EUROPEAN NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME(Euro NCAP)TEST AND ASSESSMENT PROTOCOL –CHILD PRESENCE DETECTION

Implementation 2023

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Copyright ©Euro NCAP 2022 - This work is the intellectual property of Euro NCAP. Permission is granted for thismaterial to be shared for non-commercial, educational purposes, provided that this copyright statement appears on
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Preface
DISCLAIMER: Euro NCAP has taken all reasonable care to ensure that the information
published in this document is accurate and reflects the technical decisions taken by theorganisation. In the unlikely event that this protocol contains a typographical error or any
other inaccuracy, Euro NCAP reserves the right to make corrections and determine theassessment and subsequent result of the affected requirement(s).

EUROPEAN NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME (Euro NCAP)

Table of Contents
1.

Introduction............................................................................................................................ 1

2.

Definitions ............................................................................................................................. 2

3.

General Requirements for CPD Systems .............................................................................. 4

4.

Alert and Warning Requirements .......................................................................................... 7

5.

Intervention .......................................................................................................................... 11

6.

Scoring ................................................................................................................................. 12

7.

Indirect Sensing System Test Procedure.............................................................................. 13

8.

Direct Sensing System Evaluation ...................................................................................... 17

9.

Evaluation Criteria ............................................................................................................... 21

10. Key to Use Cases ................................................................................................................. 22

1.

Introduction

1.1

Background

Leaving a child unattended in a parked car, even for a few minutes, can lead to heat-strokeand death, especially if the car is exposed to the sun. A child’s inability to exit the vehicle on
their own, combined with a low tolerance for high temperatures, requires that children neverbe left unattended in a car. Temperatures can reach a critical level in just 15 minutes andleaving windows ajar does little to reduce the threat (ADAC 20171).
Child deaths from vehicle-related heat-stroke occur less frequently than those resulting fromcrashes, but the nature of these entirely avoidable deaths deserves special attention as thetechnology already exists to address the issue of child hyperthermia in vehicles.
Technological solutions for Child Presence Detection (CPD) are available that can detect achild’s presence in the vehicle and alert the vehicle user or third-party services. Euro NCAP
will reward vehicles that offer such solutions as standard from 2023.
1.2

Scope

To avoid heatstroke-related injury and death, some countries have made it illegal to leave achild alone in a car, even for a minute. Following this principle, CPD technology can address
situations where the child is left behind, regardless of whether it was intentional orunintentional and in hot weather or not.
Young children up to the age of 4 years old are particularly at risk. However, there are reported
cases of older children getting into unlocked vehicles on their own and not able to get out. As
these cases occur less frequently, this scenario will be addressed in a review of the protocol
in 2023 with inclusion into the CPD assessment in 2025.
The protocol details how CPD systems will be evaluated and rewarded by Euro NCAP.

1

https://presse.adac.de/meldungen/adac-ev/technik/hitze-im-auto.html

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2.

Definitions

Throughout this protocol the following terms are used:

2.1 Sensing
2.1.1
Direct sensing
The ability to detect the absolute presence of a human inside the vehicle by means of
tracking heartbeat, respiration, movement, or any other sign of life. Direct sensing may or
may not allow categorisation and localisation of the subject(s).
2.1.2Indirect sensing
The ability to derive the potential presence of a subject or object inside the car based on
logic using information such as door opening, pressure or capacitive sensing etc. Indirect
sensing does not distinguish between live persons or objects.
2.2 Journey
The start of a journey is defined as engine running or forward movement for all types ofvehicle (ICE, hybrid and fully electric). A journey is deemed to have finished 15 minutes
after engine or ignition off.
2.3 Warnings
2.3.1
Alert (2023 & 2024)
A signal from the vehicle that meets the US voluntary commitment (September 20192)
for rear seat (only) reminder systems.
2.3.2
Initial warning (2023 & 2024)
The first exterior signal from a vehicle that informs the driver/carer directly that a child
may be in the vehicle. This is the first opportunity for a driver/carer to be warned that achild has been locked in a vehicle. The initial warning can be addressed with both direct
and/or indirect sensing.
2.3.3
Initial warning (2025)
The first exterior audio-visual signal from a vehicle that informs the driver/carer directlythat a child may be in the vehicle. This is the first opportunity for a driver/carer to bewarned that a child has been locked in a vehicle. The initial warning can be addressedwith both direct and/or indirect sensing.
2.3.4
Escalation warning
More persistent and repetitive than initial warnings, providing additional warning signals
to the driver/carer and the surrounding environment that a child may be in the vehicle.

