【機密性２】※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

Decentralized wastewater treatment system
and its legal framework in Japan
December 12, 2017

Kosuke INOUE
Section Head, Office for Promotion of Johkasou
Waste Management Division
Environmental Regeneration and Material Cycles Bureau
Ministry of the Environment
Government of JAPAN【機密性２】Outline※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

１．History of Wastewater Treatment
and Current Situation
Dr.Johkasou

２．General Information on Johkasou
and Its Pending Issues
３．Legal Framework on On-site
Wastewater Treatment

【機密性２】

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Current Situation※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ History of domestic wastewater treatment in Japan
Supply food

Rural areas

Urban areas
Rice/vegetables

Scoop toilet

Use as fertilizer

Sell night soil or tradefor vegetables

Night soil
Figure 1. The night soil cycle during the Edo period

Figure 2. Night soil collection and transport during the Edo period1【機密性２】

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Current Situation※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Water pollution in Japan during rapid economic growth

Dohkai Bay (Kitakyushu) in ‘60s

Sumida River (Tokyo) in ‘70s

Chofu Weir, Tama River (Tokyo) in ‘70

2

【機密性２】

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Current Situation※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ History of wastewater treatment and infectious diseases
 Up to 1950s, night soil had been used as agricultural fertilizer and regarded as resource.
 From the late 1950s, night soil had become “waste” due to introduction of chemical fertilizers
and urbanization. Lack of night soil treatment facilities and hygienic treatment had become big
problems.
 Spread of infectious diseases had continued until the rapid economic growth period of 1970s.

53

【機密性２】

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Current Situation※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・Overall concept of water environment improvement

TargetEstablishment of Environmental Quality Standardsof Pollution 【Basic Environment Law】

・Establishment of Wastewater Standards【Water Pollution Prevention Act】
Nationwide uniform standards

Government

Government

・Stricter regulation on Wastewater Standards

Industrial
Wastewater
Measures・Regulations on business operators【Water Pollution Prevention Act】
Notification, measuring and recording ofwastewater, on-site inspection→ Penalties, improvement orders and otheradministrative guidances

・Investments, human resource developments, etc.
for pollution prevention
Domestic
Wastewater
Measures

Local
Governments

Business
Operators

・Sewerage System Establishment 【Sewerage Law】 Government
Local Government
・Installation of Johkasou 【Johkasou Act】 etc.
Individuals4【機密性２】

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Current Situation※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】・ Demarcation of wastewater treatment systems
Rural sewerage system inagricultural settlements

Johkasou in
sub-urban andrural areas

Sewerage systemin urban areas5

【機密性２】

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Current Situation※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】・ Percentage of population with wastewater treatment services by municipal size Around 12.23 million people still do not have wastewater treatment services (about 10% of Japan’s total population) The percentage increases in more sparsely populated areas, where there is a larger percentage of johkasou users.
○

100(As of March 2016)

99.5%
93.5%

92.7%

M: 87.0%

M: 84.0%90

M: 99.1%

89.3.%

Individually
collected

M: 76.9%

84.1%
M: 64.2%

80

Percentage of
population with
wastewater treatment
services (national

77.5%
M: 49.7%

Penetration rate (%)

70

Wastewater treatment facilities (overall)

60

1,223
(9.6%)

Population withservices

11,531(90.4%)

Municipal
wastewater
treatment (M)9,982(78.3%)

Comipurasystems (C)50

C: 0.4%40

30

R: 8.3%20

J: 0.3%1,000,000+

R: 0.5%
J: 5.8%500,000–
1,000,000

R: 1.0%R: 2.6%

J: 7.6%

J: 9.6%300,000–500,000

100,000–300,000

J: 15.0%

50,000–100,000

Collective rural
sewerage andother systems(R)

22 (0.2%)352 (2.8%)

Johkasou (J)1,175(9.2%)

R: 4.6%100Municipal size
(population)

Population
without services

J: 19.1%

Less than 50,000

Note: Does not include results from 11 municipalities that could not be surveyed due to the Great Tohoku Earthquake(x 10,000 people)

As of 2017 86

【機密性２】

2. General Information on Johkasou and Its Pending Issues※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ General idea of johkasou
 Johkasou are decentralized wastewater treatment devices that are designed for individual households or otherstructures and typically handled by the private sector
 Johkasou have a combined purification structure capable of treating both night soil (black water) and domestic
wastewater (gray water)

