Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

Country Reports

Japan International Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS)Contents
1. FIJI
2. JORDAN
3. KENYA
4. MOROCCO
5. NIGERIA
6. SOLOMON ISLANDS
7. SOUTH SUDAN
8. SUDAN
9. TAJIKISTAN
10. MACEDONIA
11. VANUATU
12. ZAMBIA

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

FIJI

-

-

Water Supply Administration
1

COUNTRY REPORT

Water Supply Administration for Better
Management of Water Supply Services (A)29th June-12th July, 2014
Tokyo, Japan.

Department of Water & Sewerage∗ The Department of Water and Sewerage under the Ministry of Works,
Transport and Utilities was commercialized into the Water Authority ofFiji in January, 2010. The purpose of the reform is to develop the capacity
to manage water resources in Fiji to a condition where the present andfuture challenges to water resources and water use can be met. The
Water Authority of Fiji has taken the responsibility for constructing,
maintaining and operating the urban water supply and sanitation.
∗ The responsibility for design and construction of rural water supply
scheme still lies with the Department of Water & Sewerage and theMineral Resources Department. Technical expertise is provided by both
departments in the case of surface water schemes and drilling of bores

2

Cont.
∗ Responsibilities∗ Strategic advice, technical advice, research co-ordination, design
and advice on projects and activities related to rural watersupplies and sewerage services.
∗ Policy, administrative, regulatory service to Government,
Statutory Authorities, the Private Sector and the public at large.
This includes the enhancement and facilitation of an effective,
efficient and sustainable water and sanitation within the country.

∗ The Department is a branch of the Central government under the
Ministry of Works, Transport and Public Utilities.

Water Resources∗

Geographical Background∗ Fiji consists of 332 islands of which 110
are inhabited, with a land mass of
18,333 sq.km. The two largest islands,
Viti Levu and Vanua Levu have majorityof the total population of islands ofabout 900,000∗ Precipitation∗ The wet season from November toApril is also the season of tropical
cyclones. Fiji experiences averageannual precipitation ranging from
1500mm on smaller islands to over
4000mm on the larger islands.

3

Management of Water Quality

TREATMENT PROCESSTREATMENT PLANTCont.
∗ Surface water is used as the main sourceof supply for the all major towns on thelarger, high islands of Fiji, as well as forindustries and irrigation. Some small low
lying islands rely exclusively on groundwater and may or may not use rainwater.
∗ The National Water Quality Laboratory(NWQL) is under the Water Authority of Fijiand they carry out water quality tests
monthly subject to the new Fiji National
Drinking Water Standards.

4

Reduction of Non-Revenue
Water∗ Background∗ In water supply systems in Fiji, NRW varies from 40% to 65% ofwater production. To give some appreciation of the issue,
giving that the Suva Regional Water Supply produce 150,000
m³ everyday or 55 million m³ a year and with 40% of leaks, thisbrings to and annual loss of 21.9 million m³ representing theyearly consumption of about 600,000 people.

∗ The amount of Unaccounted for Water (UfW) is anindication of how well a water system is operated andmaintained and has sure direct impact on possible
revenue.

Cont.
∗ At present the target is to reduce or repair the leaks as demandis affecting the source supply and treatment plants and pumpstations run overtime.
∗ Critical need is to establish a standard leak detection programthat can be monitored and is continuous.
∗ Significant gains in efficiency and therefore in cost recovery canbe made by reducing levels of UFW to internationally or
regionally accepted norms.

5Vicious NRW Cycle∗ The Water Authority of Fiji as of 1st January 2010 is responsible for theoperation and maintenance of urban and peri-urban water supply andsewerage infrastructure. The company operates on a commercial basis
which involves revenue collection to cater for all operational,
maintenance, renovation and capital costs.

Water Utility has reduced
revenue & reduced
expenditure

Water Utility
needs to meet everincreasing demand

NRW INCREASES

Virtuous NRW Cycle∗ Commercial losses are NRW losses in the Authority’s revenue.
Currently the authority may be seen operating in the Vicious
Cycle and with the correct implementation of this plan the
Authority will be able to locate itself in the Virtuous Cycle.

6

Water Supply Service Standards

 The national main objectives for the capital works program
state that the “Ministry is committed to support and promoteeconomic growth and improvements to social services throughthe provision of adequate Water Supply and Sewerage
Infrastructure” and “Provision of a reliable and adequate watersupply to villages and settlements will also continue under the
Rural Programme.”

Cont.
∗ In addition to the Capital Works aspects of the program,
there is a stated objective that “the Operation and
Maintenance of Water Supply and Sewerage in respect of
the government owned facilities will continue, with an
added emphasis given to improve the services throughincreased operational efficiency and to improve themaintenance matters through proper planned
maintenance programs.”∗ The authority’s customer relations are being designed tobe more informative and complaints are accepted 24/7.

7

Management of Water Supply
Services on a Self-Supporting
Basis
The Rural Water & Sanitation
Policy was approved by Cabinet
for implementation in 2012.
This policy provides a common
framework and platform for all
the relevant stakeholders in
the water resources andsanitation sector to work
together for the optimum
utilization of water resources
to benefit Fiji, in particular therural communities.

Cont.
∗ The RWSP aims to achieve four key basic fundamental building
blocks for efficient and sustainable water resources in Fiji. Theyare:

∗ Strengthen the capacity for water and sanitation planning andengineering through the effective implementation of appropriate
policies and management plans in the rural areas.

∗ Adopt management framework that is structured and efficient.
∗ Enhance water supply quality and sustainability through effective
collaboration with relevant stakeholders, and∗ Increase access to affordable, reliable and high quality clean
drinking water8

Major recent Achievement in
Improvement of Water Supply∗ The Water Authority of Fiji (WAF) is a public water
utility service provider, responsible for operations
and maintenance of all Fiji's urban, peri-urban andrural water supply and sewerage infrastructures.
∗ The company operates on a commercial basis,
which implies revenue collection to cater for all
operational, maintenance, renovation and capitalcosts but under the ambit of Public Enterprise .

