Standard of Camera & Imaging Products Association

T

CIPA DC-X011–Translation-2024
Measurement and Description Method

for Image Stabilization Performance of Digital Cameras

AF(Optical Systems)

This translation is based on the original Standard (CIPA DC-X011-2024). In the event of any
doubts arising as to the contents, the original Standard in Japanese shall prevail.

, 2024DR

Established on

Prepared byStandardization Committee

Published by
Camera & Imaging Products Association

THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED ON AN “AS IS” BASIS WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
ANY KIND, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING BUT
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TIN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER CIPA, CIPA’S MEMBERS, THEIR SUBSIDIARIES OR
AFFILIATES BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDINGWITHOUT LIMITATION, LOSS OF BUSINESS PROFITS, LOSS OF BUSINESSINFORMATION,
LOSS
OF
BUSINESSINTERRUPTIONOROTHERCOMPENSATORY, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES) ARISING OUT
OF THIS DOCUMENT OR USE THEREOF EVEN IF CIPA, CIPA’S MEMBERS, THEIRSUBSIDIARIES OR AFFILIATES HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.

AF

CIPA, CIPA’S MEMBERS, THEIR SUBSIDIARIES OR AFFILIATES DISCLAIMS AND
SHALL HAVE NO OBLIGATION OF DEFENSE, CONTRIBUTION OR INDEMNITY
WITH RESPECT TO ANY ACTUAL OR ALLEGED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTYINFRINGEMENT ARISING OUT OF THIS DOCUMENT OR USE THEREOF.

DRCopyright © 2012-2024 CIPA All Rights ReservediContents
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................1
2. Scope.................................................................................................................................................2
3. Definition of Terms and Referenced Standards ................................................................................3
3-1 Definition of Terms.....................................................................................................................3
3-2 Referenced Standards .................................................................................................................7
4. Measurement Method .......................................................................................................................8
4-1 Preconditions ..............................................................................................................................8
4-2 Equipment and Environment for Measurement ..........................................................................9T

4-3 Settings of Camera to be Measured ..........................................................................................16
4-4 Measurement Procedures ..........................................................................................................20
4-5 Calculation of Image Stabilization Performance ......................................................................22
5. Description Method ........................................................................................................................34

AF

5-1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................34
5-2 Performance Description of Lens Integrated Camera with Image Stabilization Mechanism ...36
5-3 Performance Description of Camera Body with Image Stabilization Mechanism ...................38
5-4 Performance Description of Interchangeable Lens with Image Stabilization Mechanism .......40
5-5 Performance Description for Pairing a Camera Body with Image Stabilization Mechanism andan Interchangeable Lens with Image Stabilization Mechanism ......................................................41
6. Explanation .....................................................................................................................................44DR

6-1 Background of Specifying Measurement Method ....................................................................44
6-2 Vibratory Apparatus ..................................................................................................................44

6-3 Vibration Waveform .................................................................................................................45
6-4 CIPA Handheld Blur Measurement Chart.................................................................................48
6-5 Handheld Blur Measurement Software ....................................................................................48
6-6 Shooting Distance .....................................................................................................................48
6-7 Number of Shots .......................................................................................................................49
6-8 Determination Level for Image Stabilization ...........................................................................49

6-9 Image Stabilization Performance Calculation ..........................................................................52

6-10 Lighting ..................................................................................................................................52
6-11 Shooting Mode........................................................................................................................53
6-12 Image Quality Mode (Compression Ratio).............................................................................53
6-13 Image Quality Mode (Number of Recording Pixels)..............................................................53
6-14 ISO Sensitivity........................................................................................................................53
6-15 Flash .......................................................................................................................................54ii

6-16 Storage Media .........................................................................................................................54
6-17 Focal Length for Measurements (Cameras Mounted with Zoom Lenses)..............................54
6-18 Electronic (Digital) Zoom ......................................................................................................54
6-19 Focus Control .........................................................................................................................54
6-20 White Balance.........................................................................................................................55
6-21 Image Aspect Ratio.................................................................................................................55
6-22 Image Stabilization Mode .......................................................................................................55
6-23 Necessity of Measurement at Image Height 60% ...................................................................55
6-24 Theoretical Handheld Blur Amount when Yaw/Pitch/Roll Handheld Blur Present................55
6-25 Description Method ................................................................................................................60

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6-26 Action when Number of Stops at Image Height 60% Is Not Measurable ..............................66
6-27 Difference in Number of Stops of Image Stabilization Performance between Center and Corner........................................................................................................................................................67
6-28 Vibration Waveforms ..............................................................................................................69

AF

6-29 Difference in Number of Stops of Image Stabilization Performance Between 2015Standard(CIPA DC-011–2015) and 2024 Standard (CIPA DC-X011-2024) .................................................70
7. Participating members ....................................................................................................................72

Appendix (Informative)DR

A-1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................73
A-2 Basic concept of this Appendix ...................................................................................................73
A-3 Explanation ..................................................................................................................................73
A-3-1 Terminology relating to blurring ..........................................................................................74
A-3-2 Examples of “output by blur detection device” ....................................................................75
A-3-3 Explanation of “image stabilizer” and examples ..................................................................75
A-3-4 Explanation of “blur reduction” and examples.....................................................................77
A-3-5 Objective axis-dependent and still- or video-dependent image stabilization .......................80

A-3-6 Combined use of image stabilizer function and blur reduction ............................................80iii

Revision History
Sept. 2012, Standard

CIPA Standard DC-011-

EstablishedTranslation-2012- Measurement and Description Method for
Image Stabilization Performance of Digital
Cameras defined.

Feb. 2015, Standard

CIPA Standard DC-011-

RevisedTranslation-2015- Addedrules for notation

on

image

stabilization performance for cameras withimage stabilization for directions other thanyaw and pitch.
- Supplemental explanations added and format

Jan. 2024, Standard

CIPA Standard

RevisedDC-X011–2024

Tadjusted throughout the standard.

- Changed handheld blur determination level to
20 μm.

- Added roll handheld blur waveform toAFvibration waveforms.

- Added image stabilization performancemeasurement at image height 60%.

- Added supplemental explanations throughoutDRthe standard.

iv

1. Introduction
As digital cameras have permeated the market in recent years, new functions have successively been
incorporated into new cameras to make them more convenient for users. One such functioncommercialized in many cameras is image stabilization, which detects camera shake and corrects
image blur. The advantages of image stabilization performance are presented in brochures for equipped
products. To date, however, the industry has not developed any unified methods for measuring or
describing the image stabilization performance of cameras. This has made it difficult to compare image
stabilization performance between cameras based on their brochures.
To date, the Camera and Imaging Products Association (CIPA) has established standards andTguidelines for digital cameras, battery life, resolution, sensitivity and brochure descriptions. Brochuresof many digital cameras are prepared in compliance with these standards and guidelines, making for
fairer competition.

In the context of this background, this standard in 2012 added measurement and description methodsAF

for image stabilization performance of digital cameras to existing standards and guidelines. In the2015 revision, the standard added description methods for image stabilization performance forcameras with image stabilization in directions other than yaw and pitch. In 2024, in response tosubsequent changes in photographic viewing environments, this standard is revised to allow formeasurement and description of roll image stabilization performance in addition to yaw and pitch.

This standard specifies the methods with regard to image stabilization as a type of blur suppressionDR

as defined in 3-1-2; however, it does not specify methods with regard to blur reduction or motion blurcorrection.

Typical systems of image stabilization include optical and electronic systems. In both systems,

exposure time (nearly equal to shutter speed) is an important factor. Electronic image stabilization,
however, has diverged into a broad spectrum of systems, many of which do not have clear definitionof exposure time, making it difficult to measure image stabilization performance on the basis of thisstandard.

Hence, electronic image stabilization systems and hybrid image stabilization systems that use both

optical and electronic image stabilization are excluded from the application of this standard as
measurements are highly likely to be questionable.

In addition, for the purpose of supplementing the contents of this standard, an explanation ofterminology relating to "handheld blur" is provided in the appendix.

12. ScopeThis standard applies to digital cameras for consumers with optical image stabilization for still
image shooting, with the following provisions:
・ Professional or industrial applications in which users and suppliers arrange case-by-case
specifications are excluded.
・ Applications with electronic image stabilization systems and with hybrid image stabilization
systems that use both electronic and optical image stabilization are excluded.
・ Apparatuses such as camcorders and mobile phones with still image shooting ability shall not
be precluded from adopting this standard.

T

This standard is mainly meant for application in describing image stabilization performance inbrochures or other printed media and websites that specify the product. However, the objectives of thisstandard are also to be complied with in notation on camera bodies and individual packages, as well
as expressions used in advertising campaigns and point-of-purchase advertising for sales promotions.

AF

Furthermore, any party other than suppliers taking measurements based on this standard (hereinafter
called “measurer”) shall not be precluded from publishing the results of their measurements in theirDR

own publication.

2

3. Definition of Terms and Referenced Standards
3-1 Definition of Terms
The terms used in this standard are defined as given below.

3-1-1 Blur
"Blur" means deviation from a predetermined position. Used as a camera term, blur is broadly
divided into handheld blur and motion blur.

1) Handheld Blur

resulting in blurring of a subject in an image taken.

2) Motion Blur

T

“Handheld blur” refers to a movement of a camera caused by unstable hands holding the camera,

AF“Motion blur” refers to blurring of a subject in an image caused by movement of the subject or apart of the subject during exposure, irrespective of any handheld blur.

3-1-2 Blur Suppression“Blur suppression” refers to suppression of handheld blur or motion blur by some means of control
within a camera. Although blur suppression can be further classified into image stabilization and blur
reduction, this standard excludes applications for blur reduction.

DR

Additionally, while image stabilization can be further classified into handheld blur correction andmotion blur correction, this standard excludes applications for motion blur correction.

1) Image Stabilization

This function corrects for handheld blur in the output image as caused by movement of the camera

body due to handheld blur (see 3-3-6) by using output by the blur detection device.
However, methods ultimately meant primarily to increase shutter speed by optimizing an exposure

control program are considered "blur reduction" as described below, even when using output by theblur detection device.

2) Blur Reduction“Blur reduction” is a function or mode for reducing handheld blur in an output image as caused byeither subject movement or handheld blur primarily by optimizing an exposure control program toincrease shutter speed.
Image stabilization and blur reduction shall not be confused, as there are great differences in their

3comprising technical elements.

Blur Suppression

Image Stabilization

Handheld Blur Correction
Motion Blur Correction

Blur ReductionT

3-1-3 Vibratory apparatus

A “vibratory apparatus” is an apparatus capable of generating vibration in response to the amplitudeof input vibration waveforms. Typically, the camera to be measured is mounted on the movable partAFof the vibratory apparatus using given fixing methods to transmit the vibration to it.

3-1-4 Vibration Waveform

A “vibration waveform” is an embodiment of camera shake (vibration) that occurs when shooting
a subject with a camera by temporally shifting the amplitude value. A vibration waveform adopted inthis standard has three axes: yaw and pitch, which are vibration components especially dominant in
an image taken, and roll, which is a vibration component having the next most significant impact.
As the characteristics of camera shake vary depending on camera mass, two types of vibrationDR

waveforms shall be employed: WB-H and WB-L. (For the definition of "weight," see CIPA DCG-005
Measurement and Description Methods of Weight and Dimensions of Digital Cameras.)
The WB-H and WB-L files are in text format, named WB-H-xxx.txt and WB-L-xxx.txt, respectively.

The waveforms are provided as angle data changing in the time direction for a length of 32 seconds.
Data sampling frequency is 500Hz. The ‘xxx’ in the waveform file names is a 3-digit number giving
the waveform version. If a waveform has been revised, version differences are managed with thesenumbers.

3-1-5 Handheld Blur Amount“Handheld blur amount” is an amount that corresponds to shift of a subject in an image taken as
induced by handheld blur.

3-1-6 Image Degradation and Image Degradation Amount“Image degradation” refers to a phenomenon where deviation between the focal plane of a lens andimage plane of the image sensor or where handheld blur deteriorates the sharpness in an image taken.

4Image degradation is sometimes caused by image processing of image data. “Image degradation
amount” is a quantified value of the magnitude of image degradation.

3-1-7 Handheld Blur Measurement Chart
A “handheld blur measurement chart” is a chart to be used as a subject in measuring image
stabilization performance. When establishing this standard, CIPA prepared a handheld blurmeasurement chart called the “CIPA handheld blur measurement chart.”

3-1-8 Handheld Blur Measurement Software"Handheld blur measurement software" is provided by CIPA and dedicated software for measuring

Tthe intrinsic image degradation amount (3-1-10) and the total image degradation amount (3-1-14) froma captured image using the CIPA handheld blur measurement chart (3-1-7). “Pixel” is the unit for theimage degradation amount generated by this software.

AF

3-1-9 Stop (Stop Number)

According to APEX expressions, the difference in TV values is represented in ”stops.” For instance,
the difference between shutter speeds of 1/1000 (TV10) and 1/500 seconds (TV9) or that between
shutter speeds of 1/125 (TV7) and 1/60 seconds (TV6) accounts for one stop.

3-1-10 Intrinsic image degradation amount“Intrinsic image degradation amount” is the image degradation amount of an image taken causedDR

by factors other than handheld blur. Intrinsic image degradation amount is unique to an individual
instrument and is dependent on the optical performance, effective number of pixels and image
processing of the camera to be measured. By removing intrinsic image degradation amount, almost all
factors affecting image stabilization performance other than the image stabilization function can beremoved.

3-1-11 Determination Level for Image Stabilization Performance“Determination level for image stabilization performance” is the level used in judgments of image

stabilization performance calculations. In this standard, this level is defined as 20 μm.
3-1-12 Theoretical Handheld Blur Amount“Theoretical handheld blur amount” is a theoretical value for the amount of measurable handheld

blur in an image taken with image stabilization turned OFF (the function is assumed to be OFF forcameras without an OFF setting) when the camera to be measured is vibrated with a vibration
waveform.

5

3-1-13 Reference Image Degradation Amount“Reference image degradation amount” is the theoretical estimated image degradation amount for
an image taken with image stabilization turned OFF (the function is assumed to be OFF for cameras
without an OFF setting) when the camera to be measured is vibrated with a vibration waveform. This
amount is expressed as the square root of the sum of the squares of the intrinsic image degradation
amount and the theoretical handheld blur amount.

3-1-14 Total Image Degradation Amount“Total image degradation amount” is the actual measurement value of image degradation amountT

for an image taken with image stabilization turned ON when the camera to be measured is vibrated
with a vibration waveform.

3-1-15 Reference Handheld Blur AmountAF“Reference handheld blur amount” is a reference value for use in calculating image stabilization
performance. The reference handheld blur amount is calculated by subtracting the intrinsic image
degradation amount from the reference image degradation amount caused when the camera is vibrated
for cameras not equipped with image stabilization or with image stabilization turned OFF (the function
is assumed to be OFF for cameras without an OFF setting).

