30/07/2024 Joint Summer Camp – Hokkaido University –Introduction of Animal Welfare Science
Yuki Otani, veterinarian, PhD
One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University

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Today’s interest

Animal Welfare
動物福祉アニマルウェルフェア

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What is Animal Welfare

physical and mental state of an animal

in relation to the conditions in which it lives and diesbad, poor/negative

good/positive
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What is Animal Welfare

What isphysical and mental state of an animal

in relation to the conditions in which it lives and dies

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Can animals feel?

vertebrate
LobsterOctopus
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Insect?
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Can animals feel?

Sentient beings

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Why we have to define
I think,
therefore I am

utilitarianism

Rene Descartes
ルネ・デカルト(1596-1650、France)‘animals as automata’
自動機械

Jeremy Bentham
ジェレミー・ベンサム(1748-1832、UK)‘The question is not ‘Can
they reason?’ nor ‘Can theytalk?’ but ‘Can they suffer?’

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How is animal welfare in your country?

Animal Protection Index 2022 (World Animal Protection)

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How is animal welfare in Japan?

Animal Protection Index 2022 (World Animal Protection)

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History of animal welfare
1822

Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act (Martin’s Act)

1876

Cruelty to Animal Act

1911

Protection of Animals Act (ex Animal Welfare Act)

1964

Animal Machine (Ruth Harrison): raised awareness of public about intensive (factory) farming
Early 1900

1960’sGetty Images

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Getty Images

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History of animal welfare
1822

Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act (Martin’s Act)

1876

Cruelty to Animal Act1911

Protection of Animals Act (ex Animal Welfare Act)

1964

Animal Machine (Ruth Harrison)

1965

The Brambell report (UK government)

Public pressure“We accept that animals can experience emotions such asrage, fear, apprehension, frustration and pleasure...”One Health Research Center

Hokkaido University

History of animal welfare
1822

Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act (Martin’s Act)

1876

Cruelty to Animal Act

1911

Protection of Animals Act (ex Animal Welfare Act)

1964

Animal Machine (Ruth Harrison)

1965

The Brambell report (UK government)

1974

Five Freedoms (FAWC: Farm Animal Welfare Council)

 Freedom from hunger, malnutrition and thirst Freedom from pain, injury and disease Freedom to express normal
patterns of behaviour

 Freedom from heat stress or physical discomfort  Freedom from fear and distress
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Confusing concepts for animals
 Welfare（福祉）：Animal’s physical/mental state Rights（権利） ：Animal’s right Ethics（倫理） ：Human’s ethics toward animals
 Aigo（愛護）：Human’s love toward animals
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What is the matter for an animal?

Gene modified pig for
supplying a heart to humans

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Hokkaido UniversityViewpoint of Welfare, Rights, Ethics, and Aigo
WelfareEthicsRightsAigo

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Viewpoint of Welfare, Rights, Ethics, and Aigo
Welfare- Effect on pig’s physical health(disease, pain)- Effect on pig’s mental health(frustration, boredom, fear)- Environment, handlings

Rights- Using animals is not allowedEthics- Using animals for humans- Xenotransplant (異種移植)- Why pigs?

Aigo- Whether we can love the pig- Whether we can keep the pig
safe and physically healthy
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Principles – Five Freedoms
Animals must be given:
Freedom from hunger, malnutrition and thirstFreedom from pain, injury and diseaseFreedom from heat stress or physical discomfort
Freedom to express normal patterns of behaviour
Freedom from fear and distress
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Animal Welfare Science

To measure and improve welfare of animals

physical/mental state

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Animal welfare measures
 Resource-based: What animals are given－house, floor, bedding, enrichment, food Management-based: How animals are managed－feeding schedule, veterinary treatment, group/single-housed
 Animal-based: What/How animals experience－physical health, facial expression, body language, glucocorticoid
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New model to measure animal welfare
Five Domains Model (1994)

FOUR PAWS in Europe

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New model to measure animal welfare
Five Domains Model (Mellor et al., Animals 2020)

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New model to measure animal welfare
Five Domains Model (Mellor et al., Animals 2020)

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Hokkaido UniversityWelfare measurement
＠Hokkaido Uni

How is her welfare？

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Welfare measurement
Criteria ①: 3 measures

How is her welfare？
Resource-based: 何を与えられているかManagement-based: どう管理されているか
Animal-based: 動物自身の状態
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Welfare measurement
Criteria ②: Five Freedoms/Domains

How is her welfare？

Freedom from hunger, malnutrition and thirst
Freedom from pain, injury and disease
Freedom from heat stress or physical discomfort
Freedom to express normal patterns of behaviour
Freedom from fear and distress
One Health Research Center

Hokkaido UniversityWelfare measurement
Criteria ②: Five Freedoms/Domains

How is her welfare？

NUTRITIONHEALTHENVIRONMENTBEHAVIOURMENTAL STATE = WELFARE

Welfare measurement
NUTRITION

How is her welfare？
Roughage, concentrated feed（twice/day）
BCS

water
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Welfare measurement
ENVIRONMENT

How is her welfare？
Light, heat, humidity, sound, wind....
Space for moving, hiding, foraging.....
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Welfare measurement
HEALTHHow is her welfare？

Dehorn, neutering, vaccination.....
Disease, injury, cleanliness, lameness....
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Welfare measurement
BEHAVIOUR

How is her welfare？

Moving, lying down, rumination,social play, stereotypies....
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Motivation - Preference test

Dawkins, Do hens suffer in battery cages? environmental
preferences and welfare? Animal Beheviour 1977

Battery cage
Outside run
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Mood - Cognitive bias test

Barnard et al, Personality traits
affecting judgement bias task
performance in dogs (Canisfamiliaris) Scientific Reports 2018
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Zoo Animal Welfare

Maruyama zoo
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Zoo Animal Welfare

Animal Welfare
isa global priority

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Zoo Animal Welfare

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Enrichment
Hay feeder on ceiling
Access to outside

Family management

Sand substrates

WaterToys

Asian Elephant @Maruyama zoo
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Activity

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Activity

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Activity – measure the welfare of...

Tufted capuchin(Cebus apella)

Asian elephant(Elephasmaximus)

Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica)

Polar Bear(Ursus maritimus)
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One Health, One Welfare

Not only physical health,but also our mental healthis connected

Ritter and King. One Welfare: The role of veterinary professionals. CVJ 2023
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Take Home Message
 Animal Welfare is about ‘what an animal experience’ Five Freedoms concept is a principal of animal welfare Five Domains model is helpful to measure an animal’s welfare Think about not only physical but mental health for animals
 How can we implement good welfare in diverse culture?
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Hokkaido UniversityThank you! Any question?