Cont.
∗ The regulatory ,compliance and monitoring remains
with the Department of Water & Sewerage of the
Ministry of Works, Transport and Public Utilities.
∗ The Water Authority of Fiji operated and maintains 32
public water supply schemes nationwide comprisingof 25 water treatment plants, over 110 service
reservoirs and over 2,200km of reticulation system

9For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

JORDAN--10

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Ministry of Water and Irrigation

Water Resources Management in
JordanGeneral Information about Jordan• The Hashemite Kingdom of
Jordan covers a land area of
about 90,000 km².
• Population 6.4 million in 2012.
• Average(person).

householdsize

5• 98% of the Jordanian populationis connected to water supply
systems, while 64% is connected
to central sewage systems.
• Jordan is divided into 15 surface
water basins and 12 ground waterbasins, some of which extend toneighboring countries.

11

12

Introduction• Jordan views the water sector as the highest
priorities forming the backbone of integratedsocial and economic development• Water scarcity is the single most importantnatural constraint to Jordan’s economic growthand development

Introduction
The population increase exceeded the natural growth rates dueto the sudden influx of refugees and displaced persons.
Population (will continue to grow from about 6.4 million in2012 to around 8.5 million by 2025.)

The Government has responded to the challenges facing theWater Sector by issuing the “Water Strategy for life ” ( 2008
– 2022 ) and the “Water action plan” (2011 - 2013).

13

Legal Framework
Ministry of
Water andIrrigation(MWI)
JordanValleyAuthority
(JVA)

Water
Authorityof Jordan
(WAJ)

14

Ministry of water and irrigation(MWI)
The mission of the Organization:

 Development and protection of water resources.
 Updating information systems.
 Legislations and regulations relevant to the water sector.
 Developing strategies and programs pertaining to theimplementation of water policies.
 Securing funding necessary for water projects.
 Following-up implementation of projects.
 Maintaining the rights of Jordan shared water resources.
 Updating plans and projects of the institutional development.
 Training.
 Public awareness and water demand management as well..

15

Components of the Water Crisis in
Jordan•Limited Renewable Water Resources•Widening gap between supply and demand•High Population Growth•Needed capital cost
•Efficiency of Service Delivery•Cost Recovery & Affordability

Production, Supply & Demand
Water Resources• Seasonal rainfall is the main source of water fromyear to year, with most falls between the months ofOctober and May (Annual average ≈ 8200 MCM ).
Its annual variability affects rain fed agriculture,
ranges, livestock, groundwater recharge andsurface water storage. Scarcity and variability ofrainfall is due to the arid to semi-arid climate of thecountry.

16

Production, Supply & Demand
Water Resources• The average annual renewable fresh water resources that canbe safely exploited in Jordan amount to (≈ 800 MCM ), of
which 50% is renewable & nonrenewable groundwater, withthe rest being made up by surface water resources(≈505 MCM).

• Treated waste water is also considered a valuable resource.

Some 110 MCM (90% of treated effluent in Jordan is currently reused inagriculture ). This will reach some 205 MCM year 2020.

17

Production, Supply &Demand
Water Uses
• In 1946 the available water resources was ≈ 3600 M³ per
capita per year, and went down to ≈ 150M³ in 2009 due
to unexpected increase in population. This is far below
the international poverty line of ≈ 500 M³/year.
•

Average per capita share for MENA countries ≈ 1250
MCM, & worldwide ≈ 7700 MCM.

• About 60% (12% from treated waste water) of thewater is used for agriculture, while only 35% is used
for municipal purposes and 5% for industrial uses.

Production, Supply & Demand
Water Demand• The total water demand in 2009 for all sectors is (1300)
MCM, and it is expected that the demand will increase toreach (1500) MCM by year 2015 and by 2020 will bearound (1700) MCM, with increase in demand being
mostly contributed by municipal and industrial uses.

18

Water Demand By Sector
1200
1000
800
MCM 600

Agriculture

400

Municipal

200

Industrial

0
1998

2005

2010

2015

2020

Year

Total Demand, Resources & Deficit
With out Red sea – Dead Sea Conveyor project
1800
1600
1400
1200
MCM

1000
Demand800

Supply600

Deficit

400
200
0
1998

2005

2010
Year

19

2015

2020

Wadi El-Seer Water Safety Plan

SourceTreatment

20

Distribution

Wadi El-Seer water supply system•

Water safety plan for Wadi El-Seer water supply system covers all aspects fromcatchment up to the consumer’s taps. It includes the source of water, Wadi El-Seerspring and its watershed, Wadi El-Seer treatment plant, distribution system andstorage reservoirs, and Wadi El-Seer household storage tanks that are supplied only
from Wadi El-Seer Treatment Plant.

•

A Water Safety Plan (WSP) is the most effective way of ensuring that a watersupplies safe for human consumption and that it meets the health based standards
and other regulatory requirements. It is based on a comprehensive risk assessment
and risk management approach that covers all the water supply chain from thecatchment to the consumer and ensuring that it complies with the Jordanian
drinking water standard JS 286/2008. at the customer tap.

•

The primary objectives of a water safety plan in protecting human health andensuring good water supply practices by minimizing contamination of source
waters, reduction or removal of contamination through appropriate treatment
processes and the prevention of contamination in the distribution network and thedomestic distribution system. These objectives are applicable to all water supply
chains, irrespective of their size or complexity.