3-1-16 Measured Handheld Blur AmountDR“Measured handheld blur amount” is a value representing residual handheld blur after correction
with image stabilization of the camera to be measured ON. This value is calculated by subtracting
intrinsic image degradation amount from total image degradation amount.

3-1-17 Average Vibration Angle“Average vibration angle” is the average value for vibration angles caused by vibration with avibration waveform (3-1-4) at each shutter speed.
Average vibration angle data files are in text format, with the file corresponding to WB-H named

AVA-1-xxx.txt and that corresponding to WB-L named AVA-2-xxx.txt. The file corresponding to
Selection Criteria III described in 4-2-6 is named AVA-3-xxx.txt.
Again, the ‘xxx’ in the file names is a 3-digit number giving the version number. The 3 digits areused to manage the files, corresponding with the waveform revisions.

3-1-18 Shutter Speed“Shutter speed” is a theoretical exposure time value.

6

In this standard as well, shutter speeds are denoted using typical display values (30, 15, 8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2,
1/4, 1/8, 1/15, 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500, 1/1000, etc.). At the time of calculation, real numbers(32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64, 1/128, 1/256, 1/512, 1/1024, etc.) or values based onreal numbers shall be used. (Refer to CIPA DCG-008-2022 Guideline for Presentation Method of
Shutter Speed on Digital Cameras.)

3-1-19 Image Clipping Software“Image Clipping Software” is dedicated software provided by CIPA that partially clips a captured
image using the CIPA handheld blur measurement chart (3-1-7) at the center of the image and four
positions at image height 60% in diagonal directions, storing each partial image in five different folders.

T

With the images stored in these five folders, intrinsic image degradation amount (3-1-10) and total
image degradation amount (3-1-14) are measured by the handheld blur measurement software (3-1-8),
as necessary.

AF

3-2 Referenced Standards

3-2-1 Referenced Standards• CIPA DCG-002 Specification Guideline for digital cameras• CIPA DCG-005 Measurement and description methods of weight and dimensions of digital cameras• CIPA DCG-008-2022 Guideline for Presentation Method of Shutter Speed on Digital CamerasDR

3-2-2 Response to Revision of Reference Standard

If the standards and guidelines referred to in this standard are revised, compliance shall be with therevised editions.

74. Measurement Method
4-1 Preconditions
The objective of this standard is to specify how to measure image stabilization performance in thecase of users taking a shot with the camera in hand. Accordingly, measuring sessions will better
simulate real shooting if the camera to be measured is actually held by hand. This does, however, makeit difficult to eliminate variations due to differences among individual photographers or how well thecamera is designed for handheld shooting. In order to ensure fair measurement results, the camera to
be measured is to be mounted on a vibratory apparatus to vibrate the camera with a vibration waveform
to be discussed later, and image stabilization performance shall be measured on the basis of results ofTshooting the handheld blur measurement chart specified in this standard.

Information on how to get information and tools (vibration waveforms, handheld blur measurement
software, CIPA handheld blur measurement chart, etc.) additionally required for the measurement ofAF

image stabilization performance as specified in this standard shall be separately presented by CIPA.

Measurements of image stabilization performance shall comply with the following: 4-2 Equipment
and Environment for Measurement, 4-3 Setting of Camera to be Measured and 4-4 Measurement
Procedures. Determinations on the number of cameras to be measured is left to the supplier or themeasurer, as long as the number does not render questionable measurement results. Figure 4-1 shows
the overview of the measurement method.

DR

PC for handheld blur measurement

Release operation

Vibratory apparatus

Chart

Variable brightness

Vibration waveform

Figure 4-1 Overview of Measurement Method84-2 Equipment and Environment for Measurement

4-2-1 Handheld Blur Measurement Chart
For this standard, a handheld blur measurement chart satisfying the following specifications shallbe used for the measurement of image stabilization performance.
1) The chart shall be comprised of measurement sites at the center of the image and positions atimage height 60%, and may optionally include a portion having natural color images.
2) The ratio of reflectance between the white and black regions of the measurement sites shall be
4:1 or higher, and the white and black region shall be wider than the expected maximum image
degradation amount.

T3) No particular features are specified for the natural image portion, but the portion preferably
contains images similar to real subjects.

Use of the CIPA handheld blur measurement chart illustrated in Figure 4-2-1a is recommended. The

AF

CIPA handheld blur measurement chart has natural color images inserted to facilitate focusing or
general purpose applications. The outline dimensions of the CIPA handheld blur measurement chart
are 1000 mm × 750 mm in consideration of shooting magnification.

White and black edge areas for measurement are provided at the center and at four locations atimage height 60% within the frames indicating the shooting range. To ensure measurement at corner
positions of image height 60% even with differing aspect ratios of imaging elements, the chart has
three frames (aspect ratios of 3:2, 4:3, and 16:9); therefore, the camera's shooting range shall beDRadjusted in accordance with the format of the imaging element so that the frame lines substantiallymatch the screen edges to be shot. The lens focal length shall then be determined and the shooting
distance adjusted. This process is assumed in the descriptions of this standard below.

9

4:3
3:2

Shooting range at each aspect ratio

720
754

DR

1000

Figure 4-2-1a CIPA handheld blur measurement chart (unit: mm)

40

136
216

40 64
144

40

Dimensions of one frame

40

Figure 4-2-1b: One frame of chart (unit: mm)

10

519

480

T
424

AF
692

750

16:9

Positions at image height 60%

4-2-2 Lighting
Although no specific types of lighting are defined, lighting shall not cause flicker in the image
during shooting. Measures should also be taken to prevent reflection from the light source or uneven
illuminance on the handheld blur measurement chart to prevent any question relating to measurement
results.
Lighting with variable brightness is useful.

4-2-3 Temperature and Humidity
The temperature and humidity shall be 23°C ± 2°C and 30 to 70%. Measurements may be performedTunder other conditions as long as there is no room for question.

4-2-4 Vibratory Apparatus

The vibratory apparatus to use shall function in a manner that accurately reproduces vibrations
according to the vibration waveforms. Always verify that the vibratory apparatus is vibratingAF

accurately before taking measurements. To do so, measurers of image stabilization performance or
manufacturers of vibratory apparatuses refer to Verification Method of Vibratory Apparatus
specified separately.

4-2-5 Mounting of Camera to be Measured on Vibratory Apparatus

When mounting the camera to be measured on the vibratory apparatus, vibration of the vibratory
apparatus and that of the camera to be measured mounted on the vibratory apparatus have to match.

DR

When measuring a camera with a long-barrel lens (e.g. high-powered zoom lens), vibrations of thecamera body and the lens may not match due to distortion induced in the lens by excitation preventing
the applied vibration from being correctly transmitted to the lens. Thus, given measures are to be taken
for such measurements so that lens and camera body vibrations match, such as fixing the lens to thevibratory apparatus in addition to the camera body.
The vibration waveforms adopted in this standard are vibrations that rotate on the rotational axes ofyaw, pitch, and roll; therefore, the positional relationship between the center of rotation of the vibratory
apparatus and the optical axis of the camera and lens to be measured at the time of mounting affects
the vibration measurement results. (Hereafter, camera and lens are abbreviated as camera.)

11

Therefore, to ensure measurement condition alignment, the center of rotation of the vibration table
are preferably aligned with the optical axis of the lens in the horizontal and vertical directions on theplane orthogonal to the optical axis.

+y

Optical axis of imaging lens+x Align whenfixing camera+Y
Center of rotation of vibration table

Back of camera

T+X

Vibration table

AF

Line of sight in direction of chart for shooting

Figure 4-2-5a Center of rotation of vibration table and optical axis of lens+Y

Optical axis+yCenter of rotation of vibration table

DR

+x

+X

Vibration table

Line of sight in direction of chart for shooting

Figure 4-2-5b Camera fixed with lens optical axis aligned with center of rotation of vibration table

12

+Y

CameraLens

Center of rotation of vibration table

Optical axis

Optical axis
+Z

+X

Vibration table

Chart direction for shooting

T

Horizontal direction

Vibration table

Figure 4-2-5c Fixed state of camera with bending optical systemAF

4-2-6 Vibration Waveform

There are two types of vibration waveforms: WB-L and WB-H. Criteria for selecting a waveform
are as follows: (Here, total mass is the sum of the masses of a camera body, the included storage media
and battery, and a lens)Selection Criterion I. WB-H shall be used for total mass of 600 g or more;

Selection Criterion II. WB-L shall be used for total mass of less than 400 g;
Selection Criterion III. Both WB-L and WB-H shall be used for total mass between 400 g and 600

DRg.

Both waveforms consist of 3-axis components: yaw, pitch, and roll. Yaw, pitch, and roll components

shall be excited at the same time.

(Note: Given that camera geometries and shooting methods change and image stabilization

techniques will be improved in response to such changes, the vibration waveforms specified in thisstandard are subject to revision as necessary.)

4-2-7 Shooting Distance

When the vibratory apparatus is stopped, the shooting distance shall be adjusted so that the whiteand black edges at image height 60% at the four positions in the CIPA handheld blur measurement
chart in Figure 4-2-1a are within an image height of 60 ± 3%. This distance is 20 times the 35mm film
equivalent focal length. The objective of the adjustment is to ensure that the image is taken so that therange of the frame indicated for each aspect ratio depicted in Figure 4-2-1a CIPA Handheld Blur
Measurement Chart covers the entire screen area when the vibratory apparatus is stopped.

13

When using a handheld blur measurement chart other than the CIPA handheld blur measurement
chart, the measurement shall be made after confirmation that the measurement positions at image
height 60% are within image height 60 ± 3%.
For example, when measurement is made with a camera having an aspect ratio of 3:2, the image
shall be taken with the range of the 3:2 brown frame in Figure 4-2-1a CIPA Handheld blur
Measurement Chart filling the entire screen. When taken with the imaging range properly filling thescreen, the image is taken within the red virtual solid line in Figure 4-2-7 Shift in Shooting Range andChange in Image Height at Corners. In this case, the white and black edges at image height 60% at thefour locations on the chart are at image height 60% on the image.
With the shooting distance farther away and the image taken only within the purple virtual solidTline in Figure 4-2-7, the white and black edges at image height 60% at the four locations on the chart
are at image height 57% on the image. Conversely, with the shooting distance closer and the image
taken only within the green virtual solid line in Figure 4-2-7, the white and black edges at image heightAF

60% at the four locations on the chart are at image height 63% on the image.

Imaging range with corners of image at image height 57%
Imaging range at aspect ratio 3:2 (corners of image at image height 60%)

DR

Imaging range with corners of image at image height 63%
Positions at image height 60%

Figure 4-2-7 Shift in Shooting Range and Change in Image Height at Corners

4-2-8 Handheld Blur Measurement Software
Handheld blur measurement software (3-1-8) can be used to measure the intrinsic image degradation
amount and total image degradation amount of an image of the CIPA handheld blur measurement chart14

as taken in accordance with 4-4 Measurement Procedures. This software generates an intrinsic image
degradation amount and a total image degradation amount in pixels. Use of this software isrecommended for measuring intrinsic image degradation amount and total image degradation amounts
for this standard. The CIPA handheld blur measurement chart shall be used without fail when thissoftware is used.
Unreasonable measurement results may be generated even when using this software depending on
the settings of the camera to be measured or measurement environment. If measurement results areeven slightly questionable, review the settings of the camera to be measured or the measurement
environment and take measures such as repeating the measurement.
This handheld blur measurement software is specified to calculate the image degradation amountT

at the white and black edges near the center of the image. Therefore, as a pre-processing step, thecaptured image, centering the clips about the areas subject to image degradation amount calculation,
shall be clipped. Specifically, with use of the image clipping software separately provided by CIPA,
portions of the image of the CIPA handheld blur measurement chart corresponding to the center andAFfour positions in diagonal directions at image height 60% are clipped, and these partial images are
stored in five different folders. This image clipping process may be performed using in-house software.
Each image degradation amount is then calculated from the images in each folder with the handheldDR

blur measurement software.

Example of image clipping range

4-2-8a Example of Image Clipping Range of Five Locations from Captured Image

If a method other than the handheld blur measurement software specified in this standard is used,
the intrinsic image degradation amount and total image degradation amount shall be measured inaccordance with the following:1) The signal levels of the boundary regions between black portions and white portions in the imageof a shot chart shall be normalized from 0% to 100%. To eliminate the impact of noise, the numberof pixels in the section between 10% to 90% of signal levels (A in Figure 4-2-8) shall be calculated

15

and then multiplied by 10/8;
2) At this time, the tone characteristic shall be linearized to the extent possible. (Before
normalization, the signal level is tone corrected.)3) For stable measurements, the boundary regions between black portions and white portions which
are the measurement locations of the image of the shooting chart shall be used.
Refer to the handheld blur measurement software instruction manual for details on how to measure
intrinsic image degradation amount and total image degradation amount using this software.
Any variation or error in measurement of the intrinsic image degradation amount and total image
degradation amount (or measured handheld blur amount) would compromise the image stabilization
performance measurements for this standard. As such, the accuracy of the measured intrinsic image

Tdegradation amount, comprehensive image degradation amount and measured handheld blur amountshall be verified without fail before starting the measurement.

Refer to the separately specified Verification Method of Vibratory Apparatus for methods ofAF

verifying measurement.

[信号レベル]Signal
level
100%

90%

A

[画素]
Pixel

DR

10%
0%

Figure 4-2-8b Measuring intrinsic image degradation amount and total image degradation amount4-3 Settings of Camera to be Measured

4-3-1 Power to be Used

Not specified. Cameras capable of using external power sources may use external power.

4-3-2 Shooting ModeNo specific shooting mode is stipulated. However, given that shooting shall begin within threeseconds after shooting is enabled following power ON, preferable shooting modes will either becapable of remembering as many of the items specified in 4-3-3 to 4-3-20 as possible and setting them16

in advance with the power OFF or allow for easy changing of the shutter speed. Note that the shooting
mode should not include any image processing which might produce questionable measurement
results.
As an example, many cameras have modes adapted to specific shooting scenes. Many such modes
include image processing that is optimized for given situations. This introduces the possibility ofquestionable measurement results, making such modes unsuitable for image stabilization performancemeasurement. Accordingly, such modes adapted to specific situations which include features such as
extreme edge enhancement shall not be used in principle, even if the mode includes allowing for easychanging of the shutter speed.

T

4-3-3 Image Stabilization Mode

Setting shall be in the image stabilization mode to be measured.

4-3-4 Image Quality Mode (Compression Ratio)

AF

Although no specific compression ratio is specified, a high image quality mode setting with low
compression ratio is preferable.

4-3-5 Image Quality Mode (Number of Recording Pixels)

Although no number is specified for recorded pixels, this will preferably be set to the maximum
number of recording pixels for the camera to be measured. However, settings that would exceed theeffective number of pixels of the image sensor by means of pixel interpolation, image processing orDRother alterations shall not be adopted.

4-3-6 ISO Sensitivity

ISO sensitivity shall be set to minimize any image noise. If possible, ISO sensitivity should be set

to a constant value.

4-3-7 FlashNot to be used.

4-3-8 Storage Media Capacity
Not specified.

