1

Contents
Abhinav Godavarthi1 and Swaminathan Sivaram2 ....................................................................................... 4
Aleksei A.N., Odintsova O.V., Solovyeva E.V................................................................................................ 5
Alvarez Hernandez ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Baev Alexei K., ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Baran Saliha, Fatma Ulusal, Bilgehan Güzel ................................................................................................ 9
Benov Momchil, Antoaneta Hineva, Violeta Konstantinova, Benova Kalinka ........................................... 10
Bristol Terry, .............................................................................................................................................. 12
Bukayev Yury ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Burt M., Prof. Emeritus, ............................................................................................................................ 15
Carlotto Alice and Marco Dalla Tiezza ....................................................................................................... 16
Cestaro Maristella,a Alessandra De Togni,b Lucia Giuffreda,c Rossella Romualdi,d Marco Bortoli,e Marco
Dalla Tiezza,e Cecilia Muraro,e Giovanni Parolin,e Cristina Tubaro,e Laura Oriane ..................................... 17
Deepti Dhaygude, Vaishali Dhaygude, Dr.Sanjeev Joshi, Yudhavir Mahindrakar and Krantivir
Mahindrakar,............................................................................................................................................. 18
Dlyasin Gennady G., .................................................................................................................................. 19
Dohi Toshifumi .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Durakov S.A., Flid V.R. ............................................................................................................................... 22
Ergun Mustafa ........................................................................................................................................... 23
Fernandez Francisco, Tudor Spataru, Aibassov Yerkin, Yemelyanova Valentina ....................................... 27
Gazimagomedov M.A.1, Polynski M.V.1, Pidko E.A.1,2 ............................................................................... 28
Gitlina Anastasia Yu., Elena V. Grachova ................................................................................................... 31
Gomes da Silva Marcos Aurélio ................................................................................................................. 32
Grachova Elena V. ..................................................................................................................................... 33
Gugin Nikita............................................................................................................................................... 34
Gutiérrez Samanez Julio Antonio, ............................................................................................................. 35
Hey-Hawkins Evamarie, John Popp, Axel Straube, Toni Grell, and Volker Eilrich ...................................... 36
Hreczycho Grzegorz, Krzysztof Kuciński, Joanna Kaźmierczak, Hanna Stachowiak, Dariusz Lewandowski 37
Ignacio Jose ............................................................................................................................................... 38
Imyanitov N.S., .......................................................................................................................................... 39
Jiang X ....................................................................................................................................................... 40
Jordi José, .................................................................................................................................................. 41
Keskinova M.V., Sychov M.M. ................................................................................................................... 42
Khanna S. N. .............................................................................................................................................. 44
Klyucharev V.V. ......................................................................................................................................... 45
Lalvani Haresh *#........................................................................................................................................ 47
Latypova A.R. 1, M.D. Lebedev1, E.A. Kopoleva1, ....................................................................................... 48
2

Dr. Maarten G. Goesten, ........................................................................................................................... 49
Maeno Yoshiteru ....................................................................................................................................... 50
Makogon A.I 1,2, Balabanov S.V.1, Perevislov S.N.1,2.................................................................................... 52
Mei-Hung Chiu .......................................................................................................................................... 53
Mikhailidi A.1, B.M. Tofanica2, N. Kotelnikova3.......................................................................................... 54
Noval Virginia E., José G. Carriazo y Manuel F. Molina C. .......................................................................... 55
Nowicki Mateusz, Marcin Hoffmann, Donata Pluskota-Karwatka Agata Pawłowska, Jean-Noël Volle,
David Virieux, Jean-Luc Pirat, Agnieszka Janiak ......................................................................................... 56
Olkhovskiy D., E. Aleksandrova ................................................................................................................. 57
Ostrowska Kinga, ....................................................................................................................................... 59
Pakalniskis A.1, D. Karoblis1, A. Lukowiak2, A. Zarkov1, D. V. Karpinsky3, P. Głuchowski2, R. Skaudzius1, W.
Stręk2, A. Kareiva1...................................................................................................................................... 60
Pannell Keith and Hemant Sharma ............................................................................................................ 61
Patroniak Violetta, Aleksandra Bocian, Adam Gorczyński, Marta Fik ........................................................ 62
Pawluć Piotr, Maciej Skrodzki, Aleksandra Bocian, Aleksandra Skoczeń, Maciej Zaranek ......................... 63
Pcholkina K., E. Aleksandrova .................................................................................................................... 64
Perepelitca Elizaveta S., Tatiana B. Lisitskaia ............................................................................................. 65
Pluskota-Karwatka Donata, Marcin Hoffmann, Joanna Kwiczak-Yiğitbaşı, Jean-Luc Pirat, David Virieux,
Jean-Noël Volle, Agnieszka Janiak ............................................................................................................. 66
Pyykko ̈ Pekka ............................................................................................................................................ 68
Qureshi Sheila, .......................................................................................................................................... 70
Rabinovich Daniel ...................................................................................................................................... 71
Romanova A. A., M. M. Shamtsyan ........................................................................................................... 72
Ryazantsev G.B., Dr. Khaskov M.A., Prof. Dr. Lavrenchenko G.K., Prof. Dr. Beckman I.N. ......................... 73
Ryazantsev G.B., Dr. Khaskov M.A., Prof. Dr. Lavrenchenko G.K., Prof. Dr. Beckman I.N. ......................... 74
Schwarz W. H. Eugen * and Jun Li ............................................................................................................. 75
Stolyarova V.L............................................................................................................................................ 76
Terteryan A.S., D.I. Mustafin ..................................................................................................................... 77
Tezcan Burcu, Saliha Baran, Bilgehan Güzel .............................................................................................. 78
Tikhanova S., E. Aleksandrova ................................................................................................................... 80
Trazkowski................................................................................................................................................. 81
Vinogradova Maria .................................................................................................................................... 82
Vyatkin Viktor, ........................................................................................................................................... 83
Weise Dmitry............................................................................................................................................. 84
Yablonsky Gregory S.1*, Guy B. Marin2 ...................................................................................................... 96
Yılmaz Sevilay, Bilgehan Güzel................................................................................................................... 98
Zambon Alfio ............................................................................................................................................. 993

THE PERIODIC TABLE: SEEKING ORDER IN CHAOS
Abhinav Godavarthi1 and Swaminathan Sivaram2
1 5853 Pebblestone Ln, Plano, TX 75093, USA 2 Indian Institute of Science Education andResearch Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.

ABSTRACTIn a short communication published in Zeitschrift fur Chemie, volume 12, pp 405-406, 1869,
titled, “On the relationship of the properties to the atomic weights of the elements” Mendeleev
announced a startling discovery that would revolutionize chemistry forever. The Periodic Table
revealed a pervasive order in nature, one that always existed, but was hidden till Mendeleev
expounded it

In this presentation, we shall briefly trace the origins of the discovery with a retrospective viewof what led Mendeleev to this epochal discovery . We illustrate the conception of the Periodic
Table as a classical Kuhnian scientific revolution; that is, a discovery made according to theparadigm of the scientific time period as a whole. To this end, we observe and analyze the greater
trends in science during the era of Mendeleev and his immediate influences. Moreover, weaddress how the lexicon in the field of chemistry and chemical analysis today allows for a broadinterpretation of the current paradigm, and that this qualitative aspect of “the central science”
enables for unique creative contributions. Finally, we investigate alternative historical models forthe discovery of the Periodic Table, compare such models, and present an approach to scientificinquiry going forward in an era dominated by computational power and artificial intelligence.

4

SYNTHESIS OF E, E-4- [4- (4-AMINOPHENYL) BUTA-1,3-DIENYL] ANILINE AND ITS ABILITY TO
MODIFY SILVER NANOPARTICLES, STUDIED USING SERS
Aleksei A.N., Odintsova O.V., Solovyeva E.V.
Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Student
alexnicksmirnow@gmail.com
The properties of noble metals, which distinguish this group from others, are very
remarkable, and one of the most unusual is their ability to exist in a colloidal form in the form ofpure metal nanoparticles. Despite the fact that Faraday first described this phenomenon about
150 years ago, there is now a new surge of scientific interest in these systems (Faraday, 1857.).
For example, silver nanoparticles can serve as a substrate that demonstrates the characteristicsof plasmon resonance, which opens up the possibility of assembling sensitive optically active
materials after modification with the corresponding compounds.
This report is dedicated to the developed synthetic route of obtaining 4-[4-(4aminophenyl)buta-1,3-dienyl]aniline (DABUDEN) from simple compounds and its ability to serveas the plasmon substrates modificator. This work is part of the bigger project, dedicated to theobtaining and investigation of nanostructures, obtained by interaction of aminostilbene
derivatives with silver nanoparticles in hydrosol. We already demonstrated the ability of 4,4’diaminostilbene to chemically adsorb on the silver surface in such systems, which leads to thegreat enhancement of Raman signal (Solovyeva et. al, 2018.). Moreover it is able to serve as the«molecular linker» between two different nanoparticles. We were interested in studying thedependence of the morphology of the obtained adsorption layers on the length of the
conjugation between the phenyl rings. The compound of interest, DABUDEN, according toliterature data was obtained only once from non-common components, so we decided to findsimple way of synthesis. Despite the fact that our method consists of eight stages it has relatively
high yield in virtue of applying of convergent pathway and don’t require any special conditions
except photoisomerisation of the final product. This compound was investigated by SERS in silverhydrosol and the results are comparable with our previous study.

Faraday, M. 1857. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 147, 145–181.
Solovyeva, E. V., Ubyivovk, E. V. and Denisova, A. S. 2018. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng.
Asp. Elsevier, 538, 542–548.

5

APPLICATIONS OF SPECTROSCOPY IN THE STUDY OF ELEMENTS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
Alvarez Hernandez
In This study the applications of spectroscopy in the identification of chemical elements of the
Periodic Table, present in different light sources used in everyday life, are proposed.
Since Isaac Newton (1666) adopted the name "Spectrum", noting that the white light of the sun
could disperse into a continuous series of colours, using a prism, to Gustav Robert Kirchoff andRobert Wilhelm Eberhard von Bunsen (1859) who found that spectral lines were unique to eachchemical element, other researchers such as William Hyde Wollaston (1802) and Joseph vonFrauenhofer (1814) observed dark lines present in the solar spectrum, with the invention of thefirst grid spectroscope of diffraction.
The objectives of the study are summarized in the design and construction of a desktop
spectroscope, in the transformation of the mobile phone into a spectrophotometer diffraction
grid and in the investigation of applications of spectroscopy in the Identification of chemicalelements of the Periodic Table present in different light sources.
In order to develop the objectives of the study, once the search for materials required in thedesign and construction of spectroscopes has been completed, the process of assembling themhas been carried out. Upon completion of this last step, observations of light spectra emitted bydifferent light sources (incandescent light, halogen light, cold and warm light consumption, andfluorescent light) have been carried out.
Once the observations have been completed, the results obtained (calibration of spectrocopes)
were analysed by comparing the emission spectra obtained through desktop spectroscopy andthe mobile transformed into a spectrophotometer, with the real emission spectra of the chemicalcomponents existing inside the light sources analysed.
Checked the usefulness of spectroscopy in the identification of chemical elements, it can beconcluded that spectroscopy can help us to observe different chemical components present in
the light sources used in the daily life. On the other hand, it can propose other fields in which it
may be useful: to study the chemical components that provoke atmospheric pollution in a given
area or even in the analysis of the chemical composition of stars.

6

CREATION OF THEORY SPECIFIC INTERACTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ON THE BASE OF
GENERALIZATION OF NEW IDIES
Baev Alexei K.,
G.A.Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the RAS
Ivanovo. E-mail: alexeibaev@mail.ru
My scientist S.A. Schukarev, of the follower of D.I. Mendeleev, wrote at 1965 year (Sc. Petersburg,
Univ.): “In the present time the science about substance survive special moment, in principle
similar with that, which the history of human culture passed 100 years ago, at epoch of discovery
by D.I. Mendeleev of the Periodical system chemical elements. Then invisible hypothetical atoms… roused at the eyes of the thinking humanity as deep at own maintenance reality on the heightof new generalization, and appeared possibility to foretell the properties of still not open
elements.” In this lecture we substantiate the necessity to proposal a new, non-stereotypic ideas,
secured expose of the nature of specific intermolecular interactions and penetration in moredeep of their understanding and apprehension for substantiation and development of theory
types of this interactions, establish of values energetic parameters at which scientists required
so march. Ander specific interactions follow to understand the interaction by bonding vacancies’of atoms contacted molecules. Basis of substantiation of this interactions are thermodynamic
investigations of phase reorganization of the processes vaporization and sublimation of alkyl
compounds of the elements III – VI and ZnR2 groups, another organic compounds andinvestigations [1, 2] of condition compounds in gas phase, determination the energetic
parameters of specific interactions monomer forms, law- governed nature of their changing andwith all that this implies. Substantiated dimirisation at gas phase of alkyls aluminum with highdissociations energy dimer Al2(CH3)6 и Al2(C2H5)6 correspondingly, are incontestable evidence
participation pentacoordinated carbon atom at quality bonding vacancies at formation specificinteractions [1]. At the same time the reduction of stability energy of specific interaction withgrooving of number carbon atom at alkyl chain is consequence of the formation of reverse dative
bond by central atom complex. Using new ideas, we created system specific interactions, enrichchemical sciences, its theoretical and experimental directions:
1. Pentacoordinated carbon atom forms specific intermolecular interactions at wide range values
energies, more tree-time overstepping of energy hydrogen bond 10.99 kJ .mol1 of H2O;
2. Novel kind of intramolecular interaction - rivers dative bond between carbon atom C alkyl
ligand R and central atom A in complex ARk C(2e)→A(0e), in its electron structure is consist;
3. Substantiated refusal from sp3(c)-hybridization model of electron configuration of carbon
atom;
4. Existence of essential no divided 2s2(c)-electron pair,
5. All bonding vacancies of a molecule must take part at a formation of specificintermolecular interactions;
6. Enthalpy (entropy) vaporization (sublimation) is interconnected with a number and energy offormedmolecule of specific interactions [3, 4].
It is discussed of the develop problems of theories of different types of specificintermolecular interactions of organic compounds.
1. Baev, A. K. Pentacoordinated carbon atom at Intermolecular Interactions. Russian Journal of
Coordination Chemistry. 1996, V. 22. № P.399.
2. Baev A.K., Korolkov D.V., Book of Abstract the XVth FECHEM Conference on Organometallic
Chemistry. University of Zurich. Svizeland.(2003) 350.
7

3. Baev A. K. Specific Intermolecular Interactions of Organic Compounds. Springer. Hiedelberg,
Dordrecht, London, New York. 2012. 434 p.
4. Baev A.К. Specific Intermolecular Interactions of Element-Organic Compounds.Springer.
Hiedelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York. 2014. 278 p.

8

PREPARATION OF PALLADIUM HYDRIDE NANOPARTICLES
Baran Saliha, Fatma Ulusal, Bilgehan Güzel
Chemistry Department, Çukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
sdbarann@gmail.com
Transition metals on solid support increase the interest in composite materials formed bynanoscale deposition due to application areas in many fields such as drugs, fuel cells andheterogeneous catalysts. Transition metals such as Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Cu, W, Ni are generally used in
catalytic applications. Among these metals, palladium (Pd) is a more preferred one because of its
higher catalytic activity of in many reactions such as hydrogenation, dehydrogenation andespecially many carbon-carbon coupling reactions. The other advantage of palladium is that it
can be more reachable than the other precious metals such as Pt, Ru and Rh as it shows the samefunctions in the nanoscale deposition methods. Palladium nanoparticles which were prepared bysupercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) deposition method are generally used as heterogeneous
catalysts in organic reactions [1].

Figure 1. Structure of Pd complexes

In this study, palladium hydride was used instead of the palladium nanoparticles whichwere mostly preferred in previous studies. Moreover, the formation of nanoparticles and theeffects of parameters on the formation of palladium hydride was investigated by using the
precursors prepared with anti-vic-dioxime derivative metal complexes (Figure 1). The catalytic
activity of the MWCNT supported Pd nanoparticles were tested on Suzuki-Miyaura reaction.

References:[1] Ulusal, F., Darendeli, B., Erünal, E., Eğitmen, A., Güzel, B. 2017. “Supercritical carbondioxide depositionof γ-Alumina supported Pd nanocatalysts with new precursors and using on Suzuki-Miyaura coupling
reactions”, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 127, 111–120.
Acknowledgment:This work was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Program (BAP No: FYL-2018-10938 ),Çukurova University and Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK project number
118Z289).

9

MENDELEEV’S WORK – А SOURCE OF INSPIRATION FOR BULGARIAN STUDENTS
Benov Momchil, Antoaneta Hineva, Violeta Konstantinova, Benova Kalinka
We humbly admire and look up to Mendeleev – a genius, one of his kind. Without even having aslight idea about the existence of protons, he managed to accurately identify the atomic numberof all known elements at the time and it was not until the discoveries of Rutherford and Moseleyhalf a century later, that all of his ideas turned out to match reality. Mendeleev is a master of
intuitive thinking. What is extremely fascinating in its educative manner is that he kept in mind
the fact that chemical knowledge was limited, and therefore left empty spaces for new,undiscovered elements. It is important for our students to know that even if something is
unfamiliar or unknown, it still might exist and could most probably be explained.
With that said, we would like to take take the opportunity to introduce you to the work of thestudents of three Bulgarian high schools, who drew their inspiration from the Periodic table, as
well as the discovery of new elements, and implemented numerous out of class activities. To
begin with, we celebrated the International Year of Chemistry, 2011. The students created aperiodic table with simple substance samples and a poster, regarding the importance of someelements for life as we know it. A competition also took place, where some students came up
with logical and experimental problems for the two competing teams.
During “The Teenager – a young scientist” project, the students conveyed a water research, forwater is a substance we use on a daily basis, and even though we think we know nearly everything
about it, it never fails to impress with its unique properties; as ubiquitous as it is, water is also
used for grouping substances and understanding some basic concepts in chemistry. The
participants regarded to one another with the nickname Hydromaniacs. Moreover, for theanniversary of Marie Curie’s birthday, as well as for the completion of the 7th period of the
Periodic Table and naming the remaining elements, a group of enthusiastic students produced alarge, hand-made Periodic Table wall chart for the Chemistry classroom. It was probably the first
actualised Periodic Table of its size in our country.
Our future plans include the following events:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Honouring Mendeleev’s birthday with a presentation for his life and times
A contest for Mendeleev’s doppelganger
Creating a logo for the jubilee
Creating a video series about the Periodic Table on YouTube.
Creating a catalogue of different Periodic Tables
Creating a Periodic Table board game
Creating a “Living Periodic Table”
Establishing an annual celebration, called “The Periodic table – an ingenious product of amagical science”

Key words: Periodic Table, students, out of class activities, create, inspiration, work.

