－ 165 －－ 167 －－ 169 －Water Supply Administration for better
Management of Water Supply Services (B)Country Report

Mahmudul Hasan Katebi
Research Officer & Assistant Chief

Chittagong Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
Bangladesh
1－ 171 －

A

The Geographical background

Chittagong is one of the second largest city in Bangladesh and is thecountry’s biggest commerce and port city. The city is located at theeastern side of the Bangladesh faced to the Bay of Bengal. The
center of the city is located near river mouth that is utilized as a partof harbor. In the north-west direction, hilly areas with the height offrom 60m to 90m are distributed. In the eastern side of hilly areas, aflat plain is widely distributed and is bordered by the Karnaphuli
River, the largest river in the south-eastern area of the Bangladesh.
The Sangu River to the south of the city and the HaldaRiver , abranch of Karnaphuli River, flows from north-east to the south-east
and joins the Karnaphuli River.

B
C

The Precipitation per One Year
The type of Water Resource

2150 mm in Bangladesh

D

The Intake water volume

E

The type of Water Resources forthe future
The population ratio to be served
and not to be served drinking water

F

G
H

I

Non revenue water (NRW)Private sector participation
Involvement of National government inwater supply services

The Karnaphuli River, the Halda River, Sangu River are the main
water resource of the city. Besides these ,Kaptai Dam at the upperstream, which is the largest water reservoir capacity in the country
Surface water 90,000 m3/day
Ground water 1,20,000 m3/day
TheKarnaphuli River, Halda River, Kaptai Dam and the Bay of
Bengal are the water resources for the future.
The population of Chittagong City is about 3.0 million. But
Chittagong WASA can supply drinking water about one third of the
population.
15% to 20%
We have no private sector Participation in water resource
development, water treatment, water distribution.
National government provides us full support3

֍ Size of Utility area Responsibility

212.00 sq. km

֍ Size of Utility present service area

Near about 120.00 sq. km

֍ Population Utility’s area of
responsibility
֍ Population of Utility’s present
service area

About 3.0 million in Chittagong
City
2.9 million (Rationing way) in
Chittagong City .

֍ Population served by the utility with
piped water supply֍ Number of towns served with pipedwater

2.9 million in Chittagong
City .
N/A

4－ 172 －

֍ Volume of water produced by the 1,80,000 m3/day orutility
65700,000 m3/year֍ Volume of water bought in bulk fromother utility.

N/A֍Volume of water metered519,03,000 m3/year

֍ Estimated un- meteredconsumption

137,97,000 m3/year
which is26 % of meteredconsumption

5

1 Number of customers who received intermittent supply

About 44,000 No’s

2 Typical duration of supply (Planned and unplanned supply interruptions)

About 4.00 hours/day

3 Typical mains water pressure in your pipe network

55 meters

4 Number of water pipe breaks in the distribution network

2022 No’s/year

5 Required number of tests of treated water for residual chlorine

75 No’s/year

6 Required number of tests of treated water for residual chlorine carried out

8784 No’s/year

7 Required number of tests of treated water for residual chlorine passed

8784 No’s/year

6－ 173 －

Managing Director

DMD (Engineering)

Chief Engineer
MOD Circle
1. MOD- 1
2. MOD- 2

T&P Circle

P&C Circle

DMD (Administration)

DMD (Finance)

Secretary

Commercial Manager

1. Administration
2. Board Affairs
3. Public Relation

1. CD- 1

4. Estate

2. CD- 2

5. Security

3. Design Division

6. Procurement

4. Stores Division

7. Transport Pool
8. Computer Pool

1. Mohara WTP
2. Kalurghat IRP&BS

1. Development
2. Magistrate
3. Audit

9. Medical Centre

Sales
Computer Billing
Accounts
1. Accounts (Finance)
2. Accounts (Management)
3. Budget

Revenue
1. Revenue-1
2. Revenue-2
3. Revenue-3
4. Revenue-4
5. Revenue-5
6. BSP-BSG

7

Corporate
Services(Management,
Admin,
Finance,•:Technical etc.)

220 No’s

Water Supply
Other non-water( D& M ,supply (e.g. waste
Customerwater, drainage,
Services , Support
environment
Services etc.)
services)

502 No’s

---

Total

722 No’s8－ 174 －

Number of new customers
connected to water supply
system during the year

1579 No’s/year (2014)

Number of complains recorded
during the year

2025 No’s/year

9

Rate ( TK/ m3)

Types of Connection

Domestic

7.25
Equivalent $ 0.09271/ m3

Non-Domestic

20.53
Equivalent $ 0.2625/ m3

Average of all categories

13.89

Equivalent $ 0.1776/ m3$ 1= TK. 78.20
10－ 175 －

Restructuring Tariff
At Present, CWASA Tariff is very low. CWASABoard has power to increase only 5% per year. ( For
Adjusting Inflation)
The Process of Establishing Water regulatory
Commission is going on.
The Commission will determine realistic tariff
system by discussing with the Authorities andstakeholders.

11

Restructuring Tariff (Contd.)
CWASA is also thinking of implementing the
progressive tariff rate.
After Completion of Karnaphuli Water
Supply Project; the water supply will be
improved. After that a realistic tariff system
will be introduced on the basis of operating
and maintenance cost , Repayment of loans
and Interest and Profit of the organization.
12－ 176 －

֍ At present CWASA has one and only surface WTP at Mohara,
Capacity 90 MLD. For surface water salinity intrusion occurs
on the time of draught at Halda Intake point of Mohara water
Treatment Plant.
֍ Apart from Surface Water Treatment Plant, CWASA has 95
Deep tube weels to meet up the demand of water. High iron andchloride content present at ground water of Chittagong City
֍ Ground water is mixed with the surface water during salinity
intrusion problem to reduce the chloride level of supplied water.
֍The underground water which is highly contaminated istransferred to Kalurghat Iron Removal Plant to remove Iron .
13

֍To supply safety drinking water, CWASA has a laboratory andappointed qualified man-powers. Before supply of drinking
water, it tested its own laboratory.

֍ To supply safe drinking water, CWASA removed Iron fromground water in its Iron removal Plant.
֍ CWASA has taken a big project ‘’Karnaphuly Water
Supply Project- Phase-2’’ funded by JICA. Under this project, allof the deteriorated and old pipes will be changed.

֍ CWASA developed Citizen Charter.

14－ 177 －

Present Principal Functions and Roles of CWASA To provide water supply for uses as are required by the Act or any otherwritten law dealing with the management of waste resources, water
quality standards and the environment;
 To secure the continued supply of water for all lawful purposes bycontinuously treating the water and monitoring the quality of watersupplied under the water Act.
 To develop and maintain water works and sanitation works
 To protect and maintain water sources
 To advise the Government in the formulation of policies and guidelines
relating to potable water standards
 To plan and execute new projects for water and sanitation

 To educate and provide information to persons on public health aspectsof water supply, water conservation, sanitation, and similar issues.

Present Principal Functions and Roles of
CWASA (Contd.) To liaison with local government authorities on matters relating towater supply and sanitation and the preparation and execution ofplans relating to the expansion thereof;
 To collect fees and levies including any regulatory levy for watersupply and sanitation services supplied to consumers by the waterauthority
 To propose water tariffs.
 To provide amenities or facilities which the Authority considers
necessary or desirable for persons making use of the services or thefacilities provided by the Authority－ 178 －

Production & Supply Facilities
Chittagong Detailed Plan Area

Water source
Present water source Sharing

43%
Surface
Ground57%

Future water source Sharing
4%
Surface
Ground96%
17

Customers can check their Bills and Dues fromthe website. ( www.ctg-wasa.org.bd ) They also Download the bill from the Web andprint the bill and Due list.
－ 179 －

Data Entry

Main Server

online billing : http:¥¥123.200.28.19/ebill
Bank1

Online bill

Bank2

Bank3

OnlineServerInternet

Bank4(ebilleposting)

online payment posting: http:¥¥123.200.28.19/eposting

BankBranches…….

Bank can post data through internet and print
their daily statement Due bill is updated simultaneously at the timeof posting Consumer can see the update in the online
billing system which makes him /her satisfy
and encourage to pay bill in time Accounts can see the financial update from theweb site about collection posted by bankbranches through net
－ 180 －

http:¥¥123.200.28.19/eposting－ 181 －

 CWASA expands customer database andcomputerizes management of assets.

 CWASAwill update GIS database andmap to accommodate all water supply
facilities and customers.

24－ 182 －CWASA’s Current water tariff is very low
The Production cost is much higher than the present
tariff .
After Completion of Karnaphuli Water Supply Project
the service will be improved. After that a realistic tariff
system will be introduced on the basis of operating andmaintenance cost , Repayment of loans and Interest andProfit of the organization .
Awareness campaign regarding the tariff system will be
carried out under PANI-2 Project.

25

Chittagong Water Supply & Sewerage
Authority Water quality Management Plan
Water examination at the Tap

Water Quality Examination at theTreatment Plant

Water sources Quality
Examination at the intake point(River)

Water
Quality is
tested at
75 sites
every
month
26

－ 183 －

With Collaboration of PANI-2 CWASA will implement
the Following tasks
 will Outline the organogram.
 will review the training policy, prepare and implement
the yearly training policy.
 will develop and implement the HR and recruitment
policy.
 will restructure long term debt plan.
 will plan and implement measures to increase revenue
generation27

֍ Major challenges/Problems of Chittagong City are Leakages,
Old Pipes, Pilferage, Illegal Connections.
֍ To overcome this challenges CWASA has taken
following action;a) Vigilance team, b) Regular maintenance, c) Mass media
advertisement, d) School campaign e) Installed new pipes through
KWSP-1 Project funded by JICA

֍ Following achievements are like as ,a) Now NRW of CWASA are 15% to 20%.
b) Lower Customer complain .
c) Skilled man-power28－ 184 －

Reduction of Non-Revenue Water(Cont.) Other Hand, CWASA Has been taken a project “Projectfor Advancing Non Revenue Water Reduction Initiative(PANI-2) ’’ funded by JICA and CWASA are working
together to reduce NRW.
Under Japanese Experts CWASA Engineers are doing onjob training on Leak detection , GIS Mapping and preparing
Customer database.
Under the Project model Area is selected and survey workis carrying on .