2

https://www.autosinnovate.org/safety/heatstroke/Automakers%20Commit%20to%20Helping%20Combat%20Child%20Heatstroke.pdf

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2.4 Intervention
An action by which a system mitigates the threat to any child that has been locked in a
vehicle, either knowingly or unknowingly. It is considered a last resort when warnings
have been ignored and the internal vehicle temperature may be critical.
2.5 Adult
For the purposes of this protocol only, an adult shall be defined as a person with a mass
or stature as of 47kg or 140cm respectively (defined in UN ECE R16 lower boundary). It
is likely there may be a minority of children (>10YO) with a mass or stature of that of asmall adult, but they would also be considered capable of self-extrication in the event ofbeing locked in a vehicle.
2.6 Six year old
For the purposes of this protocol only, a six year old child shall be defined as having a
mass or stature of that of a 95th percentile child, 28kg or 125cm respectively3).

3Growth Charts - 2000 CDC Growth Charts - United States).

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3.

General Requirements for CPD Systems

3.1

Type approval and national legislation

3.1.1 The vehicle manufacturer is solely responsible for ensuring that their products
comply fully with all appropriate road traffic laws. Type approval requirements anddomestic construction and use provisions of differing members must still befollowed and nothing in this protocol provides exemption from those requirements.
3.1.2 Certain areas of the CPD protocol overlap with type approval and domestic
requirements, in particular, warning signals (visual and audible). Euro NCAP
requirements for publications in 2023 & 2024 are intended to avoid conflict withlegislation.
3.1.3 If type approval and national laws permit, Euro NCAP will implement stricter CPD
warning requirements in 2025. Confirmation of such an update would be expected
towards the end of 2023. Where this is not the case, the warning requirements of2023 & 2024 will remain in force with any increase in requirements being reviewed
in the future.
3.2

CPD systems with alerts only

3.2.1

To be eligible for scoring under alerts (Section 6.1), any CPD system must meetthe requirements of the US commitment.

3.2.2

The system must be fitted as standard equipment to the vehicle, as defined in the
VSSTR Protocol, and must address all rear seat rows as well as optional andremovable rear seats.

3.3

CPD systems with warnings

3.3.1

To be eligible for scoring under warnings and intervention (Section 6.1), any
CPD system must be able to detect and/or assess the presence of child trapped ina vehicle occupant compartment by providing the required warnings for as longas necessary (Section 4) and, where possible, intervene (Section 5) to mitigate
the risk of hyperthermia.

3.3.2

The system must address children of ages up to and including six years old asdefined in Section 2.6. The following potential situations shall be considered:• Children left behind in a vehicle unintentionally (Scenario 1), 2023.
• Children left behind in a vehicle intentionally (Scenario 2), 2023.
• Children three to six years of age that have entered an unlocked vehicle andbecome trapped inside the vehicle without the knowledge of the carer (Scenario3), for assessments from 1st Jan 2025.

3.3.3

The system must take all likely child positions inside the vehicle compartment
into account, such as seating positions, all seat rows as well as optional andremovable seats.

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3.3.3.1 With the implementation of Scenario 3 in 2025, the coverage area for this
scenario (only) will be extended to include the driver’s seat as well as other areas
where a child may hide within the cabin such as all footwell areas. The luggage
area, accessible from the occupant compartment behind the rearmost seatback,boot or rear door will be excluded. The Scenario 3 extended coverage area
(footwell etc) does not apply to Scenario 1 & 2 assessments.
3.3.4

The functionality of each system and their compliance with warning/intervention
requirements is assessed in accordance with the procedures laid out in Section 7.

3.3.5

Any CPD system must be fitted as standard equipment to the vehicle as definedin the VSSTR Protocol.

3.3.5.1 Vehicles offering optional seats and/or rows will have those positions assessed.
3.3.5.2 For vehicles without rear seat rows, such as two seaters and pick-ups, only theone seat row is to be covered and an adjusted vehicle-based assessment will beapplied as defined in the COP Assessment Protocol.
3.3.5.3 Systems that are not integrated into the vehicle, such as those incorporated into
Child Restraint Systems (CRS), will not be rewarded by Euro NCAP.
3.3.6

System deactivation

3.3.6.1 Temporary deactivation of the CPD system by the driver for a single journey ispermitted.
3.3.6.1.1

Deactivation must be more complicated than a short push of a button to avoid
deactivating the system inadvertently. This must be a different process to that
required for delay and cancellation of a signal (Section 4.2.4 & 4.2.5).

