International Workshop

DOSHISHA UNIVERSITY,
KYOTO

24-25 February
2014

Sponsors:
Center for the Study of the Creative Economy at Doshisha University
Life Risk Research Center at Doshisha University
Panel Data Research Center at Keio University

Table of Contents
1.
Purpose of the Workshop .................................................................................. 1
2.
Purpose of the comparative study on happiness............................................... 1
3.
Presentation Schedule ...................................................................................... 2
4.
Venue: Doshisha University Imadegawa Campus............................................. 4
5.
Information for Presenters ................................................................................. 5
6.
Information for editors ....................................................................................... 57.
Important dates for authors ............................................................................... 6
8.
Accomodation for overseas participants............................................................ 7
9.
Restaurant Information ...................................................................................... 8
10. Contact Information ........................................................................................... 8
11. Abstracts and Biographies ................................................................................ 9
Session1 Monday, Feb 24 ................................................................................... 11
Session 2 Monday, Feb 24 .................................................................................... 15
Session 3 Monday, Feb 24 ................................................................................. 20
Special Session Monday, Feb 24 ........................................................................ 25
Session 4 Tuesday, Feb 25 ................................................................................. 26
Session 5 Tuesday, Feb 25 ................................................................................. 31
Session 6 Tuesday, Feb 25 ................................................................................. 34
12. References on Comparative Study on Happiness ........................................... 37

1. Purpose of the Workshop
This Workshop is a preliminary meeting for the “International Conference—Comparative
Study on Happiness” to be held in October 2014 in Paris. During the workshop participants
will exchange and discuss progress reports of the research project entitled “Creating a
Welfare Society—Happiness and a Stronger Economy”, as well as papers with wider focus(not particularly drawing on the surveys internationally conducted). The Editorial
Committee will meet during the workshop to discuss the publication of the project and theorganization of the Paris conference. This workshop is sponsored by Life Risk ResearchCenter at Doshisha University (Director, Toshiaki Tachibanaki), Center for the Study of theCreative Economy at Doshisha University (Director, Nobuko Kawashima), and Panel Data
Research Center at Keio University (Director, Yoshio Higuchi)1.
2. Purpose of the comparative study on happiness
The fiscal crisis of many governments amongst advanced nations over the last two to three
decades has led to the decline of the welfare state and simultaneously an increase in income
gaps between different groups, as well as in anxiety and unhappiness generally shared
amongst people. It has become an urgent issue in Japan, too, for researchers in the social
sciences to investigate the causes of the problems and propose policies so that the national
economy would regain its competitiveness where people would live feeling more secure andhappier. Whilst there are numerous academic approaches to this issue, we aim to address itwith the use of surveys to identify the correlations between exogenous factors that affect livesof people such as the system of social security, education, employment, family and friends,
the existence of social capital and the degree of happiness and well-being as perceived bythem. The primary methodology, thus, is similar to the one described by Easterlin (2002) andHills and Argyle (2002), but we welcome other approaches from diverse disciplines such associology.
With this overall goal, the study has four specific areas of concern for cross-national research:
1) Influence of social security on happiness.
2) Effects of work-life balance and employment system on happiness.
3) Effects of education system and economic inequality on happiness.
4) Influence of culture and creativity on happiness.
Expected Outcome
A major outcome of this international project is to have a conference, open to the public, tocompare the results and discuss their implications in Paris on October 16-17, 2014. L’EHESS
has agreed to be the host to this conference who would undertake logistical tasks for
preparation. The working language will be English. We expect to publish a book collating
the papers given at the conference and possibly adding some more. An Editorial Committee
has been established to oversee the conference programming and publication.

1

This international workshop is partly sponsored by the “Multi-Dimensional Dynamic Analysis of Gender
Equality and the Role of the Family in Internationally Comparable Data” project, which is carried out by
Keio University under the Topic-Setting Program to Advance Cutting-Edge Humanities and Social
Sciences Research of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
1

3. Presentation Schedule
Monday, February 24
Session 1

Chair: Aki Tsuchiya (The University of Sheffield)

10:00-10:35

Adaptation and the Easterlin Paradox
Andrew Clark, Paris School of Economics

10:35-11:10

Happiness in the Arts-International Evidence on Artist's Job
Satisfaction
Lasse Steiner, University of Zurich

11:10-11:45

City Size and HappinessYoshio Itaba, Doshisha University

11:45-13:30

Lunch

13:30-14:05

14:05-14:40

14:40-15:15
15:15-16:00
Session 3

Session 2 Chair: Lasse Steiner (University of Zurich)Social mobility, social beliefs, and attitudes to redistribution
A comparison between the United States, France, and Japan
Sebastien Lechevalier, (L’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales(EHESS))
Happiness, social cohesion and income inequalities in Britain andJapan
Dimitris Ballas, The University of Sheffield
A comparative study on happiness and inequality: five countries' caseToshiaki Tachibanaki, Doshisha University
Sayaka Sakoda, Doshisha University
Coffee Break
Chair: Victor Ginsburgh (European Center for Advanced Research on
Economic and Statistics (ECARES))

16:00-16:35

Can Work-Life Balance Policies Foster Happiness within the Family?
A Comparison of New versus Old Family ArrangementsÁlvaro Martínez-Pérez, The University of Sheffield

16:35-17:10

The Effect of Changing Employment Status on Happiness
Tadashi Yagi, Doshisha University
Kunio Urakawa, Kyushu University

Special Session
17:10-17:30

Chair: Akiko Kamesaka (Aoyama Gakuin University)

Overview of ESRI's "Survey on Quality of Life" and "Arakawa
Local Government Poll" on Gross Arakawa HappinessShiho Kawano, Economic and Social Research Institute, Cabinet Office,
Government of Japan

2

Tuesday, February 25
Session 4

Chair: Toshiaki Tachibanaki (Doshisha University)

10:00-10:35

An overview of intertemporal measures of individual well-being: Can
they explain life satisfaction better?
Conchita D'Ambrosio, University of Luxembourg

10:35-11:10

Happiness, Wellbeing and the Role of Government: the case of theUK
Ian Bache, The University of Sheffield

11:10-11:45

Exploring experience and preference change, with special referenceto emobility
Werner Pascha, University of Duisburg-Essen

11:45-13:30

Lunch

Session 5

Chair: Sebastien Lechevalier (L’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales(EHESS))

13:30-14:05

Happiness, life satisfaction and migration
Marcel Erlinghagen, University of Duisburg-Essen

14:05-14:40

Activities in Neighborhood Associations in Japan: Discovering the
Drivers of Procedural Utility
Tim Tiefenbach, German Institute for Japanese Studies

14:40-15:15

Cultural Policy for Social Inclusion-Can the Arts and Culture Make People Happy?
Nobuko Kawashima, Doshisha University

15:15-16:00

Coffee BreakSession 6

16:00-16:35

16:35-17:10

17:30-18:00

Chair: Nobuko Kawashima (Doshisha University)

Do Workaholics Live a Happy Life?:Comparison of Japan, US andFranceAkira Kawaguchi, Doshisha University
Takato Kasai, Doshisha University
The Optimal Employment System for Promoting FriendlyCompetition
Tadashi Yagi, Doshisha University
Katsuhiko Yonezaki, Doshisha University
Meeting of Editorial Committee (editors only)34. Vennue: Doshissha Univerrsity Imadeegawa Cammpus
Ryooshinkan Building, Fa
aculty of Ecconomics, 3F
3Archh-shaped Enttrance of Ryo
oshinkan buildding

Entrance to Faculty of Ecconomics

Doshisha Chapel【Whhen enteringg through th
he West Gatte of Imadeg
gawa Camppus】
Wallk straight aheadafrom thet West Gaate.
Turnn left at the small quad
drangle. Yo
You will have the Doshisha Chapel on your rig
ght.
Procceed to the arch-shapedad entrance oof the Ryoshhinkan Building.
The entrance too Faculty off Economicss is to your right.
Overseas partticipants will
w be accom
mpanied by staffs fro
om Doshishha Universiity fromtheeir hotel to thet venue on
o Februarry 24.