29

֍ Chittagong city is the second largest city in
Bangladesh. The present population of
Chittagong city about 3.00 million. The demandof water is 500 MLD. But CWASA presently
supplies 210 MLD. Main challenges of CWASA is
to meet the gap of between demand and supplyof water.
30－ 185 －

֍ To meet up the demand of water, CWASA is implementing
the following projects :a) Karnaphuly water supply project -143 MLD.
b) Karnaphuly water supply project-2nd Phase – 143 MLD.
c) Emergency water supply project -18MLD.
d) Chittagong Water Supply Improvement & Sanitation
Project. –90MLD.
e) Institutional Improvement and Advancing NRW
Reduction Initiative of CWASA(PANI-2)

31



CWASA Monitoring by the following Performance
Indicators:a) NRW-Non Revenue Waterb) Revenue Collection efficiencyc) Collection Periodd) Functioning meter rate of installed metere) Water quality samplef) Leakage occurrenceg) Water supply coverageh) Average tariff.
32－ 186 －

֍ Major challenges is to meet up of the gap
between demand and supply of water .

֍ To overcome the challenges ,CWASA
presently implementing above statedwater supply projects.

33a)“Mohra & Kalurghat Plant Rehabilitation Project “
has been completed recently financed by
JDCF. The machineries of these plant has
been modernized . So the plant are runningsmoothly.

b) Under TA Project funded by JICA
“ Institutional Improvement and Advancing
NRW Reduction Initiative of PANI-2)”, newmeters installed, updated GIS.
34

－ 187 －



To implement those projects , Japanese privatecompanies may supply materials, equipment,
pipes, technique or technology to Bangladesh .
CWASA is implementing four projects, uponthem two big projects are funded by JICA.
After completed these projects , CWASA needs
more skilled and trained man-power to run
the plants. So, CWASA need more training
regarding Electro Mechanical as well as
Management Training .
35

Thank You All－ 188 －

－ 189 －Water Supply Administration for Better
Management of Water Supply Services

Inception Report: Cambodia: Mr. Seak Pengkeang (Assist. to DG): Mr. Sok Hout (DD of Finance Department)
Organization: Siem Reap Water Supply Authority
Country
Name

1Contents of Presentation
1. Management of water quality
2. Reduction of non-revenue water

3. Water supply service

standards/Performance Indicators

4. Management of water supply service on

a self-supporting basis

5. Major recent achievement in

improvement of water supply
services/management

6. Expectation for the Japanese privatecompanies2－ 191 －

General Profile of Cambodia
Whole Country:
Area: 181, 035 km2

Provinces: 24 Provinces & 01Capital City
Cities: 26 cities
Population : 15,458,330
Urban Population: 3,064,301
Water Supply Connection Ratio: 81.28%
of total urban population
Siem Reap Water Supply Authority(2014)
Service Area: Siem Reap City 472 km2(12 Sangkats)No. of HHs : 43,840
Population: 244,285

Number of Connections: 5,989
Population Served: 29,945

Siem Reap City
3

Mission and Actual Job to Achieve the Mission
My Organization
MissionTo produce,
supply/distribute andexpand clean water topeople in Siem Reap
City and thesurrounding areas.

My Mission in the
Organization

Actual Job toAchieve the Mission

To promote better
water supply
services and to
improve access ofpeople to watersupply services.

o Improve operationand managementof water supply
service.
o Speed up the
implementation ofinternational
cooperation
projects in order toexpand watersupply services tonon-coverage
areas.
4－ 192 －

4

1. Management of Water Quality-1/2
1.1 Current Situation and Major Challenges/Problems


Water quality of SRWSA meets National Drinking Water Quality
Standard (NDWQS) as well as WHO Standards.
Items

Unit

WHO

NDWQS

At WTP

End ofPipes

2/&!&16

NTU

<5

<5

0.5

0.6

-

mg/l

6.5-8.5

6.5-8.5

6.60

6.65

"

mg/l

0.1-0.3

0.3

0.099

0.1

"0&!2))у

mg/l

<5

0.2-0.5

0.32

0.3

,1),)&#,/*

cfu/ml0000ѷ,)&

cfu/ml

0

0

0

0



There some incidents of red water from the tap caused byleakage or old pipe. However, after received the information,
SRWSA did pipe cleaning immediately.



Still lack of equipment for the water quality analysis.
55

1. Management of Water Quality -2/2
1.2 Monitoring System/Plan of Safety Supplied
Drinking Water
 Establishing Standard Operation Procedure (SOP)
to ensure proper and regular water quality check.
In the SOP clearly defined: Responsibilities of water quality analysis staff
 Location of taking sample water for analysis
 Method of taking the sample water Numbers of samples and locations
 Parameters to be analyzed
 Conduct regular water quality analysis: daily,
quarterly, semester, and yearly at water treatment
plant and biweekly at the end of pipe networks.
6－ 193 －

6

2. Reduction of Non-Revenue Water-1/3
Constitution of Non-revenue Water
Revenuewater
Authorized
consumption
Systeminput
volumeWater losses

Non
Revenue
Water
(NRW)

Billed authorized
consumption
Unbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting,cleaning)
Apparent losses( Unauthorized
consumption(i.e. Illegal use),
Customer metering
inaccuracies )Real losses(Leakage)

4,094,273m3/year(92.90%)N/A m3 /year( N/A %)

N/A m3 /year( N/A %)

N/A m3 /year( N/A %)

7

7

2. Reduction of non-revenue water-2/3
2.1 Current Situation and Major Challenges/Problems• NRW reduction is one of the key priority of SRWSA. The NRW reduced
from 17.8% in 2007 to 7.1% in 2014.

•The major challenges/problems for NRW reduction:

Poor quality of pipes (about 40Km PVC pipes need to be replaced).
Pipe damaged very often caused by other construction activities.
Malfunctioning or non-working water meters & Leakage at water meters
Zone meters were damaged
88
Lack of site equipment for leakage repairs－ 194 －

2. Reduction of Non-Revenue Water-3/3
2.2 Current Action Against the Problems• Established a team for repairing & leak detection

Conducted survey for non-functioning &non-working
water meters• Repaired/replaced malfunctioning & non-working
water meters• Checked and strengthened monitoring of old water
meters• Replaced of PVC pipes• Established SOP for (i) meter reading , bills distribution
and collection and (ii) SOP for house connection
installation.
2.3 Achievement• The NRW decreased from 13.5% in 2013 to 7.1 % in
2014.
•
Profits of SRWSA increased dramatically in 2014
9•9

3. Water Supply Service Standards/Performance
Indicators -1/3
3.1 Current Situation and Major Challenges/Problems• SRWSA has established its primary performanceindicators and updated yearly. Non-revenue water,
production rate, coverage ratio, billing ratio, operating
ratio, number of staff/1000 connection are followed up
closely.
 NRW hasn’t separated between unbilled authorized
consumption, commercial losses, and real losses(leakage) The coverage ratio haven’t clearly calculated since
the service area haven’t clearly defined10－ 195 －

10

3. Water Supply Service Standards/Performance
Indicators -2/3•

The customer ledgers, asset ledgers and financial
statement indicators have been established throughthe TCP required for proper management of necessary
data to prepare medium/long term financial
management plan.
 Thecapacity to regularly update and manage
customer ledgers and asset ledgers is required The

need of installation of a Comprehensive
Business Management System Thefinancial statements need to be in line with
Cambodian International Financial
ReportingStandards( CIFRS).
1111

3. Water Supply Service Standards/Performance
Indicators-3/3
3-2 Current Action Against the Problem••••

Improving data management and records
Trying to define between unbilled authorized consumption,commercial loss and real loss(leakage)
Defining new boundary of service area based on the actual
growth of the city
Updating customer ledgers and asset ledgers, installation of
the Business Management System, and changing accounting
system to CIFRS.

3-3 Monitoring by Indicator••

Regular monitoring and updating all indicators and comparing
the achievement with the previous year performanceindicators
The customer ledgers and asset ledgers will properly andregularly updated and managed, and the new financial
statements of CIFRS will be implemented.
12－ 196 －

12

4. Management of Water Supply Service on a SelfSupporting Basis-1/4
4.1 Current Situation and Major Challenges/Problems
Capacity of water production is far behind thedemand so the access to water supply service isquite low. There is an urgent need to increase
production capacity.
o Water pressure is very low in some area and at
pick hours
o Lack of proper maintenance of water supply
facilities
o Poor quality pipes (PVC) remaining about 40km of
total100 km which need to be replacedo Lack of pipe records and correct network mapo Lack of budget for investments
13
o

13

4. Management of Water Supply Service on a SelfSupporting Basis-2/4

Zone meter were damagedo Complicated procedure for new connection
and many applications haven’t been responseso Lack of water meter reading procedureso Inappropriate assign numbers of meters
reading staffs
o Lack of asset management and inventory
controlo Organizational structure is not well arrangedo No budget and schedule for staff capacity
buildingo14－ 197 －

14

4. Management of Water Supply Service on a Self
Supporting Basis (3/4)
4-2 Current Action Against the ProblemsoModify water production facilities toincrease the production capacityoCreated O&M team and SOP for the O&M

oStandardized the pipe materials andimplemented pipes replacementoPrepared as built-drawing and recordsoCreated leakage detection team andleakage repair as emergency (within 1h
after receiving information)
15

15

4. Management of Water Supply Service on a Self
Supporting Basis (4/4)
oCreated specific office and SOP for house connection
installationoRevised application procedures for new connectionoReplaced of malfunctioning/non-working water metersand created SOP for meter reading, bills distribution andcollection.