3.3.6.1.2

It is not permitted to deactivate individual parts of the system, e.g. escalation
warning only.

3.3.6.1.3

The system must automatically re-arm at the commencement of thesubsequent journey.

3.3.6.2 Long term deactivation of a CPD system with indirect sensing shall only be
performed by a dealer.
3.3.6.2.1

An option to reactivate the system by the driver may be offered, but it mustnot be possible to reactivate the system inadvertently.

3.3.6.2.2

Over the air (OTA) deactivation by the dealer is permitted providing it is in
response to a specific customer request for the system to be disabled.

3.3.6.2.3

For vehicles equipped with direct sensing systems, long term deactivation is
not permitted.

3.3.6.3 If a system has been deactivated either temporarily or long term, the inactive
status of the CPD system must be indicated by a dedicated tell-tale4 that is clearlyvisible to the driver.

4

When an ISO standard has been developed defining a CPD tell-tale, this will be adopted by Euro NCAP
no more than two years following ISO TS publication and become mandatory for any rewards.

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3.3.6.3.1

With long term deactivation, the tell-tale is required for a duration of no lessthan 60 seconds from the start of the journey. The tell-tale is also required fora duration of no less than 5 seconds after turning the ignition off.

3.3.6.3.2

With temporary deactivation, a tell-tale duration of no less than 10 seconds isrequired. The tell-tale is also required for a duration of no less than 5 seconds
after turning the ignition off.

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4.

Alert and Warning Requirements

4.1

Alert

4.1.1

4.2
4.2.1

Alert only systems that consider the potential presence of an occupant in the rear
are only required to meet the requirements detailed for rear seats in the US
voluntary commitment.
Initial warning (after locking)Where the system has either assumed or detected that a child is locked inside avehicle, an initial warning outside the vehicle is required at the moment thevehicle is locked. Where the system can positively confirm that either an adultis present or no child is in the vehicle, an initial warning is not required.

4.2.1.1 The time between locking and the initial warning must be as short as possible.
However, a delay of no more than 10 seconds is permissible to allow the system
to assess occupancy.
4.2.1.2 Status notifications inside the vehicle, pre-empting the initial warning at or
shortly following ignition off, are permitted but not required to avoid
unnecessary notifications and the risk of carers routinely ignoring them.
4.2.1.3 Where a child has gained access to the vehicle (Scenario 3, 2025) and no doors
have been locked, a delay of no more than 10 minutes from door closure ispermitted to the initial warning. Door closure means the child locks are either
operational (preventing the door being opened from the inside) or not operational
and applies to the door in both the primary and secondary latch positions.
4.2.2

For assessments published in 2023 and 2024, the CPD initial warning must
consist of at least an audible or visual signal.

4.2.2.1 The warning must come from either the vehicle or from the key. The key may beeither a keycard or an electronic device require for operating the vehicle.
4.2.2.2 The warning must be heard and/or seen by a person exterior to and in theimmediate vicinity of the vehicle.
4.2.2.3 The warning must be distinctive and differ from that used to signal normal
locking or other similar daily functions, e.g. unique use of flashing or vibration
pattern and audible signal.
4.2.2.4 The warning must continue for at least 3 seconds or until cancelled.
4.2.2.5 Gaps in the warning signal are permissible proving the start of the signal is
positive (i.e. audible and/or visual).
4.2.3

For assessments published from the 1st January 2025, the initial warning must
consist of both visual and audible components from the vehicle.

4.2.3.1 The CPD warning must be distinctive and differ from that used to signal normal
locking or other similar daily functions, e.g. unique use of flashing or vibration
pattern and audible signal.

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4.2.3.2 The warning may be a simple beep and flash of lights but must continue for atleast 3 seconds or until cancelled.
4.2.3.3 Gaps in the warning signal are permissible proving the start of the signal is
positive (i.e. audible and/or visual).
4.2.4

The initial warning may be delayed (e.g. at a fuel station) by the driver pushinga specific button or activating a temporary system delay in the system menu. The
delay to the initial warning must not exceed 10 minutes and the initial warning
must be triggered.