10

PARTICIPANTS
1. Kalinka Benova"Geo Milev” High School of Mathematics, Pleven, Bulgaria
kalina.benova@gmail.com
2. Antoaneta Hineva“Dr. Petar Beron” High School of Mathematics, Varna, Bulgariaanthineva@gmail.com
3. Violeta Konstantinova“Vasil Drumev” High School of Mathematics and Natural Science, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria
vili7070@abv.bg
4. Momchil Benov - presenter
Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
momchil.benov@gmail.com

11How did the universe come to be as it is?
Toward a Constructive Engineering Thermodynamic Account

Bristol Terry,
Professor
Institute for Science, Engineering and Public Policy
Portland State University
bristol@isepp.org
Creation of the elements and their periodic relationships is difficult to account for in the mechanistic
entropic model of cosmic evolution. Created in high temperature and pressure, when spewed into cold,
vacuous space, they should disaggregate. They don’t.
Understanding the creation and stable nature (e.g. thermal potential) of the elements requires a postmechanical, thermodynamic framework.
Atkins notes two histories of thermodynamics: Boltzmann’s statistical mechanical atomism, and Carnot’s
thermal engineering. These correspond to two current formulations of thermodynamics.
Per Hypothesis: The Carnots’ engineering thermodynamics subsumes and supersedes the idealizedmechanical representation of thermodynamics.
In Conjuring the Universe, Atkins supports a post-mechanical representation of thermodynamics. All
mechanical laws, from classical Newtonian motion to ‘PV = RT’ are limiting laws, valid only at the‘thermodynamic limit’. Earlier, Lazare Carnot offered an illuminating account of the role of infinitesimal
analysis in the formulation of mechanical laws.
Atkins argues that the recognition, and ‘uncomfortable acceptance’, of irreversible thermodynamic
phenomena constituted the discovery of a fundamental dissymmetry in the nature of reality.
Consequently, the low entropy origin of reality must, paradoxically, be both uniformly symmetric anduniformly dissymmetric; in a state of both equilibrium and disequilibrium.
The engineering thermodynamics account of the creation of the elements entails a foundational link
between engineering thermodynamics (ET) and quantum theory (QT). Planck’s black body research wasthermodynamic research. Quantum theory is a thermodynamic theory. Both ET and QT are postmechanical theories, both require a participant (agent) who performs work (actualizes), and both are
irreversibly historical and cumulative.
Bohr, Heisenberg and Pauli, as well as Wheeler, Wigner, Eddington et al. embraced the paradigm shift
from the detached observer to a participant representation. Wheeler explicitly recognizes priority in
Schelling. In Plato’s Pythagorean dialogue, Timaeus, the overall constructive generation of reality is thework of the Architekton – The Master Craftsman (viz. engineer).

12

CORRECTION OF THE CONCEPT OF PERIODICITY AND
THE SIMPLEST EQUATIONS FOR THE NATURAL PERIODIC TABLE
Bukayev Yury
E-mail: istinayubukayev@yandex.ru
We’ll consider how our development1 of the concept of periodicity first creates thenatural PT, the simplest equations for it: E, PE.
There are two types of breaks in the half-long PT before non-periodic zones: empty cells,
breaks between periods. Equations can’t suit if PT-cells are empty: we fill them by Nu (Z=0)1. Z≠0puts an element into the certain period, Z=0 can’t do it.
PT doesn’t reflect radical differences among noble gases (NG). We prove 1: there aretwenty groups. We call H-position in gr-17 as ‘primary relative’, other elements’ positions(excluding NG- in gr-18, gr-20, Nu-) as ‘absolute’. Kr, Xe etc. have their primary relative positionin gr-18, Ar - in gr-19, He, Ne - in gr-201. NG’ absolute positions are in gr-191. Both positions ofeach NG are in the same period. The rest of gr-18, gr-20 consists of dualistic positions (Nu-,secondary relative NG-). Going to E, we exclude non-periodic zones (La etc.), fix the numbers: G− of passed groups in the period, Ds − of earlier passed relative positions of elements (H in gr-17,
NG in gr-18, gr-20 and Nu) in PT, Nr – of repeated passages through the group. E is
G=Z+Ds−20Nr
for absolute positions.
We up-date this structure by separation of non-periodic zones. Further, going tostructures without breaks, we transform it into plane cyclic 20-sectored structures (e.g. into theArchimedean spiral, where its turn coincides with a period, or into the circle, where its circuit
coincides with one), where all positions are equidistant from ‘horizontal’ neighbours.
The difference of groups with s-, p-elements from d-groups isn’t reflected so we transform
20-sectored structures into following 10-sectored ‘multilayered’ complex continuous structures(MLPT): concentric circles, the Archimedean spiral, the circle, where superposed cells of different‘layers’ (A (s-, p-elements), B (d-elements) are one-‘layered’ individual structures) form one cellwith a vector/matrix of elements. We have continuous 20-celled periods, two types of continuous
10-celled periods in MLPT (including the basic type formed by a turn of A or B separately). E works
in MLPT too.
We prove that MLPT is a natural PT by two ways 1. Going to one of them, we fix and call
two following different quantities as ‘real pseudovalentoid number (PVN) of s-, p- and delements’ (they are fully related, have equal values).
1) PVN is a sum of electrons on a filling d-sublevel (if it exists) of a free atom, and on its
top level, and on a filled d-sublevel (if it exists) if the level having it is a top. We call such electronsas ‘pseudovalentoid’ (PV-).
2) PVN is a degree of plurality of PV-electrons’ interactions.
Other (internal) electrons form the whole participant of interactions. PVN is reflected bypositions including ones of Nu. Moreover, there are groups (17-20), where one element (H, He)
has a value of PVN (1, 2), that differs from the value for other elements of such group (7, 8). We
fix1 the quantity ‘seeming pseudovalentoid number (PVN seem) of s-, p- and d-elements’.
PVNseem(H)=7, PVNseem(He)=8. Positions of H, He in these groups reflect PVN seem, instead of PVN.
13

We fix1 the quantity ‘generalized pseudovalentoid number (PVN gen) of the position of s-, p- andd-elements’ (or ‘large chemical number (LN)’). Its values for positions of 20-celled period are
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,8,8, for ones of 10-celled period of A are 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,8,8,
for ones of B are 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. There are periodic function and periods of a mathematicalconcept of periodicity. Going to PE for LN, we fix the numbers: S r – of repeated passages throughthe sector of A+B in the 20-celled period, Cr – of earlier passed elements with the same electron
structure and chemistry in the 20-celled period. This PE is
LN=G−10Sr−Cr=Z+Ds−20Nr−10Sr−Cr .
After fixing1 of ‘small chemical number (SN)’ and ‘resultant chemical number (RN)’ (SN,RN=LN+SN are also such periodic functions, where SN=2 for gr-20, SN=1 for gr-19, SN=0 for othergroups) we have the other PE:
RN=LN+Cr=Z+Ds−20Nr−10Sr .
References
1. Bukayev Yu.V. Chemical Elements: the New Laws. Correction, Mathematization of the Periodic
Law, Tables, Tests. The New Form of the Fajans-Soddy Law. Moscow: IMGRE, 2019 – ISBN 978-54472-7764-2.

14

THE PERIODIC TABLE OF THE POLYHEDRA AND NETWORK UNIVERSE
Burt M., Prof. Emeritus,
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & T.P, TECHNION, ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HAIFA32.000, ISRAELABSTRACT:The diversity of structural forms that meets the eye is overwhelming. They shape ourenvironment: physical, mental, intellectual. Theirs is a dynamic milieu; time induced
transformation and the evolutionary development of the perceiving mind. Our study of naturalforms, the essence of structural morphology, is part a wider science, dealing with forms which
are theoretically imaginable, to imply: causal-rational forms. A particular interest should befocused on two principal categories of structure-forms.
1. Structures that are shaped like polyhedral solids (continuous enveloping tessellated surfaces).
Conspicuous are those relating to sponge-like labyrinthine polyhedral surfaces, which until quite
recently were not even considered as a worthy research topic.
2. Structures describing polyhedral interrelating and interconnected arrays of (sometimes
energized) point-wise entities, with a network characteristics, that may represent the structureof almost any abstract or physical plurality that may exist in the world of phenomena of thebiological-physical and chemical-crystallographic domains.
It is these polyhedral and network lattice structures, with their periodic order and symmetry
constraints, and their extended derivatives, the number of which extends to infinity, that are at
the core of this investigation.
The Periodic Table of the Polyhedral and Network Universe was inspired by Mendeleyev andconceived to provide an overview of its evolving complexity, and gain insights into it’s defining
topological-Symmetrical-structural properties, their hierarchical characteristics and order.
Arranged on the basis of primary parameters of polyhedra and the networks phenomenon(when expressed as unihedra), considered to be: Valency (val.); Σα (in a vertex) and genus (g), a
Cartesian environment is constructed, in which every polyhedral and network configuration has
a unique point-representation, and all shared properties (order, stability, e.c.t) of various
groupings of geometrical structures are posing as mathematically embraced location patterns,
mostly of a topological nature.

15

THE FANTASTIC STORY OF RARE-EARTHS
Carlotto Alice and Marco Dalla Tiezza
Dep. of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
E-mail: alice.carlotto@phd.unipd.it“Lanthanons – these elements perplex us in our researches, baffle us in our speculations, andhaunt us in our very dreams. They like an unknown sea before us; mocking, mystifying andmurmuring strange revelation and possibilities.”1,2
This is not a tale as old as time, but surely an extraordinary adventure in a little-known world,
not so big, but full of wonders.
The Rare-earths were bashful creatures, they often hid themselves with each other as Ceriumwith Lanthanum (lanthanein, to lie hidden) or the little twins Neodimium and Praseodimium(didimos, twin). Others lived together in the little village of Ytterby (Terbium, Erbium, Ytterbium)
or were difficult to reach as Dysprosium (dysprositos, hard to get). Then, there were four thatshone of the rainbow colors. During this almost 200 years old story, we will reveal the secrets of
the lanthanides and, although these mysterious elements have remained hidden for a long time,
we will discover that nowadays you can find the Rare-earths where you least expect them. They
are in the microphones, computers, and guitars, but also in colored glasses, aircrafts, lamps andeven in the euro banknotes. They can be employed to obtain very special magnets, lasers or
thermometers. Nevertheless, all of these are only few application examples, the Rare-earths
story is only at the beginning and who can say what the next chapter will be.

1. J. Emsley, Nature’s Building Blocks An A-Z Guides to the Elements, Oxford University Press, 2003.
2. C. Baskerville, Science 19 (1904) 88.

16

THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS TAKE A SELFIE!
Cestaro Maristella,a Alessandra De Togni,b Lucia Giuffreda,c Rossella Romualdi,d Marco Bortoli,eMarco Dalla Tiezza,e Cecilia Muraro,e Giovanni Parolin,e Cristina Tubaro,e Laura Orianea IIS ‘Veronese- Marconi’ – Sede associata di Cavarzere, via Tullio Serafin 15, 30014 Cavarzere (Ve),

Italy.
b IIS Ferraris-Fermi di Verona, Via del Pontiere 40, 37122 Verona, Italy.
c IIS Duca degli Abruzzi, Via Merlin 1, 35143 Padova, Italy.
d IIS ‘Pacinotti’ Chimica dei materiali articolazione Biotecnologie ambientali, via Caneve 93, 30173

Mestre (Ve), Italy.
eDip. Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova, Italy.

E-mail: cristina.tubaro@unipd.it, laura.orian@unipd.it
Almost 400 students of 25 secondary schools of our region have prepared an original periodic
table, dressing like chemical elements, creating themed scenarios and finally taking pictures.
Conceived for the web (https://pls.scienze.unipd.it/tavolaperiodica/), this creation, developed in
the framework of a national educational project (Piano nazionale Lauree Scientifiche), aims at
attracting young students and at divulgating basic notions of the chemistry of the elements,
which are present in our daily life or exist only for very short times in a lab.

Acknowledgements
Piano nazionale Lauree Scientifiche – Chimica (MIUR) is gratefully acknowledged for financial
support to this project, which was developed by: Rosella Cavalcanti, Daniela Napoli, Annalisa
Scalvi, Anita Paghera, Barbara Ballarini, Federica Stazi, Rita Mellere, Sandra Taschetti, Federica
Dal Molin, Paola Baron Toaldo, Monica Vianello, Annalisa Piazzesi, Manuela Fistarol, Rossella
Romualdi, Michela Cadorin, Laura Gianni, Roberta Predonzan, Mariapaola Colleselli, Lucia Pucci,
Paola Meneghetti, Ornella Priolisi, Maristella Cestaro, Maria Rosa D’Acunto, Lucia Giuffreda,
Riccardo Lambini, Carlo Santi, Marco Bortoli, Marco Dalla Tiezza, Cecilia Muraro, Giovanni
Parolin, Cristina Tubaro, Laura Orian and … the students of 25 schools of the Italian Veneto
region.

17

INNOVATIVE 3D MODEL OF PERIODIC TABLE CONSISTING OF EACH INDIVIDUAL ELEMENT IN
THE FORM OF ATOM HAVING ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION WITH ROTATING ORBITS
Deepti Dhaygude, Vaishali Dhaygude, Dr.Sanjeev Joshi, Yudhavir Mahindrakar and Krantivir
Mahindrakar,
Dhygude Science Activity Centre(D-SAC),Kunthanaka, Solapur, 413003,India
deeptisjoshi@yahoo.com , vaishalidhaygude@yahoo.com

Abstract
In the history of periodic table from Mendeleev to modern Periodic table two dimensional text
format is used for presentation. Such a format is difficult for teachers to teach and theperception of atomic structures goes beyond the imagination at student level. The
understanding would be more clear and easy to remember if a three dimensional model ofeach element can be put in front of the students.
This article emphasizes on the description and use of our 3D innovative periodic table model.
This model contains each element in its atomic form with central nucleus: having protons andneutrons and, rotating orbits with respective electrons.
In preparing the model, care was taken to see that different orbits can be freely rotated toshow that they can have different orientations in space. Metal wires are used for orbits ofdifferent radii while different colored beads are used to represent natures of the elements.
A foldable frame of 17 x 6 feet was constructed on which all the individual element models canbe mounted easily and gives exact idea of the 18 groups and 7 periods. Using these models,
formation of ionic and covalent bonds can be shown using the individual atom models. This
gives an interactive and joyful experience to the students.
It took around 8 months to construct the model. An overwhelming response from students andteachers of schools, colleges, and scientists from science institutes motivated us to present it
at international level. It is an effective teaching aid as well as an asset to science labs andmuseums.
In further development of the 3D model, we will be attempting to incorporate s,p,d,f orbital
which will facilitate learning of hybridization, polar molecules etc. We acclaim it to be thebiggest interactive 3D Periodic Table model which will build interest even in the lay man's mind
to learn the alphabets of Chemistry.

18

THE SYMMETRY CONCEPT OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM, ACCORDING TO THECOMPLEMENTARITY PRINCIPLE
Dlyasin Gennady G.,
Master’s degree in Chemistry; PhD in Education (Moscow, 1996); Associate Professor ofSocial Technologies (Moscow, 2001), Tolyatti city, Samara region, Russia; gensin777@yandex.ru
ABSTRACT:The principle of periodicity remains the main law of the periodic system of elements,
which longs for the new approach and perusal. The system is essentially spiral and symmetrical.
15 elements are divided into 4 groups of 4, which is tetrad-effect. 4 multiplied by 4 equals 16,
felements are 14, but the effect is working on 15. Number 14 here is odd-even. Such analysis
does not exist, on the opposite – the “intuitive obviousness” is a common approach. The
symmetry of the U-turn around the carbon on the series Lithium – Fluorine usually referred toas a sequence of “bounces and steadiness” [Khimiya i periodicheskaya… , 1982, s.67, 68] or“horizontal” periodicity. [Stepin B. D. and Tsvetkov A. A. 1994, s. 54] The conceptual andterminological confusion is obvious.
The goal of the study – to construct the concept of symmetry, correlating to theperiodicity based on the principle of complementarity. The method of research is a comparisonof the curves of the properties of elements.
Objectives: To conceptually analyze curves relations of changes in properties inperiodicity and other transformations (1); To develop glossary of the symmetry concept of thesystem (2); Examine all the many theories of symmetry, including tetrad-effect.
The researchers of tetrad-effect have mentioned that it works everywhere in thesystem. We have shown exactly that. We have picked and followed 5 transformations ofsymmetry – external vector translation (periodicity), internal translation, and also mirror
symmetry. We have introduced formulas of symmetry. We have established that the changes ofthe properties in series, which are packets (with maximal layout and unification) is full of all
kinds of symmetry. The possibility of it links with the properties of co-symmetry (author’s
concept: not complete inphase, mutual bending) – conditional “force” of interaction.
As a result we have discovered and shown hidden symmetries of the system, and also
the effectiveness of the idea of co-symmetry as a method; we have formulated the concept,
established the terms and formulas of symmetry. Tetrads and triads on a “staves” of tetrad
effects are like cryptograms of some “chemical semiotics”. The symmetries shown (andconcepts, including 2 new laws, which we only mentioned) are to be seen as a new object of
future research. They also demand justification in the terms of quantum mechanics.
References: Khimiya i periodicheskaya tablitsa / K. Sayto, S. Khayakava, F. Takei i dr. Pod. Red. K.

Sayto. M. Mir, 1982. 320 s. [Chemistry and Periodic Table, Ed. K. Saito, Japan: Iwanami Shoten,
Publ., 1979]
Stepin B. D. Tsvetkov A. A. Neorganicheskaya khimiya. [Inorganic chemistry] M. Vysshaya
shkola, 1994. 608 s.

19

ON HYPOTHESES FOR NEW RESEARCH PROGRAMS ON THE RESULTS OF THE SYMMETRYSTUDY OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM
Dlyasin Gennady G.,
Master’s degree in Chemistry; PhD in Education (Moscow, 1996); Associate Professor ofSocial Technologies (Moscow, 2001), Tolyatti city, Samara region, Russia; gensin777@yandex.ru
ABSTRACT:The concept of symmetry of the system of chemical elements ([Dlyasin, 2013], andearlier) asked unusual questions. When analyzing the complete theory of the tetrad effect andthe discovered two Laws (I and II) of the system of elements, an assumption about chemicalsemiotics, another new structure of the atom and atomic genetics appeared, and we decided tomove from assumptions to formulating hypotheses for new research programs.
All generalizations and Laws that changed the concept of the system (bearing in mind
that the system of elements and the atom are paired) led us to the first hypothesis – of the newtheory of atomic structure (H1). Further, formulating hypotheses about the structure of thesystem, we will also imply the structure of the atom. Expanding the tetrad effect on allelements, we established that there are three “staves” – 9 elements with two tetrads, 11 withfour triads, and 15 with four tetrads. Further, we assumed that natural fluctuations havealready been modulated by some information and formulated the hypothesis that somesemiotic laws are implemented on the three “staves” of the system (H2-1). In addition, thesecond part of the same semiotic hypothesis emerged through Law II (about paired “chain
links” that fill the curves of properties) – that the linear pattern from the combination of thesepaired “links-cryptograms” is not accidental - this is some text (H2-2).
In Laws I and II, in addition to periodicity, there are many pairwise interactions of
portions of curves covering a part (in the case of Law II) or the entire system. These pairs
suggest about the connection of such complementarity in the very depths of atoms with thestorage of genetic information in two molecular strings in living matter. The “atomic genetics”
hypothesis says that (the corresponding of paired interactions) intra-atomic structures encode
the building blocks of the world (H3), as paired DNA strands encode organisms.
Let us return to the hypothesis H1. In conjunction with the hypothesis H3, it points tothe theory of the semiotic and genetic structure of the atom; in fact, here the hypotheses H1and H3 merge (H13).
Thus, bearing in mind that the world is holographic and fractal, we formulated two
hypotheses (H2 and H13), which can serve as the basis for new research programs.
References: Dlyasin G.G. Metakhimiya. Ot khimii k Antropnoy Vselennoy [Metachemistry. Fromchemistry to the Anthropic Universe]. M. Buki Vedi. 2013. 680 s.

20THE STORY OF HYPERVALENT IODINE CATALYSIS
Dohi Toshifumi
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
td1203@ph.ritsumei.ac.jp , +81-77-561-4908
Type of Presentation: Oral
Abstract:(Recent Photograph)

Halogens are sometimes incorporated into many useful organic molecules and fine chemicals
utilized in a wide range of scientific fields, such as natural products, biologically-active
compounds, and organic materials. With long history since their findings and isolations, halogens
as well as halogenated organic compounds continue to play important roles as the resources thatmake the lives of humans more prosperous.
Among them, iodine, first discovered in 1811, is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic
number 53. Due to the large atomic size, it can take a variety of the oxidation states ranging from
-1 to +7. Recently, hypervalent iodine(III) and (V) reagents are popularly used for many oxidation
reactions and cross-couplings as a greener alternative to heavy metal oxidants as well astransition metal catalysts in virtue of their low toxicities and ready availabilities. They generally
show high reactivities over molecular iodine and can oxidize substrates with more stablemonovalent iodine formation as the driving force.
After discovery of the first hypervalent iodine compound (Willgerodt’s reagent) more than 100
years ago, they have become useful in many synthetic applications, but stoichiometric amounts
were usually employed in their use. The catalytic utilization of hypervalent iodine reagent, largely
in consideration of economic and environmental viewpoints, is thus a desired goal in 21 th century.
Gratefully, new reliable catalytic methods have emerged since 2005 that can broaden the scopeof the catalytic concept. For these contributions, catalytic strategy is now available for
performing many representative types of oxidative bond-forming reactions and alcoholoxidations mediated by hypervalent iodines, some of which even include key transformations forthe synthesis of natural products. This lecture highlights the historical background and the efforts
made to realize the catalytic utilization of these reagents, especially with focus on iodine(III).