oTook strong measures to unpaid customers and illegal
activitieso

Reviewed and revised the real assets and inventory to
the real stock.

o

Conducted internal and external training to build staff’s
capacityoRestructured the managementoExpanded new pipe networks－ 198 －

16

16

5. Major Recent Achievement in Improvement of Water
Supply Services/Management
2007

Indicator

2014

9,000

Production capacity m3/d

14,500NDWQS/WHO

Water quality

NDWQS/WHO

14%

Coverage area (%)

25%*

24

Supply duration (hr/day)

24

30

Supply pressure (m)

15

3,146

Number of connections

5,989

17.8%

NRW

7.1%

82.2%

92.9%

-

Billing Ratio
Collection ratio

99.56%

91.97%

Operating Ratio

57.01%*25% calculated with the existing service areas and about 15% calculated with the future service area

17

17

2011

2012

2013

2014

4,909,891

4,383,617

2010

3,960,293

2009

3,759,578

3,281,897

2008

3,729,762

3,169,208

2007

3,548,777

2,265,545

Water Production 2007-2015

2015

18

－ 199 －

18

Revenues and Net Profit (2007-2015) in Riels
Currency ( 4000 R= USD 1)

2007

2008

2009

2010

Revenue

2011

2012

2013

Net Profit

2014

19

3,687,544,000

2,203,580,000

7,967,171,000

2,756,934,000

7,620,846,000

2,193,636,000

1,625,550,000

6,183,969,000

722,390,000

4,714,706,000

4,095,343,0000490,023,000

2,000,000,000

3,057,789,000

4,000,000,000

683,504,000

6,000,000,000

7,335,418,000

8,000,000,000

9,701,529,000
3,336,443,000

10,000,000,000

11,335,632,000

12,000,000,000

2015

19

6. Expectation for the Japanese privatecompanies & Water Supply Utilitieso

The Japanese companies may cooperatewith the water supply utilities through theinternational cooperation project as
Consultants and ContractorsoAs resources for materials/equipment
supplies, technology and technical supports.

oThere is opportunities for JapaneseCompanies to invest in water supply system
in some secondary cities and possible
cooperation with the utility on O&M
20－ 200 －

20

－ 201 －Inception Report

1.
2.
3.
4.

Country : Indonesia
Name : Evi Trisiana Dewi
Position : Head of Lembang
Service Area
Organization : Bandung
Regency Water Supply
Company ( PDAM Tirta
Raharja)

GENERAL BANDUNG REGENCY PROFILE
Area : 2.375 sq.km
Population : 6.133.251 habitants
Coverage Water Supply : 11%
Service Area : 760 sq km
Population served : 458 thousand－ 203 －

My Mission : Mission of my organization is to maintainsustainability bussiness, to provide wellservice with affordable tariff , to increase
coverage services area and to createhuman resource who creative, innovativeand smart work.
 My mission in the organization is todecrease non revenue water and to
improve human resource quality
management.
 My actual job to achieve the mission iscollect data of network distribution,change old pipe phased and encourage
my staff and share with my college about
what I learn.

Who Manages Water in Indonesia?
Strategy andTechnical

CentralGovernment

Ministry of
Public Work

Province

Drinking water
Quality

Ministry of
HealthDept (Dinas) of
Cipta Karya

Local
Government(City/Regency)

Dept (Dinas) of
Cipta Karya

Shareholder

Water Supply
Company(PDAM)－ 204 －

Management &Regulation

Ministry ofHome affair

Planning

Bappenas

financing

Ministry of
FinanceThe Condition of PDAM Tirta Raharja
 Production Capacity 846 l/s Water resources :- River 79%- Deep Wells 7%- Springs 14%
 Service coverage 18% House connection 79.503
 NRW 32%
 Total personnel 298 persons

PERFORMANCE INDICATORSSTRATEGICTARGET

9 Company Commitments(Key Performance Indicators 2015) :1. Profit Level ≥ 5%
2. 93% billing efficiency
3. 24 hours-complaint handling
4. New installation completed within 3 days
5. Distribution Reliability 23,5 hours per day
6. Non Revenue Water ≤30%
7. Employee’s productivity ratio: 223 million
rupiahs/employee/year
8. Water Selling targets :16,8 million m3
9. House Connection target : 80.267 HC－ 205 －

Major recent achievement in improvement of water supply
services/management (PART 1)ŧƈƑƊƄƑ ųƈƏƄƜƄƑƄƑ ųƕƌƐƄŃŰƈƑƍƄƇƌ ųŧŤŰŃŷƈƕƐƄƍƘ ƇƄƑŃťƈƕƇƄƜƄŃ
ŶƄƌƑƊ

Constraints of Company
1. Service 3 otonomous area and it is belonged by Bandung
Regency

2. Availibility of raw water
3. Coverage service is not proporsional with resident growth rate
4. Awareness of community to use water

5. High water losses
6. Old pipe
7. Ilegal consumptions
8. Human resources－ 206 －

Current Problems
 There are many institutions regulate in water supply Decreasing of water resource quantity Decreasing of water quality
 High Non Revenue water

Current Actions of Reduction NRW Program
1.
2.

NRW Observation with DMA (District Meter Area) System;
Performance Water Meter Observation.

The Scope of Activities to make 2 (two) Zones DMA are :1.
Zone DMA Cingcin Permata Indah (CPI);
2.
Zone DMA Banjaran.

－ 207 －

Search for Leak Points

Current Problems of Reduction NRW Program
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.

Limitations of Trained Workforce;
Limitation of Leak Detection Devices;
Limitation of Budgeting;Technical Problem :a. Pipe Network Equipment :- valve- flowmeter- measuring instrument / Pressurre Controllers
b. Infrastructure Problem :- Unavailable specially room for planting pipe
- street consist of a concrete-linedc. Support Tools Work :- Jack Hammer- Concrete Cutting Tool
Legal Aspect (permission for digging)－ 208 －

㻼㼞㼛㼒㼑㼟㼕㼛㼚㼍㼘㻘㻌㻴㼍㼚㼐㼍㼘㻌㻰㼑㼚㼓㼍㼚㻌㻼㼑㼘㼍㼥㼍㼚㼍㼚㻌㻼㼞㼕㼙㼍㻌㻹㼑㼚㼖㼍㼐㼕㻌㻼㻰㻭㻹㻌㼀㼑㼞㼙㼍㼖㼡The Programs of PDAM

The programs wich we are doing and we are going to :
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.

Increasing the production of water
Improvement of Water Quality due to Health Ministry regulation
Automation of Production
Reduction of NRW- Twinning with EMASESA, Spain.
- Technical and non technical assistanceCompletion Flow Meters
Piping Network Management
Customers Relation Handling
Integrated Information of Technology

Our Expectation for the Japanese Private
Companies : Transfer knowledge and information technology inhandling management of water quality, NRW, watersupply service standards

 Give support tools work

－ 209 －

－ 211 －Water Supply Administration for Better
Managementof Water Supply Services
8-21 November 2015, Japan
Inception Report
1. Country: Lao PDR
2. Name: Mr Phomma VEORAVANH
3. Position: Deputy Director General
4. Organization: Ministry of Public Works and Transport
1

Inception Report Presentation

Major recent achievement improvementof water supply services/managementin Lao PDR

2－ 213 －

Background

Lao PDR is a country located in South East Asia. It is a landlocked country thatshare borders with China to the North, Cambodia to the South, Vietnam to theEast, Thailand to the West and Burma to the North-West.



Lao PDR has a land area of 236,800 km2. The Mekong River traverses the entire
length of the country from North to South. Approximately 1,865 km of its total
length of 4,000 km are within or along Lao PDR borders. Approximately 80 % of
the land area is covered by mountains; the rest is plain area which is locatedalong the Mekong River. High mountains are mainly in the North and North East,
while the plateaus are in Xieng Khouang, Khammouane and Champasackprovinces.
Whole Country:
Area:

236,800km2

Population :Over 6.8 Million Pop

Coverage Water Supply country wide:

63 %Vientiane Water Supply State Enterprise :Service Area :3,920 km2

Population Served:

481,944 population(67% Vientiane Capital)( in total 738,371 Pop)

3

Background of Water Services in Laos Established in 1959 called Lao Central Nam Papa

Company Became Nam Papa Lao (Lao Water Supply StateEnterprise) in 1971
 By 1998, Nam Papa Lao has one branch in eachprovince countrywide.
 In 1998, application of the National Assembly directives
and the water supply sector is decentralized Nam Papa Lao became NPNL and each branch a
PNP.
 Each PNP has its NP branches in district towns of
their respective provinces.

－ 214 －

Strategy on Water Supply and Sanitation to the year2030
 Our vision is:“Safe, reliable and accessible water supply andsanitation for all”
 Our mission is:“Provide Customers with Sustained, Clean and
Safe Piped Water at a Fair Price”

Strategy on Water Supply and Sanitation to theyear 2030
 Overall Targets
 Ensure that up to 67% of the total urban
population has access to piped water supply
by the year 2015, 80% by the year 2020 and
90% by the year 2030.
 Ensure that up to 80% of the total urban

population has access hygienic sanitaryfacilities by the year 2015, 90% by the year
2020 and 100% by the year 2030.

－ 215 －Mission in the organization is:

According to the Government of Lao PDR 1999 Prime
Minister Decision No.37/PM on Management andDevelopment of Water Supply and Wastewater Sector, thesector target is to provide 24-hour access to safe water forthe 80% of urban population by 2020.

 63% water supply coverage in urban area by 2013-2014
 67% water supply coverage in urban area by 2015
 80% water Supply coverage in urban area by 2020
 90% by the year 2020 and 100% by the year 2030.

My actual job to achieve the mission is:To strengthen the better planning and management abilityof nationwide water supply authorities.