21

Improvement Plan

Strategic Planning for the sector
A- Reduce unaccounted for water•Rehabilitation of water network•Enhance the performance of irrigation network•Improve technical and administration•Limit un-planned expansion of networks

B- Reduce Water Consumption:. Public Awareness and reuse of treated water.Upgrade irrigation systems. Adjust Cropping pattern
22

Strategic Planning for the sector
C- Secure new water resources:

Traditional Sources• Disi Water• Dams and Ditches• Investigation wells(Discover new wells)

Non Traditional Sources• Desalination of brackish water• Desalination of Sea water• Import water

Strategic Planning for the sector

D- Measure on the National level• Regulate population growth. Organize land use. preservation of groundwater. water uses policies

23

Strategic Planning for the sector
Action Plan consists of 6 major items namely:
1. Institutional and Legal Issues.
2. Agricultural Water Use.
3. Cost Recovery.
4. Private Sector Participation.
5. Information Systems.
6. Adaptation of International Conventions

The Way Forward
IN THE SHORT TERM
• Implementation of agreements for the sale of recycled Waterfor industries.
• Increase water tariff to ensure recovery of O&M Costs• Increase the existing irrigation Water Tariffs• Encourage Irrigation Advisory Services• Continued development of centralised Water Information System

including the use of advanced technologies.
• Ensure Compatibility of data and information systems.

24

The Way Forward
IN THE LONG TERM
 Full development of SW & GW (Economic feasibility, socialand environmental considerations) Continuous Development of marginal water.
 Gradual reduction of mining of renewable GW (By 2020)
 Achieve Highest Possible efficiency (Conveyance, distribution,

application and use, including Water & WW systems
performance)WW management and reuse to achieve public health standards
Improve Industrial waste water monitoring Periodical review of institutional arrangements & restructuring
To match changing needs
 Regular update of legislation whenever necessary

The Way Forward
IN THE LONG TERM
 Enhance Stakeholders’ participation
 Expansion of Private Sector Role Recovery of O&M cost to become a standard practice.

25

A Vision for the Future• Private sector active partners• Institutions restructured, integrated
water management• Wastewater fully reclaimed for economic
uses• Strong environmental regulation• Water pricing closer to economic cost
• Sustainable groundwater use• Regional Cooperation

26

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

KENYA

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-

27

Country Report(KENYA)

Meru Water and Sewerage Services(MEWASS)

Mewasss• Established in the year 2001.
• A Body corporate ,Cap 164, laws of Kenya- TRUST.
• Started operations July 2002 – Meru town andenvirons.
• Agent to County gvnt / water services board.
• Self sustaining over the period (o&m)• Major challenge – investment in major capital
works.

28

Mewass organ. structure
MEWASS
Organization Structure

Board of Trustees

General Manager
Executive Secretary.
/P.A

Finance
Manager

Technical Services
Manager

HR & Admin
Manager
Procurement
Manager

Chief
Accountant

Planning &Engineering
Officer
Technical
Officer - CCS &GIS MappingTechnical
OfficerDistribution
O&M

Technical
Officer-Quality
Control (1)Technical Officer– Compliance &Production

ICT.
OfficerBuss. R.
Officer

H .R Officer

Internal
Audit
Assistant

Admin
Officer
Procurement
officerTA (I)D

TA (I)NRWTA (I)WWM

TA (II) D

TA (II)NRWTA (II)WWM

TA (III)D

TA (III)NRWTA (III)
WWM

TA 1
W

TA 1- Quality
Control(Assistant)

TA (I) CCS& GIS

Technical
Assistant (I)Production

TA (II) CCS &GISTA (III)CCTA (III)C&R

TA (III)
MS

Service MEWASS provides-Object: To address the ‘right to water,’ and‘water as a basic need’.
“ through Economical provision of safe andquality water supply services”.
-Agency:
Local / County Government.
-Overall responsibility:
Administrationand Management of water supply services.

29

Internal
Audit
ManagerLocation of Meru County

Facilities location map

30

Production flow - chart• Intake  Treatment plant Clear water tankCustomers tap  Distribution systemwater Resources• Total Forest – 5.6% (2012)• Residential – 16.5% (2012)• Arable land – 30% (70% -asal)• The Per capita available water is about 650
m3/year. Future projections show that by2025, per capita water availability will drop
to 235m3 as a result of population growth.

31

Annual precipitation
YEA
R

JAN

FEB

APRI
MARCH L

MA
Y

JUN
E

JUL
Y

58.
2002 2
1.2 274532
91.6 0014.
2003 70
67.4
392
96.2 0
15.1
63. 65.
2004 71
12.2
782
60.3 08.5
2005 ……………….Data not Available……………………..
60.
2006 230
16.9
377
70.8 0013.
2007 107 5
110
179
66.7 3514.1
86.
2008 7065.2
274
11.7 0026.
2009 142 950.1
14597.2 002010 123 90
235
282
40.6 029.1
13.
2011 6
052.2
294
94.7 25.8 1.851.
2012 01
9.5
103
218 25.2 18.2
2013 71

6.7

165

494

20.7

3.1

0

AUG SEP

NO
OCT V

DEC

TOTA
L

388

249

239

1873

298

423

113

1453

15.1

39.
6
18.
2

0

2.5

320

419

160

1894

50.4

60.
5

330

457

1682

30.1

9.8

304

220

0

8.5

389

226

230
94.
6
32.
2

1093

0
10.6

321
143

195
298

117
9.7

1094
1260

510

495

193

1712

22.9

0
0
31.
7
12.
8

281

362

289

1392

0

2

46.
8

437

57.
6

1305

0

0

1183

Precipitation:
Total rainfall (mm)- (2002- 2013) 10yrs
2000

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000

- Effect of Climate change- Decreasing trends

800
600
400
200
0
2002

2003

2004

2006

2007

2008

32

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

water resources and their situations• -Water from rivers and springs (surface water)• - Highly contaminated due to pollution• provide 6000m3/d
Others sources• Ground water• Rain water harvesting (roof & dams)

Policy and Regulations• Policy: Supply water of good quality and in
sufficient quantities;• to meet the various needs including poverty
alleviation while ensuring• safe disposal of waste water andenvironmental protection.
• -Regulations: Under Water Act 2002, theissuance of licenses is carried out by theWater Services Regulatory Board (WASREB).

