【機密性２】※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

Decentralized wastewater treatment system
and its legal framework in Japan
September 19, 2018

Mai ITAKURA
Section Head, Office for Promotion of Johkasou
Waste Management Division
Environmental Regeneration and Material Cycles Bureau
Ministry of the Environment
Government of JAPAN【機密性２】Outline※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

１．History of Wastewater Treatment
and development of measures
Dr.Johkasou

２．General information on Johkasou

3. Legal systesm and measures on
Johkasou4. Overseas Promotion of Johkasou

【機密性２】

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Development of Measures※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Water pollution in Japan during rapid economic growth

Dohkai Bay (Kitakyushu) in ‘60s

Sumida River (Tokyo) in ‘70s

Chofu Weir, Tama River (Tokyo) in ‘70

3

【機密性２】

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Development of Measures※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ History of wastewater treatment and infectious diseases
 Up to 1950s, night soil had been used as agricultural fertilizer and regarded as resource.
 From the late 1950s, night soil had become “waste” due to introduction of chemical fertilizers
and urbanization. Lack of night soil treatment facilities and hygienic treatment had become big
problems.
 Spread of infectious diseases had continued until the rapid economic growth period of 1970s.

4

【機密性２】

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Development of Measures※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・Overall concept of water environment improvement

TargetEstablishment of Environmental Quality Standardsof Pollution 【Basic Environment Law】

・Establishment of Wastewater Standards【Water Pollution Prevention Act】
Nationwide uniform standards

National Government- Vision- Law & Regulations- Technical Standards- National Subsidies
Sharing Responsibility

・Stricter regulation on Wastewater Standards

Industrial
Wastewater
Measures

Domestic
Wastewater
Measures・Regulations on business operators【Water Pollution Prevention Act】
Notification, measuring and recording ofwastewater, on-site inspection→ Penalties, improvement orders and otheradministrative guidances

Local Government- Treatment Master planand its implementation- Ordinance- Construction, Operationand Management of・Investments, human resource developments, etc.
sewerage facilities
for pollution prevention- Advice and guidance on
Johkasou operation and・Sewerage System Establishment 【Sewerage Law】 maintenance・Installation of Johkasou 【Johkasou Act】 etc.
5

【機密性２】

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Development of Measures※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

MDGs

SDGs

 Environmental protection

 Sanitary improvement
 Expansion of flush toilet(1960s ～ in Japan)

Current
johkasou Treatment of all domestic wastewater(Black water + Gray water)Less impact
with low
pollutant load

PublicwaterwayOld
johkasouWithout treatment

Target 6.3
Having the proportion of
untreated wastewater

Heavy impact
with 8 times
pollutant load

Current type Johkasou
 To treat both black & graywater
 BOD 4g per person daily
discharged to public water
Old type Johkasou
 To treat black water only BOD 32g per person daily
discharged to public water New installation wasprohibited from 2001
6

【機密性２】

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Development of Measures※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

SDGs

MDGs

Target 6.3
Having the proportion of
untreated wastewater

 Environmental protection

 Sanitary improvement
 Expansion of flush toilet(1960s ～ in Japan)

 Treatment of all domestic wastewater
Our biggest challenge!!!
(Black water + Gray water)

Still, half the number of operating
Johkasou is old type installed before
2001, harming the environment!!
Shall be converted into current type.
Current
johkasouLess impact
with low
pollutant load

PublicwaterwayOld
johkasouWithout treatment

Heavy impact
with 8 times
pollutant load

Current type Johkasou
 To treat both black & graywater
 BOD 4g per person daily
discharged to public water
Old type Johkasou
 To treat black water only BOD 32g per person daily
discharged to public water New installation wasprohibited from 2001
7

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Development of Measures

Cost for construction andmaintenance, per capita

・ Demarcation of wastewater treatment systems
Balance point

Centralized system

Decentralized
systemPopulation density

Local governments are
responsible for Master Plan ofwastewater treatment scheme
including this demarcation ineach region.