4-3-9 Focal Length for Measurement (Cameras Mounted with Zoom Lenses)
Not specified.

17

4-3-10 Electronic (Digital) Zoom
Not used.

4-3-11 Focus Control
No focus control system, such as autofocus and manual focus, is specified. However, the camera
shall be correctly focused on the handheld blur measurement chart.

4-3-12 White BalanceWhite balance shall be appropriate to the light sources used.

T

4-3-13 Color Setting

Although no specific color setting is specified, the factory default setting is preferable.

4-3-14 Exposure Setting

AF

Although no specific exposure setting is specified, the camera shall be set such that it can shoot at
an appropriate exposure.

4-3-15 Aperture

Although no specific aperture value is specified, aperture shall be kept constant if possible whenshooting at the same focal length and the same shutter speed.

DR

4-3-16 Aspect Ratio

Although no specific aspect ratio is specified, the factory default setting is preferable.

4-3-17 Continuous Shooting Mode

Although no specific continuous shooting mode is specified, camera settings should allow

performance of 4-4-1 Measurement of Intrinsic image degradation amount and 4-4-2 and 4-4-3
Measurement of Total Image Degradation Amount as discussed below.

4-3-18 Self Timer

Although no specific self-timer setting is specified, camera settings should allow performance of 44-1 Measurement of Intrinsic Image Degradation Amount and 4-4-2 and 4-4-3 Measurement of Total
Image Degradation Amount as discussed below.

4-3-19 Aberration Correction Setting
No specific aberration correction settings are specified, but factory default settings are preferable.

184-3-20 Other
When shooting at differing shutter speeds, preferably no measurement conditions other than lighting

DR

AF

T

will be changed. Conditions that may result in questionable measurement results shall be avoided.

19

4-4 Measurement Procedures

4-4-1 Measurement of Intrinsic image degradation amount:
1) Make preparations on the basis of environment settings described in 4-2 and 4-3;
2) Mount the camera to be measured on the vibratory apparatus;
3) Turn the power of the camera to be measured ON. For cameras mounted with a zoom lens, set
the lens to the focal length for image stabilization performance measurement. Here, in
accordance with the image aspect ratio of the camera to be measured, adjust the shooting
distance and the position of the camera to be measured or the position of the CIPA handheld
blur measurement chart so that the portion enclosed by the frame indicating the correspondingT

aspect ratio in Figure 4-2-1a fills the entire screen during shooting;4) The shutter speed shall be set around ”1/ focal length (35 mm film equivalent)”;5) Start shooting with the vibratory apparatus stopped, shooting at least ten images. While there isno specified upper limit for number of images taken, all images shall be used without selecting

AF

only those that are desirable. Image stabilization is to be turned OFF, unless there is no OFF
setting. It is recommended to use a remote release, remote control or similar device if possible.
6) Reduce the shutter speed sequentially by at most one stop at a time. Continue shooting in likefashion until the necessary and sufficient shutter speed is attained.

7) The intrinsic image degradation amount shall be measured at the center and, if a performancedescription at each corner of the image is required, at each of the four positions at image height
60%.

DR

The shooting environment and camera settings in 4-4-1 are generally not to be changed from the
Measurement of the Total Image Degradation Amount of 4-4-2 and 4-4-3.

4-4-2 Measurement of Total Image Degradation Amount (for 4-2-6 Selection Criteria I and II):
1) Make preparations on the basis of the environment setup shown in 4-2 and 4-3;

2) Mount the camera to be measured on the vibratory apparatus;
3) Turn the power of the camera to be measured ON. For cameras mounted with a zoom lens, set
the lens to the focal length for image stabilization performance measurement. Here, in
accordance with the image aspect ratio of the camera to be measured, confirm, if
necessary, the shooting distance as well as the position of the camera to be measured or the
position of the CIPA handheld blur measurement chart so that the portion enclosed by the frame
indicating the corresponding aspect ratio in Figure 4-2-1a fills the entire screen during shooting;
Further, shutter speed shall be set such that the measured handheld blur amount is estimated to
be at or around the determination level for image stabilization performance mentioned below.
After setting is completed, turn the power OFF once;204) Activate the vibratory apparatus using the vibration waveform stipulated in 4-2-6. Here, thevibratory apparatus should remain continuously activated until Step 8) below is completed.

If

the vibratory apparatus deactivates in the middle due to its specification, resume vibration
immediately;5) While vibrating, turn the power of the camera to be measured ON again at unspecified timing.
If the settings in 3) above are changed, reset them as soon as possible;
6) After steps 1) to 5) above are completed, with image stabilization ON for the camera to bemeasured, turn the power ON and, once shooting is enabled, start shooting within three seconds.
Images shall be shot at an interval of approximately one second for a total of 10 shots. Turn the
power OFF after shooting is finished;T7) Repeat the Steps 5) and 6) and take 200 or more shots. While there is no specified upper limit for
number of images taken, all images shall be used without selecting only those that are desirable.
Note that the shooting operation is not to affect the vibrating state. Where permitted, use of aremote release or a remote control is desirable;

and

AF

8) Reduce or increase the shutter speed by at most one stop at a time and repeat Steps 3) to 7) above;9) Finish measurement when two measurement results are obtained: the slowest shutter speed atwhich the measured handheld blur amount does not exceed the determination level for image
stabilization performance, and the fastest shutter speed at which it exceeds the determinationlevel for image stabilization performance.

DR

4-4-3 Measurement of Total Image Degradation Amount (for 4-2-6 Selection Criterion III):
1) Make preparations on the basis of the shooting environment given in 4-2 and 4-3;
2) Mount the camera to be measured on the vibratory apparatus;
3) Turn the power of the camera to be measured ON. For cameras mounted with a zoom lens, set
the lens to the focal length for image stabilization performance measurement. Here, in
accordance with the image aspect ratio of the camera to be measured, confirm, if
necessary, the shooting distance as well as the position of the camera to be measured or the

position of the CIPA handheld blur measurement chart so that the portion enclosed by the frame
indicating the corresponding aspect ratio in Figure 4-2-1a fills the entire screen during shooting;
Further, shutter speed shall be set such that the measured handheld blur amount is estimated to

be at or around the determination level for image stabilization performance mentioned below.
After setting is completed, turn the power OFF once;4) Activate the vibratory apparatus using the vibration waveform stipulated in 4-2-6. Here, thevibratory apparatus should remain continuously activated until Step 8) below is completed.

If

the vibratory apparatus deactivates in the middle due to its specification, resume vibration

21

immediately;5) While vibrating, turn the power of the camera to be measured ON again at unspecified timing.
If the settings in 3) above are changed, reset them as soon as possible;
6) After steps 1) to 5) above are completed, with image stabilization ON for the camera to bemeasured, turn the power ON and, once shooting is enabled, start shooting within three seconds.
Images shall be shot at an interval of approximately one second for a total of 10 shots. Turn the
power OFF after shooting is finished;
7) Repeat Steps 5) and 6) using two kinds of waveforms, and take 100 or more shots for eachwaveform. While there is no specified upper limit for number of images taken, all images shallbe used without selecting only those that are desirable. Note that the shooting operation is notTto affect the vibrating state. Where permitted, use of a remote release or a remote control isdesirable;

8) Reduce or increase the shutter speed by at most one stop at a time and repeat Steps 3) to 7) above;andAF9) Finish measurement when two measurement results are obtained: the slowest shutter speed atwhich the measured handheld blur amount does not exceed the determination level for image
stabilization performance, and the fastest shutter speed at which it exceeds the determinationlevel for image stabilization performance.

4-4-4 Action when Total Image Degradation Amount at Image Height 60% Is Not Measurable
If, due to the long focal length of the lens, the position of image height 60% on the handheld blurDRmeasurement chart during excitation is outside the screen or close to the screen edge, making
measurement not possible, exclude photographs not measurable at the position of image height 60%
on the handheld blur measurement chart; then it is recommended to take additional photographs until
at least 200 measurable photographs are obtained for selection criteria I and II, or additional
photographs may be taken until at least 100 measurable photographs each are obtained for selection

criteria III using two kinds of waveforms and to calculate the total image degradation amount using

those photographs. However, if the number of additional shots is large, the measurement at image
height 60% may be canceled. (Refer to the explanation provided in 6-26.)

4-5 Calculation of Image Stabilization Performance

4-5-1 Calculation of Basic Values Required to Calculate Image Stabilization PerformanceSix quantitative values are used to calculate image stabilization performance: intrinsic image
degradation amount, theoretical handheld blur amount, reference image degradation amount,measured image degradation amount, reference handheld blur amount, and measured handheld blur22

amount.
The main objectives of calculations are:a) To remove the effects of image degradation, which is included in the total image degradation
amount as measured in 4-4-2 and 4-4-3 and caused by factors other than handheld blur.
b) To allow for calculation of image stabilization performance according to this standard even for
cameras incapable of turning image stabilization OFF.
For further detail, see ”6. Explanation.” Methods of calculating these values will be shown below.

1) Intrinsic image degradation amountIntrinsic image degradation amount is quantified from the image taken according to the methodT

described in 4-4-1. Specifically, the square root of the sum of the squares of the horizontal and verticalimage degradation amounts as obtained from each image taken shall be calculated, and then the totalof such values is averaged by the number of shots. If the averaged intrinsic image degradation amountis in pixels, it shall be converted into the 35 mm film equivalent intrinsic image degradation amountAF[µm] according to the method described in 4-5-2 below. However, values that are clearly questionable
in the results of the image degradation amount measurement shall not be used. At least 10 values areto be used in calculating the average.

2) Theoretical handheld blur amount

Theoretical handheld blur amounts are to be calculated for each shutter speed using the following
equation. Given the different average vibration angles for selection criteria I, II and III as described inDR

4-2-6 Vibration Waveform, note that the amount corresponding to the vibration waveform used in themeasurement shall be employed. First, the yaw and pitch theoretical handheld blur amounts shall becalculated. This yaw/pitch theoretical handheld blur amount is proportional to the 35mm film

equivalent focal length and the yaw/pitch average vibration angle.

Yaw/pitch theoretical handheld blur amount [μm] = 35mm film equivalent focal length f [mm] × tan
θyp × 1000

θyp: Yaw/pitch average vibration angle

If the 35mm film equivalent focal length is unknown, the conversion factor (fr) may be
used.
Yaw/pitch theoretical handheld blur amount [μm] = conversion factor (fr) [mm] x tan

23θyp x1000

Conversion Factor (fr) = Shooting Distance (a)[m] x

𝐶𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ℎ (𝑒𝑒)[𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]x√24 2 +362 [𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ]�𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 ℎ (𝑐𝑐)2 +𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡 (𝑑𝑑)2 [𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ]AFT(d) Image height [pixels](e) Standard CIPA handheld blur measurement chart length(Actual chart length ＝ 288ｍｍ）(b) Chart standard
length [pixels]

Position at image height 60%

𝐶𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ℎ (𝑏𝑏)[𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ]Actual chart length 432mm(c) Image length [pixels]

DR

Figure 4-5-1a Each factor for obtaining the conversion factor (fr)

CIPA Handheld Blur Measurement Chart
Camera to be measured(a) Shooting distance(m, distance from chart to rotation axis of vibratory apparatus)

Figure 4-5-1b Shooting Distance (a)Next, the roll theoretical handheld blur amount shall be calculated. This roll theoretical handheld

24

x 106

blur amount is proportional to the 35mm film equivalent distance from the center of the image to themeasurement point and the roll average handheld blur amount. The peripheral measurement points are
positions at image height 60%. At the center, L = 0; therefore, the roll theoretical handheld blur amountis 0. Further, there is no relationship with the 35mm film equivalent focal length.
Roll theoretical handheld blur amount [μm] = 35mm film equivalent distance from center of image tomeasurement point L [mm] × tan θr × 1000
θr: Roll average vibration angle

T

L: 0mm at center, 12.980mm at 35mm film equivalent image height 60%.

Lastly, the theoretical handheld blur amount is obtained by the square root of the sum of the squares

AFof the yaw/pitch theoretical handheld blur amount and the roll theoretical handheld blur amount.

Theoretical handheld blur amount [μm] =(Yaw/pitch theoretical handheld blur amounts [μm])2 + (Roll theoretical handheld blur amount3) Reference image degradation amount

Reference image degradation amount is calculated using the following equation. Note that values atthe same shutter speed shall be used for the intrinsic image degradation amount and the theoreticalDR

handheld blur amount.

Estimated Comprehensive Bokeh Amount[um] =(Bokeh Offset Amount[um]) 2 + (Theoretical Motion Blur Amount[um]) 2

4) Total Image Degradation AmountMeasured image degradation amount is quantified from the image taken according to the methods

described in 4-4-2 and 4-4-3. Specifically, the square root of the sum of the squares of the horizontal
and vertical image degradation amounts as obtained from each image taken shall be calculated, andthen the total of such values is averaged by the number of shots. If the averaged intrinsic image
degradation amount is in pixels, it shall be converted into the 35 mm film equivalent measured
intrinsic image degradation amount [μm] according to the method described in 4-5-2 below.
This quantification shall be performed at the center and, if a performance description of image

25

height at the corner of the image is required, performed at each of the four positions at image height
60% as well.
However, values that are clearly questionable in the results of the image degradation amountmeasurement shall not be used. At least 200 values shall be used to calculate averages for 4-4-2, andat least 100 shall be used for each case in 4-4-3.

5) Reference Handheld Blur Amount
Reference handheld blur amount is calculated using the following equation. Note that the reference
image degradation amount and the intrinsic image degradation amount shall be values measured at theTidentical shutter speed. Factors that may affect images taken, such as ISO sensitivity, shall be identical.
Reference handheld blur amount [µm] = Reference image degradation amount [µm] − Intrinsic image degradation
amount [µm]AF6) Measured Handheld Blur AmountMeasured handheld blur amount is calculated using the following equation. Note that the total image
degradation amount and the intrinsic image degradation amount are to be measured at the same shutter
speed. Factors that may affect images taken, such as ISO sensitivity, shall be identical. If the measured
handheld blur amount becomes a negative value, the value shall be 0 µm.

Measured Handheld Blur Amount [µm] = Total image degradation amount [µm] - intrinsic

DR

image degradation amount [µm]This calculation shall be performed at the center and, if a performance description of image heightat the corner of the image is required, performed at each of the four positions at image height 60% as
well.