4.2.5

The initial warning may be cancelled by acknowledging the warning. Examples
of cancellation include those detailed below but other methods of intentionalsignal acknowledgement will be accepted.

4.2.5.1 For indirect sensing, unlocking the vehicle and opening an occupant entry/exit
door.
4.2.5.2 For direct sensing, unlocking the vehicle and/or opening an occupant entry/exit
door.
4.2.5.3 Cancelling via a mobile phone that is used as the key or directly connected to thevehicle by means of Bluetooth, UWB or Wifi (mobile phone signal is not apermissible method).
4.2.6

Cancellation may affect all aspects of the initial warning but must not affect thetiming of escalation warning or intervention (where fitted) if a child remains in
the vehicle, the doors are closed and in the both the locked and unlocked
positions.

4.2.7

Cancellation by opening the rear door may apply to both initial and escalation
warnings when a child remains in the vehicle and the door remains open.

4.2.8

An initial warning that tracks the presence of a mobile phone directly connectedto the vehicle, e.g. via Bluetooth, must meet the signal requirements above. It
must also warn either using the vehicle or mobile phone if the connection withthe phone has been lost. For example, if the phone is out of range of the vehicle.

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4.3

Escalation warnings

4.3.1

A reward is given to vehicles that issue escalation warnings if the system detects
the continued presence of a child after the initial warning has either ended or
been cancelled and all doors are closed.

4.3.2

Rewards for escalation warnings are only available to vehicles equipped withdirect sensing, an initial warning that meets all of the initial warning requirements
detailed in Section 4.2 and has demonstrated that a child is detected in all of theconfigurations detailed in Section 7.2.

4.3.3

Where the system can positively confirm that either an adult is present or no childis in the vehicle, an escalation warning is not required.

4.3.4

Timing4.3.4.1 Where a system meets the requirements of Section 4.2, an escalation warning isrequired that starts no more than 90 seconds after the end of the initial warning.
4.3.4.2 The escalation warning(s) shall repeat at least every 1 minute for no fewer than
20 minutes or cancelled as defined in 4.3.7.
4.3.4.3 Alternative warning signal configurations may also be rewarded providing thatthe timing is equivalent to 4.3.4.1 and 4.3.4.2.
4.3.5

If the initial warning is delayed, as defined in Section 4.2.4, the escalation
warning must commence no more than 15 minutes from when the vehicle waslocked.

4.3.6

The escalation warning shall consist of either:

4.3.6.1 A vehicle based visual or audible component aimed at notifying individuals inthe direct vicinity of the vehicle. The duration of the warning shall be at least 15
seconds, gaps are permissible providing the start of the signal is positive. Or,
4.3.6.2 Warnings notifying the driver and/or another carer either on the same journey or
located elsewhere with any of the following either independently or a
combination of:● Haptic and audible feedback via an ignition key/card or mobile device used as
the key.
● Mobile device via application*● Warning messages to other mobile registered device(s)** Where the warning is transmitted with the use of a mobile device, for example
via an application, the OEM must provide the necessary application to be usedwith the vehicle/CPD system. Supporting instructions and any other informationmust also be provided in the vehicle handbook. Euro NCAP does not require the
OEM to oblige the customer to install/use this app or to accept the connection of
the mobile phone with the car/OEM-offered services. Transmission of thesewarning messages from vehicle shall be free of charge and available at least for
the first six years.
4.3.7

The escalation warning may be cancelled by acknowledging the warning, forexample by unlocking the vehicle, opening a door, or cancelling via a mobile
phone directly connected to the vehicle by means of Bluetooth, UWB or Wifi
(mobile phone signal is not a permissible method).

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4.3.8After an escalation warning has been cancelled, the system shall check thevehicle after a further 90 seconds. If a child occupant presence has been detected
and the vehicle is locked, the systems must trigger another escalation warning
cycle (Section 4.3.6) until a door is opened or intervention is initiated, unless
Section 4.3.3 applies.

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5.

Intervention

5.1

A reward is given to vehicles that will initiate an intervention if there is a childin the vehicle and all doors are closed and locked. Intervention is defined in
Section 2.4. Examples of intervention include, but are not limited to, thosedetailed below.

5.2

Rewards for intervention are only available to vehicles equipped with direct
sensing with both initial and escalation warnings that meet the respective
requirements in Sections 4.2 and 4.3 and has demonstrated that a child is detected
in all of the configurations detailed in Section 7.2.