Biography: Toshifumi Dohi received his MS in 2002 (Prof. S. Murai) and PhD in 2005 (Prof. Y. Kita),
subsequently became Assistant Professor at Osaka University, and was promoted to Professor(PI) in 2019 at Ritsumeikan University. He received the IUPAC-ICOS 15 Poster Award for mostexcellent presentation, the PSJ Award for Young Scientists (2009), Banyu Chemist Award (2013),
Thieme Chemistry Journal Award (2014), and GSC Encouragement Award (2015). His current
research interest is focused on the hypervalent iodine chemistry in organic synthesis. For moredetails, see homepage: http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/pharmacy/dohi/.

21THE PROPERTIES PERIODICITY OF TRANSITION METALS π-ALLYL COMPLEXES IN THE
NORBORNADIENE ALLYLATION REACTION
Durakov S.A., Flid V.R.
MIREA - Russian technological university, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies named after
M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia
s.a.durakov@mail.ru
Allyl complexes of transition metals are of great interest in organic synthesis and catalysis. They
are intermediate compounds in many reactions involving unsaturated compounds of
unsaturated compounds that occur in the presence of transition metal complexes, such ascarbonylation, isomerization, hydrogenation, oxidation, oligo- and polymerization. The
important role of allyl complexes in these processes is due to their ability to easily enter the
district with CO, olefins, acetylenes and other unsaturated compounds. Such metal-ligand
bonding reactions through allyl intermediate derivatives are often key in catalytic processes.
The norbornadiene (NBD) allylation reacton with allyl complexes of transition metals is notsimilar to the well-known allylic substitution reactions [1]. The peculiarity of this reaction is thecontrolled variation in the nature of the addition of an allyl fragment to the NDB, which canundergo significant changes, up to the breaking of the C-C bond. This reaction opens up
exceptional opportunities for single-stage synthesis of a wide range of strained polycyclichydrocarbons containing methylene, vinyl, methylenecyclobutane and allyl fragments.
Using the example of the behavior of Fe, Co, Ni, Rh, Pd, Pt allyl complexes in the NBD allylation
reaction, a change in the periodicity of their properties is demonstrated. It is shown that thestoichiometric reaction with the participation of allyl complexes of these metals makes it
possible to obtain a huge amount of substituted derivatives of NBD [2]. It was investigated thatwith an increase in the atomic number, the stability of the intermediates formed in the reaction
increases, which makes it possible to carry out not only a stoichiometric but also a catalytic
process. Using Ni, Pd, Pt as an example, it is shown that, when moving in a group from top tobottom, the reducing properties of the complexes increase.
A detailed study and comparison of the catalytic properties of systems based on Ni and Pd in
this reaction was carried out. On the basis of a complex of physicochemical, kinetic,
electrochemical, and isotopic methods, the schemes of the mechanisms of allylation reactions
NBD in the presence of nickel and palladium complexes are substantially supplemented andspecified. The directions and the variability of the stages of β-hydride transfer in the interactionof NBD and allyl formate are experimentally established [3,4]. The effect of the nature of themetal on the direction of the β-hydride transfer stage in the reaction is shown.
Acknowledgement. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), grant №18-13-00415.
References:[1] N.A. Butt, W.Zhang, Chem. Soc., Rev. 44, (2015), 7929
[2] V.R. Flid, O.S. Belov, A.A. Grigoriev, J. Organomet. Chem., 4, (1991), 864[3] S. A. Durakov, R. S. Shamsiev, V. R. Flid, A. E. Gekhman, Russ. Chem. Bull., 67, (2018), 2234.
[4] S. A. Durakov, R. S. Shamsiev, V. R. Flid, A. E. Gekhman, Kinet. Katal., 60, (2019), 1.

22

A MOBILE APPLICATION TO LEARN ATOMIC MODELS
Ergun Mustafa
Science Education, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
mergun@omu.edu.tr
Human have always sought to understand the smallest constituent part of the matter thatsurrounds us either by the reflection of philosophers or by experimentation. The concept andthe model of the atom were always questioned by scientists.
The history of the evolution of the models of the atom shows us the existence of different
representations of the atom in the history of science, especially in chemistry. An atomic model
is a theoretical representation of the properties of the atom and each model has characteristics
that are valid in its time. As the history of modeling the atomic structure shows us thedifficulties of understanding this concept, the learning of atomic concept modeling is not easy
for students. Many studies of students' conceptions on atomic structure have shown thepersistence of obstacles in learning. For the last ten years, the integration of technology(software and mobile applications) into learning has allowed teachers to better understand the
obstacles that prevent them from understanding the concept involved.
The purpose of this study is to know the usefulness of a mobile application created for thelearning of models of the atom in the teaching of chemistry in middle and high school. Our
mobile application was prepared based on Mobil-D, a mobile application development model,
which was developed by Abrahamsson et al. (2004), and Spataru (2010).
We have created a mobile application called "atomic model" that allows to see the first thirtysix chemical elements with five different models (Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr andQuantum). Our mobile application allows the user to see the particles of the same chemicalelement in each model successively. Once the application is downloaded on mobile or tablet,it's not necessary to have the internet connection.
In this mobile application, user can see the structure of the carbon element according to fivedifferent atomic models from the following figures. Each shape contains images of the sameelement with respect to different models. For example, if the carbon atom is explained by the
Dalton's atomic model, solid sphere model, it is understood that subatomic particles such as
electrons and protons in their structure are not visible and atoms aren’t indivisible (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Mobile Application Screen Shot of Carbon Element According to Dalton's atomicmodel.
23

If the structure of the carbon element is explained by the Thomson's model, plum pudding model,
it is understood that as the subatomic particles only charged particles are visible and have a total
neutral structure and there is no nucleus (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Mobile Application Screen Shot of Carbon Element According to Thomson's model.
According to the Rutherford's model, nuclear model, it is understood that protons in the
structure of carbon element are inactive localized in the nucleus and electrons are surroundedby protons. It is also understood that there is not a nucleus concept in the model (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Mobile Application Screen Shot of Carbon Element According to Rutherford's model.
24In the Bohr's model, planetary model, it is understood that the protons in the structure of the
carbon element are in nucleus, electrons move around the nucleus in orbits and this model notwork for heavier atoms (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Mobile Application Screen Shot of Carbon Element According to Bohr's model.
In the quantum model, Schrödinger's model, it is shown that the protons and neutrons in the
structure of carbon are present in the nucleus and the electrons don’t move around the nucleus
in the orbits but in clouds where their position is uncertain. It is impossible and know the exact
location of the electrons instead clouds of probability orbitals (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Mobile Application Screen Shot of Carbon Element According to Quantum Model25

We conducted a descriptive survey of eighty-two prospective science teachers to evaluate theusefulness of our mobile application. In this questionnaire, we asked 13 questions (5 openended question, 8 multiple choice questions).
The results we have obtained allow us to conclude that this mobile application helps to learn
atomic models. Using this mobile application in the course increases the motivation of thelearner. There are difficulties identified by the user regarding the size of the screen.
Abrahamsson, P., Hanhineva, A., Hulkko, H., Ihme, T., Jäälinoja, J., Korkala, M., Koskela, J.,
Kyllönen, P & Salo, O. 2004, Mobile-D: an agile approach for mobile application development.
Conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems Languages and Application; Companion
to the 19th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming systems,
languages, and applications (pp. 174-175). Vancouver: ACM.
Spataru, A.C.: 2010, “Agile development methods for mobile applications”, School of Informatics,
University of Edinburgh, Yüksek Lisans tezi.

26

USING THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS AND QUANTUM CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS 2SUBSTITUTED-1,3,2-DIOXARSENITES AND 1,3,2-DIOXARSOLANES FOR TO SEARCH NEWCHEMICAL REACTIONS
Fernandez Francisco, Tudor Spataru, Aibassov Yerkin, Yemelyanova Valentina
Natural Sciences Department, Hostos College, 500 Grand Concourse, New York, 10451, USA,The basis of the periodic system of chemical elements is the fundamental law of nature. The
value of any scientific theory is not only that it explains already known facts, but also that it
opens up the possibility of predicting new facts, laws and reactions.
We used the periodic system of elements to search for new chemical reactions of arsenic,
antimony and bismuth.
As a result, we discovered new reactions of arsenic, antimony and bismuth.
Thus, we have shown the possibility of using the Periodic Table of the elements of the I-VIII
groups to search for new reactions (1) - (6):In the first reaction, an element E with a valency of 0 is oxidized to a valence (+3).
E + HX-(CH2)n-YH → E(X-(CH2)n-Y) + EH3(1)

In the second reaction, the compound M3E2 with a valence (+3) is converted into a
derivative with a valence (+3) or (+5).
M3E2 + X-(CH2)n-Y → E(X-(CH2)n-Y)(2)

M3E2 + X-(CH2)n-Y + [O] → O=E(X-(CH2)n-Y)(3)

In the third reaction, the hydride of the element EH 3 valency (-3) is oxidized to valence (+3)
or (+5).
EH3 + X-(CH2)n-Y → E(X-(CH2)n-Y)(4)

EH3 + X-(CH2)n-Y + [O] → O=E(X-(CH2)n-Y)(5)

In the fourth reaction, the trioxide of the element E2O3 of valency (-3) is converted into acompound of valence (+3) or (+5).
E2O3 + HX-(CH2)n-YH → E(X-(CH2)n-Y) + H2O(6)

We performed DFT geometry optimization in the frame of B3LYP approximation.
Basis set of 6-31++G** for light atoms and 6-311G** for As and halogens have been usedwithin all geometry optimization processes.
The results of the quantum chemical calculation of 2-substituted-1,2,3-dioxaarcelane, 2substituted-1,2,3-oxaazaarcelane, 2-substituted-1,2,3-oxathia-arslanes showed that thesereactions proceed without changing the valence of arsenic.
Thus, the Periodic Law allows to systematize the reactions, to give an explanation to themand to anticipate new, still unknown reactions.

27

FE VS. RU TETRAHYDRIDES WITH PNP-, CNC-, NNN-PINCER LIGANDS AS ACIDS, BASES, AND
H DONORS
Gazimagomedov M.A.1, Polynski M.V.1, Pidko E.A.1,2
1 TheoMAT group, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
2 ISE group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands

The chemistry of transition metal hydrides offers new ways for renewable energy conversion
and storage. They are efficient catalysts for the sustainable reduction of multiple C-heteroatom
bonds in esters, nitriles, ketones, and (no less importantly) carbon dioxide [1]. Their reactivity in
reduction reactions can be estimated both experimentally and computationally by means of
hydricity and acidity values [2]. From the perspective of computational chemistry, hydricity
calculation is a straightforward way to make a universal and experimentally verifiable predictionof a transition metal reactivity in reduction reactions.
In the present work, we calculated hydricity and acidity of Fe- and Ru- tetrahydrides with
PNP-, CNC-, and NNN- pincer ligands, as well as the Gibbs free energies of the H⋅ transfer to
TEMPO molecules. (Figure 1a-c) with DFT methods. Main binding motifs of H2 to the transition
metal centers were determined (Figure 1d, e).

Figure 1.

(a)-(c) – structures of the modelled tetrahydride complexes;(d) – from left to right: classic tetrahydride complex, equatorial and axial H 2 molecules
coordination;(e) – mer- and fac- coordination of the ligands depicted in Figure 1c.

The obtained values (Figure 3) correspond to Gibbs free energies of hydride/proton transferfrom the metal complex to the implicit solvent specie (Figure 2):

L[MH4] + Sol = L[MH3]+ + Sol-H–(1)

L[MH4] + Sol = L[MH3]– + Sol-H+

(2)

28

Figure 2.

(a) – left to right: structure of acetonitrile-H− anion and protonated acetonitrile cation;(b) – left to right: structure of DMF-H− anion and protonated DMF cations.

Figure 3.

Hydricity (red) and acidity (blue) of pincer complexes in DMF (circle) and acetonitrile(square). The values were computed with TPSS functional and COSMO-RS

We used the ORCA 4.0 program package[3] to perform unrestricted Kohn-Sham calculations at
the B97-3c [4] and TPSS-D3/ma-def2-TZVP//TPSS-D3/ma-def2-SVP [5, 6] levels of theory.
Vibrational frequencies were computed with the finite difference algorithm validate theoptimized geometries as true minima, as well as to calculate the Gibbs free energies. Bulk solvent
effects effects were calculated with conductor-like screening model for realistic solvation(COSMO-RS) [7], [8] as implemented in the COSMOTherm [9], [10] and TURBOMOLE V7.2 [11]programs.
29

References:[1]

M. A. Esteruelas, A. M. López, and M. Oliván, “Polyhydrides of Platinum Group Metals:
Nonclassical Interactions and σ-Bond Activation Reactions,” Chem. Rev., vol. 116, no. 15,
pp. 8770–8847, 2016.

[2]

E. S. Wiedner, M. B. Chambers, C. L. Pitman, R. M. Bullock, A. J. M. Miller, and A. M. Appel,“Thermodynamic Hydricity of Transition Metal Hydrides,” Chem. Rev., vol. 116, no. 15, pp.
8655–8692, 2016.

[3]

F. Neese, “The ORCA program system,” Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Mol. Sci., vol. 2, no.
1, pp. 73–78, Jan. 2012.

[4]

J. G. Brandenburg, C. Bannwarth, A. Hansen, and S. Grimme, “B97-3c: A revised low-costvariant of the B97-D density functional method,” J. Chem. Phys., vol. 148, no. 6, p. 064104,
Feb. 2018.

[5]

J. Tao, J. P. Perdew, V. N. Staroverov, and G. E. Scuseria, “Climbing the density functionalladder: Nonempirical meta–generalized gradient approximation designed for moleculesand solids,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 91, no. 14, p. 146401, Sep. 2003.

[6]

J. Zheng, X. Xu, and D. G. Truhlar, “Minimally augmented Karlsruhe basis sets,” Theor.
Chem. Acc., vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 295–305, Feb. 2011.

[7]

A. Klamt, “Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents: A New Approach to the
Quantitative Calculation of Solvation Phenomena,” J. Phys. Chem., vol. 99, no. 7, pp. 2224–
2235, Feb. 1995.

[8]

Andreas Klamt, † Volker Jonas, and Thorsten Bürger, and J. C. W. Lohrenz, “Refinement
and Parametrization of COSMO-RS,” 1998.

[9]

F. Eckert and A. Klamt, “Fast Solvent Screening via Quantum Chemistry: COSMO-RS
Approach,” AIChE J., vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 369–385, Feb. 2002.

[10]

COSMOtherm, C3.0,
releasehttp://www.cosmologic.de[11]

TURBOMOLE V7.2 2017, a development of University of Karlsruhe and Forschungszentrum
Karlsruhe GmbH, 1989–2007, TURBOMOLE GmbH, since 2007, available fromhttp://www.turbomole.com

16.02,

30

COSMOlogic

GmbH

&

Co

KG,

NOVEL BIMETALLIC IRIDIUM DYAD AS A SINGLE MOLECULE WHITE LIGHT EMITTER
Gitlina Anastasia Yu., Elena V. Grachova
Iridium is a transition metal of platinum group with atomic number 77. Since the opening of themetal its chemistry has been developing rapidly. Thus, compounds in oxidation states between-3 and +9 involving complexes with coordination numbers between 4 and 6 were synthesized.
Nevertheless, the most attractive compounds are organometallic iridium(III) complexes.
Cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes demonstrate remarkable properties which determine awide range of applications. In particular, these are unique luminescent properties. The best
illustration is that iridium(III) complexes are the components of the electroluminescent devices
such as organic light-emitting diodes [1].
Nowadays, the most popular trend is obtaining of white light emitters. Even in that iridium(III)complexes were successful. For instance, white emitting device was constructed by mixing in
active layer of two cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with green and red emission bands,
combination of which led to the effect [2].
However, in our research group a single molecule white light emitter was obtained. It is a dyadwhich contains two cyclometalated iridium(III) centers with ligands having different electronic
properties. The metals are connected by ancillary organic linker that complements thecoordination sphere. The dyad demonstrates a number of emission bands in visible spectrum,
combination of which leads to white emission under UV conditions. Obtained compounds werecharacterized by NMR and HR mass spectra and elemental analysis.
Great acknowledgements express to the Russian Science Foundation grant 16-13-10064. The
work was carried out using equipment of Saint Petersburg State University Research Park:
Centers of Magnetic Resonance, Chemical Analysis and Materials Research.
References:
1. E. Zysman-Colman, Iridium(III) in Optoelectronic and Photonics Applications, 2017, 2, 736 p.;
2. S.Tang, J. Pan, H. Buchholz, White Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cell, ACS Appl. Mater.
Interfaces, 2011, 3(9), 3384–3388.

31THE IMPORTANCE OF SEMIOTIC REPRESENTATIONS IN THE TEACHING OF CHEMISTRY
Gomes da Silva Marcos Aurélio
federal University Juiz de fora, BRA
Abstract
The motivation to do this work was to reflect on the use of chemical language in the classroom,
since my focus is to work with scientific literacy and language contributes significantly in thissubject.
This work intends to bring reflections and applications on the importance of the use of chemical
symbology in the classroom, since students have a great difficulty in the use and interpretationof symbols used in chemical language. For this we will use as theoretical support the bases ofthe semiotic theory of Charles Peirce that deals precisely on the relations between the
representations and their axes of signification.
Semiotics is the science of meaningful processes (semiosis), linguistic signs and languages.
We approach the representations of chemical formulas first in a historical way starting with thesymbology used by the alchemists and passing through chemical languages used by chemists like
Dalton and Berzelius arriving until the current symbology.
We analyzed contents such as organic and inorganic compound nomenclatures, periodic table
and chemical reactions from the observation of the symbology used allowing students to reflect
on the importance of symbols and representations in the construction of chemistry.
we understand and discuss the concept of common sense in the construction of chemical
language.
we use computational molecular models to help us to have a greater and interactive dimension
to the processes of representations of chemical language.
he chosen theme allowed a significant approach to the teaching of chemistry and first a
diagnostic evaluation was made in order to trace the profile of previous knowledge regarding
the subject from basic concepts on the subject containing 9 questions related to the content oforganic chemistry and general chemistry .

32

DESIGN OF POLYCHROMATIC MOLECULAR EMITTERS BASED ON LANTHANIDE COMPLEXES
Grachova Elena V.
Lanthanides are series of unique chemical elements with similar chemical properties and amazing
photonic. Luminescence of molecular emitters based on lanthanide(III) has a few practicallyimportant advantages in compare with traditional organic phosphors and luminescent complexesof d-elements, such as a narrow emission bands, high photostability, and long lifetimes of theexcited state.
From the other hand, construction of luminescent compounds which can demonstrate multiply
emission and partial intramolecular energy transfer is one of the most interesting and demanded
trend in coordination chemistry, and some features of lanthanide(III) sensitization make possible
to use these metallocenters to create discrete molecular polychromatic emitters.
Based on a heterofunctional polydentate ligands decorated by bipyridine moiety we prepared aset of d-f heterometallic emissive complexes that demonstrate unusual combination of different
nature emission from one molecule.
Using of luminescent complexes of d-metals as building blocks for design of luminescent d-fheterometallic molecular assemblies will be discussed, and some general principles of d-fmolecular polychromatic emitters design will be presented in the framework of the lecture.
This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant 16-13-10064) and was carriedout using equipment of St. Petersburg State University Research Park: Centers of Magnetic
Resonance, Optical and Laser Materials Research, Chemical Analysis and Materials Research;Physical Methods of Surface Investigation, and the X-ray Diffraction Centre.

