡍࡇ࡜ࡢᅔ㞴ᛶ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡣࠊ୺࡜ࡋ࡚໭⡿ࡢ୺ᑟⓗ࡞㏻ಙ௻࡚ࠊ㢮ఝࡢ≧ἣࡀ෌ࡧ⏕ࡌࡓࠋࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡀ᭷ࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡࡟ࡘᴗᩘ♫࡜ࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡢ㐃ྜ࡟ࡼࡿ 㻯㻰㻹㻭つ᱁ࢆ୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋ௚᪉࡛ࠊḢࡁࠊ㼃㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌つ᱁ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚බṇ࠿ࡘྜ⌮ⓗ࡞㠀ᕪูⓗࣛ࢖ࢭᕞࡢ୺ᑟⓗ࡞㏻ಙᶵჾ࣓࣮࣮࡛࢝࠶ࡿࣀ࢟࢔ ࣇ࢕ࣥࣛࣥࢻ ࡜࢚ࣜࢡࢯࣥࢫ 㻲㻾㻭㻺㻰 ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ ࢆ⾜࠺᪨ࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒࡜ྜព࡟㐩ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࣥ ࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥ ࡣࠊከᩘࡢḢᕞࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ㏻ಙᶵჾ࣓࣮࢝

ࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡢᚲ㡲≉チ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ 㼃㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌つ᱁ࡀ┤㠃ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࡀゎỴࡍࡿ࣮ ཬ ࡧ ㏻ ಙ ࢟ ࣕ ࣜ ࢔ ࡢ ᗈ ⠊ ࡞ ༠ ຊ ࡢ ࡶ ࡜ ࡛ ୧ ♫ ࡀ 㛤 Ⓨ ࡋ ࡓ ࠊ 㼁㻹㼀㻿㻌࠿࡟ᛮ࠼ࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࡑࡢࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫᐇົ࡟ࡼࡾࠊࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒࡜௚ࡢከᩘࡢ

㼃㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭࡜ࡶ࿧ࡤࢀࡿ つ᱁ࢆ୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋ㻯㻰㻹㻭࡜㼃㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭ࡣ➇ྜ

㏻ಙᶵჾ࣓࣮࣮࢝࡜ࡢ㛫࡟᪂ࡓ࡞⥭ᙇ㛵ಀࡸ᢬ゐ㛵ಀࢆᣍ᮶ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ␗

ᢏ⾡࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᙉຊ࡟ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡉࢀࡿ

࡞ࡿἲᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ッゴࡀᥦ㉳ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡃࢃ࠼ࠊ➇தᙜᒁ࡟ࡼࡿ

㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌ᢏ⾡ࢆ࣮࣋ࢫ࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡣ㛗ᮇㄪᰝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࡍ࡛࡟ୡ⏺ࡢከࡃࡢᅜ࡛╔ᡭࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡢッゴ㛫ࠊ㼃㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌つ᱁ࡢୗ࡛㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࡢ౑⏝࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆ

ࡸㄪᰝࡣࠊ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡢࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ᮲㡯ࡸ᮲௳ࡀࠊ㼃㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌つᣄ⤯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㝕Ⴀࡢ཮᪉ࡀጇ༠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ゎỴ᱁ࡢ㈝⏝࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ 㻯㻰㻹㻭つ᱁ࡢ౑⏝࡟᭷฼࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ

ࢆࡳࡓࠋᚲ㡲ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᶒ฼⪅ࡍ࡭࡚ࡀྜព࡟㐩ࡋࡓ᫬Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡉࡽ

」ᩘࡢ≉ᐃࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝࡟ᑐࡋ࡚௚♫࡟ẚࡋ࡚᭷฼࡞᮲௳࡛ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࡑࡢ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

࡞ࡿ⥭ᙇࡸᦶ᧿ࡀࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࢆྵࢇࡔᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢ㐺⏝ࡢᚋ࡟෌⇞ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟࠾࠸࡚㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࡀᶓ⾜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᙜヱᢏ⾡ศ㔝࡟ࡋ࠺ࡿࠋᚲ㡲ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᡓ␎ⓗ࡞ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫάືཬࡧࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ᮲㡯࠾࠸࡚ඛ⾜ࡍࡿ஦ᴗ⪅㛫ࡢ⥭ᙇ㛵ಀࢆᣍ᮶ࡍࡿࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼ

ࡣࠊᶆ‽ࡢ㐺⏝ࡸᕷሙ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࠊ≉ᐃࡢᢏ⾡ศ㔝࡟㛵ࡍࡿᑗ᮶ࡾࠊඛ㐍ᅜ࡜୰ᅜࠊ㡑ᅜࠊྎ‴ࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪂⯆ᅜ࡜ࡢᅜ㝿㈠᫆࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡢᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍Ṍ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ከ኱࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢ

ࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞㢮ᆺࡢ⥭ᙇ㛵ಀࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅜෆᶆ‽࡟ࡼࡾᅜ㝿㈠᫆࡟ᑐࡍࡿ

ሙྜ࡟ࠊ㛵㐃ࡢᶆ‽ࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡓᚋ࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓࡑࡢ✀ࡢ⾜ືࡢ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ

㠀㛵⛯㞀ቨࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㈠᫆ࡢᢏ⾡ⓗ㞀ቨ࡟㛵ࡍ஧ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡀ▱ࡽࢀࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡿ༠ᐃ ௨ୗࠊ
ࠕ㼀㻮㼀㻌༠ᐃࠖ࡜࠸࠺ ࡣࠊୡ⏺㈠᫆ᶵ㛵 㼃㼀㻻 ຍ┕ᅜ࡟ᑐ᭱ึࡢ౛ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ୺せ࡞㏻ಙᶵჾ࣓࣮࣮࡛࢝࠶ࡿࣔࢺ࣮ࣟࣛ࡟ࡼࡿࠊ➨  ୡ௦⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢࡓࡵࡢ 㻳㻿㻹 ᶆ‽ࡢୗ࡛ࡢᡓ␎ⓗࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡢ஦౛


ࠕ㻲㻾㻭㻺㻰ࠖࡢㄒࡣ୺࡜ࡋ࡚Ḣᕞ࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠕ㻾㻭㻺㻰㻌 ྜ⌮࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣔࢺ࣮ࣟࣛࡣࠊ㻳㻿㻹 ᶆ‽ࡢୗ࡛ᚲ㡲≉チࡢ᭱ࡶ኱ࡁ࡞๭ྜࢆᨭ㓄ⓗ࠿ࡘ㠀ᕪู㸧ࠖࡢㄒࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᚲ㡲≉チࡢᡓ␎ⓗࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ࡟ࡼࡾࠊࣔࢺ࣮ࣟࣛࡣ㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡾࠊ㻳㻿㻹㻌ᕷሙࡢᵓᡂཬࡧಶࠎࡢ௻ᴗࡢᕷሙᨭ㓄⋡࡟ᑐࡋ࡚┦ᙜࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ୚

$891 Million, available at http://www.lawyersandsettlements.com/settlements/13403/

࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋᖺ௦ࡢ᪩ᮇ࡟ࣔࢺ࣮ࣟࣛ࡜ࡢࢡࣟࢫ㺃ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ࡟ᡂຌࡋ

See, e.g., LawyersandSettlements.com, Qualcomm Settles Patents and Royalties Suit forqualcomm-patent-litigation-lawsuit-qaulcomm-royaly.html ྠ࣮࣌ࢪࡣࠊࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒࡜
Broadcom Corp. ࡜ࡢ࿴ゎ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ศᯒࢆࡃࢃ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ .

ࡓ௻ᴗࡣࠊᡓ␎ⓗࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡢⓏሙ࠿ࡽ 㻳㻿㻹㻌ᕷሙࢆᨭ㓄ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ཯ᑐ



࡟ࠊ௚ࡢ㏻ಙᶵჾ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࠊ≉࡟࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡢ 㻳㻿㻹㻌ᕷሙ࡬ࡢཧධ

$208 million, http://www2.timesdispatch.com/rtd/business/technology/article/south_korean_ࡣࠊࣔࢺ࣮ࣟࣛ࡟ࡼࡿᚲ㡲≉チ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡢጇ⤖ࡀᘏᮇࡉࢀࡓࡓ

regulator_fines_qualcomm_record_208_million/281696/ (last visited Nov. 14, 2009); Jap-



anese Fair Trade Commission, Cease and Desist Order against Qualcomm IncorporatedSee id.๓ᥖὀ  ࡢ Bekkers et al. ࢆཧ↷ࠋ

See, e.g., Richmond Times-Dispatch, South Korean Regulator Fines Qualcomm Record௬ヂ , http://www.jftc.go.jp/e-page/pressreleases/2009/September/090930.pdf.
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Estab- ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࡋࠊᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࢆᅜෆࡢᢏ⾡つไࡸᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢᇶ♏࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⩏ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ᚲ㡲≉チ 㻴㼍㼦㼡㼏㼔㼍 

ᒎ㏵ୖᅜ࡟⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿࠋ

ົ࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡀࠊᢏ⾡ࢆ↓ൾ࡛ࡣᥦ౪ࡋ࡞࠸஦ᴗ⪅ࡀᨭ㓄ࡍࡿࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧≧ࢆᡴ◚ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ୰ᅜࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡼࡾࡶᅜ㝿ᶆ‽࡟࠾࠸㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࢆྵࡴሙྜ࡟ၥ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ㧗ᗘ࡞ᢏ⾡࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࡚㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆ₇ࡎ࡭ࡃࠊᣮᡓⓗ࡞ィ⏬ࢆ᥎㐍ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢィ⏬ࡣࠊᑗ᮶ࠊ

ከࡃࡢᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡀࠊ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ඛ㐍ᅜࡢ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡟

⌧ᅾࡼࡾࡶከࡃࡢᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡀ୰ᅜ⏤᮶ࡢᢏ⾡ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠㢖Ⓨࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅜ㝿ᶆ‽࡟㐺ྜࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲ㡲ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈ᣦࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊ」ᩘࡢ୰ᅜ௻ᴗࡀᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋᨵၿ⏘ᶒࢆࢡࣜ࢔ࡍࡿ⩏ົࡣࠊከࡃࡢ᪂⯆⤒῭ᆅᇦ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㐣኱࡞㈇ᢸ࡜࡞ࡗ

ࡍ࡭ࡃάືࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡣࠊୡ⏺୰࡟㍺ฟࡉࢀࠊ୰ᅜ௻ᴗ

࡚࠸ࡿࠋ༢⊂ࡶࡋࡃࡣ௚ࡢእᅜࡢ௻ᴗ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡿ୰ᅜࡢᢏ⾡ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣࡣඛ㐍ᅜ࡜Ⓨᒎ㏵ୖᅜ࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢ㈠᫆㞀ቨࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᙧែࡢ

ࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞㧗ᗘ࡞ᢏ⾡࡟㛵ࡋ

Ⓩሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶホ౯ࡋ࠺ࡿࠋከࡃࡢሙྜࠊᅜ㝿ᶆ‽࡟࠾࠸࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ⾜࡚ࡁࢃࡵ࡚ከᩘࡢ୰ᅜࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡀ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⌧ᅾࡶቑṪࡢ㐣⛬࡟౑ࡍࢀࡤࠊᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࡢ౑⏝࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣛ࢖

࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊ㧗⢭⣽ගࢹ࢕ࢫࢡࡸື⏬ᅽ⦰ᢏ⾡࠿ࡽ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡸ

ࢭࣥࢫᩱ࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛᪂⯆⤒῭ᆅᇦ࠿ࡽඛ㐍ᅜ࡬࠿࡞ࡾࡢ㢠ࡢ฼┈ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫᩱࡢᨭᡶ⩏ົࡣࠊ୺࡜ࡋ࡚᪂⯆ᅜࡢ᪂つ஦ᴗ⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿཧධ㞀ቨࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ⌧ᅾᕷሙ࡟ཧ




See, e.g, Richard P. Suttmeier and Xiangkui Yao, China’s Post-WTO Technology Poli-cy: Standards, Software, and the Changing Nature of Techno-Nationalism, NBR SPECIALධࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ஦ᴗ⪅ࡣᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ᚲ㡲≉チࡢᅽಽⓗ࡞ࢩ࢙࢔ࢆ༨ࡵREPORT (2004); Richard P. Suttmeier, A New Technonationalism? China and the Develop-ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ஦ᴗ⪅ࡣࡁࢃࡵ࡚ᐜ᫆࡟࠿ࡘపᗮ

ment of Technical Standards, 48(4) COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM 35 (2005), available at࡞౯᱁࡛ࢡࣟࢫࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫዎ⣙ࢆ⥾⤖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ௚ࡢ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡀ

http://china-us.uoregon.edu/pdf/newTechnNatChina.pdf; Richard P. Suttmeier, Xiangkuiᨭ㓄ࡍࡿᚲ㡲≉チ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚᪉࡛ࠊᚲ㡲Yao and Alex Zixiang Tan, Standards of Power? Technology, Institutions, and Politics in≉チࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸஦ᴗ⪅ࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟㐺ྜࡍࡿ〇ရࡢ〇㐀ࡢ

the Development of China’s National Standards Strategy, NBR SPECIAL REPORT (2006);

ࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᚓࡽࢀࡿ฼┈ࡢ࠿࡞ࡾࡢ๭ྜࢆᨭᡶࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀ

available at http://www.inmetro.gov.br/qualidade/comites/CBN_paises/china.pdf; Scottࡗ࡚ࠊᅜ㝿ᶆ‽࡟㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࢆໟྵࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊྠ᫬࡟ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ
ᶆ‽࡟⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡓ▱㆑࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㞀ቨ࡜࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊⓎ

Kennedy, Richard P. Suttmeier and Jun Su, Standards, Stakeholders, and Innovation: China’s Evolving Role in the Global Knowledge Economy, NBR SPECIAL REPORT No. 15(2008); available at http://china-us.uoregon.edu/pdf/StandardsStakeholders.pdf; Cong Cao,

Denis Fred Simon and Richard P. Suttmeier, China’s Innovation Challenge, 11 INNOVA-

lishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, Agreements on Trade in Goods [hereinaf-

TION: MANAGEMENT, POLICY & PRACTICE 253 (2009), available at http://china-us.uoregon.

ter TBT Agreement].

edu/pdf/chinasInnovationchallenges.pdf.