45. Information for Presenters
For sessions 1 to 6, each presenter will have 20 minutes for presentation, followed bydiscussion for 15 minutes. In Special Session a 10 minute presentation will be followed by 10
minute discussion.
There is no need to submit manuscripts for the Kyoto Workshop.
6. Information for editors
Editorial committee members
1) Sebastien Lechevalier (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS),France.)2) Aki Tsuchiya (Department of Economics, The University of Sheffield, UK )3) Bruno Frey (The University of Zurich, Switzerland)4) Lasse Steiner (The University of Zurich, Switzerland)5) Werner Pascha (Mercator School of Management and Institute of East Asian Studies,
University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany)6) Victor Ginsburgh (European Center for Advanced Research on Economic and Statistics(ECARES), Universite Libre de Bruxelles), Belgium)7) Toshiaki Tachibanaki (Doshisha University, Japan)
8) Nobuko Kawashima (Doshisha University, Japan)
9) Tadashi Yagi (Doshisha University, Japan)
Meeting of Editorial Committee
All editorial committee members are asked to attend the meeting which will be held on
Tuesday, February 25 from 17:30-18:00.
Submission of the “Editor’s Comment”
Some members of the Editorial Committee have been assigned to prepare comments onpresentations. This is a different task from chairing sessions. Nominated editors will be
responsible for preparing comments on individual papers given in the sessions they are
assigned to. Comments will be sent to the presenters after the workshop.
For each presentation, please prepare a comment sheet of no more than A4 half page which
includes the following:
1) Main arguments of the paper
2) Any additional comments by the editor
Please submit the comments to rc-risk@mail.doshisha.ac.jp after the workshop. Papers
given in the following sessions have been assigned to those names.
Session 1 Aki Tsuchiya
Session 4 Werner Pascha
Session 2 Lasse Steiner
Session 5 Sebastien Lechevalier
Session 3 Victor Ginsburgh
Session 6 Tadashi Yagi

5

7. Important dates for authors
The following schedule will be discussed by the editorial committee during the workshop andit may be re-scheduled accordingly.
February 10, 2014: Submission of presentation data (power point file). The power point will
be uploaded on our website before February 24. Manuscripts will not be required at the
Kyoto workshop. Please note that access to the slides will not be restricted with passwords,
but the data will be deleted by mid-March unless requests are made for the data to remain.
September 16, 2014: Submission of full manuscripts (6,000-8,000 words. Please count eachfigure or table as 200 words. This will be the length of a book chapter).
October 16-17, 2014: Paris Conference, Editorial Committee Meeting and selection on theauthors for the publication.
February 2015: Authors will be asked to submit their manuscripts by February 2015.
February- May 2015: Three month period for reviewing papers.

68. Acccomodationn for overseas particiipants
Karaasuma Kyoto Hotel
Hoteel website http://karrasuma.kyottohotel.co.jp/english/
Acccess by shutttle taxi (ourr recommenndation)
Shuuttle taxis (mini(bus thattwill taake about 8 passengeers around to their reespective
desttinations) will
w be boooked for traavel betweeen the Kannsai Internaational Airp
port andKaraasuma Kyoto Hotel. (aapprox. 2 hoours to 2 houurs 30min) The fare is 3,500 yen one
o way.
Reseervation infformation will
w be sent vvia e-mail fromfthe seccretariat.
Acccess by exprress train
For those who prefer takiing trains w
which couldd be more efficient, taake the JR
R Haruka
exprress train frrom Kansai Internationnal Airport to Kyoto Station
S(appprox. 75 min).
mThefare is 3,300 yenn one way.
From
m Kyoto Staation, take thet subwayy Karasuma line to Shijjo Station ((approx. 3 min)m andleavee the statioon by Soutth Exit 6. IIf coming by Hankyu
u Railway, get off at Hankyu
Karaasuma Statioon (West Ex
xit 23).
Travvel expensees between the airport and hotel will
w be reim
mbursed to participantts during
the wworkshop.

79. Restaurant Information
Monday, February 24, from 18:30 Gala Dinner at Ganko Takasegawa Nijoen
Restaurant website
http://www.gankofood.co.jp/yashiki/nijyoen/
Telephone number : 075-223-3456
Address: Nakagyo-ku, Kiyamachi dori, Nijo-kudaru, Higashiikesucho 484-6＊Taxis will be booked for participants who will travel directly from the university to therestaurant.
Tuesday, February 25, from 18:30 Buffet Dinner at Hamac de Paradis (across the roadfrom the conference venue) http://www.hamac-de-paradis-kanbaikan.jp/

10. Contact Information
Secretariat of the international workshop(located inside the Life Risk Research Center and Center for the Study of the Creative
Economy)Telephone: +81-75-251-3728 (international), 075-251-3728 (domestic)
Fax: +81-75-251-3727 (international), 075-251-3727 (domestic)E-mail: rc-risk@mail.doshisha.ac.jp
Address: Imadegawa Karasuma Higashi iru Kamigyo, Kyoto, 602-8580

811. Abstracts and Biographies910Session1 Monday, Feb 24

Andrew E. Clark, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Adaptation and the Easterlin Paradox
Abstract
Two behavioural explanations of the Easterlin Paradox are commonly advanced. The
first appeals to social comparisons, whereby individual i compares her income (Yit) to acomparison income level earned by some other individual or group j (Y*jt). The second
explanation is that of adaptation to higher levels of income. This is of the same nature,but here the individual’s current income is compared to her own income in the past (i.e.
Yit is compared to Yit-τ, for some positive value or values of τ). The first of these
explanations has attracted far more empirical attention than has the second. This isprobably for data-availability reasons, as the latter requires panel information.
There is also a suspicion that large changes in Yit are probably accompanied by amovement in some other variable that is also correlated with subjective well-being.
This paper will review the empirical evidence that individuals do indeed compare
current to past income, and will then ask whether adaptation is in fact a viable
explanation of the Easterlin Paradox. By doing so, it will underline areas where ourknowledge is lacking despite the remarkable growth in work on well-being over the past
two decades.
Biography
Andrew Clark holds a PhD from the London School of Economics. He is currently a
CNRS Research Professor at the Paris School of Economics (PSE), and previously held
posts at Dartmouth, Essex, CEPREMAP, DELTA, the OECD and the University of
Orléans.
His work has largely focussed on the interface between psychology, sociology andeconomics; in particular, using job and life satisfaction scores, and other psychologicalindices, as proxy measures of utility. One particular research question has been that ofrelative utility or comparisons (to others like you, to others in the same household, andto yourself in the past), finding evidence of such comparisons with respect to bothincome and unemployment. This work has spilled over into theoretical and empirical
work on following behaviour and learning from others' actions. Recent work has
involved collaboration with psychologists to map out habituation to life events (such as
job loss, marriage, and divorce) using long-run panel data.
In addition to his Paris position, he holds research associate positions at the London
School of Economics, IZA (Bonn) and Kingston University. He is on the Editorial
Board of ten journals, and has acted as referee for over 150 different journals across theSocial Sciences.

11Session 1 Monday, Feb 24

Lasse Steiner, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Happiness in the Arts - International Evidence on Artists’ Job Satisfaction
Co-authored by Bruno Frey, Trine Bille
Abstract
Artists work more, earn less and have a higher risk of becoming unemployed than other
employees. According to a literature in psychology and psychiatry they also suffer more
often from mental disorder and commit suicide more often, thus it can be expected thatthey are less happy than non-artists. Nevertheless, the artistic labor market attracts many
young people. The number of students exceeds the available jobs by far. The classicalexplanations for this paradox are that artistic labor markets are superstar markets or that
artists overestimate the likelihood of future success. Our contribution is to show that
artists gain an additional psychic income compared to other employees. With
international cross section data from 47 countries we show that artists derive a higher job
satisfaction by having a creative job. Using the panel structure of 3 national data sets wecan show that the higher satisfaction is not driven by time invariant individual
characteristics, such as personality. We find evidence that the increased job satisfaction ofartists is related to procedural characteristics, especially having autonomy in choosing
working hours and place.
Biography
Lasse Steiner is a visiting scholar at the University of California at Berkeley. He was anundergraduate student at the University of Konstanz and the University of North
Carolina, Greensboro and recently received his PhD at the Department of Economics at
the University of Zurich. His research focuses on happiness economics, cultural
economics and political economy. In his work he, for example, analysis the job
satisfaction of artists, the effect of cultural events on life satisfaction, the political
economy of the UNESCO world heritage list or museum pricing.

