ㄽ  ㄝჷႎᝠငඥƱ‫̈ژ‬ᅠഥᙹር  Barton BEEBE*༡㒊 ᭸Ꮚ ヂ ̿┠ ḟ̿
ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
Ϩ㸬ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊࡜ࢥࣆ࣮ᢏ⾡ࡢၥ㢟Ⅼ 㸿㸬ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊࡜ὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ 㹀㸬➇தⓗᾘ㈝ࡢ㝈⏺ 㹁㸬ࢥࣆ࣮ᢏ⾡ࡢ♫఍ⓗၥ㢟Ⅼ㸦௨ୖࠊᮏྕ㸧ϩ㸬ዝౘ⚗Ṇἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ 㸿㸬ࢥࣆ࣮ࡢ࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ 㹀㸬ᕼ㔘໬㜵Ṇἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ  㸯㸬ᕼ㔘໬ࡢἲⓗ࣭ᩥ໬ⓗᴫᛕ  㸰㸬ᕼ㔘໬㜵Ṇἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢၟᶆἲ  㸱㸬ᕼ㔘໬㜵Ṇἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢⴭసᶒἲ  㸲㸬ᕼ㔘໬㜵Ṇἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥಖㆤἲ 㹁㸬┿ṇᢸಖἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ
ࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ኱Ꮫ࣮ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝᩍᤵࠋࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࢆࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓḟࡢ᪉ࠎ࡟ឤㅰࡋࡓ
࠸㸸Jennifer Arlen, Oren Bar-Gill, Stefan Bechtold, Dan Burk, Thomas Cotter, Deven Desai,
Stacey Dogan, Tim Willy Dornis, Abraham Drassinower, Rochelle Dreyfuss, Eric Goldman,
Georg von Graevenitz, Justin Hughes, Howard Lee, Mark Lemley, Mark McKenna, Geoffrey Miller, David Nimmer, Tyler Ochoa, Eric Posner, Jennifer Rothman, Amrit Singh,
Christopher Sprigman. ᮏ✏ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢྛᡤ࡛ࡢⓎ⾲࠿ࡽ኱࠸࡟ᜠᜨࢆཷࡅࡓࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿ㸸McGill ኱ᏛἲᏛ㒊࡟࠾ࡅࡿ Leger Robic Richard ࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࠊ࣑ࢿࢯࢱ኱Ꮫ࣮ࣟ
ࢫࢡ࣮ࣝၟᶆ◊✲఍ࠊࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡ኱Ꮫ࣮ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝᏛ㒊◊✲఍ࠊThomas Jefferson࣮ࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝᏛ㒊◊✲఍ࠊࢺࣟࣥࢺ኱Ꮫ Innovation Law & Theory ◊✲఍ࠊ㻱㻼㻵㻼 ࡢၟᶆཬࡧၟᶆࢹ࣮ࢱ◊✲఍ࠊࢥ࣮ࢿ࣮ࣝࣟࢫࢡ࣮ࣝᏛ㒊◊✲఍ࠊࢫ࢖ࢫ㐃㑥ᕤ⛉኱Ꮫ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢἲ࡜⤒῭◊✲఍ࠋඃࢀࡓㄪᰝᨭ᥼ࢆࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡓ Andrew LeeẶ࡜ Zhujun
Zhang Ặ࡟ឤㅰࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࡣ barton@bartonbeebe.com ᐄ࡟Ḽ㏄ࡍࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑   㸯㸬ᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧ࡢಖㆤጁ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐃࡵ࡚࠸ࡓᖺࡢ᪥ᮏࡢᕸ࿌ࢆ⪃࠼࡚  D 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ༠ᐃ᮲  E ᖺࡢ⡿ 㻱㻯 ࣡࢖ࣥ༠ᐃ

ࡳ࡚࡯ࡋ࠸㸸᧯ࡾேᙧࡢ⾰⿦ࡣ㉕ἑ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ㔠ࡸ㖟ࡢ  㸰㸬ఏ⤫ⓗᩥ໬ⓗ⾲⌧ࡢಖㆤϪ㸬ዝౘ⚗Ṇἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢኻᩋ 㸿㸬ዝౘ⚗Ṇⓗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ↓┈ᛶⴥࡣ࡝ࢇ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ࡶ౑⏝ࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ᧯ࡾேᙧࡢ୰࡛ࡶᑗ㌷ࡢேᙧࡔࡅࡣ㔠ࡸ㖟ࡢⅲᖗᏊࢆࡘࡅ࡚ࡼ࠸㹿࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᝒჃࡍࡿࡀࡈ࡜
ࡃグ㏙ࡍࡿୡ⣖ࡢࢽࣗࣝࣥ࣋ࣝࢢࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇ௧ࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳ࡚࡯ࡋ࠸㸸⏨ 㹀㸬ዝౘ⚗Ṇⓗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࠿ࡽ༤ឡ୺⩏ⓗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡬ᛶཬࡧዪᛶࡢ཮᪉ࡀࠊ඲ࡃࡢ↓㈐௵࡞ែᗘ࡟ࡼࡾࠊࡅࡋ࠿ࡽࡠ࡯࡝࡟࠿ࡘ

⤖ㄽ㸸ࣇ࢕࢔ࢵࢺ࣭ࣉࣟࣃࢸ࢕㸦㻲㼕㼍㼠㻌㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㸧⌮୙ᑾ࡞ࡲ࡛࡟᭹⿦ࡸ᪂ࡓ࡞ࢫࢱ࢖ࣝ࡬ࡢᾉ㈝࡟࠿ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ␗࡞ࡿ㝵⣭ࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝༊ูࡢࡘ࠿࡞࠸࡯࡝࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊṧᛕ࡞ᮏ✏ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡀ⌧௦ⓗ࡞ዝౘ⚗Ṇἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙺ๭ࢆᢸ࠸ጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢᴟࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀࠊዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࡢᐇ⌧ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⬣࠿ࡍ♫఍ⓗཬࡧᢏ⾡ⓗ≧ἣࡢጞࡲࡾ࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿ୰࡛ࠊᾘ㈝࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚♫఍ⓗ༊ูࢆࡍࡿࡀࡽド᫂ࡉࢀࡓ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭱ࡶὀ┠ࡍ࡭ࡁࡣࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊ࣋ࢿࢳ࢔ඹ
࿴ᅜࡢୖ㝔ࡢ⾜ື࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅜࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇ௧ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᖺ࡟㉕ἑ㸦ࡶࢆ┘どࡍࡿ 㻼㼞㼛㼢㼢㼑㼐㼕㼠㼛㼞㼕㻌㼟㼛㼜㼞㼍㻌㼘㼑㻌㻼㼛㼙㼜㼑 ࡢ௵࿨ࢆせồࡋࠊᖺ࡟ࡣࠊ

ఏ⤫ⓗไᗘ࡛࠶ࡿዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭẁࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ≉ᐃࡢ㡿ᇦ࡟౫ᣐࡋጞࡵࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋዝౘ⚗Ṇⓗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊᡃࠎࡣ≉࡟ࠊ࠸ࡗࡑ࠺ᙉຊ࡜࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࢥࣆ࣮ᢏ⾡࡟ࡼࡿ㠉࿨ⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗᩥ໬ⓗᙳ㡪ࢆᢚᅽࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋዝౘ⚗Ṇⓗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡣࠊࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢᢏ⾡ⓗ࡟㐍Ṍⓗ࡞ഃ㠃࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠊ♫఍ⓗᩥ໬ⓗ࡞཯ື࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࢔ࣥࢳࢸ࣮ࢮ࡜ࡋ࡚ලయ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇἲࡢወጁ࡞㐃⤖ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣࢆ≉ᐃࡋࠊⓎᒎࡍࡿᵝࠎ࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㐃⤖ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆド᫂ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡀࠊᾘ㈝࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚♫఍ⓗ༊ูࢆࡍࡿఏ⤫ⓗไᗘࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᡂຌࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆணゝࡋࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኻᩋࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊูࡢࡼࡾඃࢀࡓ♫఍ⓗ༊ูࡢࡓࡵࡢไᗘࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㆑ูᛶࢆᾘ㈝ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࡜࠸࠺≉ᚩࢆ᭷ࡋࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡀ㔜せ࠿ࡘ㐍Ṍⓗ࡞♫఍ⓗᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍぢ㎸ࡳࡀ࠶ࡿไᗘࠊ࡟ᚲ
せ࡞᮲௳ࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿࠋ

ASPECTS 117-28 (1969); Jonathan Edmondson, Public Dress and Social Control in Late
Republican and Early Imperial Rome, in ROMAN DRESS AND THE FABRICS OF ROMAN
CULTURE 21(Jonathan Edmondson & Alison Keith eds., 2008); Charlene Elliott, Purple
Pasts: Color Codification in the Ancient World, 33 LAW & SOC. INQUIRY 173, 182-86(2008).࣮࣐ࣟࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇἲࡣ㒊ศⓗ࡟ࢠࣜࢩࣕࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇἲࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡗࡓࠋSee AILEEN RIBEIRO, DRESS AND MORALITY 21-22 (Berg Publishers 2003) (1986).

1200-1500 (2002); SUSAN MOSHER STUARD, GILDING THE MARKET: LUXURY AND FASHION IN FOURTEENTH-CENTURY ITALY 84-121 (2006); Donald H. Shively, Sumptuary Regu-

lation and Status in Early Tokugawa Japan, 25 HARV. J. ASIATIC STUD. 123 (1964-1965).


ࡣࡌࡵ࡟㻌

࣮࣐ࣟࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇἲ㸦㼘㼑㼓㼑㼟㻌 㼟㼡㼙㼜㼠㼡㼍㼞㼕㼍㼑㸧ࡣࠊ㉕ἑ࡞ᾘ㈝ࢆつไࡋࠊඹ࿴ไᖇᨻ࣮࣐ࣟ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ♫఍ⓗ࡞ࣄ࢚ࣛࣝࣄ࣮ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣮࣐ࣟึᮇࡢඛ㥑ࡅ௨᮶ࠊዝౘ⚗ṆἲࡢṔྐࡣወ

See generally ALAN HUNT, GOVERNANCE OF THE CONSUMING PASSIONS: A HISTORY OF

SUMPTUARY LAW (1996); CATHERINE KOVESI KILLERBY, SUMPTUARY LAW IN ITALY

Donald H. Shively, Bakufu Versus Kabuki, 18 HARV. J. ASIATIC STUD. 326, 345 (1955)᪥ᮏࡢᕸ࿌ ᚚゐࢀ ࡟ゝཬ ; accord HUNT, supra note 2, at 1. Professor

Alan Hunt ᩍᤵ࡟ࡼࡿ┠ぬࡲࡋࡃయ⣔ⓗ࡞グ㏙ࡢ࠾࠿ࡆ࡛ᮏᘬ⏝ཬࡧࡇࢀ࡟⥆ࡃ࠸ࡃࡘࡶࡢᘬ⏝ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ


3 MAX VON BOEHN, MODES AND MANNERS 173 (Joan Joshua trans., 1935) ᖺࡢࢽ

ࣗࣝࣥ࣋ࣝࢢࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇἲࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ .
HUNT, supra note 2, at 36-37; see also Catherine Kovesi Killerby, Practical Problems in

the Enforcement of Italian Sumptuary Law, 1200-1500, in CRIME, SOCIETY AND THE LAW

IN RENAISSANCE ITALY 99, 109 (Trevor Dean & K.J.P. Lowe eds., 1994) ᖺࡲ࡛



Provveditori ࡀ௵࿨ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ⟬ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ .

See generally DAVID DAUBE, ROMAN LAW: LINGUISTIC, SOCIAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ࡗ࡜ࡶࠊࡇࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽ࡞࠸ࡀ㸧ࠊࠕ᪂ࡓ࡞ὶ⾜ࡣࡍ࡭࡚⚗Ṇࡍࡿ͐㻸㼥㼙㼍㼚㻌ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⪅࡛ᇙࡵᑾࡃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

௒ᚋࡣࠊ᝿ീࡋヰ㢟࡟࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞᪂ࡓ࡞ὶ⾜ࡣチࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࠖ ṔྐᏛ⪅ࡣࠊே㢮ࡢ♫఍ྐ࡟࠾ࡅࡿዝౘ⚗Ṇⓗつไࡢᾐ㏱ᛶཬࡧᣢ⥆ᛶ࡜࠸࠺᪨ࡢἲ௧ࢆⓎᕸࡋࡓࠋ⩣ᖺࠊᙉຊ࡞࢝ࣥࣈ࣮ࣞྠ┕ࡀᨷᧁࡢ‽ഛࢆㄝ᫂ࡍ࡭ࡃከࡃࡢ➇ྜࡍࡿᏛㄝࢆᥦゝࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊ࠶ࡿ୍⯡࿨㢟ࡀᗈࡃࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࢁࠊୖ㝔ࡣ⿇ࡢᖜࡸ㠐ࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ ࠋཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ♫఍ࡣࡑࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࢆไᐃࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ἲࡢෆᐜࡔࡅࡀㄞ⪅࡟ወጁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢ༳㇟ࢆᢪ࠿ࡏࡿ

ࡋᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ዝౘ⚗Ṇἲࢆᐃࡵࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ♫఍ࡢዝౘ⚗ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ⌧௦࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃึᮇࡢࠕ⭾኱࡞㉕ἑ࡞ከస㺁 ࡸᚨᕝࡢዝౘṆつ⠊࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢᾘ㈝⩦័ࡢไᗘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊゝㄒ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࠕࡦ

⚗Ṇ௧ࡢࠕṧᚸ࡞ࡲ࡛࡟ヲ⣽࡞グ㏙㺁࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢἲࡣ࡯ࡰ

࡜ࡲ࡜ࡲࡾࡢ᪉ゝ㺁㸧࡟㢮ఝࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡾ♫఍ࡢ୰ࡢಶே

౛እ࡞ࡃ↓どࡉࢀࠊᅇ㑊ࡉࢀࠊཪࡣබ↛࡜ᣄ⤯ࡉࢀ ࠊୡ⣖ࡢࣟࣥࢻࣥ
ࡢ⯙ྎࡢⓏሙே≀ࡀࠕ࠿ࡲ࠸ࡸࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡶ࠺⚗Ṇࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࠖ࡜ᐉゝ


See ALICE MORSE EARLE, 1 TWO CENTURIES OF COSTUME IN AMERICA 63 (1903)ࡍࡿ࡯࡝࡛࠶ࡗࡓ ࠋዝౘ⚗ṆἲࡢṔྐࡣࠊᖺ࡟ࠊἲ࡛╔⏝ࡀ⚗ࡌࡽ

Lyman ࡀࠕ㄂♧ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ែᗘ࠿ࡘ↓♩࡞᪉ἲ࡛⤱ࢆ╔⏝ࡋࠊᑂ⌮ࡢ๓ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽ

ࢀࡓࢻࣞࢫࢆ╔࡚ࠊࡑࡢࢻࣞࢫࡢ╔⏝ࢆ⌮⏤࡟ᑂ⌮ࢆ⾜ࢃࢇ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࣐

ࡎᑂ⌮୰ࡶࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚⃭ࡋࡃ㠀㞴ࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡍࡿ⿢ุグ㘓ୖࡢグ㏙ࢧࢳ࣮ࣗࢭࢵࢶᕞࡢࣀ࣮ࢫࣁࣥࣉࢺࣥࡢ⿢ุᡤ࡟࠶࠼࡚ฟ㢌ࡋࡓ 㻴㼍㼚㼚㼍㼔㻌ࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ .ࠕつ⠊ࠖࡢ࣓ࢱࣇ࢓࣮ࡣࠊࡇࡢᩥゝࢆᗈ⠊ᅖ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚౑⏝ࡍࡿ Thorstein Veblen ࠿ࡽ೉⏝ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋSee, e.g., THORSTEIN VEBLEN, THE THEORY OF THE LEISURE



CLASS 51 (2d ed. 1912)㸦ࠕ♩൤ṇࡋ࠸ᾘ㈝ࡢᡭẁ࡜᪉ἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿヲ⣽࡞つ⠊࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ



See THOMAS OKEY, THE OLD VENETIAN PALACES AND OLD VENETIAN FOLK 286-87

᭱᪂ࡢࠊᗈࡃㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡓࡶࡢ ; id. at 201㸦ࠕ♩൤సἲࠊࡋࡁࡓ

(1907).ࡾࠊ౑࠸᪉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢつ⠊࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ࠸ࡘ࡛ࡶ࠸࠿࡞ࡿேࡢ୰࡛ࡶὶ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶ



Id. at 281 (emphasis omitted).

ࡢࡣࠊከ࠿ࢀᑡ࡞࠿ࢀ᭷ᶵⓗ⤫୍య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᛶ᱁ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊయ⣔ࡢ࠶ࡿDiane Owen Hughes, Sumptuary Law and Social Relations in Renaissance Italy, in DIS-୍Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚ឤ▱࡛ࡁࡿ࡯࡝ࡢኚ᭦ࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ඲యࡢ෌⦅ᡂ࡜ࡲ࡛ࡣ࠸࠿࡞࠸ࡲ࡛PUTES AND SETTLEMENTS: LAW AND HUMAN RELATIONS IN THE WEST 69, 71 (John Bossyࡶࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢⅬ࡟࠾ࡅࡿኚ᭦ࡸ෌ㄪᩚࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿ㹿㺁 ; see also ROLAND BARTHES,ed., 1983).

THE FASHION SYSTEM 35 (Matthew Ward & Richard Howard trans., Univ. of Cal. Press

HUNT, supra note 2, at xii.

1990) (1967)㸦ࠕ᭹⿦࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐇ㝿ࡢつ⠊ࠖ࡜ࠕ᭹⿦࡟㛵ࡍࡿไᐃࡉࢀࡓつ⠊ࠖ࡟ࡘLAFCADIO HEARN, JAPAN: AN ATTEMPT AT INTERPRETATION 187 (1904); see also Eliz-࠸ ࡚ ㆟ㄽ ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿ ; JEAN BAUDRILLARD, THE CONSUMER SOCIETY: MYTHS AND

abeth B. Hurlock, Sumptuary Law, in DRESS, ADORNMENT, AND THE SOCIAL ORDER 295,

STRUCTURES 60 (Chris Turner trans., Sage Publ’ns 1998) (1970) ᾘ㈝♫఍ࡢࠕつ⠊ࠖࢆࠊ

299 (Mary Ellen Roach & Joanne Bubolz Eicher eds., 1965) ᚨᕝࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇἲ࡟ࡘࡁ஺᥮ࠊ㢮ᆺ໬ཬࡧᕪู໬ࡢไᗘ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࠕࡇࢀ࡟ᾘ㈝⾜ືࡀ㐺ྜࡋࠊࡑࡇ࠿ࡽᾘ

ࠕୡ⏺࡛㢮ࢆぢ࡞࠸࡯࡝࡟ཝ᱁࡞ࡶࡢࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ㈝⾜ືࡢព࿡ࡀぢฟࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚グ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ; PIERRE BOURDIEU, DIS-See, e.g., 1 JOHN HENRY GRAY, CHINA: A HISTORY OF THE LAW, MANNERS, AND CUS-

TINCTION: A SOCIAL CRITIQUE OF THE JUDGMENT OF TASTE 2 (Richard Nice trans., Harv.

TOMS OF THE PEOPLE 362 (photo. reprint 1974) (William Gow Gregor ed., 1878) ୰ᅜࡢ

Univ. Press 1984) (1979)㸦ࠕᾘ㈝ࡣࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㐣⛬࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୍ẁ㝵ࠊࡍ࡞ዝౘ⚗Ṇἲ࡟ࡼࡿࠕྲྀࡾ⥾ࡲࡾ≧ἣࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ᝏ࠿ࡗࡓࠖࡇ࡜ࠊཬࡧࡑࢀࡀࠕኻᨻࠖ

ࢃࡕࠊุㄞࠊゎㄞࡢ⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᬯྕࡸ➢ྕࡢᐇ㊶ⓗ࡞࠸ࡋ᫂☜࡞⩦ᚓࢆ๓ᥦ࡜

࡟ࡢࡳࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕᢚไࡋ࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢࢆᢚไࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆヨࡳࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ

ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁 ; MARSHALL SAHLINS, CULTURE AND PRACTICAL REASON 180 (1976)

ࡇ࡜ࠖࡶཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ; Killerby, supra note 5.C. WILLETT CUNNINGTON & PHILLIS CUNNINGTON, HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COSTUME࢔ࣃࣞࣝࣇ࢓ࢵࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࡋࠊࠕ≀యࡢᒓᛶཬࡧࡑࡢព⩏࠶ࡿࢥࣥࣅࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢつ⠊ࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ .ࡇࡢつ⠊ࡢᛶ㉁࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊsee infra section I.A,

IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 14 (1957) (quoting COLLEY CIBBER, The Double Galleon,

pp. 819-24.

in 3 THE DRAMATIC WORKS OF COLLEY CIBBER, ESQ. 1, 39 (London, J. Rivington & Sons

1777)).