26

3.5

2.5

Selection Criterion I
Selection Criterion II
Selection Criterion III

2.0

T

1.5
1.0
0.5

1/20001/1000
1/500
1/250
1/125
1/60
1/30
1/15
1/8
1/4
0.5'
1'
2'
4'
8'
15'
30'

0.0

AF

Average vibration angles [°]3.0

Average vibration angles of composed yaw and pitch components

Shutter speeds [sec]（display values）

DR

Figure 4-5-1c Average Vibration Angle of Composed Yaw/Pitch Component

27

3.5

2.5

Selection Criterion I
Selection Criterion II
Selection Criterion III

2.0

T

1.5
1.0
0.5

1/20001/1000
1/500
1/250
1/125
1/60
1/30
1/15
1/8
1/4
0.5'
1'
2'
4'
8'
15'
30'

0.0

AF

Average vibration angles [°]3.0

Average vibration angles of roll

Shutter speeds [sec]（display values）

DR

Figure 4-5-1d Average Vibration Angle of Roll

28

Theoretical
Handheld blur AmountHandheld blur AmountorMage Degradation Amountボケオフセット量Shutter Speed

1/2 [sec.
[sec]

AF

T

1/125
1/100

Figure 4-5-1e Theoretical Handheld Blur Amount

Reference image degradation amount

DR

[μm]

Theoretical

Handheld blur AmountHandheld blur AmountorMage Degradation AmountIntrinsic image

degradation amount

1/100
1/125

Shutter Speed

1/2 [sec[sec.]

Figure 4-5-1f Reference image degradation amount

29

[μm]

Reference image degradation amountHandheld blur Amount

Theoretical
Handheld blur AmountorMage Degradation AmountMeasuredComprehensive
Mage
Degradation
AmountIntrinsic image
degradation amountShutter Speed

1/2 [sec]
[sec.

T

1/100
1/125

DR

AF

Figure 4-5-1g Measured image degradation amount30

4-5-2 Method of Converting Intrinsic Image Degradation Amount and Measured Image Degradation
Amount into 35 mm Film Equivalent Values
If the units for intrinsic image degradation amount and total image degradation amount are left as
the number of pixels, image stabilization performance cannot be determined. Thus, a method of
conversion into 35 mm film equivalent values (the unit is µm) is described below.

Value on 35 mm film equivalent [µm] = Intrinsic Image Degradation Amount (or Total image
degradation amount)[pixel] × (Diagonal Length of one Frame of 35 mm Film[µm]/ Diagonal
Length of Taken Image[pixel])T1) Diagonal Length of one Frame of 35 mm Film

One frame of 35 mm film is 24 mm in the vertical direction, and 36 mm in the horizontal

AF

direction. Accordingly, the diagonal length can be calculated as follows:

Diagonal Length[um] = 24 2 + 36 2 × 1000

2) Diagonal Length of Image Taken

Diagonal Length of Image Taken [pixels] can be calculated as follows:

Diagonal Length of Image Taken[pixel] =DR( the Number of Recorded Pixels in Vertical Direction ) 2+ ( the Number of Recorded Pixels in Horizontal Direction ) 2

4-5-3 Image Stabilization Performance Calculation
Image stabilization performance is calculated on the basis of the reference handheld blur amountand measured handheld blur amount from the values calculated in 4-5-1. The image stabilization
performance at the center shall be calculated using the reference handheld blur amount and themeasured handheld blur amount at the center. If a performance description of image height at thecorner of the image is required, the average value of the four positions at image height 60% shall be
used as the image stabilization performance at the position of image height 60%. The average valueof the four positions may be the number of stops obtained from the average of the measured handheld
blur amounts at the four positions or the average of the number of stops obtained at each of the four
positions. The number of stops at each of the four positions obtained in the process shall have a large

31enough number of decimal places to minimize the error when the number of stops is set to a 0.5 stop
increment after averaging. In this method, difference between shutter speeds where both reference
handheld blur amount and measured handheld blur amount are at the determination level for image
stabilization performance is calculated as a stop number (0.5 stop increment and fractions less than
0.5 stop are dropped).

[μm]

Image stabilization performance

Handheld blur amount

Reference handheld blur amountMeasured handheld blur amountTorMage Degradation Amount

Determination level forimage stabilization
performance

AF

Intrinsic image

degradation amount

1/100
1/125

Shutter Speed

1/2 [sec[sec.]

DR

Figure 4-5-3a Image stabilization performance

Both reference handheld blur amount and measured handheld blur amount are discretely acquired

at intervals of at most one stop. Accordingly, these amounts are calculated from the two shutter speeds
on either side of the determination level for image stabilization performance.
Using Figure 4-5-3b as an example, SS_OFF, where the reference handheld blur amount becomes

the determination level for image stabilization performance, is calculated by linearly interpolating theintersection on the logarithmic axis between the determination level for image stabilization
performance and the line connecting reference handheld blur amount SS1 and reference handheld bluramount SS2.
Likewise, SS_ON, where the measured handheld blur amount becomes the determination level forimage stabilization performance, is calculated by linearly interpolating the intersection on thelogarithmic axis between the determination level for image stabilization performance intersection andthe line connecting measured handheld blur amount SS3 and measured handheld blur amount SS4.
The difference between SS_OFF and SS_ON will give the number of stops of the image

32

stabilization performance.

[μm]

Image stabilization performance (Stop)

Handheld bluramountReference handheld blur amountMeasured handheld blur amount

SS2

SS3

SS4

AF

SS1

T

Determination level for
image
stabilization
performance

SS_OFF

SS_ON

Shutter Speed

DR

Figure 4-5-3b Image Stabilization Performance Calculation Method33

5. Description Method
5-1 Overview
This chapter specifies the description methods.
In the establishment of this standard, two vibration waveforms (WB-H and WB-L) are specified
which quite faithfully simulate characteristics of camera shake as induced by handheld shooting.
These two vibration waveforms were developed by analyzing extensive measurement data andadding further theoretical considerations.
In real situations, however, shooting generally starts by taking the camera out of a pocket or bag,adjusting certain settings, determining the shot composition by looking through a viewfinder or LCD
monitor, and then pressing the shutter button. Thus, cameras tend to be subjected to large vibrations

Tand shaking other than camera shake that arise during shooting. For some cameras, such factors may
adversely affect the image stabilization performance at the instant of shooting which this standard isintended to address. Still, faithfully reproducing the adverse effect such vibrations have on
measurements is not easy under this standard using a vibratory apparatus. It is also technically possible

AF

to produce a camera that is intentionally designed to generate favorable measurement results without
regard to practicality with special settings that are adapted to the characteristics of the camera vibration
waveforms specified in this standard.

Image stabilization performance in such cameras would be significantly lower than presented in thebrochure or other documentation in actual handheld shooting. Accordingly, if the image stabilization
performance for such cameras is presented in their brochures or the like as measured under thisstandard without modification, it would be misleading and detrimental to users. Therefore, suppliersDR

shall take great care not to make any presentation of image stabilization performance that may be
misleading or detrimental to users. If the image stabilization performance presented in the brochure or
the like is only available under specific conditions, such conditions shall be expressly stated unlesssuch conditions or facts are easily attainable by users from other information.

Performance and other specifications of the camera shall be measured according to the setup given

in 4. Measurement Method in this standard and described based on the specifications in 5. Description

Method. Here, description of measurement conditions and other information may be omitted except
where mandatory.

Description of values measured using methods other than those in this standard is not prohibited,
but such descriptions shall be made less prominently and measurement conditions shall be described.
If a numerical value to be described is an integer, its fractional portion may be omitted,
irrespective of digits specified for each item. (Example: 2.0 stops ⇒ 2 stops)
Specific names, designations, Japanese long-sound symbols, and distinctions between single-byte
and double-byte expressions may be used in customary expressions or names used by the suppliers or34

measurers provided that they do not cause misunderstanding. It shall be noted that:
Items clearly specified to be uniformly used and names defined in this standard shall follow suchspecifications; and names that may be confused with those defined in this standard shall not be used
under a different definition.

The method of describing image stabilization performance in brochures shall be as follows.
Image stabilization performance shall be described using "stops." Values shall be rounded to thenearest 0.5-stop (e.g., 2.7 stops → 2.5 stops) and described as shown in the following example. Also,
image stabilization performance may be described for multiple focal lengths. Here,a) The factory default setting is recommended for image stabilization mode. When image

Tstabilization performance is described by itself in this mode, the name of the image
stabilization mode used in the measurement may be omitted.

b) When using an image stabilization mode other than the factory default setting, the name of theimage stabilization mode used for measurement shall be clearly described.

AFc) For zoom lenses, the focal length (35 mm film equivalent) at which measurement is made orinformation replacing the focal length (such as “telephoto end”) shall clearly be described.
d) If the image stabilization performance presented is only available under specific conditions,such conditions shall be expressly stated unless such conditions or facts are easily attainable byusers from other information.

e) When using the measurement methods of this standard to measure image stabilization for otherthan yaw, pitch and roll, take care not to mix yaw/pitch/roll corrections with corrections forDRother axes in the measurement results.

f) When denoting image stabilization for axes other than yaw, pitch and roll, either clearly statethat the results were measured using proprietary measuring methods not conforming to CIPA
standards, or add other expressions to that effect.

g) In specification tables or brochure descriptions, the presence/absence of a roll image stabilizer
shall be clearly described.

h) The fact that measurements were made on the basis of this standard (CIPA Standard DC-X011–
2024) shall be clearly indicated. If there is no risk of confusion with other CIPA standards,
such an abbreviated description as CIPA2024 compliant is allowed to be used.

Note: Rules for description method of electronic image stabilization systems and of hybrid image
stabilization systems that use both electronic and optical stabilization are specified in CIPA DCG-007
Description Method for Image Stabilization Performance of Digital Cameras (Electronic/Hybrid
Systems).

35

5-2 Performance Description of Lens Integrated Camera with Image Stabilization Mechanism
5-2-1 Lens Integrated Camera with Image Stabilization in Roll Direction
Provisions
The number of stops of image stabilization performance both at the center and at image height 60%
shall be listed.
However, if 4-4-4 Action when Total Image Degradation Amount at Image Height 60% Is Not
Measurable of 4 Measurement Method is applicable and the measurement at image height 60% iscanceled, only the number of stops of the image stabilization performance at the center shall bepresented; then an explanation indicating that measurement of the number of stops at image height
60% image height was not taken shall be provided.

T

In specification tables or brochure descriptions, the presence of a roll image stabilizer shall beclearly described.
Description Example 1・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops and Corner 4 stops (yaw/pitch/rollAF

performance, 5-axis image stabilization, IS auto of image stabilization mode at focal length of
55mm (35mm film equivalent: 85mm), CIPA2024 compliant)

Description Example 2・Image stabilization performance:

Center 5 stops and Corner 4 stops (yaw/pitch/roll performance, yaw/pitch/roll/shift image
stabilization at a wide-angle end)

DR

Center 6 stops and Corner 5.5 stops (yaw/pitch/roll performance, yaw/pitch/roll/shift image
stabilization at a telephoto end), CIPA2024 compliant

Description Example 3: Prime lenses only
・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops and Corner 4 stops (yaw/pitch/roll
performance, 5-axis image stabilization, CIPA2024 compliant)

Description Example 4: Cameras with image stabilization for other than just yaw/pitch/roll・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops and Corner 4 stops* (yaw/pitch/roll
performance: CIPA2024 compliant)Reduced to 25% (shift performance: based on in-house measurement methods)*At focal length of 50mm (35mm film equivalent: 100mm),
yaw/pitch/roll/shift image stabilization

Description Example 5: When measurement at corners canceled36

・Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops, not measured at corner (yaw/pitch/roll
performance, 5-axis image stabilization, IS auto of image stabilization mode at focal length of
600mm (35mm film equivalent: 900mm), CIPA2024 compliant)

5-2-2 Lens Integrated Camera with Image Stabilization in Yaw/Pitch Directions and without
Image Stabilization in Roll Direction
Provisions
The number of stops of image stabilization performance at the center shall be described.

indicated.
Description Example 1

T

In specification tables or brochure descriptions, the absence of a roll image stabilizer shall be clearly・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops (yaw/pitch performance, 2-axis image
stabilization, IS auto of image stabilization mode at focal length of 55mm (35mm film

AF

equivalent: 85mm), CIPA2024 compliant)

Description Example 2・Image stabilization performance:

Center 5 stops(yaw/pitch performance, yaw/pitch/shift image stabilization at focal length of
55mm (35mm film equivalent: 85mm))

Center 6 stops (yaw/pitch performance, yaw/pitch/shift image stabilization at focal length ofDR

200mm (35mm film equivalent: 300mm)), CIPA2024 compliant

Description Example 3: Prime lenses only・Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops (yaw/pitch performance, yaw/pitch/shift image
stabilization, CIPA2024 compliant)

Description Example 4: Cameras with image stabilization for other than just yaw/pitch/roll・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops* (yaw/pitch performance: CIPA2024
compliant)Reduced to 25% (shift performance: based on in-house measurement methods)*At focal length of 50mm (35mm film equivalent: 100mm),
yaw/pitch/shift image stabilization37

5-3 Performance Description of Camera Body with Image Stabilization Mechanism
5-3-1 Camera Body with Image Stabilization in Roll Direction
Provisions
The number of stops of image stabilization performance both at the center and at image height 60%
shall be listed.
However, if 4-4-4 Action when Total Image Degradation Amount at Image Height 60% Is Not
Measurable of 4 Measurement Method is applicable and the measurement at image height 60% iscanceled, only the number of stops of the image stabilization performance at the center shall bepresented; then an explanation indicating that measurement of the number of stops at image height
60% image height was not taken shall be provided.

T

Lenses capable of utilizing the image stabilization performance shall be listed together by modelname.

In specification tables or brochure descriptions, the presence of a roll image stabilizer shall beclearly described.

AF

Description Example 1・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops and Corner 4 stops (yaw/pitch/roll
performance, 5-axis image stabilization with AB lens, IS auto of image stabilization mode at
focal length of 55mm (35mm film equivalent: 85mm), CIPA2024 compliant)

Description Example 2・Image stabilization performance:

DR

Center 5 stops and Corner 4 stops (yaw/pitch/roll performance, yaw/pitch/roll/shift image
stabilization with AB lens at focal length of 55mm (35mm film equivalent: 85mm))
Center 6 stops and Corner 5.5 stops (yaw/pitch/roll performance, yaw/pitch/roll/shift image
stabilization with AB lens at focal length of 200mm (35mm film equivalent: 300mm)),
CIPA2024 compliant

Description Example 3: Prime lenses only
・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops and Corner 4 stops (yaw/pitch/roll

performance, 5-axis image stabilization with EF lens, CIPA2024 compliant)

Description Example 4: Cameras with image stabilization for other than just yaw/pitch/roll・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops and Corner 4 stops* (yaw/pitch/roll
performance: CIPA2024 compliant)Reduced to 25% (shift performance: based on in-house measurement methods)*At focal length of 50mm (35mm film equivalent: 100mm),

38

yaw/pitch/roll/shift image stabilization with GH lensDescription Example 5: When measurement at corners canceled・Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops, not measured at corner (yaw/pitch/roll
performance, 5-axis image stabilization with AB lens, IS auto of image stabilization mode at
focal length of 600mm (35mm film equivalent: 900mm), CIPA2024 compliant)

5-3-2 Camera Body with Image Stabilization in Yaw/Pitch Directions and without Image
Stabilization in Roll Direction

T

Provisions

The number of stops of image stabilization performance at the center shall be described.

Lenses capable of utilizing the image stabilization performance shall be listed together by model
name.

AF

In specification tables or brochure descriptions, the absence of a roll image stabilizer shall be clearly
indicated.

Description Example 1・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops (yaw/pitch performance, 2-axis image
stabilization with AB lens, IS auto of image stabilization mode at focal length of 55mm (35mmfilm equivalent: 85mm), CIPA2024 compliant)DR

Description Example 2・Image stabilization performance:

Center 5 stops (yaw/pitch performance, yaw/pitch/shift image stabilization with AB lens at
focal length of 55mm (35mm film equivalent: 85mm))
Center 6 stops (yaw/pitch performance, yaw/pitch/shift image stabilization with AB lens at
focal length of 200mm (35mm film equivalent: 300mm)), CIPA2024 compliant

Description Example 3: Prime lenses only・Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops (yaw/pitch performance, yaw/pitch/shift image
stabilization with EF lens, CIPA2024 compliant)

Description Example 4: Cameras with image stabilization for other than just yaw/pitch/roll・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops* (yaw/pitch performance: CIPA2024
compliant)Reduced to 25% (shift performance: based on in-house measurement methods)39

*At focal length of 50mm (35mm film equivalent: 100mm),
yaw/pitch/shift image stabilization with GH lens

5-4 Performance Description of Interchangeable Lens with Image Stabilization Mechanism
5-4-1 Interchangeable Lens with Image Stabilization in Yaw/Pitch Directions and without Image
Stabilization in Roll Direction
Provisions
The number of stops of image stabilization performance at the center shall be described.
Camera bodies capable of utilizing the image stabilization performance shall be listed together byTmodel name.

Camera body used for measurement may be taken with or without image stabilization.
However, if possible, the image stabilization of the camera body used for measurement
be disabled.
be clearly stated.

AF

In specification tables or brochure descriptions, the absence of a roll image stabilizer in the lens shallDescription Example 1・Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops (yaw/pitch performance, lens with 2-axis
image stabilization, IS auto of image stabilization mode with AB camera at focal length of
55mm (35mm film equivalent: 85mm), CIPA2024 compliant)DR

Description Example 2・Image stabilization performance:

Center 5 stops (yaw/pitch performance, lens: yaw/pitch image stabilization with AB camera
at a wide angle end)

Center 6 stops (yaw/pitch performance, lens: yaw/pitch image stabilization with AB camera
at telephoto end), CIPA2024 compliant

Description Example 3: Prime lenses only・Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops (yaw/pitch performance, lens: yaw/pitch/shift
image stabilization with all cameras, CIPA2024 compliant)

Description Example 4: Cameras with image stabilization for other than just yaw/pitch/roll・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops* (yaw/pitch performance: CIPA2024
compliant)Reduced to 25% (shift performance: based on in-house measurement methods)40

*At focal length of 50mm (35mm film equivalent: 100mm),
lens: yaw/pitch/shift image stabilization with AB camera

5-5 Performance Description for Pairing a Camera Body with Image Stabilization Mechanism
and an Interchangeable Lens with Image Stabilization Mechanism
5-5-1 Pairing with Image Stabilization in Yaw/Pitch/Roll Directions
Provisions
The number of stops of image stabilization performance both at the center and at image height 60%
shall be listed.

T

However, if 4-4-4 Action when Total Image Degradation Amount at Image Height 60% Is Not
Measurable of 4 Measurement Method is applicable and the measurement at image height 60% iscanceled, only the number of stops of the image stabilization performance at the center shall bepresented; then an explanation indicating that measurement of the number of stops at image heightAF

60% image height was not taken shall be provided.

The camera body and lens capable of achieving the image stabilization performance shall be listed
together by model name.

In specification tables or brochure descriptions, the presence of a roll image stabilizer shall beclearly described.

Description Example 1・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops and Corner 4 stops (yaw/pitch/rollDRperformance, 5-axis image stabilization with AB camera and AB lens, IS auto of image
stabilization mode at focal length of 55mm (35mm film equivalent: 85mm), CIPA2024
compliant)

Description Example 2・Image stabilization performance:

Center 5 stops and Corner 4 stops (yaw/pitch/roll performance, yaw/pitch/roll/shift image
stabilization with AB camera and AB lens at focal length of 55mm (35mm film equivalent:85mm))

Center 6 stops and Corner 5.5 stops (yaw/pitch/roll performance, yaw/pitch/roll/shift image
stabilization with AB camera and AB lens at focal length of 200mm (35mm film equivalent:
300mm)), CIPA2024 compliant

Description Example 3: Prime lenses only
・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops and Corner 4 stops (yaw/pitch/roll41performance, 5-axis image stabilization with EF camera and EF lens, CIPA2024 compliant)

Description Example 4: Cameras with image stabilization for other than just yaw/pitch/roll・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops and Corner 4 stops* (yaw/pitch/roll
performance: CIPA2024 compliant)Reduced to 25% (shift performance: based on in-house measurement methods)*At focal length of 50mm (35mm film equivalent: 100mm),
yaw/pitch/roll/shift image stabilization with GH camera and GH lensDescription Example 5: When measurement at corners canceledT・Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops, not measured at corner (yaw/pitch/roll
performance, 5-axis image stabilization with AB camera and AB lens, IS auto of image

stabilization mode at focal length of 600mm (35mm film equivalent: 900mm), CIPA2024

AF

compliant)

5-5-2 Pairing with Image Stabilization in Yaw/Pitch Directions and without Image Stabilizationin Roll Direction
Provisions

The number of stops of image stabilization performance at the center shall be described.
The camera body and lens capable of achieving the image stabilization performance shall be listedDR

together by model name.

In specification tables or brochure descriptions, the absence of a roll image stabilizer shall be clearly
indicated.

Description Example 1・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops (yaw/pitch performance, 2-axis image
stabilization with AB camera and AB lens, IS auto of image stabilization mode at focal lengthof 55mm (35mm film equivalent: 85mm), CIPA2024 compliant)

Description Example 2・Image stabilization performance:

Center 5 stops (yaw/pitch performance, yaw/pitch/shift image stabilization with AB camera
and AB lens at focal length of 55mm (35mm film equivalent: 85mm))
Center 6 stops (yaw/pitch performance, yaw/pitch/shift image stabilization with AB camera
and AB lens at focal length of 200mm (35mm film equivalent: 300mm)), CIPA2024
compliant42

Description Example 3: Prime lenses only・Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops (yaw/pitch performance, yaw/pitch/shift image
stabilization with EF camera and EF lens, CIPA2024 compliant)

Description Example 4: Cameras with image stabilization for other than just yaw/pitch/roll・ Image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops* (yaw/pitch performance: CIPA2024
compliant)Reduced to 25% (shift performance: based on in-house measurement methods)*At focal length of 50mm (35mm film equivalent: 100mm),

DR

AF

T

yaw/pitch/shift image stabilization with GH camera and GH lens43

6. Explanation
6-1 Background of Specifying Measurement Method
This chapter specifies measurement methods in an effort to contribute to sound development within
the industry through the realization of fair competition.
When measuring image stabilization performance, the most understandable way is to compare theresults with image stabilization OFF against those with image stabilization ON and quantitatively
describe the difference as the effect of image stabilization. When doing so, the intrinsic image
degradation amount is first removed from the figures for both the ON and OFF states before
comparison. This allows for image degradation elements caused by factors other than camera shake toTbe easily removed and produces fairer measurement results.

Meanwhile, in the measurement method for this standard, the camera to be measured is vibratedusing a vibratory apparatus with the vibration waveforms specified by the standard and prescribed
performance. Accordingly, handheld blur amounts with image stabilization OFF should theoreticallyAF

be similar among cameras, exhibiting only subtle individual differences. Results of measurements forthis standard performed on many cameras have confirmed that in actuality, there is no significant
difference among cameras.

With fully automated cameras already on the market, there are already cameras without a mode
where image stabilization is OFF. This makes it difficult to measure all the cameras based on whether
image stabilization is ON or OFF. This trend is predicted to grow even further in the future.
Considering the errors that occur with measurement and the man-hours involved, completingDRmeasurement with image stabilization ON only instead of measuring twice with image stabilization
both ON and OFF will cut the chances for measurement errors in half and also reduce the work load.
For the above reasons, in this standard, image stabilization performance is calculated from thereference handheld blur amount, which corresponds to measurement results with image stabilization
OFF, and measured handheld blur amount, which is the measurement result with image stabilizationON.

6-2 Vibratory Apparatus

In measuring a camera’s image stabilization performance, the most realistic scenario is to shoot thehandheld blur measurement chart with the camera by hand. The scale and characteristics of camera
shake will vary among different individuals, however, and the same person may even produce different
results with a different camera or shooting conditions.
To specify the methods for measurement and describe image stabilization performance, such
uncertainties shall be eliminated. Using a mechanical device to generate vibration simulating camera

44

shake and transmitting the vibration to the camera is an effective means of achieving this affect. Suchdevices are called vibratory apparatuses. A vibratory apparatus is designed to reproduce camera shakeby human hands with an electric signal called a vibration waveform applied to vibrate the movableAFTpart of the apparatus.

Figure 6-2-1 Vibratory apparatus

6-3 Vibration Waveform

Preferably, the vibration waveform will be as close as possible to camera shake characteristics.

DR

Accordingly, CIPA has collected camera shake frequencies and amplitudes from many people byattaching a sensor to a camera and separating them into yaw, pitch and roll. Vibration waveforms weregenerated by analyzing the collected data and extracting characteristic frequency and amplitude tosynthesize the waveforms.

Handheld blur has six directional components in total: yaw, pitch, roll, X, Y, and Z. At a shooting

distances of about 20 times the focal length, however, yaw and pitch followed by roll are dominant,making the other directions practically negligible. Thus, waveforms with only three-axis components
were adopted.

45

＋

＋

-

-

Shake in Pitch Direction (Side View)

T

Shake in Yaw Direction (Plane View)

AF+

Shake in Roll Direction (Rear View)

Figure 6-3a Shake Directions

DR

In the process of analyzing the characteristics of camera shake, the frequency and amplitude of thecamera shake have been verified as differing between interchangeable lens cameras and compact
cameras. One major factor is the difference in total mass. Accordingly, two types of vibration
waveforms have been created to include optimal amplitude and frequency components for both camera
segments: WB-H for interchangeable lens cameras and WB-L for compact cameras.
In principle, the two waveforms are used for different purposes in carrying out measurements: onefor interchangeable lens cameras and the other for compact cameras. However, there are some compact
cameras with total mass close to that of interchangeable lens cameras, and further a new category ofcameras called non-reflex (mirrorless) cameras have now hit the market. For cameras with a total masssomewhere between that of a compact camera and interchangeable lens camera, using only one of thetwo waveform types has been confirmed to produce a discrepancy between the measured image
stabilization performance and image stabilization performance* as acquired in a shooting experimentwith many test subjects (Figure 6-3b).
Thus, the type of vibration waveform to use for calculating image stabilization performance isdetermined by total mass instead of camera category. WB-L is used for total masses of less than 400

46

g, WB-H is used for total masses of 600 g and above, and both of the vibration waveforms are used
for cameras between 400 g and 600 g. This is a result of statistical calculation based on results ofmeasurement on many cameras.
Taking the weighted average of measurement results according to the total mass when both typesof vibration waveforms are used was originally considered, but there was no significant difference inresults despite the more complex computation. Thus, a standard arithmetic method was settled upon.
* In the experiment, image stabilization performance was measured from images taken with image
stabilization ON and with image stabilization OFF. Image stabilization performance wasmeasured according to the method described in 4-4. Performance was calculated by comparing
values corresponding to the measured handheld blur amount acquired from images taken withT

image stabilization ON and with image stabilization OFF at the determination level for image
stabilization performance. In the experiment, however, yaw and pitch waveforms were used toAF

DR

手ぶれ補正効果の乖離[段]Performance [stops]

Deviation of Image Stabilization

calculate the image stabilization performance at the center of the image, and not the roll waveform.

Using
WB-HWB-H
使用時
Using
WB-L WB-L
使用時
Using both
waveforms

2波形 使用時

Ordinate: Image stabilization performance [stop] Based on "4. Measurement Method"- Image stabilization performancein Actual Usage State [stops]
縦軸： 「４．測定方法」に基づく手ぶれ補正効果[段]－ 被験者による撮影実験で得られた手ぶれ補正効果[段]

カメラ総質量[g]Totalcamera weight (g)Fig. 6-3b Test Result47

6-4 CIPA Handheld Blur Measurement Chart
To facilitate focusing and for general versatility, the CIPA handheld blur measurement chart uses
natural images as shown in Figure 4-2-1.

6-5 Handheld Blur Measurement Software
In finding the intrinsic image degradation amount and total image degradation amount, while it ispossible, for example, to visually read out the width of the boundary region between the black andwhite portions of the chart, it is not possible to eliminate variations among measurements. Thus,
handheld blur measurement software was developed to eliminate variation and for improvedT

convenience.

6-6 Shooting DistanceAF

In principle, the distance between the handheld blur measurement chart and the camera to bemeasured when measuring image stabilization performance shall be about 20 times the 35 mm film
equivalent focal length. This distance has been calculated in light of practical aspects to minimize
doubt about measurement results and the experiment environment. As an example, the shooting
distance for a camera with a 35 mm film equivalent focal length of 100 mm is about 2 m.
For a wide-angle lens having a 35 mm film equivalent focal length of 24 mm, the shooting distancewill be no more than 500 mm. In this situation, the handheld blur measurement chart, vibratoryDRapparatus, and lighting device can interfere, making measurement difficult. Conversely, the shooting
distance for a telephoto lens having a 35 mm film equivalent focal length of at least 500 mm would be
10 m or more, which could possibly make a shooting site with the proper conditions impractical.
In such unavoidable cases, shooting distance may be increased or shortened from 20 times the 35

mm film equivalent focal length by the minimum amount required.

Shooting Distance ≅ 20× Focal Length

Vibratory apparatus

Chart

48

Figure 6-6 Shooting Distance

6-7 Number of Shots
The vibration waveforms shown in 6-3 are used to measure image stabilization performance in thisstandard. However, there may be image stabilization performance errors due to bias in the datacollected if not enough shots are taken.
Thus, the specified minimum number of shots for each shutter speed in this standard is 200.
Shooting experiments (shooting at a shutter speed of 1/8 second) on many test subjects havestatistically revealed that taking roughly 200 images can suppress 95% of the variations in every

performance or less.

6-8 Determination Level for Image StabilizationTmeasurement of total image degradation amount to the determination level for image stabilization

AF

With handheld blur amount from images being the variable measured to determine the image
stabilization performance, it can be challenging to measure performance when there is only a little
image degradation or handheld blur.

In photography, the diameter of what is called the circle of confusion is often used for determining
image degradation. The largest circle of confusion incapable of determining image degradation andhandheld blur is referred to as the permissible circle of confusion. The size of the permissible circle ofconfusion will differ based on factors such as the size of the picture viewed, viewing distance and theDRbasis for calculation.

Thus, a level was derived by experiment that is close to the size of the permissible circle ofconfusion and leaves no doubts about the performance measurement that is the determination level forimage stabilization performance.

