Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（A）

Country Reports

Japan International Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS)Contents
1. Tanzania

12. Mauritius

21

3. Kenya40

4. Serbia

68

5. Ethiopia

83

6. Afghanistan

103

7. Zambia

121

8. Sierra Leone134

9. Nigeria(1)158

10. Nigeria(2)180

11. South Sudan(1)198

12. South Sudan(2)224Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（A）

Tanzania-1-

COURSE: WATER SUPPLY ADMINISTRATION FOR
BETTER MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLYSERVICES.
COUNTRY REPORTCountry: TANZANIA

2

3

POPULATION AND URBANIZATION
Zanzibar consists of two main islands (Unguja
and Pemba) with a total area of about 2,620
km2 and a total population of about 984,625(2002 census), out of which 622,459 are in
Unguja and 362,166 are in Pemba. The averageannual population growth for both islands is
3.1%.

4

5

WATER SECTOR
Water sector development has been among the
Zanzibar Government top priorities for years in
reducing poverty as mentioned in Zanzibar
Development Vision 2020, Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs).
It has thus received attention as emphasized by the
Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of
Poverty (ZSGRP) and MDGs.
However water demand, particularly in the urban andin tourist resort and hotel areas outpaces the supply
and capacity of the sources and the Government
ability to finance water supply has been in real terms
decreasing, while demand for more and better water
facilities is increasing.
6

THE ZANZIBAR WATER AUTHORITYZAWA
The Zanzibar Water Authority (ZAWA) wasestablished since August, 2006 after the
Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ)
through the House of Representatives passed
the Bill and now become the Water Act No. 4 of2006 and National Water Policy of 2008.
Responsibilities:
Water supply services
Water resources management
Drilling works
7

8

CLIMATE
Zanzibar being a tropical country has the climate
which is warm and humid (equatorial) and enjoys two
main seasons of rainfall, Masika and Vuli.
The average rainfall varies from 1,531 mm to 2000 mm
with most of the rain (about 50%) falling during the
Masika season, normally (March to May).
Average temperature is 23oC The predominant forests
are found on eastern belts
9Water Sources
Zanzibar water resources include ground and surface
water in a form of small streams, ponds, spring andwells.
Since in Zanzibar there is no big Lakes or Rivers, themain water sources for domestic and other uses relycompletely on groundwater, extracted either fromspring, shallow well, or deep well (Boreholes).
Ground water is used also for irrigation purpose.

10

11

12

Z

RF

RC

FS

AY

9.49

14.50

1

122.6

23.99

2

251.8

68.53

35.04

33.49

3

289.9

72.40

38.33

34.07

4

285.1

59.64

35.59

24.05

5

134.2

19.13

11.68

7.45

6

178.1

35.27

18.25

17.02

7

391.9

130.00 38.33

91.67

8

174.4

36.75

12.78

23.97

9

616.6

143.00 82.13

60.88

Total

2444.6 588.71 281.62 307.10
13

Mcum

Distribution System
Distribution is direct and indirect system.
Direct system is where water pumped direct from the source tothe users.
Indirect system is where water pumped from the source to thecollection tank and then to the users.

Mkoa

Idadi ya Uzalishaji
vituo(m3/siku)

Mahitaji(m3/siku)

Upungufu/(m3/siku)

Asilimia ya Asilimia ya
Uzalishaji
upatikanaji

Mjini
Magharibi

49

46,55354,000

7,447

86.20

56.03

Kaskazini
Unguja27

14,95229,00014,048

51.55

43.52

KusiniUnguja28

13,57420,0006,426

67.875

44.26

Kaskazini
Pemba

28

14,022

18,426

4,404

76.09

65.65

KusiniPemba

39

19,03424,925

5,891

76.36

70.28

JUMLA

171

108,135

146,351

38,21671.61514

Water Tariff
Zanzibar Water Authority Collects water charges
from his customers either by cheque or cash after
sending the water bill to them. The bill prepared
every month.
Two types of bills:
Flat Rate: TZS4000 every month which is equivalent
to US $5.
Volumetric rate: TZS500 per cubic liter
More than 90% of customers are flat rates

15

Water Quality
The ground water quality in both Unguja and Pemba
has been general good. There have been no traces ofheavy metals or toxic materials in the water. Analysis ofwater quality is continuously undertaken in one
Treatment plants (Disinfectants with Chlorine) so as tobe conversant with any variations. Chlorine is used todisinfect water from the springs, boreholes and otherwater sources. Analysis of water is also conducted in
Ministry of Health Laboratory and ZAWA laboratory.
Also during the rainy seasons we distribute purification
tabs for individual storages and with cooperation of
Ministry of Health we advice peoples to boil water
before drinking
16

Non Revenue Water
NRW is estimated to be 30 to 35%.
The major causes of Non Revenue Water areleakages and illegal use .
Measures in progress:
Installation of meters to all active customers
Installation of meters to the transmission
system.
Leakage control programme that encourage
timely reporting and prompt response.
17

CURRENT MAJOR PROJECTS- Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Stonetown I
Fund: Loan AfDB (US $2.1M)- Infrastructures Facility Supports
Fund: Grant UAE, Ras Al Khaimah (US$1M)- Capacity Building to ZAWA
Fund: Grant JICA

18

FUTURE PLANS- Increase coverage up to 85% in 2015 Urban- Increase coverage up to 75% in 2015
- Installation of water meter up to 50% by 2015
- Reduction of NRW from 30% to 15% by 201519

IT IS FROM WATER CREATED EVERY LIVINGORGANISMAHSANTE SANA

20

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（A）

Mauritius-21-

Country Report Presentation: MauritiusCountry: Executive Engineer
Position: Central Water Authority
Organisation

22

General Country Profile The Republic of Mauritius comprises the
Islands of Mauritius, Rodrigues and various
smaller Islands. Mauritius is of volcanic
origin. It is situated in the Indian Ocean.
Whole Country
Area (km2)

1852

Population

1,217,000

Coverage Water Supply

99.8 %

Selected Water Supply System
Service Area (km2)

220

Population Served

216,400
23

PORT LOUISWATER SUPPLYDWS NORTHDWS EAST
MAV LOWER

MAV UPPER

DWS SOUTH

24

•Flow Chart for one representative Water Supply System
Mare Aux Vacoas
Reservoir

Supply toUpper Parts

Distribution
Pipelines

Supply to Lower Parts

Raw Water
Transmission
Pipelines
Pumping
Stations

Distribution
Pipelines

25

La Marie Water
Treatment Plant•Flocculation•Sedimentation
Process•SludgeRemoval•Filtration•Chlorination•Pure Water
Storage tank

My Mission

 The mission of my Organisation is to secure and provide an

excellent sustainable water supply service, of an appropriatequality, at a reasonable price, which meets the growing needs ofthe people and to support the economic growth of the country.
 My mission in the Organisation is provide the technical andadministrative support to continue upgrading the water pipeline
network.
 My actual job to achieve the mission is to carry out
feasibility and other hydraulic studies, detailed design for water
pipelines, tender documentation, procurement, works supervisionand contract administration and operation and maintenance of
new water networks
26

1. Management of Water Quality
 Current Situation and Major challenges/Problems

Increased water demand has resulted in over-exploitation of water
resources.
Human activities due to farming and agriculture have accelerated
deforestation and resulted in algae growth and silting reservoirs.

 Current Actions and Achievements

Water Treatment Plants are being upgraded to include for algae
treatment.
Buffer zones are proposed to be created around reservoirs tocontrol/limit inflow of chemicals/fertilisers through surface runoff.

 Monitoring System

Constant monitoring of quality of borehole water in coastal zones.
Establishment of Biological and Instrumentation Sections in the Water
Quality Laboratory for the monitoring of algae and advanced testing.
27 Implementation of Water Safety plans

The Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities has set up
a Surveillance Committee in 2012 to look into thewater quality aspects of all reservoirs and river water.
 Objective of Surveillance Programme
Water Quality Monitoring
Establish baseline data for water quality
Study the evolution of raw water quality for different use
Initiate remedial action to abate adverse impact on water
quality.
Facilitate the Government to take appropriate policy
decision for the protection of water resources
28

Reduction of Non Revenue Water
Constitution of Non revenue Water for Year 2012
Revenue
Billed Constitution of Non Revenue
Water
Water

System Input
VolumeAuthorized
Consumption
96,457,461
m3/ Year44.3 %

217,477,178
m3
Water Losses
121,019,717
m3/ Year55.7 %

Authorised
Consumption

Non
Revenue
Water

Unbilled
Authorised
Consumption(Estimated122,444,717 Figure)m3/ Year
Apparent
56.3 %
LossesReal Losses

29

95,032,461
m3/ Year
43.7 %
1,425,000,
m3/ Year
0.6 %84,286,302
m3/ Year
38.8 %

36,733,415
m3/ Year
16.9 %

Actions undertaken to Reduce Non Revenue Water in 2012
 49,266 leaks were reported and 48,841 were attended.
 Water meters replacement programme is ongoing toeliminate meters that under-read.
 An Antifraud Team continuously track down illegal
connections and suspicious low consumption figures.
 Implementation of Telemetry system.
 Ongoing practice of pressure management andinstallation of pressure reducing valves.

30

Water Supply Service Standards/ Performance Indicators
for Year 2012
Total New Supplies Connected
Total Leaks Attended
Total Complaints (Other than Leaks)
attended
New Pipelines Constructed
No. Of Consumers linked to GIS

31

8, 532
48,84160,29365 km
316,411

Management of Water Supply Service on a Self
Supporting Basis The Central Water Authority is responsible for thetreatment and distribution of water for domestic,
industrial and commercial uses.
 For the above purpose the CWA has all the necessary
departments/ divisions for treatment, distribution,
operations and maintenance, design, procurement andconstruction of major pipelaying network, billing,collection of revenue and other supporting services.
 The CWA is self supporting, but has access tofinancing from Government and other Financing
Institutions through soft loans.
32

Major Recent Achievement in Improvement of Water
Supply Services/Management
2005

Indicators

2012

4.71

Staff/1000 Connections

2.84

191,625,000 m3

Production Capacity

217,477,178 m3

WHO standards

Water Quality

WHO Standards

99 %Coverage Area

99.8 %

6- 24 hours

Supply Duration

6 -24 Hours

0.4-1.0 bars

Supply Pressure0.4- 1.0 bars

263,500

Number of Connections

334,433

56 %

NRW

56 %

Collection Ratio
1240

Staff Number

33

951

Major Recent Achievement in Improvement of Water
Supply Services/Management
 Some 65 km of pipelines have been constructed in

2012.