12Session 1 Monday, Feb 24

Yoshio Itaba, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
City Size and Happiness
Abstract
Most of the research on happiness has focused on national and international level.
These works have revealed robust national differences in happiness. But, Only a coupleof papers like Florida, Mellander and Rentfrow(2013) have focused on metropolitan
level or regional level. There are benefits and costs of big cities. Given these trade-off,the question is whether an increase in city size affects the happiness of residents.
Firstly, this paper shows the differences of happiness among three countries, Japan,
England and Germany in terms of city size. Survey data which are collected by Internet
Survey in 2013 are used. Secondly, the relationship between happiness and city size are
estimated not only in each country but also in pooled data. The problems arise becauseof the relationship between income and city size. The paper will talk about the measures
to avoid the problems.

Biography
Itaba Yoshio is Professor in Faculty of Economics at Doshisha University. He holds a
PhD in Economics awarded from Doshisha University. His research field includes
Economic Analysis of Decentralization and Policy Evaluation. Some of his current
publication in Japanese are “Poverty and Social Securiy System- Basic Income and
Negative Income Tax” (2011), “Sports Economics and Policy” (2011), “Public Financein the Modern Society” (2009).

13

Session 1 Monday, Feb 24

Chair

Aki Tsuchiya, Ph.D.
Biography
Professor Aki Tsuchiya is a Professor of Health Economics at the University of
Sheffield. She holds a joint appointment between the Department of Economics andthe School of Health and Related Research. She is the Director of the Centre for
Health and Wellbeing in Public Policy, a network of researchers at the University.
Currently, she holds a two-year Advanced Research Fellowship funded by the Facultyof Social Sciences at the University. Professor Tsuchiya has a masters in EthicalPhilosophy, and in Economics, and a PhD in Economics from Kyoto University. Her
three main areas of research interest are: (1) valuation of preferences for health andwell-being, (2) quantification of inequality aversion and its incorporation into social
welfare functions, and (3) normative economics of health and well-being; all ranging
from the philosophical and theoretical to the practical and empirical. She has over 50
peer reviewed papers published from journals including: Applied Economics, Applied
Health Economics and Health Policy, European Journal of Health Economics, Health
Economics, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Journal of Health
Economics, Medical Decision Making, Pharmacoeconomics, Quality of life Research,Social Science and Medicine, Theory and Decision, and Value in Health.

14

Session 2 Monday, Feb 24

Sebastien Lechevalier, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Social mobility, social beliefs, and attitudes to redistribution
A comparison between the United States, France, and Japan
Abstract
There are significant differences across countries in terms of redistribution by
the government and they may correspond to underlying dissimilarities in preference forredistribution across the population of these countries. In particular, previous literature
has compared the US and Europe from this viewpoint and proposed several
explanations of these differences, from aggregation of individual determinants (e.g.
one’s income) to more holistic ones such as shared values at the national level (Alesina& Giulano, 2009; Alesina & La Ferrara, 2004; Alesina et al., 2004).
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to this literature by focusing on a key
determinant, the characteristics of social mobility within a national context, and by
trying to extend the comparison between Europe and the US by including the case of adeveloped Asian country, Japan. More precisely, by relying on the 2009 issue of theInternational Social Survey Program, our aim is to explain different preferences forredistribution across the US, France and Japan by focusing on the impact of (subjective
and objective) individual mobility and social beliefs in the possibility of social mobility.
While there are clear differences between France and the US regarding both thelevel of unhappiness due to the level of inequalities and preference for redistribution,
Japan stands in the middle. Moreover, different social beliefs related to the relative
importance of luck and effort in social outcome have been emphasized by the literature
to explain the different patterns in Europe and in the US. However, the rationale behindJapanese patterns is unclear and a purpose of this paper is to provide some explanations
that make possible a generalization of previous literature on the topic.

References
Alesina A. & La Ferrara E. (2005), Preferences for redistribution in the land ofopportunities, Journal of Public Economics, 89 (5-6): 897-931
Alesina R. Di Tella R. & R. MacCulloch (2004), Inequality and Happiness: areEuropeans and Americans Different? Journal of Public Economics, 88: 2009-2042.
Alesina, A., & Giuliano, P. (2009), Preferences for redistribution. NBER Working
Papers 14825.
Corneo G. and F. Neher (2012), Income Inequality and Self-Reported Values”,
Discussion Paper Series of SFB/TR 15 Governance and the Efficiency of Economic
Systems n°382.
Corneo, G. and H. P. Grüner (2002), “Individual preferences for political redistribution”,

15

Journal of Public Economics (83): 83-107.
Fong, C. (2001), Social Preferences, Self-Interest, and the Demand for Redistribution.
Journal of Public Economics 82(2): 225-246.
Fong, C. (2006), Prospective mobility, fairness and the demand for redistribution.
mimeo.
Guillaud, E. (2013), Preferences for redistribution: an empirical analysis over 33
countries, Journal of Economic Inequality, Vol. 11(1), 57-78
Lefranc A., N.Pistolesi and A.Trannoy (2009), “Equality of opportunity and luck:
Definitions and testable conditions, with an application to income in France" Journal of
Public Economics, 93 (11-12): 1189-1208
Linos K. & M. West (2003), Self-interest, Social Beliefs, and attitudes to redistribution.
Re-addressing the issue of Cross-national variation, European Sociological Review 19(4): 393-409.
Meltzer A.H. & Richard S.F. (1981), A Rational Theory of the Size of Government,
Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 89, No. 5, pp. 914-927
Neher F. (2012), “Preferences for redistribution around the world”, Discussion Papers
from Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics No 2012/2
Piketty T. (1995), Social mobility and redistributive politics, Quarterly journal of
economics, vol. 110, no 3, p. 551-584.
Rey-Biel, P., R. Sheremetab and N. Ulerc (2011), (Bad) Luck or (Lack of) Effort? :Comparing Social Sharing Norms between US and Europe, mimeo.

Biography
Sébastien Lechevalier is Associate Professor at L’École des Hautes Études en
Sciences Sociales (EHESS, Paris). He is also President of Fondation France Japon del’EHESS (EHESS Paris日仏財団). His research focuses on the Japanese economy,
corporate diversity, evolution of welfare systems in Asia, and inequalities. His recent
publications include: The Great Transformation of the Japanese Capitalism (Routledge,2014), “Bringing Asia into the Comparative Capitalism Perspective”, special issue ofSocio Economic Review (co-edited with B. Amable, S. Casper & C. Storz, 2013), “Wageand Productivity Differentials in Japan. The role of Labor Market Mechanisms” (with Y.
Kalantzis, & R. Kambayashi; Labour: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial
Relations, 2012). He will also edit a special issue of Review of World Economics on“Globalization and labor market outcomes: de-industrialization, job security, and wage
inequalities” in 2015.

16

Session 2 Monday, Feb 24

Dimitris Ballas, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Happiness, social cohesion and income inequalities in Britain and Japan
Co-authored by Danny Dorling (University of Oxford), Tomoki Nakaya (Ritsumeikan
University), Helena Tunstall (University of Edinburgh), Kazumasa Hanaoka (Tohoku
University) and Tomoya Hanibuchi (Chukyo University)
Abstract“Politics was once seen as a way of improving people’s social and emotional well-being bychanging their economic circumstances. But over the last few decades the bigger picture has
been lost. People are now more likely to see psychosocial well-being as dependent on what
can be done at the individual level, using cognitive behavioural therapy – one person at a time
– or on providing support in early childhood, or on the reassertion of religious or family
values. However, it is now clear that income distribution provides policy makers with away of improving the psychosocial wellbeing of whole populations. Politicians have an
opportunity to do genuine good.”(Wilkinson and Pickett, 2009: 233; our emphasis)