TBT Agreement, supra note 12, art. 2.4. Pursuant to TBT Agreement, supra note 12,

annex 1(1),ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢ㑂Ᏺࡣ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ


See Suttmeier, Yao and Tan, supra note 16, at 29 ୰ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ

࢕ࣈࢆ♧ࡍᅗ㠃ࢆཧ↷ ; Indrajit Basu, China and the Art of (Standards) War, ASIA TIMESTBT Agreement, supra note 12, annex 3(F). Pursuant to TBT Agreement, supra note 12,

ONLINE, Apr. 13, 2006, available at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/annex 1(2),ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢ㑂Ᏺࡣ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

HD13Cb05.html.

See, e.g., Yalei Sun, A Comparative Study of the Chinese Patent Law Practice, Part II:

Patent Litigation and Case Studies, 7(1) PERSPECTIVES 5, 14 (2006), available atSee, e.g., Leo Lewis, China Blue High-Definition Disc (CBHD) Launches as Challenge to

Blu-Ray, The Times Jul. 30, 2009 (the CBHD (China Blue High-Definition Disc) standard),

http://www.oycf.org/oycfold/httpdocs/Perspectives2/32_03272006/Sun2-.pdf ᖺ࡟ࡣࠊ

available at http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/markets/china/article6732410.ece.

୰ᅜࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡣࡢእᅜ௻ᴗ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ㻰㼂㻰 ࣉࣞ࢖୍࣮ࣖྎᙜࡓࡾ⡿ࢻࣝࡢࣛ࢖

ࢭࣥࢫᩱࡢᨭᡶ࠸࡟ྠពࡋࡓ .

⤒⦋ࢆᴫほࡍࡿ ; Wen Gao, Why China Wants Its Own Digital Video Standard, IEEESee, e.g., Suttmeier, Yao and Tan, supra note 16, at 19-24 ୰ᅜࡢ 㻭㼂㻿 つ᱁ࡢ㛤Ⓨࡢ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ᚲ㡲≉チ 㻴㼍㼦㼡㼏㼔㼍 

௚ࡢ㏻ಙᢏ⾡࡟ࡲ࡛ཬࡪࠋ

⛣㌿ࡍࡿ࠾ࡑࢀࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋ୰ᅜᙜᒁ࡟ࡼࡿ 㼃㻭㻼㻵㻌つ᱁ࡢᙉไ࡟

୰ᅜࡀᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣈࢆᇳࡿ୺ࡓࡿ┠ⓗࡀࠊከࡼࡾࠊࡇࡢศ㔝ࡢ㔜せ࡞⡿ᅜࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝ᩘ♫ࡀᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࡓ

ࡃࡢᶆ‽໬ᶵ㛵ࡸ⚾ⓗ࡞ࢥࣥࢯ࣮ࢩ࢔࣒࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡓከࡃࡢᢏ⾡ࡵࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ㧗ᐁࡣࠊᖺࡢ⡿୰㛫ࡢ㈠᫆༠㆟ࡢ㆟㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୰ᅜ࡜ 㼃㻭㻼㻵㻌ᶆ‽ࡢࡓࡵࡢᚲ㡲≉チࡢᕧ኱࡞࣏࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣜ࢜ࢆᨭ㓄ࡍࡿ⡿ᅜࠊḢᕞཬࡧつ᱁ࡢᙉไⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁࡟ᑐࡍࡿ཯ᑐㄽࢆ㆟ㄽࡋࡓࠋ㧗ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ㈠᫆༠㆟ࡀ᪥ᮏࡢ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ࣊ࢤࣔࢽ࣮࡟ᑐࡍࡿᣮᡓ࡟࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ୰ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≧ἣ

Ⅽࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ୧ᅜ㛫ࡢ 㼃㻭㻼㻵㻌つ᱁࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㈠᫆ၥ㢟ࡀ῝้࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ

ࡣࡑࡢྲྀᘬ┦ᡭ࡟ὀព῝ࡃࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୰ᅜࡀᒎ㛤ࡍࡿᅜෆᶆ‽࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᖺᮎ࡟ࠊ୰ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚≉チᢏ⾡ࡢᅜෆᶆ‽࡬ࡢᑟධ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞

ࡢ࠺ࡕࡢᗄࡘ࠿ࡢࡶࡢࡣࠊࡍ࡛࡟⡿୰㛫ࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ẁ㝵ࡢ㈠᫆஺΅࡟࠾࠸࡚㈠᫆⣮தࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋⓎᒎࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᩘ࢝ᅜࡢ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡢὀ┠ࢆ㞟ࡵࡓࠋ୰ᅜࡢᅜᐙᶆ‽໬⟶⌮ⴭྡ࡞ࢣ࣮ࢫࡢ୍ࡘ࡟ࠊ୰ᅜࡀࠊ↓⥺ 㻸㻭㻺 ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᙉไຊࡢ࠶ࡿᅜෆጤဨ఍ 㻿㻭㻯 ࡣࠊ≉チᢏ⾡ࢆྵࡴᅜෆᶆ‽ࡢไᐃ࡜ᨵṇࡢ⟶⌮࡟㛵ࡍࡿᶆ‽࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୰ᅜ௻ᴗࡀ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓ 㼃㻭㻼㻵㻌つ᱁ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ኌ᫂ࢆฟࡋつ๎ⲡ᱌ ௨ୗࠊࠕつ๎ⲡ᱌ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ ࢆⓎ⾜ࡋࡓࠋつ๎ⲡ᱌ࡢ  ᮲ࡣࠊࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⣮தࡣࠊ஧ࡘࡢ୺せ࡞ၥ㢟ࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚⏕㉳ࡉ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀᕷሙࡢ㏻ᖖ౯᱁࡟ẚࡋ࡚᫂☜࡟పᗮ࡞Ỉ‽ࡢࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫᩱࢆ

ࢀࡓࠋ➨୍ࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊ➇ྜࡍࡿつ᱁ࡀࡑࡢᙜ᫬ࠊ⡿ᅜࡸࡑࡢ௚ࡢඛ㐍ᅜࡢᚩ཰ࡍࡿ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ᢏ⾡࡛࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊᅜෆᶆ‽࡬ࡢ≉チᢏ⾡ࡢᑟධࢆ⚗ࡌඛ⾜ࡍࡿ㏻ಙᶵჾ࣓࣮࣮࢝࡟ࡼࡿ 㼃㼕㻙㻲㼕㻌࢔ࣛ࢖࢔ࣥࢫ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㛤Ⓨࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࠊ࠸ࡲࡦ࡜ࡘࡣࠊ୰ᅜ࡛㈍኎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ

ࡇࢀࡲ࡛㏙࡭࡚ࡁࡓࠊᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢୗ࡛ࡢᚲ㡲ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ℃⏝࡟㛵ࡍ↓⥺ᶵჾࡀ 㼃㻭㻼㻵㻌つ᱁࡟‽ᣐࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊつ᱁ࡢヲࡿ஦౛ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࠊᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡬ࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࡢᑟධࡀᶓ⾜ࡍࡿࡇ⣽࡞௙ᵝ᭩ࡀ୰ᅜࡢࡢ௻ᴗ࡟ࡢࡳ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ༢୍ᅜෆࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ」ᩘࡢᅜ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅㛫࡟ከᒙⓗ㼃㻭㻼㻵㻌つ᱁࡬ࡢ཯ᑐὴࡣࠊ㼃㻭㻼㻵㻌つ᱁ࡢ௙ᵝ᭩ࡀ㝈ᐃⓗ࡟㛤♧ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡟

࡞⥭ᙇ㛵ಀࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⥭ᙇ㛵ࡼࡾࠊእᅜ௻ᴗࡢ౯್࠶ࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡓ୰ᅜ௻ᴗᩘ♫࡬୙㐺ษ࡟ಀࢆゎᾘࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊୡ⏺ⓗ࡞ࣞ࣋ࣝ࡜ྠᵝࠊᅜෆ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᆅᇦࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ
࡛ࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟࠾ࡅࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ฼⏝࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡀࠊ◊✲⪅ࠊᶆ‽



SPECTRUM June 2007, available at http://spectrum.ieee.org/consumer-electronics/standards/why-china-wants-its-own-digital-video-standard.

rights policies in standards development organizations and the impact on trade issue with

See, e.g., Suttmeier, Yao and Tan, supra note 16, at 17-19 㼀㻰㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭 つ᱁ࡢ㛤Ⓨࡢ⤒See, e.g., Gao, supra note 23, at 119 ANSI ⡿ᅜつ᱁༠఍ ࡢ“Intellectual property

the People’s Republic of China” ࢆཧ↷ .

⦋ࢆᴫほࡍࡿ .

See id.See Suttmeier, Yao and Tan, supra note 16.

Available at http://www.sac.gov.cn/upload/091104/0911040916193480.PDF ୰ᅜㄒ .

See, e.g., Baisheng, supra note 5, at 177-82.



See, e.g., George T. Willingmyre, Take Two: China’s Proposed Regulations for Patent-See, e.g., Suttmeier, Yao and Tan, supra note 16, at 4-6; Ping Gao, Elements Influencing

Involving National Standards, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY WATCH Dec. 21, 2009, available

Standardization In Developing Countries: A Case of Wireless Security Standard Disputes,

at http://www.ip-watch.org/weblog/2009/12/21/take-two-china%E2%80%99s-proposed-

SIIT2005 PROCEEDINGS, at 115 (2005), available at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/

regulations-for-patent-involving-national-standards/.

stamp.jsp?arnumber=01563800; Scott Kennedy, The Political Economy of Standards Coali-See, e.g., Dell Computer, 121 F.T.C. 616; Rambus v. FTC, 522 F.3d 456.

tions: Explaining China’s Involvement in High-Tech Standards Wars, ASIA POLICY, No. 2, atSee, e.g., Carl Shapiro, Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and41, 48-56 (2006); Indrajit Basu, Looming Standards War in China, ASIA TIMES ONLINE, Oct

Standard Setting, in INNOVATION POLICY AND THE ECONOMY VOL. 1, 119 (Adam B. Jaffe,25, 2006, available at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/HJ25Cb03.html.

Josh Lerner and Scott Stern eds., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000); Joseph Farrell, John ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ᚲ㡲≉チ 㻴㼍㼦㼡㼏㼔㼍 ໬ᶵ㛵ࠊᅜෆࡢ➇தᙜᒁࠊᅜ㝿⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡿୡ⏺▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒᶵ㛵 㼃㻵㻼㻻 ࠊᅜ㝿㐃ྜ㈠᫆㛤Ⓨ఍㆟ 㼁㻺㻯㼀㻭㻰ࠊ㼃㼀㻻 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅜ㝿⤌⧊࡟ࡼࡾⅭࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ

ࡑࡢ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀᮏ✏ࡢ❧ሙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡢศᯒࡣࠊ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢୡ௦ࡢᶆ‽࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࡢᑟධࡢ⤒㦂࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࠋ

ᮏ✏ࡣࠊከࡃࡢᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡀከᩘࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࢆໟྵࡍࡿ᫬௦

➨୍❶࡛ࡣࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ⏘ᴗࠊᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ᅜ㝿ྲྀᘬ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆᴫほࡍ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㼀㻮㼀㻌༠ᐃୗ࡛ᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࢆᅜෆᶆ‽࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡿࠋ➨஧❶࡛ࡣࠊ㟁Ẽ㏻ಙࡢᶆ‽࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࡢ᥇⏝ࡢ⤒⦋ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡿၥ㢟࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡋࠊᮏ✏ࡣඛ㐍ᅜ࡜᪂⯆ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ➨୕❶࡛ࡣࠊ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢಶูࡢୡ௦ࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈈⤒῭ᆅᇦ࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢ⥭ᙇ㛵ಀࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ㼀㻮㼀㻌༠ᐃࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟ࡼ⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࡢᑟධࡢ⤒㦂ࢆ⢭ᰝࡍࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡣࠊᡓ␎ⓗ࡞ᶆ‽⟇ᐃࡸ≉ࡾᅜෆᕷሙࡸᅜ㝿ྲྀᘬ࡟⏕ࡌࡿṍࡳࢆ᫝ṇࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋ㼀㻮㼀㻌༠ᐃࡣࠊチྲྀᚓ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࠊྛᅜᨻᗓ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣẸ㛫ࡢഃ࠿ࡽࡢᶵ఍୺⩏ⓗ⾜ືࢆᣦ᦬㏱᫂࠿ࡘ࣮࢜ࣉ࡛ࣥබᖹ࡞᪉ἲ࡛ࠊᅜෆࠊᆅᇦཬࡧᅜ㝿࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢྜពࡢ

ࡋࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⾜ືࡀᅜෆᕷሙ࡜ᅜ㝿ྲྀᘬ࡬୚࠼ࡿᾘᴟⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ᭱ᑠ໬ࡍ

ୗ࡟᥇ᢥࡉࢀࠊ␗࡞ࡿᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ྠኈࡀ➇தࡍࡿ⎔ቃࢆ๰ฟࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡢࡳࠊ

ࡿᡭἲࢆ♧ࡍࠋ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢྛୡ௦ࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽⟇ᐃࡢ⤒㦂࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ➨ᅄ
Hayes, Carl Shapiro and Theresa Sullivan, Standard Setting, Patents, and Hold-Up, 74
Antitrust L.J. 603 (2007); STANDARDS AND PUBLIC POLICY (Shane Greenstein and Victor
Stango eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

❶࡛ࡣࠊ㼀㻮㼀㻌༠ᐃࡢ୺ࡓࡿ┠ⓗࡀࠊ༢୍ࡢ඲ୡ⏺ⓗ࡞ᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡢ౑⏝࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ」ᩘࡢᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡀ㏱᫂࠿ࡘ࣮࢜ࣉ࡛ࣥබᖹ࡞᪉ἲ࡛ࠊᅜෆࠊᆅᇦཬ
ࡧᅜ㝿࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢྜពࡢୗ࡛㐺⏝ྍ⬟࡞⎔ቃࡢ๰ฟ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍ
ࡿࠋ⤖ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ␗࡞ࡿᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞ゎỴ⟇ࡢ㛫ࡢ➇தࡀࠊᑗ᮶ࡢᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎSee, e.g., ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector, TSB Director’s Ad Hoc Group࡟ᚲせ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚฼┈࡜࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ

on IPR, http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/othergroups/ipr-adhoc/, ETSI, Standards, IPRs and Com-ࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚⥾ࡵࡃࡃࡿࠋ



petition, EU-China Symposium, Oct. 31, 2007, available at http://www.etsi.org/WebSite/
NewsandEvents/IPRSymposium/IPRSymposiumHome.aspx.