8

【機密性２】

2. General Information on Johkasou※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ General idea of johkasou
 Johkasou are decentralized wastewater treatment devices that are designed for individual households or otherstructures and typically handled by the private sector
 Johkasou have a combined purification structure capable of treating both night soil (black water) and domestic
wastewater (gray water)

Johkasou setup
Key features of johkasou
 Utilizes the purification capacity of microorganisms to turnout treated water on par with water treated at municipal
sewage treatment plants (BOD 20mg/L or less)Wastewater Low-cost equipment
 Efficient wastewater treatment equipment in hilly,
mountainous, and other rural areas

Johkasou Installation is quick, requiring only about a week Can be set up in a compact space (equivalent to just one
parking spot) Treated water is discharged on location, contributing to

Clean,
purifiedwater

Size comparison (example)

sound water cycles and maintaining consistent river flow
volume Resistant to earthquakes, supporting swift recovery in thewake of a disaster9

【機密性２】

2. General Information on Johkasou※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】・ Structure and treatment principle of Johkasou
 Jokasou tanks contain bacteria and other microorganisms, which are used to break down and purify the contaminants
contained in wastewater They include a solid-liquid separation function, sludge storage function, and disinfection function in order to maximize
purifying capabilities

Graphic representation10

【機密性２】

2. General Information on Johkasou※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】・ Capacities of Johkasou
 Size of the johkasou is for a minimum of 5 people, the maximum is several tens of thousands people.
 Depending on the size of the city, you can change the size of johkasou.
 In Japan, johkasou are installed in each household, so the size for five to ten people is widely used.
 Johkasou with advanced treatment performance are capable of removing BOD to 10 mg/L or less andremoving phosphorus and nitrogen.

Small size

Middle/large size

Case of overseas installation

For 5～50 people（~10m3/day）

Restaurant(China:10m3/d)

Hospital(Vietnam:250m3/d)

Employee dormitory(Saudi arabia:530m3/d)

Factory(Myanmar:30m3/d)

For 51～（10m3/day~）11

3. Legal Systems on On-Site Treatment – Johkasou Act
History of Johkasou Act
1960 to around 1980

With increasing population of flush toilet, rapid installation of tandoku(old type) johkasou to treat black water only

1983

Johkasou Act enacted (legislation introduced by a Diet member, cameinto force in 1985)1987

National subsidy program for gappei (current type) johkasou (to treat
both black and gray water) established

2000

Revised: New installation of tandoku-shori johkasou systems basicallyprohibited2005

Revised: Stricter water quality management systems introduced,
defining water quality conservation targets

During high economic
growth period, waterpollution accelerated.

To promote the spread of
gappei johkasou and thereplacement of tandoku
johkasou systems

Purpose of Johkasou Act
Promotion of human waste and gray water treatment by Johkasou for;- Conservation of water quality in public water area, preservation of the living
environment and improvement of public health⇒Articles in the Law①Johkasou installation（※related to “Building Standard Law”）②Operation/maintenance of Johkasou③Approval of Johkasou models④Johkasou business for Installation and Operation/Maintenance⑤Nationally qualified “Johkasou technicians”⑥Miscellaneous and penalties

123. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment

Water quality standards (Article 4-1)
Technical standards for discharged water quality
o Water discharged from gappei-shori johkasou must have a biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) concentration of 20 mg/L or lesso (Influent BOD – effluent BOD) ÷ influent BOD ≥ 0.9* Comparable to the treatment level of sewerage treatment plant(Johkasou Enforcement Ordinance Article 1-2)

 The above regulations were created to reflect current technological standards in light of best
available technologies (BAT) or best available techniques not entailing excessive costs(BATNEEC) according to the development and spread of johkasou.

13

【機密性２】

3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Johkasou Installation Procedure
Installation notification (Article 5)(Certify under the Building Standards Act when necessary)
Construction (Article 6)(Can issue administrative recommendations when necessary)

Post-installation legal inspections (Article 7)～～
Discontinuance notification (Article 11-2)
14

3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment
・ Approval process for types of Johkasou (Johkasou Act Article 13)•

Parties intending to manufacture Johkasou in production plants shall obtain approval from the
Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) for the type of Johkasou to be
manufactured (does apply to test manufacturing).
This process is subject to Performance Evaluation System.