Project

Cost ( Million MUR)----- Million USD
Pipeline from Old Plaine des Papayes Reservoir to New Plaine des(124) ---- 4.13
Papayes Reservoir.
Transfer of Water from Mont Ida Reservoir to L'Unite Reservoir( 110)---- 3.66
Rehabilitation Works from Pierrefonds to Old Bosquet Reservoir(42)---- 1.4
Water Supply to Jinfei (Ex-Tianli) Complex at Riche Terre(109)---- 3.63
Construction of Pipelines for Camp Fouquereaux and Alma(306)---- 10.2
Pumping Main from River la Foret to Mont Blanc Treatment Plant(32.7)---- 1.09
34

Major Recent Achievement in Improvement of Water Supply
Services/Management
Water Quality laboratory
Potable Water
Chemical Analysis

No. Of Samples Collected12681

Compliance to Standards

98.97 %

Bacteriological analysis No. Of Samples Collected

1430

Compliance to Standards

89.3

No. Of Samples Collected

2559

Compliance to Standards

96.87

Residual Chlorine Test

35

Problems identified
 High water loss in transmission pipelines almost

throughout the Island
 Inadequate water storage capacity
 Increasing algae growth in surface water sources.
 24 hour service cannot be assured.
 Low quality of pipe materials
 High turnover of technically qualified personnel Lack of training in water related fields.
 Low size of pipelines in certain areas.
 Sensitive issue for Government to increase tariffs if

population do not see improved service
36

Priority Problem to beaddressed
Reduction of Non Revenue Water through Pipe Replacement Programme Replace inaccurate meters
 Harnessing new water sources

37

Expectation for the Japanese Private Companies & water
Supply Utilities Learning from the Japanese experience on water

management, protection of water resources, leakage
detection and reduction of non revenue water.
 Strategies to deal with water supply during water
stressed situations (water scarcity) Implementation of appropriate water treatment
processes to deal with new challenges- algae growth inreservoirs, increased use of fertilisers in reservoir
catchment areas, etc
38

Thank You

39

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（A）

Kenya-.40 -

COUNTRY REPORT
1. Brief description of Narok Water andSewerage Company.

Kenya

41

Name: Narok Water & Sewerage
Services Company.
Role:
The company is charge with the responsibility ofproviding portable water and sewerage services tothe residence of Narok town and it’s environs.
The company is a limited liability company own by
the town council of Narok and Rift Valley Water
Services Board.
Currently am serving as the Managing Director of
the company.
Attached is organization chart.

42

Organization chart
BOARD OF DIRECTORInternal Audit –Managing Director

Commercial Manager.

1. Water Billing
2. Meter Reading

Administration & Human
resource.

Technical Manager

1. Revenue,

2. Customer Care

Water supply & O&M

Procurement Officer

Sewerage
Superintendent

Human
resource

Administration;- Driver- Office Assistant- Pump Assistant-Exhauster

Accounts Clerk

43

2. Flow chart from intake to water tap.
Chlorination
Chemicaldosing ation
Clear watertank

Water Intake

Filtration

Raw transmission
main

Sedimentation

Household Connections

Pump House

Service pipe

Clear watertransmission
main

Water
Reservoir

Distribution main

Service pipe

Household Connections44

3. Current situation f water resourcesin the organization.
3.1 geographical background.
The forest cover within the company area ofjurisdiction is around 20%. Residential land isapproximately 10%. the rest is occupied byfarmlands. (mainly crop farming and livestock
keeping)45

3.2 the precipitation per month.
Narok town experience two raining seasons per
year. The long rains occurring in March, April
and May and the “short rains” in October andNovember.
Jan

Feb

Mar

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec

85.19

80.86

97.94

134.3

92.73

33.2

18.8

21.93

26.79

30.28

73.2

74.1

46

3.3 Available Water Resources.
Enkare Narok River is the main source of waterfor company. This is a perennial river with amonthly variation of discharges (m3/sec)Meanmonthlydischar
ge

Jan

Feb

Mar

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec

0.109

0.047

0.061

0.23

0.193

0.122

0.257

0.315

0.288

0.241

0.115

0.122

47

3.4 Intake Water Volume
Daily intake water volume 2000m3
Annual intake water volume 730,000m3

48

3.5 WATER SOURCE OF THE FUTURE
Due to quality of underground water the water
resources of the future will be surface water (Enkare Narok river). There is highconcentration of floride and the yield fromexisting bore hole is below 15m3

49

4. POLICY AND REGULATORYENVIRONMENTThe Ministry of Environment, Water andNatural Resources is responsible for policy
direction within the country .It set the generalpolicy direction for the whole water sector. The
Water Services Regulatory Board is charge withthe responsibility of regulating the water
services sector. It approves tariffs, monitor
quality and service standards. Water Resourcesmanagement authority manages waters sources
i.e rivers, lakes and and underground water.
50

5. WATER RATE AND BILL
5.1 Water Rate System
The company is applying water tariff approvedby the Water Services Regulatory Board in
March 2013. The tariff is derived in way to cover
the cost of production. The current rate isapproximate One USD per m3.the tarriff isprogressive and increase with consumption to
1.5 USD per m3.
51

5.2 Bill Collection System.
The company operates an automated billingsystem.
Billing is done on a monthly basis on the that is
4th week of the month. Customer are allowed
two weeks to make payment and disconnection
is done on the third week of the month.

52

6. WATER QUALITY
6.1. Water Source Management.
The main source of water for the company is
Enkare Narok river. This river originated from
Mau forest which is once of the main water
tower for the country. The government has
taken steps to conserve this catchment byprohibiting human settlement within the forest.
A long the river, the Enkare Narok Resource
Users Association under the Water Resources
53

Management Authority ensure that farmers andpastoralist adopt and apply better agricultural
techniques so as not to contaminate the river.
The company is member of the WRUA andactively participate in its activities.

54

6.2 Drinking Water Quality Standard
SL.NO

Substance or characteristics

Unit

1
2

ColourTrue colour units

3
4
5

Suspended matter

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Taste and colour
Turbidity

NTU, maxHardness as CaCo3

Mg/1,max

Total dissolved solids
Aluminum as A1
Chloride as CL
Copper as Cu

Zinc as Zn
PH15

Ks 05 -459

Nil

Nil

KS 05 -459

1,500

1,500

KS 05 -459

0.1

250

Mg/1,max

Mg/1,max

Sulphate as SO4

15

500

Mg/1,max

Sodium as Na

Manganese as Mn

Methods of test5

Mg/1,max

Mg/1,max

Bottled drinking water

Shall not be offensive to consumers

Mg/1, max

Iron as Fe

Drinking water

0.1

0.3

Mg/1,max

0.1

200

Mg/1,max
Mg/1,max

Shall not be offensive to consumers

1

500
`0.1

250
0.1

6.5 to 8.5

6.5 to 8.5

5

Calcium as Ca

Mg/1,max

250

250

Mg/1,max

1.5

1.5

Ammonia (N)Fluoride as F*
Arsenic as As

Cadmium as Cd

0.2 + 0.5

Mg/1,max

0.5

Mg/1,max

0.05

Mg/1,max

0.005

100
Nil

0.5

0.05

Selenium as Se

Mg/1,max

0.01

0.01

Cyanide as CN

Phenolic substances
Barium as Ba

Nitrate as NO3

Mg/1max

0.05

Mg/1,max

0.01

Mg/1,max

0.002

Mg1/,max

Mg1/,max

10.

55

10

KS 05 -459
KS 05 -459
KS 05 -459
KS 05 -459
KS 05 -459
KS 05 -459
KS 05 -459

KS 05 -459

KS 05 -459

0.05

Chromium as Cr

KS 05 -459

0.001

0.05

0.001

KS 05 -459

KS 05 -459

Mg/1,max

Mg/1,max

KS 05 -459

0.005

Lead as Pb

Mercury (total Hg)

KS 05 -459

KS 05 -459

400

100

KS 05 -459

200

0.1

Mg/1,max
Mg/1

KS 05 -459

KS 05 -459

Magnesium as Mg

Chlorine concentration

KS 05 -459

0.3

400
5

Ks 05 -459

0.05

KS 05 -459

KS 05 -459
KS 05 -459

0.01

KS 05 -459

1.0

KS 05 -459

0.002

10

KS 05 -459
KS 05 -459

6.3 drinking water quality monitoring
system.
To ensure the quality of water supplied to ourconsumer is good we carry out analysis of raw
and treated water. The company measure theturbidity of both treated and raw water todetermine the amount of chemicals to be used
for treatment.

56

Other test are the PH, temperature and residual
chlorine .
Rift Valley Water Services Board conduct routine
monitoring of water quality on quarterly basis
this involves both the bacteriological andchemical tests. Other organization that conducts
monitoring are the public health department
and Kenya Bureau of Standard.

57

6.4 the company laboratory is not wellequipped to carry out all the necessary test.
It’s manned by one laboratory technologist.
The facilities can only be used for testing thebasic test i.e. PH, turbidity, temperature andResidual chlorine58

6.5 The Technical Manager and Water
Superintendants discuss with the water
treatment plan staff on weekly basis on thequality report and take the necessary
corrective caution. They discuss internalreports as well as the reports produce byother institutions.

597.1 Narok Water and Sewerage Company is incharge with the responsibility of supply
portable water to Narok town and its
environs. The population of Narok is about
43,500 people. Due to old infrastructure
dating back to 1940’s the company is able toserve about 15000 people. Current production
is 1700m3/per day against a demand of almost
5000m3.
60

The company operates a rationing programme
and about 5000 consumers have water on a
24hr basis. This are consumers in estates near
the District Hospital and Maasai Mara
University. The average hours of service is 8hrs.
From the treatment works, water is pumped
directly to consumers this is because thecompany does not have enough storage
facilities. The main cause being investment inwater infrastructure has been in tandem withthe rapid expansion of the town. NRW currently
stands at 46%.
61

8. PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION
Private sector participation in the water sector is still at
the infancy stage. This is because the sector has not been
efficient in its operation.
The reforms in the water sector that were started in 2002
were mainly aimed at commercialization of the water
operation. The formation of water utility companies has
enable the sector to meet its cost of operation and attract
investments mainly in the form of loans for infrastructuredevelopment. A number of N.G.Os and development
partners (donor agencies) has been actively participatingin capacity building for water sector institutions.
62Currently the government through Water
Services Regulatory Board approves regulated
water tariffs, ensure compliance with water
quality standards and approves water service
providers.
The government through Water Service Board
carry out capital investments ( infrastructuredevelopment)

63

9. PRIVATIZATION
9.1 current situation
Privatization in the water sector is not welldeveloped. this is due to enabling legislation. The
Government has formed aprivatization commission
to into possible areas of collaboration with theprivate sector. The Ministry of Environment, Water
and Natural Resources has developed a concept
paper on the possible area where private, public
partnership may be viable.
649.2 Possible Type of Privatization-BOT & concession for new facilities andtakeover of the existing or newly constructedwater services facility.
- Management contract: for Non Revenue
Management, internal operation, enhancing
operational effectiveness- Lease contact for entire water facility or
stand alone component e.g. waterproduction, treatment, distribution e.t.c.
65