In recent years, the viewing environment of photographs has become more diverse, no longer being

limited to postcard size, and includes A4 or larger prints as well as viewing by computer monitors,
smartphones, tablets, and television monitors. With such diversity, photographs and images to beviewed are expanding more than before.

Specifically, images were created by enlarging the diameter of the circle of confusion incrementallyby computer simulation, and then prints of various sizes of A4 and larger were subjected to panel
testing at viewing distances from which the entire image could be seen. Panel tests were conductedusing a 24-inch PC monitor as a representative of self-illuminating displays, with the entire image
displayed at a normal viewing distance.
Generally, sensory evaluations of image quality will have a reference set at a point where at least
10% of panelists can recognize the difference in image quality. In the two panel test, approximately

4910% of panelists could determine image degradation or blur in the permissible circle of confusion at
a diameter of about 24 μm.
The permissible circle of confusion for each viewing device was calculated on the basis of the screen
size and viewing distance. That is, given 1 minute as the angle between two points which a personwith an eyesight of 1.0 (20/20 vision) is capable of discriminating and 600mm as the viewing distance,
for example, then, on the viewing device screen, this is equivalent to:tan (1/60°) × 600 [mm] × 1000 [μm/mm] = 175 [μm]Therefore, image degradation of 175 µm or less on the viewing device display screen can be said tobe almost unrecognizable by the viewer.
If this viewing device is an A4 print (diagonal length 364mm) and the camera is a 35mm full sizeT(diagonal length 43.3mm) camera, then, on the imaging element,
175 [μm] × 43.3 [mm] / 364 [mm] = 21 [μm]is the equivalent image degradation amount.

DR

μm.

AF

From the above result, the determination level for image stabilization performance was set to 20

50

Approx. 600mm~

T

A4 or larger print

Figure 6-8a Print Viewing Example

DR

AF

PC monitor

Figure 6-8b PC Monitor Viewing Example

51

Diagonal length 364mm

Diagonal length 43.3mm
1/8.4×A4 print size

35mm film size

6-9 Image Stabilization Performance Calculation

T

Figure 6-8c A4 Size and 35mm Film

AF

Generally, the measured handheld blur amount rapidly increases as shutter speeds slow down.
Accordingly, the actual handheld blur amount is a curve connecting handheld blur amounts acquired
discretely at intervals of at most one stop. While deriving the precise function for this curve would
require advanced mathematical techniques, linear approximation does not produce significant error as
long as intervals are at most one stop. Further, as the reference handheld blur amount forms a curve
similar to that of the measured handheld blur amount, linear approximation of these is expected tohave the errors in both cancel each other out and further reduce error.

DR

Thus, this standard avoids using a complex curve for calculating image stabilization performancewith linear approximation connecting two points with a straight line.

6-10 Lighting

Since the type and color temperature of lighting are unlikely to greatly affect measurement results,

no type of lighting is specified. However, the full handheld blur measurement chart shall be evenly lit
during measurement. Accordingly, the number of lights, positioning and other layout details will
require consideration.

Brightness of lighting is to be adjustable in case brightness adjustments are required to change the
shutter speed for settings in which shutter speed cannot be changed easily by camera operation. In
such cases, combined use with a neutral density (ND) filter can be effective.

52

6-11 Shooting Mode
With regard to the shooting mode for measuring image stabilization performance, while no specificshooting mode is stipulated, shooting modes will preferably be capable of remembering as many of
the items specified in 4-3-3 to 4-3-19 as possible and setting them in advance with the power OFF
given that shooting shall begin within three seconds after shooting is enabled following power ON.
This is required because shooting cannot start immediately if camera settings for measurement are
adjusted after the power is turned ON.
Next, the option of a mode "allowing for easy changing of the shutter speed" is mentioned. This is
recommended to make it easier to change shutter speeds when fulfilling the requirement to measure
handheld blur amounts at each shutter speed.

T

Many cameras, however, only have shooting modes such as "Auto" and "Program" that
automatically change shutter speed and aperture values according to the shooting environment andstate of the subject. For such cameras, measures will be required for changing the shutter speed, suchAF

as adjusting the brightness of lighting.

6-12 Image Quality Mode (Compression Ratio)

While no compression ratio is specified, image compression may result in noise effects which raise
doubts about the measurement results. Accordingly, a high image quality mode with low compression

DRratio is preferable.

6-13 Image Quality Mode (Number of Recording Pixels)
While no number of recording pixels is specified, fewer recording pixels may degrade resolution to

the point that doubts are raised about the measurement results. Accordingly, taking images at the
maximum number of pixels offered by the camera as not to impact resolution is preferable.

6-14 ISO Sensitivity

While no ISO sensitivity is specified, the noise effects from shooting at high sensitivity may raise

doubts about the measurement results. Accordingly, ISO sensitivity should be set relatively low toprevent noise.
However, some cameras do not allow the user to set ISO sensitivity. For such cameras, make every
effort not to render questionable measurement results. As noise levels change with ISO sensitivity
changes, camera settings should prevent ISO sensitivity changes where possible.

53

6-15 FlashFlashes may change image quality by emitting light and raise doubts about the measurement results.
Many cameras do not allow shutter speed adjustments with the flash activated. Accordingly,
measurement shall be made with the flash OFF.

6-16 Storage Media
Since types and capacities of storage media are not likely to raise issues with measurement results,
none are specified. However, storage media of extremely small capacity will have to be replacedTfrequently during measurement and will require data to be deleted. This would be a concern aschanging camera settings may result in inconsistent measurements.

Accordingly, storage media with sufficiently large capacity, that will not have to be replaced duringAF

measurements, are more convenient.

6-17 Focal Length for Measurements (Cameras Mounted with Zoom Lenses)
With optical zoom factors and focal length ranges varying from product to product, not every digital
camera can be measured at the same focal length. At first, the possibility of methods of selecting fromseveral predetermined focal lengths at both the wide-angle and telephoto end was considered. Given
that some cameras cannot select specific focal lengths, the decision on a focal length for measurementDRwill be left up to suppliers and measurers. Meanwhile, some cameras also offer different image
stabilization performance at different focal lengths. For this reason, the focal length for themeasurement shall be clearly labeled when listing image stabilization performance.

6-18 Electronic (Digital) Zoom

Electronic (digital) zoom shall not be used as it deteriorates image quality, which may raise doubts

about measurement results.

6-19 Focus Control
Whether autofocus (AF) or manual focus (MF) is used, measurements cannot distinguish between
handheld blur and the lens being out of focus if the camera is not properly focused on the handheld
blur measurement chart. This could possibly raise questions about measurement results.
Accordingly, the camera shall be properly focused on the handheld blur measurement chart when54

measuring.

6-20 White Balance
While white balance settings are not specified, shooting with extremely unbalanced color
temperature settings could raise questions about measurement results. Accordingly, white balance is
to be set appropriately for the light source to be used.

6-21 Image Aspect Ratio

T

While some cameras are capable of changing the image aspect ratio during imaging, differences inimage aspect ratio are unlikely to raise issues with measurement results for image stabilization
performance. There is thus no need to specify the image aspect ratio. The factory default setting modeAF

is recommended.

6-22 Image Stabilization Mode

Cameras may have one of several types of image stabilization modes. Some modes keep image
stabilization constantly on, while in others image stabilization may only be turned on when the shutter
is released. Some even have variable image stabilization characteristics depending on the shooting
mode and zoom position.

DR

Generally, most cameras will have a factory default auto shooting mode. As suppliers recommend
shooting mode to be set to auto, image stabilization modes where the camera operates in this stateshould be used.

In some cases, settings for image stabilization are not available in the factory default shooting mode,or image stabilization modes other than the factory default setting may exhibit higher image
stabilization performance at a certain focal length. In these cases, the supplier or measurer is notprecluded from selecting the appropriate image stabilization mode. However, if an image stabilization
mode other than the factory default setting is used, the name of the image stabilization mode used inmeasurement shall be clearly listed.

6-23 Necessity of Measurement at Image Height 60%
If hand-held night shots are taken with a camera that corrects only for yaw and pitch handheld blur,
there may still be blur-like image degradation at the corner of the image. In recent years, the range inwhich AF (auto focus) is possible within an image has expanded, and the main subject is often placed55

in the corner of the screen.
Therefore, in addition to measurement at the center of the image, the decision was made to add
measurement at positions of image height 60% at the corners of the image.

Camera Shake Characteristics
Camera shake has components in six axes total (yaw, pitch, roll, X, Y, and Z). For the sake of
explanation, assume that there is a left-handed coordinate system in three-dimensional space(Cartesian coordinate system with X, Y, and Z axes) and that the optical axis of the imaging lens iscoincident with the Z axis.
The X, Y, and Z components are the handheld blur in which reciprocating translational motionToccurs in the X-, Y-, and Z-axis directions, respectively. The Z component is the handheld blur in the
optical axis direction. The remaining X and Y components are the handheld blur in planes
perpendicular to the optical axis. The vertical and horizontal handheld blur together are generally
referred to as the shift component or shift handheld blur.

AF

The yaw, pitch, and roll components are the handheld blur in which reciprocating rotational motion
occurs about the X axis, Y axis, and Z axis, respectively. The reciprocating rotational motion about theY axis and the reciprocating rotational motion about the X axis are called the yaw component and thepitch component. The reciprocating rotational motion about the optical axis (Z axis) is called the rollcomponent.

The X, Y, and Z components, when converted to the amounts of handheld blur on an imaging
surface, are proportional to the magnification of the image. When the shooting distance is 20 times theDR

focal length or more, the amount of handheld blur decreases considerably, and the yaw, pitch, and thenroll components become dominant in the amount of handheld blur on the imaging plane, and the otherthree axis components of X, Y, and Z can be virtually ignored.

+Yaw+Pitch+Y+X+Z

Left-handed coordinate system+Roll

Figure 6-23a Coordinate System

56

Degree of Image Height Impact on Roll Component
The roll component is a reciprocating rotational handheld blur about the optical axis (Z axis),
resulting in a Handheld Blur amount of zero at the center of the image plane (image height 0%). The
handheld blur amount then increases in proportion to the image height.
In this standard, the vibration waveforms are those of the three axis components of yaw, pitch, androll. While the number of stops of the image stabilization performance for the yaw and pitch
components can be measured at the center of the image plane (image height 0%), measurement of thenumber of stops of the image stabilization performance for yaw, pitch, and roll components requiresTmeasurement at a certain image height at the corners of the image.

Roll Handheld blur amount at a given moment

AF

Image height 100%

Circle with radius at image height 60%
Circle with radius at image height 30%

DR

Figure 6-23b Roll Handheld blur Amount at Given Moment

Reason for Measuring Corner of Image at Height 60%
When the positions of main subjects (people, eyes, animals, plants, etc.) were measured in multiple

photographs, more than 95% of the subjects were positioned within a radius of image height 60%
about the center of the imaging plane.

Image height 100%

Image height A%●●●

Figure 6-23c Example of Main Subject Position (Eye Position)
57

●
●
● ●
●
● ●
●
●
●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●
● ●●●●●●●●● ●● ●
●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●

Circle with radius at image height 60%

Center of image●

T

Figure 6-23d Distribution of Main Subject Positions

The decision was therefore made to measure the number of stops of image stabilization performanceAFat two positions: the center of the imaging plane, where many main subjects are present, and at image
height 60%, which is an outer edge where main subjects are present.

Reason for Use of Average Value of Number of Stops at Four Corners

For the measurement at image height 60%, a total of four locations at points B in Figure 4-23e on
diagonal lines are measured, and an average value of the number of stops of the image stabilizationDR

performance is used.

B

B

Circle with radius at image height 60%
Center measurement position●

B

Measurement positions B (four) at image height 60%

B

Figure 6-23e Measurement Positions of Number of Stops of Image Stabilization Performance

When the remaining handheld blur components following camera based image stabilization ischecked, the center of rotation of the roll residual handheld blur is sometimes shifted from the centerof the image. As a result, the number of stops of image stabilization performance at the four positions

58

on the diagonal lines at image height 60% may differ in value. To mitigate this variation, the averagevalue of the four locations is used.
As illustrated in the figure below, if the center of rotation of the roll handheld blur of the remaining
handheld blur is shifted from the center of the image during roll image stabilization, the remaining rollhandheld blur amounts at the four B positions differ, increasing as the distance from the center ofrotation of the roll handheld blur of the remaining handheld blur increases. To indicate performancein detail, it would be best to indicate the number of stops of image stabilization performance at thefour locations; however, because doing so would result in an increase in number of display values, thedecision was made that the average value of the four positions at image height 60% shall be presented.
This average value may be the number of stops obtained from the average of the measured handheldTblur amounts at the four positions or may be the average of the number of stops obtained at each of
the four positions.

If the number of decimal places in the number of stops at each of the four positions
obtained in the process has large enough to minimize the error when the number of stops

AF

is set to a 0.5 stop increment after averaging, the difference between these two averaging
methods becomes minute.

Center of rotation of remaining roll handheld blur (example)●

Center of image

DR●

Remaining roll handheld blur

Figure 6-23f Example of Shifted Center of Rotation of Remaining Roll Handheld Blur

6-24 Theoretical Handheld Blur Amount when Yaw/Pitch/Roll Handheld Blur Present
As described in 2) Theoretical Handheld Blur Amount of 4-5-1 Calculation of Basic Values

Required to Calculate Image Stabilization Performance, the following equality is defined in thisstandard:

Theoretical handheld blur amount [μm] =(Yaw/pitch theoretical handheld blur amounts [μm])2 + (Roll theoretical handheld blur amount[μm])2The yaw and pitch vibration waveforms and roll vibration waveform excited by the vibration tableare vectors in the same plane when observed on the imaging plane of a camera and, when considered59

in the context of a single image taken at a certain shutter speed, have components that add to andcancel out each other. Therefore, to strictly obtain a theoretical handheld blur amount, preferably
simulation is performed for each focal length and each shutter speed using the vibration waveforms.
However, the correlation between the yaw/pitch vibration waveforms and the roll vibration waveform
is low and, even if the theoretical handheld blur amount is statistically calculated as the square root of
the sum of the squares of the yaw/pitch theoretical handheld blur amount and the roll theoreticalhandheld blur amount, the difference from the value strictly obtained from such simulation is small.
Therefore, in this standard, the theoretical handheld blur amount is determined by the square root of
the sum of the squares. The advantage of this method is, as long as there are two tables of numericalvalues, namely the yaw/pitch average vibration angle and the roll average vibration angle for eachTshutter speed, the simplicity of calculating the theoretical handheld blur amount at any focal length
using a mathematical formula.

On the other hand, the method of strictly obtaining the theoretical handheld blur amount by
simulation requires the measurer to obtain the theoretical handheld blur amount for each shutter speed

AF

at all focal lengths from wide-angle to telephoto.

6-25 Description Method

Meaning of Each Section of Performance Description

In this revision, the main section of the performance description example for, for example, a camera
body with a yaw/pitch/roll image stabilization mechanism, is A stops at center, B stops at cornerDR(yaw/pitch/roll performance, *).