The above quotation is from the popular book entitled “The Spirit Level: Why More
Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better”. This text describes the relationship between
income distribution and well-being in affluent countries suggesting it is mediatedthrough psychosocial pathways shaping the impacts of economic structure upon social
relationships. In this model lower income inequality is seen to result in societies withmore cohesion, greater trust and cooperation and lower social stress. Wilkinson andPickett (2009) present evidence suggesting that social and economic policies affecting
the income distribution of a society can make a huge difference to the psychosocial
well-being of the whole populations of this society. For instance, according to theevidence used in this book if income inequality were halved in the UK then the murder
rates in the country and obesity rates would also halve, mental illness could be reducedby two thirds, imprisonment could reduce by 80%, teen births could reduce by 80% andlevels of trust could increase by 85% (The Equality Trust, 2011).
According to the “Spirit Level” research Japan is more equitable and hence harmonious
than other industrialised affluent countries, whereas Britain one of the most unequal andhence disharmonious. In this paper we present on-going research, building on the“Spirit Level” work, aimed at exploring issues of income inequality, social cohesion,
happiness and well-being in Britain and Japan. In particular, the key aim of our research
project is to address the subjects that have been central to recent controversies regarding
health, happiness and social wellbeing in Japan and Britain.
This paper presents on-going research exploring social cohesion and happiness in Japanand Britain, building on recently completed work comparing income inequalities in thetwo countries. A key aim of this project is to build on recent work entitled ‘The Spirit
Level’ by Professors Pickett and Wilkinson suggesting that Japan is one of the most17

harmonious of affluent countries in the world, whereas Britain one of the most unequaland hence disharmonious. The paper revisits the ‘Spirit Level’ evidence according towhich Japan is a more equitable and thus socially cohesive society than is any otherindustrialised country, but especially in contrast with a country such as Britain. It
presents a review of relevant literature and a discussion of the key arguments in relation
to the links between income inequality, social cohesion and happiness. It also presents acomparison of income inequality measures in Britain and Japan over the past 20 years,
followed by comparisons of subjective happiness and well-being measures and theirdeterminants in the two countries. Finally, the paper spells out a research agenda
regarding the next steps and on ways of adding a geographical dimension to the study ofsubjective happiness and well-being in Britain and Japan.
References:
Ballas, D, Dorling, D, Nakaya, T, Tunstall, H, Hanaoka, K (2013), Income inequalities
in Britain and Japan: a comparative study of two island economies, Social Policy andSociety, (in press, published online before print, 13 March 2013;
doi:10.1017/S1474746413000043).
The Equality Trust (2011), About Inequality, http://www.equalitytrust.org.uk
Wilkinson R and Pickett K (2009) The Spirit Level: Why equality is better for everyone,
Allen Lane.

Biography
Dimitris Ballas is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography at the Universityof Sheffield and Deputy Director of the University of Sheffield research Centre for
Health and Well-being in Public Policy (CWiPP). He is an economist by training (1996,
University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece) and also has a Master of Arts (withdistinction) in Geographical Information Systems (1997, University of Leeds, UK) anda PhD in Geography (2001, University of Leeds, UK). He has significant experienceand expertise in the use of Geonformatics and GIS in the Social Sciences and especiallyin the development and application of spatial microsimulation models. His current
research interests include economic geography, social and spatial inequalities, social
justice, exploring geographies of happiness and well-being and socio-economic
applications of GIS. He has co-authored and co-edited five books and he has publishedwidely on applications of GIS and spatial modelling on a wide range of subjects
including local labour market policies, social policy, spatial planning, health, rural
policy analysis and human cartography. His most recent work includes a book entitled‘Social Atlas of Europe’ (co-authored with Danny Dorling and Benjamin Hennig) thatwill be published May 2014 (Policy Press, Bristol).

18

Session 2 Monday, Feb 24

Toshiaki Tachibanaki, Ph.D., Sayaka Sakoda
Title of Presentation
A comparative study on happiness and inequality: five countries' caseCo-authored by Sayaka Sakoda (Doshisha University)
Abstract
The purpose of international comparison research is to analyze and clarify the factorsthat affect the degree of happiness, unhappiness and inequality. The empirical analysis
will focus on how the degree of happiness, unhappiness, and inequality is affected by
the factors such as the culture and nationality of each country.
Biography
Toshiaki Tachibanaki is a professor in Faculty of Economics at Doshisha University andthe Director of the Life Risk Research Center. He holds a PhD in Economics, awardedby The Johns Hopkins University in 1973. He has held teaching and research positionsat INSEE, OECD, Osaka University, Kyoto University, Stanford University, Universityof Essex, London School of Economics. He has also served as a director of researchgroups in the Economic Planning Agency, Bank of Japan, Ministry for Posts andTelecommunication, Ministry of Finance, and Ministry of International Trade andIndustry. His research interests cover labor economics, public and financial economics,
applied econometrics, economic theory and the Japanese economy.
He is the author of many books including those written in English such as “Capital andLabour in Japan: The Functions of Two Factor Markets” (2012), “The New Paradox forJapanese Women: Greater Choice, Greater Inequality” (2010), “Confronting Income
Inequality in Japan: A Comparative Analysis of Causes, Consequences, and Reform”(2009). He has published extensively in journals such as International Economic
Review, Review of Economics and Statistics, Journal of Public Economics, Nihon Rodo
Kyokai Zasshi, European Economic Review and Financial Review.
Biography of the co-author
Sayaka Sakoda is a graduate of the Faculty of Economics, Doshisha University. She is a
Research Fellow at the Life Risk Research Center, Doshisha University and a Ph.D
Research Fellow at La Fondation France Japon de l’École des hautes études en sciences
sociales (EHESS). She has co-authored the book, “Inequal Society in Married Couples”(2013) (in Japanese) with Toshiaki Tachibanaki.

19

Session 3 Monday, Feb 24Álvaro Martínez-Pérez, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Can Work-Life Balance Policies Foster Happiness within the Family?
A Comparison of New versus Old Family Arrangements
Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of childcare policies in the life satisfaction offamilies with dependant children. The focus of the inquiry lies in the comparison offamilies living in ‘old’ family arrangements (couples with dependant children) versus
those living in new family arrangements (lone mothers and fathers with dependant
children). Hence, this paper aims to offer novel evidence on the relationship between
family structure and life satisfaction in a context of increasing fluidity of the family
structure as a result of the changing process of coupledom and the importance of marital
instability and divorce risks. Altogether, these two phenomena have spurred a growing
number of individuals to opt for new family arrangements. Yet, despite the appearanceof new, more unstable, living arrangements there is consistent evidence found incross-country comparative research that the family remains as the key institution for theprovision of care and wellbeing and where the life chance of individuals over their life
course are shaped. Within this context of transformations of the family policies tosupport the care and wellbeing needs of its members play a key role for a better
understanding of the extent of social inequalities. Particularly, the paper argues that theexistence and type of childcare policies available to help families reconcile work andfamily responsibilities maybe especially relevant for the new family forms where timepressures, and social risks (e.g. poverty and exclusion) are more demanding. Instead oflooking at the influence of these policies on the individual and social risks of families
living in ‘old’ and ‘new’ family arrangements, the paper concentrates in life satisfaction.
Life satisfaction as an overall measure of wellbeing provides a comprehensive
subjective evaluation of family happiness where the different social and individual risks
families face are collated. Finally, the paper pays special attention to unravelling the
motives for the gender inequalities in life satisfaction within and between the various
family arrangements analysed. The empirical analysis is based on the British Household
Panel Survey. The use of econometric panel methods allows controlling for the impactof unmeasured individual characteristics on life satisfaction and, therefore, isolatesbetter the causal relationship between childcare policies and life satisfaction for families
with dependant children in ‘new’ and ‘old family arrangements.
BiographyÁlvaro Martínez-Pérez joined ICOSS as Research Associate in July 2012. He has a PhD
in Applied Social and Economic Research (ISER, University of Essex) and is a
Doctor-Member of the Juan March Institute (CEACS). He also holds a Masters in
Social Sciences (Juan March Institute), a MSc in Political Science and International
Relations (UAM), and a BA in Political Science and Public Administration (UCM).

20

Prior to joining ICOSS he was Postdoctoral Fellow at the Department of Sociology andOrganisational Analysis (Universitat de Barcelona) and Research Fellow at the
Research Institute for the Evaluation of Public Policies (IRVAPP, Fondazione Bruno
Kessler, Trento, Italy). During his postgraduate studies he was a visiting student at
Nuffield College (University of Oxford) and the European University Institute.
His research interests include family sociology, economics of the family, social
stratification, electoral behaviour and management. He has specialised in econometricand quantitative methods for the analysis of large scale and complex datasets. He has
published on these topics several articles, monographs and book chapters.