10. OTHER SOURCES OF WATER• Little Narok Water Supply• Rain water catchment• Raw water from the river10.2 due to the rationing schedule, most of thelarge consumers have large storage facilities.
- Plastic water tank.
- Underground masonry tanks of between 10m3 to
50m3
66

10.3 Narok town currently does not have aconvectional sewerage system,. The residents rely
on improved pit latrine and septic tanks.
The company offer exhausters services and which
are dispensed in the town council drying beds.
The company has developed a concept paper on
sewerage system and currently looking for potential
donors/ e.g. from government or development
partners to assist.
67

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（A）

Serbia- 68-

Water Supply Administration for Better
Managementof Water Supply Services
Country ReportCountry: Serbia

69Organization profile
Organization: National government
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water
Management-Directorate for Water
Responsibilities:- Water management policy- Multipurpose water usage- Water regime- Protection from water- Water protection measures- International cooperation- Other activities according to the Law on Water

Position: Senior Advisor in Subdivision for administrative
analytical activities and standards in the field of water
management
70andDepartment for
the Legal,
Financial and
Administrative
Affairs

Department foradministrative
and analyticaltasks andstandards inthe field of
waterGroup for strategicplanning andmanagement andinternational cooperation in thefield of waterGroup for water
use andprotection ofwater from
pollution

Directorate
for Water

Group forprotection fromthe harmful
effects ofwater

Department of
Water
Inspectorate
71Regional System Rzav

City-inhabitants-reservoir

Arilje 7000
2x1000 m³

Row water Pipe
Ø1200-2848 m

Pozega 13000
1500 m³
Water
Treatment
Intake fromriver Rzav
Barrier Sevelj

Pump

Plant

StationI 1200 l/s

1000 l/s

II 2300 l/s

Cacak 73000
8000 m³+ 5000 m³

Reservoirs

Lucani 4300

8200 m³

2x1000 m³

Gorni Milanovac
Pipes 77886 m

24216
3500 m³

72

Water resources
Geographical background-division of land (ha):forest: 2.220.328
urban areas: 221.321
arable land:2.016.576
pastures:154.724
Surface water: 84.021

Average precipitation (437 precipitation stations):
730 mm/year (from 600 in lower regions -1000mm/year
in higher regions)the most: May-July, at least: January-March,max/day 220mm, max/year 1885 mm

Water resources: ground water and surface water73

Policy and regulations
Ministries responsible for certain aspects:
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management
Ministry of Regional Development and Local Self-Government
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Construction and Urbanism
Ministry of Energy, Development and Environmental Protection
Ministry of Natural Resources, Mining and Spatial Planning
Ministry of Finance and Economy
Regulations:
The Water Low
The Low on Assets Owned by the Republic of Serbia
Law on Communal Activities
The Water Master Plan
The Local Self-Governance Low
The Concession Low
The Planning and Construction Low
The Low on Public Companies and Public Interest Activities
Process of legal harmonization with the European Union regulations
74

Water rate system and the bill collection
systemMinistry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management(Low on Water)-the water asset fee water extracted from surface water or groundwater for
drinking, irrigation, process, municipal, and/or otherpurposes
 abstracts and/or distributes water by means of a regionalor multipurpose water system water extracted for drinking water supply by means of apublic water supply system
 companies and other legal entities 421,6 dinars/m3(0,4€)
 citizens 218,2 dinars/m3 (0,2€)
Local authorities (Law on Communal Activities-Ministry ofConstruction and Urbanism)-tariffs
 drinking water that is distributed to the public water system(unified collection and different tariffs)
 companies and other legal entities 0,8-1€/m3
 citizens average 0,3-0,35€/m3
75

Current situation of water quality
management
Water Source Management Regulated by the Water Low
 Water enactments:
 water criteria, procedure for the preparation of technical documentation
for construction or reconstruction
 water approval establishes that the technical documentation has been
prepared in conformity with issued water criteria
 Water permit defines the method, conditions, and extent of water use

Regulations
 Directive EU for drinking water 98/83 EC
 Rule on limit values for priority substances and priority hazardous
substances in surface waters and the deadlines for the achievement
thereof Rule on limit values for pollutants in surface waters and thedeadlines for the achievement thereof Rule on limit values for pollutants in surface waters, groundwaters
and sediment Regulation on Hygienic Quality of Drinking Water
 Rule on Sanitary protection zones of water sources for drinking
water supply76

Monitoring system Annual program of monitoring of water status
 Annual program for Continuous measurement ofwater quantity and testing of water quality forwater bodies from which more than 100 m3/day
can be abstracted for the supply of drinking
water and/or water for sanitary and hygienic
needs in the future

Measurement and testing National organization responsible for hydrometeorological affairs
 Legal entity authorized by the Ministry(certificate of accreditation)
77

Water Supply Services- Private Sector Participation -Privatization
Water supply services
 Population: 7 186 862
 Population served by the utilities: 77% (with 24 hours supply of
potable water) Non ravenue water (NRW): 30% (through leaks and theft or metering
inaccuracies)

Private sector participation and privatization
 No private sector investments or any kind of participation
 Local governments form the PUC and exercise management rights over them the PUC are not owners the property they use, and neither are theirfounders - cities and municipalities
 Owner of all assets used by PUC is state Strategy for restructuring the local PUC
 Strategy for transformation the local PUC
78

The ordinary activities of PUC(Law on Communal Activities)
 Water purification and distribution of water Purification and drainage of rainwater and wastewater Production and distribution of steam and hot water Transportation of passengers in public transport
 Maintaining cleanliness in towns and villages in themunicipality
 Organization and maintenance of parks, greenways andrecreational areas
 Maintenance of streets, roads and other public areas incities and other neighborhoods and public lighting
 Maintaining landfills
 Organization and maintenance of cemeteries
79

National government involvement:
 Financing
 the preparation of a water balance, monitoring of the availabilityof water resources and measures for ensuring efficient use andprotection
 preparation of groundwater balances by resource water quality testing and investigations at the water source protection of the sources of water supply;
 the erection and reconstruction of publicly-owned water
constructions for regional water supply systems and municipal
water supply systems (water abstraction facilities, drinking water
treatment plants, principal water mains and their appurtenances Reference price of water establish a methodology for the calculation of the price charged
for the supply of drinking water by means of a public watersupply system stipulate criteria for the determination of the reference price ofwater;
 set the reference price of water.

80

Other
Alternative water supply

private wells for individual supplying and as
secure water for large buildings

Sewage systems in Serbia








Population connected to the sewerage system :46%
26 WWTP (8 WWTP meet the criteria)
To extend sewerage system to 65% by 2019
Implementation of Council Directive 91/271/EEC

Solid waste disposalIllegal dumping (about 4 481) and several landfills
Plan: transfer stations for waste and regional
landfills
81

Problems Funding limitations: for construction,
operation and maintenance Inappropriate institutional framework:
divided and often unclear responsibilities
 Inadequate cost-recovery framework:
consequence of the economic and legal
framework situation

82

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（A）

Ethiopia- 83 -

**Water supply administration for better management ofwater supply services (A) J13-00774

84

Basic Information
 Ethiopia is situated in East Africa

Total area-1.1million sq.km
 Capital City Addis Ababa
9 States 2 city administration
Total no of Cities 116 out of these 22 are large cities
Ethiopia’s topographical diversity encompasses highand rugged mountains, flat-topped plateaus, and deep
gorges with rivers and rolling plains with altitudes ranging
from 110 m below sea level to over 4,600 m above sea
Lake Tana in the north is the source of the Blue Nile
Total Population -84.3 million
 Estimated coverage population with water supply 68.5%(54.8 mil)
Estimated coverage population with sanitation 56%(44.8 mil)
Average Annual Rainfall -848mm
Has atropical monsoon climate with wide topographicalinduced variation. And have three climate zones;

Cool zones
Temprate zones
Hot low lands
Language-Amharic(official),Oromo, Tigrigna , & other
85

86

*
* Addis Ababa is located in the centre of the country andwas created in 1887GC.
* Piped water service was started in Addis Ababa since
1900G.C.
* Accordingly, Addis Ababa Water And Sewerage Service
Authority were set up as per proclamation no. 68/1963, in
1963EC (1971GC).
* And in 1987EC (1995GC) additional powers were invested
with the authority, while being reestablished with a slightly
different name, i.e., Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage
Authority (AAWSA)Type of organization
Independent Authority

My occupation is

Branch manager
87* The organization is government organization established by thecity government responsible for distribution of water, collecting
bill and disposal of west water Since2010 the organization enter into business process
reengineering focusing on the vision mission and objective of theorganization

 In 2011 the organizational business plan is also done by consultant
firm

88

89

*
90

91

*

92

•The total amount of annual water supply 136,500,000m3•Maximum daily water supply demand 460,000 m3/day•Average water supply demand 322,000 m3/day•Estimated total production volume 374,000 m3/day
Number of treatment plant 3

Figure 6 Legedadi & Gefersa Water Treatment plant•Total capacity of treatment plants 195,000 m3/day

93

#121(10-10,000m3) reservoir
in different area

Distribution Pipes•Length = 2837km•Pipe size 50mm - 400mm•Materials
UPVC,
GS,
HDPE, DCI, ISOP, Steel &
JISP
94

*

 A total of 60

Reservoirs & Pumping
Stations
exist.
 At 24 d/f sites.
• 41Reservoirs&19mainP.St.
 Reservoir Capacities
Rang
30 – 10,000M3b• NW15 Pressure Zone
• TOTALWNW=3,700km

95*
Increaseing daily waterproduction from 374,000m3/d to420,000m3/d

 Drilling of 56 deep wellsof depth reaching 600m
or more to produce
90,000m3/d.

 Rehabilitation of Legdadi treatment plant3

to increase the capacity by 30,000 m /d.

96

*Table Current Tariff rates of AAWSACharge of solidwastemanagement

Charge formaintenanceType

Category

Consumption m3

Rate (ETB/m3)

Public tabs

No band

>0

1.75

5%

1%

1st band0 - 7 m3

1.75

20%

1%

2nd band8 - 20 m3

3.80

20%

1%

3rd band21 - 40 m3

4.75

20%

1%

4th band41 - 100 m3

5.95

20%

1%

5th band101 - 300 m3

7.45

20%

1%

6th band301 - 500 m3

9.30

20%

1%

7th band> 500 m3

11.60

20%

1%

1st band0 - 7 m3

1.75

42%

1%

2nd band8 - 20 m3

3.80

42%

1%

3rd band21 - 40 m3

4.75

42%

1%

4th band41 - 100 m3

5.95

42%

1%

5th band101 - 300 m3

7.45

42%

1%

6th band301 - 500 m3

9.30

42%

1%

7th band> 500 m3

11.60

42%

1%

Domestic

Non Domestic

RemarkFlat rate

Domestic customers
are treated in a
progressive tariff
system

Non Domestic
customers shall pay
the amount in theband they aregrouped for theirconsumption.

