㐃⥆௻⏬㸸ᅜ㝿▱ⓗ㈈⏘ไᗘࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬㸫᭱᪂ືྥ࡜⌮ㄽศᯒ㸫     ࡑࡢ㸰ᡫՠ‫ܼ׎‬Ʊჷႎᝠငೌ
Ü‫׎‬ᨥ૎඙ኺฎ‫ܖ‬ƴǑǔჷႎᝠငೌҾᛯ㐲 ▮ ᾈ つ


ࡣࡌࡵ࡟㻌

ᮏ✏ࡣࠊᕷሙ㸦⤒῭㸧࡜ࣃ࣮࣡㸦ᨻ἞㸧ࡢ┦஫స⏝࠿ࡽᅜ㝿㛵ಀࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠕᅜ㝿ᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫ㸦㼕㼚㼠㼑㼞㼚㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼍㼘㻌㼜㼛㼘㼕㼠㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㼑㼏㼛㼚㼛㼙㼥䠖㻵㻼㻱㸧
ࠖࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽࠊ
ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ࡞ࡐᅜ㝿ၥ㢟㸦㈠᫆ᦶ᧿㸧໬ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠖࢆᴫㄝࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋᚑ᮶ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓၥ࠸࡟ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡸᅜ㝿⤒῭ἲࢆᑓ㛛࡜ࡍࡿἲᏛ⪅ࡸࠊ௻ᴗ࣭ᐁᗇ࣭ἲ᭪⏺࡞࡝ࡢᐇົᐙࡓࡕࡀ⟅࠼࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽ
ࡢࠕἲᏛⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠖࡣࠊྛᅜࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒไᗘࡢᕪ␗ࢆᡤ୚ࡢࡶࡢ࡜
ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡇ࠿ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿẚ㍑ἲୖ࣭ᐇົୖࡢㅖၥ㢟ࢆࠊ᮲ᩥࡸุ౛࡟౫ᣐࡋ
࡞ࡀࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿഴྥࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊዴఱ࡟ࡋ࡚ᑐ
❧ࡢཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡿࠕᕪ␗ࠖࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࠊࡑࢀࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅜ㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓ㐀ࡸ㐣⛬ࢆ⤒࡚ᅜᐙ㛫ࡢᦶ᧿࡬Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺᰿ᮏⓗ࡞ၥ࠸࡟ࡣࠊ
ᚲࡎࡋࡶ༑ศ࡟⟅࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
ࠕ㻵㻼㻱㻌࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠖࡀྛ✀ᨻ⟇㡿ᇦࡸᅜ㝿ၥ㢟ࡢ⪃ᐹ࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ಋୖ࡟㍕ࡏࡿࡢࡣࠊࡲࡉ࡟ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᅜ
㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᵓ㐀ࡸ㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡾࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ◊✲ࡢ⵳✚ࡣᮍࡔᑡ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟 ༠ᐃࡢᡂ❧㐣⛬࡞࡝࡟ࡘ࠸୍࡚ᐃࡢᡂᯝࢆ
࠶ࡆ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᅜ㝿ᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫ㸦ࡶࡋࡃࡣࡑࢀ࡟㏆࠸ࡶࡢ㸧࡟ࡼࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ◊✲࡟ࠊࡓ࡜࠼

ࡤḟࡢࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋMichael P. Ryan, Knowledge Diplomacy: Global Competition and thePolitics of Intellectual Property (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998);▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࡓࡔṧᛕ࡞ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊ㻵㻼㻱࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ◊✲ࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞⌮ㄽⓗ㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ 㐲▮ 㻌࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⤒῭ⓗ฼┈ࡢ☜ಖࡶ୺せ࡞ືᶵࡢ  ࡘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ࡓ࡜࠼❧ሙࡢྛㄽࡀ୪❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣ࡟࠶ࡾࠊඹ㏻ࡢศᯒᯟ⤌࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ☜❧ࡤࠊ࢔ࣝࢨࢫ㺃࣮ࣟࣞࢾᆅ᪉ࡢ▼Ⅳ࣭㕲㗰̿̿࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢ⏘ᴗୖࡢᡓ␎≀㈨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ㻵㻼㻱࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟࠾࠸࡚ඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ

̿̿ࢆࡵࡄࡿ⊂௖ࡢᨷ㜵ࡀ➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓࡢ㐲ᅉ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ᝿㉳ࡏㄆ㆑ࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿᙧ࡛ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒၥ㢟ࡢ඲యീࢆᅜ㝿ᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫⓗ࡟⌮ゎࡼ㸧ࠋࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᇶ♏ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
㸯㸬㡿ᅵᅜᐙ࠿ࡽ㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡬㻌ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᅵᆅࡸ㈨※ࡢ౵␎࣭ᙉዣࡣࠊḟ➨࡟ࠊᅜ㝿ἲࡸᵝࠎ࡞Ᏻ඲ಖ㞀ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ㸦ໃຊᆒ⾮ࠊ㞟ᅋᏳ඲ಖ㞀ࠊ᰾ᢚṆࠊぞᶒࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡞࡝㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᖖែ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋᅜ㝿♫఍ࡣࠊ୓ேࡢ୓ே࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㜚தࡢࠕ⮬↛≧ែ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᨻᗓ࡞ࡁ⤫἞㸦㼓㼛㼢㼑㼞㼚㼍㼚㼏㼑㻌㼣㼕㼠㼔㼛㼡㼠㻌㼓㼛㼢㼑㼞㼚㼙㼑㼚㼠㸧ࡀ㝈ᐃᅜ㝿⣮தࡢྂ඾ⓗ࡞せᅉࡣࠊᅵᆅ㸦㡿ᅵ㸧ࡸ㈨※࡞࡝ࡢࠕ᭷య≀㺁 ̿̿ⓗ࡞ࡀࡽࡶᐇ⌧ࡋࡓࠕࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ㺃࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࠖ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿẁ㝵࡬࡜Ṍࢆ㐍ࡑࡢከࡃࡣ⛣ື୙ྍ⬟࡞̿̿ࡢ༨᭷ࢆࡵࡄࡿ฼ᐖᑐ❧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊࠕ࢚ࣝࢧ࣒ࣞࠖࡸࠕ࢝ࢩ࣑࣮ࣝࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ≉ᐃࡢᆅᇦࠊ࠶ࡿ

ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᅜ㝿♫఍࡟୍ᐃࡢ⛛ᗎࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊᅜቃࢆ㉺࠼ࡓ⤒῭άື࠸ࡣࠕ࢝ࢫࣆᾏἢᓊࡢἜ⏣ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㈨※ᆅᖏࢆࠊ ࡘࡢ୺ᶒᅜᐙ㸦ࡲࡓ

㸦㈠᫆ࠊᾏእᢞ㈨ࠊከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ௻ᴗෆᅜ㝿ศᴗ࡞࡝㸧ࡀάⓎ࡜࡞ࡾࠊࡣẸ᪘࣭᐀ᩍ➼ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕㸧ࡀྠ᫬࡟༨᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡋ

ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ⤒῭ⓗ࡞౯್ࡢ※Ἠ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᅵᆅࡸ㈨※ࡢ㔜せᛶࡣ୧⪅ࡀ࡜ࡶ࡟༨᭷ࢆḧࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᚲ↛ⓗ࡟ᑐ❧ⓗ࡞≧ἣࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠋ┦ᑐ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ௻ᴗࡀ㈠᫆ࡸᢞ㈨ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ୡ⏺ࡢᕷሙ࡛⋓ᚓࡍࡿ฼₶༨᭷ࡢຠᯝⓗᡭẁࡣ㌷஦ຊ࡜࠸࠺≀⌮ⓗᭀຊࡢ⾜౑࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡢᑐ❧ࡀࠊᅵᆅࡸ㈨※࡟᭰ࢃࡗ࡚ࠊࠕᅜᐩࠖࡢ኱ࡁ࡞㒊ศࢆ༨ࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ

ࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤࠕᡓதࠖ࡟Ⓨᒎࡋࡓࠋ

ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

༨᭷ࡢືᶵࡣࠊࣁࣥࢫ࣭࣮ࣔࢤࣥࢯ࣮ࡀゝ࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ᅜᐙࡢ⮬ᕫಖᏑ࠿ࣜࢳ࣮ࣕࢻ࣭࣮ࣟࢬࢡࣛࣥࢫࡢࣞࢺࣜࢵࢡࢆ᥼⏝ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺

ࡽࠊᨻ἞ⓗ࡞㔝ᚰࡸ᐀ᩍ࡟࠸ࡓࡿࡲ࡛ᵝࠎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊṔྐࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ᅜ㝿㛵ಀࡢኚ໬ࡣࠊ㡿ᅵࢆᣑᙇࡋ࡚ᅜຊࢆఙ㛗ࡍࡿࠕ㡿ᅵᅜᐙ㸦㼠㼑㼞㼞㼕㼠㼛㼞㼕㼍㼘㻌
Susan K. Sell, Power and Ideas: North-South Politics of Intellectual Property and Antitrust(New York: State University of New York Press, 1998); Christopher May, A Global Politi-㼟㼠㼍㼠㼑㸧
ࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿᅜ㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠿ࡽࠊ㈠࡛᫆ᅜຊఙ㛗ࢆᅗࡿࠕ㏻
ၟᅜᐙ㸦㼠㼞㼍㼐㼕㼚㼓㻌㼟㼠㼍㼠㼑㸧ࠖ୰ᚰࡢᅜ㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡬ࡢኚᐜ࡜ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ
ࡿࠋcal Economy of Intellectual Property Rights: The New Enclosures? (London: Routledge,ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᅜᐙࡀ㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡟᏶඲࡟⾰᭰࠼ࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ

2000); Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the࠸ࡎࢀࡢᅜᐙࡶࠊከ࠿ࢀᑡ࡞࠿ࢀࠊ㡿ᅵᅜᐙࡢഃ㠃࡜㏻ၟᅜᐙࡢഃ㠃ࡢ୧

Knowledge Economy? (London: Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2002); Susan K. Sell, Private㠃ࢆేࡏᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ᪥ᮏࡣ඾ᆺⓗ࡞㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡜ぢ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸

Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights (Cambridge: Cam-ࡿࡀࠊࣟࢩ࢔ࡸ୰ᅜࡸ㡑ᅜ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟㡿ᅵࢆࡵࡄࡿ୺ᶒୖࡢᑐ❧ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸧ࠋbridge University Press, 2003); Meir Perez Pugatch, The International Political Economy ofIntellectual Property Rights (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2004); and Donald G. Richards,

Intellectual Property Rights and Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of the TRIPSAgreement (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2004).

Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cam-ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ㺃࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊJames N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds.,ᮏ✏ࡢ୍㒊࡟ࡣࠊᣋ✏ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᅜ㝿ᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫ ୍㸧ࠖࠗᗈᓥἲᏛ࠘➨ᕳbridge University Press, 1992).ཬࡧΏ㎶᫛ኵ࣭ᅵᒣᐿ⏨⦅ࠗࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ㺃ࣦ࢞࢓ࢼࣥ➨  ྕ ᖺ 㹼㡫࡜㔜」ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⟠ᡤࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

ࢫ̿ᨻᗓ࡞ࡁ⛛ᗎࡢᶍ⣴࠘㸦ᮾி኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊᖺ ཧ↷ࠋSee Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948).

Modern World (New York: Basic Books, 1986). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

See Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୍᪉࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㌷஦ⓗ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡢไ㝈࡜௚᪉࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ

㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ 㐲▮ 㻌ྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ

ᕷሙࡢᙧᡂ࡟కࡗ࡚ࠊࠕ௻ᴗࠖࡀ࠶ࡿព࿡ࠊ㌷㝲௨ୖ࡟ᅜ┈ᐇ⌧ࡢᐇാ㒊ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ〇ရࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊྛ✀ࡢᢞධ≀ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅵᆅࠊ

㝲࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡶࡲࡓ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྎ‴ࡸࢩ࣏࣮ࣥ࢞

ປാࠊ㈨ᮏ࡞࡝ࡢ⏕⏘せ⣲ࡸཎᮦᩱࡀ᭱ప㝈ᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ〇ရࡣࠕ↓ࠖ࠿ࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ௻ᴗࡸ⏘ᴗࡢᅜ㝿➇தຊࡢྥୖ࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓᅜᐙࡣࠊ㡿ᅵࡣ▸ࡽ⏕⏘࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡋࠊᢞධ≀ࡀ᭷㝈࡛࠶ࡿ௨ୖࠊࠕ↓㝈ࠖ࡟⏕⏘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ

ᑠ࡛ࡶ⦾ᰤࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡋࠊ኱ᮾளඹᰤᅪࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓᡓ๓᪥ᮏࡼࡾࡶ⮬࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋᅵᆅࡸ㈨※࡯࡝࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡟ࡏࡼࠊ≀⌮ⓗ࡞ไ⣙ࡀඛ⾜ⓗ࡟Ꮡᅾ⏤㈠᫆୺⩏ࡢᡓᚋ᪥ᮏࡢ᪉ࡀ㇏࠿࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶࠊࡑࡢドᕥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣇ࢕ࣜ

ࡍࡿࠋࢵࣉ࣭ࢭࣝࢽ࣮ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝᕷሙ࡬ࡢ㐺ᛂ࡜ᅜ㝿➇தຊᙉ໬ࡋ࠿ࡶࠊせ⣲㈿Ꮡ࡟኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ̿̿ࡘࡲࡾྠ➼ࡢ⏕⏘せ⣲࣭࡟⭉ᚰࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓᅜᐙࢆࠊ࣮ࣟࢬࢡࣛࣥࢫ࡜ࡣࡸࡸ␗࡞ࡿどⅬ࠿ࡽࠊཎᮦᩱ࡛ࡣ̿̿௚♫㸦௚ᅜ㸧࡜ྠࡌࡶࡢࡋ࠿సࢀ࡞࠸㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊྠࡌࡶ

ࠕ➇தᅜᐙ㸦㼏㼛㼙㼜㼑㼠㼕㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌 㼟㼠㼍㼠㼑㸧ࠖ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㸦㏻ၟᅜᐙࡣ➇த>㈠᫆@ࢆࡢࡍࡽసࢀ࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸧ࠋྠࡌ〇ရࢆ㸦ྠࡌࢥࢫࢺ࡛㸧⏕⏘࣭㈍኎

⾜࠺ࡓࡵࡢᅜ㝿༠ㄪࢆᚿྥࡍࡿࡀࠊ➇தᅜᐙࡣࡴࡋࢁ࢔ࢢࣞࢵࢩࣈ࡞Ꮡᅾ

ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᕷሙࡀ㛗ᮇᆒ⾮ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠼ࡤ฼₶㸦㉸㐣฼₶㸧ࡣⓎ⏕ࡋ࡞࠸㸦ࡘ



ࠋ
࡛࠶ࡿ 㸧
ၥ㢟ࡣࠊࠕ㏻ၟᅜᐙࠖ࡜ゝ࠺࡟ࡏࡼࠕ➇தᅜᐙࠖ࡜ゝ࠺࡟ࡏࡼࠊᅜ㝿ᕷࡲࡾ᏶඲➇தᕷሙ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ฼₶ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ⏕⏘せ⣲࡜ཎᮦᩱ࡟ຍ࠼ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࠕఱ࠿ࠖࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ሙ࠿ࡽࡢ฼₶⋓ᚓࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ⤖ᒁࠊఱࡀᚲせ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸰㸬᭷య≀࠿ࡽ↓య≀࡬㻌ࡑࡢࠕఱ࠿ࠖ࡜ࡣࠊձ௚♫㸦௚ᅜ㸧࡜ྠࡌ⏕⏘せ⣲ࡸཎᮦᩱ࡛⏕⏘ࡋ࡚࠸࡚ࡶࠕ⏕⏘㈝⏝ࡢ๐ῶࠖࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠕఱ࠿࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊղ
௚♫㸦௚ᅜ㸧ࡀᛮ࠸௜ࡃࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠕ᪂ࡋ࠸〇ရ㸦⏘ᴗ㸧ࠖࢆㄌ⏕ࡉࡏࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠕఱ࠿࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋձࡣᕤ⛬㠉᪂㸦㼜㼞㼛㼏㼑㼟㼟㻌㼕㼚㼚㼛㼢㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㸧ࠊղࡣ〇ရ௻ᴗࡀ㸦ࡘࡲࡾࡣ㏻ၟᅜᐙࡀ㸧ᅜ㝿ᕷሙ࡛฼₶ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡣࠊゝ࠺㠉᪂㸦㼜㼞㼛㼐㼡㼏㼠㻌㼕㼚㼚㼛㼢㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㸧࡜࿧ࡤࢀࠊࡇࢀࡽࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿᢏ⾡ࠊࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࠊ

ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ〇ရ㸦ၟရ㸧ࡢ㈍኎㸦㍺ฟࡸ⌧ᆅ⏕⏘㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ〇࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࠊ᝟ሗ࡞࡝ࡢྛ✀ࡢࠕ▱㆑ࠖࡀࠊ฼₶ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࠕఱ࠿ࠖ࡟௚

ရࢆ⏕⏘ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ༨᭷㸦ᡤ᭷ᶒ㸧ࡢ⛣㌿࡜ᘬࡁ᥮࠼࡟ᑐ౯ࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜࡛

࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ

࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞▱㆑ࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ௻ᴗࡣࠊᴗ⏺඲యࡢ⏕⏘㈝⏝ࡢỈ‽ࡀ୍ᐃ㸦㸻〇ရࡶࠊᅵᆅࡸ㈨※࡜ྠᵝ࡟᭷య≀࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ⤯ᑐ㔞ࡣ⏕⏘࡟ᆒ⾮౯᱁㸧ࡢ᫬࡟ࠊࡇࢀࢆฟࡋᢤࡃᙧ࡛ప㈝⏝࡛ࡢ⏕⏘ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ

ࡼࡗ࡚ቑຍࡉࡏࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊቑ⏘࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ〇ရࡣ」ᩘࡢሙᡤ㸦ᅜ㸧௚♫㸦௚ᅜ㸧࡜ྠࡌ౯᱁࡛〇ရࢆ㈍኎ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎ⊂ࡾࡔࡅ฼࡬ྠ᫬࡟⛣ື㸦౪⤥㸧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊಶࠎࡢ〇ရ࡟₶ࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ౯᱁ࢆ௚♫㸦௚ᅜ㸧ࡢ⏕⏘㈝⏝ࡢࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ༨᭷ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ༨᭷ࢆࡵࡄࡿࢮ࣭ࣟࢧ

㢠㸦㸻್ୗࡆ࡛ࡁࡿࢠࣜࢠࣜࡢࣛ࢖ࣥ㸧ࡼࡾపࡃࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ➇த┦ᡭࢆ࣒ⓗ࡞ᑐ❧≧ἣࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ᕷሙྲྀᘬ࡜ᅜ㝿ྲྀᘬࡀᕷሙ࠿ࡽ᤼㝖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ᕷሙ࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ




See Philip G. Cerny, The Changing Architecture of Politics: Structure, Agency, and the᪂〇ရ㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࣛࢪ࢜᫬௦ࡢࢸࣞࣅࠊࣅࢹ࢜᫬௦ࡢ 㻰㼂㻰 ࡞࡝㸧ࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟ᡂຌࡍࢀࡤࠊᙜ㠃ࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞ᕷሙࢆ⊂༨ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

Future of the State (London: Sage Publications, 1990).

ࡓࡔࡋࠊ㈠᫆ࡢࡓࡵ࡟⛛ᗎࡢᏳᐃࢆḧࡍࡿࡢࡀ㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᏳᐃࡋࡓ⛛ᗎ࡛➇தࢆ⾜࠾࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ➇தᅜᐙ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ ཬࡧᮏ✏ࡢὀ ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ

ࢹࢪࢱࣝ㺃ࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࡢࢿࢵࢺ㓄ಙࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ౪⤥᪉ἲࡶྵࡵ࡚᭷య≀ࡢእᙧࢆక

ࢃ࡞࠸〇ရࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᚋ㏙ࠋ฼₶ࡢ᭱኱໬ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋᢏ⾡㠉᪂㸦ᕤ⛬㠉᪂ཬࡧ〇ရ㠉᪂㸧࡜᏶඲➇தᕷሙ࡛㉸㐣฼₶ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡞࠸⌮⏤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᶆ‽ⓗ࡞࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫࡢᕷሙࢆ⊂༨ࡋࡓሙྜࠊ⊂༨௻ᴗࡣࠊࠕ㝈⏺཰ධ㸻㝈⏺㈝⏝ࠖ࡜࡞ࡿ⏕⏘㔞࡛㉸㐣 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ 㐲▮ 㻌ᐇࡣࠊᚑ᮶࡜ᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟ࠕྠࡌ〇ရࠖࢆࠕྠࡌ⏕⏘㈝⏝࡛ࠖ⏕⏘ࡍࡿሙྜ㉎㈙ࡢㄏᘬ࡜࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࡢ➇தຊ̿̿➇தඃ఩㸦㼏㼛㼙㼜㼑㼠㼕㼠㼕㼢㼑㻌㼍㼐㼢㼍㼚㼠㼍㼓㼑㸧࡛̿̿࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ฼₶ࡢ⋓ᚓࡸᕷሙࡢ⊂༨ࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿ➨  ࡢ᪉ἲࡀṧࡉࢀ࡚ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ↓య≀ࢆ๰㐀ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࠊⳘ኱࡞ᢞ㈨㸦ከ㢠ࡢ㈝⏝ࠊ㛗࠸ᮇ࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ㉎㈙ពḧࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࠊࣈࣛࣥࢻࠊၟ

㛫ࠊከᩘࡢඃ⚽࡞ேᮦ㸧ࢆせࡍࡿࠋ㏻ၟᅜᐙࡀ↓య≀ࢆ⤯ᑐ᮲௳࡜ࡍࡿ࡜

ရྡ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚〇ရࢆᕪู໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚➇த┦ᡭࡢ࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⤖ᒁࠊࡑࢀࡔࡅࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⬟ຊ㸦ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ௻ᴗ㸧ࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜

〇ရࡼࡾࡶ㧗ࡃ㸭ከࡃ኎ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ

ࡀṚάⓗ࡟㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫⓗ࡟ゝ࠼ࡤࠊ᭱ึࡢ  ࡘ㸦ᕤ⛬㠉᪂࡜〇ရ㠉᪂㸧ࡣ౪⤥᭤ࡓࡔࡋࠊ↓య≀ࡣ୍ᗘ㛤Ⓨ࡟ᡂຌࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠼ࡤࠊ≀⌮ⓗ࡞ᢞධ㸦᭷య≀㸧⥺ࡢỴᐃࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ␒┠ࡢ〇ရᕪู໬㸦㼜㼞㼛㼐㼡㼏㼠㻌㼐㼕㼒㼒㼑㼞㼑㼚㼠㼕㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㸧ࡣ㟂࡜ࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋఱᗘ࡛ࡶ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ」ᩘࡢሙᡤ࡛ྠ

せ᭤⥺ࡢỴᐃ㸦㟂せࡢ౯᱁ᙎຊᛶࡢ㠀ᙎຊ໬࡞࡝㸧ࡢၥ㢟࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞

᫬࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊ౑⏝ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛౯್ࡀῶࡌࡿࡇ

ࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡏࡼࠊᕤ⛬㠉᪂࣭〇ရ㠉᪂࣭〇ရᕪู໬ࡢ୍㐃ࡢດຊࢆᛰࡿ

࡜ࡣ࡞࠸㸦≀⌮ⓗ࡟ᦆ⪖ࡋ࡞࠸㸧ࠋ≀⌮ⓗ࡞ᢞධࡣ⏕⏘㔞࡟ẚ౛ࡋ࡚ቑࡸ

࡜ࠊ฼₶ࢆ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡤ࠿ࡾ࠿ࠊ⤖ᒁࠊ⮬ࡽࡀᕷሙ࠿ࡽ᤼㝖ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ

ࡉ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ↓య≀ࡣࠕ  ࡘࠖ࠶ࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ〇㐀㐣⛬࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ㈝⏝๐ῶࠖࡸࠕ᪂〇ရࠖࡢせᅉ࡜࡞ࡿᢏ⾡࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊୖ࡟㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ〇ရ࡟໬యࡉࢀ౯್㸦฼₶㸧ࡢ※Ἠ࡜࡞ࡿࡸࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࢆ㏣ຍⓗ࡟ᢞධ㸦౑⏝㸧ࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡶࠊ㏣ຍⓗ࡞㈝⏝ࡣ࠿࠿ࡽ࡞

ᢏ⾡ࠊࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࠊ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࠊ᝟ሗࠊࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࠊࣈࣛࣥࢻࠊၟရྡ࡞࡝ࡣࠊ

࠸ࠋࢹࢨ࢖ࣥࠊࣈࣛࣥࢻࠊၟရྡ࡞࡝ࢆὶ㏻㐣⛬࡛฼⏝ࡍࡿሙྜࡶྠᵝ࡛࠸ࡎࢀࡶࠕ↓య≀࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ㏻ၟᅜᐙࡀ㏻ၟᅜᐙࡓࡽࢇ࡜ࡍ

࠶ࡿࠋࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࡇࡢࠕ↓య≀ࠖࡀ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ༑ศ࡞↓య≀ࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜࡞

ࡲࡓࠊ↓య≀ࡑࢀ⮬య㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊᢏ⾡࣭ࣀ࢘ࣁ࣭࢘ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝ➼ࡃ㈠᫆࡟ࠕཧᡓࠖࡍࡿᅜᐙࡣࠊእぢୖࡣ㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡟ぢ࠼࡚ࡶࠊ฼₶⋓ᚓࡢࡢ᝟ሗࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࠊᫎ⏬࣭㡢ᴦ࣭ࢤ࣮࣒➼ࡢࢥࣥࢸࣥ

ぢ㎸ࡵ࡞࠸㈈࡟ẚ㍑ඃ఩㸦㼏㼛㼙㼜㼍㼞㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑㻌 㼍㼐㼢㼍㼚㼠㼍㼓㼑㸧ࢆᣢࡘ࡟㐣ࡂࡎࠊ㈠᫆

ࢶ㸧ࢆ〇ရ࡜ࡋ࡚㈍኎㸦ࡲࡓࡣࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ㹙౑⏝チㅙ㹛ࡸࣞࣥࢱࣝ㸧ࡍࡿ̿̿㺀฼₶ࢆ⏕ࡲ࡞࠸᏶඲➇தࡢẚ㍑ඃ఩㈈ࠖ
㸦㍺ฟ㸧࡜ࠕ฼₶ࢆ⏕ࡴ୙᏶ሙྜ࡟ࡶࠊቑ⏘࣭」〇࡟せࡍࡿ㏣ຍⓗ㈝⏝ࡣࡈࡃࢃࡎ࠿࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ࢹ࢕ࢫࢡ඲➇தࡢẚ㍑ຎ఩㈈ࠖ㸦㍺ධ㸧ࡢ஺᥮̿̿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡴࡋࢁ฼₶ࢆᅜእ࡟➼ࡢ≀⌮ⓗ፹యࡢ㈝⏝ࡢࡳ㸧ࠋ↓య≀ࢆ፹య࡟㍕ࡏ࡚ࣃࢵࢣ࣮ࢪ໬ࡍࡿ㝈ὶฟࡉࡏ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᚋ㏙㸧ࠋ↓య≀ࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ㈠᫆࡟