5.3

Intervention will be rewarded providing the following requirements are met:

5.3.1

The intervention must actively reduce the threat of hyperthermia to any children
in the vehicle by either:• Instigating rescue of the child. For example, with the use of a mobile
application*, eCall Advanced, contact with a third-party service (TPS) or othermeans of direct contact with other carers located elsewhere (not a driver orpassenger on the same journey). Or,• Allowing access to the child, for example unlocking the doors or,• Reducing the interior temperature (excluding lowering windows).
* Where the warning is transmitted with the use of a mobile device, for example
via an application, the OEM must provide the necessary application to be usedwith the vehicle/CPD system. Supporting instructions and any other informationmust also be provided in the vehicle handbook. Euro NCAP does not require the
OEM to oblige the customer to install/use this app or to accept the connection of
the mobile phone with the car/OEM-offered services.

5.3.2

It must occur within either:• 10 minutes of the vehicle being locked or,• 5 minutes after the first escalation was triggered (including initial warning
delay) or,• The internal vehicle temperature or temperature gradient becomes critical, aduration and time of ‘critical temperature’ have not yet been defined.

5.4

In addition to the intervention(s) detailed in Section 5.3, supplementary
warnings, in addition to those used as escalations to contact the child carer(s) on
the same journey (passenger and/or driver), must also be provided within thetimings detailed in Section 5.3.2. For example, with the use of a mobile
application* (see above) or other means of direct contact.
Note: The TPS eCall shall be free of charge and available at least for the firstsix years.

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6.
6.1

Scoring
Scoring (2023-2024)

Sensing

Warnings andintervention

Indirect sensing

Alert (according to
US commitment)
Initial warning(2023 & 2024)
Initial warning(2023 & 2024)

Indirect sensing
Direct sensing
Direct sensing only

6.2

Initial andescalation warnings
Initial, escalation
and Intervention

PointsAll passenger Rear seats
seats
only
NA

0.25

1

0.5

1.5

0.75

3

1.5

4

2

Scoring (2025 and later)
From 2025 onwards, no points will be awarded to either vehicles with indirect
sensing or where a vehicle is equipped with either an alert or initial warning only.

Sensing

Warnings andintervention

Direct sensing only
Coverage of Scenario 1, 2 & 3

Initial (2025) andescalation warnings
Initial (2025),
escalation andIntervention

Sensing

Warnings andintervention

Direct sensing only
Coverage of Scenario 1, 2

Initial (2025) andescalation warnings
Initial (2025),
escalation andIntervention

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PointsAll seats
Rear seats
only
3

1.5

4

2

PointsAll passenger Rear seats
seats
only
2

1

3

1.5

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7.
7.1

Indirect Sensing System Test Procedure
System information
Prior to testing, the vehicle manufacturer shall provide the following generalsystem information:
•
•
•
•
•
•

7.2

Sensor type and principle, e.g. door switch and opening logic etc.
Sensor location and CPD system architecture
Detection: e.g weight etc.
Intended coverage areas, e.g all optional seats including 3rd row
Deactivation: temporary/long term (where applicable, not mandatory)
Intended use cases covered by the system (detailed below)

Tests
Vehicle assessments will be carried out by the vehicle inspectors and assessedusing a number of ‘use cases’ representing typical journey conditions. The use
cases are detailed below and represent typical situations that might occur when achild is taken on a journey. Only systems that trigger a correct response in all
defined use cases below are eligible for scoring.
Each use case is detailed with the use of certain subsequent steps (actions) to be
carried out in a specific order. The assessment will be carried out by following
the individual actions in the order detailed for each use case.
The numerical part of each action details the type of action to be performed, suchas opening/closing doors and locking the vehicle. The alphabetic part of eachstep provides specific details of what action to perform where multiple
possibilities exist. The key to each of the individual actions is in Section 9.
1) Preparation
2) Simulated entry – adult and/or child3) Driving
4) Stopping5) Simulated exit6) Activation – at end of journey7) Warning – required or not

7.2.1

This simulates two separate journeys, one is starting with a locked and the otheran unlocked vehicle. In both cases, the driver forgets to remove the child at the

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end of the journey and locks the vehicle. A CPD initial warning is required. These
are two independent use cases that should be assessed separately.
Actions