97* All the three catchments are conserved by participating

the surrounding community there a need for more effort
to be done for this activity with the high industrial
development in the city and the surrounding area At all treatment areas and dams the water is treatedfollowing international standards
 The organization have its Owen independent laboratory
for water quality
 It is checked every day before it is sent to the
distribution system
 Every day samples are taken from all representative
areas of the city to assure the quality up to individual
customer98* The challenge with the system is that the distribution lines
are old and there is a linkage as well as no constant supply
and pressure which could Couse water contamination

 The NRW project is held by the office to come over thisproblem99

Water Quality
Tap Water
Raw water(Treatedwater)
Turbidity (degree)
300-1600 (NTU)< 1NTU
Color (degree)
1500-4000 (TCU)< 5TCUpH
7.4 - 7.8
7.4 - 7.8
Hardness (ppm)
34
34
Iron (ppm)
0.2-0.4< 0.01Manganese (ppm)
0.033
0.008
Nitrate Nitrogen (ppm)
0.004
0.004
Others Phosphate
0.15
0.15
(ppm)
100

*
 The water supply service is the challenging activity in thecity The topography of the city challenging the distribution
 The shortage of water in proportion to the population
 Long time service of the distribution line in the city101

Photo102

movieWater Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（A）

Afghanistan-103 -

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（A）

Zambia- 121-

Water Supply Administration for Better
Managementof Water Supply Services
1. Country: Zambia
2. Position: Senior Engineer – Water andSanitation
3. Organization: Department of Housing
and Infrastructure
Development –Ministry of Local
Government andHousing1
122

Zambia’s profile: Background

Water service provision
There are three forms of water service provision in urban areas in Zambia:
Commercial Utilities, Local Authorities and Private Schemes. In 2012 there
were 11 Commercial Utilities which were formed between 1988 and 2010.
They are owned by the Local Authorities and provide water services to morethan 80% of the urban population with access to improved water supply. The
size of the utilities ranges from 3,500 to more than 78,000 connections as
their capacities differ considerably. There are 7 Private Schemes that are run
by commercial entities whose core business is not water supply that supply
water to their employees for free. In rural areas, district councils are in chargeof water supply with the assistance of provincial support teams.
Whole Country:
Area: 752,618 km2

Population: 14,310,000Habitants
Coverage Water Supply: 72.4% (81.8 % National Urban Water Coverage& 63% National Rural Water Coverage)
Selected Water Supply System/City: Lusaka Water and Sewerage
Company – Lusaka City
Service Area : 360 km2
Population Served: 2.1 million

123

2Mission
Mission of my organization is to promote a decentralised anddemocratic local government system and facilitate the provisionof efficient and effective delivery of quality housing, infrastructureand social services by local authorities and other stakeholders forsustainable development.
 My mission in the organization is to apply my skills and knowledge
in order to facilitate the efficient and effective delivery of watersupply and sanitation services to all Zambians through local
authorities and other stakeholders for sustainable and economic
development.
 My actual job to achieve the mission is to prepare annual work
plans for the urban water supply and sanitation section as guides toactivities to be undertaken during the year, to facilitate the buildingof capacity in Local Authorities to prepare project proposals forpossible capital funding; to facilitate the development of sustainableurban and rural water supply, sanitation and waste disposal
systems; to promote the establishment of linkages between Local
Authorities and Co-operating partners; to participate in the selectionof Contractors and Consultants; and to provide technical advice on
3
to Local Authorities on management of projects.
124Organizational Chart

125

4

1. Management of water quality
1-1 Challenges of Water Quality
Contaminated water source, failure to adequately treat the water, inadequate water treatment facilities,
vandalism of water and sanitation infrastructure and sheer laxity to comply are among the major
problems for Lusaka and other cities.
There are also dangers of Groundwater Pollution in certain peri-urban areas of Lusaka. These
challenges usually pose a health and environmental hazard.
1-2 Actions against the problems
Capacity building and training is being undertaken on how to best manage the quality of water; thisincludes pollution prevention of both ground and surface water.
Government is revising the water policy so that the WSS programmes for both Urban and Rural are
implemented effectively, and this will ensure water quality.
The National Water Supply and Sanitation Council, NWASCO (economic regulator) is implementing
guidelines, ensuring that all water providers meet required standards for water supply and sanitation
including WHO guidelines.
1-3 Monitoring System and Plan to ensure water quality and safety
Responsibilities in the water sector are clearly separated between the Ministry of Local Governmentand Housing (policy), National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (economic regulation) and local
government as well as commercial utilities owned by local government (service provision in urban
areas).
The Ministry of Local Government and Housing is in charge of sector policies. Within the Ministry the
Department of Housing and Infrastructure Development (DHID) is responsible for water supply andsanitation infrastructure, planning and resource mobilization. DHID established a specific Rural Water
Supply and Sanitation Unit (RWSSU) in 2003 and shortly thereafter also a unit for Urban Water Supply
and Sanitation (UWSSU).
Economic regulation of water supply and sanitation services is the task of the National Water Supply
and Sanitation Council (NWASCO) which oversees tariff adjustments, minimum service levels, financial
projection and investment planning and corporate governance.
51262. Reduction of non-revenue water1
Constitution of Non-revenue Water – Lusaka Water and Sewerage
Company 2012

Revenuewater
Authorized
consumption
Systeminput
volumeWater
lossesNon
Revenue
Water
(NRW)

Billed authorized
consumption

40,383,285 m3/year( 51.2 %)Unbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting, cleaning)

499,685 m3/year( 0.6 %)

Apparent losses( Unauthorized
consumption(i.e. Illegal use, Customer
metering inaccuracies )11,399,680 m3/year( 14.5 %)Real losses(Leakage)

26,540,245 m3/year 6
( 33.7 %)127

2. Reduction of non-revenue water2
2-1 Challenges
LWSC has identified Non Revenue Water (NRW) as one of its biggest challenges withwater losses still averaging above 45%. The utility has experienced physical and commercial
losses, and also inaccuracies in measurements as below:
Aged infrastructure; Rampant vandalism; Excessive Network Pressure;
Unidentified underground leakages; Delays in repairing Pipe failures;
Tank over-flows and spillages; Meter under-registration; Meter Reading Errors
Un-authorized Consumption; Data handling and accounting errors.
2-2 Action taken
To reduce NRW, LWSC is undertaking the following:
Increasing property metering and institute appropriate Meter management which include theconsistent meter performance monitoring for timely meter replacements and to improve meterreading practices and data handling for reduced human errors by way of using hand held units orAutomatic Meter Reading (AMR).
LWSC is also going to consistently monitor high consuming properties for accuracy in billing andundertake a thorough database cleanup in the 14 DMAs to ensure that all properties receiving
water supply get billed for the service.
2-3 Achievement
Though NRW has not reduced much, achievements made are that the number of connections has
increased leading to a higher number of customers paying revenue, but more metering should be
done.
Besides, the number of supply hours per day have increased from 17 to at least 20, however, thisvaries from place to place.
1287

3. Water supply service standards /Performance Indicators
3-1 Challenges of water supply service standards
A large number of unmetered customers is among the challenges affecting the standards of watersupply service for the Lusaka water utility and others .
Other challenges are a low rate of cost recovery despite tariff increases in urban areas; limited
capacity in the sector and insufficient progress in increasing access to sanitation.
A high level of Non Revenue Water in urban areas; a high rate of non-functioning rural water
systems; and insufficient investment levels despite substantial foreign aid are other major
challenges.
Also, wastewater treatment plants regularly do not achieve effluent standards. Capacities of plants
like the Manchinchi in Lusaka have been out-grown by the population. Stabilization ponds such as
in Kaunda Square in Lusaka city are in a deplorable state and pose a serious environmental
hazard.
3-2 Actions against the problems
Consultancy services are being done on how to reduce Non Revenue Water.
Government and its Cooperating Partners have pumped funds in the water utilities to construct andrehabilitate water infrastructure, but much more needs to be done.
Metering of customers, including Government institutions, hospitals, universities and colleges, etc.
is also being undertaken.
3-3 Monitoring by Performance Indicators
Coverage of the Service area - % of the population served with drinking water. Drinking water
quality – No. of tests carried out and tests results within the national standards for drinking water.
Service Hours – Water supply hours per day and hours to attend to customers per week. Billing forservices – Billing, meter reading sequences, conditions for payment of bills by the customer.
Pressure in the network and Minimum Flow Rate at the Customer Point for Water Supply –Minimum flow rate of 7 litres/min required at customer connection. Etc.
129

8

4. Management of water supply service on a self-supporting basis
4-1 Challenges of Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company supporting itself in management ofwater supply
All CUs including Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company inherited dilapidated and inadequate
infrastructure from Local Authorities. To compound this, the rate of urbanisation and population growth
has not been matched by the rate of infrastructure development specifically for water supply andsanitation thereby impacting negatively on service delivery. Further, inadequate co-ordination indevelopmental planning has resulted in the allocation of plots without first providing the necessary
services such as roads, water and sewerage reticulation systems. This has contributed toindiscriminate drilling of boreholes by individuals and companies thereby depleting underground water.
Erratic payment of bills by consumers especially the Government remains a huge sectorial challenge
impacting the financial viability of the Commercial Utilities. Also, frequent power outages experienced
in the country have negatively affected operations in reducing quantities of water produced anddistributed resulting in low revenues generated and decreased consumer confidence in service
delivery vis-à-vis reduced hours of supply.
4-2 Current actions against the problem
There has been Government investment and external support from Cooperating Partners to address
the challenges though investment towards sanitation projects has been particularly negligible. The
Ministry of Local Government and Housing has developed guidelines for water supply while asanitation guideline is in draft. There is also need to further enforce the provision of the Act forCommercial Utilities to be consulted by Local Authorities in development planning. The regulator,
NWASCO has been engaging stakeholders to promote payment of bills for Water Supply andSanitation services but this needs to be a continuous process. CUs and NWASCO are lobbying
Government and the power supply company to secure dedicated power to treatment plants for stablewater supply.