ࡾ〇ရࡣ᭷య≀࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊඛ㏙ࡢ㏻ࡾࠊ↓ᑾⶶ࡟⏕⏘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞

ࡼࡿࠕᅜᐩࠖࡢቑ኱ࡣᮃࡵ࡞࠸ࠋ

࠸ࡀࠊ≀⌮ⓗ፹య࡟౫Ꮡࡏࡎ࡟↓య≀ࡔࡅࢆ㸦࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ㓄ಙ࡞࡝࡟㸱㸬཰✭㏴ῶ࠿ࡽ཰✭㏴ቑ࡬㻌ࡼࡗ࡚㸧ྲྀࡾᘬࡁࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࡢ⏕⏘㔞ࡣ஦ᐇୖࠊࠕ↓㝈ࠖ࡟ྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡾࠊ⏕⏘㈝⏝ࡣࠕࢮࣟࠖ࡟㏆ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࠕᅵᆅࠖࡣ୍ᗘ኎ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠼
ࡤ⤊ࢃࡾࡔࡀࠊ↓య≀ࡣࠕࡘࠖࢆఱᗘ࡛ࡶ኎ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ↓య≀ࡣࠊᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟≀⌮ⓗ࡟ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ௚ࡢ⏕ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࠕࡘࠖࡢࢥࢫࢺ࡛࠶ࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨᢞ㈨ࡣࠊ⏕⏘㔞ࡀቑ࠼࡚⏘せ⣲㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤᅵᆅ㸧ࡸཎᮦᩱࡢࡼ࠺࡟ึࡵ࠿ࡽ⮬↛⏺࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࢃࡅ

ࡶࡑࢀ௨ୖቑ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸ᨭฟ῭ࡳࡢ㈝⏝㸦ᅛᐃ㈝࡜ゝ࠺㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊ

࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀ⮬యࠊࡲࡎㄡ࠿࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㛤Ⓨ࣭⪃᱌࣭๰సࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ฼

↓య≀ࢆᵓᡂせ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚⏕⏘ࡉࢀࡿ〇ရࡣࠊ⏕⏘ࢆᣑ኱ࡍࢀࡤࡍࡿ࡯࡝ᖹ

⏝ྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

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ࡋ࠿ࡶࠊགྷ௓࡞ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊ⏕⏘㈝⏝ࢆୗࡆࡓࡾࠊ᪂〇ရࢆㄌ⏕ࡉࡏࡓࡾࠊ


ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊᖺ᭶᪥࡟ࠊࢨ࣭ࣅ࣮ࢺࣝࢬࡢᴦ᭤ࡀ⡿࢔ࢵࣉࣝ♫ࡢ㡢ᴦ㓄ಙࢧ࢖ࢺࠕ࢔࢖ࢳ࣮ࣗࣥࢬ࣭ࢫࢺ࢔࡛ࠖ㈍኎㛤ጞࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊⓎ኎ᚋ୍㐌㛫࡛㈍኎ᩘࡣୡ⏺

⊂༨ཬࡧ㉸㐣฼₶࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࡓࠕⓎ᫂ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࠖ୓᭤࡟㐩ࡋࡓ࡜ゝࢃࢀࡿࠋhttp://www.47news.jp/CN/201011/CN2010112401000265.

ࡸ⏘ᴗ⤌⧊ㄽࡢ㆟ㄽ ཬࡧᮏ✏ࡢὀ ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ

html㸦ᖺ᭶᪥ ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ 㐲▮ 㻌ᆒ㈝⏝㸦⏕⏘≀༢఩࠶ࡓࡾࡢ⏕⏘㈝⏝㸧ࢆ㏴ῶࡉࡏ࡚ࡺࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸦⏕⏘㔞ࡀከ࠸࡯࡝ᅛᐃ㈝ࢆ๭ࡿᅇᩘࡀቑ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛㸧ࠋࡢ⏕⏘㈝⏝ࡣ↓ど࡛ࡁࡿ࡯࡝࡟ᑠࡉ࠸ࠋᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊᐙࢆ୓ᡞᘓ࡚኎ࡾ
ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ୍ᡞ࠶ࡓࡾࡢ㈝⏝ࡣᡞࡢࡳᘓ࡚኎ࡾࡍࡿሙྜ࡜࠶ࡲࡾኚࢃࡽ࡞

ࡇࡢഴྥࡣࠊ↓య≀ࡢᢞධ๭ྜࡢ኱ࡁ࡞〇ရ̿̿㺀↓య≀㞟⣙㈈ࠖ࡜࡛

࠸ࠋࡶ࿧ࡪ࡭ࡁ〇ရ㸦࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ〇ရࠖࡣࡇࢀ࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿ ࡛̿̿࠶ࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㈝⏝㏴ῶ㸭཰✭㏴ቑࡢഴྥ࡜ࠊඛ㏙ࡋࡓࡿ࡯࡝ࠊ㢧ⴭ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ⾲ཬࡧ⾲ࡢ㏻ࡾࠊ⏕⏘㈝⏝࡟༨ࡵࡿཎᮦᩱ㈝ࡢ

ᕧ㢠ࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨᢞ㈨ࡀཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊ⏕⏘ᣑ኱ࡢືᶵࡀᙉࡃാࡃࠋ⏕⏘ࡢ๭ྜࡀ㧗࠸⏘ᴗ㸦࣮ࣟࢸࢡ㸧࡜ࠊ⏕⏘㈝⏝࡟༨ࡵࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝ࡢ๭ྜࡀ㧗᭱ᑠ᭱㐺つᶍ㸦ᖹᆒ㈝⏝ࢆ᭱ᑠ㹙ࣇࣛࢵࢺ㹛࡟ࡍࡿ⏕⏘つᶍࠋࡇࢀࢆ㉸࠼࠸⏘ᴗ㸦ࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ㸧ࢆẚ࡭ࡿ࡜ࠊ๓⪅ࡣ⏕⏘つᶍࢆᣑ኱ࡋ࡚ࡶᖹᆒ㈝⏝ࡀࡿ࡜ࡸࡀ࡚㈝⏝㏴ቑ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࠋᅗ D ཧ↷㸧࡟㐩ࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ

࠶ࡲࡾୗࡀࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᚋ⪅ࡣ⏕⏘つᶍࡢᣑ኱࡜࡜ࡶ࡟኱ࡁࡃ㈝⏝ࡀ㏴ῶࡍ

◊✲㛤Ⓨᢞ㈨ࢆᅇ཰࡛ࡁࡿỈ‽࡟㐩ࡍࡿࡲ࡛ቑ⏘ࢆ⥆ࡅࡿࡢࡀྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ࡿࠋࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

⾲㸯 ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝ࡢ๭ྜࡢప࠸〇ရ㸦࣮ࣟࢸࢡ⏘ᴗ㸧ࡢᖹᆒ㈝⏝

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⾲㸰
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㸦➹⪅సᡂ㸧

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ᅗD㸸㍺ฟࢻࣛ࢖ࣦ

ࡘࡲࡾࠊࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ〇ရࡣࠊసࢀࡤసࡿ࡯࡝ࢥࢫࢺࡀᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ᥮ゝࡍࢀࡤࠊࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊ⏕⏘つᶍࡢᣑ኱࡟కࡗ࡚ࠊᢞධ㔞ࡢቑศ௨ୖ࡟
⏘ฟ㔞ࡢቑศࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡺࡃ㸦཰✭㏴ቑ㸧ࠋࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ〇ရࡣ࣮ࣟࢸࢡ
〇ရ࡜ẚ࡭࡚ࠊసࢀࡤసࡿ࡯࡝኱ࡁ࡞฼₶ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ㻭㻵㻰㻿 ἞⒪⸆ࡢ㘄๣ࢆ୍⢏ࡔࡅ⏕⏘࣭㈍኎ࡍࡿሙྜࡸࠊࣃࢯ

㸦➹⪅సᡂ㸧࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊᅜෆࡢ㟂せつᶍࡣ⏕⏘ࡢ᭱ᑠ᭱㐺つᶍࡸ◊✲㛤Ⓨᢞ㈨ࡢᅇ཰
Ỉ‽ࡼࡾࡶᑠࡉ࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸦ᅛᐃ㈝ࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁ࠸࡜ᖹᆒ㈝⏝ࢆ᭱ᑠ໬ࡉࡏࡿ⏕⏘㔞Ỉ‽ࡶࡑࢀࡔࡅ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ㸧ࠋࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ࠶ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊ
ࡑࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡣ㧗ࡲࡿࠋ᭱㐺࡞⏕⏘㔞ࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿ࡜౪⤥ࡀ㟂せࢆ㉸㐣ࡍࡿࡢࠋ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢሙྜࠊ௻ᴗࡣ㉸㐣౪⤥ศࢆ㍺ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ㸦ᅗE ཧ↷㸧
≀⌮ⓗᢞධࢆᚲせ࡜ࡋ࡞࠸ࢹࢪࢱࣝ㺃ࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࡢࢿࢵࢺ㓄ಙ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢഴྥࡣ

୍ᒙ㢧ⴭ࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞㈈࡛ࡣ㝈⏺㈝⏝ ⏕⏘≀ࢆ  ༢఩ቑࡸࡍሙྜࡢ㈝⏝ࡢቑศ ࡣ஦ᐇୖࢮࣟ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㈈ࡣᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢥࣥࡢࢯࣇࢺࢆ 㻯㻰㻙㻾㻻㻹 ࡛ᯛࡔࡅ⏕⏘࣭㈍኎ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࠊ㈍኎ࡍࡿ༢ⴭసᶒ ࡛཰┈ࢆ࠶ࡆࡿࡼࡾࠊࡴࡋࢁࠕ↓ᩱ࡛ࠖ㓄௜ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࠊ㛵㐃ࡍࡿࣔࣀࡸ

఩ࡢၟရࡢ⏕⏘㈝⏝ࡣⳘ኱㸦㸻◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝┦ᙜ㢠㸩Ș㸧࡜࡞ࡿࡀࠊ୓

ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ㈍኎࡛฼₶ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࡀⓏሙࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSee⢏ࡢ㘄๣࣭୓ᯛࡢ 㻯㻰㻙㻾㻻㻹 ࢆ⏕⏘࣭㈍኎ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊၟရ༢఩

Chris Anderson, Free: The Future of a Radical Price (New York: Hyperion, 2009). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   

㐃⥆௻⏬

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㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ 㐲▮ 㻌

ᅗE㸸㍺ฟࢻࣛ࢖ࣦ

ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ㏻ၟᅜᐙࡢᐇែࡣࠊ
ࠕᅜᐙ㸦ᨻᗓ㸧ࠖ࡜ࠕ⊂༨ⓗ㸭ᐻ༨ⓗ࡛㍺ฟᚿྥࡢࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ௻ᴗࠖ࡜ࡢ༠ㄪయไ࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡀ㏻ᖖ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ༠ㄪࢆ

፹௓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ཰✭㏴ቑཎ⌮ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠕ↓య≀ࠖ࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡋ

࡚ࠊ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈࡟ࡣࠊཎ⌮ୖࠊࠕ኎ࡾษࢀࠖࡀ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ㏻ၟᅜᐙࡣࣁ

࢖ࢸࢡ௻ᴗࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ┦ᡭᅜࡢ㟂せࡀᯤῬࡍࡿࡲ࡛㍺ฟᨷໃࢆ࠿ࡅࡼ࠺࡜

ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦࠿ࡘ࡚᪥ᮏࡀ㠀㞴ࡉࢀࡓࠕ㞟୰㇦㞵ⓗ㍺ฟࠖࡣࠊࡑࡢ㢧ⴭ࡞⌧ࢀ࡛࠶ࡿ㸧ࠋ

㸲㸬ẚ㍑ඃ఩࠿ࡽ➇தඃ఩࡬㻌

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᪤࡟㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ↓య≀㞟⣙ⓗ࡞⏘ᴗ࡯࡝୙᏶඲➇தᕷሙ࡟ࠊࡑ࠺࡛

ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ⏘ᴗࡣᚲ↛ⓗ࡟㍺ฟࢻࣛ࢖ࣦࡢຠ࠸ࡓ⏘ᴗ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

࡞࠸⏘ᴗ㸦࠸ࢃࡤ᭷య≀㞟⣙ⓗ࡞⏘ᴗ㸧࡯࡝᏶඲➇தᕷሙ࡟㏆ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ๓

ࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ⏘ᴗࡣࠊึࡵ࠿ࡽᾏእᕷሙ࡛ࡢ฼₶⋓ᚓࢆぢ㎸ࢇ࡛◊✲㛤Ⓨᢞ㈨⪅ࡣ㉸㐣฼₶ࢆⓎ⏕ࡉࡏࡿࡀࠊᚋ⪅࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㛗ᮇᆒ⾮ࡲ࡛ࡢᕷሙࡢㄪᩚ

ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝࡗ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ࠋ