21

Session 3 Monday, Feb 24

Tadashi Yagi, Ph.D., Kunio Urakawa, PhD.
Title of Presentation
The Effect of Changing Employment Status on Happiness
Co-authored by Kunio Urakawa

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine the components which determine the happiness.
To examine the components, we apply the Oxford Index of happiness developed by
Hills and Arglye. Factor components analysis extracts the two major components which
determine the degree of happiness. From the questionnaire, we interpret these as the
positive thinking happiness and negative thinking happiness including anxiety.
After identifying the components of happiness, we examine the factors which affectthe degree of happiness. Especially, we focus on the effects of job status, i.e., regular or
non-regular worker, on the happiness. The effects of job status are not straight forward
because the purpose of working differs among individuals and job satisfaction differs
according to the environment of the work place.
We explore to distinct the voluntary selection of non-regular position from thevaluation on the job conditions and work environment, and estimate the portion ofworker who work as a non-regular worker, and discuss about the problems caused fromthe involuntary selection of non-regular status.
Biography
Tadashi Yagi is Professor of the Faculty of Economics at Doshisha University. He
holds PhD in Economics, awarded by Nagoya University in 1996. His research areas
are wide-ranging, including public economics, human resources management, income
distribution, welfare economics and cultural economics. He has written many papers
in refereed academic journals and chapters in edited volumes. Recent works include‘The Income Security System in Japanese Traditional Performing Arts: A strategy for
utilizing the nation’s traditional arts resources’, (co-authored with C. Takashima and Y.
Usui) Journal of Modern Auditing and Accounting (2013), ‘Economic Growth and the
Riskiness of Investment in Firm-Specific Skills’ (co-authored with Taichi Maki and
Koichi Yotsuya), European Economic Review (2005).
Biography
Kunio Urakawa is an Associate Professor in Faculty of Economics at Kyushu University.
He holds a Ph.D. in economics from Kyoto University. His research interests are
economics of redistribution and poverty. He has published Study on Poverty, Universityof Tokyo Press (in Japanese) with Professor Toshiaki Tachibanaki. His academic articles
in English include :・ Takashi Oshio and Kunio Urakawa (2013) “The association between perceived
22

income inequality and subjective well-being: Evidence from a social survey inJapan," Social Indicators Research, in press.
・ Takashi Oshio and Kunio Urakawa (2012) “Neighbourhood satisfaction, self-rated
health, and psychological attributes: A multilevel analysis in Japan,” Journal ofEnvironmental Psychology, Vol.32, Issue.4, pp.410-417.
・ Kunio Urakawa (2012) “The welfare impact of marginal consumption tax reforms
on young households in Japan,” Keizaigaku Kenkyu, Kyushu University, Vol.78,
No.5-6, pp.89-106.
・ Kunio Urakawa and Takashi Oshio (2010) “Comparing marginal commodity tax
reforms in Japan and Korea,” Journal of Asian Economics, Vol.21, No.2,
pp.579-592.

23

Session 3 Monday, Feb 24

Chair

Victor Ginsburgh, Ph.D.
Victor Ginsburgh is honorary Professor of Economics at Université Libre de Bruxelles,
and former co-director of the European Center for Advanced Research in Economics
and Statistics. He was visitor at Yale University, University of Chicago, University ofVirginia, University of Louvain, as well as in Marseilles, Paris, Strasbourg andAlexandria. He wrote and edited a dozen of books (among which The Structure ofApplied General Equilibrium, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997, with M. Keyzer) andis the author or coauthor of some 190 papers on topics in applied and theoretical
economics, including industrial organization and general equilibrium analysis. His more
recent interests go to the economics of languages, as well as to to art history and art
philosophy, two fields in which he tries to put to use his knowledge of economics. He
has published over 50 papers on these topics, some of which appeared in the American
Economic Review, the Journal of Political Economy, Games and Economic Behavior,
the Journal of Economic Perspectives and the European Economic Review. He is
coeditor (with D. Throsby) of the two volumes of the Handbook of the Economics of Art
and Culture (Elsevier-North Holland, 2006 and 2013). He also coauthored (with S.
Weber) of How Many Languages Do We need; The Economics of Linguistic Diversity,
Princeton University Press, 2011 and is now working (with S. Weber) on a Handbook of
Economics and Language to be published by Palgrave.
Webpage:
http://www.ecares.org/index.php?option=com_comprofiler&task=userProfile&user=112&Itemid=263

24

Monday, Feb 24
Special Session

Overview of ESRI's "Survey on Quality of Life" and "Arakawa Local
Government Poll" on Gross Arakawa Happiness

Presenter:

Shiho Kawano
Chaired by Akiko Kamesaka(Professor, School of Business Administration,
Aoyama Gakuin University)

Biography of presenter
Shiho KAWANO, M.A.: research officer (April, 2013-), the Economic and Social
Research Institute, Cabinet Office, and researcher(2011-), the Research Institute for
Local government by Arakawa City; Ph.D. student (2005-), Graduate School of
Education (Sociology of Education), Waseda University; M. A. (2000-2005) Faculty of
Letters, Arts and Sciences, Waseda University; B.Com(1995-2000)School of Commerce,
Waseda University; Research interests include Social Stratification, Youth Competency
and Parentocracy. ; Recent publications include Kuwahara,S., Ueda M.,&
Kawano,S.(2013) .Result of Survey on Quality of Life. ESRI Research Note,23.

Biography of chair
Akiko KAMESAKA holds a PhD in Economics from Keio University. She is currently
a visiting research fellow, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), Cabinet
Office, Government of Japan. She is also a group leader of the project“Multi-Dimensional Dynamic Analysis of Gender Equality and the Role of the Familyin Internationally Comparable Data”, which is carried out by Keio University.

25

Session 4 Tuesday, Feb 25

Conchita D'Ambrosio, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
An overview of intertemporal measures of individual well-being: Can they explain
life satisfaction better?
Abstract
Traditional economic modeling has neglected the basic fact that individual well-being
depends on one’s own life course. This assumption has been challenged by anincreasing number of contributions in the income-distribution literature on themeasurement of individual well-being. These have proposed various indices whichallow different aspects of past experiences to be brought into the analysis of thephenomenon under consideration.
This article is a review of these measures with the aim of offering some guidance to therecent developments of the parallel literature on happiness. These two literatures have acommon object of analysis - individual well-being - but differ with respect to theapproach, with the former appealing to objective indicators, such as income,functionings and wealth, and the latter mainly relying on self-reported measures.
The article starts by reviewing indices of social exclusion and intertemporal material
deprivation, which are key concepts for European social policy. We then move to themeasurement of poverty over time, and conclude with the very new literature on themeasurement of economic insecurity.
Biography
Conchita D’Ambrosio is Professor of Economics at Université du Luxembourg. She isan economist, with a Ph.D. from New York University (2000). Her research interests
have revolved around the study of individual and social well-being and the proposal ofvarious measures that are able to capture its different aspects. Two main points were
stressed: Individual well-being depends on comparisons with a reference situation;
Individual well-being depends both on one’s own life course and on the histories ofothers. Towards this aim, she has proposed a number of different indices, which havebeen axiomatically characterized. She has applied these to the study of different
societies and analyzed their empirical links with subjective well-being, via theircorrelations with self-reported levels of satisfaction with income and life overall.
She has published in Economica, Economics Letters, International Economic Review,
Social Choice and Welfare, the Review of Income and Wealth among other academic
journals. She has been member of the editorial board of the Review of Income and
Wealth since 2001 and managing editor of the same journal since 2007. She has recently
joined the editorial board of the Journal of Economic Inequality.