33

DEVERSE STRUCTURES OF AL AND GA HALIDE COMPLEXES WITH BPE AND BPA: A SEARCH
FOR “SYNTHETIC” EFFICIENCY
Gugin Nikita
Student, 1 master degree course
Saint-Petersburg State University
Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
E-mail: nikita.gugin@yandex.ru
Scientific supervisor: Dr. Davydova E.I.
Group 13 element trihalides are strong Lewis acids which form stable donor-acceptor(DA) complexes with bifunctional N-donors. Resultant 13-15 DA complexes can have molecular
structures or produce group 13 metal-organic frameworks (MOF-13) of different kinds. The
former complexes are prospective single-source precursors for the CVD of nitrides [1], whereas
the latter can be used as materials for sorption, separation, heterogeneous catalysis, sensing
etc. [2]. Most of 13-MOFs described are built using poly-carboxylate linkers, but there are only
a few examples of using N-donors. Thereby synthesis and characterization of new 13-15
complexes built up with bifunctional N-donors are important tasks.
In order to comply with the ‘green fabrication’ principles all complexes were synthesizedby direct interaction of MX3 (M=Al, Ga; X=Cl, Br) with 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpe) or 1,2bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpa) without the use of organic solvents (or with the addition of minor
quantities of fluid molecules). Because of the moisture and air sensitivity of group 13 element
halides and of the reaction products, all synthetic operations were carried out in whole glass
apparatuses under vacuum. Solid state structures of molecular adducts (MX 3·LL·MX3, LL=bpe:
M=Al, Ga, X=Cl, Br; LL=bpa: M=Al, Ga; X=Cl) as well as coordination polymers (e.g.
−
1
2
2+
+
∞[MCl2(bpa)2] [MCl4] (M=Al, Ga), ∞[Al2Br4(bpe)5] [AlBr4]2 ·bpe) were established by single
crystal X-ray analysis. Due to remarkable diversity of the possible reaction products, thedevelopment of the efficient selective method for the DA complex synthesis is an exceptionaltask. Therefore, different conditions of the complexation process were varied: the components
ratios; the temperature regime and the synthetic method (dry melt synthesis or fluid-assisted
synthesis). The bulk products obtained were characterized by X-ray Powder Diffraction.
We are grateful to M. Bodensteiner, A.V. Virovets and E.V. Peresypkina (University ofRegensburg) for the X-ray structure determination. X-ray powder diffraction measurements
were performed at the Research park of St Petersburg State University.

References
1. A.Y. Timoshkin, H.F. Schaefer // Chem. Record, 2, 319 (2002).
2. Y. Liu et al. // J. Solid State Chem., 223, 84 (2015).

34

BINODIC PERIODIC SYSTEM, NEW APPROACH
Gutiérrez Samanez Julio Antonio,
Chemical Engineer,
Peru
ABSTRACTThis paper aims to understand the periodic chemical system as a matrix of diachronic andsynchronic functions, which lead to a general mathematical function, which we call: "Binodic
function", formed by pairs of periods, dyads or binodes, that describe Mendeleev's Periodic
Law as a growing or progressive function of the main quantum number (n), with order andordered rank, and that by unity and opposition of negative principles, generate in theirdynamics: first, gradual or evolutionary quantitative changes (without variation of the format)
and, second, radical quantitative changes, with the appearance of new quantum transitions,with growth of the format and qualitative or of binodo change. For whose understanding theanalytical method and the geometric or graphic method were used. This rationalization restates
Mendeleev's Law, which is only a literal statement, by placing the size of the pairs of symmetricor binary periods (Y) and the continuous elementary series (Z), as a function of their correlative
number (B) or (n).
Likewise, they support this thesis: a 2D graphic representation of a self-similar spiral function of
the distribution of the elements, under a geometric growth pattern, and, to 3D animation thatshows a conical helical function that describes the position of each of the chemical elements,
according to two growth laws: (2n ^ 2) and (4n ^ 2). This new approach to articulation andsystematization constitutes a new conception of the Periodic System and the Periodic Table ofChemistry, synthesized in a concrete mathematical form: The Binodic law.
Julio Antonio Gutiérrez Samanez

35

PHOSPHORUS – THE DEVIL’S ELEMENT?
Hey-Hawkins Evamarie, John Popp, Axel Straube, Toni Grell, and Volker Eilrich
Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University,
Leipzig, Germany
The chemical element phosphorus was discovered by the German alchemist Hennig Brand in
1669 on attempting to create the fabled Philosopher’s stone through distillation of urine. He
produced the white form of phosphorus, which glows upon exposure to oxygen. This
characteristic led to its name, which means “light bearer” in Greek. Until the process for
manufacturing red phosphorus, which is far less flammable and much less toxic, wasdiscovered, the use of white phosphorus resulted in many murders, suicides and accidental
poisonings [1].
The chemistry of phosphorus is, without a doubt, one of the most intriguing fields of inorganicand organic chemistry. It comprises a vast number of classes of compounds with many
elements in the periodic table and combinations thereof. Phosphorus compounds are widelyused in fertilisers, food additives, detergents, flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, pesticides andinsecticides, to name but a few. Furthermore, phosphane ligands play an important role inhomogeneous catalysis, especially chiral ones, which can improve significantly the efficiency,
specificity and selectivity of catalysts. Metal phosphides, on the other hand, find applications inmaterials science.
Besides an overview on the element phosphorus and its remarkable chemistry, examples ofswitchable catalysts [2] and suitable precursors for phosphorus-rich metal phosphides [3] will
be presented.

____[1] J. Emsley, The 13th Element, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2000.
[2] P. Neumann, H. Dib, A.-M. Caminade, E. Hey-Hawkins, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 311314 [3] T. Grell, D. M. Yufanyi, A. K, Adhikari, M. B. Sárosi, P. Lönnecke, E. Hey-Hawkins, Pure
Appl. Chem. 2019, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-1013

36

SCANDIUM(III) TRIFLUOROMETHANESULFONATE – AN EFFICIENT LEWIS ACID CATALYST FOR
ORGANIC AND ORGANOMETALLOIDAL SYNTHESIS
Hreczycho Grzegorz, Krzysztof Kuciński, Joanna Kaźmierczak, Hanna Stachowiak, Dariusz
Lewandowski
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland E-Mail:g.h@amu.edu.pl
Scandium (Sc) is placed in group 3 of the periodic table (along with yttrium, lanthanum andactinium), and has the smallest radius across all rare-earth elements. Its chemical properties
are known to be intermediate between that of aluminum and lanthanides. Scandium is not rareelement in the Earth's crust and its concentration is comparable to that of cobalt. However, Sc
is relatively uncommon due to the lack of rich sources and difficulties in its separation. Despite
this fact, the application of scandium and its compounds is quite significant. In particular, thescandium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate [Sc(OTf)3, scandium(III) triflate] is well-known as highly
efficient Lewis acid catalyst for organic and organometalloidal synthesis.
It is noteworthy that Sc(OTf)3 differs significantly from typical Lewis acid representatives (e.g.,
AlCl3, BF3, etc.). Specifically, scandium(III) triflate is stable in the presence of water unlike
classic Lewis acids. As the result, none of reactions must be carried out under strictly anhydrous
conditions. In comparison to other lanthanide triflates, scandium salt also shows the highest
catalytic activity and selectivity in the vast majority of cases.
The aim of this comunication is to demonstrate high activity and selectivity of scandium(III)trifluoromethanesulfonate in the synthesis of various organometalloidal compounds [1-3].
Acknowledgements:
This work was supported by The National Science Centre (Poland) under Grant no
2015/19/B/ST5/00240[1]. G. Hreczycho, P. Pawluć, B. Marciniec, New J. Chem., 2011, 35, 2743-2746.
[2]. G. Hreczycho, K. Kuciński, P. Pawluć, B. Marciniec, Organometallics, 2013, 32, 5001-5004.
[3]. J. Kaźmierczak, K. Kuciński, G. Hreczycho, Inorg. Chem., 2017, 56, 9337-9342.

37

APPLICATIONS OF SPECTROSCOPY IN THE STUDY OF ELEMENTS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
Ignacio Jose
This study proposes some of the applications of spectroscopy, in the identification of chemicalelements of the Periodic Table, present in different light sources used in everyday life.
Since Isaac Newton (1666) adopted the name "Spectrum", noting that the white light of the sun
could disperse into a continuous series of colours, using a prism, to Gustav Robert Kirchoff andRobert Wilhelm Eberhard von Bunsen (1859) who found that spectral lines were unique to eachchemical element, other researchers such as William Hyde Wollaston (1802) and Joseph vonFrauenhofer (1814) observed dark lines present in the solar spectrum, with the invention of thefirst grid spectroscope of diffraction.
The objectives of the study are summarized in the following steps: design and construction of adesktop spectroscope, transformation of the mobile phone into a spectrophotometer
diffraction grid and investigation of applications of spectroscopy, in the identification ofchemical elements of the Periodic Table present in different light sources.
In order to develop the objectives of the study, once the search for materials required in thedesign and construction of spectroscopes has been completed, the process of assembling themhas been carried out. Upon completion of this last step, observations of spectra emitted bydifferent light sources (incandescent light, halogen light, cold and warm light consumption, andfluorescent light) have been achieved.
Once the observations have been completed, the results obtained were analysed by comparing
the emission spectra obtained through desktop spectroscope and the mobile transformed intoa spectrophotometer, with the real emission spectra of the chemical components existinginside the light sources analysed (calibration of spectrocopes)
Checked the usefulness of spectroscopy in the identification of chemical elements, it can beconcluded that spectroscopy can help us to observe different chemical components present in
the light sources used in the daily life. Moreover, other fields where it can be useful, can beproposed, such as to study the chemical components that provoke atmospheric pollution in agiven area or even in the analysis of the chemical composition of stars.

38

PERIODIC LAW: NEW FORMULATION AND EQUATION DESCRIPTION
Imyanitov N.S.,
Sankt Petersburg, Russia
The atomic weight, nuclear charge, electron configuration of an atom and the total number of ielectrons in an atom belonging to i-block (i = s, or p, or d, or f) are considered as thefundamental characteristics of an element (atom). Only in the latter case, the true periodicity isachieved: the repetitions occurs at regular intervals. The total number of i-electrons in an atom
belonging to i-block is used as the new basis for the description of the periodicity. This madepossible to propose a new formulation of the Periodic law and to describe the Periodic law by
an equation. One equation quantitatively describes the selected property of all atoms of a given
block of the Periodic table. For another property or another block, the same equation isapplied, but with different parameters.
The suitability of the equation is exemplified by the description of the properties of atoms, suchas ionization energy, electron affinity, proton affinity, electronegativity, covalent atomic radii
and the enthalpy of formation of elements in the gas phase. The equation makes it possible todescribe also the properties of compounds and their fragments: the acidic properties ofcompounds with hydrogen of elements of groups 14, 15, 16 and 17; the acidic properties ofprotonated atoms of group 18 as well as molecules derived from elements of groups 15, 16 and17; gas-phase basicity and proton affinity for compounds of elements of groups 2, 13, 14, 15, 16
and 17; inductive effects of ligands in coordination chemistry and substitutes in organic
chemistry (derivatives of elements of groups 1-17); electronic parameters of 222 neutral ligands(compounds of elements of groups 14, 15, 16 and 17); the electron effect constants ofcoordinating metals of groups 3-17.
The new formulation and the equation retain their correctness upon fundamental changes in thecomposition and mutual arrangement of the blocks and periods. New broad areas for theapplication of the equation are discussed.

39

GREEN ORGANOSULFUR CHEMISTRY
Jiang X
Due to the profound significance of sulfur-containing molecules in organic chemistry andchemical biology, development of novel sulfurating reagents to access sulfur-containing
compounds via mild, concise, and efficient approaches is necessary. The introduction of sulfur
atoms into target molecules is an important area in organic synthesis, particularly in the synthesisof pharmaceutical and material compounds. Our group has explored the smelless, stable andsustainable (3S) green sulfuration reactions, and developed a set of new sulfurating reagents andcorresponding methodologies. Through their strategies, the construction of C-S, C=S, S-S, S-N,
S=O, and O=S=O bonds in natural products and pharmaceuticals was achieved
comprehensively.[1] In 2018, he was selected as Ambassador of "Sulfur" in "Periodic Table ofYounger Chemists" by IUPAC. In 2019, he was selected as “Asian Representative Speaker of Young
Outstanding Scientists of the World” by UNESCO in Opening Ceremony of International Year of
Periodic Table of Chemical Elements.

References[1] (a) Xiao, X.; Xue, J.; Jiang X. Nat. Commun. 2018‚ 9‚ 2191. (b) Xiao, X.; Feng, M.; Jiang, X.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016‚ 55‚ 14121. (c) Qiao Z.; Jiang X. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2017‚ 15, 1942.
(d) Liu, H.; Jiang X. Chem. Asian. J. 2013‚ 8, 2546.

40

STELLAR ALCHEMY AND THE ORIGIN OF COSMIC ELEMENTS
Jordi José,
Dept. Physics, UPC Barcelona
Abstract
Where do the nitrogen (N) in our DNA, the calcium (Ca) in our bones, the iron (Fe) in our blood,or the oxygen (O) we breathe come from? As the late planetary scientist Carl Sagan used to say,we are made of starstuff. Most of the ordinary (visible) matter in the Universe, from aterrestrial pebble to a human, a giant star, or a galaxy, is made of protons and neutrons
arranged in different configurations called elements. There are 82 elements that have stable
isotopes, all the way from hydrogen (H) to lead (Pb), except for technetium (Tc) andpromethium (Pm). Several dozen elements have only unstable isotopes, naturally abundant or
artificially synthesized in nuclear physics labs.
During eons, the Cosmos was a chemically hostile environment, almost devoid of elements,
except for the very light ones [(hydrogen (H), helium (He), and some marginal amounts oflithium (Li)], created during the first hundreds seconds after the Big Bang. For about 200 million
years, during the so-called Dark Ages, the Universe just expanded and cooled down. But the
emergence of the first stars, formed by effect of gravity, changed the picture completely: such
nuclear furnaces have been responsible for turning the handful of light elements synthesizedright after the Big Bang into a suite of heavier elements. Indeed, most elements up to Fe aresynthesized by nuclear fusion in “normal” stars of different masses, while elements heavier
than Fe are produced in a number of astrophysical sites, such as some giant stars, core-collapse
supernovae, and neutron star mergers.
This talk summarizes a breathtaking 13.8 billion-year cosmic journey, from the Big Bang to therole played by stellar explosions in shaping the chemical abundance pattern that we see today
in the Universe.

41EUROPIUM. LUMINESCENCE AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Keskinova M.V., Sychov M.M.
Europium, Eu, chemical element of the third group of the Periodic Table, is related to thelanthanides. Europium was isolated in 1901 and is named after the continent of Europe.
There are 2 oxidation states of Eu (+2 and +3) in compounds. The materials with trivalent
europium usually are synthesized in air. While compounds with divalent europium require
reducing atmosphere. Luminescent materials with divalent europium usually are synthesized inhydrogen atmosphere or under layer of coal.
The main properties of phosphors contained Eu ions associated with the processes of lightabsorption or light emission processes or luminescence, are determined by intraconfigurationaltransitions between 4f states of Eu 3+ ion, as well as interconfigurational transitions between 4f
and 5d states of Eu2+ ion.
Due to fully filled 5s2 and 5p6 shells in Eu ions, electrons located at the 4f levels of the shell arealmost completely screened from the influence of an external crystalline field. The weakinteraction of the 4f shell electrons with the crystal field and, accordingly, the weak electronphonon interaction leads to the fact that the optical and luminescent spectra characterizing thetransitions between different states of the 4f configuration have a linear structure, very small
displacements when going from one crystal to the other, a small broadening of the lines (about
10–100 cm – 1).
The 4f-4f electron transitions of Eu3+ in Zr0,95Y0,05O2:Eu3+ phosphor and the emission spectrum of
Zr0,95Y0,05O2:Eu3+ phosphor are shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 The electron transitions of Eu 3+ in Zr0,95Y0,05O2:Eu3+ phosphor and the emission spectrumof Zr0,95Y0,05O2:Eu3+ phosphor
The interconfigurational 4f7 – 4f65d1 transitions of Eu3+ lead to the appearance of wide bands inthe absorption and luminescence spectra [1].
42The 4f7 – 4f65d1 electron transitions of Eu2+ in NaBaPO4:Eu2+ phosphor and the emission spectrumof phosphor NaBaPO4:Eu2+ [2] are shown in Fig. 2.

Fig.2 The electron transitions of Eu2+ in NaBaPO4:Eu2+ phosphor and the emission spectrum ofphosphor NaBaPO4:Eu2+
Literature:
1. Pustovarov, V.A. Spectroskopiya redkozemel’nih ionov/ V.A. Pustovarov. – URFU, 2016. – 69 P.
(rus)
2. Bakhmet’ev, V.V. Synthesis of finely dispersed NaBaPO4:Eu2+ phosphors and structuralinvestigation of their centers of luminescence/ V.V. Bakhmet’ev, V.V. Malygin, L.A. Lebedev, M.V.
Keskinova, M.M. Sychev// Journal of Optical Technology. – 2017. – V. 84. –№ 9. – P. 642-646.

43

SUPERATOMS:
A NEW KIND OF ALCHEMY WITH POTENTIAL FOR NOVEL MATERIALSKhanna S. N.
Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2000
Size selected stable clusters have the potential to mimic thechemistry of elements in the periodic table and can be regarded
as “superatoms” forming a third dimension to the periodic table.
The physical, chemical, electronic and magnetic properties ofsuperatoms can vary, sometimes severely, by the size,
symmetry, composition, and the charged state with a further
control provided by the addition of ligands. The talk will focus on
this intriguing discovery and its implication for unifying
nanoscience and potential for creating nanoscale materials withtunable characteristics. Specific examples illustrating how theclusters of the most easily oxidized solids can display extreme
resistance to oxidation, clusters with specific symmetry that cansplit alcohols, and clusters that display novel magnetic
properties will be presented. I will talk about our recent efforts where the superatoms ligatedwith charge transfer ligands can lead to motifs that can donate or accept multiple electrons withlow energies and with first ionization energies lower than any element in the periodic table.
Recent protocols that enable us to synthesize materials from the new building blocks and thepotential offered by the new materials will be highlighted. The talk will cover our recent work on
metal-chalcogenide superatomic clusters that can lead to novel semiconductors with tunableband gaps.
References:[1] "Al cluster superatoms as halogens in polyhalides and as alkaline earth in iodide salts", D. E.
Bergeron, P. J. Roach, A. W. Castleman, Jr., N. O. Jones, and S. N. Khanna, SCIENCE 307, 231(2005).
[2] “Complementary Active Sites are Responsible for the Size-Selective Reactivity of Aluminum
Cluster Anions with Water”, P. J. Roach, W. H. Woodward, A. W. Castleman, Jr, A. C. Reber,and S. N. Khanna, SCIENCE 323, 492-495 (2009).
[3] “ Designer magnetic superatoms”, J. Ulises Reveles, P. A. Clayborne, A. C. Reber, S. N.
Khanna, K. Pradhan, P. Sen, and M. R. Pederson, Nature Chemistry 1, 310-315 (2009).
[4] “Controlling the Band Gap Energy of Cluster-Assembled Materials”. S. Mandal, A.C. Reber, M.
Qian, P.S. Weiss, S.N. Khanna, A. Sen. Accounts of Chemical Research 46, 2385-2395 ( 2013).
[5] “A Systematic Framework and Nanoperiodic Concept for Unifying Nanoscience: Hard/Soft
Nano-Elements, Super Atoms, Meta-Atoms, New Emerging Properties, Periodic Property
Patterns, Predictive Mendeleev-Like Nanoperiodic Tables”, D. A. Tomalia and S. N. Khanna,
Chem. Rev. 116, 2705-2774 (2016).
[6] “Strong lowering of ionization energy of metallic clusters by organic ligands without changing
shell filling.”, V. Chauhan, A.C. Reber, and S.N. Khanna. Nature Communications 9, 2357
(2018).
44

A PERIODIC FLASHBACK FOR CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOL
Klyucharev V.V.
RAS, Institute of problems of chemical physics
142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
vvk@icp.ac.ru
Substances, matters, and compounds are not the same. As a result, there is chemical mole, andalso there is advanced mole. Because of this, periodical systems of chemical elements and theperiodic systems of chemical senses may be different. Matters and compounds are able tocombine the covalent joining of substances with some reactions of chemical confinements.
Unfortunately, frontiers between chemistry, with its substances, and materials science, with its
matters and compounds, have not clear definition up to now [1-3]. As a consequence, thesubstituting the UDC 544 “Physical chemistry” for the UDC-541 “Theoretical and generalchemistry” [4], the mole of pennies [5], and the dissolution of chemistry in the systems science[6] seemed quite possible at these times. One can think also that the simplified and provocative
coupling of atomic weights and chemical functions [7,8] had opened a way to such progress.
Clear-cut distinctions between the reactivity of substances, matters and compounds might solve
the problem, as an example, by the coming of chemical materials science from Mallard, Le
Châtelier and Mendeleev [9-11] to the first applications in secondary school [12]. Therewith, it
is need however to save the core of chemistry [13] in modern trek from Döbereiner [14,15] andMendeleev [7,8,10,11,16,17] to the Oganesson [18-24]. One such attempt is presented below
as a flashback from the s-, p-, d-, f-periodicity with regard to their symmetry and duality in thesystems of the covalent coupling, including B 2O3, CO2, N2O5, or Sc2O3, TiO2, V2O5, or La2O3,
CeO2, Pr2O5, without claims to originality. In particular, forgotten roots of key discussion about
Pr (+5) [25-30] could be found here [31-34]. Notice also, that the periodic system of ionization
potentials would be otherwise [35-37]. This report is dedicated to memory of Wiese & Didyk [38,39].