130

9

5. Major recent achievement in improvement of watersupply services/management (PART1)
Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company
2009/2010

INDICATORS

2011/201211

Staff/1,000 connections

11

260,904

Production capacity m3/d

269,863

WHO Guidelines

Water quality

WHO Guidelines

70.2%

Coverage area

81.8%

17hr/dSupply duration

20hr/dN/A

Supply pressure

N/A

73,240

Number of connections

78,394

48%

NRW

44%

80%

Collection ratio

84%

777

Staff number

826

131

10

5. Major recent achievement in improvement ofwater supply services/management (PART2)
The water sector has evolved with 11 water utility companies
providing water supply services though several utilities needadequate financial and technical support for them to become
viable.
 Reforms have been done, and the water policy is being revisedso as to effectively provide water supply and sanitation to all
Zambians and achieve the MDGs by 2015 and vision 2030.
 The quality of water has improved and the number of watersupply hours have increased due to investment in infrastructure
by GRZ and its Cooperating Partners like JICA, World Bank, ADB,DANIDA and others.
 To strengthen consumer participation in WSS issues, NWASCO
instituted a roving consumer forum to be held in each province so
as to sensitise the public on their rights and obligations withregards to water supply and sanitation provision and service level
guarantees.
 In line with the National Water Policy, Water and Sewerage tariffs
have been increasing gradually in order to enable commercial
water utilities move towards full cost recovery.


132

11

6. Expectation for the Japanese private companies &Water Supply Utilities
As the Ministry, we expect Japanese private companies andWater Supply Utilities to partner with the Zambian Commercial
Water Utilities and help them in building capacity, as well as
assisting them on matters of project and financial management.
 We also expect Japanese companies and utilities to assist inproviding consultancy services in water supply and sanitation,
including project designing, monitoring, evaluation andassessment.
 Also expected is participation in the water supply contracts
through partnership with the Zambian water utilities as this will
not only help build capacity, but also provide a role model forthe utilities to follow when executing their projects.
 Any other assistance available that can make especiallyZambian water utilities that are limping sustain their operations
and achieve their goals of becoming world class water utilities
in providing water supply and sanitation are expected andwelcome.


133

12

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（A）

Sierra Leone- 134 -

COUNTRY REPORT ON WATER

135

COUNTRY REPORTCONTENTS ORGANIZATIONAL PROFILE FLOW CHART OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM POLICY AND REGULATION
 MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY
 REDUCTION OF NON REVENUE WATER
 WATER SUPPLY SERVICE STANDARDS MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY SERVIVE ON A SELF-SUPPORTING BASIS MAJOR RECENT ACHIEVEMENT IN IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SUPPLYSERVICES / MANAGEMENT

136

ORGANIZATIONAL PROFILE
The official name of the organization is the Sierra Leone Water Company

The Sierra Leone Water Company (SALWACO) was establishedby an Act of Parliament in 2001 to develop and operate in eachof the following specified areas (Lungi, Makeni, Koidu, Bo,
Kenema), satisfactory water services at reasonable cost and on
a self-supporting basis without adversely affecting theenvironment.
It has power to control water abstraction and pollution in thecatchments from which it takes water for its supply area.

137

KAMBIA WATER SUPPLY STATION CHATMy official position is Station
Managerof Kambia Water Supply
SystemThe Ministry of Water Resources
WATER DIRECTORATESIERRA LEONE WATER COMPANY

Kambia District Council

Kambia Water Supply and Sanitation Department- District Water Supply and Sanitation Manager

Water Rate
Collection Company

Urban Water Supply and Sanitation
Division- Administrator- Accountant- Customer Relations

Technical
District Water Supply
Support and Sanitation Engineer

Rural Water
Supply andSanitation
Division- STATION MANAGER(SALWACO)

Maintenance
Company(Public Entity)
Contract

Dispatch

Kambia Water Supply
and Sanitation Board(KWSSB)

Rokupr Water Supply
and Sanitation Board(RWSSB)

Other Town's Board tobe EstablishedTechnical Staff- Plant Manager- Operator- Plumber- Electrician- WorkerTechnical Staff- Plant Manager- Operator- Plumber- Electrician- WorkerTechnical Staff- Plant Manager- Operator- Plumber- Electrician- Worker

Water Rate Collector

Water Rate Collector

Water Rate Collector

Village
Development
Committee (VDC)

138

FLOW CHART OF WATER SUPPLY IN SIERRA LEONE
Kambia water supply system

KAMBIA WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Safe Drinking Water for Children

139THE GENERAL TREATMENT WORKSLAYOUT OF KAMBIA WATER TREATMENT PLANT

140

PICTURES OF THE KAMBIA WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

River

Swamp Intake with pumphouse

Weir Plate set to check Flow of Water Plain Sedimentation Basins

Filtration Process

Chemical Dosing Unit

Elevated Tank

Receiving Well with
ValvesEffluent trough used tocollect water

Public Taps

141

THE CURRENT SITUATION OF POLCY AND REGULATION
The water supply sector in Sierra Leone has been until recently been characterized
by the absence of a clear water policy.
Despite the abundant water resources, accessto safe drinking water is very limited.
The deficiencies are now been address with thedevelopment of a number of planning and policy
initiatives.
The key initiative is the NWSP 2010
The aim of the NWSP is to improve the integrated and cross sectional approaches towater management and development. Which will help to improve the financing,management, and delivery of sustainable water services in Sierra Leone and to enable
whole rural and urban communities to adopt safe hygiene and sanitation practices andconsume safe water.
142

THE CURRENT SITUATION OF POLCY AND REGULATION Cont…
WHAT ARE THE POLICY OBJECTIVES To develop a comprehensive framework for
management of water resources.
 To improve the provision of safe watersupplies and sanitation facilities through acoordinated approach.

AREAS ADDRESSEDBY POLICY Water Resource Management
 Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Rural Water Supply
 Hygiene and Sanitation

 To address cross sectional interest in water
resources
through
integrated
andparticipatory approaches.

 Institutional, Legal and Regulatory
Framework To ensure stakeholders participation in the
management of water resources.

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE

 To put in place implementation strategies
for sustainable development
andmanagement of water resources.

 Effective Water Resources Management meansImprovement of Urban Water Supply and
Sewerage meansImproved Rural Water Supply meansImproved Hygiene and Sanitation meansAn effective Institution, Legal and Regulatory
Framework means
143THE CURRENT SITUATION OF POLCY AND REGULATION Cont…

LEGISLATIONSThe Guma Valley Water Act (1961)
The Water (Control and Supply) Act (1963) that leadto the formation of the Water Supply Division(WSD)
The Sierra Leone Water Company Act (2001)
The Environmental Protection Act (2000)
Local Government Act (2004)
Public Health Act 1996 and the 2004 Addendum
144

MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY
The most important demand of
Water in S/L is for domestic use
Absolute pure water is rarely
Found although the surface waterin S/L is of good quality
GoSL have set certain standards
 Responsibility of National waterlaboratory to check and analyze water Testing the physical, chemical, biological,
radiological agents that has the potential
to cause harm.

CURRENT SITUATION AND MAJOR
CHALLANGES IN SIERRA LEONE Lack of comprehensive knowledge ofthe surface water and groundwater
potential Lack of up to date information onwater quality
 No legislation on water quality
monitoring Dilapidated and non-functional water
quality laboratory
 Serious health risks from water
related diseases
145

MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY CONT…
ACTIONS TO HELP IMPROVE WATERQUALITY IN SIERRA LEONE The formation of the Ministry of

Water Resources The establishment of Water
Directorate and the enactment of the
National Water policy that will
promote good water quality measures Ongoing scientific study on groundwater mapping and surface water The rehabilitation of the National
Water Quality Laboratory

ACHIEVEMENTS
 National Water Quality Laboratory is

testing the quality of all water supply
systems in Sierra Leone and a database is prepared that will be
periodically updated
 There is continuous surveillance on
public health assessment and thesafety and acceptability of drinking
water supplies
 Effective treatment for some
unprotected hand dug wells as a way
to help combat the outbreak ofcholera146

MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY CONT…
At SALWACO water safety plans involves
System assessment, effective operational
monitoring and management plans Preventing pollution and

We protect
ourcatchment

We know
our source
water quality

PLAN OF SAFETY OF SUPPLIEDDRINKING WATER BY SALWACO

We control
thetreatment

IMPLEMENTATION

We protect
ourdistribution

Safe drinkingwater Effective chlorination
 Resources and source protection
 Collecting and evaluating available data Forestry protection Act 1999

contamination of our source water Treatment of water to remove or
reduce contamination that could bepresent to the extent necessary tomeet the water quality standards
 Prevention of re-contamination duringstorage, distribution and handling of
drinking water Application of the multiple barrier
approach147

PICTURES SHOWING THE CURRENT SITUATION ON
MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY

Collection of water sample for testing

Testing the physical properties

Testing of water quality without lab

Testing of water quality without lab

148

REDUCTION OF NON-REVENUE WATERNON-REVENUE WATER: Is the considerable difference between the amount of water
treated and put into distribution system and the amount of water billed to consumers

CURRENT SITUATION AND MAJOR
CHALLENGES/PROBLEMS About 46% of the treated water in

Sierra Leone is unbilled and 40% of
our old systems leak considerably Several unauthorized connection by
utilities Lack of knowledge of the magnitudeof the problems
 Lack of capacity of utility staffs invarious profession
 Lack of the management focus tohandle NRW Lack of the enabling environment andincentives

COMPONENTS OF NON-REVENUE WATER
IN SIERRA LEONENON-REVENUE WATER (NRW)PHYSICAL LOSS(REAL LOSS)COMMERCIAL LOSS(APPARENT LOSS)PIPE BREAKSAND LEAKSMETERING ERRORSSTORAGEOVERFLOWS

WATER THEFT

HOUSE CONNECTIONLEAKSBILLING ANOMALIES149

REDUCTION OF NON-REVENUE WATER CONT…
CURRENT ACTIONS AGAINST THE
PROBLEMSARCHIEVEMENTS

 Effective leakage reduction activities

 Increase knowledge about the Preparation of consumer data basesystem to aid better accountability,
marketing and customer orientation
 Current ongoing consumer survey andregistration
 Discouraging illegal connections which
promote fairness
 Capacity building for staffs so as toreduce NRW Private sector investment withperformance-based contract

distribution systems
 Reduction of property damage for
utilities
 Reduction in water loss Reduced risk of contamination
 More stabilized water pressure
throughout some distribution systems
 Small financial gains from water sales

150

WATER SUPPLY SERVICE STANDARDSThe people of Sierra Leone are entitled to a guaranteed minimum
Water service standards as laid by the Government of Sierra Leone
The provision of water supply is shared
Between GVWC, SALWACO and Local
Councils

MAJOR CHALLENGES/PROBLEMS Insufficient water production by utilities
 Old and inadequate distribution systems
 Lack of sufficient financial resources

The water supply
systems are inpoor conditions
and inadequate
to meet growing
demand Lack of competition between service

providers and natural monopoly exist in
the sector
 Unrealistically low tariff and highoperating cost
 Lack of adequate trained personnel
 Poor quality of service (water quality,
continuity of supply and service pressure)151

WATER SUPPLY SERVICE STANDARDS CONT…
CURRENT ACTIONS AGAINST THE
PROBLEMSMONITORING BY PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS (PI) The formation of the Ministry of Increase in number of people with

Water Resources Increase in Government investment in
the water sector
 Rehabilitation and reconstruction ofexisting water supply facilities in the
country
 Increase in capacity building programsfor both technical and administrativestaff
 Benchmarking for utilities and allactors in the sector

access to adequate potable watersupply from 46% in 2005 to 49% in 2009 Percentage reduction in unaccounted
for water
 Cost recovery in water supply services
 Quality of water supplied by utilities Continuity of water supply Time spent by women and children incollecting water

152

PICTURES SHOWING SOME PROBLEMS IN SIERRA LEONE AMONG WATER UTILITIES

Severe water leakage (NRW)

Damaged pipes in distribution networks

People fetching water from street taps

Women & children suffering for water
153

MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICE ON A SELFSUPPORTING BASIS
The situation in Sierra Leone is serious as all utilities are unable
to operate their facilities on a cost recovery basis leading to watercrisis in the capital city, district head quarter towns and villages.