33

Water rates and bill collection system• Graduated volumetric categorized into blocks• 0-6m3 – pro-poor category (basic need).
• Billed monthly• Collection efficiency of 95%

Water quality management• Water treatment processes.
• Parameter testing at production anddistribution some points.
• External analysis.
• Surveillance by regulatory bodies

34

Guideline Values for Raw
water
Coliform organism(Number/100ml)

Recommended treatment

0-50

Bacterial quality requiring disinfection only

50-5000 people

Bacterial quality requiring full treatment (coagulation,
sedimentation, filtration and disinfection only)

5000-50000 people

Heavy pollution requiring extensive treatment

Greater than 50000
peopleVery heavy pollution unacceptable as a source unless noalternative exists. Special treatment needed.

Current monitoring system / plan ofsafety• Daily tests (2hrs interval)- ph, Turbidity,
Temperature, Residue chlorine, etc• Weekly – Bacteriological and customer taps
• Monthly – external analysis (chemical andbacteriological)• Quarterly- surveillance- by KEBs (independent
national standards body)• Monthly, quarterly and annual report toRegulator (WASREB)•

35

Laboratory situations in terms of
qualified staff and facilities• Limited space in the lab. ( old and small room)• Laboratory not adequately equipped• Major tests (heavy metal) done externally• Staff (some)qualified but lack necessary
exposure.

Water Safety (*) Plans or similar efforts• Not in a structured manner• Routine monitoring without fall back plan
• Risks management options not documented• No fall back actions in case of emergency
occurrence36Current water supply services• About 68,000 served against 118,000
population (49.7%)• 100% have access 24 hour
• Directly drink from supply taps
• NRW = 26%• Responsibility area = (112 Km2)Cont.
• Area served: (63 Km2)
• Water abstracted from river / springs• Treatment: convectional treatment process.
• Production capacity: ( 6,000m3 / day)• Length distrib. (289km)• Storage capacity: ( 9,400m3 )• Total no. connect. : (10,473)• Duration of supply: 24hr

37

Cont.
• Active connections: (8,697)• Con. Length: (6.0m)• Water produced: (2.254,189 million m3 / year)• Water metered: (1.623,734 million m3 / year)• Water pressure: 60m• Pipe bursts: 10,851 / year
• No. tests residual chlorine: (5,124 /year)

Cont.
• Tests done: (5,724 / year)• Tests passed: (5,723 / year)• Staff:• Permanent staff with contract• casual-time /contract part staff• casual-time /wages part38

staffing
Corporate Services(Management,

Admin, Finance,

Water Supply

Other non watersupply(O&M, Customer(e.g. wastewater,
drainage,

Services, Support

environment
services)Technical, etc.)

Services, etc)

6

62

7

Training• Staff no trained: (42 )• No. of days: (82)
• Training budget: (2% of O&M)

39

TOTAL

75

Customer service• Customers conn. in the year: (902)• Customer complaints: (1231)• in person• by telephone• by email• by letter
Others:• by short text message (sms)Customer views• from customer interactions (letters,
telephone•• by responding to customer complaints•• from customer surveys, questionnaires,etc•• by market research•40

Cost of a connection
Domestickshs

Non Domestic(Households)(Industrial,

Bulk water sales

AVERAGE of all

categories

commercial,

Institutional, other)

USD 80.5

USD195.4

USD 80.5

USD 80.5

Fixed charge / month
AVERAGEof all Categories
Domestic

Non Domestic(Industrial, commercial,
Institutional, other)

Bulk water sales(Households)

USD 2.9

USD 2.9

USD 2.9

41

USD 2.9

Water tariff
TariffDomestic

Non DomesticTo

Cost/m30

6

USD 0.38

2.

7

20

USD 0.57

3.**

21

above

USD 1.2

Block

From

1.

Bulk water sales

To

Cost/m3

6

USD 0.38

720

USD 0.57

21

above

USD 1.2

From

0

From

0

7

21

To

Cost/m3

6

USD 0.38

20

USD 0.57

above

USD 1.2

Private Sector Investment• Water Resource development:

•
•
•
•
•

-private boreholes (households and bulky water supply)- Private and institutional water supplies- Community water projects
Institutional water supply have complete treatment system (KeMU)
Community gated estate – buys bulk water or own treatment anddistribution system.(K-Re, Runda- Nairobi)
Current water supply model is based on private sector businessprinciples hence limited space. However large scale supply will favourthat arrangement
Bill collection is privatized and very soon we shall close counters at our
office.
Leakage repairs are basically a handled at technical sections and would
be tricky given its an operational issue.

42

Involvement of national government• Water rates: Are approved by a regulator who is an agent of
national government. Basically to eliminate monitor unjustified
costs in tariffs.
• Personal employment: monitors number of employees per1000 connections, although this is demand driven.
• O&M budgeting: Entirely Mewass preserve.

• Capital works: Mewass has no capacity to finance major
capital investments (asset development) and this is vested onto
the national and county governments

current situation of Privatization• Infancy stage, PPP Act. 2013 not fully
operational as was recently enacted• Public awareness and sensitization inprogress

43

State Owned Company• Socially responsible commercialization• Quasi- government service providers•

Other water sources• Direct from rivers / springs• Private hand dug wells / boreholes• Rain water harvesting (dams ,pans, roof androck catchments, )•44

Future direction of Privatization• Bright given the legal framework through PPP
Act 2013• Government to profile the poor andmarginalized and strategize on how best forthem a to access water services

Tall buildings• Ensure water reaches the ground floor, andthe owner provides lifting /pumping
mechanism to upper floors.

45

Sewerage status• 11500/118000 = 9.7%
• Current treatment plant is overloaded /stretched• The sewerage staff deals with issues related
to sewerage• Have fairly adequate tools and equipment• Personnel have capacity/ skills gaps•

Future plan
• Shifting of current treatment site to a newsite• Expansion of sewer treatment plant throughconstruction of a new complete system.
• Undertake all effluent tests at the sewer
plant

46

Solid waste disposal• A dumpsite exist where solid waste dropped
daily• Environmental concerns do exist – poorly
managed(2) Future plan
• Incinerators to manage solid waste

47

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

MOROCCO

-

-

48

49

50

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55

56

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Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

NIGERIA

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-

59

60

61

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Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

SOLOMON
ISLANDS--

72

COUNTRY REPORTWATER SUPPLY ADMINISTRATION FOR
BETTER MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLYSERVICES.