45

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Academic Press, Inc; 2016.
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G. (Eds.) / N.Y.: Oxford University Press; 2018.
Oganov A.R. Faraday Disc. 211, 643-660 (2018).
Semenok D.V., Kvashnin A.G., Kruglov I.A., Oganov A.R. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9(8). 1920-1926 (2018).
Fias S., Chang S., Anatole von Lilienfeld O. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 10(1), 30-39 (2019).
Brosi F., Vent-Schmidt T, Kieninger S., Schlöder T., Beckers H., Riedel S. Chem. Eur. J. 21(46), 1645516462 (2015).
Zhang Q.N., Hu S.X., Qu H., Su J., Wang G.J., Lu J.B., Chen M.H., Zhou M.F., Li J. Angew. Chem. 55(24),6896-6900 (2016).
Su J., Hu S.X., Huang W., Zhou M.F. Sci. China Chem. 59(4), 442-451 (2016).
Hu S.X., Jian J.W., Su J., Wu X., Li J., Zhou M.F. Chem. Sci. 8(5), 4035-4043 (2017).
Dingle A. Nature Chem. 10(5), 576 (2018).
Johnson D.A., Nelson P.G. Found. Chem. 20(1), 15-27 (2018).
Savin, V.D., Elyutin A.V., Mikhailova N.P. Abstr. of 6th All-Russ. meeting “High temperature chemistryof silicates and oxides”. Leningrad: Nauka; 1988, p. 174-176 (in Russian).
Savin, V.D., Elyutin A.V., Mikhailova N.P., Eremenko Z.V. Zh. Neorg. Khim. 33(9), 2190-2195 (1988).
Savin, V.D., Elyutin A.V., Mikhailova N.P., Eremenko Z.V., Opolchenova N.L., Stepareva N.N. Tvetnye
Metally. (3), 76-82 (1989).
Savin V.D., Elyutin A.V., Mikhailova N.P. Tvetnye Metally. (11), 74-79 (1989).
Gorokh A.V. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. 292(3), 597-601 (1987).
Gorokh A.V. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. 318(3), 581-585 (1991).
Gorokh A.V. Periodical system of chemical elements. Genetic aspect. Donetsk: DonFTI NANU. 2002
(in Russian).
Wiese G., Böse D. Z. Naturforsch. B. 27(8), 897-902 (1972).
Didyk Y.K. Trudy NVII. (15), 37-62 (1973).

46

4D-CUBIC PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS1
Lalvani Haresh *#A 4-dimensional (4D) cubic lattice of elements based on the 4 quantum numbers – principal n,azimuthal l, magnetic m and spin s - is presented. Each quantum number defines a different
spatial direction in 4D Cartesian space having (n,l,m,s) co-ordinates. These co-ordinates
uniquely specify the spatial addresses of all 120 elements in the n=8 system. Each element
occupies a different point location in this 4D space thereby accommodating Pauli’s exclusion
principle. The 4D table is organized in 4 chemical blocks in a natural manner with a 2D s-blockand 3D p-, d- and f-blocks, all finite portions of the 4D lattice. The topology of the table isgoverned by Euler-Poincare- (Euler-Schlafli) type equation which specifies the groupings ofelements in dimensional increments (2D, 3D and 4D groups of elements). The topology of thetable defines the connectivity between elements displaying inherent relationships between
elements. Principles of complementarity and zero-cyclic sum are features of the representation.
Digital images, computer animations and a physical model are presented.

1

A paper has been submitted for publication.

* Director, Center for Experimental Structures, and Professor of Architecture, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn,
New York, NY# Principal, Lalvani Studio, New York, NY.

47

SOL-GEL SYNTHESIS SUPER ACTIVE CATALYSTS ON CORE-SHELL ORGANOMODIFIED SILICA
Latypova A.R. 1, M.D. Lebedev1, E.A. Kopoleva1,
Yu. S. Marfin1, E.V. Rumyantsev1, A.V. Bykov2, V.Yu. Doluda1,2
1Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevsky ave.7, Ivanovo, RussianFederation
2Tver State Technical University, Nab. A. Nikitina 22, Tver, Russian Federation
LatAdel@yandex.ru
Abstract: Obtain submicron and nanoscale particles it is one of the most important directions inmaterials. Based of them scientists create a new functional materials with adjusted structure andmorphology parameters. In particular the nanoparticles of Pt and Cu groups the most widespreadin applied catalysis. It is associated with catalytic properties of these chemical elements indifferent chemical process. However, the use of these nanoparticles in the native form does notseem appropriate because of the significant metal losses in the separation of the reaction
products from the catalyst.
In this research is developing a method for synthesis composite materials of the core-shell typeand organic modified silica particles. In case of core-shell particles the nickel was used as amagnetic core and silica as a shell. Silica particles were modified by aminopropil- groups and theaminopropilthreemethoxysilane was used as precursor in sol-gel synthesis. The materials wereobtained by sol-gel synthesis using the modified Schober method. For materials with a core-shellstructure, the first stage was to obtain a suspension of nickel metal particles stabilized by cetyl
trimethylammonium bromide. Synthesis of Pd based catalysts was made by precipitation of
palladium hydroxide due to hydrolysis reaction by addition of 3 mM H 2PdCl4 solution to a 1
gramm of support suspended in 40 ml aqueous solution of 0.1 M Na 2CO3. Obtained materials
were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, hydrogen pulse chemisorption, X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant №18-79-10157.

48

BERYLLIUM AS P BLOCK ELEMENT IN SUPERCONDUCTORS ZrBe2 AND HfBe2
Dr. Maarten G. Goesten,
Division of Physical Science and Engineering, KAUST, Saudi Arabia
The first report on π-bonding between two s block elements came in 2018, in a theoreticaldescription of Be2(μ2-X)4 complexes.1 These complexes have not been synthesized as yet. In
this work, it is shown that π-bonding between beryllium atoms had been experimentallyrealized already in the 1960s and 1970s, in ZrBe2 and HfBe2.2,3 Stoichiometrically, these look
like ordinary alloys, but a closer look at the P6/mmm structures reveals a hexagonal
honeycomb Be sublattice, held together by fully delocalized π-bonds. The electronic band
structure of this Be sublattice is topologically similar to that found in graphite, or the boron
sublattice in MgB2.
MgB2 and graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) form a well-known family of
conventional superconductors. It is herein predicted that ZrBe2 and HfBe2 are superconductors
as well, with computed critical temperatures of 11 K (ZrBe2) and 9 K (HfBe2). These areunusually high values for metal alloys at ambient pressure, and a detailed inspection of thephonon-mediated superconductivity discloses a mechanistic similarity to that found in MgB2
and GICs.
This work shows that the elements which construct exotic, aromatic 2D materials(graphene, borophene, silicene), stretch beyond the p block. Peculiar beryllium startles again.4

Figure 1. (Left) Zr ions (large green spheres) and the honeycomb Be lattice in ZrBe2. (Right) theband structure of ZrBe2, and the Be s and p orbital contribution to the density-of-states. The
Fermi level is set at 0 eV. ГMKГALHAEnergy / eVDOS / a.u
References(1) Liu, X.; Zhang, M.; Yu, S.; Geng, Y.; Zhang, X.; Ding, Y.; Su, Z. Physical Chemistry Chemical
Physics 2018, 20 (37), 23898.
(2) Zalkin, A.; Sands, D. E.; Bedford, R. G.; Krikorian, O. H.; IUCr. Acta Crystallogr 1961, 14 (1),63.
(3) Stuemke, M.; Petzow, G. Zeitschrift fuer Metallkunde 1975, 66 (5), 292.
(4) Frenking, G. Nature 2015, 522 (7556), 297.
49

“ELEMENTOUCH” AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL PERIODIC TABLES
Maeno Yoshiteru
Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japane-mail: maeno@scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp
The arrangement in Mendeleev’s short-period periodic table of the elements reflects how eachelement forms oxides. In contrast, the long-period table widely used now expresses
configuration of electron orbitals. It is introduced as early as in 1905 by a Swiss chemist, Alfred
Werner [1]. In addition to many other variations of the periodic tables proposed, there havealso been efforts to better represent the periodicity in three-dimensional forms. In this talk, I
will briefly review these efforts to improve the periodic table since Mendeleev’s version, in
special focus on the three-dimensional versions. I will then describe how the three-dimensional
periodic table “Elementouch” can resolve some of the shortcomings of the widely-used
Werner’s table [2]. Namely, (1) all the elements are arranged continuously, (2) electron orbitals
can be visualized better, and (3) grouping of elements based on their chemical valences as in
Mendeleev’s table is recovered.

[1] J. W. van Spronsen, “The periodic system of chemical elements”, Elsevier (1969).
[2] http://www.ss.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp/elementouch/index.html
Presented at Japanese Physical Society Meeting, March 24, 2002; and at American PhysicalSociety Meeting, March 15, 2010.

50

51

DIAMOND – A MODIFICATION OF CARBON WITH UNIQUE PROPERTIES
Makogon A.I 1,2, Balabanov S.V.1, Perevislov S.N.1,2
1Institute of Silicate Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences
2 Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology

e-mail:makogon422833@gmail.com
Diamond is an allotropic modification of carbon, the mineral known first of all for its extremely
high hardness (Hμ = 80-100 GPa). High hardness and fragility considerably limit possible scopesof materials based on diamonds.
According to periodic law properties and forms of compounds are in periodic dependence on
the charge of nucleus. Both C and Si are elements of 14 th group. They have some familiar
properties. Their familiarities, predicted by periodic law, made it possible to create the uniquematerial representing composition of diamond powder with various fractional structures andsilicon carbide.
The silicon carbide also has unique properties, among them are low density and TEC (ρ =3,21 g/sm3, а = 3,4·10-6 К-1), high hardness (Hμ = 31 GPA), thermal stability and corrosion
resistance and also it perfectly combines in contact with diamond. The most common form is αSiC, with a Wurzite lattice, however in the context of this work a β-SiC interests us, which is a
low-temperature form with a cubic lattice.
In this work used synthetic diamonds with sizes from 30 to 200 microns. Usage of powdersof various fractional structure allows to consolidate preparations of materials to more dense
state. At high-temperature impregnation of porous diamond preparation by fusion of liquidsilicon the space between particles of diamond was filled β-SiC, formed in interaction of liquidsilicon with carbon (a product of pyrolysis of organic binding).
In our work the original method of creating products on the basis of diamond powders is
realized. It is shown that this material surpasses, on the level of mechanical properties, themajority of the known ceramics. It is offered to use the developed material as frictional units forpumps, sanding snuffles, shovels of gas-turbine engines, etc.
The research was made at the expense of a grant of the Russian scientific fund (project No.
17-13-01382).

52

PROMOTING PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF PERIODIC TABLE AND CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN
IYPT 2019
Mei-Hung Chiu
National Taiwan Normal University
Graduate Institute of Science Education
mhchiu@gapps.ntnu.edu.tw
United Nations proclaimed the "International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical
Elements (IYPT2019)" to celebrate the 150th anniversary of discovery of the Periodic Table ofChemical Elements by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. It intends to recognize how the nature andproperties of chemical elements contribute to change and enhance the life quality of humankind.
The Periodic Table of Chemical Elements is considered as the totem of chemistry that many
scientists contributed their wisdom and effort to this significant product for humankind.
However, negative image the general public hold about chemistry, with connotations of toxicity,
danger, or explosions, has prevented people from developing a better understanding andpositive attitude towards a scientific/chemical view of their environment. To join the global event
of IYPT, Taiwan has various celebratory activities on Periodic Table and Chemical Elements forschool children, students, teachers, and the public. They are aimed to increase participants’cognition of chemistry, foster a positive attitude towards chemistry, and promote motivation andawareness of sustainability about chemistry. To provide different channels for conveying values
and contributions of chemistry to citizen is the main design principle for IYPT 2019 activities andinterventions.

53

MODIFICATION OF NATURAL POLYMER CELLULOSE WITH METALS OF IB GROUP
Mikhailidi A.1, B.M. Tofanica2, N. Kotelnikova3
1St. Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design, St. Petersburg, Russia
2

Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania

3Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia

Polymer nanocomposites which consist of metal (Me) nanophase dispersed in a polymer scaffold
are one of the major application areas for nanoscale technology. The presence of the metal
nanoparticles imparts electrical and magnetic properties to polymer nanocomposites. Last
decades, the use of natural polymer cellulose to prepare biobased composites with transition
metals was developed to prepare environmentally-friendly materials for various applications.
Transition metals attracted exceptional attention due to their high reactivity and specificproperties. In our study we used the metals of IB group, i.e. semi-noble copper and noble silver
and gold that exhibit oxidation states of +1, +2, and +3. According to the secondary periodicity,
their properties within a subgroup vary, as follows: properties of gold are closer to these of
copper than of silver.
Intercalation of copper, silver and gold into the cellulose matrix was carried out via two-stage
process: diffusion of metal ions from aqueous solutions and their subsequent reduction. The
process has resulted in intercalation of Me(0) nanoparticles to the cellulose. The type of cellulose
matrices and the reducers strongly affected content of Me(0) in the composites (not exceeded 3
wt%).
The mechanism of redox reactions was proposed and the physico-chemical properties of theobtained nanocomposites were studied with a microscopy, WAXS, FTIR and XPS spectroscopy.
The cellulose matrix served as a neutral nanoreactor and a stabilizer of non-aggregated Me(0)nanoparticles.
The modification of the cellulose support with the incorporated metal nanoparticles led toobtaining bionanocomposites with antibacterial and catalytic properties that offer novel
advantageous opportunities for various applications.

54

THE PERIODICITY OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND THE MATERIALS PERFORMANCE: A
COMPLEMENT FOR THE COMPREHENSION OF THE PERIODIC TABLE.
Noval Virginia E., José G. Carriazo y Manuel F. Molina C.
Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad
Universitaria, Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá, Colombia
e-mail: : venovall@unal.edu.co, jcarriazog@unal.edu.co, mfmolinac@unal.edu.co
The United Nations (UN) proclaimed 2019 as the International Year of the Periodic Table ofChemical Elements (IYPT 2019). For this reason, it is considered pertinent to highlight theimportance of the periodic system in the scientific and technological development of chemistry;
therefore, we carry out a discussion of some applications of the periodicity of the elements todesign new materials. We discuss some periodic trends of molecules and complex structures ofmaterials, by selecting different cases of chemical periodicity applied to improve and design
steels with greater resistance to wear, prepare refractory materials and synthesize chalcogenide
glasses, among others. We show that the periodic regularities observed in materials of interest
are a consequence of the individual periodicity of the chemical elements. The periodicity inmaterials is highlighted as a complement to the understanding of the periodic table and it isconsidered appropriate to address the thematic nuclei related to molecular periodicity and its
influence on the formation of clusters and nanoparticles, the influence of the variation of theatomic number of elements added in the grain boundaries of steels, the effect of periodicity inrefractory materials, in the formation of chalcogenide glasses and in some materials based on
coordination compounds. Finally, the proposed topics and the regularities discussed areconsidered complementary contexts of exceptional interest to motivate the significant learningof the periodic table taking into account current scientific and technological research.

Figure 1. Some cases of chemical periodicity in materials

55

PERFLUOROPHENYL PHOSPHONATE ANALOGUES OF PHENYLGLYCINE AND
HOMOPHENYLALANINE: SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL STUDIES
Nowicki Mateusz, Marcin Hoffmann, Donata Pluskota-Karwatka Agata Pawłowska, Jean-Noël
Volle, David Virieux, Jean-Luc Pirat, Agnieszka Janiak
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Faculty of Chemistry, Umultowska 89b,
61-614 Poznań, Poland, e-mail: mmh@amu.edu.pl
Fluorine containing α-aminophosphonates constitute particularly important group ofcompounds. The incorporation of fluorine atoms in the structure of α-aminophosphonates
provides access to more lipophilic molecules, which often exhibit better biological activities thanparent compounds1. What is more, the presence of fluorine and phosphorus atoms in αaminophosphonates structure gives a chance to use 19F and 31P NMR spectroscopy to follow thelocation and to study the molecular interactions in the biological systems.
Introduction of fluorine has also become an important strategy in protein biochemistry.
Fluorinated amino acids serve as powerful tools for exploring polar π-interactions in proteins,and enabling novel recognition mechanisms for protein design. Heavily fluorinated aromatic
residues are particularly desirable because multifluorination gives maximum electronic
perturbation of aromatic rings.
Among the large family of α-aminophosphonates, α-amino-phosphonoesters of type 1 (Fig. 1)
exhibit anticancer (1a, Fig. 1) antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-protozoal, andantiviral activities2.

We synthesized novel perfluorophenyl phosphonate analogues of phenylglycine andhomophenylalanine in good to excellent yields 3. Our synthetic protocol was built on a two step
reaction consisting of preparation of aldimine followed by a hydrophosphonylation (Fig. 2). The
obtained compounds were subjected to solid state characterization by single-crystal X-ray
diffraction analysis, and to investigations with the use of DFT methods. Such an approachprovided valuable information in regard to preferable conformation, hydrogen bonds as well asother interactions present in the crystals investigated .

1. E.P. Gillis, K.J. Eastman, M.D. Hill, D.J. Donnelly, N.A. Meanwell,
J. Med. Chem. 58, 8315 (2015).
2. S. Bhagat, P. Shah, SK. Garg, S. Mishra, S. Singh, AK. Chakraborti, Med Chem Commun., 5, 665 (2014).
3. A. Pawłowska, J-N. Volle, D. Virieux, J-L. Pirat, A. Janiak, M. Nowicki, M. Hoffmann, D. PluskotaKarwatka, Tetrahedron, 74, 975 (2018).
56

MENDELEEV’S METHOD OF CREATION THE PERIODIC LAW
Olkhovskiy D., E. Aleksandrova
Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University)
Abstract to the poster session
A lot of scientists tried to systematize all known elements in XIX century. It was evident thatsome elements and their compounds are similar in physical and chemical properties.
Many variations of tables and schemes were created. In different way they demonstrated therelationship between the elements, most of them were based on the main indicator - theatomic weight of the element. On the other hand, each contributed its own features, someone
made it in the form of a spiral, and someone created a similarity of groups - "octaves". The
problem of Periodic system became popular.
Mendeleev’s method in systematization of the elements looked unusual and his works were
not immediately accepted. D. I. Mendeleev established the regularity of the properties of theelements of a single row or a group. He also noticed that the properties of a single element are
the arithmetic average of the properties of neighboring elements. With the help of thisobservation, Mendeleev was able to predict the properties of some unknown elements. He
established the table and left places for undiscovered elements.
From the very beginning many scientists were skeptical about the work of D. I. Mendeleev, they
did not believe in the possibility of determining the properties of element according to its
position in the Periodic table. But all doubts were dispelled after confirming the predicted
elements. Scandium, gallium and germanium were the first elements, which were discovered
after the publication of the Periodic law. The characteristics of these elements were extremely
close to those predicted by D. I. Mendeleev. After this success, more and more people became
interested in his work, Periodic law has gained popularity and supporters.
In the philosophical sense, the law means “objective connections of phenomena and events
that exist regardless of whether they are known to someone or not”. The law has to predict,that’s why the Periodic law is named after D. I. Mendeleev. We cannot imagine the chemistry
without a Periodic law, it became its fundamental base.