CURRENT SITUATION AND MAJOR CHALLENGES/PROBLEMS Lack of better water supply facilities in the country leading to huge number of the

population without water Water utilities largely depends on the Government and external donor support
 Limited financial support to utilities by the Government
 Capacity limitations amongst existing sector institutions and utilities
 Devolution to Councils with limited capacities and with no program for capacity
development for the sector at the various level Dwindling external resources and weak returns on investment in the water sector

154

MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICE ON A SELFSUPPORTING BASIS CONT…
CURRENT ACTIONS AGAINST THE PROBLEM
 Rehabilitation and expansion of the existing Degremont facilities Use of alternative low cost technologies (gravity fed systems, slow

sand filtration systems, boreholes and hand dug wells)
 Ongoing tariff studies and setting up of a cost recovery tariff system
 Massive awareness raising campaigns to create reforms requiring
adequate fees for sustainability of the facilities
 Recommendation toward privatizations
 Enactment of a new water law which create a legislative framework
for all those in the sector
 Undertake extensive capacity building for sector institutions
155

MAJOR RECENT ACHIEVEMENT IN IMPROVEMENT OF
WATER SUPPLY SERVICES The establishment of rural water supply system for Kambia Town under Japanese

Grant-Aid The rehabilitation and reconstruction of existing water supply facilities that weredamaged during the war
 Strengthening institutional capacity and encouragement of private sector
participation in developing a sector policy and action plans Policy, legislative and institutional measures are now in place High sensitization to increase community awareness, public participation andincrease knowledge of water resources
 Massive support and financial assistance in developing new systems from Japan
International Cooperation Agency, World Bank, African Development Bank, AsianDevelopment Bank, Department for International Development and the Islamic
Development Bank etc.

156

Thank you for your attention

157

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（A）

Nigeria (1)-158-Water Supply Administration for
Better Management of Water
Supply Services (A)Country Report
Presented
By
Chief Admin. officer/ Head of Planning, Research &Statistics. FCT Water Board, Abuja, Nigeria

159

Fact Sheet
Location:

Federal Capital Territory of
Nigeria, Western Africa
Constituencies: 6 Area Councils
Total Area:
8,000 sq km (FCC 250 sq km)
Population:
2.5 million (Approx)
Literacy:70%
Natural Resources: Coal, columbite, Tantalite,
Granite, Precious Stones, Gem
StonesClimate:Dust haze, cold & dryness
Weather:Rainy & Dry seasons withbrief harmattan;
Geographic Features: Lush vegetation and richsoil, Rivers, Hills, Mountains& Forest.
FCT GDP at around US$5 billion (National Bureau of
Statistics)
Creation:
1976, Became official Capital
on12thDec. 1991
160

FCT

161

162

163

Background Statutory Provider of potable water in

the FCT ( Government owned Utility)
 Established in Oct., 1989. Previously
existed as a part of the Engineering
Department of the FCDA.

164

Responsibilities(Mandate) Manage & maintainall water works
 Ensure adequate
provision of watersupply of the rightquality & at equitable
rates

165

 Conduct research

for the purpose of
our functions & Submit reports ofsuch to the
Honourable Ministerto aid policy
formulations

Vision & Mission
 Vision:

To be a World Class Utility which is consistentin Excellent Service Delivery andUncompromising in the Quality of its product Potable Water.
 Mission:
To provide the residents of the Federal Capital
Territory with Potable water using the Best ofIndustry Technology and a Highly Skilled
Workforce for Exceptional Services.
166

Organogram
BOARD MEMBERS
DIRECTOR/SECRETAR
BOARD SECRETARIATMIS

PUBLIC RELATIONSLEGALINTERNAL AUDITPRS

PROCUREMENTSERVICOMQUALITY CONTROLADMIN & SUPPLIESLABORATORYFACILITY
MANAGEMENTCUSTOMER
CARE

BOARD SERVICESBILLING &DISTRIBUTIONPROMOTION,DISCIPLINE &APPOINTMENTPOLLUTIONCONTROLSTORESWATER QUALITY
MONITORING(RURAL)FINANCE & ACCOUNTSRURAL WATER & SANITATIONSANITATION &HYGIENE PROMOTION

DISTRIBUTION

PRODUCTION & RESERVOIRSTORAGE TANKSTRAINING &WELFARE

ELECTRICAL
WATER SUPPLYPLANNING,
MONITORING &EVALUATION

DETECTIONNETWORK DESIGN& IMPROVEMENTMECHANICALLOGISTICS

DAM SAFETY

PIPELINE
MONITORING/EXTENSIONPRODUCTION

DEBT RECOVERYREHABILITATION &MAINTENANCE
AREA OFFICESELECTROMECHANICALRESEARCH UNIT

PLANT MANAGER

METERINGDATA MANAGEMENTWATER QUALITY
MONITORING(URBAN)COMMERCEESTABLISHMENT &PENSIONSFINANCEACCOUNTCONNECTIONBUDGET

EXPENDITURE
CONTROL

CPO

FINAL ACCOUNTPIPELINES &TRANSMISSIONOPERATIONSCREDIT CONTROLSALARYRECONCILIATIONWATER MONITORING

SPECIAL PROJECTSREVENUE167

PHASES 3 & 4
TREATMENT
PLANTS PROJECT/GURARA PROJECTOperations
 Raw Water supply is provided from the Usuma

Dam which has a storage capacity of
100,000,000m3 augmented by the New Gurara
Dam which has a total capacity of 850,000,000m3
 Water treatment takes place at two prototype
plants that each have the capacity of treating 5000
m3 water per hour. Two more Plants (3rd & 4th)
are on the way (97% completed). Will give
additional 20,000m3/hr
 Treated water is transported by gravity to various
storage tanks from where it is distributed tovarious parts of the City .
168

Management of Water Quality
 1.1. Current Situation

Water quality is monitored from the catchment at
Lower Usuma Dam through every stage of thetreatment process, along the distribution network up
to the consumer end point.
The water storage tanks are periodically washed anddisinfected Quality is based on Nigerian Standards

for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ)
and World Health Organization (WHO)guidelines169Management of Water Quality
 Challenges◦ Insufficient treatment plants◦ Uncontrolled human activities
along the catchment area of the
Usuma River and its tributaries◦ Drain of waste (household &industrial )into the reservoir
during rainy season).
◦ Vandalization of water pipes◦ Restocking of fish by
Department of Agric.
◦ Criss crossing of water lines
with sewer pipes◦ Intrusions from expired G.I.
pipes
◦ Technology/chemicals
170

Human activity around
Catchment Area

Monitoring System Water Quality is

Utako

Wuye

G/LadaTank 3

K/Nyanya

Maitama

Kubwa

L/Camp

Jabi

Bwari

WHO
STD

NSDWQ

pH

6.95

6.88

6.9

6.73

6.90

6.87

6.76

6.62

6.87

6.88

6.5-8.5

6.5-8.5

Temperature

28

28.6

27.94

27.25

27.49

28

27.87

28.5

28.29

27.57

30

Ambient

Salinity

0.0

0.0

0.03

0.0

0.1

0.02

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

-

-

Conductivity

86.2

75.72

83.95

82.47

87.08

83.00

81.25

77.62

79.20

82.22

1250

-

TDS

40.75

34.6

41.89

39.07

40.17

44.50

40.17

36

37.71

36.88

1500

500

Turbidity

0.49

1.56

0.80

0.77

6.85

0.81

1.33

1.122

0.724

0.77

5.0

5.0

Res chlorine

0.39

0.17

0.08

0.44

0.17

0.14

0.51

0.442

0.29

0.035

0.2

-

Chloride ion

60.35

27.83

61.01

33.58

31.08

32.19

47.61

55.95

46.85

30

250

250

Total Alkalinity

39.50

32

46.67

32.43

34.58

32.00

33.98

38

34

31.75

100

-

Total Hardness

70.50

30.8

58.78

37.57

41.18

60.33

45.82

48.40

41.43

34.25

500

150

Manganese

-

0.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.5

0.2

Iron

-

0.105

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.3

0.3

MPN

<2.2

<2.2

>16.0

<2.2

<2.2

<2.2

<2.2

<2.2

<2.2

16.0

0

NIL

Coliform

-VE

-VE

+VE

-VE

-VE

-VE

-VE

-VE

-VE

+VE

-VE

-VE

E.Coli

-VE

-VE

+VE

-VE

-VE

-VE

-VE

-VE

-VE

-VE

-VE

-VE

Parameters

monitored from thetreatment plant to
the point ofconsumption allover the territory .
(Urban & Rural) Analysis of water
samples from none
Water Board
sources are alsodone at a fee.