ORGANIZATION: Solomon water (SIWA)
COUNTRY: Solomon Islands

COMPANY PROFILE/STRUCTURE• Established in 1994 under the SIWA Act.
• It is a State Own Enterprise• The main mission is to provide safe and secure drinking
water to urban population and also to provide
wastewater systems.

73Company structure

Water System / City
• Water supply system• Honiara water supply system• Location- Honiara City
• Population of 64,000 people• Boundary of 22 sq.km

74

Honiara water supply systems

Water quality management• Based on the water safety Plan
• Water safety plan
• comprehensive risk assessment and management tool

• Key objectives– Prevent the contamination of source waters;– Ensure adequate treatment of water to reduce or remove
contaminants; and– Prevent re-contamination during storage, distribution andhandling

75

Structure of WSP
WSP

SystemDescriptions
Hazard andRisk

Identify
Improvement

Identify
Monitoring

Create CriticalControl Plan

Feedback

Management
andImplement
WSP
Audit and
Review

Constrains of WSP• WSP has some constrains• Not able to be fully implemented due budget
limitations• Limited staff• Other problems in water quality• High cost chlorine usage• Lack of water treatment plant76

Non-Revenue water reduction• Average water Production for Honiara lastyear is 8, 577,500,000 cubic meter(8557.5Meglitres)• NRW = 52%
RW= 42%• Measures taken:• Setup NRW Team• Trial 15 pilot sites (test for leakages) on-going

Water Tariff
Water Tariff: Adjustment effective 1st January 2013
Reflecting Quarterly Electricity Price adjustment and Gazetted Tariff Increase

CONSUMER CATERGORY I - DOMESTICMONTHLY WATER CONSUMPTION IN KILOLITRES (kl):CONSUMPTIONCURRENT TARRIFFREVISED TARIFF

WATER

WATER &WASTEWATER

WATER

WATER &WASTEWATER($/kl)($/kl)($/kl)($/kl)WASTE
WATER($/kl)

0 to 15 kl

$

4.84

$

7.26

$

6.03

$

9.04

$3.01

15 to 30 kl

$

7.34

$

11.01

$

8.86

$

13.27

$4.43

Greater than 30 kl

$

8.59

$

12.89

$

10.26

$

15.40

$5.13

Note: Consumers under this category are related generally to Domestic customers in Residential
areas/zones, consuming relatively small amount of water as compared to those under Category II.

77

Water Tariff
CONSUMER CATERGORY II - COMMERICAL

MONTHLY WATER CONSUMPTION IN KILOLITRES (kl):-

CONSUMPTIONCURRENT TARRIFFREVISED TARIFF

WATER &

WATER($/kl)WATER &WATER

WASTEWATER($/kl)WASTEWATER($/kl)WASTE
WATER($/kl)($/kl)

0 to 30 kl

$

19.85

$

29.78

$

22.99

$

34.49

$11.4930 to 60 kl

$

22.35

$

33.53

$

25.82

$

38.72

$12.91

Greater than 60 kl

$

24.86

$

37.28

$

28.65

$

42.96

$14.32

Water Supply Service
Standards/Performance Indicator
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

The water supply service standards we have in Honiara is ensuring;a safe, clean and reliable water supply
to improve water quality and the water mains network
to clean and treat your wastewater and return it safely to the rivers and the sea
a simple, accurate water meter service
to respond to your billing enquiries efficiently
to be there when you need us
to deliver the levels of service set by our regulators

However, there can be limitations and setbacks to some of the services we provide.
The main performance indicator that we have is that ensuring the water supply time
for the population in city is 24 hours supply time daily for all areas within the cityboundary. Also we ensure that quality of water that we supply is within the WHO
guideline.

78

Management of water supply service
on a self-supporting basis
The management of water supply services on a selfsupporting basis is through;• Policy formulation and sector co-ordination– Formulation of policy by the government on the company(Solomon Water) can operated• Regulation••••– Regulations are needed to give guidance on how the company
and its employees.

Asset management
Service Provision
Solomon water board (SIWA Board)
Civil society

Major recent achievement in improvement ofwater supply services/management
2013

INDICATORS

2014

18

Staff/1,000 connection

17

23,500,000

Production capacity m3 /d

32,000,000

77% compliance

Water quality

WHO guideline 88% compliance70%

Coverage area80%

15-20 hours

Supply duration

20-24hours

1-10bar

Supply pressure

1-13bar7900

Number of connection

8500

52%

NRW

48%

80%

Collection ratio

90%

160

Staff number

170

79

• Major recent improvements are;
• Improved Production capacity• The capacity of the human resources• Installation of new pumps at our main source• The JICA PROJECT which help to boost
production capacity• Supply duration is 22 hours - 24 hours• Thank you for Listening

80Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

SOUTH SUDAN

-

-

81

Water Supply Administration for Better
Managementof Water Supply Services   Country: Southern Sudan
Organization: Ministry of Physical Infrastructure
and Rural Development

General Country
profile:Background• Republic of South Sudan is the youngest country
in the world.
• The country got independent on 09-07-2011.
• Situated in the North eastern part of Africa• The country is divided into ten states.
• Climate is equatorial with high humidity and lotsof rainfall (April to November).
• Temperatures are moderate but vary dependingon the season82

Country Detail• Whole Country:• Area:• Population

619, 745:

km2

8.26 million (2008)• Coverage Water Supply:%• Selected Water Supply System/City:• Service Area :km2• Population

Served:MissionOrganization:• Provision of safe drinking water and improved
sanitation services to the people of Southern
Sudan
Individual:• To lead development of water policies,
strategies, regulations and standards
My job:• To co-ordinate external support• To ensure coordinated development andmanagement of water resources

83

Management• Current Situation
 Guided by the water policy whose formulation
started in 2005 and approved in 2007
 Challenges

 Inadequate sector institutional arrangements
 Limited human resources and week organizational
capacity Absence of industry regulator