CLOTHING 247 (2000). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

DIANA CRANE, FASHION AND ITS SOCIAL AGENDAS: CLASS, GENDER, AND IDENTITY IN▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 

ࡀࡑࡢᾘ㈝ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚௚⪅࡜ࡢᕪ␗ཬࡧ㢮ఝᛶࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺

ᾘ㈝ࡍࡿ⤒῭ຊࢆ♫఍ࡢୗ⣭ᒙࡀᚓࡓሙྜ࡟⏕ࡌࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ㒔ᕷ໬࡟ࡼ࡞つ⠊ࢆ⟶⌮ࡋಖᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓἲࡣዝౘ⚗Ṇἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋṔྐⓗࡗ࡚ࡶ⏕ࡌࡓࠋ㒔ᕷ໬ࡣ♫఍ⓗᆅ఩ࡢ⾲♧࡜ㄆ㆑ࢆ」㞧࡟ࡍࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿ

࡟ࠊᾘ㈝࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ༊ูࢆࡍࡿ♫఍ไᗘࡢᨭ㓄ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓἲࡣࠊᾘ㈝࡟

࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡢၥ㢟ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᅜᐙࡢᐩࡢᾉ㈝ࡣ⥅⥆ⓗ࡟ᚰ㓄ࡢ✀ᑐࡍࡿ┤᥋ࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ࡜࠸࠺ᙧࢆ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ୍౛࡜ࡋ

࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣᡓ᫬୰࡟᭱ࡶ῝้࡟࡜ࡽ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡚ࠊỴࡋ࡚㠀඾ᆺⓗ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࡢࡀⱥᅜࡢᖺࡢᕸ࿌࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣ

ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀ᭱㏆ࠊዝౘ⚗Ṇἲࢆ᪂ࡓ࡟ไᐃࡍࡿ୍㐃ࡢసᴗ࡟╔ᡭ㈗᪘ࡀᒚࡃ㠐ࡢ㛗ࡉࢆࡑࡢぶᣦ࠿ࡽ  ࢖ࣥࢳࡲ࡛࡟ไ㝈ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ

ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎୡ⏺ⓗ࡟⾜ࢃࢀࠊࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡀࠊ㐣ཤ࡟ࡓࠋ♫఍࡛ࡣࠊᨭ㓄ᒙࡀࠊࡑࡢ♫఍ࡢᐩࡀ㢧ⴭ࡞ᾘ㈝ࡸ㏥ᗫⓗ࡞ᙧ࡛ࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇⓗ࡞᪉ྥ㌿᥮࡬࡜㥑ࡾ❧࡚ࡽࢀࡓ⌮⏤࡜㢮ఝࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ



ᾘ㈝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚↓㥏࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓሙྜ ࡸࠊࡑࡢ♫఍࡜ࢆㄽࡌࡿࠋዝౘ⚗Ṇἲࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡣ㐪࠸ࠊ⏘ᴗࡢ┦ᑐⓗ࡞ᾘ㈝ไᗘࡀࠊ♫఍ࡢ✀ࠎࡢᵓᡂဨࢆ⤫ไࡍࡿ࡜ࡲ࡛ࡣ࠸࠿࡞࠸

໬࡜Ẹ୺໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶᾘ⁛ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊࡑࢀࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞ࠊࡋ࠿ࡋ౫

ࡲ࡛ࡶ ࠊᙼࡽࢆ༊ู࡞࠸ࡋ㆑ูࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡉ࠼ࡶࡣࡸ☜ᐇ࡟ࡣᶵ⬟ࡋ࡞↛࡜ࡋ࡚࠿࡞ࡾᖖ㌶ࢆ㐓ࡋࡓᙧࢆ࡜ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓሙྜ ࠊ࠸ࡘࡶỴࡲࡗ࡚ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ

☜࠿࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ᫂♧ⓗ࡞┠ⓗ࡜᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ຠᯝࡣࠊὶ⏝ࡢ㜵Ṇ࡜ᢏࢆㄢࡋࡓࠋᚋ⪅ࡢၥ㢟ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᾘ㈝࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ♫఍ⓗ༊ูࡢไᗘࡢᔂቯࡣࠊ

⾡ⓗᩥ໬ⓗ㐍Ṍࡢ᥎㐍ࡢࡲࡲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ✀ࠎࡢ⌮⏤࡟ࡼࡾࠊᡃࠎࡣࠊ

඾ᆺⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ௨๓ࡣᕼᑡ࡛࠶ࡗࡓၟရ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡇࢀࡽ࡜ྠ➼ࡢࡶࡢࡀ✺↛▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡟᪂ࡓ࡞┠ⓗࢆࡲࡍࡲࡍ୚࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊྠἲࢆࡑࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞┠ⓗ࡟㇏ᐩ࡟࡞ࡗࡓሙྜࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ௨๓ࡣ♫఍ࡢୖ⣭ᒙࡢࡳࡀᾘ㈝ࡋࡓၟရࢆ

㐺ྜࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᢲࡋ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊ⌧௦ࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࢆࠊࡑࡢᏑ⥆ࢆ༴࠺ࡃࡍࡿ♫఍ⓗ࣭ᢏ⾡ⓗ≧ἣࡢฟ⌧࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿ୰࡛ಖᏑࡋᏳᐃ



ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞♫఍ⓗ࣭ᢏ⾡ⓗ≧ἣ࡬ࡢᑐฎ࡟ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈

R. TURNER WILCOX, THE MODE IN COSTUME 59 (2d rev. & expanded ed. 1947).ᾘ㈝⏘ἲࡀẚ㢮࡞ࡃࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᡃࠎࡣࡲࡍࡲࡍࠊ▱ⓗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ┤᥋ࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡢึᮇࡢ౛࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ᭱ࡶྂ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜

㈈⏘ἲ࡟ࡼࡾ♫఍ⓗࣄ࢚ࣛࣝࣄ࣮ࢆᏲࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࠊྠἲ࡟ࡼࡾᾘ㈝࡟ᇶ

⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࡀࠊୡ⣖ࡢ B.C.E. Locrian Code ࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋSee MICHAEL GAGARIN,EARLY GREEK LAW 58-62, 67, 78 (1st paperback prtg. 1989).ࣔࣥࢱ࣮ࢽࣗࡀఏ࠼ࡿࡼ
࠺࡟ࠊ❧ἲ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ Locri ࡢ Zaleucus ࡣࠊᩘ࠶ࡿ୰࡛ࡶࠕዪᛶࡢ⮬⏤ேࡣࠊ㓖㓁ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡛࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊ ே௨ୖࡢྊ౑ࢆᚑ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡸ

࡙ࡃ♫఍ⓗ༊ูࡢไᗘ࡜ࡇࢀࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿ♫఍ᵓ㐀࡜つ⠊ࢆ༢࡟ಖㆤࡍ
ࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ㻼㼕㼑㼞㼞㼑㻌 㻮㼛㼡㼞㼐㼕㼑㼡 ࡢゝⴥࢆ೉ࡾࢀࡤࠊࠕ෌〇㺁ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚


ࠕ⏨ᛶࡣࠊ่ᐈ࡛࠶ࡿ⪅௨እࠊ㔠Ⰽࡢᣦ㍯ࢆࡘࡅ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ࣑ࣞࢺࢫࡢ㒔࡛⧊ࡽSee Hughes, supra note 8, at 99.ࢀࡓ⏨ࡽࡋࡃ࡞࠸࣮ࣟࣈࢆ╔⏝ࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆไᐃࡋࡓࠋ1 MICHELSee VEBLEN, supra note 14, at 87-88㸦ࠕྡኌࢆᚓࡿᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᾘ㈝ࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࡢࡳ

DE MONTAIGNE, ESSAYS OF MONTAIGNE 360 (William Carew Hazlitt ed., Charles Cotton࡞ࡽࡎࠊ♩൤ṇࡋࡉࡢせ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚ᾘ㈝ࢆᙉせࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶࠊ♫఍ࡢ୰࡛ࡶࠊே㛫࡜ࡋtrans., 1877).࡚ࡢಶேࡢ᥋ゐࡀ᭱ࡶᗈ⠊࡟⾜ࢃࢀ࠿ࡘேཱྀࡢὶືᛶࡀ᭱ࡶ㧗࠸㒊ศ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ୍

␒㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠖId. at 87. ; see also HUNT, supra note 2, at 136 ึᮇࡢ⌧௦࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ

See, e.g., KILLERBY, supra note 2, at 41-42 ୰ୡᚋᮇཬࡧࣝࢿࢵࢧࣥࢫ᫬௦ࡢ࢖ࢱ

ࣜ࢔࡟࠾ࡅࡿዝౘ⚗Ṇἲࡢᗎᩥࡀࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ἲࡢṇᙜᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ㈨ᮏࡢᾉ㈝ࠖid.

࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㒔ᕷ໬ཬࡧ⌧௦໬࡬ࡢኚ㑄ࡀጞࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠕㄆ㆑ྍ⬟ᛶࡢ༴ᶵࠖ࡟

at 41 ࢆ㢖⦾࡟ᘬ⏝ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ .

ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ internal quotation marks omittedSee generally Alan Hunt, Governing the City: Liberalism and Early Modern Modes ofSee, e.g., Hunt, supra note 18, at 170.

Governance, in FOUCAULT AND POLITICAL REASON 167 (Andrew Barry et al. eds., 1996).See PIERRE BOURDIEU & JEAN-CLAUDE PASSERON, REPRODUCTION IN EDUCATION,

SOCIETY AND CULTURE (Richard Nice trans., Sage Publ’ns 1977) (1970); Pierre Bourdieu,See, e.g., RIBEIRO, supra note 1, at 15㸦ࠕ ึᮇࡢ⌧௦ⱥᅜዝౘ⚗Ṇἲࡢ ᮏᙜࡢ┠ⓗ.ࡣࠊ᭹⿦ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᚎࠎ࡟ᦆ࡞ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ࡜ࡢឤゐࡢ࠶ࡗࡓ㝵⣭༊ูࢆᡠࡍࡇ࡜࡟

Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction, in KNOWLEDGE, EDUCATION, AND CUL-

࠶ࡗࡓ㹿㺁 .TURAL CHANGE 71, 97 (Richard Brown ed., 1973); see also CULTURAL REPRODUCTION ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡣ஧ࡘࡢ▩┪ࡍࡿഃ㠃࡟ࡼࡾᵓᡂ

ࡼࡾࡶ᏶⎍࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸ࢃࢀࠊ➇தⓗ࡟ᾘ㈝ࡉࢀࡓၟရࡀୖᡭ࡟┿ఝࡉࢀࡿࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࠾࡞ࡌࡳࡢࠊἲࡢ㐍Ṍⓗ࡞ഃ㠃࡛࠶ࡼ࠺࡞᫬௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡲࡍࡲࡍᙉ኱࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᡃࠎࡢࢥࣆ࣮ᢏ⾡࡟ࡼࡗࡗ࡚ྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲࡢᩥゝ࡛࠸࠼ࡤࠕᏛ⾡ཬࡧ᭷⏝࡞ᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍Ṍࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓ࡚ࠊ㆑ูᛶࡢ࠶ࡿၟရࡢᕼᑡᛶࡀዣࢃࢀࠊࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㆑ูᛶࡶᕼ㔘໬ࡉࡵ㺁 ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿഃ㠃࡜ࠊ┿౯ࢆㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ዝౘ⚗Ṇⓗഃ㠃࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺⬣ጾ࡟ࠊᡃࠎࡣ᪩ࡃࡶࡉࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕ࣏ࢫࢺḞஈ㐍Ṍⓗ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡴࡋࢁ♫఍ⓗ࣭ᢏ⾡ⓗ࡟཯ືⓗ࡞ഃ㠃࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡣࠊ♫఍ࠖࡀ㛫㐪࠸࡞ࡃࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟࡞࠸࡯࡝࡟㐲ࡢ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊᡃࠎࡣ

ㄝ᫂ⓗෆᐜ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇἲ࡜ࡢወጁ࡞㐃⤖ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ

࣏ࢫࢺᕼᑡᛶ♫఍ࢆ᪤࡟㏄࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᡃࠎࡢᶍೌᢏ⾡ࡢጾຊ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ᮏ✏ࡣࠊணゝⓗෆᐜ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᅔ㞴࡞ၥ㢟ࡀ✺ࡁࡘࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ≀ࡋ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡀ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ዝౘ⚗Ṇἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ᡂຌࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚෌〇࡜ᶍ㐀ࢆࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟Ꮡᅾࡋࠊࡑࡢ⬟ຊࢆࡲࡍࡲࡍ㧗ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡋࠊつ⠊ⓗෆᐜ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊྠἲࡀዝౘ⚗Ṇἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ᡂຌࢆ࠾ࡉࡵࡿ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢ

ࠕࢥࣆ࣮ࡢᩥ໬ࠖࡀࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ྠ᫬࡟㆑ูᛶࠊᕼᑡᛶࠊࢥࣆ࣮࡛

࠿ࢆุᐃࡍࡿࠋ

࡞࠸ࡶࡢࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᙜヱᩥ໬ࢆࡲࡉ࡟≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿᕼ㔘໬ࡢἼ➨୍㒊࡛ࡣࠊ⌧௦♫఍ࡀࠊ᪂ࡋࡃ࠿ࡘ㛫᥋ⓗ࡞ᙧᘧ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ

࠿ࡽ㆑ูᛶࢆᏲࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡼࡾᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊዝౘ⚗Ṇἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡁࡓ⌮⏤ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᮏ✏ࡢㄝ᫂ⓗഃ㠃࡟ධࡿᙉຊ࡟ᶍೌⓗ࡞ᩥ໬࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜

ࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋ㐣ཤࡢ  ୡ⣖࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᡃࠎࡢࠊᾘ㈝࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ♫఍ⓗ༊ูࡢ࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ไᗘࡣࠊ㔜せ࡞♫఍ⓗᶵ⬟ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋಶࠎཬࡧ㞟ᅋࡢ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕

➨஧㒊࡛ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡑࡢ⟅࠼ࡣࠊ⤖ᒁࡣ࡯࠿࡟㐺ษ࡞ሙࡀ࡞࠿ࡗ

ࢸ࢕ࡢᙧᡂࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ஧ࡘࡢ⌮⏤࡟ࡼࡾࠊᡃࠎ

ࡓ࠿ࡽ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ୰࡟ฟ⌧ࡋࡓࠋᾘ㈝࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ༊ู

ࡢ⌧௦ⓗ࡞ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࡀᔂቯࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍ࡘࡣ୺࡜ࡋ࡚♫఍ⓗࡢไᗘࢆಖ࡜࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ᡃࠎࡢ≀㉁ⓗ≧ἣࡀᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᙺ

࡞⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣ୺࡜ࡋ࡚ᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊᛶ㉁ୖ

๭ࢆ௦ࢃࡾ࡟ᯝࡓࡍࡼ࠺࡞୍㐃ࡢἲᚊࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᢏ⾡࡟ࡼ㝵ᒙⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜࡞࠿ࢁ࠺࡜ࠊ➇தⓗᾘ㈝ࡢᙧែࡣࠊᙜヱᙧែ┦஫ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࢀ⮬యࡀࡶࡘᕼᑡᛶࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ⬟ຊࡀዣࢃࢀࡓ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ௦ࢃࡾ࡟

ࡢ㆑ูᛶࢆ࡞ࡃࡍഴྥ࡟࠶ࡾࠊࡸࡀ࡚ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ㆑ูᛶࢆపୗࡉࡏ

ᩥ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡑࡢᙺ๭ࢆᇙࡵ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊỴᐃⓗ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ࡞ࡾ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸ࠋከᵝ࡞ᩥ໬ⓗάືࢆぢࢀࡤࢃ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࡢ

ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊᡃࠎࡣࠊࡶࡣࡸ┤᥋ࠊ➇தⓗᾘ㈝ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ

ࡼ࠺࡞ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ᭱㏆⌧ᐇࡢࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟࡞ࡃ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ➇࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ⮬⏤ᕷሙẸ୺୺⩏ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᾘ㈝⪅⮳ୖ୺⩏࡟ᑐதⓗᾘ㈝ࡢࠕ㌷ᣑ➇தࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㆑ูᛶࡢ୙Ꮡᅾࠊព࿡ࡢ࡞࠸ᕪ␗ࠊࣀ

ࡍࡿไ⣙ࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑᡃࠎࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡟┠ࢆྥ࢖ࢬ࡜኱ᕪ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡀࡼࡾ࠸ࡗࡑ࠺⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊᐦ᥋࡟㛵ࡅࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦ブḭࢆ⚗ࡎࡿࡼ࠺࡞ἲࢆ㝖ࡅࡤ㸧㆑ูࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡍࡿᙧ࠶

㐃ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᡃࠎࢆ࡜ࡾࡲࡃ≀㉁ⓗ≧ἣࡣࠊዝౘ⚗Ṇἲࡀᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡶࡢࢆᶍೌࡸ㐣๫⏕⏘࠿ࡽಖㆤࡍࡿ⬟ຊࡀ࠶ࡿ၏୍ࡢἲ㡿ᇦࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛

ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞ࠊ≉ᐃࡢ୙㊊≧ែࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࡢ⨾໬ࡉࢀࡓᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᕼ

࠶ࡿࠋ➃ⓗ࡟㏙࡭ࢀࡤࠊၟရࡢ≉ᚩ㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻࡢ≀⌮ⓗᵓ㐀㸧ᑡᛶࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕேᕤࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻࠖࡀࠕኳ↛ࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ㺁ࡢከࡃࡣᢏ⾡ⓗ࡟ࡶྜἲⓗ࡟ࡶᶍೌ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡟
(Chris Jenks ed., 1993).


U.S. CONST. art. I, § 8, cl. 8.▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ㐍Ṍⓗ࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮࡟ᑐࡍࡿᢈุ࡛⌧ࡼࡾಖㆤࡉࢀࡿ≉ᚩ㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻࡢࣈࣛࣥࢻ㸧ࡣࠊᢏ⾡ⓗ࡟ࡣᶍೌ࡛ࡁ࡚ࡶࠊྜἲⓗ࡟ࡣᶍೌ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢᵝࠎ࡞ዝౘ⚗Ṇἲࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡣ┤᥋ࠊ࡝ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ᒙࡀ࡝ࡢ㆑ูᛶ࠶ࡿၟရࢆᾘ㈝ࡍࡿ

ᅾࡶ᫬ࢆᚓࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊsee Margaret Chon, Postmodern “Progress”: Reconsidering

the Copyright and Patent Power, 43 DEPAUL L. REV. 97 (1993).



MURRAY BOOKCHIN, POST-SCARCITY ANARCHISM, at xvi (3d ed. 2004).

HILLEL SCHWARTZ, THE CULTURE OF THE COPY (1996).

See Vanessa O’Connell, Gem War, WALL ST. J., Jan. 13-14, 2007, at P1. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ࠿ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡋ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊᙜヱၟရࡢ↓チㅙࡢࢥࣆ࣮⾜Ⅽࢆ㜵Ṇࡍ࣮⾜Ⅽࡀ๰స⪅ࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࢆᦆ࡞࠺ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊࡉࡽ࡟ᝏ࠸⤖ᯝࢆ

ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᙜヱၟရࡢ⏕⏘ࡢẸ㛫ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ

⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊᕼ㔘໬ࢆᣍࡃࢥࣆ࣮⾜Ⅽࡣࠊᡃࠎ࡟ࠊ⌧௦ࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࢆ㛫᥋ⓗ࡟ᨭ㓄ࡍࡿᡭẁࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

๰స≀ࡢ㆑ูᛶࢆᕼ㔘໬ࡋࠊࡈࡃ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛๰స≀ࡑࡢࡶࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡢࡳࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࠊ࡞ࡐ⌧ᅾᡃࠎࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࡢከࡃࡀࠊ㆑ูᛶࡢ

ࡢࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࡑࡢ┦ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࢆᦆ࡞࠺࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕼ㔘໬࠿ࡽ࠶ࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘㸦౛࠼ࡤၟᶆ㸧࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊཬࡧ࡞ࡐ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ▱ⓗ๰స≀ࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࡀᾘ⪖ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛⾜౑ࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࢆ↓チㅙࡢࢥࣆ࣮⾜Ⅽ࠿ࡽಖㆤࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸

࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᾘ㈝ࡀ➇தⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௦᭰

ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊㄝ᫂ࡀࡘࡃ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡣࠊ඾ᆺⓗ࡟ࡣၟရࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽಖㆤࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜໬ࡀᐜ࡛᫆࠶ࡾࠊᗈࡃ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᫂☜࡟ุㄞྍ⬟࡞ᕼᑡᛶࡢᙧែ࡛

ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ๰స≀ࡢ㆑ูᛶࢆಖᣢࡋࠊࡑࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࢆ༊ูࡋ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊᶍೌࡉࢀࡸࡍ࠸ᛶ㉁ࢆࡶࡕ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘⥆ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺☜ಖࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡣࠊᡃࠎ࡟ṧࡉࢀࡓᕼᑡᛶࡢᙧែࡢ୰࡛᭱ࡶᏳᐃⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀ

㛵㐃ࡍࡿ஧ࡘ┠ࡢ㡿ᇦࡣࠕ┿ṇࢆᢸಖࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢಖㆤࠖ࡜ࡶ࠸࠺࡭ࡁࡶ

ࡗ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡣࠊዝౘ⚗Ṇἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙺ๭ࢆᢲࡋࡘࡅࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢࡑ

ࡢ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᆅ⌮ⓗ࣭Ṕྐⓗ࡟┿ṇ࡞ၟရࠊ౛࠼ࡤ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ

ࡢᙺ๭ࢆࡉ࡯࡝ᘬࡁཷࡅ࡚ࡣ࠾ࡽࡎࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ≉ᐃࡢ㡿ᇦ࣡࢖ࣥࡸ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ࢔࣎ࣜࢪࢽࡢどぬⓗ⾲⌧ࡣࠊ⌧௦ࡢᾘ㈝⪅࡟≉ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࢆ⤫ไࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ྥࡅࡓࠕᶵ⬟ⓗኚ㉁㺁 ࢆ⤒࡚࠸ู࡞ᙧែࡢ㆑ูᛶࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡲࡀ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ┿ṇရࢆᡤᣢࡿ᭱୰࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡢ㆑ูᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊ⌧௦ࡢᶍೌάື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ

➨஧㒊ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇἲ࡬ࡢ㌿᥮ࢆ≉࡟⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྠἲ୰ࡢ

┿ṇရࡢ≀㉁ⓗ≉ᚩࢆ෌〇ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀド᫂ࡉࢀࠊࡇࡢࡼ

஧ࡘࡢ㡿ᇦ࡟↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍ࡘ┠ࡣᕼ㔘໬࠿ࡽࡢಖㆤ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢ

࠺࡞ᶍೌάືࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉ᚩࡢࡶࡘ㆑ูᛶࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊࡑࡢ᰿※ࡓࡿᩥ

Ⅼࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢಖㆤࡢᙧែࡢ୰࡛ࡶ┠❧ࡓ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ࠶࡚ࡣࡲࡿ

໬ࢆࡶᕼ㔘໬ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞άື࡟

ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤၟᶆࡃࡽ࠸࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ௒ࡣⴭసᶒἲ࡜ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥಖㆤ

ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊၟရࡢࠊ⣧⢋࡟↓ᙧࡢࠊ▱ⓗ࡞≉ᚩࡢಙࡨࡻ࠺ᛶࡀῶࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸

ἲࢆྵࡴ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ඲ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᵝࠎ࡞ᙧែ࡟ࡼࡾᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᕼ

ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⏕⏘⪅ࡣࠊ≧ἣ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ✀ࠎࡢᙧែࠊ

㔘໬࠿ࡽࡢಖㆤࡀᗈࡃᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀᐜ㉧ࡢ࡞࠸ᶍೌᩥ໬ࡢ

౛࠼ࡤᆅ⌮ⓗ⾲♧࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲࡸఏ⤫ⓗᩥ໬ⓗ⾲⌧ࡢಖㆤ࡟┠ࢆྥࡅࠊ⮬ᕫ᭷ࡍࡿ඾ᆺⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᕼ㔘໬ࢆᣍࡃࢥࣆ࣮⾜Ⅽࡢၥ㢟࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࡢၟရཬࡧᩥ໬ࡢಙࡨࡻ࠺ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵಖㆤࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ

ࡓࡵࡢᡭẁࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௦᭰ᛶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࢥࣆ࣮⾜Ⅽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚➨஧㒊࡛ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᕼ㔘໬࠿ࡽࡢಖㆤཬࡧ┿ṇࢆᢸಖࡍࡿ

๰స⪅ࡀࢥࣆ࣮ྍ⬟࡞సရࢆ๰సࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࡀᦆ࡞ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜

ࡓࡵࡢಖㆤࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ዝౘ⚗Ṇⓗ┠ⓗࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࡇ

ࡣࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠶ࡲࡾࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢࡣࠊᕼ㔘໬ࢆᣍࡃࢥࣆ

࡜ࡣࠊ≉࡟ព࿡῝࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞┠ⓗ࡟㈉⊩ࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࠊ




See KARL RENNER, THE INSTITUTIONS OF PRIVATE LAW AND THEIR SOCIAL FUNCTIONS

81 (O. Kahn-Freund ed., Agnes Schwarzschild trans., 1949) ἲࡸ୍㐃ࡢἲࡢᶵ⬟ࡀࠊࡑ୧ಖㆤᙧែࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢᛶ㉁ཬࡧ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ┠ⓗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡇࢀ
ࡲ࡛⪃࠼࡚ࡁࡓ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢࡇ࡜࡜ࡣ㏫ࡢ᪉ྥࡢ᥎

࡟ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚

ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇⓗഃ㠃ࡀࠊ࡜ࡶࡍࢀࡤྠἲࡢ

ࡢᙧᘧ࡜ෆᐜࡀኚ໬ࡋ࡞࠸࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎኚ໬ࡍࡿࠕᶵ⬟ⓗኚ㉁ࠖࡢ㐣⛬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࡲ࡜ࡲࡾཬࡧຠᯝ࡟ཝࡋ࠸⤖ᯝࢆక࠸ࡘࡘࡶࠊྠἲࡢ㐍Ṍⓗㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ ; see also HUNT, supra note 2, at 13 ዝౘ⚗ṆἲࡢṔྐࡣἲつ⠊ࡢࠕࠗᶵ⬟ഃ㠃ࡢወ␗࡛࠶࡭ࡇ࡭࡞ᙧ࡜ࡋ࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲ࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡀࠊ୧ಖㆤ

ⓗኚ㉁࠘ࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࢫࢱࢹ࢕࣮ࠖࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࠕࡑࡇ࡛ࡣྠࡌ୍ࡘࡢἲ

ᙧែࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

ⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࡀࠊኚ⛣ࡋࡓ≧ἣୗ࡟࠾࠸࡚␗࡞ࡿィ⏬ࡢࡓࡵ࡟᭷⏝࡜࡞ࡿࡼ࠺ຠᯝⓗ࡟㓄⨨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿ .

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ➨୕㒊࡛ࡣࠊዝౘ⚗Ṇⓗ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⌧௦ࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࢆᅛᐃ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆணゝࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤖ᯝࡣつ⠊ⓗ࡟ᮃࡲ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡣࠊዝౘ⚗Ṇⓗഃ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ

࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࡜࠶ࡿ㡑ᅜேࡢ኱Ꮫ⏕ࡣࠊࣃࣜ࡟࠶ࡿࢩࣕࢿࣝࡢᗑ⯒࡟ධࡗ࡚ࠊ

Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ↓ᙧࡢ㆑ูᛶࡢᙧែࢆ↓チㅙࡢࢥࣆ࣮⾜Ⅽ࡜ᕼ㔘໬࠿ࡽ✚ᴟⓗ⮬ศࡢࢩࣕࢿࣝࡢࣂࢵࢢࡢ⫪ࡦࡶࡀቯࢀࡓࡢ࡛ಟ⌮ࡋࢁ࡜せồࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ಖㆤࡍࡿࡀࠊ㐍Ṍⓗഃ㠃࡛ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪂ࡋ࠸㆑ูᛶࡢᙧែࡀⓎᒎࡍࢆᛮ࠸࡜࡝ࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࢩࣕࢿࣝࡢᗑ⯒ࡣࠕᖹㅰࡾ࡛ࠖ↓ൾ࡛ಟࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᙉࡃዡບࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ⏕ࡎࡿࡢࡣࠊᖜᗈ࠸ゎ㔘ࡢྍ⬟࡞ᙧែࡢ⌮ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ኱Ꮫ⏕ࡣࠊ⮬ศࡢࣂࢵࢢࡀᶍೌရ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ༑ศ࡟ᢎ▱ዝౘ⚗Ṇἲ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᡃࠎࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇ⛛ᗎࢆࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟࡞ࡃ୙Ᏻᐃ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࢩࣕࢿࣝࡢᚑᴗဨࡽࡣࠊࣂࢵࢢࢆ㛫㏆࡛ㄪ࡭࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡀᶍ

ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊࡇࢀࡣᖾ㐠࡞ኻᩋ࡜࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ࡯࠿࡞ࡽࡠࠊ

ೌရࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ඲ࡃぢ◚ࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋᚑᴗဨࡽࡣẼࡀࡘ࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓ

㐍Ṍࡋࡓ࣏ࢫࢺ⏘ᴗ⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡣࠊḞஈ≧ែࡸᕼᑡᛶࡢ

ࡀࠊ⮬ศࡓࡕࡣ࠿ࡢఏㄝⓗ࡞㡑ᅜ〇ࡢࠕࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮ࢥࣆ࣮㺁ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ᏶⎍࠶ࡿ≧ែ࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ⨨ࡃ♫఍ⓗᩥ໬ⓗつ⠊ࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊ࠿ࡘࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ែࢆ࡞ࢹࢪࢱࣝࢥࣆ࣮ࢆ❧యⓗ࡟෌⌧ࡋࡓࡶࡢࠊࢆ┠ࡢᙜࡾ࡟ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᢏ⾡࡛ඞ᭹ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࡲࡍࡲࡍྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞♫఍ไᗘࡢ᭱ᚋ

➨୍㒊ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮ࢥࣆ࣮ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࠊ⌧௦ࡢୡ⏺୰ࡢ 㻴㼍㼚㼚㼍㼔㻌ࡢ◓࡜ࡋ࡚࡜ࡽ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡣࠊࡑࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇⓗഃ㠃࡟࠾࠸㻸㼥㼙㼍㼚㼟 ࡟ᡃࠎࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎዝౘ⚗Ṇἲࢆᣄ⤯ࡍࡿຊࢆ୚࠼


࡚ࡣࠊ♫఍ⓗ࡞ࠕ୙άⓎ㺁 ࡀ୚࠼ࡓຠᯝ࡛࠶ࡾࠊྠ᫬࡟ࡑࡢཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊᕼ㔘໬ࡀ⏕ࡌ┿ṇ࡛࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡀὶ㏻ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌧㇟ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡢᶍೌᢏ⾡ࡀࠊᾘ㈝࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ♫఍ⓗᕪู໬ࡢไᗘࢆࠊࢥࣆ࣮
〇ရ࡛࠶ࡩࢀࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ᫬௦㐜ࢀ࡟ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠊ♫఍ⓗ࡟㐍Ṍⓗ࡛⮬⏤୺⩏ⓗ࡞₯ᅾ⬟ຊࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆド᫂ࡍࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࢆࠊIt’s a Crime, INT’L HERALD TRIB., Jan. 13, 2006, available at http://www. nytimes.com/2006/01/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-fake.html ࣇ࢕ࣞࣥࢶ࢙ࡢዪᛶࡀ
࣮࡛ࣘࣟഇࣈࣛࣥࢻရࡢࢧࣥࢢࣛࢫࢆ㈙ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛࣮ࣘࣟࡢ⨩㔠ࢆ⛉ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࢆఏ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ .
Velisarios Kattoulas, Bags of Trouble, FAR E. ECON. REV., Mar. 21, 2002, at 52, 52.ⱞࡋ⣮ࢀࡢࠊ✲ᴟⓗ࡟ࡣ↓┈࡞ᑐ⟇࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀᡃࠎࡢࢥࣆ࣮ᢏ⾡ࡢ♫఍ⓗ

Id.➨  ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッ⿢ุᡤࡢ஦௳࡛࠶ࡿ Gucci America, Inc. v. Daffy’s, Inc., 354࡟㠉࿨ⓗ࡞₯ᅾ⬟ຊࢆᢚᅽࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᥖࡆࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨୕㒊࡛ࡣࡑ

F.3d 228 (3d Cir.2003) ࡣࠊྠᵝࡢ⫼ᬒ஦ᐇࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ௳࡛ࡣࠊ⿕࿌ࡣ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊṦ࡟▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ㐍Ṍⓗィ⏬࡜୍㈏ࡏࡎࠊࡲࡓࠊࡼࡾᴫᣓ

ಶࡶࡢࠕJackie-Oࠖ㢼ࡢ Gucci ࡢࣂࢵࢢࢆಙ㢗ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿࢧ࣮ࢻࣃ࣮ࢸ࢕࣮ࡢ㈍኎

ⓗ࡟ࡣ㏆௦໬ࡢ㐍Ṍⓗィ⏬࡜୍㈏ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡿࠋ
Ϩ㸬ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊࡜ࢥࣆ࣮ᢏ⾡ࡢၥ㢟Ⅼ㻌ᗑ࠿ࡽ㉎ධࡋࠊ࠺ࡕ  ࡘࢆ㝖ࡁࡍ࡭࡚኎༷ࡋࡓࠋࣂࢵࢢࡀ┿ṇရ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆド᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ⿕࿌ࡣ⮬ᕫࡢᚑᴗဨ࡟ࠊࡑࡢᚑᴗဨࡀ㉗ࡾ≀࡜ࡋ࡚ཷࡅྲྀࡗࡓࣂࢵࢢ
ࡀ┿ṇရ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆ☜࠿ࡵࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ཱྀᐇࡢୗ࡛ Gucci ࡢ࢔࢘ࢺࣞࢵࢺᗑ
࡟⾜࠿ࡏࡓࠋᗑဨࡣࠊࣂࢵࢢࢆ☜࠿ࡵ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡀ┿ṇရ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࠋ⿕࿌ࡣࠊ
ูࡢ③ࢇࡔࣂࢵࢢࢆ Gucci ࡢಟ⌮ࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡟㏦ࡗࡓࡀࠊྠࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡣఱࡢ␲ၥࡶ࿊

ࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ௚ࡢ≉ᐃࡢᅜ࡜ྠࡌࡃࠊᶍೌရࢆ༢࡟〇㐀ࡋࡓࡾ㈍኎ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡯࠿࡟ᡤᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ≢⨥⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࡝ࡇ
࡛ᶍೌရࢆ㉎ධࡋࡓ࠿ࡶၥࢃ࡞࠸ ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡶࠊᖺࡢࡇ࡜࡛

ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃࣂࢵࢢࢆಟ⌮ࡋࠊ㏉༷ࡋࡓࠋᐇ㝿࡟ࡣࠊಶࡢࣂࢵࢢࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡀᶍ
ೌရ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋId. at 229-30.ពእ࡞ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊᆅ᪉⿢ุᡤࡣࠊ⿕࿌࡟ᶍೌရ࡛࠶ࡿࣂ
ࢵࢢࡍ࡭࡚ࢆᅇ཰ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ࿨ࡌ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࠕᶍೌရࡢရ㉁࡜ࠊDaffy’s ࡢ㈙࠸≀ᐈࡀࡑࡢᶍೌရࢆᡭ࡟ධࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡟ฟࡍࡘࡶࡾࡢ࠶ࡗࡓ㔠㢠ࡀẚ㍑ⓗ㧗㢠࡛࠶ࡗࡓ

ࡇ࡜ࡀࠊGucci ࡢၟᶆࡀയࡘࡅࡽࢀࡓ࡜ࡢ୺ᙇࢆㄝᚓຊࡢ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡟ࡋࡓࠖ࠿ࡽ࡛

࠶ࡿࠋId. at 234.➨  ᕠᅇ༊᥍ッ⿢ุᡤࡣࠊཎᑂࡢุ᩿ࢆ⥔ᣢࡋࡓࠋId. at 243.

See TALCOTT PARSONS & NEIL J. SMELSER, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY: A STUDY IN THE

INTEGRATION OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL THEORY 263 (1st paperback ed. 1965).See CODE DE LA PROPRIETE INTELLECTUELLE art. 716-10 (Fr.), available at http://www.

Kattoulas, supra note 31, at 52; see also RADHA CHADHA & PAUL HUSBAND, THE CULTOF THE LUXURY BRAND: INSIDE ASIA’S LOVE AFFAIR WITH LUXURY 269-70 (2006) ୰ᅜ

legifrance.gouv.fr/telecharger_pdf.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069414. ࢖ ࢱ ࣜ ࢔ ࡣ〇ཬࡧ㡑ᅜ〇ࡢࠕ⣧↛ࡓࡿഇ≀ࠖࡢရ㉁ࡢ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ ; Ray Tai, Labelࡲࡓࠊᶍೌရࢆࠊ᝟ࢆ▱ࡗ࡚ㆡࡾཷࡅཪࡣᡤᣢࡍࡿ⪅࡟ᑐࡋࠊ㧗㢠࡞⨩㔠ࢆ⛉ࡋࡓࠋ

Conscious, MANAGING INTELL. PROP., Apr. 2007, at 50, 50㸦ࠕ㸿➼⣭ࠖࡢࠕඃࢀࡓഇ≀ࠖ

See Adam L. Freeman & Sara Gay Forden, In Italy, ‘Buying a Fake Bag Isn’ t a Joke’̿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ .

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᶍೌᢏ⾡ࡢ᭷ࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࠊ୰࡛ࡶ♫఍ⓗᙳ㡪ࢆ᥈✲ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

⌧࡟ࡼࡾࠊᙉࡲࡗࡓࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ኱ከᩘࡢ⤒㦂๎ⓗ♫఍⛉Ꮫ◊✲࡟ࡼࡾࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡍࡿ୰࡛ࠊᡃࠎࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢏ⾡ࡢ⤒῭ⓗᙳ㡪ࠊே㢮ࡣࠊ⮬ᑛᚰࢆᨭ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡉࡽ࡟᰿ᮏⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡀ㤳ᑿ୍㈏ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡀ๰సࡋⓎ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ឤぬࢆᙧᡂࡋಖᣢࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ⮬ࡽࢆ௚࡜༊ูࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡜

࢕ࣦࢆῶ㏥ࡉࡏࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠕ㐍Ṍࠖࢆ㐜ࡽࡏࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟ࡢࡳ↔Ⅼࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿᚲせᛶࢆឤࡌࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀㄽドࡉࢀࡓࠋ㆑ู

ࢆ࠶࡚࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ከ࠸ࠋ➨୍㒊࡛ࡣࠊࡴࡋࢁࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢏ

ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊಶேࡣࠊ௚⪅ࡼࡾࡶ㝵⣭⾡ࡀࠊᾘ㈝࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ♫఍ⓗ༊ูࡢไᗘ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿⓗ࡟ඃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠿᏶඲࡟ᑐᴟ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ឤࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᚲࡎࡋࡶồࡵࡿࢃࡢ࠿࡟↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢏ⾡ࡀࠊ㆑ูᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ≀⌮ⓗࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡲࡋ࡚ࡸ⤯ᑐⓗ࡟ࣘࢽ࣮ࢡ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ឤࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࢆồࡵࡿࡇ࡞ၟရࡢ࢖࣑ࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ㎿㏿࡟෌〇ࡋᬑཬࡉࡏࡿຊࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼ

࡜ࡶࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ཯ᑐ࡟ࠊࠕྠ໬࡜ᕪู໬࡬ࡢ┦཯ࡍࡿ⾪ື㺁ࡢᆒ⾮ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡾࠊ≀⌮ⓗ࡞ၟရࡀ☜ᐇ࡟㆑ูᛶࢆ୚࠼ࡿ⬟ຊࢆ◚ቯࡋࠊᡃࠎࡢ♫఍ⓗ༊ࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊಶேࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࢆ≉ᐃࡢ㞟ᅋ࡜㐺ྜࡉࡏࡘࡘ௚ࡢ≉ᐃࡢᅋయ࡜

ูࡢไᗘࡢ୺║Ⅼࢆࠊ㆑ูᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢᾘ㈝࡬࡜⛣⾜ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ

ࡣᕪู໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜୍࡛ᐃࡢࠕ᭱㐺࡞㆑ูᛶ㺁ࢆồࡵࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㔜せ࡞࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⛣⾜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㔜኱࡞⤖ᯝࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀࠊὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ㏿ᗘࢆᙅࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㆑ูᛶ
ࡢ≀⌮ⓗᙧែࡀ᭷ࡍࡿ≀㉁ᛶ࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶
ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ➇தⓗᾘ㈝ࡢ᰿ᮏⓗၥ㢟Ⅼࢆ῝ࡵࡿᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ
㆑ูᛶࡢᙧែࡀ஫࠸ࡢ㆑ูᛶࢆᡴࡕᾘࡋ࠶࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ඛࢆத࠺ࠕ㌷ᣑ➇தࠖ


See, e.g., C.R. SNYDER & HOWARD L. FROMKIN, UNIQUENESS: THE HUMAN PURSUITOF DIFFERENCE (1980); Vivian L. Vignoles, Xenia Chryssochoou & Glynis M. Breakwell,

The Distinctiveness Principle: Identity, Meaning, and the Bounds of Cultural Relativity, 4
PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. REV. 337 (2000).ࡢᵝ┦ࢆ࿊ࡍࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊ㆑ูᛶࡢ㠀≀⌮ⓗ࡞ᙧែ࡬࡜⛣⾜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧែࡀ↓チㅙࡢࢥࣆ࣮⾜ⅭࡢᙳCatch 22 Carousel?, 13 BASIC & APPLIED SOC. PSYCHOL. 9, 20-21 (1992)㸦ࠕ࢟ࣕࢵࢳ

㡪ࢆ≉࡟ཷࡅࡸࡍ࠸ࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆ༢࡟῝ࡵࡿ௨ୖࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡢᅇ㌿ᮌ㤿ࢆ㥑ࡾ❧࡚ࡿືຊࡣ♫఍ⓗᆅ఩࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㹿♫఍ⓗᆅ఩ࡣࠊ㌴㍯ࢆᅇࡋ⥆ࡿᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡢᾘ㈝࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ♫఍ⓗ༊ูࡢไᗘࢆ᏶඲࡟⑂ᘢࡉࡏࡿ
ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᥎ㄽࢆᨭ࠼ࡿ࡭ࡃࠊ⚾ࡣࡲࡎࡇࡢไᗘࡢᶵ⬟࡜ാࡁ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

See C.R. Snyder, Product Scarcity by Need for Uniqueness Interaction: A Consumer

ࡅࡿࡢ࡟㈉⊩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㔜せ࡞࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮※࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࢀࡼࡾࡶࡴ
ࡋࢁࠊ࠶ࡲࡾᡤᣢࡍࡿ⪅ࡀ࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇࡀࠊᮏ᮶ⓗ࡟≉ู࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ឤぬࢆಶே࡟୚࠼ࠊࡑࢀࡀỴᐃⓗ࡞ຊ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁 ; see also Wilfred Amaldoss& Sanjay Jain, Pricing of Conspicuous Goods: A Competitive Analysis of Social Effects, 42⡆༢࡟ㄽࡌࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ᭷ࡍࡿᛶ㉁࡟㞟୰ࡋ࡚㆟ㄽࡍࡿࠋJ. MARKETING RES. 30, 30 (2005)㸦ࠕࣘࢽ࣮ࢡࡉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ◊✲ࡀᬯ♧ࡍࡿ㔜せ࡞஦ᐇ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࡇࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ」㞧࡞ືࡁࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᾘ㈝⪅♫఍ࡀ♫఍ⓗ༊ูࢆ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊேࠎࡀࠊ⮬ᕫࡢᐩࡸ♫఍ⓗᆅ఩ࢆ♧ࡍࡓࡵ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ༢࡟௚ࡢᾘ㈝⪅࡜ࡣ௜୚ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋḟ࡟⚾ࡣࠊ➇தⓗᾘ㈝࡟ࡘࡁࡲ࡜࠺ࠊᡂᯝࡢୖࡀࡽ

㐪ࡗࡓᏑᅾ࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ␗࡞ࡿၟရࢆ㈙࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿ࡜࠸࠺

࡞࠸ᾘ㈝ࡢእᅾⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡟↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࡿࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟⚾ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡢᶍೌᢏ⾡ࡀὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢാࡁࢆ෽㥙ࡋࠊ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚ᡃࠎࡢᾘ㈝࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ♫఍ⓗ༊ูࡢไᗘࢆ෽㥙ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ

ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡿ㹿㺁 .
Marilynn B. Brewer, The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time,

17 PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. BULL. 475, 478 (1991).

Id. at 475 (emphasis omitted).