•

Performance
Evaluation Test

Approval by the Ministerof Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism

Model Approval
by Johkasou Act

Put into
MarketPerformance
EnsuredInflow r atio （％）

30

Inflow

25

Outflow

20
15

Disinfection

10
5

Sedimentation
tank

0
1

3

5

7

9

11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Anaerobic
filter tankMoving bed
tank

Sedimentation
tank

Time

Inflow Pattern

Performance Evaluation Type Johkasou

15

【機密性２】

3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Test methods and Criteria

１）Performance Criteria
BOD[20、15、10、5]、T-N[20、15、10、5]、T-P[2、1、0.5、0.1]
SS[20、15、10、5]、n-Hex[20、10、5、3]、COD[30、15、10]２）Test Categories and Duration
Sludge may be added in case of ①
Duration (weeks)No. ofunit

Evaluation Points①

Short period
constant
temperature

Breeding - over 16 wks

1 or 2

Water Quality/Sludge/
Management②

On-site test 1

Breeding＋over 48 wks

1

Water Quality/Sludge/
Management③

On-site test 2

Breeding＋over 48 wks

3Water Quality/Sludge/
Management

Categ
ory

Test Method（13 & 20℃ 8 wks respectively）

16

【機密性２】

3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Inspections and Maintenance17

3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment

Sludge collection, transport and treatment (Waste Disposal Act)

Collect andtransport
Johkasoudesludging

Night soil (black
water) treatment
facility

Collection and transport
Municipalities shall, in line with their general waste treatment plans, collect and transportjohkasou sludge (general waste) in a manner that poses no threat to the maintenance of
healthy living environments or public health, and treat the sludge at a black water
treatment facility(Article 6-2 of the Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law)18

【機密性２】

3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Johkasou corporate registration process
Prefecture

Municipality

Johkasouconstruction company

Approval
Instructions, advice,recommendations, etc.

Prefecture
or other【Certified Johkasou Installer】
Person certified to supervise johkasou
construction

Registration
Instructions, advice,recommendations, etc.

・ National qalifications

Johkasoudesludging company【Certified Johkasou Operator】
Person certified to supervise johkasou
construction

Registration
Instructions, advice,recommendations, etc.

Johkasoumaintenanceinspection company

19

3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment

National johkasou qualifications
National
qualification

Description

Certified Johkasou
Installer

Person certified to supervise johkasou
construction

Certified Johkasou
Operator

Person certified to carry out
maintenance inspections on johkasou

Certifying agency20

【機密性２】

3. Legal Systems on On-Site Treatment (Human Resource Development)※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

MOE is hosting Top Seminars and Block Seminars for municipal governments, and Johkasou
Forum for residents and stakeholders such as NPOs.
For Johkasou Technicians by Japan Education Center of Environmental Sanitation (JECES) Johkasou technicians should be equipped with extensive knowledge on not only wastewater
treatment/johkasou, but also water environment conservation and public health.
 Curriculums for johkasou operator and johkasou installation worker are as shown below.

Johkasou operator








Fundamental of johkasou
Laws and regulations related with johkasou
Structure and function of johkasou
Introduction to installation of johkasou
Operation and maintenance of johkasou
Water quality management of johkasou
Introduction to desludging of johkasou
Total

Johkasou installation worker
8H
4H
22 H
4 H
30 H
10 H
2 H

 Fundamental of johkasou
 Laws and regulations related with johkasou
 Structure and function of johkasou
 Management of johkasou installation
 Introduction to O&M and desludging of johkasou
Total

8H
3H
15 H
8H
3H
37 Hours

80 Hours21

【機密性２】

3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Measures to accelerate Johkasou installation and conversion of old types
Subsidies from the government and municipalities
Private installations

 Johkasou Installation Project (private installations)

Grant

Subsidizes municipalities supporting their residents (private
citizens) with johkasou installation