26

Session 4 Tuesday, Feb 25

Ian Bache, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Happiness, Wellbeing and the Role of Government: the case of the UK
Co-authored by Louise Reardon (The University of Sheffield) and Paul Anand (Open
University)
Abstract
There has been significant interest and often a hostile response from scholars,commentators and political activists to news that the UK government, among others, isseeking to elevate happiness or wellbeing1 as an explicit policy goal. It is difficult to
adjudicate between the various arguments surrounding the appropriate role forgovernment in this area as they often take very different starting points, either
metatheoretical or disciplinary. In seeking to steer a course through these arguments wetake the distinction between ‘wicked’ and ‘tame’ problems as a reference point, arguingthat wellbeing should be categorised as the former.
Our reflection on empirical developments in the UK suggest that while there
are valid concerns expressed over the relationship between government and thepromotion of wellbeing measurement and related policies, it is important not tooverstate the nature, extent and pace of change taking place, and arguments that suggest
the government is in the business of promoting happiness to the exclusion of othersocially desired goals are misleading. What is happening is that subjective wellbeing
measures are taking their place alongside a raft of other indicators that might shapepublic policies – but only tentatively or ‘experimentally’.
Moreover, we suggest that while there will always be a rational-instrumental
dimension to policy-making, this agenda is inevitably political. As such, there is needfor caution. As Scott (2012, 4) argued: ‘quality of life and wellbeing have been
mobilised in different ways, by different groups, to support different agendas over time.
This makes it important to explore what and whose values are represented, which
accounts dominate, what is their impact and on whom’. Notions of wellbeing and how it
might be measured are inevitably informed by values and thus the idea that there is aneutral or ‘scientific’ solution to be found should be roundly rejected. As such,
understanding wellbeing as a wicked problem cautions us – above all - against
expecting to find a panacea.
Biography
Ian Bache is Professor of Politics at the University of Sheffield. He has publishedwidely on governance and public policy, including: Bache, I., Bartle, I., Flinders, M.
We use the terms ‘wellbeing’, ‘happiness’ and ‘quality of life’ specifically where they
have specific connotations but as a general term adopt ‘wellbeing’ for this discussion
because it is the most commonplace of the three terms in UK policy debates.
127

and Marsden, G (2014, forthcoming); Multi-level Governance and Climate Change:carbon management in the transport sector’, Rowman and Littlefield; Bache, I. andAndreou, G. (eds) (2011). Cohesion Policy and Multi-level Governance in South East
Europe, Routledge; Bache, I., George, S. and Bulmer, S. (2011) Politics in the European
Union, 3rd edition, OUP; Bache, I (2008): Europeanization and Multi-level Governance:
Cohesion Policy in the European Union and Britain, Rowman and Littlefield; Bache, I.
and Jordan, A. (eds.) (2006): The Europeanization of British Politics, Palgrave
Macmillan; Bache I and Flinders M (eds.) (2004): Multi-Level Governance, OUP.
He is currently convenor of the UK Economic and Social Research Council’s seminarseries on The Politics of Wellbeing and his publications in this field include: Bache, I.
(2013) ‘Measuring quality of life for public policy: an idea whose time has come?
Agenda-setting dynamics in the European Union’, Journal of European Public Policy,
20:1, 21-38; and Bache, I. and Reardon, L. (2013) ‘An idea whose time has come?
Explaining the rise of well-being in British politics’, Political Studies, Vol. 61, 898-914.

28

Session 4 Tuesday, Feb 25

Werner Pascha, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Exploring experience and preference change, with special reference to emobility
Abstract
There are a number of decision biases inducing individual (consumption) choice thatlater leads to regret. Among them, different types of failure to predict future experienceaccurately are particularly prominent. This has considerable problematic consequences
not only on an individual level, but also on a societal level. For example, people may
not choose environmentally sustainable consumption patterns, although they realize thelong-term negative effects. In the evolutionary economic literature, one way to
overcome this is considered to be learning mechanisms – which has less problematic
side-effects than paternalistic nudging or even more coercive public policy tools.
Through learning, consumer behaviour may hopefully allow for the emergence of moresustainable consumption patterns, while a number of theoretical issues remain. Within
the broad field of learning, gaining experience may be a critical category, together withsocial peer effects and the dissemination of experience-gained knowledge. For
innovative goods (and services) like emobility, such experience may be crucial todevelop new attitudes and preferences, as for example the literature on user experiencein human-computer interaction has convincingly demonstrated. Experimental studies
have shown that individuals exhibit different attitudes to emobility before and after
driving electric vehicles.
In the presentation, the relationship of experience and preference change shall be
explored from various strands of literature, exemplifying it in one field, emobility. It
will also be asked to what extent different learning cultures play a role in this process,which may – or may not – be related to different national cultures of learning.

Biography
Werner Pascha is Full Professor of East Asian Economic Studies/Japan and Korea at the
University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE), Germany; assigned to the Mercator School ofManagement and to the (university-level) Institute of East Asian Studies (IN-EAST). He
is a member of the Graduate Training School on “Risk and East Asia”, funded by theGerman Research Foundation (DFG), and of the IN-EAST School of Advanced
Studies on Innovation in East Asia, funded by the German Federal Ministry for
Education and Research (BMBF).
He has studied economics at the University of Freiburg, Germany, at the London
School of Economics and Political Science and at Nagoya University, Japan.
Recent visiting positions include Doshisha University, Kyoto (JSPS Invitation
Fellowship) in 2011 and Busan National University in the Republic of Korea in 2013.
29

Among honorary activities, he is a member of the Steering Group and of the
Executive Board of EastAsiaNet (European Research School Network of Contemporary
East Asian Studies) and co-editor in chief of the Asia Europe Journal, published by
Springer.
His research interest includes the political economy of institutional change in East
Asia, particularly Japan and Korea, and international economic relations of the East
Asian region and between Europe and the region.

30

Session 5 Tuesday, Feb 25

Marcel Erlinghagen, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Happiness, life satisfaction and migration
Co-authored by Friedrich Scheller (University of Duisburg-Essen)
Abstract
Sociological as well as economic research stresses the impact of so called ‘push andpull factors’ on individual migration decisions. These push and pull factors are often
understood as a combination of individual socio-economic and socio-demographic
determinants and institutional contexts in home and (possible) destination countries.
However, up to now within this framework there is only little research on thecorrelation between life satisfaction and individual migration processes. The
presentation will provide an analytic approach that aims on investigating thedevelopment of individual life satisfaction prior migration under a life course
perspective by using longitudinal data from the German Socio Economic Panel (SOEP).
Biography
Prof. Dr. Marcel Erlinghagen (*1971) is Professor for Sociology at the University ofDuisburg-Essen (Germany). In addition he is Research Professor at the German Institutefor Economic Research (DIW) in Berlin. Erlinghagen is a labour market and economic
sociologist and his research is especially characterised by its interdisciplinary
theoretical orientation. He has a broad methodological knowledge in the field of
quantitative empirical sociological and economic research. Beside his research on
labour market mobility, job security and volunteering he particularly investigates indeterminants and development of migration.
Selected Publications- (2011): Nowhere Better Than Here? The Subjective Well ‐ Being of German
Emigrants and Remigrants. Comparative Population Studies 36 (4), 899-926.
- (2010): Volunteering after Retirement. Evidence from German Panel Data. European
Societies 12, pp. 603-625.
- (2010) (with Karsten Hank): Dynamics of Volunteering in Older Europeans. The
Gerontologist 50, pp. 170-178.
- (2010) (with Matthias Knuth): Unemployment as an Institutional Construct? Structural
Differences in Non-Employment in Selected European Countries and the United States.
Journal of Social Policy 39, pp. 71-94.
- (2008) Self-Perceived Job Insecurity and Social Context. A Multi-Level Analysis of 17
European Countries. European Sociological Review 24, pp. 183-197.

31

Session 5 Tuesday, Feb 25

Tim Tiefenbach, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Activities in Neighborhood Associations in Japan: Discovering the Drivers ofProcedural Utility
Abstract
Political participation and participation in the community is often associated with higher
levels of reported subjective happiness, but in the case of Japan a negative correlation
between activities in neighborhood associations among female members was found byTiefenbach and Kohlbacher (2013). The current study uses data gained from an online
monitor survey (n=1600) conducted in September 2013 throughout Japan to get a better
understanding of the relationship between happiness and participation in the communityand procedural utility. A special emphasis is put on the sources of procedural utility(competence, autonomy and relatedness) as well as on voluntariness & loneliness as
moderators and mediators of the effects of participation on happiness. Preliminary
results suggest that participation in the community leads to higher or lower levels ofhappiness depending whether it is conducted voluntarily or not. In either case,participation leads to lower levels of loneliness, which in return has a positive effect onhappiness. Finally, the sources of procedural utility can be linked to higher levels ofhappiness, but significant gender differences can be observed.
Biography
After studying “Philosophy and Economics” Tim Tiefenbach received a PhD in
Economics from the University of Bayreuth. Since October 2011 he is working as asenior research fellow at the German Institute for Japanese Studies. He is currently
working on several research projects. In one project he is analyzing the effects the 3-11
disaster had on peoples well-being, their attitude towards environment and theirprosocial behavior. His research not only includes comparative studies between
Germany and Japan, but he analyzes to what extent the direct negative effects on
subjective well-being of the disaster have been mitigated by prosocial behavior in termsof donations and volunteer activities. In another project he is analyzing the well-being
effects of participation in neighborhood associations in Japan. His work is especially
focusing on how gender, the voluntariness of the activity, the level of politicalinvolvement as well as drivers of procedural utility (autonomy, competence andinterpersonal relationships) affect the relationship between participation and subjective
well-being. Apart from happiness economics his research interests relate to new
behavioral economics, economic methodology and institutional economics.