7.2.2

Locked

1A→ 2B→ 3C→ 4B→ 5A→ 6A→ 7A→ End

Unlocked

1B→ 2B→ 3C→ 4B→ 5A→ 6A→ 7A→ End

This simulates a journey, starting with a locked vehicle, where a child remains in
the vehicle at the end of the journey but only the driver door is opened and closed.
No other doors are opened and, where fitted, the CPD initial warning is delayedby the driver for example refuelling. A CPD warning is required within 10
minutes of delay activation.
Actions
1A→ 2B→ 3C→ 4B→ 5A→ 6C→ 7B→ 10mins (max) → 7A

End

If a system does not offer the possibility to delay the CPD signal, this assessment
can be ignored.
7.2.3

This simulates a journey, starting with a locked vehicle, where a child is installedin the vehicle and only the driver door is opened and closed during a journey. No
other doors are opened and, where fitted, the CPD signal is delayed by the driverfor refuelling. The driver then continues the journey (within 10 mins) and thenforgets to remove the child at the end of the journey (only). A CPD initial warning
is required upon door locking at the end of the journey. This is one single usecase for one journey.
Actions
1A→ 2B→ 3C→ 4B→ 5A→ 6C→ 7B→ <10min
Journey recommences
1A→ 2A→ 3C→ 4B→ 5A→ 6A→ 7A

End

If a system does not offer the possibility to delay the CPD signal, this assessment
can be ignored.
7.2.4

This simulates a journey, starting with a locked vehicle, where a child is installedin the vehicle but only the driver door is opened and closed. No other doors are
opened and, where fitted, the CPD initial warning is delayed by the driver for
refuelling. A warning is expected within 10 minutes of delay activation. The
same journey recommences (within 15min of door locking), the driver forgets
the child at the end of the journey, no other doors have been opened, a CPD
warning is required. This is one single use case in one journey.

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Actions
1A→ 2B→ 3C→ 4B→ 5A→ 6C→ 7B→ 10mins→ 7A
Journey recommences
1A→ 2A→ 3C→ 4B→ 5A→ 6A→ 7A

End

If a system does not offer the possibility to delay the CPD signal, this assessment
can be ignored.
7.2.5

This simulates a journey, starting with a locked vehicle with no rear doors, where
the driver forgets to remove the child at the end of the journey and locks thevehicle. A CPD warning is expected if the actions required to access the rear seatand child (e.g. move driver’s seat) are not repeated before door locking.
Actions
1A→ 2B*→ 3C→ 4B→ 5A→ 6A→ 7A

End*2B shall include the necessary actions to access the rear seats.
7.2.6

This simulates a journey, starting with a locked vehicle, where there are twochildren installed in the vehicle. One child exits the vehicle mid-journey and thejourney continues. At the end of the journey the driver exits the vehicle andforgets the one remaining child. A CPD warning is required.
Actions
1A→2B→ 3C→ 4C→ 5E→ 5A→ 6A→ 7A

7.2.7

End

This simulates a journey, starting with a locked vehicle, where there is no childin the vehicle at the start of the journey. A child then enters the vehicle midjourney and the journey continues. At the end of the journey the driver exits thevehicle and forgets the child. A CPD warning is required.
Actions
1A→ 2A→ 3C→ 4C→ 2D→ 3E→ 4D→ 5A→ 6A→ 7A

EndFor vehicles with seven seats, the child entry mid-journey (2D) shall be throughthe boot door.
7.2.8

This simulates a journey, starting with a locked vehicle, where a child is installedin the vehicle. The journey ends and the driver exits the vehicle. The rear door
adjacent to the child is opened and closed without the child being removed fromthe vehicle, which is then locked. This is the intentionally left case and a CPD
warning is required. This scenario (2) is monitored for 2023/2024 and theoutcome will not be included in the system assessment. However, the datasheet
and website publication will detail if this scenario is covered by the system ornot.