㐣⛬ࢆ⤒ࡿ࡜฼₶ࡣᾘ⁛ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㈝⏝㏴ῶ㸭཰✭㏴ቑࢆ≉ᚩ࡜ࡍࡿࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊ⏘ᴗ⤌ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊ㏻ၟ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿᅜᐙ㸿࡜ᅜᐙ㹀ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ᫬ࠊ࡝ࡕࡽࡢᅜᐙ

⧊ࡀ⊂༨࣭ᐻ༨࡟࡞ࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢ஦᝟㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ↓యࡀ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈࡟ẚ㍑ඃ఩ࢆᣢࡕ᭷య≀㞟⣙㈈࡟ẚ㍑ຎ఩ࢆᣢ࡜࠺࡜ࡶ

≀ࡢ㛤Ⓨࡢᡂຌࡣࠊࡑࡢ୺ࡓࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸧࡟ࡼࡾ➇த┦ᡭࡼࡾඛ࡟⏕⏘㸦ྠࡌࡇ࡜ࡔࡀࠊ࡝ࡕࡽࡢᅜᐙࡀ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈࡟ẚ㍑ຎ఩ࢆᣢࡕ᭷య≀㞟࡟஌ࡾฟࡋ⏕⏘つᶍࢆᣑ኱ࡋࡓ௻ᴗࡣࠊ㈝⏝ࡢ㠃࡛᭷฼࡟࡞ࡿࠋ㈝⏝ୖࡢ⣙㈈࡟ẚ㍑ඃ఩ࢆᣢ࡜࠺࡜ࡶ㸧ࠊ㸿࡜㹀ࡢ୧ᅜࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ⮬ᅜࡢẚ㍑ඃ఩

࢔ࢻࣂࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࢆᣢࡘ௻ᴗࡣ౯᱁ࢆୗࡆ࡚➇த┦ᡭࢆᕷሙ࠿ࡽ᤼㝖࡛ࡁ⏘ᴗ࡟⏕⏘ࢆ≉໬ࡋ㍺ฟࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ࡜ࡶ࡟࣏ࢪࢸ࢕ࣦ࣭ࢧ࣒ⓗ࡟ࠕ㈠ࡿࡋࠊ⋓ᚓࡋࡓ฼₶࡛ࡉࡽ࡞ࡿ⏕⏘つᶍࡢᣑ኱ࡸ◊✲㛤Ⓨࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࡇ࡜

᫆฼┈㸦㼠㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌 㼟㼡㼞㼜㼘㼡㼟㸧ࠖࢆᚓࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ୍ぢࠊᑐ❧ⓗ࡞ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᕤ⛬㠉᪂ࠊ〇ရ㠉᪂ࠊ〇ရᕪู໬࡟ᡂຌࡍࢀ

≧ἣࡣ⏕ࡲࢀ࡞࠸࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡶぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ㸿࣭㹀୧ᅜࡢ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈࡜᭷య≀㞟⣙㈈ࡢ⏕⏘㈝⏝ࡀ⾲ࡤࠊ୍ᒙࠊ⊂༨࣭ᐻ༨ࡢഴྥࡣᙉࡲࡿࠋ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⊂༨௻ᴗ㸭ᐻ༨௻ᴗࡣࠊ᏶඲➇தᕷሙࡢ௻ᴗ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊ⏕⏘ࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿ᫬ࠊᅜᐙ㸿ෆ࡛ࡢ஺᥮ẚ⋡ࡣ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈༢఩࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᭷

㈝⏝ࢆୖᅇࡿ౯᱁࡙ࡅ㸦㼙㼛㼚㼛㼜㼛㼘㼥㻌㼜㼞㼕㼏㼕㼚㼓㸧ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊ↓య≀ࢆ᭷య≀㞟⣙㈈༢఩㸦 㸧ࡍࡿࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ௻ᴗࡣࠊ୍᪉࡛౯᱁ࢆ⏕⏘㈝⏝ࡼࡾୖ᪼ࡉࡏ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ௚᪉࡛

࡛࠶ࡾࠊᅜᐙ㹀ෆ࡛ࡢ஺᥮ẚ⋡⏕⏘㈝⏝ࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆᘬࡁୗࡆࡿࡇ࡜㸦ᕤ⛬㠉᪂࡜つᶍࡢ⤒῭㸧࡟ࡼࡾࠊ฼

ࡣ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈ ༢఩࡟ᑐࡋ

₶㸦㸻㺀౯᱁࣐ࠖ࢖ࢼࢫࠕ㈝⏝ࠖ㸧ࢆᕧ኱࡟ࡋ࡚ࡺࡃࠋ࡚ ᭷ య ≀ 㞟 ⣙ ㈈  ༢ ఩㸦 㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅜᐙ㸿ࡢ⾲㸱 ẚ㍑ඃ఩࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᅜ㝿㈠᫆
↓య≀㞟⣙㈈᭷య≀㞟⣙㈈

ᅜᐙ㸿





ᅜᐙ㹀




㸦➹⪅సᡂ㸧

⏕⏘ 」〇 ࡜ὶ㏻ࡀ≀⌮ἲ๎࡟ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࢹࢪࢱ࣭ࣝࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶ⏘ᴗ࡛ࡣࠊ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈⏕⏘௻ᴗࡣࠊ〇ရᜏஂⓗ࡟㈝⏝㏴ῶ㸭཰✭㏴ቑ࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵ᭱ᑠ᭱㐺つᶍࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡽࡎࠊୡ⏺࡟㟂せ

ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ㝈ࡾ㔞⏘࡜㍺ฟ 㓄ಙ ࡀᚿྥࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ᶆ‽ⓗ࡞࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫࡢࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ ཬࡧᮏ✏ࡢὀ ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ







୙᏶඲➇தᕷሙ㸦⊂༨ࡸᐻ༨㸧࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⊂༨౯᱁ཬࡧ㉸㐣฼₶ࡢⓎ⏕࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ

ẚ㍑ඃ఩ㄝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᶆ‽ⓗ࡞ᅜ㝿⤒῭Ꮫࡢࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ 㐲▮ 㻌༢఩ࢆᅜෆࡢ᭷య≀㞟⣙㈈⏕⏘௻ᴗ࡜஺᥮ࡋ࡚ࡶ༢఩ࡋ࠿ᚓࡽࢀ࡞

ᅗ㸸㉸㐣฼₶ࡢᅜ㝿⛣㌿࠸ࡀࠊ〇ရࢆᅜᐙ㹀ࡢᕷሙ࡛஺᥮ࡍࢀࡤ༢఩ࡢ᭷య≀㞟⣙㈈ࢆᚓࡿࡇ

࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᅜᐙ㸿ࡣ㈠᫆࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸦 㸧༢఩┦ᙜࡢ㈠᫆฼┈ࢆᡭ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋྠࡌᵝ࡟ࠊᅜᐙ㹀ࡣ᭷య≀㞟⣙㈈ࢆᅜᐙ㸿࡟㍺ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛↓య≀㞟⣙㈈༢఩┦ᙜࡢ㈠᫆฼┈ࢆᡭ࡟ࡍ



ࡿࠋ



᪂ྂ඾ὴ㈠᫆⌮ㄽࡢㄝࡃ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ẚ㍑ඃ఩࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㈠᫆࡜ᅜ㝿ศᴗࡣࠊᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟⏕⏘せ⣲ࡢ⛣ື㸦せ⣲⛣ື㸧࡜ྠࡌຠᯝࢆᣢ

ࡘࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋẚ㍑ඃ఩㈈ࡢࡳࢆ⏕⏘ࡋẚ㍑ຎ఩㈈ࢆ㍺ධࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡼࡾຠ⋡ⓗ࡞㈈ࡢ⏕⏘࣭ᾘ㈝ࡀྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⤖ᒁࠊ⮬ᅜࡢẚ㍑ຎ

఩⏘ᴗࡀᚲせ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ⏕⏘せ⣲㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ㏵ୖᅜ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㈨ᮏࠊඛ㐍㸦➹⪅సᡂ㸧ᅜ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ປാ㸧ࡢ㈿Ꮡࡀቑ኱ࡋࡓࡢ࡜ྠࡌࡇ࡜ࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ྠᵝࡢࡇ࡜ࡀᢏ⾡࡞࡝ࡢ↓య≀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ࠶࡚ࡣࡲࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᅜᐙ㹀ࡉࡏࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ᭷య≀㞟⣙㈈࡟ẚ㍑ඃ఩ࢆᣢࡘᅜᐙ㹀㸦ࡢ᭷య≀㞟⣙㈈ࡀ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈ࢆ㍺ධࡋ࡚ᅜ඲య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢຠ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᅜ

⏕⏘௻ᴗ㸧ࡣࠊ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋᣦ᦬ࡋࡓ㏻ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞฼₶ࢆⓎ⏕ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜

ᐙ㸿࡟ࡋ࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓ↓య≀ࢆ㛫᥋ⓗ࡟฼⏝ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ

ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ

࡚ࠊ㈠᫆ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ㝈ࡾࠕᢏ⾡᱁ᕪࠖࡣఱࡶ୙㒔ྜࢆࡶࡓࡽࡉ࡞࠸ࠋ⮬⏤ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊẚ㍑ඃ఩࡟๎ࡗ࡚ࠊᅜᐙ㸿ࡀ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈ࢆᅜᐙ㹀࡟㍺ฟ㈠᫆ࡣ஦ᐇୖࠊ↓య≀ᡤ᭷ࡢ᱁ᕪࢆゎᾘࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡣࡎ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶

ࡋࠊᅜᐙ㹀ࡀ᭷య≀㞟⣙㈈ࢆᅜᐙ㸿࡟㍺ฟࡍࡿ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊ⤖ᒁࠊᅜᐙ㹀࠿ࡿࠋࡽᅜᐙ㸿࡟୍᪉ⓗ࡟㉸㐣฼₶㸦ᅗࡢᅜᐙ㹀ࡢሬ₽ࡋ㒊ศ㸧ࡀᅜ㝿⛣㌿ࡍ࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈࡟ẚ㍑ඃ఩ࢆᣢࡘᅜᐙ㸿㸦ࡢ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈⏕⏘ࡿ⤖ᯝ࡟࡞ࡿࠋẚ㍑ඃ఩ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ㈠᫆฼┈ࡣ࠸ࢃࡤ┦஫⠇⣙ࡢ฼┈࡛࠶௻ᴗ㸧ࡣࠊᅗࡢ㏻ࡾࠊᅜᐙ㹀㸦ࡢ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈⏕⏘௻ᴗ㸧ࡢ㈝⏝Ỉ‽ࡀࡿࡀࠊ➇தඃ఩ࡀᅜᐙ㸿࡟ࡶࡓࡽࡍ฼┈ࡣᅜᐙ㹀࠿ࡽ㏆㞄❓ஈⓗ㸦ࢮ࣭ࣟ

C1㸦⾲ࡢࠕࠖ࡟ヱᙜ㸧ࡢ᫬࡟ࠊ⊂ࡾࡔࡅ⏕⏘㈝⏝ࢆ C2㸦⾲ࡢࠕࠖ



࡟ヱᙜ㸧ࡲ࡛ୗࡆࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ௚ࡢ௻ᴗࡀసࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁ
࡞࠸᪂ࡋ࠸〇ရࢆ C2 ࡢ㈝⏝࡛⏕⏘ᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸧ࠊᅗࡢሬ₽ࡋ㒊ศ࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿ㉸㐣฼₶ࢆ⮬ᅜ㸦ᅜᐙ㸿㸧ཬࡧ㈠᫆┦ᡭᅜ㸦ᅜᐙ㹀㸧࡛Ⓨ⏕ᅜᐙ㸿 ࡢ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈⏕⏘௻ᴗ ࡣࠊ㝈⏺཰ධ᭤⥺࡜㝈⏺㈝⏝᭤⥺ ᅗ  ࡛ࡣ

C2 ࡢ⥺ ࡢ஺Ⅼ࡛⏕⏘㔞Ỉ‽ QA ࡜ QB ࢆỴᐃࡋࠊࡑࡢ⏕⏘㔞࡜㟂せ᭤⥺࠿ࡽ౯᱁PA ࡜ PB ࡀỴࡲࡿࠋࡇࡢ౯᱁࡟⏕⏘㔞 ㈍኎㔞 ࢆ࠿ࡅࡓࡶࡢࡀ኎ୖ࡜࡞ࡿࡀࠊ኎
ୖ࠿ࡽ㈝⏝ࢆᘬ࠸ࡓࡶࡢࡀ㉸㐣฼₶࡜࡞ࡿࠋ⥲㈝⏝ࡣࠊᖹᆒ㈝⏝ ࡇࢀࡶᅗ࡛ࡣ C2

࡟⏕⏘㔞ࢆ࠿ࡅࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊ⤖ᒁࠊᅗ  ࡢ C2 ᭤⥺ 㸻㝈⏺཰ධ᭤⥺㸻ᖹᆒ㈝ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ 㻱㻯㻸㻭 ᵓ㐀୺⩏ࡸᚑᒓㄽࡣࠊẚ㍑ඃ఩࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᅜ㝿ศᴗ࡜⮬⏤㈠᫆