32

Session 5 Tuesday, Feb 25

Nobuko Kawashima, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
Cultural Policy for Social Inclusion—Can the Arts and Culture Make People
Happy?

Abstract
It has been an unstated assumption of cultural policy, generally aiming for helping
excellence in the arts, preservation of heritage and dissemination of culture widely tothe public, contributes to happiness of the people. Such an understanding, however, isquestionable: both theory and evidence to support this seems to be weak. Cultural
policy that particularly addresses the issue of social inclusion apparently has a stronger
case for connecting the enrichment of culture and increase in happiness felt at
community or individual level. This paper will cast doubt on this simplistic
assumption by discussing the pernicious role played by Culture in creating andinstitutionalising differences and inequality between different groups of people insociety. The paper will argue the importance for cultural organizations such as
museums to become culturally inclusive.
Biography
Nobuko Kawashima is Professor at the Faculty of Economics, Doshisha University in
Kyoto, Japan, teaching cultural economics and cultural policy. Prior to theappointment at Doshisha, she was a Research Fellow at the Centre for Cultural Policy
Studies, the University of Warwick in England, from 1995 to 1999, where she received
her PhD in Cultural Policy in 1999. She holds MSc in Social Policy and
Administration and LLM, both from the London School of Economics. She has
written widely on cultural policy and management, including issues of copyright,
drawing on theories from cultural economics, public administration, law and sociology.
She has published many articles and books both in English and in Japanese. Recent
papers in the English language include ‘Copyright as an Incentive System for
Creativity? The Case of Contemporary Visual Arts’ in K. Thomas and J. Chan (eds)
Handbook of Research on Creativity, Edward Elgar, 2013 and ‘Corporate Support for
the Arts in Japan—Beyond Emulation of Western Models’ International Journal of
Cultural Policy, 2012. She is currently Vice President of the Japan Association for
Cultural Economics. Internationally, she has served the Scientific Committee of theInternational Conference on Cultural Policy Research since 2000.

33

Session 6 Tuesday, Feb 25

Akira Kawaguchi, Ph.D., Takato Kasai
Title of Presentation
Do Workaholics Live a Happy Life? : Comparison of Japan, US and France(co-authored by Takato Kasai)
Abstract
This paper investigates what kinds of people are likely to work long hours, how
they live and whether they are happy. We found that the proportion of workers who
work more than 50 hours a week is much larger in Japan than in the U.S. and France.
Young male married workers who have leeway in their job, whose job requirement is
not clear, and whose wage rate is low are more likely to work longer in Japan.
Whereas those who work long hours have a high level of stresses, they are neither
unhappy nor less healthy, because their stresses are compensated by earnings. Whatreally matters is unpaid overtime work, which reduces the level of health and happiness.
About 41 percent of male workers and 25 percent of female workers have unpaid
overtime work in Japan.
Biography
Akira Kawaguchi is Professor at the Faculty of Policy Studies, Doshisha University in
Kyoto, Japan. His research field is Economic Policy, including Economic Condition. He
received his PhD in Economics from the Australian National University. Prior to theappointment at Doshisha University, he has been a Professor at the Faculty of
Economics, Otemon Gakuin University, Japan. He has published articles and books inJapanese which include:
Kawaguchi, A. and K. Mizuno (2011) “Deregulation and Labour Earnings: Three Motor
Carrier Industries in Japan,” Laour Economics, Vol.18, No.4, pp.441-452, andKawaguchi A. (2013) Discussing Gender in Japan, Yuhikaku.
Biography of the co-author
Takato Kasai is a Ph.D student of the Faculty of Economics, Doshisha University. He
also is a Research Fellow at the Life Risk Research Center, Doshisha University. His
research field is history of economic thought and history of economic theory, especially
Karl Polanyi’s welfare theory. He received MA degree in Economics from Doshisha
University, 2012. He has published papers on both history of economic thought andlabor economics, in Japanese, which include: Takato Kasai (2013) “A Criticism of‘Nineteenth-century Civilization’ and ‘Double Movement’ by Karl Polanyi: Economic
Liberalism and Social Policy,” Doshisha Economic Review, Vol65, No1, pp.321-347,
and Akira Kawaguchi and Takato Kasai (2013) “Measures to promote the use of female
workers' abilities and corporate performance: analysis of small and medium-sized firms
in Osaka Prefecture,” Doshisha Policy Study, Vol.15, No.1, pp.85-97.
Session 6 Tuesday, Feb 25

34

Tadashi Yagi, Ph.D., Katsuhiko Yonezaki, Ph.D.
Title of Presentation
The Optimal Employment System for Promoting Friendly Competition
Co-authored by Katsuhiko Yonezaki
Abstract
The advancement of experimental economics in recent years suggests us toincorporate the altruistic behavior in the conventional economic model which is basedon the assumption of rationality. In particular, the researches which deal with a situation
where the individual rationality and the rationality of the economic system diverges
have been increasing. .
The conflict between the regular workers and the non-regular workers can be
examined in this context because there exist the game structure between the non-regular
workers and regular workers. In reality, due to the differences in bargaining power,
unfair distribution between these two parties arises. However, regular workers havesome incentives to construct the scheme to increase the productivity of non-regular
workers by increasing the share of non-regular workers. In addition, the presence of thealtruistic instinct that humans have originally affects the incentive of regular worker toincrease the distribution share of non-regular worker. In this paper, we examine theeffect of altruistic behavior on union formation and wage bargaining between theregular workers and the non-regular workers.

Biography
Tadashi Yagi is Professor of the Faculty of Economics at Doshisha University. He
holds PhD in Economics, awarded by Nagoya University in 1996. His research areas
are wide-ranging, including public economics, human resources management, income
distribution, welfare economics and cultural economics. He has written many papers
in refereed academic journals and chapters in edited volumes. Recent works include‘The Income Security System in Japanese Traditional Performing Arts: A strategy for
utilizing the nation’s traditional arts resources’, (co-authored with C. Takashima and Y.
Usui) Journal of Modern Auditing and Accounting (2013), ‘Economic Growth and the
Riskiness of Investment in Firm-Specific Skills’ (co-authored with Taichi Maki and
Koichi Yotsuya), European Economic Review (2005). .
Biography of the co-author
Katsuhiko Yonezaki is a Research Fellow of Life Risk Research Center, Doshisha
University and also a Researcher at the Institute of Economic Research, Kyoto
University. His main research areas is game theory.
His publications :‘Incentive structure of Participation in community activity’ (with Y. Shiozu, K.
35

Shimohara), Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information andInteraction Design. (15th International Conference, HCI International 2013
Proceedings), Part I, pp.259-268, 2013.
‘Fragmented Society and Provision of Meeting Places to Foster Social Preferences’(with H. Imai), Kyoto Economic Review, vol.78, no.2, pp.115-126, 2009.