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Where a vehicle is equipped with an indirect sensing system that does not give awarning in this use case, the vehicle handbook must inform the user that no CPD
warning is provided if the rear doors are opened before locking.
Actions
1A→ 2B→ 3C→ 4B→ 5B→ 6A→ 7A

7.2.9

End

Avoid false positives
Systems will be checked for false positives in the two scenarios detailed below.
However, although compliance with the case below is strongly recommended,
the outcome will not be included in the system assessment.
This simulates a journey, starting with a locked vehicle, where the driver removes
the child at the end of the journey. No children are in the vehicle when locked,
in this case a warning is NOT required.
Actions
1A→ 2B→ 3C→ 4B→ 5D→ 6A→ 7B

End

This simulates a journey, starting with a locked vehicle, where the driver opens
the door and places/hangs and object in the rear before the journey. At the end of
the journey, the door remains unopened at the time of locking, in this case awarning is NOT required.
Actions
1A→ 2C→ 3C→ 4B→ 5A→ 6A→ 7B

7.3

End

CRS to be installed
If the CPD system requires a CRS to be present, then the following CRS must be
used for each of the use cases detailed above.
1) New-born infant (4kg) in a Maxi Cosi Cabriofix, belted installation rearwardfacing.
2) New-born infant (4kg) in a Maxi Cosi Pebble 360 on FamilyFix 360 base,rearward facing. Installation of child only, CRS (base and shell) already installedin vehicle.
3) P3/Q3 in Britax Roemer King II LS, belted installation, forward facing.
4) Q6 on a Concord Vario XT-5, belted installation, forward facing.

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8.

Direct Sensing System Evaluation

8.1

The evaluation of direct sensing systems will be based on information provided
by the vehicle manufacturer. A dossier is required detailing how the systemestablishes the presence of a child and the sequence, including timing, ofsubsequent warnings and intervention(s). The information required is detailed in
the following sections. Euro NCAP reserves the right to check any and/or all of
the CPD requirements during the vehicle assessment.

8.2

In order for any points to be awarded, the dossier must contain the information
detailed in the following sections and system must react correctly to all of the
scenarios outlined in this section.

8.3

Test tool validation must be approved by Euro NCAP in advance of dossierdelivery and vehicle assessment. Where a technology is presented to Euro NCAP
that is not adequately evaluated with the test procedure, the OEM must contact
the Euro NCAP Secretariat and a way to proceed will be developed.

8.3.1

If the test tool is already approved by Euro NCAP and listed in TB029 it will not
be necessary to provide further validation of the tool providing the tool is listed
in combination with the corresponding sensor technology used in the vehicle
under assessment.

8.4

Dossier contents
It is the OEM’s responsibility to provide all of the necessary information required
to demonstrate the performance of the system in accordance with the Euro NCAP
assessments. The following must be included as a minimum:

8.4.1

General system information:
•
•
•
•
•
•

8.4.2

Sensor type and principle: wi-fi, RF, camera etc.
Sensor location and CPD system architecture
Detection: movement, respiration etc.
Coverage areas, including footwell and all optional seats, e.g. 3rd row
Deactivation: temporary/long term (where applicable)
CPD mobile device applications necessary for warnings (where applicable)

Sensing data:• Respiration monitoring output• Movement monitoring output, other as applicable• Triggering thresholds and any grey zone information• Influence from any external interference e.g. sunlight, electromagnetic orradio waves

8.4.3

Demonstration of system compliance:• Sensing and decision time to warning activation

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• Scenarios detailed in the CPD Test and Assessment Protocol Sections, 4.3, 4.3
and 5.
• CRS to be used as detailed in Section 7.3.

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• Warning signal demonstration• Intervention demonstration (where applicable, not mandatory)
8.4.4

Validation of test tool (where applicable)•

8.5

See Section 8.7 for further information

Evaluation scenarios
Direct sensing systems must be able to react correctly to all possible use cases.
The necessary required child occupant details are below.
The assessments may be performed either in-door (parking garage) or outside.
However, elements that are necessary to the function of the system should bepresent, such as phone signals and temperature where applicable.

8.5.1

Scenarios 1 & 2 (forgotten and intentionally left behind)

8.5.1.1 New-born infant in a rearward-facing CRS:
• Sleeping under blanket/sun shield
8.5.1.2 One-year old infant/child in a rearward-facing CRS:
• Sleeping under blanket without limb movement• Awake under blanket with limb movement
8.5.1.3 Three-years old child in forward-facing CRS:
• Sleeping under blanket without limb movement• Awake under blanket with limb movement
8.5.1.4 Six-years old on booster cushion installed with three-point belt
• Sleeping without limb movement• Awake with limb movement
8.5.2

Blanket and sun-shade
For the sleeping situations the blanket shall be placed over the child from theshoulders down to cover the feet with arms beneath. For the awake situations, theblanket shall be placed over the child from the chest down to cover the feet withthe arms above the material. The blanket to be used shall be no less than 70cm x
90cm, 300GSM in weight and made from Cotton or Polyester.
A sun-shade shall also be used with rearwards facing CRS that attaches from thecarry handle to the seat shell around the head. Alternatively, a shade may be
improvised from a cotton cloth placed around the shell of the CRS and covering
the opening.

