英語（リーディング）各大問の英文や図表を読み，解答番号

１

〜

４９

にあてはまるものとして最も適当な選択肢を選びなさい。

第１問 （配点 １０）
Ａ

You are studying in the US, and as an afternoon activity you need to choose
one of two performances to go and see. Your teacher gives you this handout.

Performances for Friday
Palace Theater

Grand Theater

Together Wherever

The Guitar Queen

A romantic play that will make you

A rock musical featuring colorful

laugh and cry

costumes!

!

From ２:００ p.m.（no breaks and a

Starts at １:００ p.m.（three hours

running time of one hour and ４５long including two １５-minute

minutes）

breaks）!

!

Actors available to talk in theOpportunity to greet the cast in

lobby after the performance

their costumes before the show

! !

No food or drinks available

starts!

Free T-shirts for five lucky people

Light refreshments（snacks &drinks）, original T-shirts, and othergoods sold in the lobby

Instructions: Which performance would you like to attend?

Fill in the form

below and hand it in to your teacher today.

Choose（）one: Together Wherever !

The Guitar Queen

!

Name:

― ４ ―

（２６１０―４）

問 １ What are you told to do after reading the handout?

!

Complete and hand in the bottom part.

"Find out more about the performances.

#

Talk to your teacher about your decision.

$

Write your name and explain your choice.

問 ２ Which is true about both performances?

２!

No drinks can be purchased before the show.

"

Some T-shirts will be given as gifts.

#

They will finish at the same time.

$

You can meet performers at the theaters.

― ５ ―

１

（２６１０―５）

Ｂ

You are a senior high school student interested in improving your English
during the summer vacation.

You find a website for an intensive English

summer camp run by an international school.

GIS

Galley International School（GIS）has provided
intensive English summer camps for senior highschool students in Japan since １９８９.

Intensive English
Summer Camp

Spend two

weeks in an all-English environment!

２０２３
Dates: August １-１４，
Location: Lake Kawaguchi Youth Lodge, Yamanashi Prefecture
Cost: １２０，０００ yen, including food and accommodation （additional fees for
optional activities such as kayaking and canoeing）

Courses Offered◆FOREST: You’ll master basic grammar structures, make short speeches on
simple topics, and get pronunciation tips.

Your instructors have taught

English for over ２０ years in several countries. On the final day of the camp,
you’ll take part in a speech contest while all the other campers listen.
◆MOUNTAIN: You’ll work in a group to write and perform a skit in English.
Instructors for this course have worked at theater schools in New York City,
London, and Sydney. You’ll perform your skit for all the campers to enjoy on
August １４.
◆SKY: You’ll learn debating skills and critical thinking in this course. Your
instructors have been to many countries to coach debate teams and somehave published best-selling textbooks on the subject.

You’ll do a shortdebate in front of all the other campers on the last day. （Note: Only thosewith an advanced level of English will be accepted.）― ６ ―（２６１０―６）

▲Application
Step １: Fill in the online application HERE by May ２０，
２０２３.
Step ２: We’ll contact you to set up an interview to assess your English ability
and ask about your course preference.
Step ３: You’ll be assigned to a course.

問 １ All GIS instructors have３!

been in Japan since １９８９"

won international competitions#

worked in other countries$

written some popular books.

問 ２ On the last day of the camp, campers will!

assess each other’s performances"compete to receive the best prize#

make presentations about the future$show what they learned at the camp

４.

問 ３ What will happen after submitting your camp application?

!

You will call the English instructors.

"

You will take a written English test.

#

Your English level will be checked.

$

Your English speech topic will be sent.

― ７ ―

５

（２６１０―７）

第２問 （配点 ２０）
Ａ

You want to buy a good pair of shoes as you walk a long way to school andoften get sore feet.

You are searching on a UK website and find thisadvertisement.

Navi５５presents the new Smart Support shoe line
Smart

Support

shoes

are

strong,long-lasting,andreasonably priced. They are available in three colours andstyles.
nano-chipSpecial Features
Smart Support shoes have a nano-chip which analyses the shape of your feetwhen connected to the iSupport application.

Download the app onto yoursmartphone, PC, tablet, and/or smartwatch. Then, while wearing the shoes,
let the chip collect the data about your feet.