SupportMOE

 Johkasou Municipal Installation Project

Grant percentage
1/3
(1/2)

National subsidy program for municipalities taking the leadin installing johkasou systems. The municipality is
responsible for operations and maintenance.
oJohkasou Installation Project (private
installations)Individual share (60%)

oEligible for support (40%)

2/3 (1/2)
Municipality

1/3(1/2)
National
government

Privatehomes

Municipality
Installation
Municipal installations

Johkasou Municipal stallationProject (municipal
installations)
Eligible for national support (10%)
Individual
share（3/30）

17（12）／30
Municipal share

10（15）／30

National government

PFI (Private Finance Initiative) Projects
Demerits of Johkasou
Municipal Installation
 Increase of budget burden
on municipalities
 Increase of workload onmunicipalities

Merits of PFI projects
 PFI operators are responsible for installation, operation andmaintenance.
 Municipalities can utilize private financing, technology andknow-how on business.
 Decrease of overall project cost and workload onmunicipalities, and improvement of residential services.

224. Overseas Promotion for Johkasou
 The number of Johkasou overseas installation has explosively increased for the past few years.
Johkasou makers request systematic promotion support from the Government for performance evaluation
system and O & M management to popularize it to South East Asia.
 Ministry of the Environment (MOEJ) works in harmony with stakeholders to strategically promote circularindustries overseas through standardization of Johkasou suitable to ASEAN countries, etc.
Main activities of MOEJ

Accumulated number National Institute for Environmental Studies is doing a
research project for fair treatment evaluation systemestablishment suitable to ASEAN countries tostandardize Johakasou.
 MOEJ hosts International Workshop on Decentralized
Wastewater Treatment in Asia to share Japanese legal
systems, regulations and experiences and to promote
Johkasou.
 MOEJ also hosts Johkasou Seminars and site surveys
to further promote Johkasou to stakeholders of thecounterparts and to support overseas business ofdomestic Johkasou related companies.

Johkasou Overseas Yearly
Installation Number

4 times increaseover the past 2 years Seminar in India
 Site survey
in Vietnam
Workshop in Myanmar(from left to right)

Johkasou Overseas Installation
Vietnam ◇S 668◆M/L 468 units

Russia ◇S 2 units

As of the end of December 2017
Source: research by Johkasou System Association (JSA)◆M/L 25 units

Korea ◆M/L 1 units

Greece ◇S 10 units

Myanmar ◇S 197 ◆M/L 127 units

India

Romania ◇S 209 units
Italy

United States ◇S 422 units
Mexico ◇S 12 units

Thailand ◆M/L 3 units◇S 11 units

China ◇S 8,180 ◆M/L 10 units

Honduras◇S 1 units

Hungary ◆M/L 3 units

Laos ◇S 1 ◆M/L 2units

Costa Rica◇S 2units

Libya ◆M/L 3 units

Taiwan ◇S1 ◆M/L 1 units

Panama M/L 1 units

Mali ◇S 1 units

Grenada ◇S 1 units
Palau ◇S 6units
Philippines◇S 6 ◆M/L 2 units

Nigeria ◇S16 units
Egypt ◇S 1 units
South Africa ◇S 39 units
Mozambique ◇S 1 units
Kenya ◇S 85units◆M/L 6units
Mauritius ◇S 1 units

Sri Lanka ◇S 101 units ◆M/L3units
Saudi Arabia◇S 1 unit◆M/L 1unit
Palestine ◇S 1 units
Syria ◆M/L 1 units
Iraq◆M/L 1 units

Oman ◇S 32 units
Jordan ◇S 5units

Malaysia ◇S 1 units
Singapore ◆M/L 3units

Indonesia ◇S 14 ◆M/L 172 units
Australia ◇S 1,973◆M/L 8 units
Note)◇Small scale johkasou (for 50 persons or less):
12,007 units◆Medium / Large scale johkasou ( for 51 persons or more): 649 units
Total:
12,846 units 24

【機密性２】※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION.

At kikuchi gorge,Kikuchi City,Kumamoto Prefecture25