See, e.g., U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission, Antitrust En-䠍䠊㻌 ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ⏘ᴗࠊᶆ‽ࠊᅜ㝿ྲྀᘬ㻌

forcement and Intellectual Property Rights: Promoting Innovation and Competition (Apr.
2007), available at http://www.ftc.gov/reports/innovation/P040101PromotingInnovationandᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡣయ⣔໬ࡉࢀࡓ▱㆑ࡢⓎಙ※࡛࠶ࡾࠊ▱㆑ࡢࢫࣆ࣮ࣝ࢜ࣂ࣮࡟

Competitionrpt0704.pdf; Federal Trade Commission, Federal Trade Commission, Depart-ࡼࡾ᪂ࡓ࡞ᢏ⾡ࡢ㎿㏿࠿ࡘຠ⋡ⓗ࡞ᬑཬࢆಖ㞀ࡍࡿࠋᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡣࠊ᭱ప

ment of Justice, and U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to Hold Workshop on Promoting㝈ࡢရ㉁ࡸᏳ඲ᛶࡢせồỈ‽ࡢタᐃ࠿ࡽࠊ┦஫஫᥮ᛶ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ

Innovation, available at http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2010/05/ipworkshop.shtm.

࢙࢖ࢫࡢᶆ‽ࡢ⟇ᐃ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࠊከᵝ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࠺ࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡣከࡃ

WIPO, Standing Committee on the Law of Patents, Standards and Patents, SCP/13/2

ࡢ㏻ಙࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶

(Feb. 18, 2009).ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡑࡢศᯒࡣ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀᥦ౪ࡍࡿ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ



UNCTAD-ICTSD, Addressing the Interface between Patents and Technical Standards inInternational Trade Discussions, POLICY BRIEF NO. 3, Feb. 2009, available at http://www.



unctad.org/en/docs/iprs_pb20093_en.pdf.



and Technical Regulations Directorate Department of Trade and Industry, at 15-19 (2000),

See, e.g., WTO, World Trade Report 2005: Exploring the Links between Trade, Stand-See G.M. Peter Swann, The Economics of Standardization: Final Report for Standards

ards and the WTO (2005), available at http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/

available at http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file11312.pdf.

anrep_e/world_trade_report05_e.pdf; WTO, Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade,

Summary Report of the TBT Workshop on the Role of International Standards in Economic

Macroeconomic Growth: A Panel Approach Covering Four Countries and 12 Sectors, 29 J.

Development, 16-17 March 2009, G/TBT/W/310 (May 20, 2009).

PROD. ANAL. 51, 52 (2008). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

See, e.g., Knut Blind and Andre Jungmittag, The Impact of Patents and Standards on▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ᚲ㡲≉チ 㻴㼍㼦㼡㼏㼔㼍 ⾡ࡢ」ྜయ࡛ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ㏻ಙࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ෇⁥࡞㐠⏝ࢆᢸಖࡍࡿ┦஫౯᱁ཬࡧ௜ຍⓗ࡞ᶵ⬟ࡸ≉ᛶ࡟ࡼࡾ➇தࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ᭱⤊〇ရ஫᥮ᛶ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙࢖ࢫᶆ‽ࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

ࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡣࠊ┦஫࡟௦᭰ྍ⬟࡞ಶࠎࡢ㒊ရ㛫ࡢ㧗ᗘ࡞➇த࠿ࡽ฼┈ࢆாཷࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ

䠍䠊䠍 ᶆ‽࡜᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡௚᪉࡛ࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ஫᥮ᛶ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ␗࡞ࡿ⿦⨨㛫ࡢ┦஫஫᥮ࡀ

᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡣࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡຠᯝ࡟㠀ᖖ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᝟ሗ

ᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࠋ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢሙྜࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾᦠᖏ㟁ヰᶵࡀࠊ௚ࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝࡟

㏻ಙࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀᗈ⠊࡛࠶ࢀࡤ࠶ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡຠᯝࡣᙉຊ࡞ࡶ

ࡼࡗ࡚タィ㺃〇㐀ࡉࢀࡓᇶᆅᒁࡸ஺᥮ᶵ࡜෇⁥࡟㏻ಙྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀಖ

ࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢつᶍࡣࠊ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢ฼⏝⪅ഃࡢᕷሙࡤ࠿ࡾ࠿ࠊ

ドࡉࢀࡿࠋࡃࢃ࠼࡚ࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ஫᥮ᛶ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࣓࢖ࣥࡢࢩࢫࢸ

౪⤥⪅ഃ࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋ≉ᐃࡢ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢ฼⏝⪅ࡀቑຍࡍࢀࡤࡍࡿ࡯

࣒࡟࠾࠸࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ௜ຍⓗ࡞ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡸ〇ရࡢ㛤Ⓨࡸᕷሙᒎ㛤ࡀྍ⬟࡝ࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢ฼⏝⪅࡜ࡢ㏻ಙࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡑࢀࡔࡅ฼⏝⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ௬࡟ࠊ㟁Ꮚ᭩⡠ࡸ㡢ᴦࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣື⏬ࡢࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࢵࢺࡀタᐃࡉࢀࠊ࡚ࡢᙜヱᢏ⾡ࡢ౯್ࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡃࢃ࠼࡚ࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢつᶍࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾಶࠎࡢᦠᖏ㟁ヰᶵࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡉࢀࢀࡤࠊᦠᖏ㟁ヰᶵ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞฼⏝⪅ࡀᙜヱࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ᪂つ฼⏝࡬࡜ㄏᘬࡉࢀࡿࠋ௚

࡟ࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࣟࢻࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢከᵝ࡞ፗᴦࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ௜ຍⓗ࡞ࢧ᪉࡛ࠊ༑ศ࡞つᶍࡢ㟂せࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ≉ᐃࡢ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚ᕷሙ࡬࣮ࣅࢫࡀⓎᒎྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ௜ຍⓗ࡞ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡟ࡼࡾࠊಶࠎࡢ฼⏝ཧධࡍࡿ௚ࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᚲせ࡞࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞

⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᦠᖏ㟁ヰᶵࡢ౯್ࡣ኱ᖜ࡟ቑ

ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ౯᱁ࠊရ㉁ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௜ຍⓗ࡞ᶵ⬟ࠊᙧែཬࡧࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ

኱ࡋ࠺ࡿࠋ

࡟㛵ࡍࡿಶูࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝㛫ࡢ➇தࡣࠊࡼࡾ㧗ᗘ࠿ࡘࢩࣅ࢔࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ

ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡣ」ᩘࡢ᪉ἲ࡛タᐃྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡣ஦ᐇୖࠊἲᚊୖࠊ

ࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟㏙࡭ࡓ┤᥋ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡຠᯝ࡟ࡃࢃ࠼ࠊࡉࡽ࡞ࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣡

࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࡢ௚ࡢ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞᪉ἲ࡛᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊ஦ᐇୖࡢᶆ‽ࡣ࣮ࢡຠᯝࡀ⏕ࡌ࠺ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡀᦠᖏ㟁ヰ࡟ࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࣟࢻࡍࡿࡓࡵ

ಶࠎࡢ஦ᴗ⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᥇⏝ࡉࢀࠊᙜヱ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᗈࡃㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࣞ࣋ࣝ

ࡢ㟁Ꮚ᭩⡠ࠊ㡢ᴦ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣື⏬࡜࠸ࡗࡓࠊ୺ࡓࡿ㏻ಙᶵჾ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⿵᏶ⓗ࡟⮳ࡗࡓᶆ‽࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ஦ᴗ⪅ࡀ௚ࡢ➇த஦ᴗ⪅࡟ඛࢇࡌ࡚᪂ᢏ⾡ࢆ௨

࡞㈈ࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᥦ౪ࢆཷࡅࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜࠊᦠᖏ㟁ヰࡢ฼⏝⪅࡚ᕷሙ࡟ཧධࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊᙜヱ஦ᴗ⪅ࡣᕷሙࡢ┦ᙜࡢ㒊ศࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࠊ࠶ࡣࠊᦠᖏ㟁ヰࡢ฼⏝࡟ࡼࡾࡉࡽ࡞ࡿ౽┈ࢆாཷࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ⿵᏶ⓗ࡞ࡿ࠸ࡣ᏶඲࡟⊂༨ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡍࡽྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᆅ఩㈈ࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᥦ౪࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ௚ࡢ฼⏝⪅ࡣ≉ᐃࡢ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢ⋓ᚓ࡟ㄏࡸࡑࢀ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡຠᯝ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᙜヱᢏ⾡ࡣᙜヱᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ

ᘬࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ㛫᥋ⓗ࡞ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡຠᯝࡀ㟂せഃ࡟ࡶᶆ‽࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ࣐࢖ࢡࣟࢯࣇࢺࡢ࣮࢜࣌ࣞࢸ࢕

౪⤥ഃ࡟ࡶᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

ࣥࢢࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛࠶ࡿ 㻰㼕㼟㼗㻌㻻㼜㼑㼞㼍㼠㼕㼚㼓㻌㻿㼥㼟㼠㼑㼙 㻹㻿㻙㻰㻻㻿 ࡜ࡑࡢᚋࡢ 㼃㼕㼚㼐㼛㼣㼟㻌ᚲせ࡞ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡຠᯝ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣつᶍࡢ⤒῭ࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊಶࠎ
ࡢ⿦⨨ࠊ㒊ရ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢩࢫࢸ࣒㛫ࡢ஫᥮ᛶࡀᚲせ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡣࠊୡ⏺ࡢࣃࢯࢥࣥ⏝ 㻻㻿 ࡢศ㔝࡛ᨭ㓄ⓗᆅ఩ࢆ༨ࡵࡓ⤖ᯝࠊࣃࢯࢥࣥ⏝㻻㻿 ࡢ஦ᐇୖࡢᶆ‽࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡢタᐃ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ୍ᐃ⛬ᗘࡢᚲせ࡞஫᥮ᛶࡀ㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ㒊ရࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡣࠊ

஦ᐇୖࡢᶆ‽ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᖖ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᙜヱศ㔝࡟ࡑࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㒊ရࡢ᭱ప㝈ࡢရ㉁ࡸ୺せ࡞≉ᛶࡀಖドࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ

ᶆ‽ࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᙜヱᶆ‽ࡢᑟධ࡟ᚲ㡲ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ᭷㒊ရ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡣᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟ࡼࡾࠊᙜヱ㒊ရࡢ஫᥮ᛶࢆ☜ಖࡋࡘࡘࠊရ㉁ࠊ

ࡍࡿ௻ᴗ࡟┦ᙜࡢᕷሙᨭ㓄ຊࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㐣ཤ࡟ࡣࠊ᭷ຊ࡞஦





ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡຠᯝ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ᴫほࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊsee, e.g., Joseph Farrell and PaulSee, e.g., Neil Gandal, Shane Greenstein and David Salant, Adoptions and Orphans in

Klemperer, Coordination and Lock-In: Competition with Switching Costs and Networks

the Early Microcomputer Market, 47 J. IND. ECON. 87 (1999).ྠ✏ࡣࠊ㻹㻿㻙㻰㻻㻿 ࡀࣃࢯࢥEffects, in HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION VOL. 3, 1967 (2007).ࣥࡢ࣮࢜࣌ࣞࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ஦ᐇୖࡢᶆ‽࡜࡞ࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ᚲ㡲≉チ 㻴㼍㼦㼡㼏㼔㼍 ᴗ⪅ࡀ⮬♫ࡢᢏ⾡ࢆ஦ᐇୖࡢᶆ‽࡜ࡋ࡚☜❧ࡍ࡭ࡃ஫࠸࡟➇࠸ྜࡗࡓ஦໬ࡣࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋಶูࡢ௻ᴗࡀ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬࡟ཧຍࡍࡿពḧ౛ࡀᑡ࡞࠿ࡽࡎࡳࡽࢀࡿ ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ㻮㼑㼠㼍㼙㼍㼤 ࡜ 㼂㻴㻿 ࠊ㻺㼑㼠㼟㼏㼍㼜㼑 ࡜࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࣇ࢓ࢡࢱ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᶆ‽໬࡟ཧຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿࢥࢫࢺ

㻵㼚㼠㼑㼞㼚㼑㼠㻌㻱㼤㼜㼘㼛㼞㼑㼞ࠊ᭱㏆ࡢ஦౛࡛ࡣ 㻴㻰㻙㻰㼂㻰 ࡜ 㻮㼘㼡㻙㼞㼍㼥 ࡢ஦౛ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

࡜࣋ࢿࣇ࢕ࢵࢺࠊᕷሙᵓ㐀࡜ཎືຊࠊᙜヱ௻ᴗࡢᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᆅ఩࡜࠸ࡗ

஦ᐇୖࡢᶆ‽࡜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊἲᚊୖࡢᶆ‽ࡸࡑࡢ௚ࡢ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞ᶆ‽ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ㝿ࠊ⏘ᴗ⏺ࡸࡑࡢ௚ࡢ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡢ㛫ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆࠊᗈࡃබ

ࡓࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊಶูࡢ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬࡟ཧຍࡍࡿពḧ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᐇ㝿ࡢཧຍࡣࠊ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

⾗࡟㛤♧ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢබࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࡢᶆ‽◊✲㛤Ⓨάື࡟ከࡃࢆ౫Ꮡࡍࡿศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࣏໬ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ㛤ᨺᗘࡣࠊ≉ᐃࡢᶆ‽⟇ᐃࡢᡭ⥆࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠋἲᚊୖࡢᶆ‽࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣜ࢜ࡢつᶍࡣࠊᙜヱ௻ᴗࡀ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬࡟ཧຍࡍࡿពḧࢆ♧ࡍࡣබⓗᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡿᶆ‽ࡢ⩏ົ໬࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛タᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ

Ⰻ࠸࢖ࣥࢪࢣ࣮ࢱ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚲ㡲≉チࡢ࣏࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣜ࢜࡜࠸࠿࡞ࡿ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞ᶆ‽ࡀࡁࢃࡵ୍࡚⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ௒᪥࡛ࡣࡑࢀࡽࡣ୺ὶ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ౛

ᶆ‽໬࡟ࡶཧຍࡍࡿពḧ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡣࠊ㏫㹓Ꮠࡢ㛵ᩘࡢᙧ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

እⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡉࡽ࡟༢ย┤ධ࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡬ࡢཧຍࡢពḧࡣࠊ≉᭱㏆ࡢᖺࡢつไ⦆࿴ࡢືࡁ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᭱㏆ࡢᶆ‽໬࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢺࣞࣥࢻࡣࠊ

ᐃࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟ᚲ㡲ࡢ≉チᢏ⾡ࡢಖ᭷⋡࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ቑ኱ࡍࡿࠋ㉳ⲡࡉࢀࡓᢏ

ἲᚊୖࡢᶆ‽࠿ࡽࠊ⚾ⓗࢥࣥࢯ࣮ࢩ࢔࣒࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣබⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬ᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡗ⾡ᶆ‽࡟ᚲせ࡞㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡࡟㛵ࡍࡿ༑ศ࡞ࢩ࢙࢔ࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸௻ᴗ

࡚᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡑࡢ௚ࡢ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞ᶆ‽࡬⛣ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ✀ࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡣࠊࡣࠊබⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬ᶵ㛵ࡸᗈ⠊࡞⚾ⓗࢥࣥࢯ࣮ࢩ࢔࣒࡟ࡼࡿᶆ‽໬࡟ዲពⓗᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡸࠊ㛵㐃ᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚άືࡍࡿࡑࡢ௚ࡢ฼ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㛤ᨺࡉࢀࡓᶆ‽໬ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛ࡣࠊᙜヱศ㔝ࡢᩘ♫ࡢ࣮ࣜࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ

㛫ࡢᗈ⠊࡞ᥦᦠ࡟࠾࠸࡚᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋཎ๎࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⚾ⓗ࡞ࢥࣥ࢝ࣥࣃࢽ࣮࡟ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࡓ㛢㙐ⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡼࡾࡶࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ༑ศ࡞

ࢯ࣮ࢩ࢔࣒ࡸබⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬ᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡿᶆ‽ࡢ᥇⏝ࡣ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࢩ࢙࢔ࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸௻ᴗࡀ⮬♫ࡢ฼┈ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ

ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᶆ‽ࡣࠊಶࠎࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀᙜヱᶆ‽࡟‽ᣐࡋ࡚〇ရࢆ〇㐀ࡍࡿࡇ஦ᴗ⪅ࡀ≉ᐃࡢศ㔝ࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡࡟㛵ࡋ࡚࠿࡞ࡾࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࢆ⋓࡜ࢆỴᐃࡋࡓሙྜ࡟ࠊᣊ᮰ຊࢆᣢࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ

ᚓࡋࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ≧ἣࡀኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡇࡢ㌿᥮Ⅼ࠿ࡽࠊ௻ᴗࡢ⮬Ⓨⓗ࡞❧ἲࡸᡤ⟶ࡢබⓗᶵ㛵ࡀ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࡑࡢ௚ࡢつไࡀࠊ≉ᐃࡢ〇ရ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᣊ

ᶆ‽໬࡬ࡢཧຍࡢពḧࡣῶ㏥ࡍࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ௻ᴗࡣࠊබⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬ᶵ㛵࡟᮰ຊࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶆ‽ࢆ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ཧ↷ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡼࡿᶆ‽ࡼࡾࡶᑠつᶍ࡞⚾ⓗࢥࣥࢯ࣮ࢩ࢔࣒࡟ࡼࡿᶆ‽໬⟇ᐃ࡟ዲពⓗ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࢫ࣌ࢡࢺ࣒ࣛࡢ᭱ᚋࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡣࠊ⮬♫ࡢᢏ⾡ⓗゎỴ⟇ࢆ⊂ຊ࠿䠍䠊䠎 ᶆ‽࡜㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡බⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬ᶵ㛵ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⚾ⓗࢥࣥࢯ࣮ࢩ࢔࣒࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ⅽࡉࢀࡓᶆ‽


See, e.g., JEFFREY H. ROHLFS, BANDWAGON EFFECTS IN HIGH-TECHNOLOGY INDUS-

TRIES (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001).


See, e.g., JAMES LARDNER, FAST FORWARD: HOLLYWOOD, THE JAPANESE, AND THE VCRWARS (New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 1987); Hiroshi Ohashi, The Role of Net-

ࡘ᏶඲࡟Ⓨᒎࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᙜヱ⏘ᴗࡢ஦ᐇୖࡢᶆ‽࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᡂຌ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ௻ᴗࡀࠊ
⮬Ⓨⓗ࡟ᶆ‽໬ᶵ㛵ࡸ⚾ⓗࢥࣥࢯ࣮ࢩ࢔࣒࡟ࡼࡿ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬άື࡟ཧ⏬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠸ࠋ
䠍䠊䠏 ᶆ‽࡜ᅜ㝿ྲྀᘬᅜෆࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟ࡼࡾࠊእᅜ௻ᴗࡢ〇ရࢆ㍺ධࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ㈠᫆㞀ቨࡀᙉ໬

work Effects in the US VCR Market, 1978-1986, 12 J. ECON. & MANAG. STRAT. 447 (2004).

See, e.g., Timothy F. Bresnahan and Pai-Ling Yin, Standard-setting in Markets: The

Browser War, in STANDARDS AND PUBLIC POLICY 18 (Shane Greenstein and Victor Stangoeds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

tion Strategies: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications, 33 RES. POL’Y 1583 (2004). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

See Knut Blind and Nikolaus Thumm, Interrelation between Patenting and Standardisa-▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ᚲ㡲≉チ 㻴㼍㼦㼡㼏㼔㼍 ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋᅜෆ࡛⩏ົ໬ࡉࢀࡓᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟㐺ྜࡋ࡞࠸㍺ධ〇࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊᅜෆࡢᢏ⾡ရࡣࠊᙜヱ〇ရࡀᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௚ࡢ〇ရࡼࡾࡶᢏ⾡ⓗ࡟ඃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡛

ᶆ‽ࡢࡳࡀࠊᅜෆࡢ≉チࡢ⵳✚࡜┦ࡲࡗ࡚⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟㈉⊩ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺

࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊᙜヱᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ↓౯್࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ≉࡟ᦠᖏ㟁ヰᶵศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ௚᪉࡛ࠊᆅᇦⓗࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ᶆ‽ࡣᅜෆࡢ࡜⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢሙྜ࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࠋ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡞࠸ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᅜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ඲ࡃᙳ

࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀእᅜᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚⮬♫〇ရࢆᢞධࡋࡸࡍࡃࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ㛵⛯࡟ࡼࡿ㞀ቨ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㠀㛵⛯㞀ቨࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᅜෆࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜࠸࠺ᙧ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡍࡽࡋ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞஦ែࡢ࠶ࡾ࠺࡭ࡁㄝ᫂࡜
ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡢ㈠᫆㞀ቨࡶࡲࡓྲྀࡾ㝖࠿ࢀࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡼࡾ኱つᶍᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡣయ⣔໬ࡉࢀࡓ▱㆑ࡢࢯ࣮ࢫ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊᅜෆࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡣ≉࡞ᅜ㝿ᕷሙࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿつᶍࡢ⤒῭࠿ࡽಶࠎࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀ

ᐃࡢᅜࡢᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞▱㆑ࡢ≉ᚩࢆయ⣔໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࡑࡢࡼ

฼┈ࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊಶࠎࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡣࡼࡾཝࡋ࠸➇த࠺࡞య⣔໬ࡉࢀࡓ▱㆑ࡣࠊእᅜࡢ௻ᴗࡼࡾࡶᅜෆࡢ௻ᴗ࡟㐺ྜⓗ࡛฼⏝ࡋ࡟ࡉࡽࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀ⮬♫〇ရࢆྜ⌮໬ࡋࡓࡾࠊ㝈ࡽࢀࡓࡸࡍ࠸ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ㠃࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡣ≉ᐃࡢᆅ⌮ⓗ㈨※ࢆࡼࡾຠ⋡ⓗ࡟㐠⏝ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊࡦ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡀရ㉁ࠊ

㡿ᇦࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛ᶆ‽࡟ไᐃࡉࢀࡓᢏ⾡ⓗ▱㆑ࡢᬑཬ࡟࠿࡞ࡾࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸

ᶵ⬟ࠊ౯᱁࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㈈ࡢ㧗ᗘ࡞ከᵝᛶ࠿ࡽ฼┈ࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿ⎔ቃࡀసฟࡉࢀ

ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚᪉࡛ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᶆ‽ࡣᅜෆ௻ᴗ࡟ẚࡋ࡚እᅜ௻ᴗ࡟ࡣ฼⏝ࡿࠋࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊእᅜ௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚⌧ᐇ࡟㈠᫆㞀ቨ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢࣁ࣮ࣔࢼ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡣᅜ㝿㈠᫆࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᚲ㡲ࡢࡶࡢࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ 㼀㻮㼀㻌༠ᐃࡣࠊ㼃㼀㻻㻌ຍ┕ᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᅜෆ

ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᶆ‽ࡣᅜෆ௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ᭷┈࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊእᅜ
௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ᭷ᐖ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡢᢏ⾡つไࡸᶆ‽ࡢᇶ♏࡜ࡋ࡚ᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛

ࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡋࠊ㏵ୖᅜࡢ௻ᴗࡣඛ㐍ᅜࡢ௻ᴗ࡟ẚࡋ࡚୙฼࡞❧ሙ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ

࠶ࡿࠋ㼃㼀㻻㻌ຍ┕ᅜࡣࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ⟇ᐃࡀ┠๓࡛࠶ࡿࡶ

㏵ୖᅜࡢ㍺ฟ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᅜෆᶆ‽ࡀ୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿᐇド◊✲࡟ࡼࠕẼೃୖࡢཪࡣᆅ
ࡢࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⩏ົࡢᙉࡉࡣࠊ

ࢀࡤࠊࣁ࣮ࣔࢼ࢖ࢬࡉࢀࡓᶆ‽ࡣᆅᇦⓗࠊᅜෆⓗ࡞ᶆ‽࡟ẚࡋ࡚ࠊ㏵ୖᅜ

⌮ⓗ࡞ᇶᮏⓗせᅉࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡞ᢏ⾡ୖࡢၥ㢟➼ࡢ⌮⏤࡟ࡼࡾࠊᙜヱᅜ㝿つ᱁࡟ࡼࡾ฼┈࡜࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ㏫࡟࠸࠼ࡤࠊᆅᇦⓗ࡞ᶆ‽ࡣඛ㐍ཪࡣࡑࡢ㛵㐃㒊ศࡀࠊ㏣ồࡉࢀࡿṇᙜ࡞┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿ᪉ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ຠᯝⓗ࡛࡞ࡃཪࡣ㐺ᙜ࡛࡞࠸ሙྜࠖ࡟ᙅࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ




See, e.g., Andre Jungmittag, Knut Blind and Hariolf Grupp, Innovation, Standardisationࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᅜ㝿㈠᫆࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢᙺ๭࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐇド◊✲ࡢᩘand the Long-Term Production Function: A Cointegration Analysis for Germany 1960-96,ࡣᮍࡔ࡟ከ࠸࡜ࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊࡑࡢᡂᯝࡣࠊ᏶඲࡞ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢࣁ࣮ࣔ

119 ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR WIRTSCHAFTS- UND SOZIAL-WISSENSCHAFTEN 205 (1999); Paulࢼ࢖ࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ᫂☜࡟ᨭᣢࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ≉Temple, Robert Witt and Chris Spencer, Institutions and Long-Run Growth in the UK: The࡟ಶูࡢᅜࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ◊✲࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࠋࡑࡢ✀ࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡀ≉チ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ಶูࡢᅜࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟Role of Standards, in THE EMPIRICAL ECONOMICS OF STANDARDS: DTI ECONOMICS PAPER
NO. 12, at 39 (2005), available at http://www.dius.gov.uk/assets/biscore/corporate/migratedd/publications/f/file9655.pdf.





See Blind and Jungmittag, supra note 36, at 57-58.



TBT Agreement, supra note 12, art. 2.4.



See, e.g., Benjamin J. Taylor and John S. Wilson, Harmonized International Standards

TBT Agreement, supra note 12, annex 3(F).

Do Matter to Developing Country Exports (2008), available at https://www.ptb.de/lac/

TBT Agreement, supra note 12, art. 2.4 ᢏ⾡ⓗつไ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ and annex 3(F)

fileadmin/redakteure/dokumente/WB__2008__Harmonized_International_Standards_Do_ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ .

Matter_to_Developing_Country_Exports.pdf (last visited Jun. 20, 2010); Witold Czubala,See id.

Ben Shepherd, and John S. Wilson, Help or Hindrance? The Impact of Harmonised Stand- ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ᅜࡢከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࡉ࡯࡝ࡢ㈠᫆㞀ቨ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ྠ᫬࡟ࠊಶࠎࡢᅜෆᶆ‽ࡣ≉ᐃࡢ㍺ฟᅜࡢ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ㈍኎⾜Ⅽ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ኚ໬ࡋ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡼ࠺ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊಶࠎࡢ࣮࢝ࣛࢸ

ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ᚲ㡲≉チ 㻴㼍㼦㼡㼏㼔㼍 ࡢᙳ㡪ຊࢆ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᭷ࡍࡿ࡜ࡶᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ


䠎䠊㻌 ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࠊᶆ‽ࠊᚲ㡲≉チ㻌ࣞࣅࡢᕷሙ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᅜෆࡢ࣮࢝ࣛࢸࣞࣅᨺ㏦ࡢつ᱁ࡢᙳ㡪࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᕷሙ༨᭷⋡ࡣḢᕞྛᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡶࡢࡼࡾࡶ⡿ᅜᕷሙ≉チࡣⓎ᫂⪅࡟ᑐࡋࠊ௚ࡢ➇த⪅࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࢔ࢻࣂࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࢆၟᴗⓗ࡟฼࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷሙ༨᭷⋡ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋྠ◊✲ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ┦㐪⏝ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆಖドࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ࢔ࢻࣂࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࡣ≉チᛶ࡟ࡀ㛵㐃ᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ␗࡞ࡗࡓᅜෆᶆ‽࡟㉳ᅉࡍࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜࡣ㛵ࡍࡿࡍ࡭࡚ࡢせ௳ࢆ඘㊊ࡋࡓ᪂つࡢᢏ⾡ࢆⓎ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⋓ᚓ᪥ᮏࡶ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ 㻺㼀㻿㻯 つ᱁ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊḢᕞྛᅜࡣࢻ࢖ࢶ࡛

ࡉࢀࡿࠋ≉チࡢ≉ᚩࡸ㔜せᛶ࡟㚷ࡳࡿ࡜᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠉

㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓ 㻼㻭㻸 つ᱁࡜ࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓ 㻿㻱㻯㻭㻹 つ᱁࡜࠸࠺ࠊ஧ࡘࡢ

᪂ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚≉チࡀᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭ࡣ᫬ࢆ㉺࠼࡚ᬑ㐢ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ

␗࡞ࡗࡓᶆ‽ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋಶࠎࡢᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᕷሙ༨᭷⋡ࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⌧ᐇࡣࡑࡢ཯ᑐ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏻ಙศ㔝࡟࠾ࡢ┦㐪ࡣࠊḢᕞྛᅜࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡜ࢻ࢖ࢶࡢᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᙜヱᆅᇦࡅࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ᢏ⾡ࡸᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢタィ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ≉チࡢᙺ๭࡜ᙳ㡪ࡣࠊ᫬௦ẖ࡟ࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀ᭷฼࡞❧ሙ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡶㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ

┦ᙜࡢኚ໬ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᶆ‽࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭࡟㛵ࡋ࡚⯆䠎䠊䠍 ㏻ಙࡢṔྐ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≉チ࡜ᶆ‽ࡢᙺ๭ࡢኚ㑄࿡῝࠸ὝᐹࢆⅭࡍᐇド◊✲ࡀ 㻷㼚㼡㼠㻌㻮㼘㼕㼚㼐 ࡜ 㻭㼚㼐㼞㼑㻌㻶㼡㼚㼓㼙㼕㼠㼠㼍㼓 ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ⅽࡉ

㏻ಙศ㔝ࡀⓏሙࡋࡓᙜึࠊ㟁ሗࡸ㟁ヰ࡜࠸ࡗࡓึᮇࡢ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢၟᴗⓗࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠ◊✲࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊᶆ‽ࡢᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭ࡣࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࠊⱥᅜࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ

౑⏝ࡀᮍࡔⴌⱆⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟Ṇࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ㡭࡟ࡣࠊ≉チࡢᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭ࡣỴᐃ࢔ࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ḣᕞࡢ୺せ࡞⤒῭ᅪ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡇࡢᩘ༑ᖺ࡛࠿࡞ࡾపୗࡋ࡚ࡁ

ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋಖㆤᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿᢏ⾡ࡢၟᴗ฼⏝࡟ᚲせ࡞≉チࡢᶒ฼⪅ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓഴྥࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝㢧ⴭ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࡣࠊ௚ࡢ➇த⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚┦ᙜࡢไ㝈ࢆㄢࡋࠊᡂ㛗㏵ୖ࡟࠶ࡿᕷሙࢆ⋓ᚓࡍ㻮㼘㼕㼚㼐 ࡜ 㻶㼡㼚㼓㼙㼕㼠㼠㼍㼓 ࡣࠊ࣮ࣟࢸࢡࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ୰⛬ᗘࡢᢏ⾡⏘ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚
ࡣᶆ‽ࡀ㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉ࠊࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ≉チᶒࡢࢫࢺࢵࢡࡀࠊᅜෆᶆ‽ࡢࢫࢺࢵࢡ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ᩘಸ


See id., at 55-57.

Ⓨ᫂࡟ᑐࡋ࡚≉チࡀ௜୚ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᙜヱⓎ᫂ࡀ≉チᛶࡢせ௳ࢆ඘㊊ࡏࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ≉チᛶࡢせ௳ࡣࠊᙜヱⓎ᫂ࡀ≉チ㐺᱁ᑐ㇟࡟ᒓࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ᪂

つᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊᚲせ࡞స⏝ࢆకࡗࡓ㐍Ṍᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ards on African Exports, 18 J. AFR. ECON. 711 (2009).





S WITCHING: PART 1 MANUAL AND ELECTRO- MECHANICAL SWITCHING (1978-1960S)

See Silja Baller, Trade Effects of Regional Standards Liberalization: A Heterogeneousୡ⏺ࡢ㏻ಙࡢṔྐࡢヲ⣽࡟ࡘࡁࠊROBERT J. CHAPUIS , 100 YEARS OF TELEPHONE

Firms Approach, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER NO. 4124, at 24 (Washington, DC:(Amsterdam: IOS Press, unrev. 2nd ed., 2003) (1982); ROBERT J. CHAPUIS AND AMOS E.

World Bank, 2007).

JOEL, 100 YEARS OF TELEPHONE SWITCHING: PART 2 ELECTRONICS, COMPUTERS ANDSee Neil Gandal, Quantifying the Trade Impact of Compatibility Standards and Barriers:

TELEPHONE SWITCHING (1960-1985) (Amsterdam: IOS Press, unrev. 2nd ed., 2003) (1990);

An Industrial Organization Perspective, in QUANTIFYING THE IMPACT OF TECHNICAL BAR-ANTON A. HUURDEMAN, THE WORLDWIDE HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS (Hoboken,

RIERS TO TRADE: CAN IT BE DONE? 137, 145-47 (Keith E. Maskus and John S. Wilson eds.,

NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003); ELI M. NOAM, TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN EUROPE (NewAnn Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001).

York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1992) ➼ࢆཧ↷ࠋSee Blind and Jungmittag, supra note 36, at 55-56.

See id., at 56-57.

ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊBekkers and Liotard, supra note 1, at 115 ➼ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

㏻ಙศ㔝ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚≉チࡀᯝࡓࡋࡓᙺ๭ࢆṔྐⓗ࡟ᴫほࡍࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ᚲ㡲≉チ 㻴㼍㼦㼡㼏㼔㼍 ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞ᮇ㛫ࠊࡇࡢᙉຊ࡞ࢶ࣮ࣝࢆᡓ␎ⓗ࡟⾜౑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛ࡇࡢ≧ἣࡣࠊࡇࡇᩘ༑ᖺࡢ㛫࡛ᵝኚࢃࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋᅜෆᕷሙࡢ⮬࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ࣋ࣝ♫ ⌧ᅾࡢ 㻭㼀㻒㼀 ࡣࠊ≉チ࡟ࡼࡾୡ⣖ᮎࡢ⡿⏤໬࡜ୡ⏺ⓗ࡞ᦠᖏ㟁ヰࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ☜❧࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㏻ಙᕷሙࡢ⤌⧊࡜స

ᅜࡢ㏻ಙᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕷሙᨭ㓄ຊࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ☜ᐇ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟⏝࡟኱つᶍ࡞ኚ໬ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓࠋከࡃࡢᅜ࡛ࡣࠊᙜ᫬ᨭ㓄ⓗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ၏

࡜࡞ࡾࠊ⌧ᅾ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡑࡢᆅ఩ࢆ☜ಖࡋ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
୍ࡢᅜෆࡢ㏻ಙࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀ෌⦅ࡉࢀࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᏶඲࡟ศ๭ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜

ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣࡣࠊྛᅜ࡛㟁ヰࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ኱つᶍ࡟Ⓨ㐩ࡋᙉ໬ࡉࢀࡿ࡟

ࡍࡽ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᅜෆࡢ㏻ಙ஦ᴗ⪅ࡢ 㻺㼀㼀㻌ࡣࠊ෌⦅ࡉࢀࡓ

㐃ࢀ࡚ࠊ኱ᖜ࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㏻ಙᢏ⾡࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≉チᶒୖ࡛ࠊᆅᇦⓗ࡞ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᆅ⌮ⓗ࡟ 㻺㼀㼀㻌ᮾ᪥ᮏ࡜ 㻺㼀㼀㻌す᪥ᮏ࡟ࡢᙺ๭ࡀᚎࠎ࡟ῶ㏥ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྛᅜࡢᅜෆᕷሙࢆᨭ㓄ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㏻ಙ஦

ศ๭ࡉࢀࠊᶵ⬟ⓗ࡟ࡣ 㻺㼀㼀㻌ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢬ 㛗㊥㞳ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ ࠊ㻺㼀㼀㻌ᴗ⪅ࡣࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤࠊ⮬♫࡛ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᙜヱᅜෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞㏻ಙࢩࢫࢻࢥࣔ ᦠᖏ㟁ヰ ࠊ㻺㼀㼀㻌ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ศ๭ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤌⧊ⓗࠊᵓ㐀ࢸ࣒࣭ᶵჾ࣭ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ⿦⨨ࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝ᩘ♫࡜ඹྠࡋ࡚ᚲせ࡞ᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜ⓗ࡞ኚ໬ࡣࠊᙜ᫬ࡢᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᅜෆࡢ㏻ಙ஦ᴗ⪅ࡀᥦ౪ࡍࡿ␗✀ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㛫ࡗࡓࠋ㻭㼀㻒㼀 ࡸ᪥ᮏ㟁ಙ㟁ヰ 㻺㼀㼀 ࠊࣈࣜࢸ࢕ࢵࢩ࣭ࣗࢸࣞࢥ࣒ 㻮㼀 ࡜ࡢෆ㒊⿵ຓࡢ฼⏝ࢆ㜵ࡄࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ➇தᕷሙࢆ๰ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿࡶ࠸ࡗࡓࠊከᩘࡢ୺せ࡞࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᙜ᫬ከ࠿ࡗࡓ༢⊂ࡢᅜෆ㏻ಙ஦ᴗ⪅ࡣࠊ㟁ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢᡭἲ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᅜෆࡢ㏻ಙᕷሙ࡬ࡢ᪂つཧධࡢ㞀ቨࡀࠊᑡ

Ẽ㏻ಙศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚ከ኱࡞◊✲㛤Ⓨάືࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡾࠊᐦ᥋࡞㛵ಀࢆ᭷ࡍ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ㒊ศⓗ࡟ࡣ᧔ᗫࡉࢀࡓࠋ

ࡿ௻ᴗࡸᏊ఍♫࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ඹྠࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨࢆ㐙⾜ࡋࡓ ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࡑ࠺ࡋ

ࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᅜෆࡢ㏻ಙᕷሙࡢ⮬⏤໬ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊ㒊ศⓗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᅜ࡟ࡼ

ࡓ௻ᴗࡸᏊ఍♫ࡢከࡃࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞㏻ಙᢏ⾡࡟㛵ࡍࡿᚲ㡲ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡗ࡚ࡣ᏶඲࡟㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡓࠋ࠿ࡘ࡚ᙜヱᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᆅ఩ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡢ୺せ࡞ᶒ฼⪅࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏻ಙ஦ᴗ⪅ࡀ⮬♫࡛ᚲせ࡞ᢏ⾡ࢆ㛤Ⓨ

ࡓ㏻ಙ஦ᴗ⪅ࡣࠊ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚㛵㐃ࡢᅜෆࡢ㏻ಙᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ุ᩿ࢆࡃࡔࡋࡓሙྜࡣࠊ≉チᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࡣࠊࡑࡢㄪ㐩࡟ᢸ࠸⥆ࡅ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊྛᅜ࡛ࡢ᝟ሗ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢタィࡸ㛤Ⓨ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨭ

࠿࠿ࡿዎ⣙࡟࠾࠸࡚ゎỴࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢሙྜࠊዎ⣙㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿᢏ

㓄ⓗᆅ఩ࡣᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ῶ㏥ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅜෆࡢ㏻ಙᕷሙࡢ⮬⏤໬ࡣࠊୡ⏺ⓗ࡞⾡ᥦ౪⪅ࡣ㏻ಙ஦ᴗ⪅࡟ᚲせ࡞ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ࡜ಖドࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵᦠᖏ㟁ヰࡢつ᱁ࡢ㐺⏝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶಁ㐍ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋୡ⏺ᶆ‽࡟ࡼࡾࠊእᅜ

ࡽࢀࡓࠋᢏ⾡ᥦ౪⪅ࡣࠊᥦ౪ᑐ㇟ࡢᢏ⾡ࡀ➨୕⪅ࡢ≉チᶒࢆ౵ᐖࡋ࡞࠸ࡶ

࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᪂⯆ࡢ㏻ಙᶵჾ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀྛᅜࡢᅜෆᕷሙ࡟ᐜ᫆࡟ཧධ࡛ࡁࡿ

ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆಖドࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡃࢃ࠼࡚ࠊᢏ⾡ᥦ౪⪅ࡣࠊࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ᝟ሗ㏻ಙࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡸᢏ⾡࡟᪂つࡢᅜෆ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ

㏻ಙ஦ᴗ⪅ࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡓᢏ⾡ࡸࡑࡢ౑⏝࡟ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡓ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ≉チ౵ᐖᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞஦ᴗ⪅ࡀཧධࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡟ࡼࡿᦆᐖ㈺ൾ㔠ࢆࡶ⿵ሸࡍࡿ⩏ົࢆ㈇࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆせồࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶࡋࡤ
ࡋࡤ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ



See, e.g., Masako Wakui, R&D and Intellectual Property in a Changing Japanese Tele-

communications Market, in JAPANESE TELECOMMUNICATIONS: MARKET AND POLICY IN㏻ಙᕷሙࡢኚ໬ࡣࠊ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢⓎᒎࡸࠊ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢྛୡ௦㛫ࡢ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≉チࡢ㔜せᛶࡢୖ᪼࡟࠾࠸࡚᫂░࡟ࡳ࡚ྲྀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛
ࡁࡿࠋ᭱㏆ࡲ࡛ࠊ㻵㼀㼁 ࡢ㏻ಙつ᱁㒊㛛 㻵㼀㼁㻙㼀 ࡣ୺࡜ࡋ࡚஦ᚋⓗ࡟ᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᅜෆࡢ㏻ಙࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㛫࡛㏻⏝ࡍࡿᶆ‽ࡢࡳࡀ⩦័ⓗ࡟ᅜ㝿ᶆ‽࡜ࡋ࡚᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢᡭἲࡣࡶࡣ

TRANSITION 150, 153 (Ruth Taplin and Masako Wakui eds., Abingdon: Routledge, 2006)

ࡸୡ⏺ⓗ࡞↓⥺ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡢ᥇⏝࡟ࡣ㏻⏝ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ

ᖺ㹼ᖺࡢ㟁Ẽ㏻ಙࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢࣛࣥ࢟ࣥࢢࡀグ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࡚ࠊ㻵㼀㼁㻙㼀 ࡢᐇົࡣ㏻ಙ㒊㛛࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ஦ᚋⓗ࡞ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢ᥇⏝࠿ࡽ஦

࠸ࡿ .



See id., at 151-54 ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୺ᑟⓗ࡞㏻ಙ஦ᴗ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏ㟁ಙ㟁ヰᰴᘧ఍♫

See id., at 151-52.

㸦㻺㼀㼀㸧࡜ࠕ㻺㼀㼀㻌ࣇ࢓࣑࣮ࣜࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ 㻺㻱㻯ࠊ᪥❧ࠊᐩኈ㏻ࠊἈ㟁Ẽࡢࡼ࠺࡞ 㻺㼀㼀ᖺࡢタ❧௨᮶ࠊᅜ㝿㟁Ẽ㏻ಙ㐃ྜ 㻵㼀㼁 ࡢ୺せ࡞ᙺ๭ࡢ୍ࡘࡣࠊᅜෆࡢ㟁ヰ࡜ᥦᦠ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿ୺ᑟⓗ࡞࣓࣮࣮࢝࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࡍࡿグ㍕ࡀ࠶ࡿ  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㛫ࡢᅜ㝿༠ຊࡢಁ㐍࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ᚲ㡲≉チ 㻴㼍㼦㼡㼏㼔㼍 ๓ࡢᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡢ⟇ᐃ࡬࡜ኚ໬ࢆ㐙ࡆࡓࠋつ᱁ࡢ௙ᵝࡢ⟇ᐃ⪅ࡀ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࢆつ᱁࡟ᑟධࡍࡿࡢࢆᅇ㑊ࡋࡼྠ᫬࡟ࠊࡇࡇᩘ༑ᖺ㛫࡛ᆅᇦⓗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ᢏ⾡ࡢᶆ‽໬࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ≉チᶒࡢᙺ๭ࡶࡲࡓ኱ᖜ࡟ኚ໬ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ୺ࡓࡿ⌮⏤࠺࡜ࡋࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡃࢃ࠼࡚ࠊつ᱁࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿᢏ⾡ࡣᙜ᫬ࡍ࡛࡟฼⏝ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊᗈࡃ▱ࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡣࠊ㏆ᖺࡢ↓⥺㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡀᚑ๓ࡢࡶࡢࡼࡾࡶᢏ⾡ⓗ࡟㧗ᗘ໬ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ồ⡿ᅜࡢ㐃㑥㏻ಙጤဨ఍ 㻲㻯㻯 ࡶ↓ൾ࡛࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࡞つ᱁ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࠋ㼁㻚㻿㻚㻌ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㏻ಙ㒊㛛࡟㛵ࡍࡿᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟࠾ࡅࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᙺ๭㻭㻹㻼㻿㻌 㻭㼐㼢㼍㼚㼏㼑㼐㻌㻹㼛㼎㼕㼘㼑㻌㻼㼔㼛㼚㼑㻌㻿㼥㼟㼠㼑㼙 つ᱁ࡣࠊࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ 㻭㼀㻒㼀 ࡜ࣔࢺ࣮ࣟ

ࡀኚ໬ࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ௻ᴗࡢ࡞࠿࡟ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢ᥇⏝࡜ᑟධࡢࣛࡀ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓᢏ⾡ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୧♫࡜ࡶࠊ㐣⛬࡛ᡓ␎ⓗ࡟≉チࢆྲྀᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࠿࡞ࡾࡢᕷሙ༨᭷⋡ࢆ⋓ᚓ㻭㻹㻼㻿㻌つ᱁࡟࠾࠸࡚⮬♫ࡢᢏ⾡ࢆ↓ᩱ࡛ᥦ౪ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ

ࡋࠊ㏻ಙᢏ⾡ࡢᕷሙࡢ⤌⧊ࢆᙧసࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡑ

㻭㼀㻒㼀㻌ࡀᙜ᫬≉ู࡞❧ሙ࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ㻭㼀㻒㼀㻌ࡣᖺ㛫࡟ࡶ࠺ࡋࡓኚ໬ࡣ₞㐍ⓗ࠿ࡘ㛗ᮇ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡺ࠼࡟⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢ

ࢃࡓࡿ཯ࢺࣛࢫࢺッゴࡢ┿ࡗྈ୰࡟࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡃࢃ࠼࡚ࠊ」ᩘࡢ฼

ୡ௦ẖ࡟࠾࠸࡚␗࡞ࡿ⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡀࠊ㻭㼀㻒㼀㻌࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᦠᖏ㟁ヰࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢႠᴗࢆㄆࡵࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛
ࡣ࡞࠸࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ௚࡟ࡶ 㻭㼀㻒㼀㻌ࡸࣔࢺ࣮ࣟࣛࡀ 㻭㻹㻼㻿㻌つ᱁࡟⮬♫ᢏ䠎䠊䠎 ➨㻌䠍㻌ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡜㛢㙐ⓗࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᶆ‽⾡ࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ᐶᐜ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㻭㻹㻼㻿㻌つ᱁ࡀ࡜࡚ࡶ

ᖺ௦௨๓ࡣࠊ㏻ಙ஦ᴗ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜෆᕷሙࡣ㧗ᗘ࡟㞟୰໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛

༢⣧࡛⠊ᅖࡢ⊃࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ㻭㻹㻼㻿㻌つ᱁ࡣࠊᇶᆅᒁ

࠶ࡾࠊᅜ㝿ᕷሙࡣᮍࡔᡂ⇍ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືࡸ⮬ືࢲ࢖ࣖࣝࠊᅜ㝿࣮࣑ࣟࣥࢢࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ഃ㠃࡟㛵ࡍࡿ௙ᵝࢆ

య㏻ಙࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊୡ⏺ⓗ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓᶆ‽ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡟࠶

ࡶᐃࡵࡓ 㻺㻹㼀 つ᱁࡜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊ༢࡟↓⥺ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙࢖ࢫࢆつᐃࡍࡗࡓࠋಶࠎࡢᅜࡣࠊྛᅜẖ࡟␗࡞ࡾࠊከࡃࡢሙྜࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡉࢀࡿ

ࡿࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㛢㙐ⓗ࡞ᶆ‽ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊࡑࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࠊ┤᥋⮬ᅜࡢ㏻ಙ஦ᴗ⪅࠿ࠊ㏻ಙࢩࢫ

࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⡿ᅜ࡜໭Ḣࡢ┦㐪ࡣࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢ➨  ࠊ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືࢸ࣒ࡸᶵჾࡑࡢ௚ࡢ⿦⨨ࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀඹྠࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟ᙜࡓࡿ࡜࠸࠺

య㏻ಙࡢᶆ‽໬࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⡿ᅜ࡜໭Ḣࡢ┦㐪࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ≧ἣࡀ⌧ฟࡋࡓࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ 㻹㻯㻿 つ᱁ࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࡢ 㻯㻙㻺㼑㼠㼦 つ᱁ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ

୚࠼ࡓࠋ





ࡢ 㻾㼍㼐㼕㼛㼏㼛㼙㻌㻞㻜㻜㻜つ᱁ ࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ࡢ 㻾㼀㻹㻿㻌㻞㻜㻜㻜つ᱁ ࡢ౛ࡀࡇࢀ࡟ᙜࡓࡿࠋ

㻺㻹㼀 つ᱁࡜ 㻭㻹㻼㻿㻌つ᱁࡟ඹ㏻ࡍࡿ୺࡞࢔ࢻࣂࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࡣࠊ୧♫࡜ࡶ↓⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᆅᇦⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬࡟ྥࡅࡓ᭱ึࡢືࡁࡣࠊ༢୍ࡢ

ᩱ࡛࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࡞つ᱁࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࣓࣮࣮࢝㛫ࡢ➇த㻹㻺㼀 つ᱁ 㻺㼛㼞㼐㼕㼏㻌 㻹㼛㼎㼕㼘㼑㻌 㼀㼑㼘㼑㼜㼔㼛㼚㼑 ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ໭Ḣㅖᅜࡢ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕࡟ᚲせ࡞⎔ቃࡀᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࠊ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡸ⿦⨨ࡢ౯᱁ࡀపῶࡋࡓࠋ

ࣈ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋୖ㏙ࡢつ᱁࡜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊ㻺㻹㼀 つ᱁ࡣ↓ᩱ࡛࢜ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᅜࡢከࡃࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀከᵝ࡞ప౯᱁ࡢ⿦⨨ࢆᕷሙ࡟ᢞධࡋࡓ

࣮ࣉࣥ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣏ࣜࢩ࣮ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ୺࡞⌮⏤ࡣࠊ㻺㻹㼀ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ཮᪉ࡢつ᱁ࡀྛࠎࡢᆅᇦࡸࡑࢀࢆ㉺࠼࡚௚ࡢ኱㝣࡟ࡶᬑཬࡍ




See generally, e.g., Bekkers et al., supra note 4; JEFFREY L. FUNK, GLOBAL COMPETI-TION BETWEEN AND WITHIN STANDARDS: THE CASE OF MOBILE PHONES (Basingstoke:

Palgrave, 2002).ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᢿ㌴ࡀ࠿࠿ࡗࡓࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ 㻺㼀㼀㻌ࡀୡ⏺࡛᭱ึ࡟➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ
㏻ಙࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆၟᴗⓗ࡟❧ࡕୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡓ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ㻺㼀㼀㻌ࡢࡑࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡸୖ㏙ࡋࡓ㛢㙐ⓗ࡞つ᱁ࡢ⮬ᅜෆࡢᬑཬᗘࡣࠊ㻺㻹㼀 ࡸ 㻭㻹㻼㻿㻌࡜ẚ࡭࡚࠿࡞ࡾపࡃࠊࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ௚ᅜ࡬ࡢᗈࡀࡾࡣࡉࡽ࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ



See FUNK, supra note 62, at 55-56.

See id., at 60-62.





See id.See id., at 57.See id., at 61-62.