Water supply service standards/Performance Indicators

 Current Situation

 No water supply standards
 No regulatory frame work Political instability
 Major Problems
 Free provision of service

 Lack of water treatment
 Inadequate security due to in fighting
 No access to serviced areas due to floods

in rain season84

Major recent achievement in improvement of watersupply services/management
 Achievements
 Sunk a number of wells for the rural community

 Educated communities on treatment of water at household
level by providing (Chlorine and Pur)

Expectation for the Japanese private companies &Water Supply Utilities
 Knowledge on water treatment methods
 Learn about new technologies
 New management skills in water supply administration

85

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

SUDAN

-

-

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

TAJIKISTAN

-

-

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

MACEDONIA

-

-

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

VANUATU--

118

Water Supply Administration for Better Managementof Water Supply Services
Japan 29th June 2014 – 11th July 2014

Vanuatu Country Report
Konnichiwa
1983 – 1988 - Civil Engineer for McConnell Dowel in Fiji
1990 – 2001 - Civil Engineer for Vanuatu Government
2001 – 2003 - General Manager – Ifira General Services
2003 – 2005 – General Manager Go – Eden2005 – 2006 – Procurement Agent Contracts Administrator – MCC/MCA fund (Vanuatu)
2006 – 2007 - Sales & Marketing Manager - British Petroleum SWP (Vanuatu)
2007 – 2009 – Terminal Manager – British Petroleum (Vanuatu)
2009 – 2011 – General Manager Infrastructure – Airport Vanuatu Limited
2011 – 2012 - Project Engineer (liaison) – Public Works Department
2012 – 2013 – Deputy Director – Public Works Department

Effective implementation of PWD responsibility under the Government Priorities
All /tenders and Contracts are compliant with all laws and regulation
Good Co-operation of PWD Annual Work Plans
Reporting on Project and Operations of PWD
Liaison with Stakeholders, Donors, private sector partners, and the urban
1communities

Demographic & Organization
Whole Country:
Area: 14,760

km2

Population: 261,544

Habitants

Age structure 0-14 years: 37.9% (male 50,548/female 48,477)
15-24 years: 19.7% (male 25,685/female 25,900)
25-54 years: 34% (male 43,552/female 45,273)
55-64 years: 4.9% (male 6,493/female 6,289)
65 years and over: 3.6% (male 4,817/female 4,531) (2013 est.)

Coverage Water Supply: 35 % of total population

Selected Water Supply System/City:
Service Area : 1480 km2
Population

Served: 91,879 thousand (Port Vila78,879 , Luganville 13,000)• Water supply falls under several authorities in Vanuatu.
• The Department of Rural Water Supply within the Ministry of Lands and Natural
Resources has responsibility for rural water supply – No legislation• Public Works Department:
Public Works Department [PWD] established under the Ministry of Infrastructure and Public Utilities [MIPU]
To management, develop and maintain;•

The Water Supply Act [CAP 24] mandates the Minister responsible to water supply and the Director of Public Works Department(PWD) to carry out this essential service to the nation of Vanuatu• UNELCO (Private)
Concession contract to manage Port Vila Urban water supply service
Concession contract -2

119

HEAD OFFICE PWD 2014

Operations &Maintenance Unit

Deputy Director
F Sk 6.9
6101

Manager (Operations)Ms 6.2
6103
Executive
Secretary
Operations
Cs 2.66125

Principal Engineer X 1 (Maintenance
Planning & Monitoring)Ps 5.66107 James Hakwa
Divisions X 6
Shefa, Sanma, Tafea, Penama.
Malampa, Torba

Technical Services Unit
Principal Engineer (Water &Sanitation)
Ps 5.2 Fleet Management & Maintenance
Officer
So 5.2 6110
Senior Lab Technicians X 2 Os 4.3
6111
6112
Built Environments Unit
Environment & Social Officers X 2 SO
5.06115 North
6116 South
Principal Architect X 1
6117 So 5.2
Assistant Architect X 2 As 3.5
6121
6122

Director
El 7.2 6100
Project Support Unit

Administration & Procurement UnitManager (Projects)
Ms 6.2

Manager(Administration)
SO 5.06104

6102

Project
Liaison Engineer
Ps 5.66106 Fred

Senior
Procurement
Officer X 1
H Os 4.0 6118

Principal Engineer(PSU)
FPs 5.6
6108

Engineer X 2
G So 5.0

Logistics
Officer
X1
As 3.0
6126

6113
6114

Finance Officer(Projects)
I AS 3.0
6123

SeniorContract Officer
X1
H Os 4.0
6119
Contract Officer
X1
As 3.0 6127

Receptionist
Filing Clerk
C s 2.0
6130

Project Secretary
Cs 2.6
6124

Executive Secretary
Cs 2.66105

Senior Finance
Officer X 1
H Os 4.2 6120

Finance Officer X 2
J Cs 2.6
Recurrent 6128
6129

Cleaner FilingClerk
B s 1.5 6131

Gardener
Maintenance
OfficerBs 1.6 6132

Representative Water Supply Systemopen wellcollection
from springs

Urban andruralhouseholds

chlorination
at thetreamentplant
Two Storage
tanks

120

Driver/Messenger
Bs 1.56133

Water Resources•

Geology•

Ground Water & Surface Water•

Vanuatu is in the heart of Melanesia, with Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands to the north, Fiji to the east and New Caledonia to
the southeast. The Vanuatu Archipelago is a Y-shaped 1,300km (808 miles) and long chain of four main islands and 79 smaller islands,of which 68 are inhabited. The islands themselves are mostly mountains of volcanic origin (several of the islands still have active
volcanoes) with narrow coastal plains and have a combined area of 12,200 sq km (7,581 miles) and a combined coastline length of
2,528km (1,571 miles). The Ambrym and Lopevi volcanoes are permanently active and highly dangerous. Lopevi was extinct for many
years but became active 50 years ago. Further to the south, on the island of Tanna, is Yasur, cited as the most accessible active
volcano in the world and a major tourist attraction. Geophysical activity is under constant monitoring by the French scientificorganisation, IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Development). Most of the islands are densely forested and mountainous with narrow
bands of cultivated land along the coasts

o
o
o
o

•

Most islands in Vanuatu are typically limestone. Most springs are coming from the lime stones.
Urban area groundwater is the main source, rural areas wells, springs and rivers.
Rivers and creeks are quite common on larger islands with seasonal flow and are often quite close to the villages. These carrywater from inland springs to the coastal area where 80% of the population are residing.
90% of water sources are in local forest mostly owned by indigenous customary owners . 10% of water sources are situated indeveloped land such as agriculture and farm land.