Major recent achievement in improvement of watersupply services/management in Lao PDR

Figure 01: Service Coverage

Number of population received water
service compared to total number of populationin the service areas as determined in the permit
agreement2012 average (not weighted) = 69 %2013 average (not weighted) = 73 %The analysis of the service coverage performance based on 2013 data, there were 11 WSSEs of Vientiane Capital,
Phongsaly, Luangnamtha, Bokeo, Houaphanh, Xayaboury, Vientiane, Khammouane, Savannakhet, Xekong and Attapeu
provinces that their service coverage was increased continuously both in the previous year and this year including 4 WSSEs of
Phongsaly, Luangnamtha, Oudomxay and Attapeu provinces that their service coverage was higher than 80% they were also theprovinces that could implement standard indicators on the service coverage and there were 2 WSSEs of Oudomxay andChampasak provinces that their service coverage was reduced to less than 15% compared to the previous year;

Source: Report fromWASRO 2013, Page 5－ 216 －

8

Sample Performance Indicator ofVientiane Capital Water Supply StateEnterprise Report 2014

Project Technical Cooperation Program 2012-2017 support
by JICA, Japan“The Capacity Development Project for Improvement of Management
Ability of Water Supply Authorities”.

Project Implemented: DHUP, WASRO, NPNL, KHM and LPB
2. Overall Goal:
The Overall Goal will be “The system for sustainable and stabledevelopment of the water supply sector in Lao PDR is strengthened”.
3. Project Purpose:“The System of strengthening the capacity for management of thewater supply state enterprises (WSSEs) with mid-term and long-term
views is established in Lao PDR”.

－ 217 －

Project Activities
1. Data necessary for long-term, mid-term and short-term corporate planningat each pilot WSSE is available on an ongoing basis
2. The pilot WSSEs are managed based on long-term, mid-term, and shortterm Corporate Plans(CPs)(*1) through Plan-Do-Check-Action(PDCA)
cycles3. Monitoring of the Corporate Plan, including Performance Indicators (PIs),
is strengthened
4. Technical guidelines on corporate planning is developed, utilizing theresults of Output 1 to 3
5. A mechanism to disseminate techniques and knowledge relevant to the newtechnical guidelines to other WSSEs and private enterprises is developed,
utilizing the results of Output 1 to 4

Currently Problem
Most of WSSEs hardly realize the full cost recovery management
Due to the lacking of:Unavailabilityof data,
information

Insufficient
corporate
management

Lack oflong-termview－ 218 －

Lack ofinvestment
capitalconclusion

water is a magnificent nature resource, vital for
maintaining the continuing existence of humans and theenvironment
 It has an important role in the nation’s socio-economic
development, this will allow the Lao government toachieve its goals and aspiration.
Management of water supply requires the development ofgovernment and institutional capacity as well as financial
resources.
 Organization concern and people should participate inprotecting the water and water resources and contribute to
the government's development on water supply.

Continue:Enhance Technical cooperation Program(Oversea and country wide)
Training Program and exchange program Road Map on HRD long term plan Regulation
 Enhance R&D－ 219 －

INCEPTION REPORTVientiane Capital Water
Supply State Enterprise(Nampapa Nakhoneloung)Prepared by:
Viengthouay Vannarath
Deputy General Manager

Water for the people "General information in Vientiane Capital- Vientiane capital is the Capital of LAO PDR,
is situated in central part of the country witha total area of 3,920 square kilometer iscovering about 1.7% of the country area.
-Vientiane Capital composes of 9 districts
and 481 villages with a 823,605 inhabitants
with density of 207 people per square
kilometer.

19/11/58－ 220 －

General information in Vientiane Capital

•
•
•
•

Two water resource
Two season : hot season and rainy season
Avrg. Annual railfall 150 mm/year
Rainy season turbidity > 2000 NTU - 4000NTU

General information in Vientiane Capital－ 221 －

Water for the people "General information in Vientiane Capital•••Service Area 2015

Population in service area: 700,000 persons
Population served:
540.000 persons
Coverage area :78%

Extension Area 2020

General information in Vientiane Capital－ 222 －

Water for the people "1. Management of Water Quality
Conventional Water Treatment System

1. Managementof Water Quality

DB
WTP
DMK
WTP

Kaolieo
WTP

Kaolieo :60,000 m3/day

Chinaimo :80,000 m3/day

Dongmakhay 20,000 m3/day
Dongbang : 20,000 m3/day

Chinaimo
WTPêÈ¾¾À©ˆºCurrent situation 180,000 m3/day
Major challenge WD > 320,000 m3/day
Problem shortage > 140,000 m3/day－ 223 －

Water for the people "1. Management of Water Quality
Current actions against problem

1. Management of Water Quality
Current actions against problem

2018
2017

2015

4

DMK = 100,000 m3/day (2015)
TD = 20,000 m3/day (2016)
SD = 20,000 m3/day (2017)
DB = 40,000 m3/day (2018)
CNM = 40,000 m3/day (2020)
Total = 220,000 m3/day

2016

2020

－ 224 －

Water for the people "1. Management of Water Quality

Current actions against problem

Water demand forecasting up to year 2020

/"0"+1 - &16ື້ѹтщсѸсссມ3ҟມ 51"+0&,+ - &16ື້ ҙустцҚ

ۛ100,000 ມ3ҟມື້ ҙустчҚ

ۛ 20,000 ມ3ҟມື້ ҙустшҚ ۛ 20,000 ມ3ҟມື້ ҙуст8Қ ۛ 40,000 ມ3ҟມື້ ҙус20Қ
 ۛ 40,000 ມ3ҟມື້,1) = уусѸссс ມ3ҟມ

1. Management of Water Quality
Current actions against problem

Monitoring System/Plan of Safety ofSupplied Drinking Water by Our organization－ 225 －

1. Management of Water Quality
Current actions against problem

Decision on Management of Quality Standard for Drinking Water andHousehold Water Supply Guideline

Water for the people "1. Management of Water Quality
Water Quality Control in WTP
No.

Items

Raw
Water

Sedimentation After
Filter1- Temperature
Water- Atmosphere
Temperature

√

√

√

√

2

pH

√

√

√

√

3

Turbidity

√

√

√

√

4

M. Alkalinity

√

√

√

√

5

Residual
Chlorine

x

x

x

6

Colour

√

√

√

√

7

Odour

√

√

√

√

8

Taste

x

x

x

√

－ 226 －Tap

1. Management of Water Quality

The Testing of water quality on sample 98
pointsChinaimo WTP= 34 Points
Koliew WTP= 37 Points
Dongmakkhai WTP= 15 Points
Dongbang WTP= 12 Points
Testing Pass = 100%
Parameters for testing:
Chlorine, Turbidity, pH, Color
Turbidity of raw water 10/2015:
Max = 250 NTU
Min = 105 NTU
Avg = 180 NTU

2. Reduction of non- revenue water
Current situation and major challenges / problems－ 227 －

Water for the people "2. Reduction of non- revenue water

Current situation and major challenges / problems

2. Reduction of non- revenue water
Current situation and major challenges / problems－ 228 －

2. Reduction of non- revenue water
Current situation and major challenges / problems

Active Leakage Control (Quick repair)

2. Reduction of non- revenue water
Current situation and major challenges / problems
Pipe replacement－ 229 －

2. Reduction of non- revenue water
Current situation and major challenges / problems
District Meter Area (DMA)

2. Reduction of non- revenue water
Current situation and major challenges / problems
Leak detection activity－ 230 －

Water for the people "2. Reduction of non- revenue water

Current situation and major challenges / problems

Number of connection

2. Reduction of non- revenue water
Current situation and major challenges / problems

Meter calibration－ 231 －

2. Reduction of non- revenue water
Current situation and major challenges / problems
Improving customer service

2. Reduction of non- revenue water
Current situation and major challenges / problems
Meter replacement－ 232 －

2. Reduction of non- revenue water
Current situation and major challenges / problems

2. Reduction of non- revenue water
Current situation and major challenges / problems

40%
36%
34%

35%
32%
30%

29%

28%

27%

28%

32%

27%
25%

25%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

－ 233 －

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

3. Water Supply Service Standard
Current situation and major challenges / problems

Water for the people "3. Water Supply Service Standard

Current situation and major challenges / problems

No.

Description

Unit

Results

2013

2014

%

1. Safety
1001

Violation ratio of water quality standard

%

5.49

2

36%

1002

Direct supply from distribution main

%

-

94

-

2. Stability
2001

Population served (Coverage ratio)

%

72

78

108%

2002

Restricted water supply ratio

%

0

0

100%

2003

Water supply pressure inadequacy ratio

%

58

69

119%

2004

Hour of water interruption

Hour

-

-

-

2005

Non-revenue water (NRW)

%

25

25

100%

2006

Aging of water treatment facilities

%

7

7

100%

2007

Aging of electric and mechanical equipment

%

24

24

100%

2008

Aging of mains

%

3.68

1.88

51%

－ 234 －

Water for the people "3. Water Supply Service Standard

Current situation and major challenges / problems

No.

Description

Unit

Results
2013

2014

%

3. Sustainability
3001

Billing issuance ratio

%

100

100

100%

3002

Non-payment ratio (Number)

%

2.22

6.76

305%

3003

Non-payment ratio (Amount)

%

3.98

19.68

494%

3004

Water supply service complaints

%

1.06

0.95

90%

3005

Resolved complaints ratio

%

67

70

104%

3006

Cost of Water supply

Kip/m3

1,643

1,775

108%

3007

Unit tariff of water supply

Kip/m3

1,573

1,666

106%

3008

Rate to total returns

%

97

102

105%

3009

Number of employees qualifications

Degree

0.69

0.94

1%

3010

Training time

Hour

162

1,086

670%

3011

Year of experience for water supply service

Year/person

11

11

100%

3012

Revenue on water sales per personnel

Kip/person/year3013

Transmission input per employee

m3/person/year

178,108,297 186,729,174
113,237

148,201

105%
131%

Water for the people "4. Management of Water Supply service on self-supporting
basis

Current situation and major challenges / problems

Tariff structure－ 235 －

4. Management of water supply
service on a self-supporting basic

4-1. Current situation and major
challenges/problems- The New installation service
4-2 Current actions against the problems- To improve procedure of the new installation
service to be faster at least within 15 days to
be completed- Improved and expanded pipe network to
overall service areas and water quality as well

5. Major recent achievement in improvement of watersupply services/management
1. Increase the capacity to reached 320,000
m3/day by 2015.
2. 2016-2020 capacity to reached 400,000
m3/day3. 2021-2030 capacity to reached 600,000
m3/day, expansion pipe network to town
areas and ensure people be able to get watersupply coverage 100% , controlling nonrevenue water to be in a range 15-18%.