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8.5.3

Scenario 3 (child enters unlocked vehicle), 2025
The conditions for evaluating Scenario 3 are detailed below.

8.5.3.1

Parked vehicle with unlocked doors

8.5.3.2

A door (any door) is opened, test subject enters vehicle and door is closed (notlocked) but with child lock activated

8.5.3.3

Sensor is triggered (directly, or maybe only after a certain delay time) to checkif a living being is in the vehicle (footwell included)

8.5.3.4

Where presence is confirmed, the initial warning must be triggered inaccordance with Section 4.2.1.3.

8.6

Specific system requirements
Systems may use a range of parameters either individually or in combination toestablish occupancy and/or categorisation. For systems that detect occupant
respiration or movement, the individual parameters to be proven by the OEM areas follows:
Respiration
The following respiration rates shall be used for sleeping children:••••

New-born infant
One year old
Three year old childSix year old

30bpm
22bpm
20bpm
18bpm

Movement and motion
Presence of childlike manikin, sizes and cases requiring random movement.
The following movement is accepted for children in a CRS:
• Head: Pitch, roll, yaw• Upper and lower limbs: Waving, kicking, playing on a mobile phone…
Day and night
Systems that rely on optical sensing methods, such as cameras, demonstrations
will be required to show that occupants can be detected in a range of lighting
conditions, for example day and night-time.
8.7

Test tool validation
The OEM and/or system supplier is required to provide information detailing thevalidation of any test tools used. Where tools are used in place of human subjects,

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validation data is required to demonstrate that the test tool can be used as a suitable
human surrogate.
A direct comparison between the output recorded with humans and the test tool(s)is required in a vehicle environment. The test scenarios described above shall be
replicated along with details of the ‘worst case’ conditions/subject for the sensing
technology. A range of human subjects is required from new-born to 6YO, alongwith age, weight and stature must also be provided to demonstrate the worst-casehuman for the detection system is covered by the test tool. Depending on whatparameter is being evaluated, it may be necessary to seat the children, or position
the respective test tool(s), in an appropriate CRS.
Where human subjects are used either in the development of test tools or validationof a CPD system, all relevant ethical and privacy guidelines must be followed.

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9.

Key to Use Cases
CPD simplified test matrix (indirect sensing)A
1

PrepareUnlock car
Open driver's door

Close driver's door

2

Simulate entry

B

C

D

E

Start with unlocked car, left for [30]minutes
Open any door (for at least 7 sec, no more Open any door (for at least 7 sec, no more Open any door (for at least 7 sec, no more Open any door (for at least 7 sec, no morethan 12 sec) adjacent to where a child can than 12 sec) adjacent to where a child can than 12 sec) adjacent to where a child can than 12 sec) adjacent to where a child canbe placed*be placed*be placed*be placed*
Place object/CRS on seat**

Close door

Place object/CRS on seat**

Close door

Open driver's door

Close door

Open driver's door

Close driver's door

Close door

Close driver's door
No action

3

Ignition on

Journey (inmotion)Ignition on
Simulate driving

Ignition on

Simulate driving

Simulate driving
Simulate second entry or exit***4

5

Stopping

No action

Ignition off

Vehicle stops, ignition on

Vehicle stops, ignition off

Driver door opens

Driver door opens

Door adjacent to seating position wherechild can be retrieved is opened

Driver door opens

Door adjacent to seating position wherechild can be retrieved is opened

Driver door closes

Driver door closes

Close door

Driver door closes

Retrieve item/child

Door adjacent to seating position wherechild can be retrieved is opened

Simulate further driving/Stopping/Exit

Door adjacent to seating position wherechild can be retrieved is opened

Simulate further driving/Stopping/Exit

Simulate exit

Door closed

Retrieve child/item
Door closed

6

Activation

Doors locked

No further actions performed.

7

Initial warning

Warning expected

Warning not expected

Key:

Highlighted actions can be performed out of order

Doors locked, delay active*for 3 door car, driver's door included**for 3 door car, perform action to access rear seats***7 seaters, access through boot lid

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