Intake Water Volumeoo•Daily average of 2,300 cubic meters
Average per one year: 847,000 cubic meters

Future Water Resources typeo•

Borehole [ground water] and salt water desalination along coastal communities in low lying islands (sea water level
rise)

ClimateoooPrecipitation per year
Average rain fall varies from 4000mm in the Northern islands to 1500mm in the Southern islands
Two season – extended Dry Season from April to December.

oSource: International Climate Change Adaptation

Policy & Regulations•

Policyo Water Supply to be Managed by one Department•

The water supply current is administered by two departments; PWD in urban areas and Geology and minesin rural areas. It has been inefficient due to lack of coordination and collaboration with strain on each budget
and resources.

o Water delivery systems needs a clear structure for the management of watersupply services•

To improve service delivery to the population both in urban and rural areas.

•

Provincial authorities and communities to help manage local water resources.

o Partnerships•

Legislationo Review of current Water Supply Act legislation••

Water supply to be looked after by the Ministry of Lands
Define a proper and clear structure to cater for water delivery and management

•
•
•
•

Ownerships
Buffer Zones
Formalization of National Water Advisory Committee
Drinking water quality standards monitoring and enforcement.

o Review of current Water Resources Management Act

121

Water Tariff•

Water tariff•

Billing System••

PWD raises invoices
Payment of invoices and receipting through Vanuatu Government cashier in the Department of Finance

Water Quality Management•

Water Source Management.
o Current Water Resource Management Act has been effective in Vanuatu over 10
years.
••

It provides for the proper management and conservation of Vanuatu’s natural water resources by regulating
the use and works that can be done including the establishment of committees to help overlook the
management of the water resources.

Standards

122

Management of water quality•

Designing a Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Programme•

PWD currently runs out of chemicals due to lack of funding;•

Keeping your Drinking Water Safe:

o

o

•
•
•
•
•

The PWD is to ensure that regular water quality treatment is carried out in the provinces and sampling sent to Port Vilafor testing.

PWD seldoms carries out testing:1) lack of budget to carry out regular sampling and testing2) Staff not strictly following procedures
3) UNELCO – performs and complies within the requirements of the concession
contracts
Water Laboratoryoo•

The PWD is the service provider responsible to ensure that all water produce are within safe limits.

Government - Water Testing Laboratory within the Department of Geology & Mines & Hydrology under the Ministry ofLands & Natural Resources.
Private – UNELCO

Utilities Regulatory Authority [URA]oAudits water quality tests and reports publically on findings with necessary recommendation to compliance.

9

Water Supply Services•

Aged Infrastructureo The infrastructure is old and needing replacement.
•••

Human Resourcesoo•High percentage of retiring personnel
PSC recruitment is lengthy as there is lack of qualified candidates to select from.

Budgetoooo•Mostly are cast iron pipes
Electrical Water pumps in the two urban area and diesel pumps in Provincial centres.

PWD water supply & Rural water supply- No budget appropriated by parliament.
PWD water supply- Road maintenance fund is used to fund water activities.
Rural water supply – other funds allocated within its annual finance.
UNELCO – privately funded.

Water Service to Customersooo

UNELCO – Port Vila : water is supplied 24 hours / 7days a week
PWD water supply – Luganville : water is supplied 24 hours / 7 days a week
PWD water supply – Provincial centres: water is supplied on average of 3 hours / 7 days per week123

2. Reduction of non-revenue water1
Constitution of Non-revenue Water
Revenue
Authoriz wateredconsum
ption

Syste
m
input
volu
me
Water
lossesBilled authorized
consumption

Unbilled
authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting,cleaning)
Apparent losses
Non( UnauthorizedRevenconsumptionue(i.e. Illegal use),
Water
Customer(NRW)
metering
inaccuracies )Real losses(Leakage)

847,000 • Enforcement on
m3 /yearillegal connections;• Illegal connection is undetected due to(58.0 %)
lack of appropriate tools and
9,200 m3 •/year
(1.08 %) ••300 m3/year(0.03 %)

mechanism within the network to
detect leakages.
Insufficient human resources derived
from inappropriate organization
structure.

Leakage Repairs;

The major contributor to the highnon revenue water is from leakages
along the reticulation main trunks &joints and local connections suchmeters. Currently leakages areattended to the availability of funds
made available from PWD’s othermaintenance funds. There is nowater budget from the Parliamentarybudget appropriation.

603,867
m3 /year( 40.89 %)Private Sector Participation•

Concession Contract – Port Vilaoo•

UNELCO French owned private utility contracted by the Vanuatu Government on 13th December 1993 to manageand operate the water supply on Port Vila.
Total area of 1,455 sq. km with a population of 78,723 (2009 census)

URA established under the Ministry of Infrastructure and Public Utilities regulates thewater tariff and quality.
oAssisting the Vanuatu government to review the concession contract as per the requirement of the contract.

124

11

5. Management of water supply service on a selfsupporting basis & Privatization•

Government Owned•
Water budget appropriated by parliament is a must.
•
Restructuring is required (investigate various models)•
Reduction on Non Revenue Water (NRW) to be undertaken as soon as possible•
Review of policy and legislation in progress.