36

12. References on Comparative Study on Happiness
The list has been compiled by Doshisha University for suggestive purposes only.
[1] Abe, Y. and Akiko, S. Oishi(2007) ‘The role of married women’s labor supply onfamily earnings distribution in Japan.’ Journal of Income Distribution, 16, pp.110-127[2] Becker, G. (1993) ‘A Treatise on the Family’ Harvard University Press.
[3] Belfiore, E. (2002) ‘Art As a Means of Alleviating Social Exclusion: Does it reallywork? A critizue of instrumental cultural policies and social impact studies in the UK’,
International Journal of Cultural Policy, 8,1: 91-106.
[4] Benet-Martinez, Veronica and Oliver P John (1988), "Los Cinco Grandes AcrossCultures and Ethnic Groups: Multitrait Multimethod Analyses of the Big Five in
Spanish and English", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol. 75, No. 3,
729-750[5] Bille Hansen, T. (1995) ‘Measuring the Value of Culture’, European Journal of
Cultural Policy, 1, 2: 309-322.
[6] Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction, Trans. Richard Nice, Routledge, London.
[7] Burtless, G. (1999) ‘Effects of Growing Wage Disparities and Changing Family
Composition on the U.S. Income Distribution.’ European Economic Review 43
pp.853-865[8] Carbonell, F., and A. P. Frijters.(2004) "The Effect of Methodology on the
Determinants of Happiness", The Economic Journal , 114(497), pp.641– 659.
[9] Coombs, R.(1991) "Marital Status and Personal Well-Being: A Literature Review",
Family Relations , 40(1), pp.97– 102.
[10] Diener, Ed., C. Gohm., E. Suh., and S. Oishi.(2000) "Similarity of the Relations
Between Marital Status and Subjective Well-being across Cultures", Journal of Cross
Cultural Psychology , 31(4), pp.419–436.
[11] Dueland, P. (2008) ‘Nordic Cultural Policies: A critical view’, International
Journal of Cultural Policy, 14,1: 7-24.
[12] Easterlin, R. A. (2001), “Income and Happiness: Towards a Unified Theory,”
Economic Journal 111, 465-484.
[13] Frey, B. S.(2008) Happiness: A Revolution in Economics, The MIT Press,
Cambridge Massachusetts.
[14] Florida, R. (2005) ‘The Flight of the Creative Class’ Harper Business[15] Galloway, S. (2006) ‘Cultural Participation and Individual Quality of Life: A
review of research findings’, Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1: 323-342.
[16] Hills, Peter and Michael Argyle (2002), "The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a37compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being," Personality andIndividual Differences Vol. 33, 1073–1082.
[17] Hooper-Greenhill, E. (2000) Museums and the Interpretation of Visual Culture,
Routledge, London.
[18] Jordan, G. and Weedon, C. (1995) Cultural Politics, Blackwell, Oxford.
[19] Kato, A. (2005) ‘Determinants of Divorce in contemporary Japan Family Structure,
Social Stratification, and Economic growth’ NFRJ working paper, 01.
[20] Kawashima, N. (2006) ‘Audience Development and Social Inclusion in Britain’,
International Journal of Cultural Policy, 12,1: 55-72.
[21] Kohara, M. (2007) ‘Is the Full-Time Housewife a Symbol of Wealthy Family?’ The
Japanese Economy, vol.3, no.4. pp.25-56.
[22] Laibson, D.I. (1996), "Hyperbolic discount functions, undersaving, and savings
policy", NBER Working Paper 5635.
[23] Lesthaeghe R.(1995) ‘The Second Demographic Transition in Western Countries:
An Interpretation’ Karen Oppeheim Mason and An-Magritt Jensen edit. ‘Gender andFamily Change in Industrialized Countries’. Oxford Clarendon press.
[24] Loewenstein,G. (2000), “Emotions in economic theory and economic behavior,”
The American Economic Review, Vol. 90, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the One
Hundred Twelfth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, pp. 426-432.
[25] Lucas, R. E.(2007a) "Adaptation and the Set-point Model of Subjective
Well-Being: Does Happiness Change After Major Life Events?" Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 16(2), pp.75-79.
[26] Lucas, R. E.(2007b) "Time Does Not Heal All Wounds. A longitudinal Study ofReaction and Adaptation to Divorce" Psychological Science, 16(12), pp.945-950.
[27] Lucas, R. E., and A. E. Clark. (2006) "Do People Really Adapt to Marriage?"
Journal of Happiness Studies, 7(4), pp.405-426.
[28] Lucas, R. E., A. E. Clark., Y. Georgellis., and E. Diener.(2003) "Reexamining
Adaptation and the Set Point Model of Happiness: Reactions to Changes in Marital
Status" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84(3), pp.527-539.
[29] McLanahan, Sara(2004) ‘Diverging Destinies: How Children are Faring under
Second Demographic Transition’ Demography,41, pp.607-627.
[30] Merli, P. (2002) ‘Evaluating the Social Impact of Participation in Arts Activities’,
International Journal of Cultural Policy, 8, 1: 107-118.
[31] Michalos, A.C. and Kahlke, P.M. (2010) ‘Arts and the Perceived Quality of Life in
British Columbia’, Social Indicators Research, 96: 1-39.
[32] Michalos, A.C. and Kahlke, P.M. (2008) ‘Impact of Arts-Related Activities on the38Perceived Quality of Life’, Social Indicators Research, 89: 193-258.
[33] Michalos, A.C. (2005) ‘Arts and the Quality of Life: An exploratory study’, Social
Indicators Research, 71:11-59.
[34] Myers, D.(1999) "Close Relationship and Quality of Life", In Well-Being: The
Foundations of Hedonic Psychology , ed. D. Kahneman., E. Diener., and N. Schwarz.
Russell Sage Foundation.
[35] Potts, J (2008), ‘Why Creative Industries Matter to Economic Evolution,
Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 18, 7: 663-673.
[36] Raymo, J. M., Iwasawa, M. and Bumpass, L. (2009) ‘Cohabitation and Family
Formation in Japan’. Demography ; 46(4). pp.785-803.
[37] Sandell, R. (1998) ‘Museums as Agents of Social Inclusion’, Museum
Management and Curatorship, 17, 4: 401-418.
[38] Scitovsky, T. (1976) The Joyless Economy, Oxford University Press, London.
[39] Schueller, Stephen M. (2009), “Promoting Wellness:Integrating Community andPositive Psychology,” Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 37, No. 7, 922–937(2009)[40] Shefrin, H. M., and R. H. Thaler. 1988. “The behavioral life-cycle hypothesis.”Econ. Inquiry 26 (October): 609–43.
[41] Shiraishi, Y, and K. Shiraishi.(2009) "Work Life Balance and Female's Happiness"
In Japan's Happiness: Disparity, Labor and Family, ed. Otake, F., Y. Shiraishi., and Y.
Tsutsui., Nihonhyouronsya, [in Japanese].
[42] Stack, S., and J. R. Eshleman.(1998) "Marital Status and Happiness: A 17-Nation
Study", Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60(2), pp.527– 536.
[43] Stiglitz, J. E, A. Sen, and J-P. Fitoussi.(2010) "Mis-Measuring Our Lives: Why
GDP Doesn't Add Up", The Report by the Comsission on the Measurement of
Economic Performance and Social Progress, New York: The New Press.
[44] Thaler, R.H. and S. Benartzi (2004), “Save more tomorrow: using behavioral
economics to increase employee saving,” Journal of Political Economy, 2004, vol. 112,
no. 1, pt. 2, S164-S187.
[45] Thaler, R.H. (1995), “Psychology and savings policies,” The American Economic
Review, Vol. 84, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Sixth Annual
Meeting of the American Economic Association, pp.186-192.
[46] Veenhoven, Ruut (1989), “ Is Happiness Relative?”, in J.P. Fargas & J.M. Innes(eds.) 'Recent advances in social psychology: an inter-national perspective'. Elsevier
Science, 1989, Amsterdam, pp 235-247.
[47] Vestheim, G. (1994) ‘Instrumental Cultural Policy in Scandinavian Countries: A
39

critical historical perspective’, European Journal of Cultural Policy, 1, 1: 57-71.
[48] Weiss, Y. and R. J. Wills (1997) ‘Match Quality, New Information, and Martial
Dissolution’, Journal of Labor Economics, 15(1) pp.293-329.
[49] Wilkinson, (2007), “In Pursuit of Happiness Research: Is It Reliable? What Does It
Imply for Policy?” Policy Analysis, No.590, pp.1-40.
[50] Yamaguchi, K.(2009) " Satisfaction about Marital Relationship and Work Life
Balance", In Work Life Balance: Empirical Corroboration and Policy Recommendation,
ed. Yamaguchi, K., Nihonkeizaishinbunsyuppansya, [in Japanese].
[51] Zimmermann, A. C., and R. A. Easterlin.(2006) "Happily Ever After? Cohabitation,
Marriage, Divorce, and Happiness in Germany" Population and Development Review,32(3), pp. 511-528.
[52] Zimmerman, Marc A. and Julian Rappaport (1988), "Citizen Participation,
Perceived Control, and Psychological Empowerment", American Journal of Community
Psychology, Vol. 16, No. 5, 1988.

40

41

42