See GEORG SIMMEL, The Philosophy of Fashion, in SIMMEL ON CULTURE 187, 189

㸿㸬ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊࡜ὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ

(David Frisby & Mike Featherstone eds., 1997)㸦ࠕ♫఍ⓗྠ➼໬ࠖ࡜ࠕಶேࡢᕪู໬ࠖ

࡜࠸࠺ࠕ஧ࡘࡢ┦཯ࡍࡿഴྥࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ ; see also C. Scott Hemphill &ఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ዝౘ⚗Ṇἲࡣࠊ⏘ᴗ໬ཬࡧẸ୺୺⩏໬ࡢ㧗ࡲࡾ࡟క࠸⾶࠼࡚࠸ࡗࡓ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࡣࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋᾘ㈝⪅♫఍ࡢฟ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

Jeannie Suk, The Law, Culture, and Economics of Fashion, 61 STAN. L. REV. 1147, 1164-66(2009) ᾘ㈝⪅࡜⏕⏘⪅ࡀࠕ⩌ࡀࡾࠖ࡜ࠕᕪู໬ࠖ࡟ἐ㢌ࡍࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄽ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊಶேࡀ㆑ูᛶࢆ㏣ồࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ㒊ศⓗ࡟ࡣ௚⪅㞟ᅋࡢ୰ࡢ࠶ࡿ୍㒊࡜ྠ㉁࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺᪉ἲࢆ࡜ࡿࡢ࡛

ࡢㄆ▱࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㆑ูᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ឤࡌࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ

࠶ࡿࠋ㐣ཤ  ୡ⣖࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ࠊṦ࡟ࠊ㻿㼕㼙㼙㼑㼘 ࡜ 㻿㼍㼜㼕㼞 ࡀࡑࡢ㛵ᚰࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ

ಶேࡣࠊ௚⪅࠿ࡽ㆑ูᛶࡀ࠶ࡿே≀࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆ▱ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ឤࡌࡿᚲせ࡝ࢆὀ࠸ࡔ㒔ᕷ㒊ࡢ⏘ᴗ໬ࡉࢀࡓ♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊಶேࡣࠊ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡀᕪูࡀ࠶ࡿ ࠋ㆑ูᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ឤࡌࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ḧồࡣ඲ே㢮ඹ㏻ࡢືᶵ࡛࠶ࡿ

໬ࢆᅗࢀࡿၟရࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡶࡢࠊཬࡧ௚⪅ࡀᕪู໬ࢆᅗࢀࡿၟရࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡼ࠺ࡔࡀࠊ᭱㐺࡞㆑ูᛶࡢᇶ‽ࡸࡑࢀࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ≉ᐃࡢᡭẁࡣࠊᩥࡿ࡜ᙜヱಶேࡀ⪃࠼ࡿၟရࢆᾘ㈝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ࠸ࡗࡑ࠺ࡇࡢពḧ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸໬ࡸ᫬௦࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࠿࡞ࡾ␗࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ ࠋ㻳㼑㼛㼞㼓㻌 㻿㼕㼙㼙㼑㼘 ࡸ 㻱㼐㼣㼍㼞㼐㻌࡚⾜ືࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚ࡢࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡟ᙉຊ࡞ྠ໬࡜ᕪู໬ࡢせ⣲ࠊࡓ࡜㻿㼍㼜㼕㼞㸦ཬࡧ 㻯㼍㼞㼛㼘㼕㼚㼑㻌 㻲㼛㼘㼑㼥㸧ࡢࡼ࠺࡞♫఍⌮ㄽᐙࡀࠊ ୡ⣖๓࡟ࡑࡢ௬

࠼ࡤᛶูࠊே✀ࠊ᐀ᩍࠊ㝵ᒙࡸ࣮࢝ࢫࢺࡣࠊᮍࡔ࡟㒔ᕷ㒊ࡢ⏘ᴗ໬ࡉࢀࡓ

ㄝࢆ❧࡚ࠊ௨᮶༑ศ࡟ㄽドࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࡀ ࠊ⌧௦ࡢ㒔ᕷ♫఍࡟♫఍࡛ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞せ⣲࡛ࡉ࠼ࠊ⌧ᅾࡣᾘ㈝ࡢ័⩦ࡸ♫఍ࠊ࠾࠸࡚ࠊಶேࡣࠊ௚ࡢ㞟ᅋ࠿ࡽ⮬ࡽࢆᕪู໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࠊ᱁ู࡟ᙉⅯ࡞ࠕ㐺␎ࡋ࡚࠸࠼ࡤᾘ㈝ࡢࠕࣛ࢖ࣇࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࠖࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⾲⌧ࡉࢀࠊ࠿ࡘࡑࡢᙳ㡪ྜࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ពḧࠖࢆ⤒㦂ࡍࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟⮬ᕫࡀ௚ࡢࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⌋ࡋࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ



ከᵝ࡞ព⩏ࡸ౯್ࡣࠊὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢㄽ⌮࠿ࡽᑟࡁฟࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ .
See Marilynn B. Brewer, Optimal Distinctiveness, Social Identity, and the Self, in⌧௦ࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࡣࠊᅛᐃⓗ࡛㔜せ࡞ไᗘ࡜ࡣ฿ᗏ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࡢ
ࡇࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣࠊ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ♫఍ⓗ࡞௙⤌ࡳ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀ࡟ࡼHANDBOOK OF SELF AND IDENTITY 480 (Mark R. Leary & June Price Tangney eds., 2005);ࡗ࡚㸦㸧ಶேࡣࠊ㞟ᅋෆእࡢ㆑ูᛶࡢᙧែࢆᑟධࡋࢥࣆ࣮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏻

see also Jonah Berger & Chip Heath, Who Drives Divergence? Identity Signaling, Out-ࡌ࡚᭱㐺࡞㆑ูᛶࢆ㏣ồࡋࠊ㸦㸧ࡇࢀࡽࡢᙧែࡢ࠺ࡕ≉ᐃࡢࡶࡢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

group Dissimilarity, and the Abandonment of Cultural Tastes, 95 J. PERSONALITY & SOC.

PSYCHOL. 593 (2008) ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ࡢⓎಙࡢ♫఍ⓗᛶ㉁ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿ .

Paul R. Nail, Toward an Integration of Some Models and Theories of Social Response, 100See Vignoles et al., supra note 34, at 342-46.

PSYCHOL. BULL. 190, 197-200 (1986) ಶேࡢ♫఍ⓗ≧ἣ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ཯ᛂ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ཯ྠ



See, e.g., GEORG SIMMEL, The Metropolis and Mental Life, in THE SOCIOLOGY OFㄪࠖࡢᴫᛕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ .


GEORG SIMMEL 409 (Kurt H. Wolff ed. & trans., 1950).
See, e.g., EDWARD SAPIR, Fashion, in 3 THE COLLECTED WORKS OF EDWARD SAPIRSee, e.g., Michael Lynn & C.R. Snyder, Uniqueness Seeking, in HANDBOOK OF POSITIVEPSYCHOLOGY 395, 399-402 (C.R. Snyder & Shane J. Lopez eds., 2002) ಶே࡟ࡼࡿࠊ⮬265 (Regna Darnell et al. eds., 1999).ᕫࡢᕪู໬࡜ᾘ㈝࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝࢆ෌᳨ウࡍࡿࡶࡢ ; see also MIKE FEATH-See Caroline A. Foley, Fashion, 3 ECON. J. 458 (1893). Foley ࡢసရࡀㄆ▱ࡉࢀࡿࡼࠕᾘ㈝⪅ᩥ໬࡟ERSTONE, CONSUMER CULTURE AND POSTMODERNISM 84 (2d ed. 2007)㸦

࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࡘ࠸᭱㏆࡛࠶ࡿࠋSee Edward Fullbrook, Caroline Foley and the Theory㌟ࢆ⨨ࡃ⌧௦ࡢಶேࡣࠊ⮬ศࡀࠊ⾰᭹ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬Ꮿࠊᐙලࠊෆ⿦ࠊ⮬ື㌴ཬ

of Intersubjective Demand, 32 J. ECON. ISSUES 709, 709-10 (1998).ࡧࡑࡢ௚ࠊዲࡳࡢᏑᅾཬࡧ୙Ꮡᅾ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽゎ㔘ࠊศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞άືࢆࡶ

See, e.g., Angela Chao & Juliet B. Schor, Empirical Tests of Status Consumption: Evi-ࡗ࡚⮬ᕫࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆព㆑ࡉࡏࡽࢀࡿ㹿㺁 ; ALISON LURIE, THE LAN-dence from Women‘s Cosmetics, 19 J. ECON. PSYCHOL. 107, 114 (1998)㸦ࠕVeblen ࡢㄝ࡟ᚑࠕఱ༓ᖺࡶࡢ㛫ࠊே㢮ࡣࠊࡲࡎ᭹⿦࡜
GUAGE OF CLOTHES 3 (Owl Books 2000) (1981)㸦

࠼ࡤࠊ㒔఍ⓗ࡞⎔ቃ࡛ࡣࠊᆅ఩ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵ࡟┠࡟ぢ࠼ࡿᾘ㈝ࡢᚲせᛶࡀẚ㍑ⓗ㧗࠸ࠖ࠸࠺ゝㄒࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚஫࠸࡟ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ㹿㺁 . But see Colin࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⤒㦂๎ⓗ࡞᰿ᣐࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋࠊࠕࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ண

ࡣࠊ㒔ᕷ㒊࡟࠾

Campbell, When the Meaning Is Not a Message: A Critique of the Consumption as Com-ࡅࡿ♫఍ᩥ໬ࡀࡼࡾὶືⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᆅ఩ࡢࡶࡘഃ㠃ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊᾘ㈝munication Thesis, in BUY THIS BOOK: STUDIES IN ADVERTISING AND CONSUMPTION 340

࡟㛵㐃ࡢ࡞࠸㒊ศࡀࡼࡾ┠❧ࡓ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡢពぢ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜

(Mica Nava et al. eds., 1997) ᾘ㈝ࡀゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢ௬ㄝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ .

ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ .

AND DIFFERENCE: EMBODIED IDENTITIES IN COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL AFRICA

Kelly Tepper Tian & Karyn McKenzie, The Long-Term Predictive Validity of the Con-

sumers’ Need for Uniqueness Scale, 10 J. CONSUMER PSYCHOL. 171, 172 (2001); see alsoSee MARGARET MAYNARD, DRESS AND GLOBALISATION (2004); see also CLOTHING(Hildi Hendrickson ed., 1996) [hereinafter CLOTHING AND DIFFERENCE].

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ࡣࠊ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟኱つᶍ࡟ࢥࣆ࣮ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊࡶࡣࡸ㞟ᅋࢆ௚ࡢ㞟ᅋ࠿ࡽ༊ู

ࡲࡓࡀࡗ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⤒῭ࡶࡋࡃࡣ㆑ูࡏࡎࠊཪࡣಶேࢆࠊྠࡌ㞟ᅋࡢ୰ࡢ௚ࡢಶே࠿ࡽ༊ูࡶࡋࡃ

ⓗほⅬ࠿ࡽࡢㄝ᫂࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊಶேࡸ㞟ᅋࡣࠊ⮬ᕫࡢᆅ఩ࡀ௚⪅ࡼࡾࡶ㝵⣭ࡣ㆑ูࡏࡎࠊ
㸦㸧ࡑ࠺࡞ࡿ࡜ಶேཪࡣ㞟ᅋࡣࠊ௚ࡢ㆑ูᛶࡢᙧែࢆ᪂ࡓ࡟

ⓗ࡟ඃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟᪂ࡓ࡞ὶ⾜ࢆ᥇ࡾධࢀࠊ௨๓ࡼࡾᏑᅾࡍ

ᑟධࡍࡿ࠿ࢥࣆ࣮ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋᕼ㔘໬ࢆᣍࡃࢥࣆ࣮⾜Ⅽࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀチࡿὶ⾜ࢆࢥࣆ࣮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛⮬ᕫࡢᆅ఩ࡀ௚⪅࡜㝵⣭ⓗ࡟➼ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ୺

ㅙࡢ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜࡞࠿ࢁ࠺࡜ࠊࡇࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿ୺ࡓࡿཎ

ᙇࡍࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᝿ᐃࡣ୙ṇ☜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᝿ᐃࡣࠊ

ᅉ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㻿㼕㼙㼙㼑㼘 ࡢ᭷ྡ࡞ゝⴥ࡟࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠕὶ⾜ࡀᗈࡲࡿ࡜ࠊᚎࠎ࡟ࡑ

㻮㼑㼞㼚㼍㼞㼐㻌㻹㼍㼚㼐㼑㼢㼕㼘㼘㼑 ࡸ 㻭㼐㼍㼙㻌㻿㼙㼕㼠㼔 ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⪅ࡀఱୡ⣖ࡶ๓࡟ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡸࠊ

ࡢ⤊ࢃࡾ࡬࡜ྥ࠿࠺㹿㺁ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢥࣆ࣮⾜Ⅽࡣ᪤Ꮡࡢὶ⾜ࡢࡉࡽ࡟࠸࠼ࡤ 㼀㼔㼛㼞㼟㼠㼑㼕㼚㻌 㼂㼑㼎㼘㼑㼚 ࡜ 㻿㼕㼙㼙㼑㼘 ࡀ๓ୡ⣖࡟ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㐺㆑ูᛶࢆ◚ቯࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ὶ⾜ࡢᚲせᛶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ ࠋ㧗⣭ရࡢษ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⌧௦ࡢୡ⏺ⓗ࡞ὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡶ

ศ㔝࠿ࡽᝏྡ㧗࠸౛ࢆ࠶ࡆࢀࡤࠊ㻼㼕㼑㼞㼞㼑㻌㻯㼍㼞㼐㼕㼚 ࡣ⮬ᕫࡢၟᶆࡢࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ

ࡣࡸ⣡ᚓࡢ࠸ࡃㄝ᫂ࢆ୚࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾

ࢆ஘Ⓨࡋࡍࡂࠊ
ࠕᖺ௦࡟ࡣࡶࡢၟရ࡟⮬ศࡢྡ๓ࢆ㈚ࡋࠊࡑࡢ୰࡟

ࡅࡿࠕ㏻㈌ᾐ㏱ࠖ⌮ㄽࡣᐃ㔞ศᯒࡢ኱࠸࡞ࡿຓࡅ࡟࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ୍᪉

ࡣ౽ᗙ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡶྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㺁 ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᙼࡢࣈࣛࣥࢻࡣ▐ࡃ㛫࡟ᕼ㔘࡛ࠊࡑࡢ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ⤒㦂࡟ࡼࡗ࡚❧ド࡛ࡁࡿၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㛗࠸㛫␲ࢃࡋ࠸໬ࡉࢀࠊ㟢ฟ㐣ᗘࡢࣜࢫࢡ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡼࡾៅ㔜࡞௚ࡢ㧗⣭ࣈࣛࣥࢻࡀฟ⌧ࡍࡶࡢ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ⡿ᅜࠊ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࠊཬࡧࡑࡢ௚ࡢሙᡤ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ

ࡿ㐨ࢆ㛤࠸࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋᕼ㔘໬ࢆᣍࡃࢥࣆ࣮⾜Ⅽ࡜ὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡜ࡢ
㛵ಀࢆ⾲ࡍ᭱ࡶ㌟㏆࡞ලయ౛ࡣࠊ඾ᆺⓗ࡟ࡣ㧗⣭࢔ࣃࣞࣝၟရࡢୡ⏺࡟ぢࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣ༢࡟࢔ࣃࣞࣝࣇ࢓ࢵ


Univ. Press 1994) (1987)㸦ࠕᡃࠎࡢ♫఍ࡢ୺࡞≉ᚩࡣࠊཝᐦ࡟࠸ࡗ࡚ὶ⾜ࡢ㏵᪉ࡶ࡞࠸୍⯡໬࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࠗὶ⾜࠘ࡢᙧែࡀࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡑࡢໃຊࡢ⠊ᅖእ࡟࠶ࡗࡓ㞟ࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿኚ໬࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᗈࡃᐉఏࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㞧ㄅ 㼂㼛㼓㼡㼑 ࡢ⚄ᅋ࡬࡜ᗈࡀࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ㨩ຊⓗ࡛▷࿨࡞ࡶࡢࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕὶ⾜ࡢㄽ⌮ࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ୖ

ヰࡸࠕࣉࣛࢲࢆ╔ࡓᝏ㨱ࠖ㸦㼀㼔㼑㻌㻰㼑㼢㼕㼘㻌㼃㼑㼍㼞㼟㻌㻼㼞㼍㼐㼍㸧ࡢᫎ⏬ࡢࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆࠊ

࠿ࡽୗࡲ࡛෌ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓ♫఍ࡀฟ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁 ; id. at 6㸦ࠕὶ⾜ࡣࡶࡣࡸ⨾ⓗὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢᐇ᝟࡜ࡣศࡅ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲ㡲࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣࠊᗈ࠸⠊ᅖࡢၟရࡸ♫఍ⓗ㞟ᅋ 㸦ཬࡧᏛၥࡢศ㔝 㸧࡟
࡞⿦㣭࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊඹྠయ⏕άࡢ⿦㣭ⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢭࢧ࡛ࣜࡣ࡞࠸㹿」㞧࡞⤌⧊඲య࡬ࡢ
ᡭ᥃࠿ࡾ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁 .
See Scott Jaschik, Academic Fashions Aren’t Just Sartorial, INSIDE HIGHER ED, Dec. 28,

2006, http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/12/28/papers ⡿ᅜ⌧௦ㄒᏛᩥᏛ༠఍

See, e.g., Giacomo Corneo & Olivier Jeanne, Segmented Communication and Fashiona-ࡢᩥᏛⓗࠊᏛ⾡ⓗὶ⾜࡟㛵ࡍࡿࣃࢿࣝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ .

ble Behavior, 39 J. ECON. BEHAV. & ORG. 371, 371 (1999)㸦ࠕὶ⾜ࡣࠊࣛ࢖ࣇࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ࡟

ᛂࡌ࡚ᡂ㛗ࡍࡿࠋྛࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࡣࠊ␗࡞ࡿẁ㝵࡟⣽ศ໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋᑟධࠊᶍೌࠊ኱つᶍ

sumers’ Demand, 64 Q.J. ECON. 183, 184 (1950); see also Philip R.P. Coelho & James E.

࡞⏬୍໬ࠊࡑࡋ࡚⾶㏥࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠖ emphasis omitted

See, e.g., H. Leibenstein, Bandwagon, Snob, and Veblen Effects in the Theory of Con-; see also A.C. Pigou, The Inter-

McClure, Toward an Economic Theory of Fashion, 31 ECON. INQUIRY 595, 596 (1993);

dependence of Different Sources of Demand and Supply in a Market, 23 ECON. J. 19

Paul Frijters, A Model of Fashions and Status, 15 ECON. MODELLING 501, 502 (1998);(1913).

Wolfgang Pesendorfer, Design Innovation and Fashion Cycles, 85 AM. ECON. REV. 771,

Georg Simmel, Fashion, 10 INT’L Q. 130, 138-39 (1904).

772 (1995).See generally Peter M. Kort et al., Brand Image and Brand Dilution in the Fashion In-See generally CRANE, supra note 15.
See, e.g., Diana Crane, Diffusion Models and Fashion: A Reassessment, 566 ANNALS AM.

dustry, 42 AUTOMATICA 1363 (2006) ࣈࣛࣥࢻ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡢ࣓ࣥࢸࢼࣥࢫᡓ␎࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

ㄽࡌࠊࣔࢹࣝ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 

ACAD. POL. & SOC. SCI. 13 (1999); George A. Field, The Status Float Phenomenon: TheBusiness Sense, ECONOMIST, Mar. 6, 2004, 50 (Fashion Survey insert), at 8.

Upward Diffusion of Innovation, 13 BUS. HORIZONS 45 (1970); see also Herbert Blumer,See id.

Fashion: From Class Differentiation to Collective Selection, 10 SOC. Q. 275, 277-82

See GILLES LIPOVETSKY, THE EMPIRE OF FASHION 5 (Catherine Porter trans., Princeton(1969). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ◊✲࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ὶ⾜ࡣୡ⏺ࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᩥ࡜ࡋ࡚ぢࡏࡘࡅࡿ⌧㇟ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ༢࡞ࡿࢥࣆ࣮࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ูࡢᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜

໬࠿ࡽ⏕ࡲࢀࠊከᵝ࡞ᆅᇦ࡬࡜ᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ᪂ࡓ࡞ὶ⾜࠸࠺ࠕព࿡ࡢ࠶ࡿᕪ␗㺁ࡢឤ᝟ࢆⱆ⏕࠼ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㼀㼔㼛㼙㼍㼟㻌㻲㼞㼍㼚㼗ࢆᑟධࡍࡿ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࢥࣆ࣮ࡍࡿ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊಶேࡣ᭱㐺࡞ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ㆑ูᛶࢆ

ࡀㄝᚓⓗ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟௚࡜ࡢᕪ␗ࢆၟရ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ

ồࡵࠊࡑࢀࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ㝵⣭ⓗ࡞ᆅ఩ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿᚲせࡀ࡞࠸ ࠋ࡞౛࠼ࡤࠊᖺ௦ࡢ⏨ᛶ࢔ࣃࣞࣝࣇ࢓ࢵࢩࣙࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕࣆ࣮ࢥࢵࢡࣞ࣎

ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊ⤯࠼ࡎኚ໬ࡍࡿ㆑ูᛶࡢ⌧௦ࡢᕷሙࠊࠕ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡋ࡞࠸࡜

࣮ࣜࣗࢩࣙࣥࠖࡢ඾ᆺⓗ࡞≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ௨᮶⥆ࡃࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠕὶ⾜ࢆ㏣ࠕ࢖ࣥࢹ࢕࣮ࢬࣈࣛࣥࢻ㺁 ཬࡧࠕ኱⾗ࡢࡓࡵࡢ≉࠸࠺࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ㺁 ࠊ࠺ᾘ㈝⪅୺⩏ࠖ ࡇࢀࡣ 㻭㼜㼜㼘㼑 ♫ࡢ 㻿㼠㼑㼢㼑㻌 㻶㼛㼎㼟 ࡀ᭱ࡶຠᯝⓗ࡟ᨷ␎ࡋ࡚࠸

ὀ⏕⏘㺁ࡀᬯ♧ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊၟရ໬ࡉࢀࡓ㆑ูᛶࡢᙧែ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡿ ࢆຓ㛗ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

✲ᴟࡢ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ㝵⣭ⓗᆅ఩➇த࡛᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿᇶ‽ࢆࡣࡗࡁࡾ

ᡃࠎࡣࠊಶேࡀ⮬ࡽࢆ㆑ูᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ឤࡌࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ㝵⣭ⓗ࡟ඃ㉺ࡋ࡜ᣄ⤯ࡍࡿሙྜࡀከ࠸ࠋࡑࡢ✲ᴟࡢ┠ⓗ࡜ࡣࠊὶ⾜ࢆᑟධࡋࡓ⪅࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ឤࡌࡿᚲせᛶࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆㄆ㆑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ⌧௦ࡢዝౘ⚗᥇⏝ࡋࡓ⪅࡟ᑐࡋࠊྠ➼࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡩࢀࡿୡ⏺ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⌧࡟⏕ࡌࡘṆつ⠊ࡢ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞⪃࠼ࢆṇࡋࡃ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞⪃࠼ࡘ࠶ࡿࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡀ㧗⣭㉕ἑရࡢ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞ഇ≀ࢆࠊ⢭㑅ࡉࢀࡓ㆑ูᛶࡢᚩೃ

ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟ᑐࡋ㆑ูᛶࡢ࠶ࡿၟရ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜




See, e.g., Dorie S. Goldman, “Down for La Raza”: Barrio Art T-Shirts, Chicano Pride,and Cultural Resistance, 34 J. FOLKLORE RES. 123 (1997).

ࢆᮇᚅࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᙺ❧ࡘࠋࡑࡢ⪃࠼࡜ࡣࠊၟရ
ࡣࠊࡑࡢᾘ㈝⪅࡟㆑ูᛶࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ᱁ู㧗౯࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿᚲせࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟࠸࠼ࡿࡢࡣࠊၟရࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ஧ࡘ



See MAYNARD, supra note 47; see also CLOTHING AND DIFFERENCE, supra note 47.ࡢ␗࡞ࡿḟඖࡢ཮᪉ཪࡣ୍᪉࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᕼᑡ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜▱ぬࡉࢀࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ



See, e.g., DICK HEBDIGE, SUBCULTURE: THE MEANING OF STYLE (Terence Hawkes ed.,㝈ᗘ࡛㆑ูᛶࡢ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚▱ぬࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍␒┠࡟ࠊࢃ1979); TED POLHEMUS, STREET STYLE: FROM SIDEWALK TO CATWALK (1994).࠿ࡾࡁࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡀࠊၟရࡀᕼᑡ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚▱ぬࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊࡑ

ࡢ」〇ရࡀᴟࡵ࡚ᑡ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࠿ࠊཪࡣࠊ㟂せࡼࡾࡶࡎࡗ࡜ᑡ࡞࠸ᩘࡢ」〇See CRANE, supra note 15, at 237㸦ࠕୡ⣖ᚋ༙࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊୡ⏺ⓗ࡞ᩥ໬ࡢ୰ᚰࡀ

」ᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࡣ୰ᚰ㒊࠿ࡽ࿘㎶㒊࡬࡜ὶࢀࠊࡑࡢ㏫ࡶࡲࡓ┿࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁 .
See ROBERT G. DUNN, IDENTIFYING CONSUMPTION 123 (2008)㸦ࠕࢫࢸ࣮ࢱࢫࡢ୺ᙇࡣࠊ

௒ࡣࠊ㠀⤒῭ⓗᇶ‽ࡢỈᖹ࡞ᶓ㍈࡟ἢࡗ࡚ேࠎࢆ༊ูࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⾲⌧⾜ືࡢᙧែ࡟ᇶ
࡙ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡀ࠶࡚ࡣࡲࡿ⠊ᅖ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣛ࢖ࣇࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࡢᙧᘧࡣ୙ᖹ

ရࡋ࠿࡞࠸㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊ㧗౯࡞ࠊ⮬ື㌴ࡢ㝈ᐃࣔࢹࣝ㸧࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ
஧␒┠࡟ࠊࡼࡾࢃ࠿ࡾ࡟ࡃ࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊၟရࡣࠊࡑࢀ࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞
ࡶࡢࡀᕷሙ࡟࠶ࡲࡾ࡞࠸࡜▱ぬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᕼᑡ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜▱ぬࡉࢀ➼ᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾ㐪࠸ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡾࠊࢫࢸ࣮ࢱࢫࡢᴫᛕࡣࡼࡾ࠸ࡗࡑ࠺࠶࠸ࡲ࠸



࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㹿㺁 .Rob Walker, The Marketing of No Marketing, N.Y. TIMES, June 22, 2003, § 6 (Maga-

com/2009/07/bag-lady.html 㺀ഇ≀㺁࡜⾲♧ࡉࢀࡓࣁࣥࢻࣂࢵࢢࡢ౛ࢆ⤂௓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ;zine), at 42.see also Frederic Glaize, Contrefaçon, LE PETIT MUSÉE DES MARQUES, Nov. 15, 2006,

See, e.g., Julie Naughton & Matthew W. Evans, Color Outperforms Fragrance in 2005

http://www.pmdm.fr/wp/2006/11/15/contrefacon ࠶ࡿฟ㢪ேࡀࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᕤᴗᡤ᭷ᶒ



See Susan Scafidi, Bag Lady, COUNTERFEIT CHIC, July 13, 2009, http://counterfeitchic.

Department Store Tally, WOMEN’S WEAR DAILY, Apr. 14, 2006, at 1㸦ࠕ࢖ࣥࢹ࢕࣮ࢬࠖ࡜

ᗇ࡟ࠕcontrefaçonࠖ㸦ᶍೌရ㸧࡜࠸࠺ၟᶆࢆ⾰ᩱရࢆᣦᐃၟရ࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓩ㘓ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ

ࠕ࢔࣮ࢸ࢕ࢫࢺཬࡧ࢜ࣝࢱࢼࢸ࢕ࣦࠖ໬⢝ရࣈࣛࣥࢻࡢᡂຌ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ .

ࡓヨࡳ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ .

See Benedict G.C. Dellaert & Stefan Stremersch, Marketing Mass-Customized Products:HEBDIGE, supra note 60, at 102㸦ࠕព࿡ࡢ࠶ࡿᕪ␗ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢఏ㐩ࡀࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢኊ

Striking a Balance Between Utility and Complexity, 42 J. MARKETING RES. 219, 219

ほ࡞ࢧࣈ࢝ࣝࢳ࣮ࣕࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟࠶ࡿࠗ┠ⓗ࡛࠘࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠖ emphasis omitted(2005); see also DANA THOMAS, DELUXE: HOW LUXURY LOST ITS LUSTER 318 (2007)See THOMAS FRANK, THE CONQUEST OF COOL 184-205 (1997).㸦ࠕ኱⾗ࡢࡓࡵࡢ≉ูᢅ࠸ࠖࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ internal quotationSee generally Dwight E. Robinson, The Economics of Fashion Demand, 75 Q.J. ECON.

marks omitted. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  .376, 385-90 (1961) ὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕼᑡᛶࡢᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ .

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊ㼕㻼㼔㼛㼚㼑㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᕼᑡᛶࡢ஧␒┠ࡢḟඖࡀᏑ㹀㸬➇தⓗᾘ㈝ࡢ㝈⏺ᅾࡍࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑࠊ௻ᴗࡣࠊᐉఏ࡟ࡼࡾၟရࡀᕼᑡ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢឤぬࢆᙉࡵࡘࡘࠊྠ᫬࡟ࡑࡢၟရࡢ」〇ရࢆ࡝ࢇ࡝ࢇ኱㔞⏕⏘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶

ὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡣࠊ♫఍ⓗ༊ู࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀࠕ♫ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᕼᑡᛶࡢ஧␒┠ࡢḟඖࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑࠊ࠶ࡿࣈࣛࣥࢻࡀ⮳఍ⓗ࡟Ḟஈࡋࡓࡶࡢ㺁࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⮬↛ࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡿᡤ࡟࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ」〇ရࡀࡓࡃࡉࢇᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀࡺ࠼࡟ࠊࡑࡢࣈࣛࣥࢻࡢ㐢ᡃࠎࡢᢏ⾡ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ♫఍ⓗ༊ูࡢ⥲ᩘࢆቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛

ᅾࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀࠊࡑࡢᕼᑡᛶࡀ▱ぬࡉࢀࡿཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ㉳ࡇࡾ࠺ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋᡃࠎࡣࠊᡭඖ࡟࠶ࡿ⥲ᩘࢆ㓄ศࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡋ࠿࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ᭷ྡ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡲࡾ᭷ྡ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸

⤒῭ᛮ᝿࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㝵⣭ⓗᕪูࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊ᫬ᢡࡋ

ࡀࠊࢥ࣭࢝ࢥ࣮ࣛࡢࣈࣛࣥࢻࡣ኱ኚ⌋ࡋ࠸࡜ࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊẚ㢮࡞ࡁࡪࡋࡪ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊ㛗ࡁ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㝵⣭ⓗᕪูࡢࡓ࡯࡝࡟㐢ᅾࡍࡿࡀࡺ࠼࡟ࠊ㆑ูᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧௦ࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࡵࡢ➇தࡣࠊ୍ࡘࡢᆶ┤ⓗ࡞ḟඖ࡟ἢࡗ࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᛶ㉁ୖࢮ

࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊࡇࡢወጁ࡞ࠊ୍ぢ㏫ㄝⓗ࡞ᕼᑡᛶࡢㄽ⌮㸦ཬࡧၟᶆἲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ

ࣟ࿴࡛࠶ࡿ࡜❧ㄽࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⤒῭ᛮ᝿ࡣࠊ༊ูࡀ♫఍ⓗ࡟Ḟஈࡍࡿࠕࢥࣆ࣮ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡢከ⩏ᛶ࡟せ⣙ࡉࢀࠕ㆑ูᛶࡢᏑᅾࠖࡢᴫᛕ 㸧ࡣࠊ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡟ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾㄪ࿴ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ⤒῭ᛮ᝿࡚࠾ࡾࠊࠕࢥࣆ࣮ࠖ࡜ࡣ㸦㸧≉ᐃࡢၟရࡢ᏶඲࡞」〇ࠊ㸦㸧௚ࡢᚋ⥆ၟရࡣࠊ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠀㝵⣭ⓗ࡞ࠊከ㠃ⓗ࡞㆑ูᛶ࡟ᝏᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶

࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ඖࡢၟရ࡜ఝ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࡑࡢ᏶඲࡞」〇࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࠊཪࡣ

ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࡶࠊ♫఍ⓗḞஈࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡶྠᵝ࡟⏕ࡌࠊ࡯ࡰ㛫㐪࠸࡞㸦㸧ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᚋ⥆ၟရࡢ᏶඲࡞」〇ࠊࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿ࢆព࿡ࡋ࠺ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡃࡼࡾ῝้࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ㠀㝵⣭ⓗ࡞㆑ูᛶࡢᙧែࢆࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟࡞

ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ㝈ᐃ∧ࡢၟရࡣࠊ᏶඲࡞」〇ࡀࡓࡃࡉࢇసࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟

ࡃከࡃసࡾୖࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡍ୰࡛ࠊᾘ㈝࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ♫఍ⓗ༊ูࡢไᗘࡣࠊ

ࡼࡗ࡚㆑ูᛶࢆኻ࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ኱㔞⏕⏘ရࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡘ࠸࡛࡟

࠶ࡿ㝈⏺ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᐦ㞟㜈࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡑࢀࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ࡜♫఍ⓗ༊ู⮬యࡀ㆑ู࠸࠼ࡤ㝈ᐃ∧ࡢၟရࡣࠊࡑࡢ᏶඲࡞」〇࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㢮ఝࡢၟရࡀࡓࡃࡉࢇస

ᛶࡢ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡟฿㐩ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚋ⪅ࡢⅬࡣࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㆑ูᛶࢆኻ࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊ㻮㼘㼍㼏㼗㼎㼑㼞㼞㼥㻌㻿㼠㼛㼞㼙ࢃ࠿ࡾ࡟ࡃ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡀᡃࠎࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇཪࡣ 㻼㼍㼘㼙㻌㻼㼞㼑 ࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢሙྜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㆑ูᛶࡢᕼ㔘໬ࡀᦆᐖ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ

つ⠊ࡢ㐠࿨࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿୖ࡛ᚲ㡲࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ┦ᑐࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᦆᐖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚋ࡛ぢࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡛ᑐฎࡍࡿࡢࡀ

ⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡢ୰࡛ࠊ᭱ࡶ⌮ゎࡀࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᴟࡵ࡚㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⚾ࡣ┦ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࢆࠊ࠶ࡿ⪅ࡀࡑࡢᾘ㈝ࢆ௚⪅ࡢᾘ㈝࡜࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ぢฟࡍ᭷⏝ᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡋࠊ⤯ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࢆࠊ࠶ࡿ⪅ࡀࡑࡢᾘ㈝ࢆ௚⪅ࡢᾘ㈝࡜࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࠿࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎぢฟࡍ᭷⏝ᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࠋᏙ⊂࡞ࠊࣝࢯ࣮ⓗ⮬↛≧ែ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ







See Rosemary J. Coombe, Embodied Trademarks: Mimesis and Alterity on American

FRED HIRSCH, SOCIAL LIMITS TO GROWTH 3 (2d ed. 1999).

Commercial Frontiers, 11 CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 202, 206 (1996) ၟᶆࡢࠕᶆ‽໬࡜See generally ROGER MASON, THE ECONOMICS OF CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION:

㆑ู࡜࠸࠺㏫ㄝⓗ࡞ᮇᚅࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ .

THEORY AND THOUGHT SINCE 1700 (1998) ⤫ィࢆព㆑ࡋࡓᾘ㈝࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⤒῭ᛮ᝿ࡢ

Cf. WILLIAM M. LANDES & RICHARD A. POSNER, THE ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF IN-

Ṕྐࢆㄪᰝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ .



TELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW 48-49 (2003)㸦
ࠕࠗࢥࣆ࣮࠘࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣࠊ஧ࡘࡢ඲ࡃ␗࡞

ࡿᑐ㇟ࢆᣦࡋ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥࣆ࣮ࡋࡓ⪅ࡢ⏕⏘≀ࢆᣦࡋ♧ࡍࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟

HAPPINESS 116, 123-25 (Luigino Bruni & Pier Luigi Porta eds., 2005)㸦
ࠕ┦ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࠖࢥࣆ࣮ࡉࢀࡓ๰స≀ࡢไస⪅ࡢ≀⌮ⓗ࡞⏕⏘≀ࡢࡇ࡜ࢆࡶᣦࡋ♧ࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁 .

See Bruno S. Frey & Alois Stutzer, Testing Theories of Happiness, in ECONOMICS &࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ ; Michael R. Hagerty & Ruut Veenhoven, Wealth and Happiness ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ᾘ㈝⪅ࡣࠊၟရࡢ⤯ᑐⓗ≉ᚩࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕၟရࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡟⏕᮶ഛࢃࡿᛶ㉁ࠖ
㛵ࡍࡿఏ⤫ⓗ࡞▱㆑࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⚾ࡀ࠶ࡿ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊ࣡࢖ࣥ㐀ࡾࡢ᪉

ࡢࡳࢆᾘ㈝ࡍࡿ ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡣၟရࡢ┦ᑐἲࠊࢿࢡࢱ࢖ࢆ⤖ࡪ᪉ἲ㸧ࢆ౑࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࠶࡞ࡓࡀ඲ࡃྠࡌ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࢆ౑

ⓗ≉ᚩࢆព㆑ࡋࠊࡇࢀࢆᾘ㈝ࡋጞࡵࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡋࠊ⤒㦂ୖࡢ஦ᐇࡀᅽಽⓗ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆጉࡆࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡋࠊ⚾ࡀࡑࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࢆ౑ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊ

࡟♧ࡍ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉ᚩࢆ኱࠸࡟ព㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ

࠶࡞ࡓ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡑࡢ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࡀపୗࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸࡜୍⯡࡟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࠊ௚⪅ࡀఱࢆ╔⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⾰㢮࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᡃࠎࡣࠊࡇࡇ࡛࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡢ᭷⏝ᛶ࡜ࡣࠊ⤯ᑐ࠿ࡉࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀ㸦⤯ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶ㸧ࠊ௚⪅ࡀ╔⏝ⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࢆᣦࡍࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢᙧࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㆑ูᛶࢆぢฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸦┦ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ែࡢ୰࡛ࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣ㈇ࡢΰ㞧እ㒊ᛶࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡸࡍ࠸࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡑࡢᛶ㸧ࠋ

ᾘ㈝ࡀ➇ྜࡍࡿࡶࡢࡣከࡃ࠶ࡿࠋ⚾࡜࠶࡞ࡓࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿ཪࡣ୧᪉ࡀࠊࡶ࠺

⤯ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶ࡜┦ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀ↓ᙧ㈈⏘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡝ࡢࡼ

∦᪉ࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾᙜึࡣ฼┈ࢆᚓࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ≉࠺࡟ㄽࡌࡿ࠿࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㔜せ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡣῶ⪖ࡋ࡞࠸ၟရ࡛

࡟ᡃࠎࡀ㐪࠸ࢆồࡵࡿሙྜࡣࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࠶ࡿ᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ

ᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢᾘ㈝ࡣ➇ྜⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡟
Revisited㸫 Growing National Income Does Go with Greater Happiness, 64 SOC. INDICATORS RES. 1, 1-2 (2003)㸦
ࠕ⤯ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࠖ࡜ࠕ┦ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࠖࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚

⚾ཪࡣ⚾௨እࡢ⪅ࡀ㈈⏘㸦౛࠼ࡤࠊ࣡࢖ࣥ㐀ࡾࡢ᪉ἲࠊࢿࢡࢱ࢖ࢆ⤖ࡪ᪉ἲ㸧ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡑࡢ㈈⏘ࡀ♫఍ⓗ࡟࠶࡞ࡓࢆᕪู໬ࡍࡿຊࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ࠶࡞ࡓ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ㈈⏘ࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࢆῶࡌࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ࠶࡞ࡓࡀ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊࡑࡢ㈈⏘ࡀ⚾ࢆ♫఍ⓗ࡟ᕪ࠸ࡿ ; Matthew D. Rablen, Relativity, Rank and the Utility of Income, 118 ECON. J. 801,ู໬ࡍࡿ⬟ຊࢆῶࡌࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧ801 (2008)㸦
ࠕ┦ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࠖࢆࠊ⮬ࡽࢆ௚⪅ཬࡧ㐣ཤࡢ⮬ศ⮬㌟࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ

ែࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࡣࠊ➇ྜࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊῶ⪖ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ฼⏝⪅క࠺ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ ; see also Robert H. Frank, The Demand for Unobservable andࡀ࠶ࡲࡾ࡟ࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠸ࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ㈈⏘ࢆ᭶୪ࡳࡢࠊ㆑ูᛶࡢ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡟ࡋ

Other Nonpositional Goods, 75 AM. ECON. REV. 101, 101 (1985)㸦ࠕᆅ఩ⓗၟရࠖࢆࠕࡑ

࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࠸࠺᭷⏝ᛶࡣࠊ⤯ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ┦ᑐࡢ≀ࡢ౯್ࡀࠊ௚⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᡤ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ≀࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟ẚ㍑ⓗᙉࡃ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡶࡢࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡋࠊࠕ㠀ᆅ఩ⓗၟရࠖࢆࠕࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ẚ㍑࡟࡝ࡕࡽ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜࠶ࡲࡾ౫ᣐࡋ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ . See generally Nestor M.
Davidson, Property and Relative Status, 107 MICH. L. REV. 757, 764 (2009) ㈈⏘ࡢࡶࡘࠊⓗ᭷⏝ᛶ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
┦ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊ➇தⓗᾘ㈝ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ᭱⤊┠ⓗࡀఱ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟ᥦ㉳ࢆࡍࡿࠋᆅ఩ࢆ♧ࡍᶵ⬟࡜ࠕࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧㇟࡟࠾ࡅࡿἲࡢᙺ๭ࠖࢆ᥈✲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ; Richard H.

ࡶࡋᡃࠎࡀࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⤒῭ⓗほⅬ࡟ࡼࡿㄝ᫂ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡀ➇தⓗᾘ

McAdams, Relative Preferences, 102 YALE L.J. 1, 2-26 (1992) ┦ᑐⓗ㑅ዲࡢ⤒῭ⓗ⌮ㄽ㈝࡟ἐ㢌ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ௚⪅ࡼࡾࡶୖࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௚⪅࡜ྠ➼ࡢ➼⣭ࢆ෌᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ .Leibenstein, supra note 55, at 188-89.



See, e.g., Fredrik Carlsson, Olof Johansson-Stenman & Peter Martinsson, Do You Enjoy࡛࠶ࡿ Harry Potter ࡀ࣐ࢡࢻࢼࣝࢻࡢᐉఏ࡟౑ࢃࢀࠊᅵ᭙᪥ࡢᮅࡢₔ⏬࡟౑ࢃࢀࠊ

Having More than Others? Survey Evidence of Positional Goods, 74 ECONOMICA 586, 596

ࢧࢱࢹ࣮࣭ࢼ࢖ࢺ࣭ࣛ࢖ࣈࡢᑍ๻㸦ࡶࡕࢁࢇࡑࢀࡣ㛫㐪࠸࡞ࡃᫎ⏬໬ࡉࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ

(2007); Olof Johansson-Stenman & Peter Martinsson, Honestly, Why Are You Driving a࠺㸧ࠊࡑࡋ࡚௵ኳᇽࡢࢤ࣮࣒࡟౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟㉃ࡅ࡚ࡶᵓࢃ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢྛ

BMW?, 60 J. ECON. BEHAV. & ORG. 129, 134, 143 (2006); Erzo F.P. Luttmer, Neighbors as౑⏝ࡣ௚ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ౑⏝࡜ࡶ᢬ゐࡋ࡞࠸㹿㺁 . But see STEPHEN BROWN, WIZARD!:㝈ࢆㄢࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ᮶ᖺࡢ௒㡭ࡣࠊⴭసᶒࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࢟ࣕࣛࢡࢱ࣮

Negatives: Relative Earnings and Well-Being, 120 Q.J. ECON. 963, 965 (2005).

ࠕHarry Potterࠖࣈࣛࣥࢻࢆ㐣๫㟢ฟ࠿ࡽಖㆤࡍHARRY POTTER’S BRAND MAGIC (2005)㸦

See, e.g., Alex Kozinski & Christopher Newman, What’s So Fair About Fair Use?, 46 J.

ࡿ㔜せᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ ; Parija Bhatnagar, Is Harry Potter Dead?, CNNMONEY.

COPYRIGHT SOC’Y U.S.A. 513, 521 (1999)㸦ࠕ୍➹ࡢᅵᆅࢆ࠶࡞ࡓࡢᒃ㛫࡜ࡋ࡚౑࠸ࡘ

COM, July 11, 2005, http://money.cnn.com/2005/07/11/news/fortune500/brand_harrypotterࡘࢺࣛࣥࣉࢱ࣮࣡ࡢᗏᆅ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ୍ࡘࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ไ

㸦ࠕHarry Potterࠖࣈࣛࣥࢻࡀ㐣๫࡟㟢ฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ .

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ࢆᚓࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ࠶ࡿᾘ㈝⪅ࡀୖࡢ➼⣭ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࠊ῭ⓗ㐍Ṍࠊᢏ⾡ⓗ㐍Ṍࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᩥ᫂ࡢ㐍Ṍࡉ࠼ᚋᢲࡋࡍࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ

ཪࡣ➼⣭ࡀ➼ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓሙྜࠊᚲࡎ௚ࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ➼⣭ࡢ᱁ୗࡆ௚ࡢ⪅ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀࠊ≉࡟Ⓨᒎࡋࡓᾘ㈝⪅♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ே㢮ࡢ୙ᖾࡢ୺࡞ཎ

ࡀ㉳ࡇࡽࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌮ᒅ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊᆅ఩ࡢ➇தᅉ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡣᛶ㉁ୖࢮࣟ࿴࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊ♫఍඲య࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟࠸࠼࡞

ᆅ఩➇தࡣࢮࣟ࿴ⓗᛶ㉁ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᇶᮏⓗ࡞⤒῭ⓗほⅬ࠿ࡽࡢㄝ࠸࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࡑࡢ♫఍ࡢ୰ࡢ≉ᐃࡢ㞟ᅋࡢ୰࡛ࡣࢮࣟ࿴࡛࠶ࡿ

᫂ࡣࠊ⌮ㄽୖࡣࡍࡤࡽࡋࡃᩚࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⌧௦ࡢ㧗ᗘ࡟ከᵝ࡞ୡ⏺ⓗᾘ㈝࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ᝏ࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊ㞟ᅋෆཪࡣ♫఍ෆ࡟࠾࠸࡚

⪅♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ」㞧࡞ᾘ㈝ࡢ⌧ᐇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣከࡃࢆㄒࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊ

Ỵࡲࡗࡓ㔞ࡋ࠿࡞࠸㆑ูᛶࢆ⋓ᚓࡏࢇࡀࡓࡵࠊ௚ࡢ⏝㏵࡟㈝ࡸࡋࡓ࡯࠺ࡀ

ୖグ࡛㏙࡭ࡿ࡜࠾ࡾࠊὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲࠿ࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊᡃࠎ࡜ࡋ

ࡼ࠸㈨※ࢆྛேࡀ࡝ࢇ࡝ࢇ㈝ࡸࡍࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ඲ဨࡀኻ࠺࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋཧ

࡚ࡣࠊ≉ᐃࡢ㞟ᅋࡸ♫఍ࡢ඲ᵓᡂဨࡀ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠊᆶ┤ⓗ࡛ᐦ㞟ຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊᆅ఩ࢆồࡵ࡚ࡢࠕ⫪᭩ࡁࡢ㌷ᣑ➇த㺁⾜㐍ἲⓗ࡞ᆅ఩ࡢࣄ࢚ࣛࣝࣄ࣮ࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠕ኱࠸࡞ࡿᆅ఩ࡢ㐃㙐㺁ࠊᶆ‽ⓗࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟࡞ࡃຍ㏿ⓗ࡞ࠕ⫪᭩ࡁࡢࢺࣞࢵࢻ࣑ࣝ㺁 ࢆᙉ࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿ

࡞࢘ࢵࣇ࢕࣮ᣦᩘࠊ㼁㻚㻿㻚㻌㻺㼑㼣㼟㻌㻒㻌㼃㼛㼞㼘㼐㻌㻾㼑㼜㼛㼞㼠 ࡢಶேⓗᆅ఩ࡢẚ㍑୍ぴ⾲࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ㡰ᗎࡀ⾲ࢀࡿᆅ఩➇தࡢࡶࡘࢮࣟ࿴ⓗᛶ㉁ࡀࠊே㢮ࡢᖾ⚟࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜ࡢ௬ᐃࡣ᥇⏝ࡋ㞴࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡣࠊ➇த࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᭷ࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࡣࠊ㔜኱࡛␗ㄽࡢከ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᡃࠎࡣࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡘ

ⓗᾘ㈝࡟ἐ㢌ࡍࡿ୰࡛㠀㝵⣭ⓗ࡞ࠕ㉁ⓗᕪู໬㺁ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿࡢࡀࡼࡾ୍⯡࠸࡚⪃࠼ጞࡵࡓࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ⪅ࡣࠊᾘ㈝࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓᆅ఩➇தࡣ⤒

Richard A. Epstein, Happiness and Revealed Preferences in Evolutionary Perspective, 33See Will Wilkinson, Out of Position: Against the Politics of Relative Standing, POLICY,

VT. L. REV. 559, 564 (2009) ᖾ⚟ࡣ┦ᑐⓗ࡞⦾ᰤ࡟౫ᣐࡍࡿ࡜ࡢ୺ᙇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹ

Spring 2006, at 3, 7㸦ࠕ࠶ࡿᆅ఩ࡢ୍ࡘࡢḟඖ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⫪᭩ࡁࡢᩘࡣᅛᐃ໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ .

ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸୍᪉࡛ࠊᆅ఩ࡢḟඖࢆ↓㝈࡟ቑࡸࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸⌮⏤ࡣ࡞࠸͐ࢧ

࣮ࣇ࢓࣮㔝㑻ࡣࢫࢱ࣮ࢺࣞࢵࢡ࢜ࢱࢡ࡜ࡑࡢᆅ఩ࢆத࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸㹿㺁 .

1725) (1714); WERNER SOMBART, LUXURY AND CAPITALISM 113-14 (W.R. Dittmar trans.,See FRANK, supra note 68; JOHN RAE, THE SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY OF CAPITAL 283-84

See, e.g., BERNARD MANDEVILLE, THE FABLE OF THE BEES (London, J. Tonson 4th ed.

1967) (1913); see also BECKER & MURPHY, supra note 79, at 124-25.

(Charles Whitney Mixter ed., 1905); Ben Cooper, Cecilia Garcia-Penalosa & Peter Funk,

Status Effects and Negative Utility Growth, 111 ECON. J. 642, 643 (2001); Robert H. Frank,

ERA OF EXCESS (1999); Cooper et al., supra note 79, at 653; cf. JULIET B. SCHOR, THE

See, e.g., ROBERT H. FRANK, LUXURY FEVER: WHY MONEY FAILS TO SATISFY IN AN

Positional Externalities Cause Large and Preventable Welfare Losses, AM. ECON. REV.,OVERSPENT AMERICAN: WHY WE WANT WHAT WE DON’T NEED (1999).

May 2005, at 137, 137. But see GARY S. BECKER & KEVIN M. MURPHY, SOCIAL ECO-NOMICS 125 (2000) ᆅ఩ࢆồࡵࡿ⾜ືࡣࠊ௻ᴗᐙⓗ࡞άືࢆቑ㐍ࡋࠊ♫఍⚟♴ࡢ⣧

http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2006/10/31/the-great-chain-of-status.ቑຍࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⏕ࡴ࡜ࡢពぢࢆ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ .

http://craphound.com/down/Cory_Doctorow_-_Down_and_Out_in_the_Magic_Kingdom.

Robert H. Frank, Taking Libertarian Concerns Seriously: Reply to Kashdan and Klein, 3

Will Wilkinson, The Great Chain of Status?, THE FLY BOTTLE, Oct. 31, 2006,
See CORY DOCTOROW, DOWN AND OUT IN THE MAGIC KINGDOM (2003), available at

ECON J. WATCH 435, 436 (2006), http://www.aier.org/ejw/archive/doc_view/3597-ejw-

pdf㸦ࠕ࢘ࢵࣇ࢕࣮ࠖࢆྛಶேࡢᐃ㔞໬࡛ࡁࡿ㈈⏘࡜௬ᐃࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀ௚⪅࠿ࡽᙜヱಶ

200609?tmpl=component&format=raw.

ே࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ྥࡅࡽࢀࡿᑛᩗࡢ⛬ᗘࢆ⾲ࡍࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ; see also Dylan Tweney,



Q&A: Cory Doctorow, SFGATE, Jan. 23., 2003, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?

ROBERT H. FRANK, CHOOSING THE RIGHT POND: HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND THE QUESTFOR STATUS 153 (1985).


file=/gate/archive/2003/01/23/cdoctorow.DTL㸦ࠕ࠶ࡿព࿡࡛ࠊ࢘ࢵࣇ࢕࣮ࡣࠊ⮬ศࢆ♫ᖹ᫆࡞ฟ∧≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊsee RICHARD LAYARD, HAPPINESS SCIENCE (2005). See also఍つ⠊࡟ᚑ࠺Ꮡᅾ࡟ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶࡼ࠸ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࠖ

Richard A. Easterlin, Will Raising the Incomes of All Increase the Happiness of All?, 27 J.

㸦Cory Doctorow ࡢⓎゝࢆᘬ⏝

ECON. BEHAV. & ORG. 35, 36 (1995) ಶேࡢ཰ධቑຍ࡟ࡼࡾ㧗ࡲࡗࡓᖾ⚟ឤࡣࠊᖹᆒ

.

SIMMEL, supra note 41, at 421; see also Douglas B. Holt, Postmodern Markets, BOSTON

཰ධࡢቑຍ࡟ࡼࡾᖾ⚟ឤࡀῶᑡࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛ᡴࡕᾘࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿ ;REV., Summer 1999, at 17, 17㸦
ࠕ௒ᾘ㈝ࢆື࠿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊୖὶ㝵⣭ࡢᶍೌ࡛ࡣ࡞

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᾘ㈝ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࢆࠊ༢⣧࡟࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ࢆ

࡞ᾘ㈝⪅♫఍࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊಶேࡀ㸦௻ᴗࡀ㸧ࠊ⮬ࡽࢆࠊᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ໟࡳ

୚࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿᴟࡵ࡚ከᵝ࡞ྠ໬࡜ᕪู໬ࡢᆒ⾮࡬࡜᣺ࡾศࡅࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ㎸ࡴࠕ⏕ࡅࡿ኱⾗㺁࠿ࡽ༊ูࡋࠊᕪ␗࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ୙༠࿴㡢ࢆឤࡌࡿࡢࡣ࠸ࡗ

ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟௬ᐃෆᐜࢆࡼࡾ㝈ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᾘ㈝ࡢ

ࡑ࠺ᅔ㞴࡜࡞ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛㊊ࡾࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ㈇ࡢእ㒊ᛶࡢၥ㢟ࡀゎᾘࡉࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ཯ᑐ࡟ࠊ㠀㝵⣭ⓗ㆑ูᛶࢆࡼ࠺࡞♫఍ࡢᵓᡂဨࡣࠊಶᛶ໬ࡢドࡢ୰࡛ࡶ᭱ࡶ㐣⃭࡞㢮ࡢࡶࡢࠊࡍ࡞ࢃ

㏣ồࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ㝵⣭ⓗ㆑ูᛶࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿ࡜ࡕ 㻿㼕㼙㼙㼑㼘 ࡀ㒔఍ேࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠕ↓ឤື࡞ែᗘࠖ㸦ࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸

ࡉࢀࡿࠕ♫఍ⓗΰ㞧㺁ࡢၥ㢟࡟ࠊྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࢆ࿧

࡚ࡣᚋ㏙ࡍࡿ㸧ࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡢࠕᗈ࿌ᅇ㑊ࠖᡓ␎ࢆඞ᭹ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࠕࢩࣙࢵࢡ

ࡧ㉳ࡇࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ே௨ୖࡢᾘ㈝⪅ཪࡣ  ࡘ௨ୖࡢᾘ㈝⪅㞟ᅋࡀࠊ㆑ู

ᗈ࿌ࠖࠊ⌧௦ࡢ࢙ࣛࣥ࢘࢖ࣇ࢓ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ཬࡧ⌧௦⨾⾡ࡢ୍㒊ࠊᛶࡢ࠶ࡿྠࡌၟရࢆᾘ㈝ࡋࡓሙྜࠊࡑࡢၟရࡀᙼࡽࢆỈᖹⓗほⅬ࠿ࡽ㆑ู௨እࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢࡶࡢ࡟័ࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋಶே࡜㞟ᅋࡀࡉࡽ࡟ከࡃࡢࠊ

ࡍࡿ⬟ຊࡣᦆ࡞ࢃࢀࠊᆶ┤ⓗほⅬ࠿ࡽ㆑ูࡍࡿ⬟ຊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ࡞࠾ࡉࡽᦆ

ࡑࡋ࡚ࡼࡾᙉຊ࡞㉁ⓗ㆑ูᛶࡢᙧែࢆ㏣ồࡍࢀࡤࠊಶேࡀࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧែ

࡞ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡣࡉࡽ࡟⯆࿡῝࠸␲ၥࢆṧࡍࠊࠕ♫఍ⓗ㐣๫౪⤥ࠖཪࡣࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ⬟ຊࡣ㝈⏺ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕ▱ぬ㐣ከࠖࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ┦ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⤒῭ⓗほⅬ࠿ࡽࡢㄝ࡛᫂ࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅ゎ㔘ࡢ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢࠕ㻳㼞㼡㼑㼚㻌 㼠㼞㼍㼚㼟㼒㼑㼞ࠖ࡜ࡶ࠸࠺࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡟㏆࡙ࡃࠋࡇࡢ㝈⏺

ࡀྠࡌၟရࢆᾘ㈝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟㛵ಀ࡞ࡃ♫఍඲యࢆ㏻ࡌ㝵⣭ⓗᆅ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㆑ูᛶࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀ㆑ูᛶࡢ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚▱ぬࡉࢀࡿ࡯࡝࡟

఩ࡀḞஈࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࠋၥ㢟࡞ࡢࡣࠊ♫఍඲యࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࠊྠᵝ࡟㠀㝵⣭ⓗ㆑ูᛶࡶḞஈࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᾘ㈝⪅ࡣࠊ㝈ᐃⓗ࡟౪⤥ࡉࢀࡿ㉁ⓗ㆑ูᛶࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟♫఍࡛➇தࡍ
ࢫࣉࣞ࢖ࡣ࠿ࡘ࡚࡞࠸࡯࡝࡟㢼ኚࡾ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽࡎࠊෆᐜࡢ⃰࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࡞
ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽࡎࠊࡑࡋ࡚㸦ࡑ࠺㸟㸧࠺ࡿࡉ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡇࢀ

ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ♫఍ࡀ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ♫఍ࡢᵓᡂဨࡀ▱ࡲ࡛࡟࡞ࡃᐜ㉧࡞ࡃࠊᜍࢁࡋ࠸ࠊ⬣㏕ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㹿㺁 .

ぬࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡾ௚⪅࡟ᤵࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿ㉁ⓗ㆑ูᛶࡢ㔞࡟♫఍ⓗ࡞ୖ㝈ࡣ࠶ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ

1997) (1855).ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࡁࢀ࠸࡞ᅇ⟅ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡍࡿᮏ✏࡛ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢከࡃࢆ➨୕㒊ࡲ࡛࡜ࡗ࡚࠾ࡃࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢዝౘ⚗WALT WHITMAN, Crossing Brooklyn Ferry, in LEAVES OF GRASS 144, 155 (DoubledaySee SIMMEL, supra note 41, at 413.

See MARK TUNGATE, ADLAND: A GLOBAL HISTORY OF ADVERTISING 146-49 (2007) ࢩࣙࢵࢡᗈ࿌ࡢᐇົ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ .

Ṇἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙺ๭ࡀࡑࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡲ࡛࡟ࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢ๓ᥦ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿Broadcast Media, J. ADVERTISING, Fall 1997, at 61, 61.ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡢ┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ⌧௦ࡢ♫఍⌮ㄽᐙࡀࡑ࠺ࡋ

Paul Surgi Speck & Michael T. Elliott, Predictors of Advertising Avoidance in Print andDAVID HARVEY, THE CONDITION OF POSTMODERNITY: AN ENQUIRY INTO THE ORIGINSࡓࡼ࠺࡟ ࠊࡼࡾ࠸ࡗࡑ࠺኱⾗໬ࡋ」㞧໬ࡋࡓࠊ㒔ᕷ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௒ࡸୡ⏺ⓗ

OF CULTURAL CHANGE 286 (1990).RARY LIFE 49 (1991); see also TODD GITLIN, MEDIA UNLIMITED: HOW THE TORRENT OF

ࡃࠊせࡍࡿ࡟ࠊᕪู໬࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁 .

IMAGES AND SOUNDS OVERWHELMS OUR LIVES 38-44 (2001)㸦ࠕ㐣㣬࿴ࠖ࡜↓㛵ᚰ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ ; Coombe, supra note 70, at 203㸦ࠕᅜෆࡢ኱⾗ᕷሙࡢどぬⓗᩥ໬࡛ࡣࠊ

See LIPOVETSKY, supra note 53, at 46㸦
ࠕಶேⓗ࡞⊂⮬ᛶࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿḧồࠖࡀὶ⾜ࡢKENNETH J. GERGEN, THE SATURATED SELF: DILEMMAS OF IDENTITY IN CONTEMPO-ࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆື࠿ࡍࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ .♫఍ⓗᕪ␗ࡢᚩೃࡀ㐣๫౪⤥ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸㹿㺁 .HIRSCH, supra note 72, at 3.

See, e.g., ZYGMUNT BAUMAN, INTIMATIONS OF POSTMODERNITY, at xx (1992)㸦ࠕ⤯࠼㛫PARK: THE NEW AMERICAN CITY AND THE END OF PUBLIC SPACE 3, 14 (Michael Sorkin࡞ࡃᨷໃ࡟࠶࠺≧ἣࡢ୰࡛ࠊබ⾗ࡣࡑࡢ྾཰ຊࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ➇ྜࡍࡿㄏᝨࡢ࡝

ed., 1992)㸦ࠕ㸦ᾘ㈝⪅ࡀ㸧ᐃࡲࡗࡓṌ⾜࠿ࡽẼࡲࡄࢀ࡛᭤ࡀࡾࡃࡡࡗࡓ㊊ྲྀࡾ࡬࡜ኚ

ࢀ࡟ࡶ࡯ࢇࡢ᮰ࡢ㛫ࡋ࠿ࡋࡀࡳࡘࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋὀ┠ࢆ㞟ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࢹ࢕

໬ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ Gruen Transfer ࡢ⌧㇟ࢆ┤ࡕ࡟ぢ࡚࡜ࢀࡿ㹿㺁 .

See Margaret Crawford, The World in a Shopping Mall, in VARIATIONS ON A THEME ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ㇏ᐩ࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࣀ࢖ࢬ࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ᏶඲࡟ྠࡌࡶ

┦ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶ඲య࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽࡎࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ⤯ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࡉ࠼ࡶపୗࡋጞࡵ

ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ┦ᑐⓗᚿྥࢆࡶࡘ⤒῭⌮ㄽᐙ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ

ࡿᆅⅬ࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀᡃࠎ࡟ࡣᮍࡔ࡟ṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⚾⪺ࡁぬ࠼ࡢ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ௚ேࡢ୍ᯛୖࢆࡺࡃࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࠊࡀࡇࡢ⤖ㄽࢆᥦ᱌ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊㄞ⪅ࡣࠊ཮᪉ࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀࡑࡢไᗘࡢ⌮ㄽࢆࡽࡏࢇ≧ࡢࢤ࣮࣒࡛࠶ࡾࠊΰ㞧ࡋࡓࣞࢫࢺ࡛ࣛࣥ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ㞧㡢࠶ᴟ➃࡞࡜ࡇࢁࡲ࡛ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᡃࠎࡢᐇ㝿ࡢᾘ㈝ไᗘࡀ௒ࡲ࡛࡟฿㐩ࡋ࡚࠾ࡿ࠸ࡣࢱ࢖࣒ࢬࢫࢡ࢚࢔ࡢඹឤぬࡀቑᖜࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ྠ✀ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ

ࡽࡎࠊỌ㐲࡟฿㐩ࡋ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ⤊╔Ⅼࡲ࡛✺ࡁワࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜␗㆟ࢆࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊゝⴥࢆ᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊࢮࣟ࿴ࢤ࣮࣒ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࢥࣔࣥࢬ

ၐ࠼ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊࡇࢀࡣ⌧௦ࡢᏛ⾡ⓗᩥ໬⌮ㄽࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝

ࡢᝒ๻ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊၟရ໬ࡉࢀࡓ㆑ูᛶࡣࠊࡑࢀ⮬యࡀ࠶ࡾࡩࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛

࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣṇᙜ࡞ᢈุ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᡃࠎࡣࠊ┦ᑐⓗᾘ㈝ࡢไᗘ࡟࠾࠸

࠶ࡿࡀࡺ࠼࡟ࠊ㆑ูࡢᙺ࡟❧ࡓ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺≧ἣ࡟ᴟࡵ࡚㢮ఝࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮ

࡚᭱㏆⏕ࡌࡓ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞㌿᥮ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆ㐣ᑠホ౯ࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ

ࢃࢀࡿࠋ㻿㼕㼙㼙㼑㼘 ࡢ୺ᙇࢆᴫᣓࡍࢀࡤࠊὶ⾜ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀᗈࡀࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢࣉ

ᡃࠎࡀ㆑ูᛶࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡓၟရࡢᛶ㉁ࢆኚ࠼ࠊࡑࡢࡼ

ࣟࢭࢫ⮬యࡀᚎࠎ࡟⤊ࢃࡾ࡟ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ 㻶㼑㼍㼚㻌㻮㼍㼡㼐㼞㼕㼘㼘㼍㼞㼐 ࡀࠕྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜

࠺࡞ၟရࡢ⏕⏘࡜ὶ㏻ࢆ኱࠸࡟ຍ㏿ࡉࡏࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣏ࢫࢺ⏘ᴗ໬⤒῭࡟࠸࠺ᆅ⊹ ࠖ࡜㠀ᖖ࡟ᝒほⓗ࡟⛠ࡋࡓ⤊╔Ⅼ࡟㏆࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠾ࡅࡿࡑࡢ௚ࡢ౯್࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᡃࠎࡢᆅ఩ࢆ⾲ࡍၟရࡣࠊࡲࡍࡲ

ᡃࠎࡀࠊ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ࡼࡾὀព῝࠸࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊ㆑ูᛶࢆᛶ㉁ୖ༢

ࡍ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢᙧែࢆ࡜ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡀࠊᡃࠎ

࡟㝵⣭ⓗ࡞  ḟඖࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿ࠿ࠊࡉࡽ࡟✺ࡁ㐍ࢇ࡛ࠊᛶ㉁ୖᑐ➼ࡀࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡎࡗ࡜⮬↛࡟௵ࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࠊಶࠎࡢ㆑ูᛶࡢᙧែࡀḞஈࡍࡿ≧ἣ࡞ከḟඖࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿ࠿࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࡢࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡦ࡜ࡲ࡜ࡲࡾࡢἲᚊࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㌿᥮࡬࡜㥑ࡾ❧ୗ࡛ࡢࠊၟရ໬ࡉࢀࡓ㆑ูᛶࡢไᗘࡀ㝈⏺ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᐦ㞟㜈 ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ

࡚ࡓᢏ⾡ⓗ≧ἣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡇࢀ࠿ࡽㄽࡌࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋ





See RICHARD SENNETT, THE CONSCIENCE OF THE EYE: THE DESIGN AND SOCIAL LIFE

OF CITIES 129 (1990)㸦
ࠕ⚾ࡣ㇏ᐩ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕၨⵚ㐠ື࡛⣙᮰ࡉࢀࡓᨵၿ࡟

ࡼࡗ࡚ⱞࡋࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⚾ࡢឤぬࡣࠊ࢖࣓࣮ࢪ࡛࠶ࡩࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ࠶ࡿ࢖࣓࣮ࢪ
࡜௚ࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪ࡜ࡢ౯್ࡢᕪࡣࠊ⚾⮬㌟ࡢ⾜ືࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡣ࠿࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ㐪࠸࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࡶ ࡢ ࡀ ༢ ࡞ ࡿ ✀ 㢮 ࡢ ࣃ ࣞ ࣮ ࢻ ࡟ ࡞ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ 㹿 㺁 ; Douglas Kellner,㹁㸬ࢥࣆ࣮ᢏ⾡ࡢ♫఍ⓗၥ㢟Ⅼḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ከᵝ࡞ࢥࣆ࣮⾜Ⅽࡢලయ౛࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳ࡚࡯ࡋ࠸ࠋࡑࡢ
࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡣ㧗ᗘ࡟⢭ᕦ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡑࢀ࡯࡝࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ

Baudrillard: A New McLuhan?, ILLUMINATIONS, http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/➨୍࡟ࠊᖺ࡟ࢮࢿ࢚ࣛࣝࣞࢡࢺࣜࢵࢡࡢᢏ⾡⪅ࡀࠊ୺࡟◊☻ᮦ࡟฼⏝

essays/baudrillardanewmcluhan.pdf (last visited Jan. 9, 2010) 㸦ࠕ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡟ࡼࡿ࣓ࢵࢭ

ࡉࢀࡿ㠀ᖖ࡟ᑠࡉ࡞ே㐀ࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻࢆ〇㐀ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ

࣮ࢪࡀ㐣๫౪⤥ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜୍⯡࡟⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ♫఍࡛ࡣࠊ᝟ሗ࡜ព࿡ࡣࠗෆഃ

࡜ࡁ࠿ࡽࠊᵝࠎ࡞఍♫ࡀࠊᐆ▼࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㉁ࢆഛ࠼ࡓࠕேᕤࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻࠖ

࡟◚⿣࠘ࡋࠊᔂቯࡋ࡚ព࿡ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸ࠗࣀ࢖ࢬ࠘ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕෆᐜࡸព࿡ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸

࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ከࡃࡢேࡀኳ↛ࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ࡜༊ู࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ ࡶࡢࢆ〇㐀ࡍࡿ⣧⢋࡞ຠᯝ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࠖ JEAN BAUDRILLARD, The Implosion of Meaning in the Media, in
SIMULACRA AND SIMULATION 79 (Sheila Faria Glaser trans., Univ. of Mich. Press 1994)(1981)ࢆࣃࣛࣇ࣮ࣞࢬࡋࡓࡶࡢ

JEAN BAUDRILLARD, THE TRANSPARENCY OF EVIL 122 (James Benedict trans., VersoCf. Jonathan M. Barnett, Essay, Shopping for Gucci on Canal Street: Reflections onSee H.P. Bovenkerk et al., Preparation of Diamond, 184 NATURE 1094 (1959); F.P.