－ 236 －

－ 237 －INCEPTION REPORTofMYANMAR
WATER SUPPLY ADMINISTRATIONFORBETTER MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLYSERVICES (B)(From November 8th ,2015 to November 21st ,2015)

CONTENTS About Myself
 Introduction about Myanmar and Yangon city

 Organization charts of committee and department
 Existing water supply system

 Current problems and issues
 Current solutions

 Current water supply activities－ 239 －

ABOUT MYSELF

Personal Information
 Mr Nyi Nyi Aung

 48 Years old ( ..,…,1968 ) Graduated with specialization of civil subject in 1993.
 Started my career in water and sanitation engineering department under Yangon City

Development Committee in 1994.
 Sub-assistant engineer from 1997 to 2014
 Assistant Engineer from 2014 to at present
Work experiences in my career Site engineer at the construction of water treatment plant from 1994 to 1995
 Operation and maintenance engineer in this water treatment plant from 1995 to 1997
 Assistant in-charge of this plant from 1997-2014

 Deputy In-charge of this plant from 2014 to at present

INTRODUCTION ABOUT MYANMAR AND YANGON CITY

YangonDivision－ 240 －YANGON CITY AREA :730 Km²

POPULATION:

About 6 Millions

DISTRICTS:

4 Districts

TOWNSHIPS:

33 Townships

AVERAGE ANNUAL
RAINFALL:

2700 mm

MEAN MAX: TEMP:

:

33۫C

MEAN MIN: TEMP:

:

21۫C

ORGANIZATION CHART OF COMMITTEE AND DEPARTMENT

Organization Chart Of Yangon City Development Committee

ORGANIZATION CHART OF COMMITTEE AND DEPARTMENT

Organization Chart Of Engineering Department(Water & Sanitation)
Head of Department(CE)

Deputy Head of Department(DYCE)

Deputy Head of Department(DYCE)

Deputy Head of Department(DYCE)

Reservoir
Division(ACE)

Supporting
Division(ACE)

Water Supply
Division(ACE)

Electrical &Mechanical Division(ACE)

Pipe Plant
Division(ACE)

Administration &Finance Division(ACE)

Sanitation
Division(ACE)

GyobyuReservoir

Research
SectionEast
District

Yegu
Pumping Station

Quality Control
SectionAdministration
SectionEast
District

Phugyi
Reservoir

Store
SectionWest
DistrictElectrical
SectionManagement
SectionIncomeSectionWest
District

HlawgaReservoir

Computer
SectionSouth
District

Mechanical
Section

Production
SectionExpenditure
SectionSouth
District

Ngamoeyeik
Ngamoeyeik
Resevoir& WTP
Reservoir

Water Quality
Monitoring
SectionNorth
District

Tube Well
SectionBudgetSectionWater Meter
SectionNorth
District

Pipe Section(East)

Maintenance
SectionAdministration
SectionPublic Water
Charges Section

Compressor
Section

Pipe Section(West)

OfficeSection

OfficeSectionWaste Water
Treatment Plant
OfficeSectionHouse
Connection
OfficeSection－ 241 －EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

GyobyuReservoir

1842 Dug Well (30)1879 Kandawgyi lake(stop using)Ngamoeyeik
Reservoir
Phugyi
Reservoir

1884 Innya lake(stop using)1904 Hlawga Reservoir

Nyaunghnapin
Water treatment
plant

1940 Gyobyu Reservoir
1992 Phugyi Reservoir
1995 Ngamoeyeik Reservoir
2005 Nyaunghnapin Water treatment
Plant(1ST Phase)2014 Nyaunghnapin Water
treatment Plant(2ndPhase)

HlawgaReservoir'*Hk(awmif)Inya Lake

Kandawgyi Lake

NYAUNGHNAPIN WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Sedimentation Basin

Rapid Sand Filter

Low Lift Pump
Clear Water Tank

WATER TREATMENT PLANT 1 st PHASE

WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2nd PHASE－ 242 －EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Types of existing water resources

Surface water

Gyobyu, Phugyi, Hlawga, Ngamoeyeik Reservoirs



Ground water

480 Tube Wells In 22 Townships



Lakes and ponds

There exits 261 nos,but 108 nos in 12 townships are now using

Daily Water Supply Amounts In Yangon City
1- Gyobyu Reservoir- 27 MGD (122727 m³/day )2- Phygyi Reservoir- 54 MGD (245455 m³/day )3- Hlawgha Reservoir- 14 MGD ( 63636 m³/day )4- Ngamoeyeik Reservoir- 90 MGD (409090 m³/day )(First phase & Second phase)
5- Y.C.D.C Owned Tube Wells
Total

- 20

MGD (90910 m³/day )- 205

MGD (931818 m³/day) (MGD=Million Gallons Per Day)

CURRENT ISSUES AND PROBLEMS(1) High Non-revenue water ratio(2) Low water coverage(3) Poor water quality facilities(4) Ageing of water supply facilities(5) Inappropriate layout of facilities(6) Improvement of operation and maintenance of facilities(7) Human capacity development－ 243 －CURRENT SOLUTIONS(1) Formulating the master plan for 2040
(2) Cooperating with developed countries(3) Feasibility studies for improvement of current situation(4) Upgrading of current water supply facilities(5) Replacement of some aged pipe line network(6) Rehabilitation of ground water, ponds and lakes(7) Refreshment of staffs’ abilities by trainings….

CURRENT SOLUTIONS-a－ 244 －CURRENT SOLUTIONS-b

CURRENT WATER SUPPLY ACTIVITIES(1) Management on spaghetti(2) Pipe Line cleansing and reinstallation(3) Damaged meter Replacement and New meter installation(4) Transmission Pipe Line Repairs(5) Initiation of Laboratory for Drinking Water quality testing(6) Initiation of Laboratory for Waste Water quality testing(7) New pipe line network installation－ 245 －CURRENT WATER SUPPLY ACTIVITIES -a

CURRENT WATER SUPPLY ACTIVITIES-b－ 246 －

(1-7) NEW WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATION PROJECT (Shwepyithar Township)

Water Treatment
Plant(Nyaunghnapin)40"Ø HDPE pipe (11)miles
Proposed service
reservoir

Proposed service
reservoir

32"Ø HDPE pipe (1.13)miles

Project Area32"Ø HDPE pipe (4.32)miles－ 247 －

20"Ø HDPE pipe (1.9)miles

24"Ø HDPE pipe (3.4)miles
32"Ø HDPE pipe (2.25)miles17

－ 249 －Water Supply Administration for Better
Managementof Water Supply Services
Inception Report Outline Format

1. Country:Nepal
2. Name:Purna Bahadur Jwarchan
3. Position:Senior Divisional Engineer
4. Organization:DWSS

1

General Country profile:BackgroundArea: 147181km2

Population: 26.6 million

Coverage Water Supply : 85 %By 2017 - Both basic water supply and sanitation service coverage willbe 100%,- 27% have High Level Service.
Major water sources are:
• Glaciers, snow melt from Himalayas• Surface runoff (Rainfall)• Ground Water
Nepal has 225 billion m3 water available annually;
Only 15 billion m3 water ( 6%) is utilized for economic and social
purposes;2－ 251 －

Administrative Division of Nepal

Ecological Division of NEPAL

Latitude : 260 22’ to 300 27’
Longitude : 800 40’ to 880 12’

Mountain: 18% (2700-8848m)
Hill: 65% (250-2700m)
Plain: 17% (60-250m)－ 252 －

My Mission (sharing among participating friends

Mission of my organization is to facilitate the water service
providers to provide water services ranging from basic tomedium and high and ensure the sustainability of projects andfunctionality improvement of service providers. Organization isslowly shifting towards regulating body as well.

My mission in the organization as a division chief is toimplement the ongoing project with definite service standards
and regulation of formed water user groups as a service
provider to covered unreached population.

5

1. Management of water quality
Nepal drinking water quality standard serves as the base
document for water quality
 Water Safety plan has been taken as a tool to ensure water
quality NRW has started to be an issue and it indirectly affects thequality issues as well
 Implementation of regulation framework can be a start toachieve the desired water quality
 Few frameworks manuals ,SOP’s are yet to be formulated fromgovernment point of view

6

－ 253 －

2. Reduction of non-revenue water1
Measurement has been initiated in few service areas only.
available.

Revenuewater
Authorized
consumption
Systeminput
volumeWater
lossesNon
Revenue
Water
(NRW)

Billed authorized
consumption

xx m3 /year( %)Unbilled authorized
consumption(ex. fire fighting, cleaning)xx m3 /year( %)Apparent losses( Unauthorized
consumption(i.e. Illegal use),
Customer metering
inaccuracies )xx m3 /year( %)Real losses(Leakage)xx m3 /year( %) 7

2. Reduction of non-revenue water2
Calculation of NRW in few service providers service area hasjust started.
 Business plan has been initiated in few service areas which
will include reduction of non revenue water as well.