Bacteriological171

Non –Revenue Water Realistic water balance for the FCT Water

Board is presently not possible due topaucity of data following near absence ofmetering at the treatment plants, trunklines, storage tanks and Zonal Metering(bulk meters or district metering).
 Presently estimated at 30%
 Plans are underway to install bulk meters at
TPs, Trunk Lines, Storage Tanks and Districts
172

Water Supply Service Standard
Infrastructure:
The Abuja Water Supply Master Plan -frameworks for the provision of
infrastructure: . It provides for the following facilities in phases: Raw Water Source◦ Initial Phase

LUD (100mcm)◦ Final Phase

Gurara Water Transfer Scheme (850mcm)

Water Treatment Plants◦ 12 WTP of 5,000m³ capacity each







1-Nr to provide for Phases I of FCC
2-Nr to provide for Phase III
3-Nr to provide for Phase III
6-Nr to provide for Final Phases (Phase IV)Transportation and Storage◦ About 29km 1500mm – 1000mm DI pipe to Tanks 3 & 4 (24,000m³ each), for Phase I◦ About 39km 1500mm – 1000mm DI pipe to Tanks 2 & 5(45,000m³ and 40,000m³ respectively),for Phase II◦ 2 lines of Combined lengths of 62km to Tanks 1 & 6 (40,000m³ each, originally 30,000m³ and40,000m³), for Phase III

3 lines to feed Tanks 7, 8, 9 and 10 (40,000m³, 45,000m³, 45,000m³ and 24,000m³),
for the Fourth and Final Phases
173

Current Status on the Implementation of
the Abuja Water Master Plan
Description

Remarks

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Reservoir Tanks Tanks 2, 3 and 4 have been Completed and2, 3, 4 and 5 to serve phases I and II of the city Commissioned while tank 5 is completed but notincluding associated risers mains (1000mm-1500mmø commissioned.
Pipes)

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Reservoir Tanks 33% Completion
1and 6

Design of the City’s reticulation mains for phases 1,2 Completed.
and 3 (6 loops)

Construction of FCC Reticulation Mains for phase I Completed.
(Loops 3 & 4)

174

Water Supply Service Standard Service Delivery:◦ The Federal Government has instituted aService Performance Contract with all
Ministries (coordinated by The National
Planning Commission) designed to monitor andbenchmark performance at service delivery.
◦ The Federal Ministry of Water Resources in
Collaboration with the World Bank also
administers the IBNET Toolkit to all Water
Agencies. Another performance measuring
process.
175Service Level
 FCC = 24hrs
 Satellite Towns = Rationing Rural Areas = Boreholes

176

Management of Water Supply
Service Major Challenges◦ Infrastructure(Inadequate treatment plants)◦ Non revenue water◦ Technology◦ Skills◦ Low Revenue Collection◦ Heavy depletion of raw water in dry season◦ Drain of waste (household and industrial) into
the reservoir during the raining season◦ Monitoring of activities upstream (fishing andfarming).
◦.
177

Expectations from the Course Solution to depletion
 Control and management of waste Proper monitoring of activities upstream
 Construction of more treatment plants
 Solution to issues of non revenue water Knowledge, skills and technology for leakdetection, maintence of pipelines and on
how to monitor pressure of flowing
water along pipeline
178

179

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（A）

Nigeria (2)- 180 -JICA
TRAINING AND DIALOGUE PROGRAMSWATER SUPPLY ADMINISTARTION FOR
BETTER MANAGEMENT OF WATERSUPPLY SERVICESLEADERS TRAINING (NO. J13-00774)
LAGOS WATER CORPORATION (LWC)
COUNTRY REPORTSUBMITTED BYASSISTANT GENERAL MANAGER (QUALITY ASSURANCE)LAGOS STATE WATER CORPORATIONIJORA, LAGOS
29TH APRIL 2013

181

182

183

1. MANAGEMENT OF WATERQUALITY
1-1

Current Situation

Water produced usually aesthetically and organoleptically acceptable However, often problems of low pH, low residual chlorine andpresence of iron
 Fouling of water in distribution network
Challenges/Problems
 Tertiary connections passed through drains
Manual dosing of chemicals due to non-functional dosing pumps
causing inadequate chemical treatment
Scarce operational funds to wash over-head tanks , surface tanks,
sedimentation tanks and recharge filters when necessary184

1.2 Current actions against the problem
 Rehabilitation of the water-works to improve sedimentationand clarification processes
 Use of dosing pumps to dose chlorine at the two majorwaterworks
 Plan to purchase new dosing pumps
 Proposal to reduce distance between dosing pump and dosing
points for effective chemical treatment
 Proposal to implement a secondary disinfection system within
the distribution network
Achievements
 Able to achieve sufficient free chlorine in water produced at
the two major waterworks and within the network in theimmediate vicinity of the water works by using dosing pumps
to pump chlorine
185

1-3 Monitoring system/plan of safety of supply

LWC has an in-house monitoring team to monitor
the quality of source waters and water in the
distribution system
Challenges
 Scarce funds to purchase standard laboratory
equipment and reagent for determining level ofwater quality indicators
 Effective and regular monitoring has been affected bylimited financial resources186

1-4 Implementation of Water Safety Plan (WSP) LWC has not begun an institutionalized, conscientious

focus on the implementation of the WSP.
 However some aspects of the WSP are performed as
routine e.g.
 Routine quality control of water during production
 Occasional health risk assessments in the distribution
network during monitoring Occasional water quality tests (limited parameters) on
our surface waters
 Occasional sampling of water from the customers taps

187

2. Reduction of non-revenue water
2-1 Current status
 Total non-revenue water is about 60%
 About 3% of which is lost during
production
 About 40% of which is lost within the
distribution network
 The rest is unaccounted for water
revenue not collected through non
performance of commercial department
due to numerous challenges
188

Challenges
 Inefficient production plants ; especiallyclarification, de- sludging and backwashingprocesses
 Inefficient means of determining production
figures and quantity of water sent into
distribution system
 Insufficient manpower , technology and tools to
identify and fix leakages as and when necessary
 Flat billing system is still in use in most parts ofthe state. Which is inefficient in the collection of
accruable revenue1892-2 Current actions against the problems
Phased introduction of nodal meters and household
metersIntroduction of a phone hotline for the general public tonotify LWC of leakages
On – going rehabilitation of water plants to improve theefficiency of treatment processes and minimize water losduring production
Establishment of a taskforce to monitor vandalization ofpipes and water theftEnactment of a law establishing a Water Court to attend
to issues of vandilazation and water theft
Setting up of a Water Intelligence unit to track water
consumption and losses
190

3. Water supply service standards
3-1 Current situation and major challenges
 There is about 44% coverage of LWC pipe-borne water in the state Dependent on unreliable power supply from the national grid and diesel
powered generating sets. Hence water supply is not constant Water does not always reach the consumer at the stipulated national
standard for drinking water quality
Challenges
 Epileptic power supply from the national grid
 Limited funds to procure diesel to power generators
 High cost of running independent power plants (IPP) for the major water
works
 Limited funds to procure tools and vehicles to monitor, identify and fix
leakages on time Lack of adequate infrastructure (production plants and distribution pipes)
due to limited funds
 High population growth and influx into Lagos producing stress on thefacilities which are ageing and not replaced fast enough to keep up withpopulation growth due to limited finance191

3-2 Actions against problems
 Provision of 12.15 MW IPP to abstract andprocess 90% of water produced in the state toensure constant water production
 Establishment of the Lagos State Water
Regulatory Commission to monitor and ensure
the quality and reliability of our service
 Working on a Public-Private-Partnership (PPP)
plan to provide treatment plants, transmission
mains and network to increase coverage toblighted areas
 In the process of drawing-up a workable PPP planin form of management contracts for the existingwater works to improve service delivery
192

3-

3 Performance indicators (PI)LWC has key performance indicators (KPI) that measureperformance of all aspects of our water supply management
processes
The following are some of our KPI’s
Volume of water treatedOptimizing power use
Total population servedHours of available water supply
Network leakage
Volume of water distributed
Continuity of service
Number of water quality complaints received per month and per year etc.
Maintenance of plant and equipment
Optimizing chemical use
Water treatment plant capacity utilization
Volume of water sludge disposed193

4. Management of water supply service on
a self supporting basis

1 Current situation
 Even though LWC operates using internallygenerated revenue and subsidies from the state
government, there is still insufficient financial
resources to run the facilities optimally, maintainfacilities and expand infrastructure and coverage

4-

Challenges
 Limited financial resources Low cost recovery due to low billing efficiency
 Flat billing Insufficient capacity building1944-2 Actions against problems
 Effort to increase financial base to fundoperations these include; metering of allproperties
 Effort to increase tariff
 Effort to increase efficiency of use of resources Working on PPP management contract forexisting water works which will improve qualityof service and eventually increase revenue andpromote self sustaining operations
195

5. Major recent achievements inimprovement of water supply
services/management

 The operation of a 12.15 MW IPP to power theabstraction and production of water at 2 majorwaterworks improved level of service from 12.6% to57.2%
 Ongoing network expansion in 2 major areas in themetropolis has increased coverage Ongoing rehabilitation and construction of new
waterworks has improved access to safe water The recent launching of a water supply master plan forthe state providing information on the present status
and future plans for the development and improvementof water supply to the state for the interested private
investor to buy-into for service improvement
196

Expectations
 Captivity Building Construction of Sampling Points
 Provision of Gas Chromatograph Data Management
 Technical Support

197

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（A）

South Sudan (1)- 198 -

T H E R E P U B L I C S O U T H S U DA N
(ROSS)

199

SECTION I
THE Geopolitically
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN

200

LOCATION OF SOUTH SUDAN

201

MAP

202

MAP OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDANIN FLAG203

 Location:
 South Sudan is located at the east of central Africa north east of
Zaire, North of Uganda and north west of Kenya and so…..
 Area covered: 644,329 Km2
 Estimated population of Republic of South Sudan:
 9.1 Million people Climate: Tropical rainforest.
 Vegetation:
Equatorial forestry, Grassland regions

204

Natural Resources Petroleum(Black gold) Cement Iron Ore Copper Zinc Gold Silver Mica205

Animal Resources:

Wild life.
 Buffalo, Lion, Elephant, Giraffe, Antelope.& someothersDomestic Animals (Cattle) Caws, goats, sheep.

206

THE NATIONAL REMARKS Independence Day-9 July 2011
 South Sudan officially raised its flag.
 Declaration of independence.
 Recognition of sovereignty
 General Silva Kiir Mayardit; the first president of

the RoSS.

207

 Flag color Definitions;208 The President of the Republic of south Sudan

209

SECTION II

SOUTH SUDAN URBAN WATER CORPORATION(SSUWC)210

URBAN WATER CORPORATIONHEADQUARTERS (HQs)

Two Flags -The Republic and of the Corporation
211

OVERVIEW Established in 2007



The administration of SSUWC -Annexed tothe ministry of water resources.
Managed by an appointed Managing Director
and assisted by a deputy.

 Responsibility.


undertakes the responsibility of providing
clean water in all the urban towns of the
Republic at Headquarter level.
212

Structure of Headquarter
Managing Director-Top most officer
2. Deputy Managing director-second in hierarchy.
3. Directorates headed by senior Managers followedby the Area Managers.
1.

 Projects and planning.
 Evaluation and Monitoring Administration and finance Finances department

Budget Department
 Area Managers of various utilities

213 THE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF SSUWC -HQs

 The Ministry of Water resources & Irrigation.(ROSS)

Minister

MWRI - RoSSDIRECTORATE OFSSUWC /HQs - Juba

Director of
Administration& Finance

Juba
Utility

Director of
Evaluation&
Monitoring

Wau
Utility

Managing Director
Deputy /Managing
Director

Director of
project &Planning

MalakalUtilityRang
Utility

DirectorofBudgetBor
Utility

DirectorofFinance

The Area
Managers

Maridi
Utility214

Responsibilities of Headquarter plans, implements and develops facilities.
 Recruits.
 Supervises, coordinates, and.
 Monitoring and evaluating the performance in the

HQs & state levels.
 Lobbies for funds.
 Answerable to the Ministry of Water Resources &Irrigation-(MWR&I) of Republic of South Sudan.