See id., at 56 and 61-62.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ᚲ㡲≉チ 㻴㼍㼦㼡㼏㼔㼍 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᤊ࠼ࡓࠋࡇࡢㄢ㢟ࡣ≉࡟ࠊḢᕞࡀࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ≉࡟⡿ᅜࡢ௚ᅜ࡬ࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢ⛣ฟ࡟⮴࿨ⓗ࡞ࡉࡽ࡞ࡿせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᙜヱつ᱁ࡀᑟ㻵㻮㻹 ࡜୺ᑟᶒࢆதࡗࡓḢᕞࡢ 㼁㼙㼕㼐㼍㼠㼍 ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢኻᩋ

ධࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᕷሙࡢつᶍࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋၟᴗ໬ࡢึᮇẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊ㻺㻹㼀 つࡢᚋࠊḢᕞࡢ㏻ಙ⏘ᴗࡢᮍ᮶࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟

᱁ࡣୡ⏺࡛᭱ࡶ฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᦠᖏ㟁ヰᢏ⾡࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ࡯࡝࡞ࡃ 㻭㻹㻼㻿㻌࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ㏻ಙศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿᚑ๓ࡢᅜ㝿ᶆ‽࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊ➨つ᱁ࡸⱥᅜࡢ 㼀㻭㻯㻿 㼀㼛㼠㼍㼘㻌㻭㼏㼏㼑㼟㼟㻌㻯㼛㼙㼙㼡㼚㼕㼏㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻿㼥㼟㼠㼑㼙 つ᱁࡜࠸࠺ᙧࡢ ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡟㛵ࡍࡿḢᕞࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡣࠊࡶࡣࡸࠕ஦ᚋⓗ࡟ࠖ⟇ᐃᨵⰋ∧࡟ࡑࡢᆅ఩ࢆྲྀࡗ࡚௦ࢃࡽࢀࡓ ࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᕷሙࡀ໭Ḣࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕ஦๓࡟ࠖᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛

ࡢᕷሙࡼࡾࡶ࠿࡞ࡾ኱つᶍ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚༢

࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍ࡢ࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࡞つ᱁ࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᕷሙࡣୡ⏺࡛᭱ࡶⓎᒎࡋᖺࡲ࡛ࠊḢᕞ࡛ࡣ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢᶆ‽⟇ᐃ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚」ᩘࡢ

ࡓᕷሙࡢ୍ࡘ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᚋⓎ⪅ࡣࠊ௚ࡢᩘࣧᅜࡢ

➇ྜࡍࡿᥦ᱌ࡀⅭࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢ୍ࡘࡣࠊᨻᗓࡢ⿵ຓ㔠ࢆཷࡅࡓ◊✲ࣉつ᱁ࡼࡾࡶࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ 㻭㻹㻼㻿㻌つ᱁ࡸⱥᅜࡢ 㼀㻭㻯㻿 つ᱁ࢆዲࢇ࡛᥇⏝ࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢᡂᯝࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡋࡓ⊂௖ඹྠ  ♫࡟ࡼࡿᥦ᱌࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊ



࠶ࡿ ࠋ
Ḣᕞࡢᕷሙࡀ」ᩘࡢᅜෆ࡞࠸ࡋᆅᇦⓗ࡞ᶆ‽࡟ศ๭ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡇ

ᙜ᫬ẚ㍑ⓗ᪂ࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ 㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࢀ࡜ࡢ」ྜⓗ࡞ᢏ⾡࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡑࢀࡽࡢᢏ⾡ࡣ኱ᐜ㔞ࡢ㏻ಙࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢࡓࡵ࡟᭱㐺໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡶ࠺୍

࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊḢᕞࡢᕷሙࡣ⡿ᅜࡢᕷሙ࡜ẚ࡭࡚࠿࡞ࡾ❧ࡕᚋࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗ

᪉ࡢᥦ᱌ࡣࠊ໭Ḣ♫࡟ࡼࡿ 㼀㻰㻹㻭 ᫬ศ๭ከඖ᥋⥆ ᢏ⾡ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࢼ࣮ࣟ

ࡓࠋ໭Ḣࡸ 㼀㻭㻯㻿 つ᱁ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓㅖᅜ௨እࡢᅜࡢᕷሙ࡛ࡶࠊᦠᖏ㟁ヰࡀࡁࣂࣥࢻࡢᥦ᱌࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣపᐜ㔞ࡢ㏻ಙࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢࡓࡵ࡟タィࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࢃࡵ࡚ప࠸ᬑཬ⋡࡟Ṇࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡑࢀࡀ㢧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ␗࡞ࡗࡓつࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ࡞࠿࠿ࡽࠊḢᕞ඲ᇦࡢ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢᶆ‽᱁ࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡀእᅜࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡸᦠᖏ㟁ヰ⟇ᐃࡢᇶ♏࡜࡞ࡿࡶࡢࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿྜពࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ┦ᙜ࡟ᅔ㞴࡞᝟ໃ࡛࢟ࣕࣜ࢔࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ྛᅜࡢᅜෆᕷሙ࡬ཧධࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ࠿࡞ࡾࡢཧධ㞀ቨ࡜࡞࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢻ࢖ࢶᨻᗓ࡜ࣇࣛࣥࢫᨻᗓࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢඹྠᥦ᱌ࡢ࡞࠿ࡢ୍ࡘࢆᨭ

ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ₯ᅾⓗ࡞᪂つཧධ⪅ࡣࡁࢃࡵ࡚㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗ

ᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆḧࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ௚ࡢᅜࠎࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡢᥦ᱌࡟ࡶ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ

ࡓࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀ⮬♫ࡢ୺せ࡞ᕷሙྥࡅ࡟㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓᢏ⾡ࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟

⾡ࡀከࡃྵࡲࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ḣᕞࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸

័ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡃࢃ࠼࡚ࠊ➇ྜࡍࡿᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜஫᥮ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ᪂〇࡚ࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡜ࢻ࢖ࢶࡢ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿᨭ㓄ⓗᆅ఩ࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᠱᛕࡋ

ရࡢ〇㐀ࣛ࢖ࣥࢆᩚഛࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ࠿࡞ࡾࡢࢥࢫࢺ࡜᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ


࡚࠸ࡓࠋ


䠎䠊䠏 ➨㻌䠎㻌ୡ௦࡜㒊ศⓗ࡟࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࡞㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᶆ‽ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⭺╔≧ែࡣࠊ࢚ࣜࢡࢯࣥࡀ⊂ࢩ࣮࣓ࣥࢫࡸࡑࡢᚋࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ௻ᴗ 㻸㼍㼎㼛㼞㼍㼠㼛㼕㼞㼑㻌㻯㼑㼚㼠㼞㼍㼘㻌㼐㼑㻌㼀㽴㼘㽴㼏㼛㼙㼙㼡㼚㼕㼏㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻌 㻸㻯㼀 ࡜ࡶᥦᦠࡋ࡚ᕷሙ࡟➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡟࠾࠸࡚⏕ࡌࡓ஦ែࢆᅇ㑊ࡋࠊ⡿ᅜࡸ᪥ᮏࡢ⏘ᴗཧධࡋࡓ㝿࡟ᡴ◚ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᡓ␎ⓗ࡞ᥦᦠ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࢚ࣜࢡࢯࣥ࡟ࡼ

࡟ᑐࡍࡿḢᕞࡢ➇தຊࢆࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡍࡿ┠ⓗ࡛ࠊḢᕞࡢᶵ㛵࡜Ḣᕞྛᅜࡢᨻ

ࡗ࡚ࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡉࢀࡓࢼ࣮ࣟࣂࣥࢻࡢつ᱁ࡀࠊ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢつ᱁ᗓࡣࠊ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡟㛵ࡍࡿḢᕞࡢつ᱁ࡢ⟇ᐃࢆ㔜せ஦㡯࡜ࡋ࡚࡛࠶ࡿ 㻳㻿㻹㻌つ᱁ࡢᇶ♏࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᖺ  ᭶࡟Ḣᕞ㒑౽㟁Ẽ㏻ಙ୺⟶ᗇ఍

㆟㸦㻯㻱㻼㼀㸸ᙜ᫬㏻ಙศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿḢᕞࡢᶆ‽⟇ᐃࡢ௵࡟ᙜࡓࡗ࡚࠸ࡓᶵ

See id., at 56 and 62.㛵㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࡲࡶ࡞ࡃࠊᶆ‽⟇

See id., at 55 and 57-58.

ᐃࡢసᴗࡣ᪂ࡓ࡟タ❧ࡉࢀࡓḢᕞ㟁Ẽ㏻ಙᶆ‽໬ᶵᵓ 㻱㼀㻿㼀 ࡟⛣⟶ࡉSee id., at 57-58 and 63.

See id., at 57-58 and 62.ࢀࠊᖺ࠿ࡽᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫ࠊ㻳㻿㻹㻌つ᱁ࡢ௙ᵝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞ヲ⣽ࡢ



See id., at 62. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  See, e.g., Bekkers and Liotard, supra note 1, at 111.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

஦㡯ࡀ⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋ

ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ᚲ㡲≉チ 㻴㼍㼦㼡㼏㼔㼍 ࡵ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀᅇ㑊ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㻳㻿㻹㻌つ᱁ࡢ᥇⏝ࡣ୍⯡࡟ࠊ኱ࡁ࡞ᡂຌ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᙜ᫬ࠊ

㛤Ⓨࡉࢀᕷሙ࡟ᢞධࡉࢀࡓ 㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌ᢏ⾡ࡀ⡿ᅜࡢᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᆅ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿つ᱁ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊḢᕞࡢ఩ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣࠊᖺ௦ᚋ༙࠿ࡽᖺ௦ึ㢌㻳㻿㻹㻌つ᱁ࡀ᪩࠸᫬ᮇ࡟᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡸつ᱁⮬యࡀ࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶

࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࠊࡇࡢᢏ⾡ࡣ 㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌ᢏ⾡ࡣ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ࡋࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊḢᕞࡢᕷሙつᶍ࡜┦ࡲࡗ࡚ࠊ㻳㻿㻹㻌つ᱁ࡀ௚ࡢ኱㝣ؐ࢔ࣇ࡚᥇⏝ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟」㞧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚」ᩘࡢᅜ࡛ᣄ⤯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢ

ࣜ࢝ࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔࡟ࡃࢃ࠼ࠊ⡿ᅜࡢつ᱁ࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝኱㝣ࡢᅜࠎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌ᢏ⾡ࡢ⤒㦂ࡸᕧ኱࡞ࣃࢸࣥࢺ࣭࣏࣮ࢺࣇ࢛ࣜ࢜࡟

࡟ࡍࡽؐ࡟㍺ฟࡉࢀࡿᶵ఍ࡀ๰ฟࡉࢀࡓࠋ㻳㻿㻹㻌つ᱁ࡣ⡿ᅜࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ

ࡼࡾࠊࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡣࠊ㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌ᢏ⾡ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡟㛵Ḣᕞᇦእࡢከࡃࡢᅜ࡟㍺ฟࡉࢀࠊ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙᕷሙࡢ⣙㸣ࢆ༨ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡢ⟇ᐃ࡟㛵ࡋࠊ㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆ₇ࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡵࡿࡲ࡛࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋḢᕞࡢᕷሙࡀ⡿ᅜࡢᕷሙࡼࡾࡶᮍⓎ㐩࡛࠶ࡗࡓ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊḢᕞࡢ⤫୍つ᱁࡛࠶ࡿ 㻳㻿㻹㻌つ᱁ࡢᑟධ࡟

䠎䠊䠐 ➨㻌䠏㻌ୡ௦࡜ᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࢆࡵࡄࡿ➇தࡼࡾࠊ඲ࡃṇ཯ᑐࡢࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋḢᕞᕷሙࡀ༢୍ࡢつ᱁ࡢ౑⏝࡟ࡼࡾࡁ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡟㛵ࡍࡿⴌⱆⓗ࡞సᴗࡣࠊ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙ

ࢃࡵ࡚ᛴ㏿࡟Ⓨᒎࡋࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ⡿ᅜࡣ᏶඲࡟ࡑࡢ㏫ࢆ⾜ࡃࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ

ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢၟᴗ໬ࡀጞࡲࡗ࡚ࡍࡽ࠸࡞࠸ᖺ௦ึ㢌࡟ࠊከࡃࡢ୺せࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡞ୡ⏺ⓗ࡟ඛᑟⓗ࡞⤒῭ᅪ࡛ጞࡲࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣࠊ୺せ⡿ᅜࡣ༢୍ࡢつ᱁ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ⡿ᅜࡣ␗࡞ࡿᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢ᥇⏝ࢆྍ

࡞㏻ಙ஦ᴗ⪅࡟ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝↓どࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋᙼࡽࡢ㛵ᚰࡣࠊᙜ᫬

⬟࡜ࡍࡿ↓⥺࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙࢖ࢫࡢᢏ⾡௙ᵝࡢࡳࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࠋ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊࡢ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢ฼⏝⪅ᩘࡢቑຍ࡟࠶ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ኱ูࡍ

஧ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡿࢳࣕࣥࢿࣝ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ᪉ἲࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ୕ࡘࡢつ᱁ࡀ⡿ᅜᕷሙ࡛ࡿ࡜஧ࡘࡢὶࢀࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌ᢏ⾡࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࠊ㼀㻰㻹㻭 ᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓࠋ୍᪉ࡣ⡿ᅜ࡛㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓ 㻳㻿㻹㻌つ᱁࡜ 㻰㻙㻭㻹㻼㻿㻌つ᱁࡛࠶ࡾࠊ

ᙧ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡟ศ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ

ࡇࢀࡽࡣ 㼀㻰㻹㻭 ᢏ⾡ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡶ࠺୍᪉ࡣࠊ㼏㼐㼙㼍㻻㼚㼑 ࡜ࡋ࡚▱ᖺ࡟ࠊ㻱㼁㻌ࡣ 㼁㼀㻹㻿㻌ࢱࢫࢡࣇ࢛࣮ࢫࢆ❧ࡕୖࡆࡓࠋࡇࡢࢱࢫࢡࣇ࢛

ࡽࢀࡿࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡢ 㻵㻿㻙㻥㻡つ᱁࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌ᢏ⾡ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

࣮ࢫࡣከࡃࡢᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ㼁㼀㻹㻿㻌つ᱁⟇ᐃ࡬ࡢືࡁ࡟ཧ⏬ࡍࡿືᶵ࡙ࡅ࡜

ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㏻ಙ஦ᴗ⪅ࡀ」ᩘࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᖺࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ㸦ᙜ᫬ࡢ㸧㒑ᨻ┬ࡣࠊ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡬ࡢᕷሙࡣḢᕞࡸ᪥ᮏࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡣࢫ࣒࣮ࢬ࡟Ⓨᒎࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿

᪥ᮏࡢ㈉⊩࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲఍ࢆ❧ࡕୖࡆࡓࠋ⌧ᐇ࡟ᙧࡢ࠶ࡿᡂᯝࡀ㐩ᡂࡉࢀࢃࡽࡎࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣ➇தࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡋࠊྠ᫬࡟␗࡞ࡿᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢⓎ࠺ࡿ๓ࡢẁ㝵࡛ࠊ㻺㼀㼀㻌ࢻࢥࣔࡣࠊࡢ࣋ࣥࢲ࣮࡟ᐇ㦂ⓗ࡞➨  ୡ௦ࡢࢿࢵ

ᒎࢆᐇ⌧ࡋࡓࠋ⡿ᅜࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ࡼࡾࠊᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞㐍Ṍࢆ༢୍ࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆⓎὀࡋࠊ➨  ୡ௦ࡢᦠᖏ㟁ヰࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢၟᴗ໬ࢆ㛤ጞࡍࡿ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᩚഛࡉࢀࡓᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞ゎỴ࡟᫬ᮇᑦ᪩࡜࠸ࡗ࡚Ⰻ࠸ẁ㝵࡛㛢ࡌ㎸✚ᴟⓗ࡞ࢫࢣࢪ࣮ࣗࣝࢆබ⾲ࡋࡓࠋ㻺㼀㼀㻌ࢻࢥࣔࡀ᥇⏝ࢆỴᐃࡋࡓつ᱁ࡣࠊ
᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊ㻺㼀㼀 ࢻࢥࣔࡀ⮬♫㛤Ⓨࡢ 㻼㻰㻯 つ᱁ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࠋ㻼㻰㻯 つ᱁ࡣࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔

ྥࡅ࡟ᨵⰋࡉࢀࡿ๓ࡢ 㻳㻿㻹 つ᱁ࡼࡾࡶࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔ᆅᇦࡢேཱྀᐦ㞟ᆅᖏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㧗ࢺࣀ࢟࢔࡜࢚ࣜࢡࢯࣥࡢ༠ຊ࡛㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࠊᗈᖏᇦࡢ 㻯㻰㻹㻭㸦㼃㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭㸧ᢏ⾡ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
㻺㼀㼀ࢻࢥࣔࡀ㑅ᢥࡋࡓつ᱁ࢆࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ㏻ಙศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿᶆ‽⟇ᐃᶵ㛵࡛ࣛࣇ࢕ࢵࢡ࡟ྥ࠸ࡓつ᱁࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㻼㻰㻯 つ᱁ࡣ᪥ᮏ௨እ࡟ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ᬑཬ

࠶ࡿ㟁Ἴ⏘ᴗ఍ 㻭㻾㻵㻮 ࡀ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊḢᕞ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ 㼁㼀㻹㻿㻌つ᱁ࡢⓎࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ㻼㻰㻯 つ᱁ࡀ௚ᅜ࡬ࡢᒎ㛤࡟ኻᩋࡋࡓ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ㻳㻿㻹 つ᱁࡜ẚ࡭࡚ 㻼㻰㻯つ᱁ࡀ࣮࢜ࣉ࡛ࣥࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋࡃࢃ࠼࡚ࠊ

㻺㼀㼀 ࢻࢥࣔ࡬ࡢ౫Ꮡࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛➨  ఩ࡢつᶍࡢ㏻ಙ஦ᴗ⪅ࡢ 㻷㻰㻰㻵 ࡀ

DEVELOPMENT 478 (Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1990).

㻼㻰㻯 つ᱁࠿ࡽࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡢ 㻵㻿㻙㻥㻡つ᱁࡬㌿᥮ࡋࡓࠋ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

See, e.g., GARRY A. GARRARD, CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS: WORLDWIDE MARKET
See, e.g., Bekkers and West, supra note 2, at 82; FUNK, supra note 62, at 207.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ᅜ㝿ᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡜ᚲ㡲≉チ 㻴㼍㼦㼡㼏㼔㼍 ᒎ࡟ࡉࡽ࡟ᢿ㌴ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㼁㼀㻹㻿㻌つ᱁࡜ࡋ࡚౪⏝ࢆࡍ࡛࡟㛤ጞࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ୍᪉࡛ࠊ㼀㻰㻙㻿㻯㻰㻹㻭 つ᱁ࡀࡑࡢၟᴗ໬࡟ྥࡅ

᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ௻ᅗࡍࡿᢏ⾡ⓗゎỴ࡜ࡋ࡚஧ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡀᏑᅾࡋ

ࡓᩚഛࢆ⤊࠼ࡓࡢࡣࡘ࠸᭱㏆ࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࡋ࠿࡞࠸ࠋ

࡚࠸ࡓࠋࣀ࢟࢔࡜࢚ࣜࢡࢯࣥࡀᨭᣢࡍࡿᢏ⾡ⓗࢯ࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ➨  ୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ⤫୍ࡉࢀࡓᅜ㝿つ᱁ࡢ⟇ᐃࡀィ⏬ࡉ࢔ࣝ࢝ࢸࣝ࡜ࢩ࣮࣓ࣥࢫ࡜࠸࠺Ḣᕞࡢ஧ࡘࡢ୺ᑟⓗ࡞࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀࠊ᫬ศ๭

ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ」ᩘࡢ➇ྜࡍࡿᅜ㝿つ᱁ࡀ᥇⏝ࢆᢏ⾡࡜ 㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌ᢏ⾡ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡓ」ྜⓗ࡞ࢯ࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥ 㼀㻰㻛㻯㻰㻹㻭ࡳࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋᙜึࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᅜ㝿つ᱁ࡢඹᏑࡣࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㻱㼀㻿㻵 ࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡣᖺ࠿ࡽᖺࡢ㛫࡟࠸࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡳࢀࡤኻᩋ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ホ౯ࡀⅭࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢཎᅉࡣ

ࡎࢀࡢࢯ࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ

ࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡢᅜ㝿つ᱁࡟ᑐࡍࡿ❧ሙ࡟ᖐࡏࡽࢀࡿ࡜ᢈุࡍࡿㄽ⪅ࡶᏑᅾጇ༠᱌࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ཮᪉ࡢ௙ᵝ᭩ࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ 㼀㻰㻛㻯㻰㻹㻭 ࡢせ⣲ࢆࡋࡓࠋࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡀ㛗ᮇ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡾࠊ㻯㻰㻹㻭つ᱁࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࠸࠿࡞ࡿጇ

㼃㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭 ᢏ⾡࡟⤌ࡳධࢀࡓࡶࡢࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿ 㼁㼀㻹㻿㻌つ᱁ࡢ⟇ᐃ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࠋ༠ࢆࡶᣄࢇ࡛࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ྠ♫ࡣࠊ㼃㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭 つ᱁ࡣࠊࢡ࢔ࣝ

ࡇࡢጇ༠᱌ࡣࠊᚋ࡟᪥ᮏࡢ஦ᴗ⪅ࡢᨭᣢࢆᚓࡓࠋ㻱㼀㻿㻵 ࡣ 㻭㻾㻵㻮 ࡜ඹྠ࡛ࢥ࣒ࡢࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࡢ 㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌ᢏ⾡ࢆᨵⰋࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡀఱࡶ࡞ࡃࠊᦠᖏ㟁ヰࢿ㻟㻳㻼㻼㻌ࢆ❧ࡕୖࡆࠊ㻟㻳㻼㻼 ࡣ 㼁㼀㻹㻿㻌つ᱁ࡢ⟇ᐃࡢ௵࡟ᙜࡓࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

ࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ㐠Ⴀࢆᨵၿࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ୙ྍḞ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ᢏ⾡ࡀྵࡲ୰ᅜࠊ㡑ᅜࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ㛵㐃ࡍࡿᶆ‽໬ᶵ㛵ࡶ 㻟㻳㻼㻼 ࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡢᢈุࢆබ↛࡜Ⅽࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ௚ࡢㄽ⪅ࡣࠊḢᕞࡸ᪥ᮏࡢ௻ᴗࡀࠊ

㼃㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭ᢏ⾡ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿ 㼁㻹㼀㻿 つ᱁ࡢ᥇⏝࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣁ࣮ࢻࣝࡣࡲࡔ

ᚲ㡲≉チࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ௚ࡢ஦ᴗ⪅࡜ࡢࢡࣟࢫࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ஺΅࡟࠾࠸࡚ࣞࣂࣞ

ṧࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࢚ࣜࢡࢯࣥ࡜ࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡢ㛫ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⣮தࡸࠊࢵࢪࢆᚓࡿ┠ⓗࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ➨  ୡ௦⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢡ࢔ࣝ

㼃㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌ࡢつ᱁໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ 㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌ᢏ⾡࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ከᩘࡢ≉チᶒࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࢡ

ࢥ࣒ࡢᙉຊ࡞❧ሙࢆῶࡎࡿ┠ⓗ࡛ࠊ㼃㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌つ᱁ࡢ⟇ᐃࢆ௻⏬ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡢ཯ⓎࢆゎỴࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒ࡣࠊᖺ࡟࣮ࣝࢭ

࡟ኻᩋࡢཎᅉࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋࡓࠋ

ࣥࢺࠊࣔࢺ࣮ࣟࣛࠊࣀ࣮ࢸࣝࠊࢡ࢔ࣝࢥ࣒࡛❧ࡕୖࡆࡓࢥࣥࢯ࣮ࢩ࢔࣒࡟

㻯㻰㻹㻭つ᱁࡜㼃㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭 つ᱁ࡢ᥇⏝ࢆࡵࡄࡿ⥭ᙇ㛵ಀࡣࠊ⡿ᅜᑐḢ࠾࠸࡚⟇ᐃࡋࡓ 㻯㻰㻹㻭つ᱁ࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚲ㡲ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᕞ࢔ࢪ࢔㐃ྜ㌷ࡢ⾪✺࡜ホ౯ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡃࢃ࠼࡚ࠊ㼀㻰㻙㻿㻯㻰㻹㻭 つᶒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡓࡇࡢ೵⁫ࡣࠊᖺ࡟ࡑࡢゎỴࢆࡳࡿࡲ࡛࠾ࡼࡑ  ᖺࢆ᱁ࡣࠊ➨  ୡ௦⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢᅜ㝿ᶆ‽࡜ࡋ࡚⮬ᅜࡢつ᱁ࢆ᥇⏝ࡉࡏࡼ࠺࡜㈝ࡸࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࡼ࠺ࡸࡃᖺᮎ࡟ࠊ㻟㻳㻼㻼 ࡣ 㼃㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭㻌ᢏࡍࡿ୰ᅜᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡾᙉຊ࡟ᨭᣢࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

⾡ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡋࡓ 㼁㼀㻹㻿㻌つ᱁ࡢ᭱ึࡢ௙ᵝ᭩ࢆ᏶ᡂࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ
࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ ࠋᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬άືࡢ⤖ᯝࡀ」ᩘࡢ➇ྜࡍࡿᶆ‽ࡢ᥇ᢥ࡟⤊ࢃࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘࡲ࡛ᆅᇦⓗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᅜ

ࡇࢀࡽ஧ࡘࡢつ᱁ؐ⡿ᅜ௻ᴗ୺ᑟࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࠊḢᕞࡸ࢔ࢪ࢔ㅖᅜࡢ௻ᴗࡀ

㝿ⓗ࡞࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࡢ⤫୍ࢆᅗࡿ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺␲ၥࡀᾋ࠿ࡧୖ

୺ᑟࡢࡶࡢؐ࡟ࡃࢃ࠼ࠊ➨୕ࡢᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡶ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡓࠋࢩ࣮࣓ࣥࢫࡢ༠ຊ

ࡀࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᢏ⾡ᶆ‽ࢆ⤫୍໬ࡋࠊᅜ㝿㈠᫆ࢆ⮬⏤໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ༢୍

ࡢࡶ࡜୰ᅜ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓ 㼀㻰㻙㻿㻯㻰㻹㻭 つ᱁࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୰ᅜ᭱኱ᡭ

ࡢᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡢࡳࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊᅜ㝿ᶆ‽ࡢࡢᦠᖏ㟁ヰ஦ᴗ⪅ࡀ 㼀㻰㻙㻿㻯㻰㻹㻭 つ᱁ࢆୡ⏺᭱኱ࡢ➨  ୡ௦ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ➇ྜࢆチࡍ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠸ࡗࡓ࠸࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘࡢᩘࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᮍࡔ࡟⤒῭ᡂ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ⮬♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟࠾࠸࡚᥇⏝ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽ

㛗ࡸᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍Ṍࠊᅜ㝿㈠᫆࡟㈨ࡍࡿ࡜ホ౯࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ㈈⏘ࡎࠊ㼀㻰㻙㻿㻯㻰㻹㻭 つ᱁ࡢ୺ࡓࡿࢹ࢕ࢫ࢔ࢻࣂࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࡣࠊၟᴗ໬࡟㐜ࢀࡀᶒࡢ࠶ࡿᢏ⾡ࡣࠊ㼀㻮㼀㻌༠ᐃࡢࡶ࡜࡛ 㼃㼀㻻㻌ຍ┕ྛᅜ࡟⮬ᅜࡢᅜෆᶆ‽ࡸᆅ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋୡ⏺ࡢ୺せ࡞㏻ಙ஦ᴗ⪅ࡀ 㻯㻰㻹㻭つ᱁࠿ᇦᶆ‽ࡢᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᅜ㝿ᶆ‽࡟⤌ࡳ㎸ࢇ࡛Ⰻ࠸㼃㻙㻯㻰㻹㻭 つ᱁ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚➨  ୡ௦ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ


ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬࡟࠾࠸࡚ᨻᗓࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍ࡭ࡁ



See, e.g., Bekkers and West, supra note 2, at 82; FUNK, supra note 62, at 208-13.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ᶆ‽໬ࡣᨻ἞࡜ࡣ↓⦕࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢏ
⾡ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡟≉໬ࡉࡏࡿ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋಶࠎࡢཧຍ⪅ࡀᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ᶆ‽▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

໬࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ࠊᢏ⾡ⓗゎỴ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⮬ᅜࡢ❧ሙࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀチࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ௨ୗࠊྛୡ௦ࡢ⛣ືయ㏻ಙࡢᢏ⾡ᶆ‽࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐇ౛࡟ᇶ࡙࠸
࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᅇ⟅ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆヨࡳ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  