8－ 254 －

3. Water Tariff
Water tariff fixation act available but it does not include wateruser association
 Umbrella act and sector development plan focusing on thoseissues

9

4. Water supply service standards /Performance
Indicators• Government aims to provide water supply based in 3 service

levelsService level

Indicators

Basic

45 lpcd, 4 hrs/day supply, community tap
runs throughout the year, safe

Medium65-100 lpcd, 24 hours supply, yardconnection, water quality standard National drinking water quality standardHigh

100 lpcd,24 hours supply, water quality
standard - WHO water quality standard

10－ 255 －

5. Management of water supply service on a selfsupporting basis
Water user committee model Board model (Local Authority) Nepal Water Supply Corporation
 Utility model (Cost recovery projects)
 Project insurance to ensure maintenance Business plan preparation
 WSP
 NRW issues
 Sustained monitoring and facilitation from government
 Benchmarking of projects, fund based on benchmarking
11

6. Major recent achievement in improvement ofwater supply services/management (PART2)
Segregation of big projects/small projects
 Formulation of water service standards
 Implementation of water service regulation framework12－ 256 －

Three Largest Water Works in
the Country
Name of City

Name of Organization

Capital
Total(Public/
Population
Private/ PPP)

Kathmandu
Kathmandu
Upatyaka Khanepani Public/ Lalitpur
Limited (KUKL)Supplied
Population

3.00
million

1.8 million

Biratnagar

Nepal Water Supply
Corporation

Public0.21
million0.18
millionPokharaNepal Water Supply
Corporation

Public0.27
million0.25
million

7. Expectation for the Japanese private companies &Water Supply Utilities

 Orientation about autonomous systems

 Facilitation in adopting the technologies

related to NRW Facilitation in ways of reducing NRW
 Implementation of water quality improvement
plan

14

－ 257 －

Vasi Water Supply Project
Location: Bhimdutta Municipality ward no 1, 2, 3, 4, 6,18 and Suda
VDC ward no8
District Headquarter Kanchanpur District, Far Western Development
Region Name of the Source:
Deep boring 2 no
 Design Discharge:
20 lps Transmission Pipe Line : 0.6 Km (HDPE Pipe)
Distribution Line :46 Km (HDPE Pipe) Reserviour capacity :1 No. 450 cum
 Total number of connections : 1432
 Total water supply capacity : 1.4 mld
 Electormechanical Treatment plant

Location of the Project

Vasi Water Supply Project－ 258 －

Vasi Water Supply Project
Water Billing (Users committee is responsible for theManagement of the System)• No of House Connections
1432 Nos• Water Tariff : Minimum Charge US$ 2.0 (10 cu.m) for
individual users and US$ 2.44 for Offices.
• Additional US$ 0.26/cu.m for Individuals and US$
0.40/cu.m for Offices• Percentage of metered water : 100%• Average Water Consumption per HH: 12 cu.m/month

Cost for Operation/ Management:(Annual Cost)•Personnel (7 persons)
10000 USD
•Power/ Fuel
3000 USD•Chemicals
USD•Other materials:
USD•Others:
1000 USD

Total O&M:

14,000 USD－ 259 －

－ 261 －Water Supply Administration for Better
Management of Water Supply Services
INCEPTION REPORT

Background

Population
Area
Islands
Political configuration: 100 million (2014): 343,448.32 km2: 7,107: 81 Provinces, 144 Cities,
1,490 Municipalities, and42,028 Barangays
Water Service Providers :– 2 major concessionaires in MM– About 800 water districts (about 500 operational)– Others (LGU run, cooperatives, private)－ 263 －

Performance of 2 major water concessionaires
West Zone
Maynilad

East Zone
Manila Water

540

1,400

Service Area

17 cities/municipalities

23 cities/municipalities

Total population

8.4 Million

6.8 Million# Water Connections

988,503858,672

85%

99%# Sewer Connections

451,166

90,292% Sewer Coverage

9%

12%

Land Area (sq. km)% Water Service Coverage

VISION
By 2020, a regionally-recognized development financial
institution, serving as a catalyst for a progressive andmore prosperous Philippines
MISSIONTo raise the level of competitiveness of the economy forsustainable growthTo support infrastructure development, responsible
entrepreneurship, efficient social services andprotection of the environmentTo promote and maintain the highest standards ofservices and corporate governance among its customer
constituencies－ 264 －

1. Management of Water Quality


Water quality in the Philippines is governed by the Clean Water Act of 2004 or
Republic Act 9275 or an act providing for a comprehensive water quality
management and for other purposes

It aims to protect the Philippines’ water bodies from pollution and land-basedsources

It provides a comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize
pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all
stakeholders

Management of water quality for potable water follows Philippine National
Standard on Drinking Water as defined by the Philippines’ Department of
Health

In assuring the provision of safe and clean potable water by water service
providers, it is required that water sampling be subjected to quality test be
done on a weekly/monthly basis by the water service provider running thewater system (Water Districts, Local Government Units, Private –large & small)

1. Management of Water Quality
 Parameters being subjected for monitoring under
the Philippine National Standards for Drinking
Water are:
• Microbiological indicators• Chemical and Physical Quality• Radiological Quality－ 265 －

2. Reduction of Non-Revenue Water Potable water is finite resource and thus the need toaddress NRW
 NRW reduction is one of the priority projects being
addressed by the water service providers given the limited
resources and pressure from consumers as it affects thewater rates
 According to the Philippine’s National Water Resources
Board (NWRB), the average NRW among participating
service providers was at 27.5% in 2004
 Metro Manila’s west zone confirmed in the record of
having 35% NRW while the smaller utilities performed
better in addressing their NRW than the larger ones
 However, many NRW data are also based on estimates,
as not all service providers have100% production andconsumption metering coverage

3. Water Supply Service Standards
 Performance of Water Service Providers in the Philippines are being monitored by
two agencies namely: the NWRB (for the LGU-run systems and the privately
owned systems) and the Local Water Utilities Authority (LWUA – for Water
Districts).
 LWUA has a more organized manner in determining performance as foremost in
LWUA’s function is the review of the water rates (tariff) of the water districts,
where they ensure rates charged are in accordance with the provision of
applicable laws and regulations. Aside from that, LWUA is also mandated toestablish standards for the local water utilities in the following aspects: Water Quality
 Design & Construction
 Equipment, materials and supplies costing Operation and Maintenance Personnel
 Organization
 Accounting
 NWRB on the other hand monitors the tariff for the LGU-run & private water
systems－ 266 －

4. Management of Water Supply Service
on a self supporting basis
There are 3 types of management model implemented in the Philippines, as
follows:
a.

b.

c.

LGU operated systems – these are systems run by the Local
Government Units, either directly through a city or municipal engineer or
through a community based organization (CBO). This group is thebiggest provider serving 55% of those with access to water having all
Levels (1,2 &3). CBOs include 200 cooperatives, 3,100 Barangay Water
Sanitation Associations and 500 Rural Water Supply Associations.
Water Districts (WD) - In urban areas outside Metro Manila, water
districts serve 15.3 million people nearly 861 LGUs. A WD is legally andfinancially separate from the municipality. This group serves 20% of
those having access to water which is exclusively providing only Level-3
water systems.
Private Operators – This group comprises of the Large private operators(operating within the Metro manila area) and the small scale independent
providers. This group represents 5% of those served having access towater.

4. Management of Water Supply Service
on a self supporting basis
 Water supply sector in the Philippines is fragmented
in terms of regulation and management as there are
more than 30 government agencies withoverlapping functions
 There is a proposal in the Philippine Congress tocome up with Water Regulatory Commission thatwould provide the tariff and economic regulations forwater supply services－ 267 －

5. Major recent achievement in improvement of watersupply services/management (PART 1)
1996-2000

INDICATORS

2004-201010

Staff/1,000 Connections

7

175 L/D/C

Production Capacity

118 L/D/C

None

Water Quality

LWUA/NWRB

63%

Coverage Area

92%

Supply Duration

18-21 HRS/D

Supply Pressure
Number of Connections
NRW

27.5

Collection Ratio

98%

Staff Number

5. Major recent achievement in improvement of watersupply services/management (PART 2)


ODA resources are made available to assist the improvement of theCountry’s Water Supply Sector. JICA, ADB, World Bank, USAID & others
have collaborated with the Government Agencies and Government
Financing Institution to show support by providing windows for financing.

JICA, through the Environmental Development Project (EDP)
implemented the Philippine Water Revolving Fund collaborating with theDevelopment Bank of the Philippines (DBP). PWRF is a leveragefunding mechanism. The primary objective is to improve access to safeand drinking water and sanitation by stimulating investments through theestablishment of a sustainable financing program. The loan made by
DBP to JICA will then be relent to water utilities with co-financing withother commercial banks. Presently, allocation for the PWRF has beenused up and has been requested for re-allocation since the market has
been picking up.