215

STATES or AREAS.
 Headed by an area Manager, Deputy then directors;
E.g. Director for purification carries operation andmaintenance (OM) task.



Director of accounts, Collects and remits revenue in to theaccounts of the central Ministry of Finance.

Director of distribution/transmission – maintains and repairs
leaks, networks,..

Note: All the state managers report to the Headquarters216

AVAILABLE UTILITIES
1. Central Equatoria state - (1) one station
 Juba station – (Total CUs. 3,781)

2. Western Bahr El-Ghazal - (1) one station
 Wau

3. Upper Nile - (2) two stations
 Malakal
 Renk

4. Jong lei -(1) one station
 Bor

5. Western Equatoria State – (1) one station
 Maridi

217

ORGANIZATION OF SSUWC JUBA STATION
20/06/ 2013

Area Manager
SSUWC - Juba Station

Deputy A. M.
(#1)

Purification Department
Chief of Dept.

Distribution Department

Financial Department

Chief of Dept.

Chief of Dept.

(#1)
MaintenanceTeam-Mech.
-Elec.
-Forg.&Weld

Human Resources Department
Chief of Dept.

(#2)

MaintenanceTeam

Accounting Sect.

Officials-Director .
-Accountants

New Installation
Technician

Administration Department
Revenue Sect.
Chief of Dept.

Shift Team
-Director of .
-Ledger Keep.
-Meater Read.

Labours andoperators
Laboratory Sect.

(#2)
Officials

Store Keepers
General Staff(Note)#1) Deputy Area Manager also holds post of Chief of Distribution Dept.
#2) Department of Accounts have two sections: Finance Department & Revenue Department holding the grade(Source) SSUWC (CES) Juba

218

Total Staff Number: 164

VISION One of the fast growing utility in supply of clean andsafe drinking water in South Sudan;

MISSION Sufficient coverage of safe water with affordable

tariff, for satisfaction
service cost recoveryof customers and effective219

Front view of the Juba treatment

WTP intake

Injection Ratio of Alum sulfate at present: 100L/hours (Approx.. 30mg/L)
 Injection Ratio of chlorine at present: 24L/hours (Approx.. 3mg/L)
220

JICA-Assisted Study and Projects
N
Tanker Filling
Station No.8

Northern
Bari
Payam

Tanker Filling
Station No.4

Munuki Payam
Juba Town
Payam
Tanker Filling
Station No.2
Tanker Filling
Station No.3

New Water
Treatment Plant

Service
Reservoir

Tanker Filling
Station No.6
Tanker Filling
Station No.5

Kator
Payam

Tanker Filling
Station No.1
Tanker Filling
Station No.7

Rejaf Payam

01000 2000

5000 mGPS - zoning map. Introduced by JICA Backwashing tank.
221

JICA-ASSISTED STUDY AND PROJECTS Juba Urban Water Supply and Capacity Development Study in theSouthern Sudan (2008- 2009)
 Master plan for 2025, feasibility study for 2015

 The Project for Management Capacity Enhancement ofSouthern Sudan Urban Water Cooperation in Southern
Sudan (2010-2013)

 Improvement of Water System in Juba in the Southern Sudan (2010-

2014)

222

 Arigato gozaimasu!
 MAY God Bless you;
 JICA And all those who loves to transmit theirknowledge to the needy for enhancementand development of the nation
 SSUWC – JUBA

.
.

223

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（A）

South Sudan (2)- 224 -

INTRODUCTION OF SOUTH SUDANU R B A N WAT E R C O R P O R AT I O N
B A S E D O N T H E L O G O S B E L O W, I T
C A N B E E A S I LY I D E N T I F I E D

The Ministry of
Water Resources
and Irrigation
(RSS)

Japan
International
cooperation
Agency (JICA)
225

South Sudan
Urban Water
Corporation(SSUWC) - Juba

1. PURIFICATION PROCESSJuba Plant was designed & constructed by
SPENCON using MDTF through the Ministry of
Finance, and economic development - theonly capacity of 7,200 m3/day.
Purification Process wasn’t lectured enough by
SPENCON
Only operation method was communicated tostaffs of Juba Station
Clear treated water is produced mostly so far
226

2. WATER FLOW CHART(RED LINE SHOWS NEWLY CONSTRUCTED PLANT)

227

3. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN
> FILTER BACKWASH TEST
> TURBIDITY IN BACKWASHING FLOW WATER
1,000

Experiment of Backwashingin March 2013

Turbidity(NTU) in Backwashed
Overflow water

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Old method
Old method
Old method
Old method
New method
New method
New method
New method

0’
298
355
210
210
495.0
1492
551
688

30”
208
195
145
145
296.0
681
394
528

1’
135
144
154
147
245.0
563
342
351

1’30”
120
118
89
89
205.0
513
244
305

228

2”
98.5
94.4
97
98
185.0
492
260
216

2’30”
85.3
88.8
75
76
173.0
397
194
177

4’
82
84
67
59
128.0
256
156
116

6'
76.5

8'

10'

12'

74.5
143
77.3
103

47.1
76.7
47.2
37.5

31.8
41.6
24.9
19.16

19.9
28.1
19.6
12.85

229

4. The management of water quality.


Current situation.

Ratio of actual sampling days Weekly 43
to required total sampling
Monthly 56
Water
days (%)
Sampling
Weekly 19
Ratio of actual samples torequired total samples (%)
Monthly 42
Weekly 19
Ratio of actual analyzed
Water
samples to required total
AnalysisMonthly 42
samples (%)
Compliance ratio of turbidity at WTP
79
(%)
Water
Quality Compliance ratio of residual chlorine
31
at WTP (%)
230

5. COAGULATION Aluminum Sulphate is used as the coagulant,
roundabout channel run together raw waterand alum There is no flocculation basin
 Soda ash is not used for coagulation
 Alum of around 300 kg is used a day Dosing rate: 40 mg/L (Alumina:6.8 mg/L)
 Turbidity of rainy season is higher than dry
season231

3. SEDIMENTATION TANK
Raw water come through the sludge blanket tooverflow into troughs of the sedimentationtankFlocks sometimes carry over into troughRegular sludge removal is done every 10 days
Cleaning of Tank and trough is done twice amonth, too many232

6. RAPID SAND FILTER AND BACKWASH
 Sand Filter catches micro flock to make cleanwater Elevated tank is used for the backwash of
Rapid Sand Filters
Volume: 150 m3
 Backwash consists of air bubbling by blower
and backwash water Air bubbling time is 5 minutes and backwash
time is 10 minutes
Instructed by JICA Experts

233

BACKWASHING

Proper backwash was instructed to staffs by JICA teamseveral times

Purification team should search for producing clearer
drinking water234

7. CHLORINATION
Calcium Hypochlorite is used for chlorination
Calcium Hypochlorite of 45 kg tank is used forevery two days dosing rate: 2.4 mg/L (FreeCl2)
Residual chlorine is often disappeared in clear
water tanks and in distribution pipe line
special during the rainy season.

235

 Current Achievement: Key performer indicators identifies revenue
increase.
 Installation of bulk meter outlet in highconsumption
points by (JICA) the counter part.
(e.g. Hotels.) etc.
 Replacement of 51 km old network . e.g. asbestos.
 Zoning of the supply area.
 Assessment of illegal connection/ theft, Routine inspection for update purpose.
236 Management Challenges/ Problem
Lack of alum transportation from abroad.
Lack of availability of chlorination in the station.
Austerity measure (Affects budget for materials. …)
Un availability of materials in the market (e.g. 4” or
100m, fittings)
 Current action against these problems
Leak repair strategies is done through the help of
JICA.
GIS system is introduced by JICA.
Public relationship was established.
The manual system for billing & Collection is improved237

Major constraints:
Water rate system and billing collection
currently, is not adequate due to the lackof constant power supply. We operates
12-15 hours/day and total waterproduction reduced from 7,200 m3 to5,208 m3 /day. And poor collection
becomes238



The water supply service: Total population % served 37%
 Un served population 63%
 Not 24 hrs. but 15 hrs. 33%
 Portable water, safe & clean.
 Estimated NRW 46 -50%.
No private sector involved into the water works.
There is warning for privatization, but still not yet
implemented, and its type is not known. We areworking on it

Other:
i. They take water from tanker direct from river
Nile, they treat it local with water guard tablets
ii. Sewerage system not yet introduce, by the
corporation but it is in our target of the future
plan.
239

Water Sampling for daily water quality analysis
240

Focus Group Discussion on public taps stand241

Ledger Books (Manual System)
242

Customer

Revenue Sec.
Meter reader

Billing- Distributing
bill by hand
- Check supply
status

Accounting Sec.

Ledger keeper Customer Ledger

CasherIssuing bill

- Receiving cash
- Issuing receipt(Form No.15)

Preparing
payment

Collection (Direct Payment)

Accountant

Receivingreceipt(original Form
No.15)

Making a daily
account sheet(Form No.67)
No.67
Issuing receipt- Receving Form
No.15 (copy) &No.39 (copy)

Receiving Form
No.15 (copy)

Revenue Collection System
243

Arigato gozaimasu!

 Ag/Deputy Director of Commercial department

Revenue Accounts
 SSUWC - Juba244

出典：平成 25 年度 JICA 集団研修カントリーレポート
 平成 25 年度 JICA 集団研修「水道管理行政（A）」

Japan International Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS) was established with the sanction of
the Minister for Health, Labour and Welfare in July 1983 and implements international technicalcooperation programmes with purpose of contributiing to the promotion of health and social welfare
activities in the friendly nations.
Japan International Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS)
Toranomon YHK Bldg. 4F, 2-3-20, Toranomon
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001 JAPAN
Phone: +81-(0)3-6206-1137
Fax: +81-(0)3-6206-1164
http://www.jicwels.or.jp

公益社団法人国際厚生事業団（JICWELS）は、国際的な保健・福祉分野の国際協力に貢献することを目的として、1983 年（昭和 58 年）7 月 7 日に厚生省（現厚生労働省）から社団法人の認可を受け設立されました。開発途上国の行政官研修や WHO フェローの受入れ、調査
企画や研究開発並びに情報の交換及び広報活動など、海外諸国との国際交流活動を推進しています。

広報活動委員会〒105-0001
東京都港区虎ノ門 2-3-20 虎ノ門ＹＨＫビル 4 階
電話 03-6206-1137（事業部） Fax03-6206-1164
http://www.jicwels.or.jp--245