The words "center" and "corner" written before the number of stops are easy words to indicate thelocation of the performance measurement within the screen. Center means "performance at the center
position of the image at image height 0%" and corner means "performance at a corner position atimage height 60%.”

The “yaw/pitch/roll performance” written after “Center A stops and Corner B stops” means that thecomprehensive evaluation was for yaw/pitch/roll image stabilization performance. Evaluationis performed at the center where, although the image stabilization performance of rollcannot be evaluated, many main subjects are placed, and evaluation is performed at thecorner to evaluate the image stabilization performance of the three components yaw,
pitch, and roll combined.
Information such as the camera name, lens name, and focal length is added in * as necessary.

60Means performance at center at image height 0%
Means performance at corner at image height 60%

Center A stops and Corner B stops (yaw/pitch/roll performance, *)T

Means evaluation was for yaw/pitch/roll image stabilization performance

AF

Figure 6-25a Explanation of Wording in Performance Description (1)The main section of the performance description example of a single imaging lens is Center A stops(yaw/pitch performance, *).

Center means performance at center at image height 0%.

The “yaw/pitch performance” written after “Center A stops” means that the evaluation was foryaw/pitch image stabilization performance and conducted only at the center without a roll handheld
blur component. General image stabilization mechanisms built into imaging lenses can compensate
for yaw/pitch and shift handheld blur, but cannot compensate for roll handheld blur. Therefore, onlyDR

the center was evaluated and not the corner positions.

Information such as the camera name, lens name, and focal length is added in * as necessary.

Means performance at center at image height 0%Center A stops (yaw/pitch performance, *)Means evaluation was for yaw/pitch image stabilization performance

Figure 6-25b Explanation of Wording in Performance Description (2)Variations of Performance Description Examples in Brochures
Description examples are provided in 5. Description Method. The following are variations based on61the description examples. These variations, however, are merely examples and not limitations.

Variation of 5-3-1 Camera Body with Image Stabilization in Roll Direction of 5-3 Camera Body with
Image Stabilization Mechanism:

Example of specifying all contents in specification table:
Specification Table of Camera B

stabilization
Image
stabilization
performanceYYyaw/pitch/roll/shift image stabilization

T

Image

XX

Center 5 stops and Corner 4 stops (yaw/pitch/roll performance, 24-70mm lens, f =70mm, IS auto of image stabilization mode)

AF

XX

YY

Example specifying contents separately in specification table and description:
Specification Table of Camera B
XX
Image

Center 5 stops and Corner 4 stops (yaw/pitch/roll performance, 24-70mm lens, f =DRstabilizationXX

performance
YY

70mm, IS auto of image stabilization mode)
YY

In description:. . . This camera B is equipped with a 5-axis image stabilization mechanism . . .

Example of specifying all contents in description:
In description:. . . This camera B is equipped with a 5-axis image stabilization mechanism.
. . . The image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops and Corner 4 stops with a 24-70mm lens
(yaw/pitch/roll performance, f = 70mm, IS auto of image stabilization mode) . . .

62

Variation of 5-4-1 Interchangeable Lens with Image Stabilization in Yaw/Pitch Directions of 5-4
Interchangeable Lens with Image Stabilization Mechanism
Example of specifying all contents in specification table:
Specification Table of Lens A

stabilization
Image
stabilization
performance
YY

Yaw/pitch image stabilization

Center 5 stops (yaw/pitch performance, f = 70mm, IS auto of image stabilization mode

T

Image

XX

with camera B)
YY

AF

XX

Example specifying contents separately in specification table and description:
Specification Table of Lens A
XX
Image
stabilization

Center 5 stops (yaw/pitch performance, f = 70mm, IS auto of image stabilization modewith camera B)

DR

performance

XX

YY

YY

In description:. . . This lens A is equipped with a 2-axis image stabilization mechanism (yaw/pitch image
stabilization) . . .

Example of specifying all contents in description:

In description:. . . This lens A is equipped with a 2-axis image stabilization mechanism.
. . . The image stabilization performance: Center 5 stops with camera B (yaw/pitch performance, f =70mm, IS auto of image stabilization mode) . . .

63

Explanation of Performance Description Examples in Brochure of Interchangeable Lens
In a brochure of an individual interchangeable lens, only the number of stops of image stabilization
performance at the center is described in principle in accordance with the provisions of 5-4
Interchangeable Lens with Image Stabilization Mechanism of 5 Description Method. However, thenumber of stops of image stabilization performance at the center and at image height 60% may be
indicated in accordance with the provisions of 5-5 Pairing of Camera Body with Image Stabilization
Mechanism and Interchangeable Lens with Image Stabilization Mechanism.
Two examples of such descriptions are given below.

T

Example specifying contents separately in specification table and description:
Specification Table of Lens A

Image
stabilization
Image
stabilization
performance

Yaw/pitch image stabilization

Center 5 stops (yaw/pitch performance, f = 70mm, with camera B)

YY

DR

YY

XX

AF

XX

In description:...

When this lens A is paired with camera C (equipped with yaw/pitch/roll image stabilization mechanism),
the performance is Center 5.5 stops and Corner 4.5 stops (yaw/pitch/roll performance, f = 70 mm),
When this lens A is paired with camera D (equipped with 5-axis image stabilization mechanism), theperformance is Center 6 stops and Corner 5 stops (yaw/pitch/roll performance, f = 70 mm),...

Example of specifying all contents in specification table:
Specification Table of Lens A
XX
Image
stabilization

XX
Yaw/pitch image stabilization

64

Center 5 stops (yaw/pitch performance, f = 70mm, with camera B),
Image

Center 5.5 stops and Corner 4.5 stops (yaw/pitch/roll performance, f = 70mm, withstabilization

camera C (equipped with yaw/pitch/roll image stabilization mechanism)),

performance

Center 6 stops and Corner 5 stops (yaw/pitch/roll performance, f = 70mm, with camera
D (equipped with 5-axis image stabilization mechanism))

YY

YY

Example of Use of Performance Description
If the number of stops of image stabilization performance are listed as Center A stops and Corner B

Tstops, the photographer can take advantage of the two stop values.
For example, if photographing a person at the center of the image and not concerned about handheld
blur in the peripheral background or an out-of-focus periphery, the photographer can set the shutter
speed with reference to the number of stops of image stabilization performance at the center (A) andAF

take the photograph with minimal handheld blur.

Circle at image height 60%

DR

●

●

Figure 6-25c Photographing a Person (with Eyes Substantially at Center, and Periphery Out-ofFocus)

If photographing a person at the corner of the screen, the photographer can set the shutter speedwith reference to the number of stops of image stabilization performance at the corner (B) and takethe photograph with minimal handheld blur.

●

65

●

Circle at image height 60%

Figure 6-25d Photographing a Person (with Eyes at Image Height 60%)

In landscape photography in which the entire screen is in focus, it is often preferred to take thephotograph with minimal handheld blur both at the center of the image and the corner of the image.
In this case, the photographer can set the shutter speed with reference to the number of stops of image
stabilization performance at the center (A) and at the corner (B) and take the photograph across a wideTrange of the screen with minimal handheld blur.

AF

Circle at image height 60%

Figure 6-25e Photographing a Landscape (with Entire Screen in Focus at Infinity)

In this way, the photographer can set an appropriate shutter speed that does not cause noticeableDR

handheld blur of the main subject by using two different numbers of stops of image stabilization
performance on the basis of the position (image height) of the main subject.

6-26 Action when Number of Stops at Image Height 60% Is Not Measurable
With a super-telephoto lens of about 800mm (35mm film equivalent), for example, when vibrationis started after the center of the image is aligned with the center of the CIPA handheld blurmeasurement chart, an image may be captured with the center of the image and the center of the chartsignificantly misaligned. As a result, the position at image height 60% on the chart may be off-screen

or close to the edge of the screen, making measurement not possible.
This occurs when the image stabilization operation of the lens or camera is not aligned with the
low-frequency, large-amplitude operation of the vibration table. The diagonal measurement positionsat image height 60% on the chart tend to be close to the screen edge at the maximum amplitude ofpitch handheld blur. The maximum amplitude of pitch handheld blur of the vibration waveform TWBH is approximately ±0.4°. With an image aspect ratio of 3:2, the angles (margin angles) from the66

diagonal positions at image height 60% to the top and bottom edges of the image are calculated to be
1.4 degrees at a focal length of 200mm, 0.7 degrees at 400mm, 0.5 degrees at 600mm, and 0.4 degrees
at 700mm. Depending on the image stabilization characteristics and exposure timing, the focal lengthof a lens with a margin angle of less than the maximum amplitude of approximately ±0.4 degrees is
700 mm (margin angle: 0.4 degrees) or greater, possibly causing the chart diagonal measurement
positions at image height 60% to be off-screen or close to the screen edge, making measurement notpossible.
In this state, the performance descriptions specified in 5-2 Performance Description of Lens
Integrated Camera with Image Stabilization Mechanism, 5-3 Performance Description of Camera
Body with Image Stabilization Mechanism, and 5-5 Performance Description of Pairing of Camera

T

Body with Image Stabilization Mechanism and Interchangeable Lens with Image Stabilization
Mechanism cannot be listed.

On the other hand, with a focal length of 200mm (margin angle: 1.4 degrees) or less, there is enoughmargin for a maximum amplitude of approximately ±0.4 degrees, never resulting in chart diagonalAFmeasurement positions at image height 60% being off-screen or close to the screen edge and theconsequential impossibility of measurement.

Examples of Action when Number of Stops at Image Height 60% Is Not Measurable
Example 1:

If measurement is not possible at image height 60%, measurement can often be carried out by settingDR

the focal length of the lens to be measured to a wider angle.

Example 2:

When 4-4-4 Action when Total Image Degradation Amount at Image Height 60% Is Not Measurableof 4. Measurement Method is applicable, photographs not measurable at image height 60% may be
excluded. In this case, additional photographs may be taken until at least 200 measurable photographs
are obtained for selection criteria I and II, or additional photographs may be taken until at least 100

measurable photographs each are obtained for selection criteria III using two kinds of waveforms, andthe total image degradation amount may be calculated using those photographs.
However, if the number of additional shots is large, the measurement at image height 60% may becanceled.
If the measurement is canceled, only the number of stops of image stabilization performance at thecenter of the image shall be listed, and the description shall clearly indicate that the number of stops
at image height 60% was not measured, in accordance with 5. Description Method.

67

6-27 Difference in Number of Stops of Image Stabilization Performance between Center andCorner
The number of stops of image stabilization performance tends to be lower at the corner than at thecenter. The amount of reduction in the number of stops at the corner relative to the center tends to besmaller for telephoto lenses than for wide-angle lenses. The reason is as follows.
For ease of explanation, description will be made using a wide-angle lens having focal length of
24mm and a telephoto lens having focal length of 200mm as examples.

In principle, there is no roll handheld blur effect at the center. Therefore, the technical difficulty of
reducing the 200μm combined yaw and pitch handheld blur amount caused by vibration waveformsTto the handheld blur determination level of 20μm, that is, to 1/10, is about the same for both the 24mm
wide angle and the 200mm telephoto.

On the other hand, at the corners (image height 60%), there is a roll handheld blur effect, and theAFshutter speed corresponding to a 200μm combined yaw, pitch, and roll handheld blur amount causedby vibration waveforms is approximately 1.5 seconds at 24mm and approximately 1/19 seconds at
200mm. At this time, the ratio of the roll handheld blur amount to the combined yaw, pitch, and rollhandheld blur amount and the roll handheld blur amount are 23% and approximately 57μm at 24mm
and 3% and approximately 7μm at 200mm.

The yaw and pitch handheld blur amounts are values close to 200μm, and thus the technicaldifficulty of reducing these amounts to 1/10 is the same as that at the center described above.

DR

However, compared to the yaw and pitch handheld blur amounts, the roll handheld blur amounts
are as small as 57μm and 7μm, and the technical difficulty of further reducing these small amounts to
1/10 is high.

Therefore, even if it is technically possible to reduce the yaw and pitch handheld blur amounts to

1/10, it may not be possible to reduce the roll handheld blur amount to 1/10. As a result, the numberof stops of image stabilization performance tends to be lower at the corners than at the center.
The roll handheld blur amounts are 57μm at 24mm and already a minute 7μm at 200mm. Therefore,

even if the handheld blur amount cannot be reduced to 1/10, the amount of residual handheld blur isvery small. Thus, with the roll handheld blur amount at 200mm being small to begin with, the residual
handheld blur is very small even if the blur reduction effect is small. Accordingly, at 200mm, compared

to 24mm, the reduction in the number of stops of image stabilization performance at the corners tends
to be small compared to that at the center.
In other words, the yaw and pitch handheld blur amounts increase in proportion to focal length, but
the roll handheld blur amount does not change. As the focal length becomes increasingly telephoto,
the shutter speed to be measured increases and the yaw and pitch handheld blur amounts and roll

68

handheld blur amount are reduced by the same ratio. Therefore, the roll handheld blur effect isrelatively small, and the difference between the numbers of stops at the center and at the corner tends
to decrease in the telephoto range.

Corner 4.5 stops

Corner 4.0 stops●●

Circle with radius atCenter 5.0 stops●

image height 60%

Center 5.0 stops●(corner)
Center measurementT

position

Example of wide-angle lensExample of telephoto lensAF

Figure 6-27 Example of Difference in Number of Stops of Image Stabilization Performance

6-28 Vibration Waveforms

The 2024 standard DC-X011-2024 revision adds a roll motion blur component to the vibration
waveforms, resulting in the vibration waveforms having the three rotating components of yaw, pitch,
and roll. Camera shake caused by the human hand includes components in six axes total (yaw, pitch,roll, X, Y, and Z), but the three X, Y, and Z translational components are not addressed herein. Camera

DRshake has components in six axes total (yaw, pitch, roll, X, Y, and Z).

Ideally, the vibration waveforms should be similar to those of camera shake caused by the humanhand. Using advanced measurement technology, CIPA measured the vibration of a handheld camera,
analyzed the roll vibration component, and successfully standardized the roll vibration waveform forthe vibration table in this revision. This standard makes it possible to induce vibration and takemeasurements in a state closer to the camera shake caused by the human hand than the 2015 standard
DC-001-2015 by using three-axis vibration including yaw and pitch, which are particularly dominantvibration components of the captured image, and roll, a component having the next largest impact.

Reason for Measurement Based on Vibration of All Three Axes
The first reason for measurement based on all three axes is to simulate camera shake in a state closer
to that caused by the human hand. Therefore, regardless of the image height of measurement, vibrationon the three axes of yaw, pitch, and roll shall be required.