－ 268 －

6. Expectation for the Japanese private companies &Water Supply Utilities
 Provide technical support in addressing the present problemsof the Philippines water supply sector specially in the
management of the water supply systems－ 269 －

－ 271 －1. Management
1. Managementof Water Qualityof Water Quality
1.1 Current situation
1.1 Current
and situation
major challenges
and major challenges
Climate changeClimate
relatedchangewater related
quality variations
water quality variations
1.1.1 Increased
1.1.1
groundIncreasedwater groundsalinity,water
Hardness,salinity,
NitrateHardness,
etc. due
Nitrateto rainfall
etc. duevariability
to rainfall
andvariability andtemperature variations.
temperature(Northvariations.
Central(North
Province
Centraland Kalpitiya)
Province and Kalpitiya)
AnthropogenicAnthropogenic
water quality variations
water quality variations
1.1.2 Changes1.1.2
in quality
Changesof waterin quality
sourcesof waterdue tosources
excessiveduefertilizer
to excessive
usagefertilizer
and agrochemical
usage and agrochemical
usage (eg. Algal
usage
blooms(eg.inAlgal
dry blooms
zone , Kidneyin dry diseasezone , Kidneyof unknown
diseaseetiology
of unknown(CKDu)
etiologyin North,(CKDu) in North,
North Western,
North
North
Western,
Central,North
Uva provinces
Central, Uva) provinces )1.1.3 Unmanaged
1.1.3industrial
Unmanaged
discharges
industrial(eg.discharges
9,000 industrial(eg. 9,000
discharges
industrial
intodischarges
Kelani River,
intooilKelani River, oil
discharge by power
discharge
plantbyinpower
Jaffna)plant in Jaffna)
1.1.4 Sewer discharges
1.1.4 Sewer
intodischarges
surface water
into surface
bodies (watereg. Kelani
bodiesGanga,( eg. Kelani
Gampola)Ganga, Gampola)

1. Management of Water Quality

1.2 Current actions against the problems and any achievement
Actions
1.2.1 Climate modelling for Sri Lanka available with predictions
1.2.2 Catchment protection policy by Ministry of Lands and Land Development
1.2.3 Actions to control the spread of CKDu under direct supervision of HE the President of Sri Lanka
1.2.4. Joint actions with Central Environmental Authority in case of incidents (eg. Oil pollution at the
intake of Kelani Right Bank)
Achievements
1.2.5 Being aware of dry zone getting dryer, wet zone getting wetter and salinity intrusions due to sea levelrise, disaster preparedness and be familiar with desalination technology.
1.2.6 Provision of good quality water to the CKDu affected community with new water supply schemes,
pipeline extensions from existing schemes, rain water harvesting and installation of RO plants.

－ 273 －

1. Management of Water Quality
1.2.7 Joint actions with Central Environmental Authority on human induced oil pollution problems in Jaffna
and Kelani river.
1.3 Monitoring system for water quality
1.3.1 NWSDB has a water quality monitoring program for its supplied water. This has internal daily monitoring,monthly reporting component and external verification system by the Ministry of health where public healthofficers all over the island collecting samples and testing on monthly basis. Cabinet approval is available for a
National Water Quality Surveillance program (WQS) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health. National water
quality surveillance committee is one of the important action point under water quality surveillance program.
1.3.2 Also NWSDB has got raw water quality management program with special attention to Kelani river termed“Pavithra Ganga” program.

Water Safety Plans(WSPs)• Water Safety plan is a methodology of minimizing the risks to the safety of water using a planned risk minimization
approach applying control measures or barriers.
• This approach is advocated by the WHO with two different approaches for Urban and Rural Sectors• The urban WSP consists of 11 steps including rigorous risk assessment.
• The rural WSP consists of 6 steps including simple risk assessment.
• Water safety plan is a complete solution for the safety of water for consumption by the people. It addresses thehealth risk minimization in all stages of water supply, namely the catchment, treatment, distribution and theconsumer practices.
• WSP addresses stake holder participation, incident management and improvements for achieving a safe watersupply system.
• Its comprehensive features such as monitoring, verification and auditing helps the sustainability of the WSP
implementation.

• In conclusion WSP is a comprehensive tool combining parameter testing and control measures to achievesustainable water safety.
－ 274 －

1. Management of Water Quality
1.4 Implementation of Water Safety Plans (WSPs)
1.4.1 NWSDB has been working under the WSP concept since tsunami in 2004. The fist phase of the WSP
was implementing WQS program. NWSDB received UNICEF and WHO support continuously for WQS and
WSP related activities.
1.4.2. WHO implemented training programs in Sri Lanka for implementing WSP for urban sector. As aresult they developed three master trainer for implementing WSP in Sri Lanka. At present this program is
supported by the training division of the NWSDB covering entire country.

1.4.3 The master trainers have completed about six urban WSP training programs countrywide withinitiation of WSPs in sixty four urban water supply systems.
1.4.4. The master trainers are planning implementing WSP for rural water supply systems in 2016 with
WHO assistance.

2. Reduction of non –revenue water

Present status as at July 2015

2013
Target (Colombo City)

2014

2015

Actual (Colombo City)－ 275 －

Target (Island-wide)

26.00%

27.69%

38.00%

45.94%
27.20%

28.54%

40.00%

46.62%
28.50%

30.24%

29.00%

41.00%

47.71%

43.00%

Non Revenue Water

2016
Actual (Island-wide)3. Water supply service standards
3.1 Current situation and major challenges/problems
3.1.1 NWSDB is committed to provide piped water to the consumer with 24 h service at specified pressureand quality meeting SLS 614, Sri Lanka water quality standards and WHO guidelines.
3.1.2 Domestic and industrial pollution are the main challenge to achieving water quality service standards.
3.1.3 Other actions such as working towards climate resilience and integrated water resource management
need to be addressed at national level achieve water supply service standards.
3.1.4 NRW reduction is an important step towards achieving high service standards
3.1.5 Investment on water supply coverage also contribute to the improved service standards
3.2 Current actions
3.2.1 NRW reduction program, investment planning could be considered as current actions
3.2.2 Implementation of WSP and IWRM efforts are the other notable actions

3.2.3 Obtaining ISO standards for the large water treatment plants is an important step towards achieving ahigh service standard.

3.3 Monitoring by KPI - NWSDB

Indicator
1. Service Indicator

i. Piped water connected coverage

Increase

2. Financial Indicator

ii. Water quality
i. Stock efficiency

Increase
Decreaseii. Accounts receivable

Decreaseiii. Operating Ratio

Decrease

iv. Energy Cost/ cum

Decrease

i. Estimate bills

Decreaseii. Defective meters

Decreaseiii. Staff per 1,000 connection

Decreaseiv. Non Revenue water

Decrease

i. Customer Complaints/1,000 connections)

Decrease

3. Operational Indicator

4. Customer Service
Indicator

KPI

Trend

Data collected from RSCs by monthly , calculated above KPIs as at end June and December
every year and published.

－ 276 －

4. Management of water supply services on a self supporting basis

4.1 Current situation and major challenges/problems

4.1.1 At present NWSDB is requested by the Government to be managed by the self supporting basis without
government funding.
4.1.1 Overcoming inefficiencies and targeting higher tariff are the challenges.

4.2 Current actions against problems
4.2.1 Implementation of self financing strategy is being practiced
4.2.2 Strengthening community based water supply concept would be a supporting activity for this at rural level
4.2.3 Working on energy saving, NRW reduction and strategies on human resource management could beconsidered as current actions.

5. Major recent achievements in improvement of water supply

Water Supply Coverage as at 30.06.2015
Water Supply Coverage

Piped (Total)

44.9 %

NWSDB

34.2 %

Others10.7 %

Safe water supply

85.2 %

0.5%

3.2%

Pipe borne water supply
coverage

14.8%

Protected Dug wells

44.9%
36.6%

Tube wells/ Hand Pumps
Rain Water Harvesting and otherNo access to safe water－ 277 －

－ 279 －Knowledge Co-Creation Program (Group & region Focus)

Rapee Supradish Na Ayudhya (Mr.)
Kulnita Saipavan (Ms.)

Management of water quality
Current situation
MWA produced and distributed 2,200 million cubic meters of water
annually with total length of 32,060.5 km. of pipes consisted in water network.
Water quality check points and automatic chlorine feeding system were
installed to ensure that water quality keep up and met the World HealthOrganization (WHO) standard. However, the impact of the high salinity
measurement in water supply during dry season and the sea level rise aroundmid-year of 2015 has become the major challenge in water quality
management for MWA.

－ 281 －

Management of water quality

Major problem
The high salinity measurement in water supply due to thesea level rise

Action against the problem
MWA has collaborated with the Royal Irrigation Department
to manage raw water allocation from Chao Phraya River to prevent
saltwater intrusion that affects the water supply production and its
quality.

Management of water quality

Major problem
Odor in tap water caused by chlorine due to the high dosage ofchlorine used in water treatment process

Action against the problem
In order to reduce the odor of chlorine in tap water, additional
chlorination at MWA's water pumping station has been applied as well as the
improvement of the filtration unit in the water treatment process by adding
Biological Activated Carbon Layer and the reduction of algae in raw water
which help reducing algae and their toxins in the raw water before entering thewater treatment plants. This will help reducing the excessive use of chlorine
dosage in the water treatment process and also help reducing the amount of
toxic substance contaminated in raw water used for water production.

－ 282 －

Management of Water Quality
Monitoring system
MWA has been implementing ‘The Drinkable Tap Water Management
Project’ in order to monitors all the pipe installation, repair and replacement
work in accordance with the standard set by MWA. The 'automatic chlorinemonitor and dispenser in water distribution system' has also been implemented.
The monitor points and automatic chlorine dispensers were installed with theaim to maintain the free residual chlorine level in distributed water supply inaccordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard. The system isalso integrated into the remote water monitoring system to present real time
data on water quality (free residual chlorine and turbidity) via the MWA's
website, ensuring safe drinking water supply for customers.

Management of water quality
Implementation of Water Safety Plans
MWA has formulated both short-term and long-term Water Safety Plan
as the continual projects which have been implementing in response to theservice excellent enhancement strategy with focus on provision of clean,
covering and adequate water supply.
MWA's Water Safety Plan has run in accordance with the guideline of
the World Health Organization (WHO) cope with the measurement indicatorsthat include heavy metal, trihalomethanes (THMs) and agricultural pesticides
which be in compliance with the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality,
integrates principles of assessment and risk management in every stage ofwaterworks system to ensure that the water distributed to the customer'shouseholds can be safety consumed.

－ 283 －

Reduction of Non-revenue Water
Current situation and challenge problems-

About 94% of the entire pipe under the service of MWA is

distribution pipe (Diameter : 100 – 400mm) of which 14% is AC
pipe and 84% is PVC pipe.

Physical losses or real losses such as leak points, background
losses (small leak from connection joints) is the most significant problem on
MWA’s losses. Therefore, MWA has focused on dealing with physical losses as
the first priority.
- The major difficulty in reducing real losses is that it is very difficult
to find underground leak under low pressure, because most of leak detection
equipment require at least 1 bar of pressure to operate properly.