•

UNELCO•
Review of existing contract.
•
To evaluate contract performances and investigate benefits of competitive bidding for other
areas

•

Sewage System••

There are no sewage system in Vanuatu other than constructed septic tanks. This covers 100% of urban population and for ruralcompost systems are used.
Each private owners are responsible to the management and maintenance of the septic systems. This is expected to continue withsewage treatment to be developed under the current Port Vila Urban Development Project

13

Major Issues•

Political Interferences••

Staffs•••The number of staffs turnover was high and transfers to other PWD divisioncontributed to the in-efficiency of the water supply services

Un-trained operational staffs
Unqualified water management staffs

In-sufficient Funding•••

Lack of incentives to collect revenue
Absent of water budget allocation
Lack of appropriate water billing and debt recovery mechanism

14

125

Water Supply Administration
For Better Management of Water Supply Services
Course（Ａ）

ZAMBIA--

126

Water Supply Administration for Better Managementof Water Supply Services

 Country: Zambia
 Organization: Kafubu Water andSewerage Co. Ltd
1General Country profile:Background

My country is situated in the Southern part of Africa borderingwith eight other countries. The country got independent in 1964
and was under British colonial rule before then. The population
is mainly concentrated in the capital, Lusaka and the Copperbelt
province. The country is divided into ten provinces. Zambia has anumber of rivers lakes and water falls that provide source forwater and generation of electricity. The climate is tropical i.ehumid, wet or dry and has two seasons : rainy sesson and dry
season (winter and summer)

Whole Country:
Area:

Population :752, 614 km2
14.08million Habitants

Coverage Water Supply:%

Selected Water Supply System/City:
Service Area :Population Served:

km2
326,950 thousand

2127

My MissionMission of my organization is: To provide efficient and highquality water and sewerage services within the company’sprescribed operational areas on a sustainable commercial
basis



My mission in the organization is: To plan, direct and control
the technical functions of the company in order to ensure
efficient and effective delivery of water and sewerage servicesMy actual job to achieve the mission is: to formulate andimplement operational policies, strategies/systems and work
plans for the engineering function and ensure effective
maintenance systems that assure high plant availabilities ….

3

1. Management of water quality

Current Situation
Water quality analysis is carried out region by region
based on the guidelines by our local standards bureau(ZABS).

For each parameter (pH. Turb.colur.Res.Chl, Tot. coli,
E.coli etc) a minimum number of samples are analysed

Major problems

Source of raw water
State of infrastructure
Encroachment of water course

41281. Management of water quality (cont’d)Current Actions



Alternative sources of raw water
Rehabilitation of infrastructure
Stakeholder engagementsAchievements

Improved quality of effluent into raw water course

5

2. Reduction of non-revenue water1
Constitution of Non-revenue Water

Revenuewater
Authorized
consumption

30,496,985

31,207,685

Systeminput
volume63,463,766

Water
losses32,256,081

Non
Revenue
Water(NRW)
32,966,781

Billed authorized
consumption
30,496,985
Unbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting, cleaning)
710,700
Apparent losses( Unauthorized
consumption(i.e. Illegal use),
Customer metering
inaccuracies ) 565,750
Real losses(Leakage)
30,752,234
129

xx m3 /year(48.05 %)xx m3 /year( 1.12%)

xx m3 /year( 0.89%)xx m3 /year( 48.46 %)62. Reduction of non-revenue water2

Current Situation



NRW for the whole company is estimated at 50%
Most infrastructure is in state of disrepair
Production plants and major networks not metered
Multiple network leaks



Major Problems

Aged infrastructure vis-à-vis pipe network
Lack of resources
Major customer (Govt) not paying on time
Supply area not zoned








7

2. Reduction of non-revenue water2 (Cont’d) Current Actions
 Metering of Customers

 Zoning of supply areas
 Repair/Overhaul of networks
 Installation of Pressure regulation points
 Installation of air valves
 Installation of pre-paid meters in govt.

institutions

 Achievements Increased supply hours
 Reduced transmission/commercial losses

130

3. Water Tariff

9

4. Water supply service standards /Performance
IndicatorsCurrent SituationStandards for water supply have been agreed and set by theregulators (NWASCO)
These standards are from area to area
Not fully complied with in some areas

Major Problems

Poor state of the distribution network
Unstable power supply
Lack of standby facilities
Unreliable/inefficient pumping equipment
No planned maintenance systems








10

131

Water supply service standards /Performance
Indicators (Cont’d) Current Actions
 Repair of distribution networks

 Overhaul of standby facilities
 Replacement/upgrading of pumping

equipment Power supply alternatives
 Re introduction of planned maintenancesystems

Water supply service standards /Performance
Indicators (Cont’d) Achievements Increased supply hours
 Increased Coverage Improved Reliability132

5. Management of water supply service on a selfsupporting basis









Our company has embarked on a “re-engineering” programme
aimed to improve service delivery.
Among issues to be handled are:Procurement of meters
Coverage of new areas
Re-orientation of company operations
Control/Reduction in O & M costs
Rehabilitation of sewage infrastructure
Recruitment of qualified staff

13

6. Major recent achievement in improvement of watersupply services/management (PART1)

2005

INDICATORS

2012

17

Staff/1,000 connections

12

165,000

Production capacity m3/d

211,666

ZABS/WHO

Water quality

ZABS /WHO

50%

Coverage area

79%

12hr/dSupply duration

18hr/d

0.2 bar

Supply pressure

2.5 bars

32,650

Number of connections

54,862

72%

NRW

50%

50%

Collection ratio

65%

800

Staff number

518

133

14

6. Major recent achievement in improvement ofwater supply services/management (PART2)


Despite a number of challenges still existing in ourorganisation, a number of achievements have been made in
the recent past to improve water supply services/management

Rehabilitation of the water treatment plant at Kafubu WTP
Rehabilitation/replacement of pipeline from reservoirs
Rehabilitation of sewage treatment plants
Metering of parts of the low cost areas
Procurement of special reconnection/disconnection fixtures
Pump house upgrades







15

7. Expectation for the Japanese private companies &Water Supply Utilities






Knowledge transfer on how they have managed to improvewater supply services from the administration andmanagement perspective
Measures taken on water safety
Modern ways of plant, equipment and networks maintenance
Methods of pressure management and interventions to reduce
frequent networks failures due to design or operational
inadequacies

16134