The inside of the shoe willautomatically adjust to give correct, personalised foot support. As with otherNavi５５ products, the shoes have our popular Route Memory function.

Advantages
Better Balance: Adjusting how you stand, the personalised support helps keep
feet, legs, and back free from pain.
Promotes Exercise: As they are so comfortable, you will be willing to walkregularly.
Route Memory: The chip records your daily route, distance, and pace as you
walk.
Route Options: View your live location on your device, have the directions
play automatically in your earphones, or use your smartwatch to readdirections.
― ８ ―（２６１０―８）

Customers’ Comments●

I like the choices for getting directions, and prefer using audio guidance tovisual guidance.

●

I lost ２ kg in a month!

●

I love my pair now, but it took me several days to get used to them.

●

As they don’t slip in the rain, I wear mine all year round.

●

They are so light and comfortable I even wear them when cycling.

●

Easy to get around! I don’t need to worry about getting lost.

●

They look great. The app’s basic features are easy to use, but I wouldn’t
pay for the optional advanced ones.

問 １ According to the maker’s statements, which best describes the new shoes?
６!

Cheap summer shoes"

High-tech everyday shoes#

Light comfortable sports shoes$

Stylish colourful cycling shoes

問 ２ Which benefit offered by the shoes is most likely to appeal to you?
７!

Getting more regular exercise"

Having personalised foot support#

Knowing how fast you walk$

Looking cool wearing them

― ９ ―（２６１０―９）

問 ３ One opinion stated by a customer is that!

the app encourages fast walking"

the app’s free functions are user-friendly#

the shoes are good value for money$

the shoes increase your cycling speed

８.

問 ４ One customer’s comment mentions using audio devices. Which benefit is
this comment based on?

!

Better Balance"

Promotes Exercise#

Route Memory$

Route Options

９

問 ５ According to one customer’s opinion,

１０

is recommended.

!

allowing time to get accustomed to wearing the shoes"buying a watch to help you lose weight#

connecting to the app before putting the shoes on$

paying for the iSupport advanced features― １０ ―（２６１０―１０）

Ｂ

You are a member of the student council.

The members have been

discussing a student project helping students to use their time efficiently. To
get ideas, you are reading a report about a school challenge. It was written by
an exchange student who studied in another school in Japan.

Commuting Challenge
Most students come to my school by bus or train.

I often see a lot ofstudents playing games on their phones or chatting. However, they could also
use this time for reading or doing homework. We started this activity to help
students use their commuting time more effectively. Students had to complete
a commuting activity chart from January １７th to February １７th. A total of ３００
students participated: More than two thirds of them were second-years; about
a quarter were third-years; only １５ first-years participated. How come so few
first-years participated? Based on the feedback（given below）, there seems to
be an answer to this question:

Feedback from participants
HS: Thanks to this project, I got the highest score ever in an English
vocabulary test. It was easy to set small goals to complete on my way.
KF: My friend was sad because she couldn’t participate. She lives nearby andwalks to school. There should have been other ways to take part.
SS: My train is always crowded and I have to stand, so there is no space toopen a book or a tablet. I only used audio materials, but there were notnearly enough.
JH: I kept a study log, which made me realise how I used my time. For somereason most of my first-year classmates didn’t seem to know about thischallenge.
MN: I spent most of the time on the bus watching videos, and it helped me tounderstand classes better. I felt the time went very fast.
― １１ ―（２６１０―１１）

問 １ The aim of the Commuting Challenge was to help students to!

commute more quickly"

improve their test scores#

manage English classes better$

use their time better

問 ２ One fact about the Commuting Challenge is that

１２!

fewer than １０％ of the participants were first-years"

it was held for two months during the winter#students had to use portable devices on buses$

the majority of participants travelled by train

問 ３ From the feedback,

１３

１１

.

.

were activities reported by participants.

Ａ：keeping study records
Ｂ：learning language
Ｃ：making notes on tablets
Ｄ：reading lesson notes on mobile phones!

Ａ and Ｂ"

Ａ and Ｃ#Ａ and Ｄ$

Ｂ and Ｃ%

Ｂ and Ｄ&

Ｃ and Ｄ― １２ ―（２６１０―１２）

問 ４ One of the participants’ opinions about the Commuting Challenge is that
１４

.

!

it could have included students who walk to school"

the train was a good place to read books#

there were plenty of audio materials for studying$

watching videos for fun helped time pass quickly

問 ５ The author’s question is answered by

!

HS

"

JH

#

KF

$

MN

%

SS

― １３ ―

１５.

（２６１０―１３）

第３問 （配点 １５）
Ａ

You are studying at Camberford University, Sydney.

You are going on aclass camping trip and are reading the camping club’s newsletter to prepare.

Going camping? Read me!!!
Hi, I’m Kaitlyn. I want to share two practical camping lessons from my recent
club trip. The first thing is to divide your backpack into three main parts andput the heaviest items in the middle section tobalance the backpack. Next, more frequently useddaily necessities should be placed in the top

brain

top section

section. That means putting your sleeping bag at
the bottom; food, cookware and tent in the middle;

middle section

and your clothes at the top. Most good backpacks

bottom section

come with a “brain” （an additional pouch） forsmall easy-to-reach items.

Last year, in the evening, we had fun cooking and eating outdoors. I had been
sitting close to our campfire, but by the time I got back to the tent I was
freezing. Although I put on extra layers of clothes before going to sleep, I was
still cold. Then, my friend told me to take off my outer layers and stuff theminto my sleeping bag to fill up some of the empty space. This stuffing method
was new to me, and surprisingly kept me warm all night!

I hope my advice helps you stay warm and comfortable. Enjoy your campingtrip!

― １４ ―（２６１０―１４）

問 １ If you take Kaitlyn’s advice, how should you fill your backpack?

Ǐ

１６

ǐ
first aid kit,map

first aid kit,mapfood, plates, cups,
tent

jackets, shirts,
trousers

jackets, shirts,
trousers

food, plates, cups,
tent

sleeping bag

sleeping bagǑǒjackets,
shirts,trousers

food, plates,
cups, tent
first aid kit,map

first aid kit,mapjackets, shirts,
trousers

food, plates, cups,
tent

sleeping bag

sleeping bag

問 ２ According to Kaitlyn,

１７

is the best method to stay warm all night.

!

avoiding going out of your tent"

eating hot meals beside your campfire#

filling the gaps in your sleeping bag$

wearing all of your extra clothes― １５ ―（２６１０―１５）

ＢYour English club will make an “adventure room” for the school festival. To
get some ideas, you are reading a blog about a room a British man created.

Create Your Own “Home Adventure”
Last year, I took part in an “adventure room” experience. I really enjoyed it,
so I created one for my children. Here are some tips on making your own.

Key Steps in Creating an AdventureFirst, pick a theme. My sons are huge Sherlock Holmes fans, so I decided ona detective mystery. I rearranged the furniture in our family room, and added
some old paintings and lamps I had to set the scene.

Next, create a storyline.

Ours was The Case of the Missing Chocolates.

My children would be “detectives” searching for clues to locate the missing
sweets.

The third step is to design puzzles and challenges. A useful idea is to work
backwards from the solution. If the task is to open a box locked with a threedigit padlock, think of ways to hide a three-digit code. Old books are fantastic
for hiding messages in. I had tremendous fun underlining words on different
pages to form mystery sentences.

Remember that the puzzles should get

progressively more difficult near the final goal. To get into the spirit, I then
― １６ ―（２６１０―１６）

had the children wear costumes. My eldest son was excited when I handed
him a magnifying glass, and immediately began acting like Sherlock Holmes.
After that, the children started to search for the first clue.

This “adventure room” was designed specifically for my family, so I madesome of the challenges personal. For the final task, I took a couple of small
cups and put a plastic sticker in each one, then filled them with yogurt. The“detectives” had to eat their way to the bottom to reveal the clues. Neither ofmy kids would eat yogurt, so this truly was tough for them.

During theadventure, my children were totally focused, and they enjoyed themselves somuch that we will have another one next month.

問 １ Put the following events（!〜$）into the order in which they happened.
１８

→

１９

→

２０

→

２１

!

The children ate food they are not fond of.

"

The children started the search for the sweets.

#

The father decorated the living room in the house.

$

The father gave his sons some clothes to wear.

問 ２ If you follow the father’s advice to create your own “adventure room,” youshould２２.

!

concentrate on three-letter words"

leave secret messages under the lamps#

make the challenges gradually harder$

practise acting like Sherlock Holmes― １７ ―（２６１０―１７）

問 ３ From this story, you understand that the father!

became focused on searching for the sweets"

created an experience especially for his children#

had some trouble preparing the adventure game$spent a lot of money decorating the room

― １８ ―

２３.

（２６１０―１８）

第４問 （配点 １６）
Your teacher has asked you to read two articles about effective ways to study.
You will discuss what you learned in your next class.

How to Study Effectively: Contextual Learning!
Tim Oxford
Science Teacher, Stone City Junior High School

As a science teacher, I am always concerned about how to help students
who struggle to learn. Recently, I found that their main way of learning was
to study new information repeatedly until they could recall it all. For example,
when they studied for a test, they would use a workbook like the example
below and repeatedly say the terms that go in the blanks: “Obsidian is igneous,dark, and glassy. Obsidian is igneous, dark, and glassy. . . .” These students
would feel as if they had learned the information, but would quickly forget it
and get low scores on the test. Also, this sort of repetitive learning is dull anddemotivating.
To help them learn, I tried applying “contextual learning.” In this kind oflearning, new knowledge is constructed through students’ own experiences.
For my science class, students learned the properties of different kinds ofrocks.

Rather than having them memorize the terms from a workbook, I

brought a big box of various rocks to the class. Students examined the rocks
and identified their names based on thecharacteristics they observed.

Rock name

ObsidianRock typeigneousColoring

dark

issue, however, is that we don’t always have

Textureglassythe time to

PictureThanks to this experience, I think thesestudents will always be able to describe theproperties of the rocks they studied.

docontextual

learning,One

sostudents will still study by doing drills. I don’t
think this is the best way. I’m still searching
for ways to improve their learning.
― ２０ ―（２６１０―２０）How to Make Repetitive Learning Effective
Cheng Lee
Professor, Stone City University
Mr. Oxford’s thoughts on contextual learning were insightful. I agree thatit can be beneficial.

Repetition, though, can also work well.

However, therepetitive learning strategy he discussed, which is called “massed learning,” isnot effective.

There is another kind of repetitive learning called “spaced

learning,” in which students memorize new information and then review it overlonger intervals.
The interval between studying is the key difference.

In Mr. Oxford’s

example, his students probably used their workbooks to study over a shortperiod of time. In this case, they might have paid less attention to the content
as they continued to review it. The reason for this is that the content was nolonger new and could easily be ignored. In contrast, when the intervals are
longer, the students’ memory of the content is weaker. Therefore, they pay
more attention because they have to make a greater effort to recall what they
had learned before. For example, if students study with their workbooks, wait
three days, and then study again, they are likely to learn the material better.
Previous research has provided evidence for the advantages of spaced
learning. In one experiment, students in Groups A and B tried to memorize thenames of ５０ animals.

Both groups

studied four times, but Group A studied
at

one-dayintervals

whilestudied at one-week intervals.

Group

The Average Ratio
of Recalled Names

B

As the100％

figure to the right shows, ２８ days after
the last learning session, the average

80％

ratio of recalled names on a test was
higher for the spaced learning group.

60％

I understand that students often
need to learn a lot of information in a40％

short period of time, and long intervals
between studying might not be practical.

20％

You should understand, though, thatmassed learning might not be good for0％Group AGroup B

long-term recall.
― ２１ ―（２６１０―２１）

問 １ Oxford believes that

２４

.

!

continuous drilling is boring"

reading an explanation of terms is helpful#

students are not interested in science$studying with a workbook leads to success

問 ２ In the study discussed by Lee, students took a test

２５

after their

final session.

!

four weeks"

immediately#

one day$

one week

問 ３ Lee introduces spaced learning, which involves studying at
intervals, in order to overcome the disadvantages of

２７

２６

learning that

Oxford discussed. （Choose the best one for each box from options !〜&.）!

contextual"

extended

#

fixed

$

irregular%

massed&practical― ２２ ―（２６１０―２２）

問 ４ Both writers agree that

２８

is helpful for remembering new

information.

!

experiential learning"

having proper rest#

long-term attention$

studying with workbooks

問 ５ Which additional information would be the best to further support Lee’s
argument for spaced learning?

２９!

The main factor that makes a science class attractive"

The most effective length of intervals for spaced learning#

Whether students’ workbooks include visuals or not$

Why Oxford’s students could not memorize information well

― ２３ ―（２６１０―２３）

第５問 （配点 １５）Your English teacher has told everyone in your class to find an inspirational
story and present it to a discussion group, using notes.

You have found astory written by a high school student in the UK.

Lessons from Table Tennis
Ben Carter
The ball flew at lightning speed to my backhand.
unexpected and I had no time to react.

It was completely

I lost the point and the match.

Defeat. . . Again! This is how it was in the first few months when I started
playing table tennis. It was frustrating, but I now know that the sport taught
me more than simply how to be a better athlete.
In middle school, I loved football.

I was one of the top scorers, but I

didn’t get along with my teammates. The coach often said that I should be
more of a team player.

I knew I should work on the problem, but

communication was just not my strong point.
I had to leave the football club when my family moved to a new town. I
wasn’t upset as I had decided to stop playing football anyway. My new school
had a table tennis club, coached by the PE teacher, Mr Trent, and I joined
that. To be honest, I chose table tennis because I thought it would be easierfor me to play individually.
At first, I lost more games than I won. I was frustrated and often wentstraight home after practice, not speaking to anyone. One day, however, Mr
Trent said to me, “You could be a good player, Ben, but you need to think more
about your game.

What do you think you need to do?”

“I don’t know,” I

replied, “focus on the ball more?” “Yes,” Mr Trent continued, “but you alsoneed to study your opponent’s moves and adjust your play accordingly.
Remember, your opponent is a person, not a ball.”This made a deep

impression on me.
― ２４ ―（２６１０―２４）

I deliberately modified my style of play, paying closer attention to my
opponent’s moves.

It was not easy, and took a lot of concentration.

Myefforts paid off, however, and my play improved. My confidence grew and I
started staying behind more after practice. I was turning into a star player
and my classmates tried to talk to me more than before. I thought that I was
becoming popular, but our conversations seemed to end before they really got
started.

Although my play might have improved, my communication skills

obviously hadn’t.
My older brother Patrick was one of the few people I could communicate
with well. One day, I tried to explain my problems with communication to him,
but couldn’t make him understand. We switched to talking about table tennis.
“What do you actually enjoy about it?” he asked me curiously. I said I loved
analysing my opponent’s movements and making instant decisions about thenext move. Patrick looked thoughtful. “That sounds like the kind of skill weuse when we communicate,” he said.
At that time, I didn’t understand, but soon after our conversation, I won asilver medal in a table tennis tournament.

My classmates seemed reallypleased. One of them, George, came running over. “Hey, Ben!” he said, “Let’s
have a party to celebrate!”

Without thinking, I replied, “I can’t.

I’ve gotpractice.” He looked a bit hurt and walked off without saying anything else.
Why was he upset? I thought about this incident for a long time. Why did
he suggest a party? Should I have said something different? A lot of questions
came to my mind, but then I realised that he was just being kind. If I’d said,“Great idea. Thank you! Let me talk to Mr Trent and see if I can get sometime off practice,” then maybe the outcome would have been better. At thatmoment Patrick’s words made sense. Without attempting to grasp someone’s
intention, I wouldn’t know how to respond.
I’m still not the best communicator in the world, but I definitely feel more
confident in my communication skills now than before. Next year, my friends
and I are going to co-ordinate the table tennis league with other schools.
― ２５ ―（２６１０―２５）

Your notes:

Lessons from Table Tennis
About the author (Ben Carter)
・Played football at middle school.
・Started playing table tennis at his new school because he.

30

Other important people
・Mr Trent: Ben’s table tennis coach, who helped him improve his play.
・Patrick: Ben’s brother, who

31.

・George: Ben’s classmate, who wanted to celebrate his victory.
Influential events in Ben’s journey to becoming a better communicator
Began playing table tennis

32

33

34

35

What Ben realised after the conversation with George
He should have

36.

What we can learn from this story
・

37

・

38

― ２６ ―（２６１０―２６）

問 １ Choose the best option for

３０

.

!

believed it would help him communicate"

hoped to become popular at school#

thought he could win games easily$

wanted to avoid playing a team sport

問 ２ Choose the best option for

３１

.

!

asked him what he enjoyed about communication"encouraged him to be more confident#

helped him learn the social skills he needed$

told him what he should have said to his school friends

問 ３ Choose four out of the five options（!〜%）and rearrange them in theorder they happened.

３２

→

３３

→

３４

!

Became a table tennis champion"

Discussed with his teacher how to play well#Refused a party in his honour$

Started to study his opponents%

Talked to his brother about table tennis― ２７ ―→

３５（２６１０―２７）

問 ４ Choose the best option for

３６

.

!

asked his friend questions to find out more about his motivation"

invited Mr Trent and other classmates to the party to show appreciation#

tried to understand his friend’s point of view to act appropriately$

worked hard to be a better team player for successful communication

問 ５ Choose the best two options for

３７

and

３８

. （The order does

not matter.）!

Advice from people around us can help us change.

"

Confidence is important for being a good communicator.

#

It is important to make our intentions clear to our friends.

$

The support that teammates provide one another is helpful.

%

We can apply what we learn from one thing to another.

― ２８ ―（２６１０―２８）

第６問 （配点 ２４）
Ａ

You are in a discussion group in school. You have been asked to summarize
the following article. You will speak about it, using only notes.

Collecting

Collecting has existed at all levels of society, across cultures and age
groups since early times. Museums are proof that things have been collected,
saved, and passed down for future generations. There are various reasons forstarting a collection. For example, Ms. A enjoys going to yard sales every
Saturday morning with her children.

At yard sales, people sell unwanted

things in front of their houses. One day, while looking for antique dishes, anunusual painting caught her eye and she bought it for only a few dollars. Overtime, she found similar pieces that left an impression on her, and she now has
a modest collection of artwork, some of which may be worth more than she
paid. One person’s trash can be another person’s treasure. Regardless of how
someone’s collection was started, it is human nature to collect things.
In １９８８, researchers Brenda Danet and Tamar Katriel analyzed ８０ yearsof studies on children under the age of １０, and found that about ９０％ collected
something. This shows us that people like to gather things from an early age.
Even after becoming adults, people continue collecting stuff. Researchers in
the field generally agree that approximately one third of adults maintain thisbehavior. Why is this? The primary explanation is related to emotions. Somesave greeting cards from friends and family, dried flowers from special events,
seashells from a day at the beach, old photos, and so on. For others, theircollection is a connection to their youth. They may have baseball cards, comic
books, dolls, or miniature cars that they have kept since they were small.
― ３０ ―（２６１０―３０）Others have an attachment to history; they seek and hold onto historical
documents, signed letters and autographs from famous people, and so forth.
For some individuals there is a social reason. People collect things such aspins to share, show, and even trade, making new friends this way. Others, likesome holders of Guinness World Records, appreciate the fame they achieve for
their unique collection. Cards, stickers, stamps, coins, and toys have topped
the “usual” collection list, but some collectors lean toward the more
unexpected.

In September ２０１４, Guinness World Records recognized Harry

Sperl, of Germany, for having the largest hamburger-related collection in theworld, with ３，
７２４ items; from T-shirts to pillows to dog toys, Sperl’s room isfilled with all things “hamburger.”

Similarly, Liu Fuchang, of China, is a

０８７ different sets.
collector of playing cards. He has １１，
Perhaps the easiest motivation to understand is pleasure.

Some people

start collections for pure enjoyment. They may purchase and put up paintings
just to gaze at frequently, or they may collect audio recordings and oldfashioned vinyl records to enjoy listening to their favorite music. This type ofcollector is unlikely to be very interested in the monetary value of theirtreasured music, while others collect objects specifically as an investment.
While it is possible to download certain classic games for free, having thesame game unopened in its original packaging, in “mint condition,” can makethe game worth a lot. Owning various valuable “collector’s items” could ensure
some financial security.

― ３１ ―（２６１０―３１）

This behavior of collecting things will definitely continue into the distantfuture. Although the reasons why people keep things will likely remain thesame, advances in technology will have an influence on collections.

As

technology can remove physical constraints, it is now possible for an individual
to have vast digital libraries of music and art that would have been
unimaginable ３０ years ago.

It is unclear, though, what other impacts

technology will have on collections. Can you even imagine the form and scalethat the next generation’s collections will take?

― ３２ ―（２６１０―３２）

Your notes:

Collecting
Introduction◆ Collecting has long been part of the human experience.
◆ The yard sale story tells us that

.

39

Facts
◆

40

◆ Guinness World Records
Sperl: 3,724 hamburger-related items
Liu: 11,087 sets of playing cards
Reasons for collecting◆ Motivation for collecting can be emotional or social.
◆ Various reasons mentioned:

41

,

42

, interest in

history, childhood excitement, becoming famous, sharing, etc.
Collections in the future◆43― ３３ ―（２６１０―３３）

問 １ Choose the best option for
!

３９

.

a great place for people to sell things to collectors at a high price is ayard sale"people can evaluate items incorrectly and end up paying too muchmoney for junk#something not important to one person may be of value to someone else$things once collected and thrown in another person’s yard may bevaluable to others

問 ２ Choose the best option for

４０

.

!

About two thirds of children do not collect ordinary things.

"

Almost one third of adults start collecting things for pleasure.

#

Approximately １０％ of kids have collections similar to their friends.

$

Roughly ３０％ of people keep collecting into adulthood.

問 ３ Choose the best options for

４１

and

４２

. （The order does notmatter.）!

desire to advance technology"

fear of missing unexpected opportunities#

filling a sense of emptiness$reminder of precious events%

reusing objects for the future&seeking some sort of profit

問 ４ Choose the best option for

４３

.

!

Collections will likely continue to change in size and shape.

"

Collectors of mint-condition games will have more digital copies of them.

#People who have lost their passion for collecting will start again.

$

Reasons for collecting will change because of advances in technology.
― ３４ ―（２６１０―３４）

Ｂ

You are in a student group preparing for an international science
presentation contest. You are using the following passage to create your partof the presentation on extraordinary creatures.

Ask someone to name the world’s toughest animal, and they might say the
Bactrian camel as it can survive in temperatures as high as ５０℃, or the Arctic
fox which can survive in temperatures lower than ―５８℃.

However, bothanswers would be wrong as it is widely believed that the tardigrade is thetoughest creature on earth.
Tardigrades, also known as water bears, are microscopic creatures, which
are between ０．
１ mm to １．
５ mm in length. They live almost everywhere, from６，０００-meter-high mountains to ４，
６００ meters below the ocean’s surface. They
can even be found under thick ice and in hot springs. Most live in water, butsome tardigrades can be found in some of the driest places on earth.

One

researcher reported finding tardigrades living under rocks in a desert without
any recorded rainfall for ２５ years. All they need are a few drops or a thinlayer of water to live in. When the water dries up, so do they. They lose all
but three percent of their body’s water and their metabolism slows down to０．
０１％ of its normal speed. The dried-out tardigrade is now in a state called“tun,” a kind of deep sleep. It will continue in this state until it is once again
soaked in water. Then, like a sponge, it absorbs the water and springs back tolife again as if nothing had happened. Whether the tardigrade is in tun for １
week or １０ years does not really matter.

The moment it is surrounded bywater, it comes alive again. When tardigrades are in a state of tun, they are
so tough that they can survive in temperatures as low as ―２７２℃ and as highas １５１℃. Exactly how they achieve this is still not fully understood.
Perhaps even more amazing than their ability to survive on earth ― they
have been on earth for some ５４０ million years ― is their ability to survive inspace.

In ２００７, a team of European researchers sent a number of living― ３５ ―（２６１０―３５）

tardigrades into space on the outside of a rocket for １０ days. On their returnto earth, the researchers were surprised to see that ６８％ were still alive. Thismeans that for １０ days most were able to survive X-rays and ultraviolet
０００ times more intense than here on earth.
radiation １，

Later, in ２０１９, an

Israeli spacecraft crashed onto the moon and thousands of tardigrades in astate of tun were spilled onto its surface. Whether these are still alive or notis unknown as no one has gone to collect them ― which is a pity.
Tardigrades are shaped like a short cucumber. They have four short legs
on each side of their bodies. Some species have sticky pads at the end of eachleg, while others have claws. There are １６ known claw variations, which help
identify those species with claws. All tardigrades have a place for eyes, but
not all species have eyes. Their eyes are primitive, only having five cells in
total ― just one of which is light sensitive.
Basically, tardigrades can be divided into those that eat plant matter, andthose that eat other creatures.

Those that eat vegetation have a ventral

mouth ― a mouth located in the lower part of the head, like a shark. The typethat eats other creatures has a terminal mouth, which means the mouth is at
the very front of the head, like a tuna. The mouths of tardigrades do not haveteeth. They do, however, have two sharp needles, called stylets, that they use
to pierce plant cells or the bodies of smaller creatures so the contents can besucked out.
Both types of tardigrade have rather simple digestive systems. The mouthleads to the pharynx（throat）, where digestive juices and food are mixed.
Located above the pharynx is a salivary gland. This produces the juices thatflow into the mouth and help with digestion. After the pharynx, there is a tube
which transports food toward the gut. This tube is called the esophagus. The
middle gut, a simple stomach/intestine type of organ, digests the food andabsorbs the nutrients. The leftovers then eventually move through to the anus.

― ３６ ―（２６１０―３６）

Your presentation slides:

1．Basic Information
Tardigrades:
Earth’s Ultimate Survivors

・0.1 mm to 1.5 mm in length・shaped like a short cucumber
・
・
44
・
・

2．Habitats

3．Secrets to Survival

・live almost everywhere・extreme environments such as...
6 km above sea level4.6 km below sea levelin deserts―272℃ to 151℃
in space(possibly)

4．Digestive Systems

“tun”
・

45

・

46

active5．Final Statement

47

48

Mouth
Anus

― ３７ ―（２６１０―３７）

問 １ Which of the following should you not include for!

eight short legs"

either blind or sighted#

plant-eating or creature-eating$

sixteen different types of feet%two stylets rather than teeth

４４?

問 ２ For the Secrets to Survival slide, select two features of the tardigrade
which best help it survive. （The order does not matter.）
!

４５

・

４６

In dry conditions, their metabolism drops to less than one percent of
normal.

"Tardigrades in a state of tun are able to survive in temperatures
exceeding １５１℃.

#

The state of tun will cease when the water in a tardigrade’s body is
０１％.
above ０．

$

Their shark-like mouths allow them to more easily eat other creatures.

%

They have an ability to withstand extreme levels of radiation.

問 ３ Complete the missing labels on the illustration of a tardigrade for theDigestive Systems slide.

４７

!
"
#
$
%



Esophagus

Pharynx

Stylets



Salivary gland

Pharynx

StyletsEsophagusMiddle gut

Salivary glandEsophagus



Stylets

PharynxSalivary glandMiddle gutEsophagus

Pharynx

Stylets



Salivary glandMiddle gutEsophagus― ３８ ―

Middle gut

Salivary glandMiddle gut

Stylets

Pharynx（２６１０―３８）

問 ４ Which is the best statement for the final slide?

!

４８

For thousands of years, tardigrades have survived some of the harshest
conditions on earth and in space. They will live longer than humankind.

"

Tardigrades are from space and can live in temperatures exceeding thelimits of the Arctic fox and Bactrian camel, so they are surely stronger
than human beings.

#

Tardigrades are, without a doubt, the toughest creatures on earth. They
can survive on the top of mountains; at the bottom of the sea; in thewaters of hot springs; and they can also thrive on the moon.

$

Tardigrades have survived some of the harshest conditions on earth, andat least one trip into space. This remarkable creature might outlive thehuman species.

問 ５ What can be inferred about sending tardigrades into space?

!

４９

Finding out whether the tardigrades can survive in space was neverthought to be important.

"

Tardigrades, along with other creatures that have been on earth formillions of years, can withstand X-rays and ultraviolet radiation.

#

The Israeli researchers did not expect so many tardigrades to survive
the harsh environment of space.

$

The reason why no one has been to see if tardigrades can survive on the
moon’s surface attracted the author’s attention.

― ３９ ―（２６１０―３９）