Reduction of Non-revenue Water
Actions against the problems
The first priority of MWA’s losses control policy has been set to deal
with physical losses in pipe network. Therefor, active leakage control program(DMA equipped with Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV), Step-testing andunderground leak detection), quality of repair and pipe replacement are themost concern, in terms of annual action plan.

Based on the quantitative assessment, pipe leakage
repairing and aged pipes replacement plan does not keep up withthe aging/deterioration accordingly.

－ 284 －

Achievement

Reduction of Non-revenue Water

The water loss rate has been reduced from 24.62% in October 2014
to 23.37% avg. in September 2015 with the target of 21.50% at the end of
Fiscal Year 2016.

Water Supply Service Standards
Current situation and major problems
Water pressure is one of MWA’s key performance indexes, theaverage distributed pressure, which is the standard level of minimum averagepressure, has been controlled to be higher than 6.0 m. The proportion of low
pressure distribution area, in which the average pressure couldn’t accomplish
the minimum standard level, is about 2% of the entire service area due to thefollowing causes:• Improper pipeline sizes and bottlenecks in the distribution system.
• Low pressure due to high burst frequency of trunk or service pipeline.
• Low pressure due to high water loss zone.

－ 285 －

Water Supply Service Standards
Action against the problem
MWA has been performing a set of activities to manage and improve
the low pressure distribution areas as follow:• Stepping pressure up manually to serve customer demand according totime within pressure trends control (PTC) Pipe replacement or bottleneck
elimination has been applied for areas where pipes are sensitive topressure change.
• Pipe replacement or bottleneck elimination and Distribution system orservice pipeline expansion.
• Rearrange DMA (District Metering Area)

Management of water supply service
on a self-supporting basis

Current situation and major problem
Water shortage due to severe drought and the consequence ofsaltwater intrusion crisis in the eastern raw water source.

Action against the problem
MWA has worked closely with Royal Irrigation Department in the
allocating of raw water sources in Chao Phraya River and also considered
reducing the water production capacity and managing water supply inaccordance with raw water usage trend of customer in each area.
Moreover, the risk management plan aimed for the water production,transmission and distribution stability enhancement has been implemented in
response to the impact of draught that led to saltwater intrusion crisis. BusinessContinuity Plan (BCP) was also formulated, reviewed and improved in order tomaintain the operation of water production, and service stability.

－ 286 －

Recent Achievement of MWA
MWA has formulated policies to expand water supply service to cover
all areas under the responsibility. The successful implementations are:1. Setting discount criteria for new connections at the rate of 10% for
new Residence Type of customers who apply for permanent connection (1/2
inch- water meter)
2. Signing MOU with the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration alongwith Samut Prakan and Nonthaburi Provinces to expand service coverage by
jointly installing pipes in area far from the trunk mains to improve the servicepressure. The 83.95 km of service pipes was installed in the fiscal year of 2014.
3. Hosting joint meeting with housing developers in order to discuss
the improvement of new connection application process.
As a result of the mentioned activities, there were more than 60,000 of
new customers applying for the permanent connection of water meter this year.

Expectation for the Japanese
private companies
As MWA located at Chao Phraya river delta, its soil conditions are varyfrom very soft (in the southern part of MWA) to stiff clay (in the northern part of
MWA). There are some regions that soil conditions are corrosive so pipematerials and structures are easy to be corroded. This make MWA facing withdeteriorating distribution network problem, such as differential settlement of pipe
in soft ground and corrosion of pipes that is the major cause of water leakage.
The accumulated non-revenue water rate is about 22 - 24% in the fiscal year of
2015. Apart from the implementation of DMA that effectively monitor water loss,
the leakage problems due to aging pipes and pipe corrosion are the mostvulnerable issues that MWA have to immediately take action.
Therefore, in expectation from collaboration with Japanese private
sectors, to create a system to evaluate pipe conditions for MWA pipe network
which are in need of replacement before the leakage occur or active maintenanceplanning is the most important countermeasure as well as the implementation of
the effective pipe material such as Ductile iron pipe.

－ 287 －

－ 289 －THAI NGUYEN PROVINCIAL PEOPLE’S COMMITTEEDEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRSINCEPTION REPORT
Training and Dialogue Programon
Water Supply Administration for Better Management of Water Supply Services

Name of the participant: LUONG CHI CONGCountry: Vietnam
Name of Applying Organization: Thai Nguyen Provincial People’s Committee

CONTENTNo.

Topics1

Management of water quality

2

Reduction of non-revenue water

3

Water supply service standards

4

Management of water supply service on a selfsupporting basis
Major recent achievement on improvement ofwater supply
Expectation for the Japanese private companies

56－ 291 －

Thai Nguyen Province

1. Management of water quality
1-1. Current situation and major challenges/problems:a) Current situation: Management and Operation
Total: 211 water supply plants/contructions- Community based management models: 163 (77%).
- Cooperative based management models: 4 (2%).

- Government based management models: 20 (9%).
- Company based management models: 7 (3%).

- Individual based management models: 11 (5%).
- Other management models: 6 (3%).
－ 292 －

b) Challenges/problems:- Management system policies and financial mechanism:
Not clear, rights and responsibilities of management eachsectors are not clearly defined.
- Lack of professionality and equipment for monitoring,
maintenance.
- Insufficient of financial resource, due to lack of water
quality monitoring, water plant maintenance and water
sample testing.
- Low living condition of community -> difficulty in using
water supply system.

－ 293 －

1-2. Current actions against the problems:- Modify and develop the effectiveness of water supply
management systems.
- Develop administrative capacity of water supply project
managers and staffs.
- Revised water supply management policies.
- Rising watercommunities.

supplymanagement－ 294 －

awarenessof1-3. Monitoring System- 13 monitoring points in the South of province: Installedby Thai Nguyen Department of Natural Resource andEnvironment (DONRE);- Still lack of water monitoring point in other region
within the province.
- Lack of human capacity for operating monitoring
systems.
- Lack of financial resources for expand, develop andapply monitoring systems, especially in remote areas.

1-4. Implementation of Water Safety Plans (WSP)- Following Vietnam standard;- There is no WSP applied yet;
- Lack of resources to apply WSP (i.e. budget, technicalcapacity)－ 295 －

2. Reduction of non-revenue water
2-1. Current situation and major challenges/problems:- High volume of non-revenue water in rural areas (more than 15%);- Water supply systems in remote/ rural areas: insufficient and not follow any
planning- Awareness of communities about reducing non-revenue water still low.
2-2. Current actions against the problems:- Prepare and develop plans and strategies for reduction of non-revenue
water- Find solution to deal with technical issue relating to water supply systems inrural area
- Rising awareness of communities about reducing non-revenue water
2-3. Any achievement :- Only in some areas (i.e. central, near water supply plant): non-revenue
water lower than 15%- Awareness of communities about reducing non-revenue water havechanged.

3. Water supply service standards
3-1. Current situation and major challenges/problems:- Central areas: Less than 100 l/person/day- Rural areas: 60-50 l/person/day- Lack of technical and management systems of water supply
service standards- Water supply service standards policies: Not updated (since 1987
3-2. Current actions against the problems:- Improve management and technical systems of water supply
standards- Propose Government to modify water supply standards policies
and management systems.
- Apply new water supply standards models (small scale)
3-3. Any Monitoring by Performance Indicators (PI):- Lack of monitoring system by Performance Indicators－ 296 －

4. Management of water supply service on a self-supporting basis4-1. Current situation and major challenges/problems:- Community based water supply service management: 163/211
units (77%)- Management systems: Not effective, lack of experience andfinancial resource- Low living standard of rural areas.
- Lack of technical and knowledge in communities regarding watersupply service management.

4-2. Current actions against the problems:- Improve technical and rising capacity of community on watersupply service management.
- Finding more financial resources to invest in water supply service
management for communities- Develop living condition of rural areas.

5. Major recent achievement in improvement of water supply
services/management- Water supply units increase from 150 to 211;
- Drinking water using: Improve from 70 to 82 %- Vietnam water standard using: From 51 to 58 % in 2014.
- Contribute to improve infrastructure of rural areas;development of living conditions- Rising awareness of people, authorities, communities on
management and using of cleaned water as water supply
services- Contribute to protect water resources- Improve quality of policies on water supply as well as
development on local areas.

－ 297 －

6. Expectation for the Japanese private companies
6.1. Difficulties:- Small scale water supply.
- Insufficient of technical and financial invest in water supply
management and using.
- Lack of management and monitoring systems- Low living standard of communities- Lack of policies management and investment on water supply
management- Lack of capacity in project coordination and management onwater supply issues- Negative effect from illegal natural resources using -> impact onwater resource quality- Development of new industrial zones -> high demand on waterusing.

6. Expectation for the Japanese private companies (cont.)
6.2. Japanese companies cooperation and investment
opportunities:- Invest in development of sufficient of scale water supply.
- Insufficient of technical and financial invest in water supply
management and using: Working with Thai Nguyen PPC on
cooperation and invite companies from Japan to invest in
Thai Nguyen.
- Lack of management and monitoring systems: Invite
Japanese companies to invest and transfer technicalmanagement/ monitoring.
- Low living standard of communities: Working withinternational organization (i.e. JICA, ADB) to invest in
development of community living standard in connection
with water supply management.

－ 298 －

6. Expectation for the Japanese private companies (cont.)
6.2. Japanese companies cooperation and investment
opportunities:- Lack of policies management and investment on water supply
management: Consultants from Japanese (JICA, companies) tocooperate to give advise on water supply policies.
- Lack of capacity in project coordination and management onwater supply issues- Negative effect from illegal natural resources using -> impact onwater resource quality: Development cooperation with JICA,
companies in order to increase capacity of water supply
administrators as well as in project management.
- Development of new industrial zones -> high demand on waterusing: Working with international sectors, companies in Japan todevelop quality of industrial zone planning as well water supply
management systems.

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