57

CHEMICAL QUEST:GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND POPULAR CULTURE QUIZZES ABOUT THE
ELEMENTS IN A BOARD GAME FOR THE CLASS
Cestaro Maristella,a Alessandra De Togni,b Lucia Giuffreda,c Rossella Romualdi,d Marco Bortoli,eMarco Dalla Tiezza,e Laura Orianea IIS ‘Veronese- Marconi’ – Sede associata di Cavarzere, via Tullio Serafin 15, 30014 Cavarzere (Ve),

Italy.
b IIS Ferraris-Fermi, Via del Pontiere 40, 37122 Verona, Italy.
c IIS Duca degli Abruzzi, Via Merlin 1, 35143 Padova, Italyd IIS ‘Pacinotti’ Chimica dei materiali articolazione Biotecnologie ambientali, via Caneve 93, 30173

Mestre (Ve), Italy.
eDip. Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova, Italy

E-mail: laura.orian@unipd.it
Chemical Quest is an innovative trivia game based on the 102 elements of the periodic table from
H to No, developed collaboratively by secondary school and university teachers with the aim ofincreasing the interest of young students in chemistry. As part of the project, a software versionof the game was successfully played in 24 classes. ‘Challenging, sometimes difficult, highly
instructive, relaxing, captivating, ….’ are some of the positive comments by students andteachers. In addition, Chemical Quest was conceived to be adaptable since the rules can be
modified and the cards can be selected to match the educational objectives.

Acknowledgements
Piano nazionale Lauree Scientifiche – Chimica (MIUR) is gratefully acknowledged for financial
support to this project, which was developed by: Antonella Balasso, Giovanni Carta, Maristella
Cestaro, Viviana Colla, Alessandra De Togni, Giulio Gallani, Cristina Giacometti, Laura Gianni,
Lucia Giuffreda, Manuela Granella, Marina Iarabek, Enrico Lion, Giuseppe Mazzi, Caterina Migale,
Stefano Milan, Paola Molesini, Mara Moretto, Roberta Predonzan, Ornella Priolisi, Rossella
Romualdi, Cristina Rubini, Sandra Scarfì, Elena Tobaldini, Marco Bortoli, Marco Dalla Tiezza,
Enrico Nale, Massimo Bellanda, Gordon Kennedy, Gianpietro Sella, Laura Orian.

58

OXYGEN-CONTAINING DERIVATIVES OF COUMARINS AS BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS
Ostrowska Kinga,
Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic Chemistry,
Banacha 1,
Warsaw 02-097, Poland
Oxygen is the most widespread element on Earth - the oxygen content in its shell is 46.4%. It isalso a major component of the Earth's atmosphere and in the form of compounds with otherelements it is part of the hydrosphere and lithosphere. Oxygen is the building block of many
inorganic compounds, and organic compounds very often contain additional atoms of thiselement. Oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds, including coumarins are an importantclass of natural compounds. Coumarin (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) is a plant-derived natural
product known for its pharmacological properties such as cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal,
antimalarial, anti-tuberculosis, anti HIV and antitumor activities. Coumarin derivatives havedrawn considerable attention from researchers due to their role in natural and synthetic organic
chemistry, and their interesting biological activities. In the scientific literature there are many
examples of coumarin-piperazine derivatives, especially with arylpiperazines linked to a
coumarin system via an alkyl liner, that can modulate 5-HT, D and α1A receptors. Numerous
studies have revealed that the inclusion of a piperazine moiety could occasionally provide
unexpected improvements in the bioactivity of various biologically active compounds. The
piperazine analogs have been shown to have a potent antimicrobial activity and they can also act
as BACE-1 inhibitors. On the other hand, arylpiperazines linked to a coumarin system have beenshown to have antiproliferative activity against leukemia, lung, colon, breast, and prostate
tumors. Recently, it has been reported that coumarin-piperazine derivatives exhibit aneuroprotective effect by their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and they also show
activity as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and antifilarial activity. In view of the widespreadinterest in the activity spectrum and profile of coumarins and in continuation of our work on thesynthesis of new compounds of pharmacological and biological interest we present the
preparation and spectroscopic characterization of some new coumarin-piperazine derivatives as
biologically active compounds.

59Peculiarities of the Synthesis of the Compounds Formed by Neighbouring
Transition Metals
Pakalniskis A.1, D. Karoblis1, A. Lukowiak2, A. Zarkov1, D. V. Karpinsky3, P. Głuchowski2,
R. Skaudzius1, W. Stręk2, A. Kareiva1
1Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
2Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences,

Okolna 2, PL-50422 Wroclaw, Poland
3Scientific-Practical Materials Research Centre NAS of Belarus, 220072 Minsk, Belarus

Multifferoic materials are important magnetoelectric compounds, in which ferro/antiferromagnetic andferroelectric properties occur simultaneously. The most studied single-phase multiferroic material,
which demonstrates coexistence of both ferroeletric and magnetic orders at low temperature areformed by neighbouring in the Periodic System of Elements transition metals: manganese andiron (BiMnO3 and BiFeO3). The main problem for the preparation of BiMnO3 is requirement of hightemperature and high pressure during synthesis, while BiFeO3 it can be synthesized at ambientconditions. Solid solutions containing a substantial amount of third compound of transition metaltitanium BaTiO3 and BiMnO3 or BiFeO3 could lead to changes in the possibility of synthesis of thesecompounds and demonstration of multiferroic properties.
In this study, solid solutions of (1-x)BaTiO3·xBiMnO3 (x = 0.0-0.6) and (1-x)BaTiO3·xBiFeO3 (x = 0.0-0.9)
were prepared by an aqueous sol-gel synthesis method. The appropriate amounts of barium, bismuth,
manganese and iron nitrates and titanium isopropoxide (C12H28O4Ti) were mixed with citric acidmonohydrate and ethylene glycol under continuous stirring. The ratio between metal ions, citric acidand ethylene glycol was 1:3:10. Next, the solvent was evaporated until the gel was formed. The
obtained gel was carefully ground, placed in a ceramic crucible, covered with a cup and heated for 5 h atdifferent temperatures. For the characterization of obtained samples X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis,
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and other methods
were used. The results obtained showed that the sol-gel synthesis route is suitable for the fabrication of(1-x)BaTiO3·xBiMnO3 and (1-x)BaTiO3·xBiFeO3 solid solutions. However, the chemical composition ofsolid solutions is greatly influenced by the nature of transition metal – manganese and iron.
Acknowledgements. The work has been done in frame of the project TransFerr. This project has received
funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie
Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 778070.

60

ADVENTURES ATTEMPTING TO SYNTHESIZE GROUP 14, A CATORCANE
Pannell Keith and Hemant Sharma
Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX. 79968-0513, USA
Within the history of the Periodic Table of the Elements, Germanium, Ge, plays a pivotal rôle. In
1869, Mendeleev simply predicted a missing element, noted as eka-silicon, one place below
Silicon, Si, in his Table of the elements. The discovery of Ge in 1886 cemented the scientificcommunity’s belief and pleasure in the Table. In our laboratory we have a focused interest on
the chemistry of Ge along with that of its Group 14 partners, Si, Sn, and Pb. Since acharacteristic of these elements is the concept of catenation, chain formation, we suggest that,alone in the Periodic Table of the elements, we should be able to synthesize Group 14 in theappropriate sequence, C-Si-Ge-Sn-Pb. We have synthesized, structurally characterized, andrevealed the chemistry of many of the intra-group 14 element bonds. For example a range of SiSi, Si-Ge, Si-Sn, Ge-Sn bonded materials, synthesized a molecule with a central C atom bonded
to each of the other group 14 elements, and reported an 80% catorcane, C-Si-Ge-Sn. The final
step of including a Sn-Pb bond is problematic; a possible solution will be discussed andpresented.

61

OLIGOPYRIDINE LIGANDS WITH TRANSITION METAL IONSPatroniak Violetta, Aleksandra Bocian, Adam Gorczyński, Marta Fik
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
E-Mail: violapat@amu.edu.pl

During the years, oligopyridine ligands like pyridines, bipyridines, terpyridines andquaterpyridines [1] were the subject of broad interest due to their coordination behavior,analytical chemistry and commercial purposes .
It has always been a challenge to create metal coordination complexes with unusual frameworks
and controlled characteristics. The decisive role is played by the choice of the organic ligand withsuitable distribution of the donor atoms that leads to the formation of the architectures withrequired structures and properties . The tpy ligands usually exhibit the meridional binding mode,thus surrounding the metal ion with three, near-coplanar nitrogen donor atoms in the allcisoidal conformation.
Due to the applicative relevance of the tpy type ligands and the structural diversityof coordination compounds including 6,6″-dimethyl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine L, there werechosen transition metal salts (Co(II), Au(III), Ag(I), Zn(II) and Cd(II)) and synthesised withcharacterization new coordination compounds, mostly with unexpected structure or
characteristics. [2, 3, 4] Unusual assemblies were observed in the presence of Au(III) or Cd(II)salts, thus leading to compounds with full/partial protonation of ligand L or rare mixed solidstate solutions, respectively. Luminescent properties of them were investigated. What is more,
due to complexation with silver(I) ions there were obtained new fluorescent dinuclear double
helicates with in vitro antiproliferative activity.
Acknowledgements:
This research was carried out as a part of the project No. 2016/21/B/ST5/00175 supported by
Polish National Science Centre.

References:
1. A. Gorczyński, J. Harrowfield, V. Patroniak, A. R. Stefankiewicz, Chem. Rev., 116, 14620(2016)
2. A. Bocian, D. Brykczyńska, M. Kubicki, Z. Hnatejko, M. Wałęsa-Chorab, A. Gorczyński, V.
Patroniak, Polyhedron, 157,1,249 (2019)
3. M. A. Fik, A. Gorczyński, M. Kubicki, Z. Hnatejko, A. Fedoruk-Wyszomirska, E. Wyszko, M.
Giel-Pietraszuk, V. Patroniak, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 86, 456 (2014)
4. A. Gorczyński, M. Zaranek, S. Witomska, A. Bocian, A.R. Stefankiewicz, M. Kubicki, V.
Patroniak, P. Pawluć, Catal. Commun. 78, 71 (2016).

62

FIRST-ROW TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR PLATINUM GROUPMETAL CATALYSTS IN HYDROSILYLATION OF OLEFINS
Pawluć Piotr, Maciej Skrodzki, Aleksandra Bocian, Aleksandra Skoczeń, Maciej Zaranek
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
E-Mail: piotrpaw@amu.edu.pl
Silicon compounds are used in many areas of economy and technology, from the mostpopular in cleaners, detergents, cosmetics, to more spectacular in medicine, electronics, carindustry and airplane industry. Hydrosilylation is one of the most important catalytic reactions
used in a large industrial scale for the synthesis and modification of silicon compounds. 1 The
commonly used catalysts in this process are platinum compounds, however, high price of
platinum and impossibility of its reuse in technological processes, have prompted us to search
for alternative cheaper solutions, based on other elements, but of similar effectiveness.
An inspiration to solve this problem comes from the use of catalytic systems based on
first-row transition elements (3d metals) such as iron,2 cobalt3 and nickel4 that are more abundantin the nature. In the communication we present our results in the synthesis and application of
new effective and selective catalytic systems for hydrosilylation of alkenes based on the 3delectron metals (Fe, Co, Ni) with the tridentate ligands of Schiff bases type andtrialkylhydroborates of metals from group I of the periodic table (MIHBR3)5.

hydrosilane

Acknowledgements:
This work was supported by The National Science Centre (Poland) under Grant no
2016/23/B/ST5/00177
1. B. Marciniec, H. Maciejewski, C. Pietraszuk, P. Pawluć, Hydrosilylation: a Comprehensive
Review on Recent Advances, Springer, (2009)
2. M.D. Greenhalgh, A.S. Jones, S.P. Thomas, ChemCatChem, 7 (2015) 190.
3. J. Sun, L. Deng, ACS Catal, 6 (2016) 290.
4. Y. Nakajima, K. Sato, S. Shimada, Chem. Record, 16 (2016) 2379.
5. A. Gorczyński, M. Zaranek, S. Witomska, A. Bocian, A.R. Stefankiewicz, M. Kubicki, V. Patroniak,
P. Pawluć, Catal. Commun. 78 (2016) 71.
63

DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
Pcholkina K., E. Aleksandrova
Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University)

Abstract to the poster session
The first version of the Periodic table was proposed by D. I. Mendeleev in his“Fundamental Chemistry” in 1869. Now over 400 versions of the table are known. In this work
the most interesting and improbable ideas of the scientists, who proposed their own design ofthe table, were examined.
The Periodic tables often differ in accommodation of separate groups of analogous
elements and the way to display the Periodic law. In some of them the group of noble gases isplaced in the right part, in others - in the left, in the third - in the middle of the table. There aretables, where the elements are located not according to the filling of electronic levels in atoms,
but as consecutive arrangement in its left part the groups of s- and p-elements, in the right part
- all groups of d- and f-elements. Sometime the first period is located at the bottom of the table,
and over it the elements of subsequent periods; that symbolizes gradual complication of anelectron shell of atoms are known. Authors of a number of tables divide the groups of elements
into 3 or 4 subgroups, including f-elements in these additional subgroups.
However, the majority of these tables, highlighting the frequency of changes in these orother properties of elements and their connections, do not bring something essentially new inthe design of the Periodic system. Changes of properties of the elements are connected with thestructure of electron shell in atom, more precisely, with a capacity of electronic levels to be equal
8, 18 and 32. As a result, three main versions of the cellular image of a system dominate, whenthe elements are located according to the increase of atomic nucleus charge or number ofelectrons. Tables with 8-, 18- or 32-elements periods are the basis for their construction.

64

ROLE OF IRON IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMSPerepelitca Elizaveta S., Tatiana B. Lisitskaia
Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University)
Abstract to the poster session
Transition metals occupy a large section of the Periodic table. Several elements of this block
are known to have biological functions. Iron is the most familiar example, as it is also known as
one of the most common elements on Earth. Biological properties of iron are attributable to its
redox abilities, wide range of oxidation states, and variety of coordination compounds. Those,
conversely, can be explained by the electronic configuration of iron.
It is notorious that there are proteins and enzymes that contain iron, such as hemoglobin,
cytochrome and catalase. They are used for vital processes, including oxygen transport andprotection of the cell from oxidative damage.
Deficiency of this element or iron overdose have observable effect on human and animal
health and can lead to various diseases. However, not only the higher organisms rely on iron. This
metal is a critical nutrient for microorganisms or, more precisely, bacteria as well.
Bacteria utilize iron in two main metabolic processes: energy generation and anaerobic
respiration.
Representatives of such genera of bacteria as Thiobacillus and Leptospirillum oxidize ferrous
iron to produce energy. Iron-oxidizing bacteria typically proliferate in water bodies with massive
concentrations of iron. These reservoirs can be highly polluted as a result of such bacteria’s
activities. Iron-oxidizing bacteria Leptothrix, Sphaerotilus, Crenothrix, Gallionella, Siderocapsa
have a low catalase activity to enzymes and use iron to destroy excess of hydrogen peroxide.
Some of the other bacteria (for instance, Geobacter metallireducens) use iron for respiration
instead of oxygen. These microorganisms metabolize organic matter and move electrons on
ferric iron, carrying out a reducing reaction.
Moreover, magnetic properties of iron find a use in magnetotactic bacteria. Crystals ofmagnetite, that are present in such organisms are called magnetosomes. They act like compasses
and allow bacteria to move along the lines of Earth’s magnetic field.

65

PHOSPHONATE ANALOGUES OF FLUOROPHENYLALANINE: SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURALSTUDIES
Pluskota-Karwatka Donata, Marcin Hoffmann, Joanna Kwiczak-Yiğitbaşı, Jean-Luc Pirat, David
Virieux, Jean-Noël Volle, Agnieszka Janiak
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Faculty of Chemistry, Umultowska 89b,
61-614 Poznań, Poland, e-mail: donatap@amu.edu.pl
Phosphorus is present in molecules that play a key role in living organisms as carriers of genetic
information and important signalling, regulatory, energy transfer and structural compounds 1.
Among different organophosphorus compounds, α-aminophosphonates, as structural analogues
of naturally occurring α-amino acids, attract grate attention due to the fact that their numerous
representatives exhibit various biological activities. Phosphonates represent classical phosphatebioisosters, in which the labile O-P bond is replaced by enzymatically and chemically stable C-P
bond. This change makes α-aminophosphonates structurally similar to phosphate esters or
anhydrides, yet increases their stability under physiological conditions. Also, the tetrahedral
geometry on the phosphorus atom mimics the transition state of peptide hydrolysis thus, αaminophosphonates can act as enzyme inhibitors.
Recently it was reported that α-aminophosphonate 1 (Fig. 1) can exhibit anticancer effect ontested cell lines, and that structurally similar compounds can potently inhibit protein tyrosine
phosphatases with some selectivity2. In the light of these facts α-aminophosphonates of type 2(Fig. 1) appear to be extremely interesting compounds.

We synthesized four series of novel phosphonate analogues of fluorophenylalanine containing
variable number of fluorine atoms in different positions of the phenyl ring 3. Structuralvariations on α-aminophosphonates represented by general structure of compound 2 (Fig. 1)
were achieved by formation of P-C-N bonds based on Kabachnik-Fields reaction, (Fig. 2). Crystal
structures of 17 α-aminophosphonates were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction
analysis and using the DFT methods.

Formation of some indolinylphosphonates as minor products, arisen from intramolecular SNArreactions show that aminophosphonates exhibiting an electronically depleted aromatic group,and possessing a fluorine atom in ortho position of the phosphonoalkyl substituent may give an
entrance to further derivatives that may exhibit entirely new properties.
661. F. H. Westheimer. Science 235, 1173 (1987).
2. Q. Wang, L. Yang, H. Ding, X. Chen, H. Wang, X. Tang, Bioorganic Chem., 69, 132 (2016).
3. J. Kwiczak-Yiğitbaşı, J.-L. Pirat, D. Virieux, J.-N. Volle, A. Janiak, M. Hoffmann, D. Pluskota-Karwatka,
Arab. J. Chem. (2018). doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.05.002.