Bundy et al., Man-Made Diamonds, 176 NATURE 51 (1955).


Books 1993) (1990).
.See Ziv Hellman, A Multi-Faceted Industry, JERUSALEM REP., Mar. 18, 2008, at 32, 33㸦ࠕ⌧ᅾࡢே㐀ࢲ࢖ࣖࢆ୍ࡘࠊᖺࡢ⤒㦂ࢆࡶࡘࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ㚷ᐃኈࡢ┠ࡢ๓࡟⨨ࡁࠊ

Status Consumption, Intellectual Property, and the Incentive Thesis, 91 VA. L. REV. 1381,

㢧ᚤ㙾ࢆ୚࠼࡚ぢ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸࡞ࡉ࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࡶ㚷ᐃኈࡣኳ↛ࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ࡜ࡢ༊ูࡀ

1389 (2005)㸦ࠕ㐣๫౪⤥㜈ࠖ࡟㐩ࡋࡓᚋࠊὶ⾜ࡢ㟂せࡀపୗࡋጞࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

ࡘࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ
ࠖ㸦E.G.L. Ltd. ᐆ▼Ꮫ◊✲ᡤࡢ C.E.O. ࡛࠶ࡿ Guy Benhamouㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ internal quotation marks omittedࡢゝⴥࢆᘬ⏝. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  .▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ᪉ἲࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓࠋᖺ࡟ࡣࠊࢹࣅ࢔ࢫࡢ࢝ࣝࢸࣝࡀࠊᩥᏐ㏻ࡾ᭱ึ࡟ࠊ

㻳㼀㻮㻛㻠㻌㻰㼍㼥㼠㼛㼚㼍㻌㻿㼜㼥㼐㼑㼞 ࣮࢜ࣉ࣮ࣥ࢝ࢆ〇㐀ࡋࡓࠋᖺ࡟ࡣࠊ୰ྂᕷሙ

ࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ࡟࣮ࣞࢨ࣮࡛ၟᶆࢆ้ࡳࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࢆጞࡵࡓࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊ࡛ 㻰㼍㼥㼠㼛㼚㼍㻌㻿㼜㼥㼐㼑㼞㼟 ࡀ᭱㧗࡛  ྎ୓ࢻ࡛ࣝྲྀᘬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࢸࢿࢩ࣮

㻹㼍㼞㼏㻌㻯㼛㼛㼜㼑㼞 ࡣࠊẶࡢᖺࡢ⮬ླྀఏ 㻼㼕㼚㼛㼏㼔㼑㼠㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻹㼑 ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺ᕞ࢟ࣥࢢࢫ࣏࣮ࢺࡢ 㻯㼍㼞㼘㻌 㻾㼛㼎㼑㼞㼠㼟 ࡀࠕ㻹㼕㼍㼙㼕㻌 㻿㼜㼥㼐㼑㼞ࠖᨵ㐀࢟ࢵࢺࢆ㈍኎ࡋ

࡟グ㘓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕࢳࣜࡢࢧࣥࢳ࢔ࢦ࡟࠶ࡿୖရ࡞ 㼂㼕㼠㼍㼏㼡㼞㼍 ᆅᇦࡢ୰ࡢ㆙

ጞࡵࡓࠋࡑࡢ࢟ࢵࢺࡣࠊ୺࡞ᵓᡂရࡀࣇ࢓࢖ࣂ࣮ࢢࣛࢫ〇ࡢᙇࡾࡰ࡚࡛ࠊ

ᐹࡢ᳨ၥᡤ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ㐠㌿୰࡟ᦠᖏ㟁ヰࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛㐪཯ษ➢ࢆࢩ࣮࣎ࣞ♫ࡢࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢ㌴య࡟࣎ࣝࢺ࡛ᅛᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛┿ṇ࡞ 㻰㼍㼥㼠㼛㼚㼍㻌ษࡽࢀࡓ㐠㌿⪅ࡀࠊ㧗࠸๭ྜ࡛࠾ࡶࡕࡷࡢᦠᖏ㟁ヰࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ୰࡟

㻿㼜㼥㼐㼑㼞 ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋ㻾㼛㼎㼑㼞㼠㼟㻌ࡣࠊࣇ࢙࣮ࣛࣜࡀၟࡣᮌ〇ࡢࣞࣉࣜ࢝ࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪅ࡶ࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ୰ὶ㝵ᶆᶒ౵ᐖཬࡧⴭసᶒ౵ᐖ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁッ࠼ࢆᥦ㉳ࡍࡿ๓࡟ࠊࡑࡢ࢟ࢵࢺࢆ࠾⣭ࡢ㐠㌿ᡭ࡛ࠊࢡ࣮࣮ࣛࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⿦࠺ࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ❆ࢆࡋࡵࡓࡲࡲ᪥↝ࡅࡼࡑಶࠊᏳࡃ࡚  ࡘࢻ࡛ࣝ㈍኎ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊ᪤࡟ࣇ࢙࣮ࣛࣜࡣࠊ

ࠋ➨୕࡟ࠊ㻶㼍㼏㼝㼡㼑㼟㻌㻼㽴㼜㼕㼚㻌㻲㼍㼟㼠㻌㻲㼛㼛㼐㻌㻹㼥㻌㼃㼍㼥 ࡛ࡣࠊ᭷ྡ࡞
ࡍࡿ⪅ࡶ࠸ࡓࠖ

ྠࡌࡃࠕࣇ࢛࣮ࣛࣜ 㼒㼍㼡㼤㼞㼞㼍㼞㼕 ࠖ㸦ヂ⪅ὀ㸸㻲㼍㼡㼤 ࡣࠕ࡟ࡏࡢࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡

ᩱ⌮ே࡛࠶ࡿ 㻶㼍㼏㼝㼡㼑㼟㻌㻼㽴㼜㼕㼚 ࡀࠕ࣐ࢵࢩ࣮࣒ࣗࣝ࡜ࢺࣜࣗࣇධࡾࢫࢡࣛࣥࣈ

ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸧࢟ࢵࢺࡢ〇㐀ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ௚ࡢ఍♫࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶッ࠼ࢆᥦ㉳ࡋ࡚࠸࢚ࣝࢵࢢࠖࡢࣞࢩࣆ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕࡼ࠸ࢺࣜࣗࣇࡀࡳࡘ࠿ࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊࡼ࠸ࢺ

ࡓࠋ

ࣜࣗࣇ࢜࢖࡛ࣝ௦⏝ࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉ࠸ ࠖ࡜ᥦ᱌ࡍࡿࠋ㻼㽴㼜㼕㼚 ࡣᐇ㝿ࡢࢺࣜࣗࡇࢀࡽࡢࢥࣆ࣮⾜Ⅽࡢලయ౛࡟ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀఱࡽ࠿ࡢࢥࣆ࣮ᢏ⾡ࡀ㛵ࢃࣇࡀࠊࡑࢀࡀࡓ࡜࠼ࠕࡼ࠸ࠖࢺࣜࣗࣇ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡇ࠿ࡽἜ࡞࡝࡜ࢀ࡞

ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀࠊ⊂⮬ࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ࠊዝౘ⚗Ṇⓗつᚊࢆ⬣࠿ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶

࠸ࡇ࡜ࠊࡴࡋࢁࠕࢺࣜࣗࣇ࢜࢖ࣝࠖࡀྜᡂ≀㉁࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㧗⣭ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥ㸦ࡑࡿࠋ⚾ࡀࢥࣆ࣮ᢏ⾡࡜ゝࡗࡓሙྜࡣࠊᡭືᘧࡢࡶࡢࠊᶵᲔᘧࡢࡶࡢࠊࢹࢪ

ࡇ࡛౑ࢃࢀࡿ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ᮦᩱࡀ኱᢬ࠊᙉⅯ࡟่⃭ⓗ࡞᭷ᶵ໬ྜ≀࡛࠶ࡿࢱࣝ࡞ࡶࡢࠊ㑇ఏᏊᏛⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࡢ௚ࡢᢏ⾡࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢࢆࡍ࡭

ࢪࢳ࢔࣌ࣥࢱ࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿ㸧࡛ᗈࡃࠊࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࡗࡑࡾ࡜౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶ

࡚ྵࡳࠊᡃࠎࡀࠊ↓ᙧࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥཪࡣᙧែ㸦▱ⓗ㈈⏘⏝ㄒ࡛࠸࠼ࡤࠊ↓ᙧࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆὀグࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊᅄ␒┠࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᖺ࠿ࡽᖺࡲࡢࠕ๰స≀ࠖ㸧࠿ࡽࠊฟ᮶ࡢࡼ࠸᭷ᙧࡢࢥࣆ࣮ࢆసࡿࡢ࡟౑࠺ࡶࡢࡢࡇ࡜

࡛ࡢ㛫࡟ࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ࡢ⮬ື㌴〇㐀఍♫ࣇ࢙࣮ࣛࣜࡀࡕࡻ࠺࡝ྎࡢ㻟㻢㻡㻌ࢆព࿡ࡋࠊࡑࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡀேࡢᡭ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࠿⮬↛⏺࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢ࠿࡟
࠿࠿ࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢥࣆ࣮ࡣࠊ↓ᙧࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࢆ᏶⎍࡟ල⌧໬ࡍࡿ


See Changing Facets, ECONOMIST, Feb. 24, 2007, at 75.ᚲせࡣ࡞ࡃࠊከࡃࡢሙྜල⌧໬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊ༢⣧࡟ࠊල⌧໬ࡋࡓࢹࢨ࢖
ࣥࡢ฼⏝┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡢ࡟༑ศ࡞ែᵝ࡛ࡑࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡟㏆ఝࡍࡿ࡜࠸MARC COOPER, PINOCHET AND ME: A CHILEAN ANTI-MEMOIR 85-86 (2001), quoted in࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊಟ㎡ⓗ࡞ព࿡࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࡽࡋ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ኱㔞⏕⏘ࡢ⮬

Luuk van Kempen, Fooling the Eye of the Beholder: Deceptive Status Signalling Amongື㌴ࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ኱㔞࡟〇ᮏࡉࢀࡓ᭩⡠ࡢࢹࢨ࢖࡛ࣥࡉ࠼ࡶ㸧the Poor in Developing Countries, 15 J. INT’L DEV. 157, 157 (2003); see also David Bar- ␒┠ࡢࢥࣆ࣮࡜␒┠ࡢࢥࣆ࣮ࡣ඲ࡃྠࡌࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᡃࠎࡣࠊ

boza, Where False Rings True, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 28, 2009, at B1; cf. Simulated Car Phone,
U.S. Patent No. 4,973,285 (filed Oct. 5, 1989).

JACQUES PÉPIN, JACQUES PÉPIN FAST FOOD MY WAY 58 (2004).





See Daniel Patterson, Hocus-Pocus, and a Beaker of Truffles, N.Y. TIMES, May 16, 2007,

1237-38 (6th Cir. 1991).

Ferrari S.P.A. Esercizio Fabriche Automobili E Corse v. Roberts, 944 F.2d 1235,

at F1; cf. Peter Kiefer, Diner Beware: Turisti Pay More in Roman Restaurants, N.Y. TIMES,

Aug. 9, 2006, at A4 ࿡ࡢࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ほගᐈྥࡅ࡟Ᏻ౯࡞ᮦᩱ࡛ᩱ⌮ࢆసࡿᐇ᝟ࢆ㏙

1140 (E.D. Tenn. 1990), aff’d, 944 F.2d 1235.

࡭࡚࠸ࡿ ; Editorial, Truffle in Paradise, GLOBE & MAIL, Jan. 20, 2003, at A14 ࣇࣛࣥ



Id.

ࢫᨻᗓࡀ࣌ࣜࢦ࣮ࣝࢺࣜࣗࣇࢆ୰ᅜ⏘ࢺࣜࣗࣇ࡜༊ูࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ 㻰㻺㻭 ᳨ᰝࢆ㛤ⓎSee Ferrari S.P.A. Esercizio Fabbriche Automobili E Corse v. McBurnie Coachcraft Inc.,ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ᑾຊࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ .

No. 86-1812-B (IEG), 1988 WL 391519 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 31, 1988). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

Ferrari S.P.A. Esercizio Fabriche Automibili E Corse v. Roberts, 739 F. Supp. 1138,▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ྛࢥࣆ࣮ࡀࠊྠࡌࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࢆࢥࣆ࣮ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ែ

᭱ᚋ࡟㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡞ព࿡࡛ࠊࢥࣆ࣮ᢏ⾡ࡣࠊ⤯ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࡼࡾࡶ┦ᑐⓗᵝ࡛ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ㝈ࡾࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀྠࡌࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࡽࡋ࠸ࢥࣆ࣮࡛

᭷⏝ᛶࢆᤵ୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ୺࡞ᶵ⬟࡜ࡍࡿࠊࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࡽࡋ࠸ࢥࣆ࣮ࢆసࡿࡢ

࠶ࡿ࡜㏻ᖖ⪃࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࠊ↓ᙧࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡀල⌧໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢ

࡟฼⏝ࡉࢀࡿሙྜ࡟ࠊ≉࡟ᙉຊ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊዝౘ⚗Ṇⓗつᚊࢆ⬣࠿ࡍࡶࡢ࡛

࠺ࡕࠊኳ↛ࡢࡶࡢࠊチㅙ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࢀ௨እࡢ⌮⏤࡛チᐜ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓࠋ≉࡟ᙉຊ࡛࠶ࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢥࣆ࣮ࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࠊ

ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡀࠊᙜヱࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡟༑ศ㏆ఝࡋࠊࠕࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮ࢥ

ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࡽࡋࡃ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࡟࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣝ࡜ྠࡌ⤯ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶ

ࣆ࣮ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᐜ᫆࡟㏻⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᮇᚅࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡗ

ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿᚲせࡀ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㻾㼛㼎㼑㼞㼠㼟 ࡢᨵ㐀࢟ࢵࢺࡢ㉎ධ⪅ࡣࠊᮌ࡜ࡶࡽࡋ࠸࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝㛵㐃ᛶࡀ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ

〇ࡢᦠᖏ㟁ヰࡀᮏ≀ࡢᦠᖏ㟁ヰ࡜ྠࡌ⤯ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࢆ୚࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡶࡢ

ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࢆල⌧໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢ࠺ࡕࠊே㐀ࡢࡶࡢࠊ↓チㅙࡢࡶࡢࠊ

࡛࡞࠸ࡢ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ࢟ࢵࢺࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᇶ♏࡜࡞ࡿࠕࢻࢼ࣮㌴ࠖ࡟

࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௦⏝ရࢆ〇㐀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡓሙྜࠊࡑࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡀ▱ⓗ㻰㼍㼥㼠㼛㼚㼍㻌㻿㼜㼥㼐㼑㼞 ࡢ⤯ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࠊ౛࠼ࡤࡑࡢࣁࣥࢻࣜࣥࢢࡸຍ㏿ຊࡀഛࢃ㈈⏘ἲ࡛ಖㆤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࡽࡋࡉࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࡣࡎࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣ༑ศᢎ▱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊࢻࢼ࣮㌴ࡀ୍ᐃ⛬ᗘࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࡽࡋࡉࡇࡑࡀࠊ࣡࢖ࣥホㄽᐙࡀࢽ࣮ࣗ

ࡢ⤯ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽࡎࠊࡑ࠺࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤࡓࡃࡽࡳ

࣮࣡ࣝࢻ࡛సࡽࢀࡓࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢࢩࣕࣥࣃ࣮ࢽࣗᆅ᪉ࡢࢫࣃ࣮ࢡࣜࣥࢢ࣡

ࡣኻᩋ࡟⤊ࢃࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊྠᵝ࡟㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊ࢖ࣥࡢࠕࡼࡃ࡛ࡁࡓࢥࣆ࣮ ࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ヰࡍ࡜ࡁ࡟⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊ

⡿ᅜ࡛ࡢ㏿ᗘไ㝈ࡸ஺㏻≧ἣࡢᐇែࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊ㻾㼛㼎㼑㼞㼠㼟 ࡢ㢳ᐈࡣࠊࢥࣝ࣋

࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣⱁ⾡ホㄽᐙࡀࣟࢲࣥࡢ᙮้ࡢ⏕๓ࡢసရ࡜Ṛᚋࡢసရࢆ༊ูࡍ

ࢵࢺࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ࡣ 㻼㼛㼚㼠㼕㼍㼏㻌㻲㼕㼑㼞㼛࡛ࡉ࠼ࡶࠊࢻࢼ࣮㌴࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙺ

ࡿࡢ࡟ⱞປࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ࡢ㧗⣭๭ࢆ༑ศ࡟ᯝࡓࡍࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡼ࠺ࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㠀ᖖ࡟᫂ⓑ࡞ࡇရ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀࠊ⮬ᕫࡢၟရࡢᕷሙ࡟࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ┿ṇ࡞ഇ≀ࠖࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ

࡜࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ✀ࡢࢥࣆ࣮ᢏ⾡ࡣࠊ⟇␎ࢆ᥈▱ࡍࡿே㛫ࡢ▱ぬ⬟ຊࡢ㝈┿ṇရࡢ〇㐀࡟౑ࢃࢀࡿࡢ࡜ྠࡌᮦᩱ࡛┿ṇရࡢ〇㐀ࢆཷクࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᴗ

⏺ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⟇␎ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿ⏝ពࡢ࠶ࡿே㛫ࡢ▱ぬ⬟ຊࡢ㝈⏺࡟౫ᣐࡍ⪅ࡀ〇㐀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ↓チㅙࡢ㐣๫⏕⏘ရ ࡀ࠶ࡩࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡟㛵ᚰࢆࡶࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⤯ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࡢ㟂せࡀ⦆࿴ࡉࢀࡓሙྜࡸࠊ⤯ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࡢࣞࡘࡢࡶࠊࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࡽࡋࡉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡟ࡼࡾ㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟ࡣࠊၟ࣋ࣝࡀྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ே㛫ࡢ▱ぬ⬟ຊࢆୖᅇࡾࠊ㚷ᐃᐙࡸᶍೌရᤚᰝᐁ࡛ࡉ࠼ࡶ

ရࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊၟရࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟▱ぬ㐪࠸ࡀࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜࡣࠊከࡃࡢሙྜࠊ௦⏝ရ㸦ࢺࣜࣗࣇ࢜࢖ࣝ㸧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ」〇ࡋࡓ≀㸦ᐇ㝿ࡢࢺࣜࣗࣇ㸧࡜ẚ࡭࡚ࡶ༑ศ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

 ㆑ูᛶࡢ࠶ࡿၟရࡢࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࡽࡋ࠸࢖࣑ࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢖࣑



Jancis Robinson, Make Sure Your Fizz Is the Biz, FIN. TIMES, Dec. 28-29, 2002, at x.

ࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡀὶ㏻ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ඖࡢၟရࡀ┦ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࢆ୚࠼ࡿ⬟ຊࢆ㜼

See Deborah M. Hussey, The Sine Qua Non of Copyright, 51 J. COPYRIGHT SOC’Y

U.S.A. 763, 789-90 (2004).ࢆぢ࡚㈙࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡃ࡛ࡁࡓഇ≀ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᮏ≀࡜ࡋ࡚㏻⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞㢮ࡢࡶ

See Richard Boudreaux, In Italy, It’s Survival of the Fakest, L.A. TIMES, Oct. 6, 2000, at

E1.ࡢࡣࠊ௒ࡣ♫఍ⓗ࡟ࡣᮏ≀࡜ྠࡌࡶࡢࢆ⾲ࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁 .





See TIM PHILLIPS, KNOCKOFF: THE DEADLY TRADE IN COUNTERFEIT GOODS 69-70

Cf. Gene M. Grossman & Carl Shapiro, Foreign Counterfeiting of Status Goods, 103(2005); Boudreaux, supra note 113.

Q.J. ECON. 79, 82 (1988)㸦
ࠕᶍೌ⪅ࡣࠊ〇ရࡢࢫࢸ࣮ࢱࢫࡢഃ㠃࡜㉁ⓗഃ㠃ࢆษࡾ㞳ࡍࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ཮᪉ࢆ୍⥴࡟㉎ධࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㧗࠸㔠㢠ࢆᨭᡶ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᮃࡲ࡞࠸ᾘ㈝⪅ࡀࠊSee THOMAS, supra note 65, at 280㸦ࠕ᪑ࢆࡋ࡚ࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊேࡀᮏ≀࡜ഇ≀࡜ࡢ㛫࡟㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡣࡶࡣࡸ⪃࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋBernard Arnault ࡢ࣐๓⪅ࢆ㉎ධࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁 .

࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢィ⏬ࡣ࠺ࡲࡃ࠸ࡗࡓࠋᾘ㈝⪅ࡣࠊ㧗⣭ࣈࣛࣥࢻရࢆࠊࡑࢀ⮬యࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࠿ࢆぢ࡚㈙࠺ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࢀࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿

1141 (E.D. Tenn. 1990), aff’d, 944 F.2d 1235 (6th Cir. 1991).

See Ferrari S.P.A. Esercizio Fabriche Automibili E Corse v. Roberts, 739 F. Supp. 1138, ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ᐖࡋࠊ࠿ࡘࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞᭷⏝ᛶࡣࠊከࡃࡢሙྜࠊඖࡢၟရࡀᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
☜࠿࡟ࠊ࠶ࡾ࡜࠶ࡽࡺࡿࢥࣆ࣮⾜Ⅽࡣࠊே㢮࡟ࡼࡿᶍೌࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡇࢁ࠿

ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡓࡔ୍ࡘࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࡢᙧែ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࡺ࠼࡟ ࠊዝౘ⚗ṆⓗつᚊࢆࡽᏑᅾࡋࠊዝౘ⚗ṆἲࡢṔྐ࡟ࡼࡾド᫂ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㛗ࡽࡃࡢ㛫ࠊ㆑ู≉࡟⬣࠿ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋኳ↛ࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥ

ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿၟရ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡿሙྜ࡟ࠊ≉࡟ຠᯝⓗࡔࡗࡓࠋࢸ࢜ࢻࢩ࢘ࢫ

ࢻᴗ⏺ࡣࠊ ୡ⣖๓࡟ኳ↛┿⌔ᴗ⏺ࡀᠱᛕࢆᢪ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㧗ᗘ࡟ࡶ஧ୡࡣࠊୡ⣖࡟ࠊ↓チㅙ࡛࣮࢘ࣝࢆࠕⓚᖇࢆ⾲ࡍ῝࠸⣸Ⰽࠖ࡟ᰁࡵࡓ⪅ࡗ࡜ࡶࡽࡋ࠸࢖࣑ࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆᠱᛕࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ୺࡞

࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢩࣝࢡࢆࠕⷴⷪⰍ࡟ᰁࡵࡓᚋࠊูࡢⰍᙬ࡛ᰁࡵࡓ⪅ࡣࠊṚฮ࡜ࡍ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ௦᭰ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ፧⣙ᣦ㍯࡜ࡋ࡚ኳ↛ࢲ࢖ࣖࡿࠖ᪨ࡢສ௧ࢆⓎࡋࡓࠋୡ⣖ࡢࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇἲ௧࡛ࡣࠊ㈗᪘௨

ࣔࣥࢻࢆ㈙ࡗࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ᾘ㈝⪅ࡀࠊ௦ࢃࡾ࡟ேᕤࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻࢆ㈙࠺࡛࠶

እࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀᮏ≀࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜࢖࣑ࢸ࣮ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࢁ࠺࡜ࠊ㔠ࠊ㖟ࠊࢥ࣮ࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ ࠋᙜヱᴗ⏺ࡢᠱᛕࡣࡴࡋࢁࠊᕼ㔘໬࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ

ࢹࣗࣟ࢖ཪࡣ࣮ࣞࢫ่࡛ࡋࡹ࠺ࡉࢀࡓ⏕ᆅࢆ㌟࡟ࡘࡅ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸᪨ࠊධ

ࢀࡣࠊࢹࣅ࢔ࢫࡢ࢝ࣝࢸࣝࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࠊ㛗ࡁ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚㠀ᖖ࡟⚄⤒ࢆ࡜ࡀᛕ࡟つᐃࡋࡓࠋ㔜せ࡛ᙳ㡪ຊࡢ኱ࡁ࠸ᖺࡢ 㼀㼞㼍㼐㼑㻙㻹㼍㼞㼗㻌㻯㼍㼟㼑㼟㻌࡜࠸࠺஦ࡽࡏ࡚࠸ࡓ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋࢹࣅ࢔ࢫࡢ࢝ࣝࢸࣝࡀᠱᛕࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊࡶࡗ

௳ࡣࠊ㍺ධࢩࣕࣥࣃࣥࡢᶍೌࡀཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓࡀࠊ㻴㼍㼚㼐 ุ஦ࡣࠊ࡜ࡶࡽࡋ࠸࢖࣑ࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡀ㇏ᐩ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊὶ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀ࡚

༙ୡ⣖ᚋࡢၟᶆ࡟㛵ࡍࡿពぢࡢ୰࡛ࠊࠕ୙ᐇ࡞㣧㣗ᗑ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࠖࡣࠕኪࡀ᭦

࠸ࡿኳ↛ࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻࡢ⥲ᩘ࡜࠸࠺ḟඖ࡜ࠊὶ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ

ࡅࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚Ṧ᭦࡟ࠖࠕᅜ⏘ࡢࢩࣕࣥࣃ࡛ࣥ௦⏝ࡍࡿࠖ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡎࠊࡑࢀ

ኳ↛ࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ࡟ᴟࡵ࡚㏆࠸ၟရࡢᩘࡢḟඖࡢ཮᪉࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊࢲ࢖ࣖࣔ

ࡀᐜ࡛᫆࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⿢ุᡤ࡟㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ

ࣥࢻࡀᕼᑡ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ࢆࠊ᫬ࡢ⤒㐣࡜࡜ࡶ࡟౵㣗ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿

ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᡃࠎࡣࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾜Ⅽࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ẁ㝵࡟฿㐩ࡋࡓࡢ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻࡀᕼᑡ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢㄆ㆑ࡣࠊ᪤

࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕࢹࢪࢱࣝ᫬௦ࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࡽࡋ࠸ࠊᐇ࡟᏶⎍࡞ࢹࢪࢱ࡟ᕼ㔘໬ࡀጞࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊ┦ᑐⓗၟရࣝࢥࣆ࣮ࡢ〇㐀ࢥࢫࢺࡀᛴⴠࡋࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶ⏘ᴗࡢᦆኻࡀ⭾኱࡛ࡢᴗ⏺࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶᶍೌ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ୍␒ࡢᠱᛕ஦㡯࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣁ࢖ࢸࢡၟရ㸦౛࠼ࡤࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࣮࢝ࡸᦠᖏ㟁ヰ㸧ࡢᶍೌ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣᚑ᮶࠿ࡽ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡲࡾࡼࡃㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚




࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ ; Jason Tan, Banking on the Look Factor, NEW STRAITS TIMES (Malaysia),But see Barnett, supra note 100, at 1382-83 ≉ᐃࡢ≧ἣࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊ୙᏶඲࡞ᶍೌရ

China, NIKKEI WKLY., July 28, 2008, at 11 ୰ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ iPhone ࡶ࡝ࡁࡢᬑཬ࡟ࡘ࠸
Dec. 6, 2007, at 9 ྠ๓ .

ࡢ࠾࠿ࡆ࡛ࠊྜἲⓗ࡞〇㐀⪅ࡢ཰ධࡀቑຍࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿ .Code Just. 11.8.3 (Theodosius, Arcadius & Honorius 393/395) (S.P. Scott trans.).





CARL KÖHLER, A HISTORY OF COSTUME 289 (Emma von Sichart ed., Alexander K. Dal-

Sophia Chabbott, Industry Splits on Natural vs. Man-Made Diamonds, WOMEN’S WEARDAILY, July 9, 2007, at 14㸦ࠕ㧗⣭ᚿྥࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࡣࠊே㐀ࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊኳ↛las trans., 1933); cf. Cissie Fairchilds, The Production and Marketing of Populuxe Goods inࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻࢆḧࡋࡀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࠖ ኳ↛ࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ㈍኎ᴗ⪅ Diamond in the

Eighteenth-Century Paris, in CONSUMPTION AND THE WORLD OF GOODS 228 (John Brew-

Rough ࡢ௦⾲⪅ Anjanette Clisura ࡢⓎゝࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿer & Roy Porter eds., 1993) ୡ⣖ᚋ༙ࡢࣃࣜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊዝౘ⚗ṆἲࡢᗫṆᚋࡢୗὶ



.

See generally JANINE ROBERTS, GLITTER & GREED: THE SECRET WORLD OF THE DI-

AMOND CARTEL 83-98 (2d ed. 2007).See Edward Simpkins, The Changing Face of Diamonds, SUNDAY TELEGRAPH, Dec. 14,

㝵⣭࡟ࡼࡿࠕ㈗᪘ⓗ࡞㧗⣭ရࡢᏳ౯࡞ࢥࣆ࣮ࠖࡢᾘ㈝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ .


100 U.S. 82 (1879).See Zvi S. Rosen, In Search of the Trade-Mark Cases, 83 ST. JOHN’S L. REV. (forth-

2003, at 6.

coming) (manuscript at 32), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1268558.





See Christian Fraser, Italy Arrests “Fake Ferrari” Gang, BBC NEWS, Feb. 28, 2008,

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7269774.stm ᭱㏆ࡢ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊFerrari 328

G.H. Mumm Champagne v. E. Wine Corp., 142 F.2d 499, 501 (2d Cir. 1944) (Hand, J.);

see also David Hancock, Commerce and Conversation in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic:

GTB ࡢᶍೌရ〇㐀ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓಶேࡢ㞟ᅋࡢ㐊ᤕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚グ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ .

The Invention of Madeira Wine, 29 J. INTERDISC. HIST. 197, 216-18 (1998) ୡ⣖ࡢ࣐ࢹࣛ㓇〇㐀ᴗ⪅ࡢࠊ࢖࣑ࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆᢚไࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿヨࡳ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚グ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ .

See Shunsuke Tabeta, Apple’s Sophisticated Marketing Expertise Faces Tough Test in ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ 㻮㼑㼑㼎㼑 ࠸࡞࠸ࡢࡣࠊᡃࠎࡢࠕࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ᫬௦㺁ࡢึᮇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᭷ᙧ≀ࢆୖ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊከࡃࡢ┦ᑐⓗၟရࡀࠊ⣬ᖯ࡜ྠࡌࡃࠊㄆド⿦⨨ࡢఏ㐩࡜ᡭ࡟ᶍೌࡍࡿࢥࢫࢺࡶࡲࡓᛴ⃭࡟పୗࡋࠊᶍೌࡢ㉁࡜ࢫࣆ࣮ࢻࡀ๻ⓗ࡟ୖᒎ♧ࡢᡭẁ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡾࠊࡑࢀ⮬యࡀ㆑ูᛶࡢ࠶ࡿၟရ࡜ࡋ࡚ಖ

᪼ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⪃࠼࡚ࡳ࡚࡯ࡋ࠸ࡢࡣࠊ᭱㏆ࡢὀ┠ࡢ஦௳࡛ᣢࡉࢀᒎ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ࡑࡋ࡚ᶍೌࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠋ࠶ࡿ 㼀㼕㼒㼒㼍㼚㼥㻌㻔㻺㻶㻕㻌㻵㼚㼏㻚㻌㼢㻚㻌㼑㻮㼍㼥㻘㻌㻵㼚㼏㻚࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᵝࠎ࡞ 㼑㻮㼍㼥 ࡢ㈍኎ᴗ⪅࠿ࡽࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᐇ᝟ࡀࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ண࿌ࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣ≀㼀㼕㼒㼒㼍㼚㼥 ࡀ㉎ධࡋࡓಶࡶࡢ 㼀㼕㼒㼒㼍㼚㼥 ࣈࣛࣥࢻࡢ㖟ࡢࢪ࢚࣮ࣗࣜࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ

஦ࢆᴟ➃࡞࡜ࡇࢁࡲ࡛ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶࠼࡚㏙࡭ࡿࡀࠊ࡯࠿࡞ࡽࡠࠊ୍✀ࡢ㼀㼕㼒㼒㼍㼚㼥 ࡀࡑࡢ࠾ࡼࡑ  ศࡢ  ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᶍೌရ࠿┿ṇရ࠿ࡀุ᩿࡛ࡁ࡞࠸

ዝౘ⚗Ṇつ⠊ࡢࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ᫬௦ࡢ฿᮶࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ᫬௦ࡢ࣓ࢱ

࡜ㄆࡵࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࣇ࢓ࢵࢩࣙࣥࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ࡽࡀࠊ

ࣇ࢓࣮ࡣࠊ㻿㻲 ᑠㄝ࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡔࡅ࡛ࡣࠊከࡃࡢ

௨๓࠿ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⮬㌟ࡀ⮬ᕫࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢ┿ṇ࡞ࢥࣆ࣮ࢆ

ㄞ⪅ࡀཷࡅධࢀ࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡸᢏ⾡⪅ࡣ࠾ࡑࡽࡃᣄྰࡋ࡞

ὶ㏻ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ๓࡟ࠊᶍೌ⪅ࡽࡀࣇ࢓ࢵࢩࣙࣥࢹࢨ࢖

࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᑡࡋࡢ㛫⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡿࡔࡅࡢ౯್ࡣ࠶ࡿࠋ

ࢼ࣮ࡽࡢ᭱᪂ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡢࠕ᏶඲࡞ࢥࣆ࣮ ࠖࢆ㔞㈍ᗑ࡟ὶ㏻ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ

ࡑࡢ㇟ᚩࡀ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡍࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊಶࠎࡢཎᏊ࡜ࡑࡢᵓ㐀ⓗ㛵ಀࢆ᧯సࡍࡿ

࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ௒ࡸ㢖⦾࡟ࠊ㆟఍࡟ⱞ᝟ࢆ⏦ࡋ❧࡚࡚࠸ࡿ㸦࠶ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ே㢮ࡢᢏ⾡࡛Ᏻ౯࡟࠸࠿࡞ࡿ≀㉁ⓗ࡞ᙧែࢆࡶ」〇ࡍࡿࡇࡿ࠸ࡣࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳ࡚࡯ࡋ࠸ࠋ≀㉁ⓗ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿே㢮ࡢⓎᒎࡢ᫬௦࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢏ⾡ࡀᗈࡃ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞᫬ᕼᑡᛶࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡍ࡭࡚ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ┦ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࢆ≀㉁ⓗ࡟ල⌧໬ࡋࡓࡶ௦࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ᫬௦࡛㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡣࠊࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥ

ࡢࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡣࠊᢏ⾡ⓗ࡟ᶍೌࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ࠿ࡘᶍೌࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛

ࢻࢆᵝࠎ࡞ᙧែ࡛ᐜ᫆࡟〇㐀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿே㢮ࡢ⬟ຊ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᡃࠎ



ࡀ┦ᑐⓗၟရࢆ㸦ᚲࡎࡋࡶࡑࡢ⤯ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࢆᶍೌࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ㸧ࡶࡗ࡜

See generally NEAL STEPHENSON, THE DIAMOND AGE (1995); Ralph C. Merkle, It’s aࡶࡽࡋࡃᶍೌࡍࡿ⬟ຊࡣቑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ⬟ຊࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⎔ቃ࡟

Small, Small, Small, Small World, TECH. REV., Feb./Mar. 1997, at 25, extended version

࠾࠸࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡀᯝࡓࡍ♫఍ⓗᙺ๭ࡀ࡝ࢇ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆணᮇࡍࡿࠋ

available at http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/MITtecRvwSmlWrld/article.html ศᏊࡢࢼ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊୖグ࡛ㄽࡌࡓᶍೌᢏ⾡ࡀ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ணࣀࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮࡟ࡼࡿ〇㐀⬟ຊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ .
See, e.g., Imitating Property Is Theft, ECONOMIST, May 17, 2003, at 52, 54 ᶍೌᢏ⾡ࡢᨵၿ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ .

ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ࣏ࢫࢺᕼᑡᛶୡ⏺࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ≉ᐃࡢ⤯ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࡢ≀㉁ⓗᙧែࡀḞஈࡋࡓࡲࡲ࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ┦ᑐⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࡢ≀㉁ⓗᙧែࡢࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࡽࡋ࠸ࢥࣆ
࣮ࡣ㐣๫࡜࡞ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆ✺ࡁワࡵࡿ࡜ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᢏ⾡ࡣࠊࠕ୓

576 F. Supp. 2d 463 (S.D.N.Y. 2008).

Id. at 485.ࡇࡢ஦ᐇ࡟Ẽ࡙࠿ࡏ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓ Ann Bartow Ặ࡟ឤㅰࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ

⬟ࣉࣜࣥࢱ࣮ࠖ࡜࡛ࡶ࠸࠺࡭ࡁࡶࡢࡀࠊ༢࡟᝿ീୖࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡲࡍ



Protection for Fashion Design: Hearing on H.R. 5055 Before the Subcomm. on Courts,ࡲࡍ⌧ᐇ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࠋୡ⣖the Internet, and Intellectual Property of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. 12(2006) [hereinafter Hearing on H.R. 5055] ࣇ࢓ࢵࢩࣙࣥࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮ Jeffrey Banks ࡢ⡿ࣇ࢓ࢵࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢹࢨ࢖ࢼ࣮༠㆟఍ ࢆ௦⾲ࡋ࡚ࡢⓎゝ .


See id. at 81-82 Fordham Law School ࡢἲᏛᐈဨᩍᤵ࡛࠶ࡿ Susan Scafidi ࡢⓎ
ࡿ㹿㺁 . But see Barnett, supra note 100, at 1385㸦ࠕ㉎㈙⾜ືࡀࢫࢸ࣮ࢱࢫᚿྥ࡟ࡼࡾᙉ
ࡃ㥑ࡾ❧࡚ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᕷሙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ↓チㅙࡢ࢖࣑ࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡣ୍⯡ⓗ࡟୙༑ศࠗᶍೌ⪅ࡣࠊඖࡢၟရࡢ  ḟඖࢫ࢟ࣕࣥ
ゝ ; see also THOMAS, supra note 65, at 283㸦ࠕ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁 .

ࢆ࡜ࡿࠋࡑࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ᏶⎍࡞ࢥࣆ࣮ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠘ࠖ ᶍೌ㜵Ṇࡢ

See generally, e.g., STEPHENSON, supra note 129.

ᑓ㛛ᐙࡢⓎゝࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

See generally, e.g., Paul W. May, The New Diamond Age?, 319 SCIENCE 1490 (2008).ࢺࣇ࢓ࢵࢩࣙࣥࡢᶍೌ⪅ࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ .

See Duncan Graham-Rowe, 3-D Printing for the Masses, TECH. REV., July 31, 2008,

http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/21152/?a=f; Saul Hansell, Beam It Down from; Hemphill & Suk, supra note 38, at 1170-74㸦ࠕࣇ࢓ࢫSee, e.g., Org. for Econ. Co-operation & Dev., THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COUNTER-FEITING AND PIRACY 262 (2008)㸦
ࠕ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢࡶࡢࢆᶍೌࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶

the Web, Scotty, N.Y. TIMES, May 7, 2007, at C1 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ḟඖࣉࣜࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽ

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   ㄽ  ㄝࡢ  ḟඖࣉࣜࣥࢱ࣮࡜ࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝグ㘓໬ࡉࢀࡓࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡟ᚑࡗ࡚᭷ᙧ≀ࢆࠕ༳ๅࠖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿୡ⣖ࡢ  ḟඖࣉࣜࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊ✀㢮ࡢ㐪࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾ⛬ᗘࡢ㐪࠸࡜ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜♧၀ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ኱ࡆࡉ࡛
ࡣ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᴫᛕⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ⏘ᴗⓗ࡞〇㐀ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡀࠊከ࠿ࢀᑡ࡞࠿ࢀࠊ
ࡇࡢ୓⬟ࣉࣜࣥࢱ࣮࡟㏆࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㐪࠸ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡢ〇㐀ᢏ⾡ࡢࠊάᏐ࡟ᑡࡋ㢮ఝࡋࡓࠊᴟࡵ࡚㧗࠸ᰂ㌾ᛶ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ⾲⌧ࡸ≀ࡢࣞࢺࣜࢵࢡࢆ༳ๅࡍࡿ୓⬟ࣉࣜࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ⤒῭࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢၟရ
ࡀᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ࡣ▱ⓗၟရ㸦ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ↓ᙧࡢࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࡀල⌧໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ㸧࡜࡞ࡾࠊ✵㛫࡜⮬ᡃࢆ㝖ࡃࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ㈈⏘ࡀࠊᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡜࡞ࡿࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿ㸦ࣂ࣮ࢳࣕࣝ࡞ୡ⏺࡛ࡣ᪤࡟ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࣂ࣮
ࢳࣕࣝ࡞✵㛫࡜ࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࣂ࣮ࢳࣕࣝ࡞⮬ᡃࡶྵࡵ࡚ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿ㸧ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡢ࠸ࡗࡑ࠺㝈ᐃⓗ࡞┠ⓗ࠿ࡽࡋ࡚㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊ┦ᑐⓗၟရ࡜ዝౘ⚗Ṇⓗつᚊࡢつไࡣࠊ᏶඲࡟▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࡟ጤࡡࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺
ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ⌧௦ࡢዝౘ⚗Ṇἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙺ๭࡟ヰ㢟ࢆ⛣ࡍࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

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ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ ; Ian Mount, Rise of the Instapreneur: Manufacture and Sell Anything. In
Minutes., WIRED, Apr. 2008, at 129.
Cf. MARSHALL MCLUHAN, ESSENTIAL MCLUHAN 307 (Eric McLuhan & Frank

Zingrone eds., 1995)㸦ࠕάᏐࡣࠊ᪤࡟ࠊ⌧௦ࡢ⤌ࡳ❧࡚ࣛ࢖ࣥࡢⴌⱆ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿ㹿㺁 .


ᰂ㌾࡞ᑓ㛛໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊsee generally MICHAEL J. PIORE & CHARLES F. SABEL,THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL DIVIDE: POSSIBILITIES FOR PROSPERITY (1984). Cf. BOOKCHIN,
supra note 26, at 61-62㸦ࠕ㧗ᗘ࡟⼥㏻ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿࠊከ┠ⓗᶵᲔ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠕ୍ࡘࡢᕤሙ
࡛ࠊከࡃࡢ✀㢮ࡢ〇ရࢆ〇㐀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ ; J.
Storrs Hall, Utility Fog: The Stuff that Dreams Are Made Of, in NANOTECHNOLOGY: MOLECULAR SPECULATIONS ON GLOBAL ABUNDANCE 161 (B.C. Crandall ed., 1996) ᵝࠎ࡞ᙧࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ᵝࠎ࡞ᶵ⬟ࢆᯝࡓࡍᶵᲔⓗ࡞ࠕࣇ࢛ࢢࣞࢵࢺࠖࡢ⩌ࢀࢆண᝿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ .

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