The second reason is to further include evaluation of roll image stabilization. This evaluation69

requires measurement at a certain image height, such as image height 60%, with vibration on the threeaxes of yaw, pitch, and roll.
On the other hand, at the center of the image, roll handheld blur does not occur in principle, resulting
in the expectation that the number of stops of image stabilization performance would be the same even
if the measurement thereof at the center of the image was simplified to measurement based on vibrationon the two axes of yaw and pitch instead of the three axes of yaw, pitch, and roll. However, actual
measurement, at times, told a different story.
One possible factor is the overall difficulty of image stabilization. That is, when only yaw and pitch
vibrations are used and not roll vibration, it is only necessary for the sensor to separately detect yaw
and pitch motion blur and for the image stabilization mechanism to stabilize the two yaw and pitchTcomponents. However, in the case of vibration with the three components of yaw, pitch, and roll, it isnecessary for the sensor to separately detect the yaw, pitch, and roll components of the camera shakeand for the image stabilization mechanism to stabilize the three components of yaw, pitch, and roll.
In this standard, therefore, regardless of whether image stabilization performance at image heightAF

60% is measured or not, the three vibration waveforms of yaw, pitch, and roll shall be simultaneously
applied during all measurements.

Explanation of Shift Handheld Blur

Current cameras are sometimes equipped with a mechanism configured to reduce handheld blurtranslating in two axial directions within a plane orthogonal to the optical axis. This handheld blur isreferred to as "shift handheld blur.”DR

The impact of shift handheld blur appears at imaging distances closer than about 20 times the 35mm
film equivalent focal length, and is even greater at magnifications close to 1x (equal magnification)with lenses called macro lenses or micro lenses.

Why Shift Image Stabilization Was Not Standardized in this Revision
In order to properly evaluate shift image stabilization, the shift vibration waveform and imaging

magnification shall be appropriately set. With the distance being so close, the measurement accuracy
is greatly affected by the positioning accuracy of the camera on the vibration table, the positioning
accuracy of the center of rotation of the vibration table, and the positioning accuracy and squarenessof the chart. In addition, changes in focus during vibration also impact measurement accuracy.
However, at this time, without an evaluation method properly satisfying these conditions, thisstandard does not incorporate a method for measuring shift image stabilization performance.

6-29 Difference in Number of Stops of Image Stabilization Performance Between 2015 Standard

70

(CIPA DC-011–2015) and 2024 Standard (CIPA DC-X011-2024)
In the 2015 standard (CIPA DC-011-2015), yaw and pitch vibration waveforms were used tomeasure the number of stops of image stabilization performance at the center of the image at a
handheld blur determination level of 63μm.
In the 2024 standard (CIPA DC-X011-2024), the roll vibration waveform is newly added to theyaw and pitch vibration waveforms of the 2015 standard to measure the number of stops of image
stabilization performance at the center of the image and at image height 60% at a handheld blurdetermination level of 20μm.

With the handheld blur determination level being tightened from 63μm to 20μm, the amount ofT

handheld blur in an image shall be reduced on the camera to 20μm or less, possibly changing thenumber of stops of image stabilization performance measured with the camera.

Further, with a roll vibration waveform being added to the yaw and pitch vibration waveforms, theAFthree vibration components shall be accurately separated into the yaw, pitch, and roll vibration
components and detected on the camera. Thus, while the 2015 standard only required the separate
detection of two components, the 2024 standard requires separate detection of three components,
which increases technical difficulty and, as a result, is likely to reduce the number of stops of image

DRstabilization performance.

71

7. Participating members
The bulk of the deliberations over the formulation of the standards described in this document was
performed by the Anti-blur Sub-Working Group.
The members of the Sub-Working Group are listed below;
Standardization Committee
Technical Working Group

DR

AF

T

Anti-blur Sub-Working Group72

Appendix (Informative)
Explanation of Terminology
Relating to Handheld Blur for Digital Cameras
A-1 Introduction

CIPA has issued the “CIPA DCG-002-2012 Specification Guideline for Digital Cameras (Revised
Version)” as a guideline for describing the specifications of digital cameras in brochures and the like.

T

The document includes definitions of terminology relating to handheld blur, and how it should be used.
Such terminology includes “image stabilization” and “blur reduction,” and also “blur suppression,”
which is a generic term encompassing the former two expressions.

AF

However, at present, it is possible to find examples in brochures and on the websites of suppliers
where such expressions relating to handheld blur have been defined differently or without clear
distinctions between them. Aside from causing confusion for users, such misuse of terminology
prevents fair competition between rival enterprises.

For the above reason, this Appendix seeks to systematically reorganize the terminology relating tohandheld blur used for digital cameras and provides a definition-based explanation.
The same information in this appendix also forms the content of the appendix of “CIPA DCG-0072015 Description method for Image Stabilization Performance of Digital Cameras (Electronic/HybridDR

Systems).”

A-2 Basic concept of this Appendix“CIPA DCG-002-2012 Specification Guideline for Digital Cameras (Revised Version)” contains“Commentary (6)-3. Further clarifications of ‘image stabilizer’ and ‘blur reduction’,” in which

examples are provided of how “(a) image stabilizer” and “(b) blur reduction {mode}” as described in“Item 17: Blur Suppression” are respectively used. This appendix reproduces Commentary (6)-3 but
provides more, detailed explanation.

A-3 Explanation
In line with the establishment of “CIPA DCG-002-2012 Specification Guideline for Digital Cameras(Revised Version),” “CIPA DCG-007-2015 Description Method for Image Stabilization Performanceof Digital Cameras (Electronic/Hybrid Systems),” and this present standard, further clarification is73

given of the definitions of “image stabilization” and “blur reduction.” Also indicated are “terminology
relating to blurring,” examples of “output by blur detecting devices,”

definition of the “image

stabilizer” function and examples, the definition of “blur reduction” and examples, cases where theimage stabilizer function has a different method and subject, and when both the image stabilizer
function and blur reduction are present.

A-3-1 Terminology relating to blurring“Blur” is interpreted as displacement from a given position, and when used as camera terminology,
blur can be broadly classified into “handheld blur” and “motion blur”.

T“Handheld blur” refers to blurring of the subject in shot images as a result of camera movement due
to instability of the hand(s) holding the camera. “Motion blur” refers to blurring of the subject in shot
images as a result of movement of part or all of the subject during shooting irrespective of whether or
not there is handheld blur.

AF

Note that although “vibration isolation” is known as a method of preventing shake, “vibration
isolation” in used in regard to equipment that prevents vibration from being applied to the camera
itself, and is therefore terminology from a different field to image stabilization.

Blur Suppression

Image Stabilization

Handheld Blur Correction /Image Stabilization*1

DR

Motion Blur Correction*2

Blur Reduction(using a fast shutter speed with highSensitivity, selecting an image from plural images, etc.

*1 Optical systems(VAP, lens shift system, sensor shift system, etc.
Electronic systems(image synthesis image restoration, etc.)
Hybrid systems(concurrently using an optical system and an electronic system)

2* Electronic systems(image synthesis, tec.)

The tree diagram given above shows terminology relating to blur. The following content about

blur suppression is given in the “CIPA DCG-002-2012 Specification Guideline for Digital Cameras(Revised Version),” but here contains more, detailed explanation.

A-3-1-1 Blur suppression
The expressions “image stabilizer” and “blur reduction” are generic terms and refer to74the suppression of “handheld blur” and/or “motion blur” by some kind of control means
provided in a camera. “Blur suppression” is broadly classified into “image stabilizer” and“blur reduction”.
a) Image stabilizer
This refers to a function that uses the output by a blur detection device to correct
blurring in output images caused by movement of the camera itself (due to handheld bluror the like) and/or movement of the subject. However, even if the output by a blurdetection device is used, systems where shooting is carried out using a fast shutter speed
as a result of optimization by an exposure control program and systems where nocorrected are regarded as b) “blur reduction.”Tsignificant improvement is observed in output images in which handheld blur has been
The category “image stabilizer” is divided into “handheld blur correction” and “motion
correction.”b) Blur reduction

AF

blur correction.” Optical, electronic and hybrid systems exist for “handheld blurThis refers to a function or mode that reduces blurring in output images caused by
movement of the subject and/or handheld blur and its main means is using a fast shutter
speed as a result of optimization by an exposure control program. Although blur
reduction is one method of an exposure control mode and a sensitivity control mode, there
are no problems with this function being separately referred to as a blur reductionDRfunction or mode.

A-3-2 Examples of “output by blur detection device”a) Measurement using a gyro-sensor or the like.
b) Measurement by comparing images from continuous shooting (motion vectors between
continuously shot images or the like)c) Measurement through analysis of blur (image degradation) in single images (calculation of theblur (image degradation function))A-3-3 Explanation of “image stabilizer” and examples

A-3-3-1 Explanation
The image stabilizer function is interpreted here to mean a function that uses the output by a blur75

detection device to correct blurring in output images caused by movement of a camera itself (due tohandheld blur or the like) and/or movement of the subject. Accordingly, if there is significant
deterioration in image quality as a side effect of correction when no significant correcting effect has
been achieved, or when the probability of a correcting effect being obtained is extremely low, it is notpossible to regard the technology being used as “image stabilizer” technology.

A-3-3-2 Optical, electronic, and hybrid systems
Out of the examples of the image stabilizer function given below in A-3-3-3, a) and b) are called
optical systems, while c) to e) are called electronic systems. Systems that use a combination of opticaland electronic technology are called “hybrid systems” and usually have characteristics of both types

Tof technology. Examples of hybrid systems are listed below.

･ Systems where optical and electronic technology operates simultaneously.

･ Systems that appropriately switch between optical and electronic technology according to theshooting conditions and the extent of the handheld blur.

AF･ Systems where correction according to an optical system and correction according to an electronicsystem are carried out on different axes, with both systems being present.

A-3-3-3 Examples of systems that are considered to be suitable for classification as “image
stabilizer” systems. (NB. These are just examples, and the image stabilizer function is not limited
to such.)DRa) A method where subject displacement in the image caused by handheld blur is corrected bymoving part or all of the lens in parallel relative to the image sensor using the output by a blurdetection device.

b) A method where subject displacement in the image caused by handheld blur is corrected byrotating or moving in a perpendicular direction relative to the optical axis using the output by ablur detection device.

c) A method where multiple images with reduced blur are taken at a fast shutter speed and such
images are combined (aligned etc.) using the output by a blur detection device to obtain an
output image with reduced blur and virtually the same image quality (S/N) as an image shot at
the usual shutter speed.
d) A method where an image with reduced blur shot at a fast shutter speed and an image shot at theusual shutter speed are combined (aligned etc.) using the output by a blur detection device toobtain an output image with reduced blur and virtually the same image quality (S/N) as animage shot at just the usual shutter speed.
e) A method that is based on processing using a point spread function, an inverse filter or the like76

and uses information output by a blur detection device to restore an image with little blur froma shot image.

A-3-4 Explanation of “blur reduction” and examples

A-3-4-1 Explanation
Blur reduction is interpreted here to mean a function or mode of reducing blurring in output images
that is caused by movement of the subject and/or handheld blur. It is mainly achieved using a fast
shutter speed as a result of optimization by an exposure control program. In this way, since “image

Tstabilization” and “blur reduction” have very different technical aspects, such expressions should not
be confused.

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A-3-4-2 Characteristics of “blur reduction”

Example characteristics of blur reduction are given below.

Merits: Since blur reduction can be achieved simply by optimization of an exposure control program,
implementation is simple and such technology is also effective against motion blur.
Demerits: Since high ISO sensitivity is required in many cases, there is increased noise in the shot
images.

A-3-4-3 Difference in image quality between “image stabilizer” and “blur reduction”

DR

Fig. 1 shows an example comparison between the blur suppression effects of the image stabilizer

function and blur reduction. Although setting the functions of image stabilizer and blur reduction to

ON results in a similar reduction in handheld blur, an increase in noise is observed in the image withblur reduction.

In this way, since blur reduction is a method that suppresses handheld blur while mainly sacrificing

image quality (and S/N in particular), it is appropriate to regard blur reduction as having no image
stabilization effect. Accordingly, when measuring and describing image stabilization effects, it isnecessary to pay particular attention to excluding effects achieved by blur reduction.

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T

Fig. 1. Difference in image quality between image stabilization and blur reduction

A-3-4-4 Examples of systems that are considered to be suitable for classification as “blurreduction” (NB. These are just examples, and blur reduction is not limited to such.)a) A method that sets sensitivity higher than in the usual shooting mode, shoots an image with aDRhigher-than-usual shutter speed, and carries out image processing such as edge enhancement tocompensate for loss of resolution in the shot image.

b) A method that sets sensitivity higher than in the usual shooting mode, shoots an image with ahigher-than-usual shutter speed, and carries out image processing such as noise reduction tocompensate for S/N deterioration in the shot image.

c) A method that sets sensitivity higher than in the usual shooting mode and shoots an image witha higher-than-usual shutter speed when motion detection for the subject has found that all orpart of the subject is moving at a given speed or faster.

d) A method that sets sensitivity higher than for the usual shooting mode, takes multiple shots witha higher-than-usual shutter speed, and records only images that the camera has determined tohave the least blurring.
e) A method that shoots multiple images while gradually changing the sensitivity and shutter speed,
and records only images that the camera has determined to have the best balance between theamount of blur and S/N.
f) A method that shoots at both the usual shutter speed and a higher-than-usual shutter speed, and78

records the image shot at the usual shutter speed if there is little blurring, or records the image
shot at the higher-than-usual shutter speed if there is significant blurring with the usual shutter
speed.

A-3-5 Objective axis-dependent and still- or video-dependent image stabilization

In a camera equipped with a hybrid image stabilizer function, if such camera has several axes where
correction is carried out optically and other axes where correction is carried out electronically, thisshould be clearly indicated to users (see a) below). If the image stabilizer function is also enabledduring the shooting of video images, when the correcting system or objective axes for correction areTdifferent to those used in shooting still images, care should be taken to clearly indicate such to users(see b) below).

corrected.

AFa) Yaw/pitch is optically corrected, while up-down, left-right, and rotation are electronicallyb) Correction is carried out on two axes (yaw and pitch) when shooting still images and correction
is further carried out on the up-down, left-right, and rotational axes (i.e., a total of five axes)
when shooting video images.

A-3-6 Combined use of image stabilizer function and blur reductionDR

As described earlier, since the effect of the image stabilizer function and the effect of blur reduction
cannot be directly compared, when measuring the effect of the electronic image stabilizer function, it
is necessary to completely eliminate the effect of blur reduction. However, since there are manycameras that exhibit the properties described in a) and b) below, sufficient attention needs to be paid
when measuring and describing the effect of the image stabilizer function.

a) A configuration that functions only as an image stabilizer when there is little blurring, but
increasingly functions as a handheld blur reducer according to blurring level. It functions as
only a handheld blur reducer at or above a given level of blurring.

b) A configuration that functions as an image stabilizer and handheld blur reducer when there islittle blurring, but functions as only a handheld blur reducer at or above a given level of blurring.

79Any and all standards and guidelines published by CIPA have been set forth without
examining any possibility of infringement or violation of Intellectual Property Rights(patent right, utility model right, trademark right, design right, copyright and any otherrights or legal interests of the same kind).
In no event shall CIPA be liable in terms of Intellectual Property Rights for the contents ofTsuch standards and guidelines.

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CIPA DC-X011-Translation-2024

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