67

THE PERIODIC SYSTEM TODAY AND TOMORROW
Pyykko ̈ Pekka
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, POB 55, FI–00014,
Helsinki, Finland.
The (pre-)history of the Periodic Table (PT) is briefly discussed, starting from D ̈obereiner’s
triads and ending today. In addition to Mendeleev’s 1869 publications, the secondary
periodicity of Biron (1914) is mentioned. The first analysis of the Ytterby mineral by Gadolin(1794), leading to the iden-tification of rare-earth oxides, essentially Y2O3, is mentioned.
The elements 1-118 are now experimentally known and the studies of their chemical properties
have begun. Up to the element 118Og, the Periodic Table seems well established, especially if
one places the lanthanides and actinides, f0–f14 for the trivalent ions on lines of 15 elements.
Then holes are left in Group 3, Periods 6-7.
For the remaining elements 119-172 there are two proposals:
1) The long rows proposal by Fricke et al.[1] and2) The short rows proposal by Pyykk ö [2].
They were based on Dirac-Slater calculations on neutral atoms and Dirac-Fock calculations onions, respectively. Both have their merits. Little is still known about the chemistry of theseelements and the Periodic Table is about Chemistry. A small beginning was the study of
hypothetical octahedral hexafluorides, MF6, supporting the placement of E125-E129 in a 6gseries [3].
For heavier elements, relativistic effects must be included. Already in the 6th Period this isneeded for understanding why is gold yellow, mercury a liquid, or how does the car battery
work. The relativistic theory of atoms and molecules has become a vast field of nearly 19000
publications, see the RTAM bibliography rtam.chem.helsinki.fi [4]. Its foundations at Dirac-FockBreit level, including simple estimates of the Lamb shift or QED effects appear to be undercontrol. There are numerous reviews on the consequences of these effects in Inorganic
Chemistry [5-7] and their qualitative description is included in most textbooks.
What can we explain? The key message is that a large part of the chemical differences between
the Periods 5 and 6 comes from relativity. Examples are Ag/Au, Cd/Hg, Sn/Pb. Most of thevoltage of the lead battery comes from relativistic effects [8]. Some further applications occur
in covalent radii [9] or oxidation states[10].
References[1] B. Fricke, W. Greiner, J. T. Waber, Theor. Chim. Acta 21 (1971) 235.
[2] P. Pyykk ̈o, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (2011) 161.
[3] J-P. Dognon, P. Pyykk ̈o, Ang. Chem. Int. Ed. 56 (2017) 10132.
[4] P. Pyykk ̈o, J. Comp. Chem. 34 (2013) 2667.
[5] P. Pyykk ̈o, Chem. Rev. 112 (2012) 371.
[6] P. Pyykk ̈o, Chem. Rev. 88 (1988) 563.
[7] P. Pyykk ̈o, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 63 (2012) 45.
[8] R. Ahuja, A. Blomqvist, P. Larsson, P. Pyykk ̈o, P. Zaleski-Ejgierd, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 018301.
[9] P. Pyykk ̈o, J. Phys. Chem. A 119 (2015) 2326.
[10] P. Pyykk ö , W.-H. Xu, Chem. Eur. J. 21 (2015) 9468.
68

69

PROCESS ORIENTATED GUIDED INQUIRY LEARNING (POGIL) IN QATAR: A PRACTITIONER’SPERSPECTIVE ON STUDENT’S ENGAGEMENT AND LEARNING OF CONTENT RELATING TO THE
PERIODIC TABLE
Qureshi Sheila,
Pre-medical Education,
Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar (WCM-Q)

The aim of the poster is threefold: 1) it provides an introduction to Process Orientated Guided
Inquiry Learning (POGIL) and opportunities for chemistry educators to explore the benefits ofthis approach to active learning in the general chemistry classroom; 2) it informs outcomes froma recently concluded chemistry education research project implemented in the foundation
chemistry course at Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar and selected high schools for students todevelop key process skills such as teamwork, collaboration, and critical thinking, which
foster lifelong learning skills; and 3) to show case POGIL activities related to the theme of theconference such as ‘atomic structure’, ‘the periodic table’, ‘allotropy’, ‘the industrial importanceof halogens and their compounds’. Most of these activities were written specifically for year 10
high school students and translated into Arabic in accordance with the Qatari curriculum.
Students found some of these topics challenging and it helped engage their interest in chemistry.
This poster further incorporates a POGIL practitioner’s reflections on the development andutilization of highly structured learning materials (focusing concepts relevant to item #3).

70

HYDROGEN TO OGANESSON: A PHILATELIC TOUR OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
Rabinovich Daniel
ABSTRACTThe International Year of the Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements (IYPT), which marks thesesquicentennial of its introduction by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, can be celebrated in many
ways. A key goal of these endeavors is to highlight the contributions of chemistry to society
while introducing the general public to the history and value of the periodic table, perhaps themost recognizable symbol of the central science. This presentation will rely on the use of
postage stamps to illustrate some of the most interesting aspects of the development of theperiodic table and the discovery of several chemical elements. For example, stamps have been
issued in France, Portugal, Germany, and other countries to recognize earth, water, air and fire,i.e., the four classical elements in Greece. The work of several alchemists has also been
depicted on stamps, including the successful isolation of elemental phosphorus by Hennig
Brand 350 years ago (1669). This presentation will showcase several scientists who contributed
to the development of the modern periodic table (Döbereiner, Gmelin, Mendeleev) and thediscovery of various chemical elements (Berzelius, Davy, Gadolin, Marie Curie, Scheele,
Vauquelin). Even some of the most recent additions to the periodic club, such as flerovium,
nihonium, and oganesson, have been honored with postage stamps, which will also be briefly
described in this presentation.

71

THE ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN MICROORGANISMS
Romanova A. A., M. M. Shamtsyan
Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University)

Abstract to the poster session
The ability of microorganisms to accumulate heavy metals and the use of this quality inthe industry was reviewed in this work. The biotechnological industry is quickly developing.
There are 90 chemical elements in the nature, 53 of which are heavy metals. With the
exception of noble metals, these include metals with a density of 8 10 3 kg / m3 and more.
In very low concentrations, heavy metals have a beneficial effect.
Heavy metals Cd, Hg, Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb belong to the group of toxic, but to feel their toxic
effects on the organism, it is necessary that the concentration of their ions reaches at least
1nMol/l.
It is interesting to notice that all these toxic elements occupy the positions of transition
metals in the Periodic table. Their toxicity is related to their variable degrees of oxidation.
For almost all d-elements, which have 2 valence electrons on the external ns-sublevel,
the oxidation state is +2. Starting with the d-elements of Group III of the Periodic System, theelements in the lowest oxidation state form demonstrate the basic properties in theircompounds, in the highest - acidic, in the intermediate - amphoteric.
Microorganisms are able to accumulate heavy metals and can passivate their ions. Bioaccumulators of heavy metals, in addition to some active strains of bacteria, are alsomushrooms and algae. The issues of bioremediation of polluted soils and biological wastewater
treatment are the subject of environmental biotechnology. The concentration of heavy metals
in nature is quite low, so the use of bacteria that accumulate them is much more beneficial.
Polymetallic ores that are in no use in metal mining may be employed.
It is cheaper to leach metals from ores than to obtain them by traditional methods, as itis quite enough natural conditions for the work of bacteria. The speed of microbial enzymes ismuch higher. This is an environmentally safe production, which also eliminates the adverse
effects of metallurgical production: dumps of substandard and poor breeds.
Microorganisms have great potential both in metallurgy and environmental
remediation.

72

THE PROBLEM OF “ZERO ELEMENTS” IN THE WORKS OF D.I. MENDELEEV.
NEUTRON MATTER AND ITS PLACE IN THE PERIODIC TABLE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
Ryazantsev G.B., Dr. Khaskov M.A., Prof. Dr. Lavrenchenko G.K., Prof. Dr. Beckman I.N.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
All-Russian Institute of Aviation Materials, Moscow, Russia
Institute of Low-Temperature Energy Technologies, Odessa, Ukraine
anis-mgu@rambler.ru
D.I. Mendeleev wrote about the elements in front of hydrogen: “The chosen subject longoccupied my thoughts, but for various reasons I didn’t want to talk about it, especially because
those few clarifications that I thought could withstand criticism did not satisfy me, and I
expected everything from the experiments with which I intended to continue my first attempts,
answers that were more encouraging in the correctness of the born conclusions. However, theyears went away, the more persistent ones were torn me off, and no one touched on a questionthat seemed burning to me, so I decided to say in relation to it what and how I can do, without
pretending at all about his decision”.Elements before hydrogen inevitably fall into the zerogroup. “This position of argon analogs in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence ofunderstanding the periodic law,”stated D.I. Mendeleev. He allowed the existence of elements X ("newtonium") and Y ("coronium") before hydrogen in the zero group. It should be recalledthat Mendeleev had not been mistaken in his predictions of new elements! “When I applied aperiodic law to analogues of boron, aluminum and silicon, I was 33 years younger, I had
complete confidence that sooner or later the foreseeable elements must certainly be justified,because everything was clearly visible to me there. Justification came sooner than I could have
hoped. Then I did not risk, now I risk. This needs resoluteness. It came when I saw radioactive
phenomena ... and when I realized that it was already impossible for me to postpone and that,perhaps, my imperfect thoughts would lead someone on a path more faithful than the possible
one that seems to my weakening sight. "D.I. Mendeleev did not have time to solve this problem, and his students and followers tried toforget this topic as “erroneous”. It should be noted that after D.I. Mendeleev's question about“zero” elements was repeatedly raised by many authors both in the past and in the present
centuries, however, for brevity, we only mention the very first and most famous ones: forexample, Ernest Rutherford in 1920 and Andreas von Antropoff in 1926 as the designation for ahypothetical element with atomic number zero, which it placed at the beginning of the periodic
table. A. Antropoff was the first to suggest the term "neutronium".Currently, neutron matter,like neutron stars, is a recognized reality in astro-and nuclear physics. Neutron matter from thestandpoint of General chemistry can be classified as chemically simple (that is, it cannot be
decomposed into simpler chemical means), then inevitably the question arises about the
Element corresponding to it, and its place in the Periodic System. Based on the logic of the
Periodic Law -(ordinal number -electric charge) -the ordinal number of neutron matter willcorrespond to zero, which makes us remember anddevelopthei

73

THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3-D) VERSION OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS:
MENDELEEV’S FLOWER
Ryazantsev G.B., Dr. Khaskov M.A., Prof. Dr. Lavrenchenko G.K., Prof. Dr. Beckman I.N.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
All-Russian Institute of Aviation Materials, Moscow, Russia
Institute of Low-Temperature Energy Technologies, Odessa, Ukraine
anis-mgu@rambler.ru
A three-dimensional version of the Periodic System (PS) of chemical elements is proposed. It isbased on the early works of Russian and French scientists: Mendeleev and deChancourtois,
while preserving the idea of consistency and continuity of a number of chemical elements. The
resulting system resembles a “flower” with petals, which are elements with a certain orbital
quantum number. The historical sequence of development of the idea of the spatial
representation of PS chemical elements and the contribution of various authors are considered.
D.I. Mendeleev was the true discoverer of the Periodic Law (PL) precisely because he first saw
in it the Fundamental law of nature, and not just the formal system of classification of chemicalelements that existed already long before him. Moreover, the idea of the periodicity ofelements itself was known before. He felt the unity of the elements and forces of the Nature in
the PL, and therefore the PS displaying the PL should have been a single whole, organicallylinking empirically isolated elements. According to the logic of the development of science atthat time, it was quite natural that the PS could graphically be represented as the Periodic Table(PT). D.I. Mendeleev, strictly following to the principle of consistency and continuity, did so, andthe first PTs were built. One can confidently say, that the principle of consistency and continuity
at that moment was the main Heuristic principle in the work of a scientist, which can be also
named as the principle of integrity.
And this principle brought overwhelming success and worldwide recognition to D.I. Mendeleev
and to the PL. Since, according to the Mendeleev’s belief, the PS is a single organicallyconnected whole, any omissions and voids between the elements are absolutely unacceptable.
It can be argued that Dmitry Ivanovich felt that the "infinity" of the PL cannot be adequately(strictly following the principles of consistency and continuity) expressed in a flat rectangular
PT. The scientist foresaw that "... the system requires a bodily form that allows for approachingfrom all directions." The spatial spiral shape was first proposed by the French scientist
Alexander Emile de Chancourtois, one of the predecessors of D.I. Mendeleev in the discoveringof the PL. It should be noted that after de Chancourtois many prominent scientists spoke andwrote about the volumetric form of PS. For example, academician A. Fersman proposed toerect a monumental monument (in the form of a spatial spiral) to both the PS and D.I.
Mendeleev. The legendary physicist George Gamow used the spatial form of PS in his popular
books on science. This spatial formwas patented by Roy Alexander. The model proposed in thiswork, in principle, is similar to the models of Gamow and Alexander, but there are certain
differences: the s-and p-elements form separate independent petals (the previous authors
combined them into one cylinder) and all the petals extend from the same axis (the lines"growth"). The volumetric model of PS can be performed in various versions and can berecommende74

“PHYSICAL EXPLANATION OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL PERIODICITIES IN THE SYSTEM OF
ELEMENTS”
Schwarz W. H. Eugen * and Jun Li
Theoretical Chemistry Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Chemistry Department, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
Chemistry Department, University of Siegen, Germany
eugen.schwarz@uni-siegen.de , junli@tsinghua.edu.cn
Half a century after experimental realization (Lavoisier) of the modern concept of chemicalelements (Boyle), the then verified half a hundred of elements were ordered empirically(Gmelin): the unique elements H, N, O; the different groups of electronegative halogens,chalcogens, pnictogens and the electronpositive alkali, alkaline earth and earth metals; and thelarge group of rather similar transition metals. The first complete Periodic Table, designed by
MENDELEYEV one and a half centuries ago followed this pattern by cutting the continuous arrayof elements (Cannizzaro) between the most different groups of halogens and alkali metals andplacing them at the edges with the more similar elements in the broad center, as supported bynumerical plots of properties (Lothar Meyer).
The strong variations of properties from the halogens to the noble gases to the alkali metals
fixing the Horizontal Principal Periodicity, and the non-smooth variation of properties downfrom period to period defining the Vertical Secondary Periodicity, have both their physical origin
in the peculiar pattern of atomic orbital energies and radii that are determined by idiosyncratic
quantum mechanics and Pauli exclusion principle through atomic number governing nucleuselectron and electron-electron interactions. Formal Janet-Madelung-Klechkowski rule does notprovide physical rationalization. The qualitative trends can be explained however on general
physical grounds, while the quantitative details that produce the qualitative pattern are due tothe numerical orbital values that can be deduced from experimental measurement or quantum
theoretical calculation. It is typical for any complex field of reality that the full details cannot becompletely reproduced or even understood from paper and pencil models only.

75

HIGH TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR OF HAFNATE SYSTEMSACCORDING TO D.I. MENDELEEV PREDICTION
Stolyarova V.L.
Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
v.stolyarova@spbu.ru
Oxide ceramics based on hafnium and rare-earth oxides are extremely promising fordevelopment of high temperature materials of new generation for aircraft and airspaceengineering, for nuclear applications, for thermal barrier coatings and casting molds for gas
turbine engine blades, since substitution of zirconia by hafnia in traditionally applied ZrO 2-basedmaterials allows their working temperature ranges to be increased significantly. Review on theavailable experimental data on vaporization processes and thermodynamic properties of binary
and ternary hafnia and rare-earth oxide containing systems obtained at the temperatures up to3000 K by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometric method is presented.
Vaporization regularities of hafnia and rare-earth oxide containing systems are
considered according to the features of electronic structure and position of rare-earth elementin the D.I. Mendeleev Periodic Table. This analysis allows predicting the features of vaporizationof unstudied systems as well as thermodynamic behavior.
Thermodynamic data found in these systems were discussed using acid-base concept ofvaporization of oxide systems considered in details earlier [1]. This approach allows to predict
and to identify the ternary hafnia-containing system as the most suitable for development ofrefractory materials [2]. The results obtained in the present study enable one to choose theoptimal compositions of ceramics for production of thermal barrier coatings with enhanced
performance capacities, to find the least volatile concentration ranges in the systems studied fordevelopment of synthetic and application routes of the refractory materials and to derive thecomprehensive thermodynamic description of the systems using various model approaches.
Acknowledgements The financial support of the present study was carried out by the RussianFoundation for Basic Research according to Project No. 19-03-00721.
[1][2]

V.L. Stolyarova and G.A. Semenov, Mass spectrometric study of the vaporization of oxidesystems, 1994, 494, Wiley&Sons, Chichester, Great Britain.
V.L. Stolyarova, V.A. Vorozhtcov and S.I. Lopatin, Trudy Kolyskogo Nauchnogo Tcentra
RAN, 2018, 9, 104.

76

NEW VERSION OF THE PERIODIC TABLE OF D.I. MENDELEYEV
Terteryan A.S., D.I. Mustafin
Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
UNESCO department "Green chemistry for sustainable development", Moscow
dmustafin@hotmail.com

The Periodic Table by D.I. Mendeleyev gives us chance to understand the idea of regularity andalso understanding of what has to be the idea of display of this regularity. D.I. Mendeleyev, ofcourse, understood that time will enter amendments into its system. We made such attempt ofits development and constructed the table based on the new data obtained by chemists andphysicists. At the same time were used the following parameters:
1) number of electronic level (the period, - the amount of the periods is equal to eight);
2) number or a symbol of a sublevel (is a group -the number of groups is equal to four s, p, d, f);3) the power sequence of atomic orbitals which, as we know, has the following
appearance: 1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s.
As a result we received essentially new configuration of the table, surprisingly harmonious,
complete, symmetric, and, after all, mathematically reasonable. Besides, the discrepancy ofborders of the periods with borders of consecutive electron shells (which were revealed by N.
Bohr) as it appeared, has the strict sequence and frequency. As for lanthanides and actinoids,
they were logically built in the table. And almost complete symmetry allows to draw aconclusion about it almost completeness.

77

TWO DONOR ATOMS: “P” AND “N”
Tezcan Burcu, Saliha Baran, Bilgehan Güzel
Chemistry Department, Çukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
burcudarendeli@gmail.com
The bidentate and polydentate phosphines are important ligands in coordination
chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. The most important and widely used of heterodentate
ligands are those which bear phosphorus and nitrogen as their donor atoms. The π-acceptor
character of the phosphorus can stabilize a metal center in a low oxidation state, while thenitrogen σ-donor ability makes the metal more susceptible to oxidative addition reactions 1. This
combination can help to stabilize intermediate oxidation states or geometries which form
during a catalytic cycle.
Also, bonding the phosphorus directly to a more electronegative atom such as oxygen or nitrogen
will lessen its electron-donating ability while also enhancing its π -acceptor capacity.
Alternatively, the presence of an imino group rather than an amino group will result in a nitrogen
donor atom of greater σ-donating capabilities and this will result in a greater electronic disparity
between the donor atoms. According to this information, in this study, three different PN-type(imine N donor and phosphine P donor) ligands were synthesized for utilizing them as a catalyst
in C-C coupling reactions (Scheme 1).

Scheme 1: Structures of PN-type ligands
References:
1.Guiry, P. J.; Saunders, C. P., Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 2004, 346 5, 497-537.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Program (BAP No: FBA-2018-10690),
Çukurova University, Turkey.

78

79

INFLUENCE OF ELEMENT POSITION IN PERIODIC TABLE ON ITS PROPERTIES
Tikhanova S., E. Aleksandrova
Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University)
Abstract to the poster session
According to the Periodic law, proposed by D. I. Mendeleev in 1869, the position of eachelement in the Periodic table is determined by its electronic structure and influences thechemical properties.
In the secondary subgroup of the VIII group of the Periodic system, there are nine elements:
iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum. Elements of thisgroup are similar to each other in the same period and form so-called triads. The elements iron,cobalt and nickel form an iron group, and the remaining elements of group VIII form the groupsof palladium and platinum.
The iron group is unique, since none of its elements forms compounds of oxidation state + 8,
appropriating the group number, that feature can be considered exceptional. This oxidation
state is achieved only for two elements of the group, ruthenium and osmium located under theiron in the Periodic table (in RuO4[1], OsO4 for example). For the others, the oxidation states + 2
and +3 are the most stable, and for nickel and cobalt, the oxidation state + 2 is the most typical.
Inability to form compounds in oxidation state + 8 is explained by the kaynosymmetry[2] of the
3d shell for the elements in the iron group and the consequent increased strength of theinteraction between electrons and the nucleus. In addition, due to the increase of electrons
number at d-sublevels, the increase in the level stability occurs, which explains inability to form
compounds in the highest oxidation state.
Finally, we can say that despite the existence of exceptions, the regularities laid down by the
Periodic law are also observed in the eighth group, since ruthenium and osmium exhibit thehighest degree of oxidation.