⏝᭤⥺ ࡢୖ࡟࠶ࡿሬ₽ࡋࡓ㒊ศࡀ㉸㐣฼₶࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡀࡶࡋ᏶඲➇தࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ㈠᫆฼┈ࡣࠊࠕ୙➼౯஺᥮ࠖ࡜ࠕ஺᫆᮲௳ࡢᝏ໬ࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊඛ㐍ᅜ ୰ᕷሙ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ౯᱁ࡀ⏕⏘㈝⏝ C2 ࡟࡞ࡿࡲ࡛➇தࡀ⥆ࡃ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡽࠊ㛗ᚰᅜ ࡟ከࡃࠊ㏵ୖᅜ ࿘㎶ᅜ ࡟ᑡ࡞ࡃ㓄ศࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊ㏵ୖᅜࡣ㈠᫆ࢆ⥅⥆ࡍࡿᮇⓗ࡟ࡣ C2 ᭤⥺ࡼࡾୖࡢ㒊ศࡢ฼₶ࡣᾘ⁛ࡋࠊᕷሙ඲యࡢ⏕⏘㔞 ㈍኎㔞 ࡜౯᱁ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⤯ᑐⓗ࡟ࡣ㇏࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡶ┦ᑐⓗ࡟ࡣࡴࡋࢁ㈋ᅔ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ ࡑࡢࡣࠊ౪⤥᭤⥺ 㸻C2 ᭤⥺ ࡜㟂せ᭤⥺ࡢ஺Ⅼ࡛Ỵࡲࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᅜᐙ㸿 ࡢ↓య≀㞟ࡓࡵ༡໭᱁ᕪࡀᣑ኱ࡍࡿ ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ୺ᙇࡢࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᣋ✏ࠕ཰⣙㈈⏕⏘௻ᴗ ࡀ㝈⏺཰ධ᭤⥺࡜㝈⏺㈝⏝᭤⥺ࡢ஺Ⅼ࡛⏕⏘㔞ࢆỴࡵࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡢ

✭㏴ቑࡢᅜ㝿ᨻ἞Ꮫ࡬ྥࡅ࡚ࠖῧ㇂ⰾ⚽࣭㉥ᮌ᏶∞⦅ࠗ෭ᡓᚋࡢᅜ㝿ᨻ἞̿ᐇド࣭ࡣࠊࡑࡢ᫬࡟㉸㐣฼₶ࡀ᭱኱໬ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࡞ࡐ᭱኱໬ࡍࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࣟ

ᨻ⟇࣭⌮ㄽ࠘㸦៞᠕⩏ሿ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊᖺ 㹼㡫ཧ↷ࠋࢪࢵࢡࡣࠊᶆ‽ⓗ࡞࣑ࢡࣟ⤒῭Ꮫࡢࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ 㐲▮ 㻌ࢧ࣒ⓗ㸧࡟ዣྲྀࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ↓య≀ࡀࠕ㈠᫆ᡓதࠖࢆㄏⓎࡋࠊ↓య≀

ࢆᣢࡘ㏻ၟᅜᐙࡢࡳࡀࡑࡢ຾⪅ࡓࡾ࠼ࡿᡤ௨࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ㸳㸬↓య≀࠿ࡽ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࡬㻌ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࡸᫎ⏬࣭㡢ᴦ࣭ࢤ࣮࣒࡞࡝ࡢࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶ࡞
ࡽࡤࠊ࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣝ࡜ᑍศ㐪ࢃ࡞࠸ࠕࢹࢵࢻࢥࣆ࣮ࠖࢆᐜ᫆࡟㸦ᶵᲔⓗ࡟㸧సᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕᾏ㈫∧ࠖࡸࠕ୙ṇၟရࠖ㸧ࠋ」〇ᡭẁࡀ࢔ࢼࣟࢢࡔࡗࡓ᫬௦ࡣ」〇ࡢᗘ࡟ရ㉁ࡀຎ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊࣞࢥ

࣮ࢻ࠿ࡽࢸ࣮ࣉࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࢸ࣮ࣉ࠿ࡽࢸ࣮ࣉ࡬࡜ࢲࣅࣥࢢࡍࡿᗘ࡟ࣀ࢖ࢬࡀ

࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛㏻ၟᅜᐙࡢ๓࡟኱ࡁ࡞ၥ㢟ࡀ❧ࡕࡣࡔ࠿ࡿࠋ↓య≀࡟ቑ࠼ࡓ㸧ࠊࢹࢪࢱ࡛ࣝࡣ࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣝ࡜ࢥࣆ࣮ࡢ㛫࡟ရ㉁ୖࡢᕪࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡋ

ࡣ↓య≀࡞ࡿࡀࡺ࠼ࡢ⮴࿨ⓗ࡞⬤ࡉࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠿ࡶ」〇ࡢ㝿࡟㈝⏝࡜᫬㛫ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࠿࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬ࡉࢀࡓࢥࣆ

ඛ㏙ࡢ㏻ࡾࠊ↓య≀ࡣࠊᡈࡿ⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᡈࡿሙᡤ࡛㸧౑⏝ࡉ࣮〇ရࡣࠊ㍍㔞ࡢグ᠈፹యࡸ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࡟ࡼࡿ㏦ಙࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ

ࢀ࡚ࡶࠊ௚ࡢ⪅࡟ࡼࡿ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௚ࡢሙᡤ࡛ࡢ㸧౑⏝ࢆጉࡆ࡞࠸㸦ࡇࢀࢆ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡽࠊ㍺㏦㸦ὶ㏻㸧ࢥࢫࢺࡶ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࠿࠿ࡽ࡞࠸㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ᅜቃࢆ㉺ࠕ㠀᤼㝖ᛶࠖ࡜ゝ࠺㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊ↓య≀ࡣࠊㄡ࠿̿̿⮬ᕫ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜௚⪅࡛࠶࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡶ㸧
ࠋࢁ࠺࡜̿̿ࡀ౑⏝ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛౯್ࢆῶࡌ࡞࠸㸦ࡇࢀࢆࠕ㠀➇ྜᛶࠖ࡜ゝ࠺㸧ࠋせࡍࡿ࡟ࠊ↓య≀ࡣ᭷య≀ࡼࡾࡶ኱ࡁ࡞฼₶ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ≉㉁ࢆഛ࠼࡚࠸

ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㠀᤼㝖ᛶ࡜㠀➇ྜᛶࡢᛶ㉁ࢆഛ࠼ࡿ㈈ࡣࠕබඹ㈈㸦㼜㼡㼎㼘㼕㼏㻌ࡿ཯㠃ࠊ฼₶ᶵ఍ࢆ୍Ẽ࡟ኻࢃࡏࡿ༴㝤ᛶࡶࡁࢃࡵ࡚㧗࠸ࠋ↓య≀ࡢ㛤Ⓨ㼓㼛㼛㼐㼟㸧
ࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࠋ

㈝⏝ࡀⳘ኱࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊᢞ㈨ࡀᅇ཰୙⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡴࡋࢁ

ࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ≀⌮ⓗ࡞༨᭷㸦௚⪅ࡢ᤼㝖㸧ࡀྍ⬟࡛ࠊ➇ྜⓗ࡟ࡋ࠿౑⏝኱ࡁ࡞ᦆኻࢆ⿕ࡿ࠾ࡑࢀࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉ࠼ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ౯್ࡢ※Ἠࡀࠕᅵᆅࠖࡢࡼ

࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ౑⏝ࡋࡓศࡔࡅ౯್ࡀῶࡌࡿ㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ㣗࡭ࡓศࡔ࠺࡞⛣ື୙ྍ⬟࡞᭷య≀࠿ࡽࠊቑ⏘࡜⛣ືࡀྍ⬟࡞ࠕ〇ရࠖ࡬⛣⾜ࡋࠊࡉࡅῶࡿ㸧㈈ࡣࠕ⚾ⓗ㈈㸦㼜㼞㼕㼢㼍㼠㼑㻌㼓㼛㼛㼐㼟㸧ࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࠋ᭷య≀̿̿ື⏘࡛࠶ࡽ࡟ࠕ↓య≀ࠖࡀ〇ရ౯್ࡢ୰᰾࡟࡞ࡿ࡟ࡘࢀࠊࢳࣕࣥࢫ࡜ࣜࢫࢡࡀ࡜ࡶ

ࢀ୙ື⏘࡛࠶ࢀ̿̿ࡣᇶᮏⓗ࡟⚾ⓗ㈈࡟ᒓࡍࡿࠋ

࡟ቑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

↓య≀ࡀබඹ㈈࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢྵពࡣࠊ↓య≀ࡢ㛤Ⓨ⪅࡛࡞࠸⪅ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ↓య≀ࢆࠕᣢࡘ࣏ࠖࢪࢩࣙࣥࡢ㏻ၟᅜᐙࡣࠊ↓య≀ࡢࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ

㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ㈠᫆┦ᡭᅜࡢ➇ᴗ௻ᴗ㸧ࡀᙜヱ↓య≀ࢆ⡆༢࡟ࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢻ㸦↓࢖ࢻࢆ㜼Ṇࡋࠊࡑࡢ᤼௚ⓗ౑⏝ࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ㸦ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣞࢪ࣮

᩿฼⏝ࠊᶍೌࠊ」〇࡞࡝㸧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ

࣒ࢆᅜᐙ㛫࡟ᙧᡂࡍࡿ㸧ࡇ࡜࡟฼┈ࢆぢฟࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ࠿ࡃࡋ࡚ࠊ↓య࢖ࢻࡉࢀࡿ↓య≀ࡣᮏ㉁ⓗ࡟࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣝ࡜ྠ➼࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ࢖ࢲ

≀ࡣࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘㸦㼕㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌㼜㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㸧ࠖࡢ࿧⛠ࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࠊ᭷య≀࡟ᑐࡍ࣮ࡀாཷࡍࡿᕤ⛬㠉᪂ࠊ〇ရ㠉᪂ࠊ〇ရᕪู໬ࠊ཰✭㏴ቑ࡞࡝ࡢຠᯝࡶࡲ

ࡿᡤ᭷ᶒ࡟㢮ఝࡋࡓᶒ฼ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ㸦㼕㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㼜㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌ࡓྠ➼࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊᶍೌࡋࡓᢏ⾡ࡸࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘࡟ᨵⰋࢆຍ࠼࡚ࠊࣇ࣮ࣜ

㼞㼕㼓㼔㼠㼟㸧ࠖࡢᏑᅾࡀᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟୺ᙇࡉࢀࡿ࡟࠸ࡓࡗࡓࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘㸭▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࣛ࢖ࢲ࣮ࡀ㛤Ⓨ⪅ࡼࡾඃࢀࡓᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࢆᐇ⌧ࡉࡏࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡍࡽ࠶ࡿ㸦࢚࣑ᶒ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡢṔྐⓗฟ⮬ࡣࡣࡿ࠿௨๓࡟㐳ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢㄒࡀ㢖࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ㸧ࠋ⦾࡟౑ࢃࢀጞࡵࡓࡢࡀᖺ௦༙ࡤ㡭࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞ᕷሙ⤫
㉸㐣฼₶ࡢᅜ㝿⛣㌿ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊࠕඛ㐍ᅜ㛫ࠖ࡜ࠕ༡໭㛫ࠖࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒᦶ᧿ࡢ

Ⓨ⏕ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀࣔࢹࣝ໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᣋ✏ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫࠖᖺ ཧ↷ࠋ

㛵ୗ⛱࣭▼㯮㤾࣭㛵ᐶ἞⦅ࠗ⌧௦ࡢᅜ㝿ᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫ̿Ꮫ㝿▱ࡢᐇ㦂࠘㸦ἲᚊᩥ໬♫ࠊᖺ ཧ↷ࠋ

controversial ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ̿̿≉チᶒࠊⴭసᶒࠊၟᶆᶒ࡞࡝ࡢไᗘࡀࠊ
ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘㸦ᶒ㸧ࠖ⸆ᖌᑎὈⶶࠕ࢚࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢫࠖ
ࠗᅜ㝿ᨻ἞࠘➨ྕ ᖺ

ࡢࣞࢺࣜࢵࢡ ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ ࡢࡶ࡜࡟ṇᙜ໬ࡉࢀᙉ໬ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ

㹼㡫ࠊྠࠗࢸࢡࣀ࣊ࢤࣔࢽ࣮̿ᅜࡣᢏ⾡࡛⯆ࡾࠊ⁛ࡧࡿ࠘㸦୰ኸබㄽ♫ࠊ

ࡓࠊ࡜ゝ࠺࡭ࡁ࠿ࠋ

ࡼࡾṇ☜࡟ࡣࠊ᪤࡟↓య≀ࡢ᤼௚ⓗ౑⏝ᶒ࡜ࡋ࡚☜❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ̿̿ࡋ࠿ࡋᖖ࡟

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ 㐲▮ 㻌ྜࡢ㐍ᒎ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿ㏻ၟᅜᐙࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᣑ඘࡜↓⦕࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡲ࠸ࠋ

࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊᅜᐙࡢ㒔ྜḟ➨࡛ᶒ฼ࡢෆᐜ࣭ຠຊࢆࠕᙅࡃࠖࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸦ࡓࠕ↓య≀㸦㼕㼚㼠㼍㼚㼓㼕㼎㼘㼑㻌㼛㼎㼖㼑㼏㼠㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡣᐈయࡢᏑᅾᙧᘧࢆ⾲ࡍゝⴥ࡟࡜࠼ࡤࠊᶒ฼⪅ >እᅜ௻ᴗ@ ࡢᢎㅙ࡞ࡋ࡟ᅜෆ௻ᴗ࡟↓య≀ࡢ౑⏝ࢆᙉไ㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧࡟ࡣࠊ↓య≀ࡀἲⓗ࡟ಖㆤࡉࢀࡿ࡭

チㅙࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ≉ᐃศ㔝ࡢ↓య≀ࢆᶒ฼ᑐ㇟࠿ࡽ㝖እࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊᶒ฼ᮇ㛫ࡁࠕ㈈⏘࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠕᡤ᭷⪅ࠖࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊࡑࡢᡤ᭷⪅ࡣᑐୡⓗࢆ▷⦰ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞࡝㸧ࡣᙜ↛࡜ࡢ୺ᙇࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞୺ᙇࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶ◊✲㛤Ⓨ⬟ຊࡀ୙༑ศ࡞㏵ୖᅜ࡟㝈ࡽࢀ࡞࡟ࠕ㈈⏘ᶒ㸦࡞࠿࡛ࡶᡤ᭷ᶒ㸧ࠖࢆ୺ᙇ࡛ࡁࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺♫఍ⓗ㛵ಀࡀึࡵࠕ↓య≀ࡣಖㆤࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿ࠖ࡜ࡢၥ࠸࡟ࡣ࢖࢚ࢫ࡜
࠿ࡽ⧊ࡾ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ࠸ࠋඛ㐍ᅜࡶࡲࡓࠊ௚ࡢඛ㐍ᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠕ➇தຎ఩ࠖ࡟❧ࡓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࣁ

ࡶࣀ࣮࡜ࡶ⟅࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡣಖㆤࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿ࠖ࡜ၥࢃࢀࢀࡤ࢖࢚

࢖ࢸࢡศ㔝ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤྠᵝࡢࠕᙅ࠸ࠖᨻ⟇ࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ࢫ࡜ࡋ࠿⟅࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࢡࣜࢫࢺࣇ࢓࣮࣭࣓࢖ࡣࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈ࡁࡓ㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣᖺࡢ≉チἲᨵṇࡲ࡛ࠊ་⸆ࡸ໬Ꮫ≀㉁࡟≀⏘㸭▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊᵓ㐀ⓗᶒຊ㸦㼟㼠㼞㼡㼏㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㼜㼛㼣㼑㼞㸧̿̿≀⌮ⓗᙉไ㉁≉チࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᅽຊ࡛ᗫ᱌࡟㏣࠸㎸ࡲࢀࡓ

ຊࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ┦ᡭ࡟≉ᐃࡢ㑅ᢥࢆ⾜ࢃࡏ࡚౯್ࢆ᭷฼࡟ศ㓄ࡍࡿᖺࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛᶒἲ᱌࡛ࡣࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࡢἲⓗಖㆤ࡟ࡘຊ̿̿࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿ ࠋ࠿࠿ࡿᶒ฼ࡢᏑᅾࡀᙜ↛࡜࡞ࡗࡓ♫఍㸦ᅜෆ࣭ᅜ㝿࡜ࡶ㸧࡛ࡣࠊ↓య≀࠸࡚ࠊᶒ฼ᮇ㛫ࡸᙉไチㅙ࡞࡝ࡢⅬ࡛ࡑࡢᚋࡢⴭసᶒἲ࡟ࡼࡿಖㆤࡼࡾ
ࠕᙅ࠸ࠖไᗘࡀᵓ᝿ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸧ࠋࢆᣢࡘ⪅ࡣࠊᕪṆㄳồࡸᦆᐖ㈺ൾㄳồ࡞࡝ࡢẸ஦ⓗᩆ῭ᥐ⨨࡟ッ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜

௨ୖࡢ㏻ࡾࠊ㏻ၟᅜᐙࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛ࡣࠊ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈࡟➇தඃ఩ࢆᣢࡘᅜ

࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡲࡓࠊᶒ฼౵ᐖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿฮ஦ⓗไ⿢㸦⨩㔠ࡸᠬᙺ㸧ࡀᐙࡀࠕ↓య≀ࡢ⚾ⓗ㈈໬ࠖࢆồࡵࠊ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈࡟➇தඃ఩ࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ᅜ

ᢚṆຊ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊ↓య≀ࢆ␲ఝⓗ࡟༨᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ↓య≀ࢆᐙࡀࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢබඹ㈈໬ࠖࢆồࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺≧ἣࡀᚲ↛໬ࡍࡿࠋඛࢇࡌࡓ

␲ఝ༨᭷࡛ࡁࢀࡤࠊୖ㏙ࡋࡓබඹ㈈࡛࠶ࡿࡀࡺ࠼ࡢ⬤ᙅᛶ㸦ྠရ㉁࣭పࢥ

ࡢࡣᚋ⪅ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᖺ௦࡟㛤ጞࡉࢀࡓࠕᕤᴗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢಖㆤ࡟

ࢫࢺ࣭▷᫬㛫࡛ࡢ」〇ࡸὶ㏻ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡇ࡜࡞࡝㸧ࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ᶒ฼⪅ഃࡢ➇㛵ࡍࡿࣃࣜ᮲⣙㸦  ᮲㸿㸧ࠖࡢᨵṇ஺΅ࡸࠊ㼁㻺㻯㼀㻭㻰㸦ᅜ㐃㈠᫆㛤Ⓨ఍㆟㸧

தୖࡢ฼Ⅼ࡟㌿໬ࡍࡿࠋ

࡛ࡢᢏ⾡⛣㌿ࢥ࣮ࢻ⟇ᐃ஺΅ࡀࡇࢀ࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢືࡁࡢ

୍᪉ࠊ↓య≀ࢆࠕᣢࡓࡊࡿࠖᅜᐙࡣࠊ↓య≀ࡢබඹᛶࢆᙉㄪࡋࠊ௚ᅜ࡛
㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓ↓య≀ࡢ⛣㌿࣭ᬑཬ࣭⮬⏤฼⏝ࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ㸦ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࡼ

ᑒࡌ㎸ࡵ࡜ᙧໃ㏫㌿ࢆᅗࡗࡓࡢࡀࠊ๓⪅ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ୺ᑟ࡛㛤ጞࡉࢀࡓ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟஺΅࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

࠺࡞ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࢆᅜᐙ㛫࡟ᙧᡂࡍࡿ㸧ࡇ࡜࡟฼┈ࢆぢฟࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀ
ࡽࡢᅜᐙࡣࠊ≉チᶒ࡛࠶ࢀⴭసᶒ࡛࠶ࢀၟᶆᶒ࡛࠶ࢀࠊ↓య≀ࡢ᤼௚ⓗ౑㸴㸬ᅜᐙ࠿ࡽ௻ᴗ࡬㸽㻌⏝ࢆㄆࡵࡿᶒ฼ࡣࠊ⤒῭㛤Ⓨࡢ┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ࡟᮲௳௜ࡁ̿̿ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ୍ᐃᮇ
㛫⤒㐣ᚋ࡟ᶒ฼ࡀᾘ⁛ࡍࡿ࡞࡝࡛̿̿ᐜㄆࡉࢀࡓࠕ⊂༨ᶒ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗ࡚ᚲせ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ↓య≀ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞⚾ⓗ㈈໬࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞බඹ㈈໬ࢆ

ᝏ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸㸦ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚✚ᴟⓗ࡟▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜⥲⛠ࡍࡿᚲせࡶ࡞࠸㸧ࡢࡵࡄࡿࠕᅜᐙᑐᅜᐙࠖࡢᑐ❧ࡣࠊ༢⣧࡟ࠕᨻᗓᑐᨻᗓࠖࡢᑐ❧࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼




㏻ၟᅜᐙࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿ౯್ࡢ※Ἠࡀࠊࠕ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈ࠖ
㸦ࣔࣀ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ↓య≀ࢆἲⓗ࡟⚾ⓗ㈈໬㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࢆἲⓗ࡟බඹ㈈໬㸧ࡍࡿ୺యࡣᨻᗓ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ↓య≀ࢆ㛤Ⓨ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᶍೌ㸧ࡋ〇ရ໬ࡋ㍺ฟ

ࠕ↓య≀ࡑࡢࡶࡢࠖ
㸦ࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶ࡞࡝ ࡟ࢩࣇࢺ࡞࠸ࡋᣑ኱ࡍࡿ࡟ࡘࢀࠊ
ࠕ≉チᶒ࠿ࡽ

ࡍࡿࡢࡣ௻ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏻ၟᅜᐙࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ௻ᴗࢆ฼⏝ࡋࠊࡲࡓ฼⏝ࡉࢀⴭసᶒ࡬ࠖࡢࢺࣞࣥࢻࡀ㩭᫂࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ

࡚࠸ࡿᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᅜᐙ㛫ࡢࡇࡢᑐ❧ࡣࠊከ࠿ࢀᑡ࡞࠿ࢀࠕ௻



mouth Publishing Company, 1996).ᴗᑐ௻ᴗࠖࡢ➇தࡢᢞᙳ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ


See Peter Drahos, A Philosophy of Intellectual Property (Aldershot, England: DartoSee May, op. cit.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ୰ᒣಙᘯࠗࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࡢἲⓗಖㆤ ᪂∧㸧࠘㸦᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊᖺ ཧ↷ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ 㐲▮ 㻌ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈⏘ᴗࢆ᧦ࡍࡿ㏻ၟᅜᐙࡣࠊࢪ࣐ࣞࣥ࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿࡇ㈍኎ຊࢆᣢࡘ㐺ᙜ࡞⌧ᆅ௻ᴗࡀぢࡘ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠕࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࠖࡼࡾ

࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ↓య≀ࡣࠊ㠀᤼㝖ᛶ࣭㠀➇ྜᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡑࡢᛶ㉁ୖࠊᾏእ࡬ࡢ⛣ࠕ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࠖࡀ㑅ࡤࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸦ࡑࡢ௚࡟ࡶᵝࠎ࡞⌮⏤࡜㑅ᢥࡀ⪃㌿ࡀᐜ᫆࡞⏕⏘せ⣲࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊ௻ᴗࡣ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈ࢆࢃࡊࢃࡊࠕ㍺ฟࠖ

࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸧
ࠋ

ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࠊᾏእࡢ⌧ᆅ௻ᴗ࡟↓య≀ࢆࠕࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࠖࡋ࡚ࣟ࢖ࣖࣝࢸ࢕

ࡲࡓࠊ↓య≀ࡀ౯್ࡢ※Ἠ࡟࡞ࢀࡤ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊ஦ᴗࡢ୰ᚰࢆ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡟㸦ᐇ᪋ᩱ㸧ࢆᚩ཰ࡍࡿ࠿ࠊ
ࠕᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࠖࢆࡋ࡚⌧ᆅ࡛⏕⏘࣭㈍኎ࡋ࡚ࡶ

⤠ࡾࠊࢧࣥࢡ࣭ࢥࢫࢺ㸦஦ᴗࡢ᧔㏥࣭⦰ᑠ᫬࡟ᅇ཰࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㈝⏝㸧࡟࡞ࡾ࠸࠸㸦ࡇࡢࡓࡵࣁ࢖ࢸࢡ௻ᴗࡢከࡃࡣከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝ࡀⳘ

࠿ࡡ࡞࠸኱つᶍ࡞タഛᢞ㈨ࡣᩒ࠼࡚⾜ࢃࡎࠊ⏕⏘࡟క࠺ࢥࢫࢺ࡜ࣜࢫࢡࢆ

኱࡛ࠊࡑࡢᅇ཰࡟ᚲせ࡞⏕⏘㔞Ỉ‽ࡀᅜෆ⏕⏘ࡢ᭱ᑠ᭱㐺つᶍࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ࡯ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢩ࣮㸦ᾏእࡢ⌧ᆅ௻ᴗ㸧࡟㈇ࢃࡏࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿㄏᅉࡶാࡁࡸࡍࡃ࡞

࡝ࠊ᭱ᑠ᭱㐺つᶍࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟」ᩘࡢᅜ࡟❧ᆅࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣦࡀ

ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊࢧࣥࢡ࣭ࢥࢫࢺࡼࡾࡶࠊ⌧ᆅ௻ᴗࡢᢏ⾡⩦ᚓ㸦ᶍೌ㸧㧗ࡲࡿࡓࡵࠊከᅜ⡠໬ࡢഴྥࡣᙉࡲࡿ㸧ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ↓య≀ࡣ㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡟㍺

ᶵ఍ࡀࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ࡛ቑ࠼࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ༴᝹ࡍࡿሙྜࡣࠊᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨࡛

ฟࢻࣛ࢖ࣦࢆ࠿ࡅࡿᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊ㏻ၟᅜᐙࡢࠕ㍺ฟࠖࢆ௚ࡢ㑅ᢥタ❧࣭㈙཰ࡋࡓ⌧ᆅᕤሙ࡟ᢏ⾡ྲྀᘬࢆࠕෆ㒊໬ࠖࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿㄏᅉࡀᙉࡃ

⫥࡟௦᭰ࡉࡏࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⛎ࡵࡓᏑᅾ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋാࡃࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ࡞ࡿࠋ

௻ᴗࡀ㍺ฟࠊࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࠊ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ࠿ࡣࠊⅭ࣮᭰ࣞ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡏࡼࠊ௻ᴗࡀ㍺ฟ࡟᭰ࢃࡿၟ⾜Ⅽࢆ࡜ࡗࡓሙྜࠊᙜヱ௻ᴗࡢᮏࢺࡸᨻᗓつไ࡬ࡢᑐฎࢆู࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊྛ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢ⤒Ⴀ㈨※ά⏝ୖࡢ࣓ࣜࢵ

ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊձ⏕⏘ࡢᾏእ⛣㌿࡟ࡼࡿ㞠⏝ࡢῶᑡࠊղ⌧ᆅἲே࡬ࡢෆ㒊␃ಖࡸࢺ࡜ࢹ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡢẚ㍑⪃㔞࡟౫ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ୍࠿ᡤ㸦⮬ᅜ㸧࡛኱㔞⏕⏘⛣㌿౯᱁㸦㼠㼞㼍㼚㼟㼒㼑㼞㻌㼜㼞㼕㼏㼕㼚㼓㸧࡟ࡼࡿ㉸㐣฼₶ࡢᅜ㝿⛣㌿ࡢῶᑡ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࠕᘢࡋ࡚ࠕつᶍࡢ⤒῭ࠖࢆ㏣ồࡋࡓ᪉ࡀࢥࢫࢺᏳ࡞ࡽࠕ㍺ฟࠖࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ࠿ࡶ

ᐖࠖࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾ㔜኱࡞ၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊճ௻ᴗࡣ฼₶ࢆᴟ኱໬ࡋ

ࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࢀࡔ࡜㸦㔜ཌ㛗኱ࡢ㈈ࡢࡓࡵ㸧㍺㏦㈝ࡀ࠿࠿ࡾ㐣ࡂࡿ࡜࠿ࠊ

࠼࡚ࡶᅜᐙࡣ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈ࡢẚ㍑ඃ఩ࢆኻ࠺࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺஦ែ࡟

⌧ᆅࡢᏳ࠸ປാຊࡸཎᮦᩱࢆㄪ㐩ࡋࡓ᪉ࡀࡼ࠸࡜ุ᩿ࡉࢀࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ

┤㠃ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

ࠕࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࠖࡸࠕ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࠖࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ᫬ࠊᾏእ࡛

ࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᖺ௦ࡢጞࡵ࡟᪤࡟ࣞ࢖ࣔࣥࢻ࣭ࣦ࢓࣮ࣀ

ࡢᕤሙᘓタࡢࢥࢫࢺࢆ㑊ࡅࡓ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠕ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࠖࡼࡾࡶࠕࣛ࢖ࢭࣥ

ࣥࡣࠊᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࡢ㐍ᒎ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᅜᐙࡢ⤒῭ⓗᨭ㓄ᶒࡀከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࢫࠖࡀ㑅ࡤࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡋࠊ୍ᐃࡢရ㉁࡛つ᱁㏻ࡾ࡟⏕⏘ࡍࡿ⬟ຊࡸࡗ࡚ᾐ㣗ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࡢάື㸦ᢏ⾡࡜㈨ᮏ



ࡢᅜ㝿⛣㌿㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ẚ㍑ඃ఩㸭ẚ㍑ຎ఩ࡀ㏫㌿ࡍࡿ㸦࠸ࢃࡺࡿࣉࣟࢲࢡ

ࡓࡔࡋࠊࢹࢪࢱ࣭ࣝࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࡣࢿࢵࢺ࡛㓄ಙࡍࢀࡤ㍺㏦㈝ࡀ࠿࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ

ࢺ࣭ࢧ࢖ࢡࣝㄽ㸧࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊࡑࡢ❧ㄽࡢ᰿ᣐ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊぞᶒᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ ᕤሙ⛣㌿ ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࡞ࡃࠊ㍺ฟ ㏦ಙ ࡛῭ࡲࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡋ

Ᏻᐃㄽ⪅ࡢࣟࣂ࣮ࢺ࣭ࢠࣝࣆࣥࡶࠊከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࢆ፹௓࡜ࡋࡓ㈨ᮏ࣭ᢏ⾡ࡢࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࠕ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈ࠖ࠿ࡽࠕ↓య≀ࡑࡢࡶࡢࠖ࡬࡜౯್ࡢ※Ἠࡢ↓ᙧ໬ࡀ㐍⾜ࡍࢀࡤࠊᮏ✏ࡢ௨ୗࡢ㆟ㄽ࡜ࡣࡲࡓ␗࡞ࡿࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡀ⌧ࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶



ࡿࠋᅜ㝿⤒῭Ꮫࡢࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺ࣭ࢧ࢖ࢡࣝㄽࡸࠊࡑࢀࢆ㐺⏝ࡋࡓᅜ㝿ᨻ἞Ꮫࡢぞᶒᚠ⎔ㄽࡸୡ⏺ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽ࡞࡝ࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚㈈ࡀ᭷ᙧ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࡺ࠼࡟≀⌮ἲ๎࡟ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀᙉㄪࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡿ ⏕⏘ࡸὶ㏻࡟ࢥࢫࢺࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࠊࢥࢫࢺࡢ㏴ῶࡣ࠸ࡎࢀ㢌ᡴࡕ࡟࡞ࡿ ࡇ࡜ࢆ๓

ᚋ㏙ࡍࡿ࣮ࣟࢬࢡࣛࣥࢫࡢࣦ࢓࣮ࢳࣕࣝᅜᐙㄽࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡓ␎ࡢ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࢆ
See Richard E. Caves, Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis (Cambridge:ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ๓ᥦࡀ࠶࡚ࡣࡲࡽ࡞࠸≧ἣࡀᬑ㐢໬ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊᅜ㝿㛵ಀ

Cambridge University Press, 1982).ㄽࡣ኱ᖜ࡟᭩ࡁ᥮࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺ࣭ࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ

ㄽ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ྠᵝࡢᣦ᦬ࢆࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㕥ᮌ඾ẚྂࠕ㻵㼀 㠉࿨࣭ࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬࡜ᅜ㝿(New York: Basic Books, 1971).⤒῭⌮ㄽ̿࢝ࢱࢫࢺࣟࣇ࢕࣭ࣉࣟࢲࢡࢺ࣭ࣛ࢖ࣇ࣭ࢧ࢖ࢡࣝࠖ
ࠗᅜ㝿⤒῭ ᢞ✏ྕ࠘➨  ྕ ᖺ  㹼㡫ཧ↷ࠋ

Cycle,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.80, No.2, 1966, pp.190-207.

 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  

See Raymond Vernon, Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises
See Raymond Vernon, “International Investment and International Trade in the Product▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ᅜእὶฟ࡜௚ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿᶍೌࡀࠕぞᶒᅜࠖࢆ⾶㏥࡟ᑟࡃ࡜ㄝ࠸ࡓࠋṔྐୖ

㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ 㐲▮ 㻌ୗ࡜࠸࠺⌧㇟ࢆᐜㄆ㸦ࡶࡋࡃࡣḼ㏄ࡍࡽ㸧ࡍࡿഴྥࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡢぞᶒᅜ┒⾶ࡢࢧ࢖ࢡࣝ࡜ࢥࣥࢻࣛࢳ࢙ࣇࡢἼ࡜ࡢ㐃ືᛶࢆ୺ᙇࡋࡓࢪ

ᖺ௦࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊࢫ࣮ࢨ࣭ࣥࢫࢺࣞࣥࢪࡢࠕᅜᐙࡢ㏥ሙࠖㄽࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ

࣮ࣙࢪ࣭ࣔࢹࣝࢫ࣮࢟㸦ぞᶒᚠ⎔ㄽ ࡸ࢚࣐ࢽ࢚࣭࢛࣮࣮ࣗࣝ࢘ࣛࢫࢸ࢖

ᅜᐙࡢࠕᙅయ໬ࠖࢆ㉺࠼࡚ࠊᅜᐙ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᕷሙࡢࠕඃ఩ࠖࢆᙉㄪ㸦ࡑࡋ࡚ࣥ㸦ୡ⏺ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽ ࡶࠊぞᶒᅜ⾶㏥ࡢ┤᥋ⓗせᅉ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࢠࣝࣆࣥ࡜

៧៖㸧ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡀ㢧ⴭ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࢫࢺࣞࣥࢪ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ࡞ᕷ

࡯ࡰྠᵝࡢㄆ㆑ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ሙ⤫ྜ࡜ᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࡢᛴ㏿໬࡟క࠸ࠊᅜᐙ㛫ࡢ➇தࡣ㡿ᅵࢆࡵࡄࡿࡶࡢ࠿ࡽ

ࢠࣝࣆࣥࡽࡢぞᶒࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊぞᶒᅜ㸦㸻ᅜ㝿ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢᙧᡂࡢ୺య࡜⪃ᕷሙࢩ࢙࢔ࢆࡵࡄࡿࡶࡢ࡟᭰ࢃࡾࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᅜ㝿♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ౯್ࡢศ

࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࡢ⾶㏥ࡀᅜ㝿ᨻ἞⤒῭⛛ᗎࢆ୙Ᏻᐃ໬ࡉࡏࡿ࡜ࡢࠊ࡝ࡕࡽ

㓄ࡣࠊࡶࡣࡸᅜᐙ㛫ࡢ≀⌮ⓗ࡞ࣃ࣮࣡㸦㛵ಀⓗᶒຊ㸧ࡢ⾜౑࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡛ࡣ

࠿࡜ゝ࠼ࡤ࣌ࢩ࣑ࢫࢸ࢕ࢵࢡ࡞๓ᥦࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀ࡜ࡣᑐᴟࢆ࡞ࡍ

࡞ࡃࠊከᅜ⡠௻ᴗ࡞࡝ࡢ㠀ᅜᐙⓗ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀ⏕⏘ࡸ㔠⼥ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞௙⤌ࡳ࢜ࣉࢸ࢕࣑ࢫࢸ࢕ࢵࢡ࡞㆟ㄽ̿̿ᅜᐙࡢᙅయ໬࡜࠸࠺ㄆ㆑࡛ࡣ୍⮴ࡋ࡞

ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㛫᥋ⓗ࡟⾜౑ࡍࡿࣃ࣮࣡㸦ᵓ㐀ⓗᶒຊ㸧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟

ࡀࡽ̿̿ࡶྠ᫬ᮇ࡟Ⓩሙࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㈠᫆ࡸᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨࡟ࡼࡿ

࡞ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࠕ⤒῭ⓗ┦஫౫Ꮡࠖࡢ῝໬ࡀ୺ᶒᅜᐙࡢᨻ⟇❧᱌࣭ᐇ᪋ୖࡢ⮬ᚊᛶపୗ࡜

࡞ࡽࡤࠊ↓య≀ࡣࡇࢀࡽ୍㐃ࡢᅜᐙ⾶㏥ㄽ࡟᰿ᣐࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢࠊ࡜࠸࠺

ᅜ┈ࡢ㝵ᒙᛶࡢ୙᫂☜໬ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ࡣ㌷஦ຊ⾜౑ࡢྍ⬟ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ↓య≀࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ྎ㢌ࡋࡓ㏻ၟᅜᐙࡣࠊ↓య≀࡟ᛶࢆࡶపୗࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠕ┦஫౫Ꮡㄽ㺁㸦ᖺ௦㸧ࡸࠊ㠀ᅜ

ࡼࡗ࡚⾶㏥ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡜ࡣࠊ⤖ᒁࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝᕷሙ࡛⩻ᐙⓗ࣭⬺ᅜቃⓗ࡞࢔ࢡࢱ࣮㸦ከᅜ⡠௻ᴗࠊ㻺㻳㻻ࠊᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵࡞࡝㸧ࡀᅜ㝿ᨻᘝࡉࢀࡿᏑᅾ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ἞⤒῭⛛ᗎࡢᙧᡂ࣭Ᏻᐃ࡟ᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿࠕᅜ㝿ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ㄽ㺁㸦

ࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࣆ࣮ࢱ࣮࣭࢚ࣦ࢓ࣥࢫࡣࠊࡴࡋࢁṇ཯ᑐࡢぢゎࢆ♧ࡋᖺ௦㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊ㈠᫆ࡸᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࡀಁࡍᅜᐙࡢᶵ⬟ప࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢚ࣦ࢓ࣥࢫ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ〇ရࡢᛶ᱁ࡀ 㼠㼔㼕㼚㼓㼟㸦᭷య≀㸧࠿ࡽ 㼕㼐㼑㼍㼟

㸦↓య≀㸧࡟ࢩࣇࢺࡍࡿ࡟ࡘࢀࠊ฼₶⋓ᚓࡢᡂྰࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟ᕥྑࡉࢀ



See Robert Gilpin, U.S. Power and the Multinational Corporations: The Politicalࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ↓య≀ࢆṊჾ࡜ࡍࡿࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ௻ᴗࡣࠊᾏእㅖᅜ࡟

Economy of Foreign Direct Investment (New York: Basic Books, 1975); and Robert Gilpin,▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࢆ㡰Ᏺࡉࡏࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᙉຊ࡞ᅜᐙ㸦㏻ၟἲ᮲ࡸ

War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).See George Modelski, Long Cycles in World Politics (London: Macmillan Press, 1987);㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌஺΅ࢆά⏝ࡋࡓ⡿ᅜࡢࡼ࠺࡞㸧ࢆࠊᐇࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛௨ୖ࡟ᚲせ࡜ࡋ࡚and George Modelski and William R. Thompson, Leading Sectors and World Powers (Co-࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ௻ᴗࡣࠊ☜࠿࡟⮬ࡽࡢάື࡟ไ㝈ࢆຍ࠼ࡿᅜᐙつไࡢ᧔ᗫ

lumbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1996).ࢆせồࡋࠊᅜᐙࡢ⮬ᚊᛶపୗࢆᣍ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㠃ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊ▱ⓗ࢛࣮࣮࢘ࣛࢫࢸ࢖ࣥࡢୡ⏺ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽࡢ࢚ࢵࢭࣥࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊTerence K.

㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤࡢࡓࡵࡢᅜᐙࡢ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣦ࡟ᮇᚅ࣭౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ

Hopkins, Immanuel Wallerstein, and Associates, “Patterns of Development of the Modern

࡜ࡶࡑࡢⅬ࡛ࡣᅜᐙࡢᙺ๭ࢆቑ኱ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᅜᐙࡣ༢⣧࡟

World-System” in Terence K. Hopkins and Immanuel Wallerstein, eds., World-System
Analysis (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982); and Terence K. Hopkins, Immanuel

Wallerstein, and Associates, “Cyclical Rhythms and Secular Trends of the CapitalistWorld-Economy: Some Premises, Hypotheses, and Questions” in ibid. ཧ↷ࠋSusan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

Robert O. Keohane and Joseph Nye, Jr., Power and Interdependence: World Politics inSee Susan Strange, “The Defective State,” Daedalus, Vol.124, No.2, 1995, pp.55-74; andTransition (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1977)ཬࡧᒣᮏྜྷᐉࠗᅜ㝿ⓗ┦஫౫Ꮡ࠘㸦ᮾி኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊᖺ ཧ↷ࠋical Economy, 2nd ed. (London: Pinter Publishers, 1988) ཧ↷ࠋ

Stephan D. Krasner, ed., International Regimes (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983)ཬࡧᒣᮏྜྷᐉࠗᅜ㝿ࣞࢪ࣮࣒࡜࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ࠘㸦᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊᖺ㸧ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ᵓ㐀ⓗᶒຊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊSusan Strange, States and Markets: An Introduction to PolitSee Peter Evans, “The Eclipse of the State?: Reflections on Stateness in an Era of Glob-alization,” World Politics, Vol.50, No.1, 1997, pp.62-87.

▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

㏻ၟᅜᐙ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ 㐲▮ 㻌

⾶㏥ࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊྂ࠸ᙺ๭ࢆᤞ࡚࡚᪂ࡋ࠸ᶵ⬟ࢆᯝࡓࡍᙧ࡛Ꮡᅾព
⩏ࢆಖࡕ⥆ࡅࡿࡣࡎࡔ࡜࢚ࣦ࢓ࣥࢫࡣ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࡍࡿ⠊ᅖ࡟࠾࠸࡚Ꮡ❧ࡋ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣୖࡢㅖㄝ࠿ࡽ༑ศ࡟
❚࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋࠕ㏻ၟᅜᐙࠖ࡜࠸࠺༢୍ࡢ୺యࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜ゝ࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊᅜᐙ

ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ࣮ࣟࢬࢡࣛࣥࢫࡀࠕ㏻ၟᅜᐙࠖࡢඛ࡟࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᒎ㛤ࡋࡓ㸦ᨻᗓ㸧࡜௻ᴗ࡜࠸࠺஧ࡘࡢ୺యࡀࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ↓య≀ࢆṊჾ࡜ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ

ࠕࣦ࢓࣮ࢳࣕࣝᅜᐙࠖㄽ࡛ࡣࠊ↓య≀ࡢᅜ㝿ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡸ↓య≀࣮࣋ࢫࡢᅜቃࡢෆእ࡛ࠊ⤒῭ⓗ฼┈ࡢ୍⮴࣭┦཯ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᚲせ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨ࡀࠊ㛤Ⓨඖࡢᅜᐙ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡴࡋࢁᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ఩⨨༠ㄪࡋ࡚ࠕ㏻ၟᅜᐙࠖࢆ₇ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ぢࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

௜ࡅࡢ㌿᥮ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࣦ࢓࣮ࢳࣕࣝᅜᐙ㸦㼢㼕㼞㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㼟㼠㼍㼠㼑㸧࣑̿̿ࢫࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ୍ぢࠊ㏻ၟᅜᐙ㛫ࡢᑐ❧࣭ᦶ᧿࡜ᫎࡌࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸▱ⓗ㈈࣮ࣜࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࡞ࢿ࣮࣑ࣥࢢࡔࡀ̿̿࡜ࡣࠊၟရࡢࠕ〇㐀ࠖࢆࡍ࡭࡚㸦ࣛ࢖⏘ᶒࡢᅜ㝿ၥ㢟ࡶࠊᐇࡣࢫࢺࣞࣥࢪࡽࡢゝ࠺ࠕ୕ḟඖእ஺㸦㼠㼞㼕㼍㼚㼓㼡㼘㼍㼞㻌ࢭࣥࢫࡸᾏእ┤᥋ᢞ㈨࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸧ᾏእ࡟ጤࡡ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࠊᅜෆ࡛ࡣ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㼐㼕㼜㼘㼛㼙㼍㼏㼥㸧ࠖ̿̿ᅜᐙᑐᅜᐙ࣭௻ᴗᑐ௻ᴗ࣭௻ᴗᑐᅜᐙࡢࡘࡢᨻ἞㐣⛬ࡸ〇ရタィ࡞࡝ࠕ㢌ࢆ౑࠺ࠖ௙஦࡛ࠕ┠࡟ぢ࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢࠖࡢ⏕⏘࡟ᑓᛕࡋࡀ┦஫࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋࡓእ஺̿̿ࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢬ࣒ࢆෆໟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡀከࡃࠊ

࡚࠸ࡿᅜᐙࢆப࠺ࠋ᭷య≀ࡢ〇㐀ᴗࢆᤞ࡚࡚ࠊ཰┈ᛶࡢ㧗࠸↓య≀ࡢ㛤Ⓨࠕ௻ᴗࠖࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤࠕᅜᐙ㸦ᨻᗓ㸧ࠖ௨ୖ࡟ᅜᐙ㛫ᑐ❧ࡢᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞୺య࡛࠶

࡟≉໬ࡋࡓᅜᐙ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ⏕⏘ᣐⅬࡢ⛣㌿࡟ࡼࡾ〇㐀ᴗࡢ㞠⏝ࡀࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊࢫ࣮ࢨ࣭ࣥ㹉࣭ࢭࣝࡸࣆ࣮ࢱ࣮࣭ࢻࣛ࣍ࢫࡽࡢࠕ㻵㻼㻱࢔ࣉῶᑡࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᩍ⫱ࡢ඘ᐇ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᅜẸ඲యࡀ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࣭〇ရタィࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣮ࣟࢳࠖࡀ♧ࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌஺΅ࡢ㉳※࣭ᒎ㛤࣭ᖐ⤖ࡣࠊࠕ⡿௙஦࡟ᑵࡃࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࢀࡤࠊ〇㐀ᴗࡢ㞠⏝ῶᑡࡣఱࡽࠕᘢᐖ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴ

ᅜᨻᗓࠖࡢࢭࣝࣇ࣭࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢸ࢕ࣦࡼࡾࡶࠊࠕ⡿ᅜ௻ᴗࠖࡢࣟࣅ࢖ࣥࢢࠊ

ࡋࢁᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜࣮ࣟࢬࢡࣛࣥࢫࡣ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭷య≀ࡢ࢔ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣭ࢭࢵࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠊ⬺ᅜቃⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᙧᡂ࡟㈇࠺࡜

እᙧࢆకࡗ࡚〇㐀ࡉࢀࡿࠕ↓య≀㞟⣙㈈ࠖࡢẚ㍑ඃ఩ࢆኻࡗ࡚ࡶࠕ↓య≀ࠖࡇࢁࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࡜࠸࠺㸦ࡇࡢⅬࠊ᪥ᮏࡢࠕἲᏛⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠖ◊✲ࡢ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㼟㻌ࡢ➇தඃ఩ࡀ࠶ࢀࡤ࠸࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ࡕ࡞ࡳ࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏࡣࠊ㏻ၟ஺΅ྐほࡀࠊᨻᗓ㛫஺΅࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡜ⴭࡋࡃᑐ↷ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ㸧ࠋᅜᐙ࡜ࡋ࡚⦾ᰤࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ〇㐀ᴗ࡜ࠕ㍺ฟࠖ࡟ᅛᇳࡍࡿࡓࡵࣦ࢓࣮ࢳࣕ
ࣝᅜᐙ࡟⬺⓶࡛ࡁࡎࠊୡ⏺ᕷሙ࡛ࡢ຾฼ࢆ㏨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝ࠺㸧ࠋࡇࡢ⪃࠼

࠾ࢃࡾ࡟㻌


᪉࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊᅜᐙࡣ↓య≀࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ఱࡽࡢࠕࢪ࣐ࣞࣥࠖ࡟ࡶ┤㠃ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ௨ୖࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ࡞ࡐᅜ㝿ၥ㢟໬ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ࠸࡟ྥ

࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
⤖ᒁࠊ↓య≀ࡀᅜᐙ㸦ᨻᗓ㸧࡜௻ᴗࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࢆඃໃ࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࡣ᫂☜࡛ࡅ࡚ࡢࠊᅜ㝿ᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫࡢᇶᮏⓗどᗙࡢタᐃࢆヨࡳࡓࠋࠕࡣࡌࡵ࡟࡛ࠖゐ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㏻ၟᅜᐙࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶ୍ᯛᒾ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᅜ┈࡜ၟᶵࡀ஺㘒

ࢀࡓ㏻ࡾࠊᅜ㝿ᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫࡢศ㔝࡛ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࠊ┦஫౫Ꮡㄽࠊᅜ㝿ࣞࢪ࣮࣒
See Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Virtual State: Wealth and Power in the Comingㄽࠊୡ⏺ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽࠊࢥࣥࢫࢺࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࣦ࢕ࢬ࣒➼ࠎࠊ」ᩘࡢ␗࡞ࡿ⌮ㄽ

Century (New York: Basic Books, 1999).࣭࢜ࢸࢡࣀ࣭ࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒̿ࢢ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝ᫬௦ࡢᢏ⾡࡜ᅜ㝿㛵ಀ࠘㸦᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊ↓య≀ࡢࢡ࢚࣮ࣜࢱ࣮ࡢከ࠸ᅜࡀ㇏࠿࡟࡞ࡿ㸦ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ᅜẸ඲యࢆᩍ⫱➼࡟ࡼᖺ ཧ↷ࠋ

ࡾ↓య≀ࡢࢡ࢚࣮ࣜࢱ࣮࡟ࡍࡿࡢࡀࡼ࠸㸧࡜ࡢㄆ㆑ࡣࠊࣟࣂ࣮ࢺ࣭ࣛ࢖ࢩࣗࡢࠕࢩ

ࣥ࣎ࣜࢵࢡ࣭࢔ࢼࣜࢫࢺࠖࡸࣜࢳ࣮ࣕࢻ࣭ࣇࣟࣜࢲࡢࠕࢡ࢚ࣜ࢖ࢸ࢕ࣦ࣭ࢡࣛࢫࠖ

World Market Shares (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); and Susan Strange,

See John M. Stopford and Susan Strange, Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition forࡢ㆟ㄽ࡞࡝࡟ࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࠋSee Robert B. Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Our-

“States, Firms and Diplomacy,” International Affairs, Vol.68, No.1, 1992, pp1-15.

selves for 21st-Century Capitalism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1991); and Richard

Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Commu-ᅾឤࡀቑࡋࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊࠕᅜᐙࠖࠊࠕ௻ᴗࠖ࡜୪ࡪ➨ࡢ୺య࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞

nity and Everyday Life (New York: Basic Books, 2002).

࠸ࠋ





ୖ࡟㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࠕᅜᐙ⾶㏥ㄽࠖ࡜ࠕᅜᐙ೺ᅾㄽࠖࡢᑐẚ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᒣ⏣ᩔࠗࢿ௒ᚋࠊ౯್ࡢ※Ἠࡢ↓ᙧ໬ࡀ୍ᒙ㐍ࡳࠊὀࡢࡼ࠺࡞↓య≀ࡢࢡ࢚࣮ࣜࢱ࣮ࡢᏑ

See Drahos, op. cit (2002); and Sell, op. cit. (2003). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO   㐃⥆௻⏬

ⓗ❧ሙ࠿ࡽࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ◊✲ࡀ୪❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ࠶ࡿព࿡ࠊ
ࠕάἣࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚Ḽ㏄ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊಶࠎࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮࢜࣌ࣛࣅ
ࣜࢸ࢕ࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶ༑ศ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊどⅬࡢ஘❧࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒၥ㢟ࡢᮏ㉁ࡸ඲యീࡀ࠿࠼ࡗ࡚ぢ࠼࡟ࡃࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿഃ㠃ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྰᐃ࡛
ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋᮏ✏ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࢖ࢵࢩ࣮ࣗ໬ࡀ㏻ၟᅜᐙࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠾ࡅࡿᚲ↛ⓗ࡞⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢࠊ㆟ㄽࡢ࠸ࢃࡤࠕ኱๓ᥦࠖࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊಶࠎ
ࡢᵝࠎ࡞❧ሙ࠿ࡽࡢ◊✲ࢆᯫᶫࡍࡿᣐࡾ࡝ࡇࢁࢆᥦ౪ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡶࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ᑐ❧ࡀᅜ㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟୙ྍ㑊ⓗ࡟ෆᅾࡍࡿ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊᅜ㝿ၥ㢟ࡢ༢࡞ࡿ࢖ࢵࢩ
࣮࡛ࣗࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᅜ㝿ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢ⌮ゎࡢୖ࡛Ḟ࠿ࡏ࡞࠸せ⣲࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ↓య≀㸭▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊᐇࡣࠊ㈠᫆ࠊᢞ㈨ࠊ㔠⼥࡞࡝࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᅜ㝿ᨻ἞⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㛵ᚰࡢ୰ᚰ࡟఩⨨ࡍ࡭ࡁᏑᅾ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ㹙௜グ㹛ᮏ✏ࡣᖺᗘ㈈ᅋἲேḈ⏣᭳ᨻ἞◊✲ຓᡂ ➨ྕ ࡢᡂᯝࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO  