AERC TAC’s TAXONOMIC RECOMMENDATIONS2015 report

Citation:
Crochet P.-A., Barthel P.H., Bauer H.-G., van den Berg A.B., Bezzel E., Collinson J.M., Dubois
P.J., Fromholtz J., Helbig A.J. †, Jiguet F., Jirle E., Knox A.G., Kirwan G., Lagerqvist M., Le
Maréchal P., van Loon A.J., Päckert M., Parkin D.T., Pons J.-M., Raty L., Roselaar C.S., Sangster
G., Steinheimer F.D., Svensson L., Tyrberg T., Votier S.C., Yésou P. (2015) AERC TAC'staxonomic recommendations: 2015 report. Available online at http://www.aerc.eu/tac.html.
Published 15th July 2015.

Introduction
This document constitutes the official 2015 AERC TAC recommendations for species-levelsystematics and nomenclature of Western Palearctic birds. For full information on the TAC and its
history, please refer to the documents on the AERC web page www.aerc.eu, including the minutesof the AERC meetings http://www.aerc.eu/minutes.html and the TAC pages www.aerc.eu/tac.html.
The format of this document follows the previous TAC recommendations (Crochet et al.
2010), which see for details.
The TAC has five members: Taxonomic Sub-committee of the British Ornithologists’ Union
Records Committee (BOURC-TSC, UK), Commission de l’Avifaune Française (CAF, France),
Swedish Taxonomic Committee (STC, Sweden), Commissie Systematiek Nederlandse Avifauna(CSNA, Netherlands) and Kommission Artenliste der Vögel Deutschlands der Deutschen
Ornithologen-Gesellschaft (German TC, Germany). As decided previously, systematic changes are
based on decisions published by, or directly passed to the TAC chairman, by these taxonomic
committees (TCs).
In this document, the support for each case is given as yes / no / not addressed.
Note that several TAC members sent some of their votes directly to the TAC chairman, either
without publishing a decision on the case (when this did not affect their national list) or prior to the
publication of their own decisions in order not to delay the publication of the TAC
recommendations. There are thus some discrepancy between the support indicated here andthe “relevant taxonomic committee publications” section.
The species sequence (the higher-level systematics i.e. the family and order names and the order ofthe species in the species list) has still largely not been addressed by the AERC TAC. Thus, thisdocument and the corresponding list of birds of the Western Palearctic still follow the sequence in
Voous (1973; 1977a; b) except for decisions adopted by the AERC here or in the previous report.
This species sequence and the corresponding higher-level systematics are now known tomisrepresent avian species relationships in many cases and updating them remains a major task for
the TAC.
Systematics below the species rank is not part of the TAC remit. Subspecies lists that are given
for some cases are based on the IOC World Bird List version 3.0(http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ioc-lists/master-list/) and are purely indicative. They do notnecessarily reflect the views of the TAC members.
Authorship follows the same convention as in Crochet et al. (2010): in addition to the twochairmen of the TAC, members of the national taxonomic committees who were responsible for thedecisions that fed into the report are listed in alphabetic order. This should not be interpreted assuggesting that they support every individual conclusion contained here.
This document is certainly not free from mistakes. One of the advantages of posting it on the web isthat mistakes can easily be corrected, so please send any comments, suggestions or corrections to
Pierre-André Crochet (pierre-andre.crochet at cefe.cnrs.fr).

2

AERC TAC 2015 recommendations
Double-spurred Francolin Pternistis bicalcaratus (was Francolinus bicalcaratus)
Erckel's Francolin Pternistis erckelii (was Francolinus erckelii)
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Sangster et al. (2012, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC),
Fromholtz et al. (2014, on behalf of the STC).

Family limits and species sequence of Western Palearctic Galliformes
NumidaeHelmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris
Odontophoridae
California Quail Callipepla californica
Northern Bobwhite Colinus virginianus
Phasianidae
Common Quail Coturnix coturnix
Caucasian Snowcock Tetraogallus caucasicus
Caspian Snowcock Tetraogallus caspius
Barbary Partridge Alectoris barbara
Red-legged Partridge Alectoris rufa
Rock Partridge Alectoris graeca
Chukar Partridge Alectoris chukar
See-see Partridge Ammoperdix griseogularis
Sand Partridge Ammoperdix heyi
Erckel's Francolin Pternistis erckelii
Double-spurred Francolin Pternistis bicalcaratus
Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus
Hazel Grouse Tetrastes bonasia
Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus
Rock Ptarmigan Lagopus muta
Caucasian Grouse Tetrao mlokosiewiczi
Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix
Western Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus
Grey Partridge Perdix perdix
Reeves's Pheasant Syrmaticus reevesii
Common Pheasant Phasianus colchicus
Lady Amherst's Pheasant Chrysolophus amherstiae
Golden Pheasant Chrysolophus pictus
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Sangster et al. (2012, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC).

African Darter Anhinga rufa (polytypic: A. r. rufa, A. r. vulsini and A. r. chantrei)
Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster (split from A. rufa; extralimital, monotypic)
Australasian Darter Anhinga novaehollandiae (split from A. rufa; extralimital, polytypic:
A. n. novaehollandiae and A. n. papua)
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Barthel and Helbig (2005) & Bauer et al. (2005), both onbehalf of German TC, Sangster et al. (2014, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC).

Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina (monotypic)
Indian Spotted Eagle Aquila hastata (split from A. pomarina; extralimital, monotypic)
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members.

3Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Barthel and Helbig (2005) & Bauer et al. (2005), both onbehalf of German TC, Sangster et al. (2003, on behalf of CSNA), Sangster et al. (2013, on behalf of the
BOURC-TSC).

Species sequence of Aquila
Based on Helbig et al. (2005), the species of Aquila of the Western Palearctic can be listed asfollows.
Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga
Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina
Wahlberg’s Eagle Aquila wahlbergi
Booted Eagle Aquila pennata
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
Verreaux's Eagle Aquila verreauxii
Bonelli's Eagle Aquila fasciata
Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis
Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax
Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti
Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Barthel and Helbig (2005) & Bauer et al. (2005), both onbehalf of German TC, Sangster et al. (2005, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC).

Taxonomic sequence of Charadriiformes
A series of studies have addressed the phylogeny of the Charadriifomes (see references in Sangster
et al. 2012) and allow listing its genera as follows.
Burhinidae (Burhinus)
Pluvianidae (Pluvianus)
Recurvirostridae (Himantopus, Recurvirostra)
Haematopodidae (Haematopus)
Charadriidae (Pluvialis, Vanellus, Charadrius)
Rostratulidae (Rostratula)
Scolopacidae (Bartramia, Numenius, Limosa, Arenaria, Calidris, Phalaropus, Xenus, Actitis,
Tringa, Lymnocryptes, Limnodromus, Scolopax, Gallinago)
Turnicidae (Turnix)
Dromadidae (Dromas)
Glareolidae (Glareola, Cursorius)
Stercorariidae (Stercorarius)
Alcidae (Fratercula, Aethia, Brachyramphus, Cepphus, Synthliboramphus, Alca, Pinguinus,
Alle, Uria)
Sternidae (see below)
Rynchopidae (Rynchops)
Laridae (see below)
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Sangster et al. (2012, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC).
Broad-billed Sandpiper Calidris falcinellus (was Limicola falcinellus)
Buff-breasted Sandpiper Calidris subruficollis (was Tryngites subruficollis)
Ruff Calidris pugnax (was Philomachus pugnax)
Species sequence of Calidris
Based on Gibson and Baker (2012), the species of the Western Palearctic can be listed as follows.
Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris
Red Knot Calidris canutus
Ruff Calidris pugnax
Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata
Broad-billed Sandpiper Calidris falcinellus
4Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea
Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus
Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis
Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta
Temminck’s Stint Calidris temminckii
Sanderling Calidris alba
Dunlin Calidris alpina
Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima
Baird’s Sandpiper Calidris bairdii
Little Stint Calidris minuta
White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis
Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla
Buff-breasted Sandpiper Calidris subruficollis
Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos
Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri
Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla
Support: 4/1/0. This treatment is favoured by four TAC members, the German TC did not support it.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Sangster et al. (2012, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC),
Fromholtz et al. (2014, on behalf of the STC).

Great Skua Stercorarius skua (monotypic)
Brown Skua Stercorarius antarcticus (split from S. skua; extralimital, polytypic: S. a.
antarticus, S. a. hamiltoni and S. a. lonnbergi)
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Barthel and Helbig (2005) & Bauer et al. (2005), both onbehalf of German TC, Sangster et al. (2011, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC), Kjellén and Olsson (1995,
on behalf of the STC).

Species sequence of gulls
The species sequence of gulls has been revised by the BOURC-TSC in Sangster et al. (2007). The
following sequence deviates somewhat from their sequence to incorporate results of Sternkopf(2010, see also Liebers-Helbig et al. 2010). Species that were not listed by Sangster et al. (2007)
and have not been studied by Sternkopf (2010) are listed based on Pons et al. (2005). Large-white
headed gulls are listed based on Voous (1973) and incorporating species-level changes adopted
afterwards.
Little Gull Hydrocoloeus minutus
Ross’s Gull Rhodostethia rosea
Ivory Gull Pagophila eburnea
Sabine’s Gull Xema sabini
Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla
Slender-billed Gull Larus genei
Bonaparte’s Gull Larus philadelphia
Brown-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus
Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus
Grey-headed Gull Larus cirrocephalus
Laughing Gull Larus atricillaFranklin’s Gull Larus pipixcan
Pallas’s Gull Larus ichthyaetus
Relict Gull Larus relictus
Audouin’s Gull Larus audouinii
Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephalus
Sooty Gull Larus hemprichii
White-eyed Gull Larus leucophthalmus
5Mew Gull Larus canus
Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis
Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus
Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus
Herring Gull Larus argentatus
Caspian Gull Larus cachinnans
Armenian Gull Larus armenicus
Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellisAmerican Herring Gull Larus smithsonianus
Slaty-backed Gull Larus schistisagus
Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens
Thayer’s Gull Larus thayeri
Iceland Gull Larus glaucoides
Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus
Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus
Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis
Cabot’s Tern Sterna acuflavida (split from S. sandvicensis; polytypic: acuflavida andextralimital eurygnatha)
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Sangster et al. (2009, on behalf of CSNA), Sangster et al.
(2012, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC), Svensson et al. (2012, on behalf of the STC).

Species sequence of terns
The species sequence of the terns of the Western Palearctic has still not been addressed by the TAC.
Starting from the sequence in Sangster et al. (2005) and adding species that are not on the British
list based on Bridge et al. (2005) and Efe et al. (2009), the species of the Western Palearctic list canbe listed as follows (White-cheeked Tern has not been included in the previous studies and is listed
based on Voous’s sequence):
Brown Noddy Anous stolidus
Aleutian Tern Onychoprion aleuticus
Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus
Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus
Little Tern Sternula albifrons
Saunder’s Tern Sternula saundersi
Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica
Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia
Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida
Black Tern Chlidonias niger
White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus
Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis
Cabot’s Tern Sterna acuflavida
Elegant Tern Sterna elegans
Greater Crested Tern Sterna bergii
Royal Tern Sterna maxima
Lesser Crested Tern Sterna bengalensis
Forster’s Tern Sterna forsteriCommon Tern Sterna hirundo
Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii
Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea
White-cheeked Tern Sterna repressa

6Eurasian Eagle-Owl Bubo bubo (polytypic)
Pharaoh Eagle-Owl Bubo ascalaphus (split from B. bubo; monotypic)
Indian Eagle-Owl Bubo bengalensis (split from B. bubo; monotypic)
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Barthel and Helbig (2005) & Bauer et al. (2005), both onbehalf of German TC, Sangster et al. (2013, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC), Jirle et al. (2010, on behalfof the STC).

Mourning Wheatear Oenanthe lugens (polytypic: persica, halophila, lugens and warriae)
Arabian Wheatear Oenanthe lugentoides (split from O. lugens; extralimital, monotypic:
includes boscaweni treated as a junior synonym)
Abyssinian Wheatear Oenanthe lugubris (split from O. lugens; extralimital, polytypic:
lugubris, vauriei and schalowi)
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members. Some TCs further split halophila fromlugens but this change does not reach enough support.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Sangster et al. (2014, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC),
Fromholtz et al. (2014, on behalf of the STC).

Rufous-tailed Robin Larvivora sibilans (was Luscinia sibilans)
Siberian Rubythroat Calliope calliope (was Luscinia calliope)
Siberian Blue Robin Larvivora cyane (was Luscinia cyane)
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Sangster et al. (2011, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC),
Fromholtz et al. (2014, on behalf of the STC).

Species sequence of Larvivora
Based on Sangster et al. (2010), Larvivora cyane should be listed before L. sibilans.
Red-flanked Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus (monotypic)
Himalayan Bluetail Tarsiger rufilatus (split from T. cyanurus; extralimital, monotypic:
includes pallidior treated as a junior synonym)
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Knox et al. (2008, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC),
Sangster et al. (2009, on behalf of the CSNA), Svensson et al. (2012, on behalf of the STC).

Subalpine Wabler Sylvia cantillans (polytypic: cantillans, albistriata, iberiae andinornata)
Moltoni’s Warbler Sylvia subalpina (split from S. cantillans, monotypic, previously named
moltonii)
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members.
Several TCs also split inornata (with subspecies iberiae) from cantillans but this decision has notgained enough support yet to be accepted here. Subspecies nomenclature and systematics follow
Baccetti et al. (2007) and Svensson (2013a,b), hence cantillans is here applied to the populations fromSouthern Italy and Sicily, iberiae to the populations from France and Iberian Peninsula previously
treated as part of cantillans, and subalpina to the populations from Central Italy, Corsica and Sardinia
previously named moltonii.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Sangster et al. (2009, on behalf of CSNA), Sangster et al.
(2014, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC), Svensson et al. (2012) & Fromholtz et al. (2014, on behalf of the
STC).

7

Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis (monotypic)
Kamchatka Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus examinandus (split from P. borealis; extralimital,
monotypic)
Japanese Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus xanthodryas (split from P. borealis; extralimital,
monotypic)
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Barthel and Helbig (2005) & Bauer et al. (2005), both onbehalf of German TC, Sangster et al. (2011, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC), Fromholtz et al. (2014, on
behalf of the STC).

Pallas’s Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus proregulus (monotypic)
Sichuan Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus forresti (split from P. proregulus; extralimital,
monotypic)
Lemon-rumped Warbler Phylloscopus chloronotus (split from P. proregulus; extralimital,
polytypic: P. c. chloronotus and simlaensis)
Gansu Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus kansuensis (split from P. proregulus; extralimital,
monotypic)
Chinese Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus yunnanensis (recently described as P. sichuanensis
but yunnanensis has priority; extralimital, monotypic) is also part of this complex
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Barthel and Helbig (2005) & Bauer et al. (2005), both onbehalf of German TC, Sangster et al. (2005, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC), Kjellén & Olsson (1995, on
behalf of the STC), Anderson et al. (2007, on behalf of the STC).

Marsh Tit Poecile palustris (was Parus palustris)
Sombre tit Poecile lugubris (was Parus lugubris)
Caspian Tit Poecile hyrcanus (split from P. lugubris; monotypic)
Willow Tit Poecile montanus (was Parus montanus)
Grey-headed Chickadee Poecile cinctus (was Parus cinctus)
European Crested Tit Lophophanes cristatus (was Parus cristatus)
Coat Tit Periparus ater (was Parus ater)
Eurasian Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus (was Parus caeruleus)
African Blue Tit Cyanistes teneriffae (was Parus teneriffae)
Azure Tit Cyanistes cyanus (was Parus cyanus)
Support: 4/1/0. This treatment is favoured by four TAC members, the German TC did not approve it.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Sangster et al. (2005, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC),
Sangster et al. (2009, on behalf of the CSNA), Svensson et al. (2012, on behalf of the STC).

Remark: There is still no agreement on the gender of the genus name Poecile among TCs (seeDavid and Gosselin 2008 for a summary and a support for masculine gender, but see Harrop 2011
for a support for feminine gender). We here treat it as masculine as it is the best supported choiceamong TCs but full resolution of this matter might require an application to the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
Species sequence of tits
Based on phylogenetic studies of Gill et al. (2005) and Johansson et al. (2013), the species ofParidae on the Western Palearctic list should be listed as follows:
African Blue Tit Cyanistes teneriffae
Azure Tit Cyinestes cyanus
Eurasian Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus
Great Tit Parus major
Coal Tit Periparus ater
European Crested Tit Lophophanes cristatus
Sombre tit Poecile lugubris
Marsh Tit Poecile palustris8

Caspian Tit Poecile hyrcanus
Willow Tit Poecile montanus
Grey-headed Chickadee Poecile cinctus
Siberian Nuthatch Sitta arctica (split from S. europaea; extralimital, monotypic)
Eurasian Nuthatch Sitta europaea (polytypic)
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Sangster et al. (2012, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC),
Fromholtz et al. (2014, on behalf of the STC).

House sparrow Passer domesticus (polytypic)
Italian Sparrow Passer italiae (split from P. domesticus; monotypic)
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: Barthel and Helbig (2005) & Bauer et al. (2005), both onbehalf of German TC, Sangster et al. (2014, on behalf of the BOURC-TSC), Fromholtz et al. (2014, on
behalf of the STC).
Eastern Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus (polytypic: subspecies erythrophthalmus, alleni,

canaster and rileyi)
Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus (split from P. erythrophthalmus; extralimital, polytypic:
numerous subspecies)
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee (1997,
on behalf of the BOURC-TSC), Anderson and Svensson (2003, on behalf of the STC).

Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula (monotypic)
Bullock's Oriole Icterus bullockii (split from I. galbula; extralimital, monotypic)
Black-backed Oriole Icterus abeillei (split from I. galbula; extralimital, monotypic)
Support: 5/0/0. This treatment is favoured by all TAC members.
Relevant taxonomic committee publications: British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee (1997,
on behalf of the BOURC-TSC), Sangster et al. (1999, on the behalf of CSNA), Anderson and Svensson(2003, on behalf of the STC), Barthel and Helbig (2005) & Bauer et al. (2005), both on behalf ofGerman TC.

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