1. Vorobiev, A. F., General and Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 1. Theoretical Foundations ofChemistry / A.A. F. Vorobiev, N. T. Kuznetsov, A. Yu. Tsivadze and others. - ICC Academicbook
Moscow, 2004. - 373 p.
2. Shukarev, S. A. Inorganic chemistry: a textbook for universities in 2 tons. T. 2. / S. A.
Shukarev. - M.: High School, 1974. - 382

80

THE RISE (AND NO SIGN OF FALL) OF RUTHENIUM
Trazkowski
Ruthenium, which original name comes from Ruthenia, the Latin word for Rus/Russia, was anelement with obscure use for the large parts of the 19th century. That has rapidly changed withthe rise of electronics and, more recently, when its amazing catalytic properties have been
discovered. Today it’s hard to imagine the 21st century catalysis without Ruthenium, which plays
a vital role in such different processes as asymmetric hydrogenation (Nobel Prize in chemistry in2001), olefin metathesis (Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2005) and C-H activation. The best part – it’s
just getting started, as the number of ruthenium complexes, particularly with the emerging
carbenes, the ideal counterpart for catalysis, is growing exponentially. In this presentation I’ll givea short overview of this fascinating element and the latest trends in ruthenium chemistry.

81

COSMOGONIC WAY OF PERIODIC MENDELEEV’S SYSTEM FORMING
Vinogradova Maria(scicom.ru)
Abstracts
Conception of delivery of substance atoms and heavenly bodies in single process of starry cyclic
synthesis was promoted by Russian scientist A.E. Khod’kov (1909-2003). On base ofcosmogonic essence of Periodic Mendeleev's system it was observed the peculiarity of atom’s
structures, formed in the definite star (the Jupiter or the Sun), which explained with help of
notion about dipole’s atom structure and her interaction with celestial ether. Just theinteraction with celestial ether across alteration of frequency of dipole’s pulsation explains theprocesses do not attended by quantum chemistry. It was arise necessity to investigate deeper
our notion about nature of caught by the Earth (possessing jupiterian origin) strange
abiogenetic carbon matter provoking antagonism of earthy entrails to biosphere.

Vinogradova M.G. About cosmogonic essence of Periodic Mendeleev’s system of chemicalelements /on Russian. Novosibirsk. Academpublish. 2019. 236 p.

82

SPIN-ORBITAL EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE AND THE PERIODIC SYSTEM
Vyatkin Viktor,
Ekaterinburg, Russia, e-mail: vbvvbv@yandex.ru
Electrons with the same value of the orbital quantum number and the same ordinal
number on the subshell form radial groups in the atom. Optimal variant of spin's distribution
values in such groups is a consistent alternation. At that a radial compensation of the spin in eachpair of electrons {1, 2}, {3, 4} takes place. On this basis, the spin-orbital exclusion principle isestablished. The principle suggests that neighboring subshells with the same value of the orbital
quantum number cannot start with electrons having the same spin value. Accordingly, in a
multielectron atom at each value of the orbital quantum number are formed two varieties ofsubshells. These are positive subshells, the first electron of which has a positive spin, and negative
subshells, the spin of the first electron of which is negative.
It is found that in the real electronic configuration of the atom there is a spin-orbital
periodicity, which develops by cycles consisting of two periods. The first period consists ofpositive subshells, and the second of the negative ones. The ordinal number of any spin-orbital
period is equal to the sum of the principal and orbital quantum numbers of its subshells, which
can serve as a theoretical justification of the empirical rule “n+l”. Also, with the help of spinorbital periodicity, the reason for the appearance of the subshell 4s earlier than 3d is explained.
It is concluded that the evolution of the electronic structure of the atom in the process ofincreasing the charge of the nucleus goes not along the path of successive formation of shells
consisting of electrons with the same value of the principal quantum number, but along the pathof a periodic increase in the number of electrons in the radial groups. On the basis of the resultsof these studies, a spin-orbital periodic table was compiled, the prototype of which is the leftstep Janet table.

83THE ARCETYPES OF
D. I. MENDELEEV’SPERIODIC LAW OF ELEMENTS
Weise Dmitry
Name: Dmitry Weise (b. Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1956)
Profession: Ultrasound doctor in Central Research Institute of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery.
E-mail: phyllon@list.ru
Home-page: weise.symmetry-us.com
Publication:
D. Weise A Pythagorean approach to problems of periodicity in chemical and nuclear physics In: J. Maruani,
Roland Lefebvre, Erkki J. Brändas Advanced Topics in Theoretical Chemical Physics is a collection of 20 selected
papers from the scientific presentations of the Fourth Congress of the International Society for Theoretical
Chemical Physics (ISTCP) held at Marly-le-Roi, France, in July 2002. pp. 459-474

Abstract: The work is an illustrative continuation of Wolfgang Pauli’s idea about archetypes inmodern science, about the symbols that have a dual function: pre-scientific (religious, mythical,
ornamental, etc.) and scientific in the modern sense of the word. Pauli in his arguments relied on
the work of Plato, Johann Kepler, Carl Gustav Jung. Illustrative material is based on the theory of
figurate numbers, which was actively developed in the Pythagorean period of mathematics. The
fundamental similarity of the ancient Greek concept of gnomon and the modern concept ofelectronic and nuclear shells of an atom is emphasized. The isomorphism of the symbolic imageof Periodic Law and some ancient and modern folk ornaments is shown.

84

”Geometria est archetypus pulchritudinis mundi” (Geometry is the archetype ofthe beauty of the world).”

The Wolfgang Pauli’s concept

One of the creators of quantum mechanics Wolfgang Ernst Pauli wrote in his work “TheInfluence of Archetypal Ideas on the Scientific Theories of Kepler” (1948):“The process of understanding nature as well as the happiness that man feels in understanding– that is, in the conscious realization or new knowledge – seems thus to be based on acorrespondence, a ”matching” of inner images pre-existent in the human psyche with external
objects and their behavior. This interpretation of scientific knowledge, of course, goes back to
Plato and is, as we shall see, advocated very clearly by Kepler … . These primary images, which
the soul can perceive with the aid of an innate “instinct,” are called by Kepler archetypal. Theiragreement with the ”primordial images” or archetypes introduced into modern psychology by C.
G. Jung and functioning as ”instincts of imagination” is very extensive… A true spiritualdescendant of the Pythagoreans, … he attached the utmost importance to geometric claimingthat its theorems “have been in the spirit of God since eternity”. His basic principle was”Geometria est archetypus pulchritudinis mundi ” (Geometry is the archetype of the beauty of
the world)… . Precisely because in our times the possibility of such symbolism has become analien idea, it may be considered especially interesting to examine another age to which theconcept of what is now called classical scientific mechanics were foreign, but which permits us
to prove the existence of symbols that had simultaneously a religious and a scientific function.”
This work is a humble attempt of “transferring this a priori of knowledge into the consciousmind”. For consideration geometric forms are being proposed “that had simultaneously areligious and a scientific function” that can serve as “spontaneous images” to visualize Periodic
Law of elements.
Pythagorean approach to fermionic system

A Pythagorean approach to numerical sequences in both chemical and nuclear physics allows toshow geometrical analogies based on figurate numbers (uni- and polydimensional forms of
Mendeleev’s periodic table and packing models for nuclei).
Figurate numbers appeared in 15th-century arithmetic books, and were probably known toancient Chinese; but they were of particular interest to ancient Greek mathematicians. To the
Pythagoreans (c. 500 BC), numbers were of paramount significance: they believed everything
could be explained by numbers, and numbers were invested with specific characteristics and"personalities". Among the properties of numbers the Pythagoreans endowed them with"shapes"
The connotation of the term gnomon is that originally given by Hero of Alexandria, namely, 'A
Gnomon is that form that, when added to some form, results in a new form similar to theoriginal.'
85

The key archetype, in our opinion, is the concept of square and its gnomon. This is due to thewell-known fact that the electron filled shell contains 2n² electrons, and the number of electrons
on the subshell is doubled odd number, 2(2n-1) which is the gnomon of the square.
The symbolic structure of Periodic Law has the predisposition to geometry.
Variety of Periodic Law Archetypes(The list does not claim to be complete)

The main archetypes of Periodic Law of Elements are:1) Line. One-dimensional pattern of elements characters written in one line.

2) Children's pyramid. Period is the repetition at a new level. The idea of self-similarity,
fractality is embodied. *86

Japanese Fukuruma doll.

Russian Matryoshka.

Onion.
3) Any object that has many shells.

874) Square (two-dimensional object) and gnomon of square (one-dimensional object). Squareis the half period of the table. Gnomon of square matches to the half of electrons on thesubshell.
5) Rectangle. The common modern tables. The established tradition is to divide the table intolines and columns.
6) Three-dimensional round shapes – cylinders, as well as two- and three-dimensional coils.

887) Pyramid. Each layer contains 2 periods or 4 halved periods. Doubled periods, heaped together,build a pyramid.** The children's pyramid from point 2) can be considered as a more archaic, ancient type than
the type of square pyramid from point 7), which is more detailed. But it represents only a half ofthe matrix of the whole Periodic Law table.

8) Octahedron (Platonic solid). It is possible to make from two square pyramids a Platonic solid an octahedron899) Curved squares as gnomons of Tetrahedron.

10) Tetrahedron (Platonic solid). In the theory of figure numbers, the tetrahedron has squaregnomons. The complete table of Charles Janet has 120 elements. 120 is a tetrahedral number.

9011) Triangle. By happy coincidence, 120 is a tetrahedral and a triangular number at the same
time.

91

12) Circle and Spiral. Concentric circles and a spiral (repetition with addition) as an archetype canbe considered as a mandala. Mandala is a geometric symbol of a complex structure, which isinterpreted as a model of the Universe, the "map of the cosmos". Karl Gustav Jung identified the
mandala as an archetypical symbol of human perfection. The mandala made by a Carl Jung’s
patient depicts a flower. We propose a spiral periodic table-mandala based on the pattern ofphyllotaxis.
The tables of Periodic Law, constructed on the motives of ornaments, occupy a special niche,
built on the a priori of knowledge. The idea that certain shapes of figures can have a deeper
meaning has been an essential component when building structures or creating images in honorof religious or cultural beliefs throughout history and lies at the heart of ancient folk ornaments.

92

a)

b)

The fragments of Periodic Tables – 7-8 periods – in ancient ornamental patterns of different
cultures.
13)
Ancient
andmodernfolk
ornaments.
a) Octagonal Star as ornamental motif appeared before the birth of Christianity. This symbol(Alatyr, Svarog’s Cross, Vasmirog) remained in ethnic religion and ancient patterns
predominantly of Slavic, Finno-Ugrian, and Turkic peoples. You can project two equal in lenght
periods of Periodic Law on the half of the Octagonal Star pattern.
b) “Double Square Triangle”, or “Double Triangular Square” is the rhombic pattern of the Native
American ornament, in which any rhombus is composed of a double square number 2n 2 of unit
triangles. Such a rhombus can be considered as one period of the Periodic Table. Note that the
Periodic Law table, built on the basis of the Native American ornament, surpasses the modern
Periodic table in the parameter reflecting quantum numbers in its structure.

93b) The ancient and modern patchwork patterns of Periodic Law. The gnomonal structure of
Periodic Law provides ample opportunities for ornamental creativity all the time.

94

Conclusion
Our view on the symbolic representation of the Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev’s Periodic Law ofelements suggests a new approach to teaching chemistry and physics as academic courses.
The teaching is divided into two stages. At the first stage, which, according to Jung, can be called
subconscious, the child at the sensual level is introduced to the geometric archetypes of Periodic
Law. Educational games with cubes, balls, pyramids, mosaics, coloring, constructors, beadwork,
kirigami, modeling et cetera in an entertaining and safe form will not only strengthen theintellect, but also prepare the child for the second, conscious stage of obtaining academic
knowledge. This conscious stage for the vast majority of students is very painful and difficult topass now. Thus, the age threshold for the beginning of chemistry and quantum physics studying
will be reduced from 14 to 1.5 - 3 years old.

REFERENCES
Pauli,W.E. (1948) The Influence of Archetypal Ideas on the Scientific Theories of Kepler”
https://ru.scribd.com/document/45712272/The-Influence-of-Archetypal-Ideas-on-theScientific-Theories-of-Kepler

95

A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME IN CHEMISTRY
Yablonsky Gregory S.1*, Guy B. Marin2
1Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering,

Washington University in St. Louis,1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
gy@wustl.edu; gregoryyanlonsky@yahoo.com
2 Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Gent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052, Gent,
Belgium
guy.marin@ugent.be*corresponding author

An evolution of the concept of “chemical time” will be presented. Different milestones inintroducing this concept into chemistry will be described – from combustion and alchemy tocomplex chemistry of our days, giving a emphasis on the discovery of catalysis anddevelopment of chemical kinetics [13]. Three typical meanings of “chemical time” will be
explained: (1) “external time” of the chemical system, i.e. temporal scale of our observations;(2) “internal”, or “intrinsic” time; (3) transport time (“residence” time).
A big influence of mechanical concepts on chemical kinetics will be stressed, i.e. ideas of “massaction-law”, “equilibrium”, “mechanism”, “transition-state-theory” et al. The theoretical basisof contemporary chemical kinetics is presented as an interplay between different paradigms,‘pro-mechanical’ (Guldberg-Waage), ‘pro-chemical’ (van’t Hoff) and thermodynamic (Botzmann
and Onsager). It will be done an attempt to distinguish time as a framework for demonstrating
the chemical transformations and time as a manifestation of the chemical complexity.
Essential characteristics are given for different periods of chemical kinetics:
XIX century was a period of formulating the basic subjects and laws of chemical kinetics
XX century can be defined as a period with a focus on the “chemical complexity” (gaseous chain
reactions, Semenov and Hinshelwood; heterogeneous catalytic reactions, Langmuir andTemkin; oscillating reactions and chemical bifurcations (Zhabotinskii, Prigogine), theory ofchemical networks (Aris, Horn)
In contemporary temporal chemistry, state-of-the-art can be characterized by the “stop-timetrend “ with two approaches, (I) ‘Chemical Calculus’-approach in which the advanced
millisecond pulse-response technique (Temporal Analysis of Products, TAP- technique) is used
for active material non-destructive characterization and studying the mechanism of complex
catalytic reactions [4-5] (II)’Joint Kinetics’ – approach which focuses on the analysis ofcombination of special dual experiments aiming the search of kinetic temporal invariants [6-7].
References
1. .G.S. Yablonskii, V.I. Bykov, A.N. Gorban' and V.I. Elokhin, "Kinetic Models of Catalytic Reactions,in series”Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics," vol. 32, Amsterdam-Oxford- New York - Tokyo:
Elsevier, 1991, 396 pp
962. G. B. Marin, G. Yablonsky “Kinetics of Chemical Reactions. Decoding Complexity”, Wiley-VCH(2011) 428 pp; G. B. Marin, G. Yablonsky, D. Constales, “Kinetics of Chemical Reactions.
Decoding Complexity”, 2nd edition, Wiley-VCH (2019, in press)
3. A.N. Gorban, G.S. Yablonsky, “Three Waves of Chemical Dynamics”, Math. Model. Nat. Phenom.,
2015, 10, 5, 1-5
4. J.T. Gleaves, G.S. Yablonskii, P. Phanawadee and Y. Schuurman, "TAP-2. Interrogative Kinetics
Approach”, Applied Catalysis A: General, 160, 55-88 (1997)
5. G. S. Yablonsky, M. Olea, G. Marin, “Temporal Analysis of Products: Basic
Principles, Applications, and Theory”, J. of Catalysis, 216, 120-134 (2003)
6. G. Yablonsky, A.N. Gorban, D. Constales, V. Galvita and G.B. Marin, “Reciprocal Relations
Between Kinetic Curves”, Euro Physics Letters (EPL) 93(2011) 20004-20007
7. G. Yablonsky, D. Constales and G. B. Marin, “New Types of Complexity in
Chemical Kinetics: Intersections, Coincidences and Special Symmetric Relationships”, “Advancesin Chemical Physics”, v. 157 (2014)69-73

97

N-SUBSTITUTED PHOSPHINE-IMINE LIGANDS FOR THE PALLADIUM(II) CATALYZED MIZOROKIHECK C-C COUPLING REACTIONS
Yılmaz Sevilay, Bilgehan Güzel
e-mail: bilgehan@cu.edu.trÇukurova University, The Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Chemistry Department, 01330, Adana,
TURKEY
Mizoroki-Heck C-C coupling reactions have been used for the instruction of new carbon-carbon
bonds for the synthesis of important intermediates such as fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
polymers and agrochemicals. These reactions are generally catalyzed with Pd(0) or Pd(II)complexes which have phosphine or carben ligands [1,2]. Otherwise, palladium-(phosphineimine) complexes have been rarely used as catalyst for the Mizoroki-Heck C-C coupling reactions,although such complexes are known to be versatile catalysts for many different catalytic
reactions. In this study, we have prepared a series of Pd(II) complexes from phosphine-imine
ligands containing both phosphorus and nitrogen donors (Scheme 1) and we applied thesecomplexes for the Mizoroki-Heck C-C coupling reactions as catalyst (Table 1).

Acknowledgement: This study was supported by the Research Fund of Çukurova University inTurkey with Project Number: FDK-2016-7521.
[1] L. Kurti, B. Czako, Strategic Applications of Name Reactions in Organic Synthesis; Elsevier Academic
Press, Boston, (2005).
[2] N. Miyaura, Cross-coupling reactions: a practical guide, Top. Curr. Chem. 219 (2002) 11.
98

ABOUT THE SECONDARY CRITERION OF PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION: THE PROPOSAL OFPERIODICITY TREES
Zambon Alfio
Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San juan Bosco (Argentina)
azambon@infovia.com.ar
Abstract
Periodic tables are constructed based on two criteria: a) a primary criterion, generally horizontal,
that orders chemical elements in a sequentially increasing way; and b) a secondary criterion,
generally vertical, that allows grouping the elements into chemically similar families. The first
gives rise to the periods and the second to the groups in the Standard Periodic Table. The first
periodic tables developed in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century (such as Mendeleev,
Meyer or Werner) had as a primary criterion the atomic weight, and secondary criteria were usedas the maximum valence in the formation of oxides, or similarities in the chemical reactivity (Van
Spronsen, 1969). From the discovery of the atomic number by Henry Moseley, and thedevelopment of electronic configurations, in the first decades of the twentieth century, thedeveloped Tables took as their primary criterion the atomic number, and as secondary theelectronic configuration of the neutral atom.
Scerri (2007, 2008) reformulated the concept of triads, moving from atomic weight to atomic
number for its definition, resulting in accurate triads. He also suggested the use of atomic number
triads as a possible secondary categorical criterion, based on the fact that the atomic number isthe only essential property of the chemical elements if they are considered as basic substancesand not as simple substances. Zambon (2018) proposed a representation of the periodic system
where the primary criterion is the increasing order of atomic numbers, and the secondary
criterion is established by the formation of atomic number triads, although the proposed table isbased on triads of atomic numbers, the fundamental relationship in the architecture of the table
is given by the "trees of periodicity": symmetric systems of interrelated elements by means of
the triads, which contain 20 elements each and they take the place of traditional groups.
In this work, we will develop the proposal of "trees of periodicity"; we will analyze each structure
independently and discuss the implications in the context of the teaching and communication ofchemistry. Also, given that the proposed structures are based on a dual conception of thechemical element concept, we will study the challenges of transmitting the concept in thissystem. Finally, we will reflect on the answer to the traditional problems of periodic classification
within the framework of this proposal and we will discuss the advantages and limitations of it.
References
Scerri, E. (2007). The Periodic Table – Its Story and Its Significance, New York: Oxford University Press.
Scerri, E. (2008). “The role of triads in the evolution of the periodic table: past and present”. Journal ofChemical Education, 85: 585-589.
Van Spronsen, J. W. (1969). The Periodic System of Chemical Elements - A History of the First Hundred
Years, Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company.
Zambon, A. (2018). “A Representation of the Periodic System based on atomic-number triads”
Foundation of Chemistry, 20: 51-74.
99