Johkasou setup
Key features of johkasou
 Utilizes the purification capacity of microorganisms to turnout treated water on par with water treated at municipal
sewage treatment plants (BOD 20mg/L or less)Wastewater Low-cost equipment
 Efficient wastewater treatment equipment in hilly,
mountainous, and other rural areas

Johkasou Installation is quick, requiring only about a week Can be set up in a compact space (equivalent to just one
parking spot) Treated water is discharged on location, contributing to

Clean,
purifiedwater

Size comparison (example)

sound water cycles and maintaining consistent river flow
volume Resistant to earthquakes, supporting swift recovery in thewake of a disaster7

【機密性２】

2. General Information on Johkasou and Its Pending Issues※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】・ Structure and treatment principle of johkasou
 Jokasou tanks contain bacteria and other microorganisms, which are used to break down and purify the contaminants
contained in wastewater They include a solid-liquid separation function, sludge storage function, and disinfection function in order to maximize
purifying capabilities

Graphic representation8

【機密性２】

2. General Information on Johkasou and Its Pending Issues※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Result of survey on johkasou water quality
 There are 1,077,092 johkasou capable of turning out treated water with a BOD concentration of 20 mg/L or less,making up 84.6% of the total The vast majority of johkasou are capable of maintaining a level of treated water quality on par with municipal
sewage treatment plants

60 mg/L or less
1.7%

60 mg/L or less
5.8%

30 mg/L or less
7.9%
20 mg/L or less
8.2%

5 mg/L or less
37.3%
15 mg/L or less
12.9%

Nearly 85%
treat water to
BOD 20mg/L or
less

10 mg/L or less
26.2%
・Survey of 1,273,945 johkasou built with a structural standard of BOD 20 mg/L or less・Results of FY2016 BOD measurements as required by Article 11 of the Johkasou Act

9

【機密性２】

2. General Information on Johkasou and Its Pending Issues※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】・ Capacities of johkasou
 Size of the johkasou is for a minimum of 5 people, the maximum is several tens of thousands people.
 Depending on the size of the city, you can change the size of johkasou.
 In Japan, johkasou are installed in each household, so the size for five to ten people is widely used.
 Johkasou with advanced treatment performance are capable of removing BOD to 10 mg/L or less andremoving phosphorus and nitrogen.

Small size

Middle/large size

For 5～50 people（~10m3/day）

For 51～（10m3/day~）Case of overseas installation

Restaurant(China:10m3/d)

Hospital(Vietnam:250m3/d)

Employee dormitory(Saudi arabia:530m3/d)

Factory(Myanmar:30m3/d)

10

【機密性２】

2. General Information on Johkasou and Its Pending Issues※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Overseas installation
Vietnam ◇S 615◆M/L 450 units

Russia ◇S 2 units

As of the end of December 2016,
Source: research by Johkasou System Association (JSA)◆M/L 6 units

Korea ◆M/L 1 units

Greece ◇S 10 units

Myanmar ◇S 123 ◆M/L 61 units

India

Romania ◇S 209 units
Italy

United States ◇S 203 units

Thailand ◆M/L 3 units◇S 11 units

Mexico ◇S 9 units

China ◇S 3,067 ◆M/L 10 units
Laos ◇S 1 ◆M/L 1 units

Libya◆M/L 3 units

Taiwan ◇S1 ◆M/L 1 unitsMali◇S 1 units

South Africa ◇S 28 units
Mozambique ◇S 1 units
Kenya ◇S 59 units
Mauritius ◇S 1 units

Costa Rica◇S 2units
Panama M/L 1 units
Grenada ◇S 1 units

Philippines◇S 6 ◆M/L 2 units

Nigeria ◇S16 units
Egypt ◇S 1 units

Honduras◇S 1 units

Sri Lanka◇S 3 units

Saudi Arabia◇S 1 units
Palestine ◇S 1 units
Syria ◆M/L 1 units
Iraq◆M/L 1 units

Oman ◇S

21 units

Malaysia ◇S 1 units
Singapore ◆M/L 2 units
Indonesia ◇S 14 ◆M/L 100 units
Australia ◇S 1,393 ◆M/L 6 units
Note)◇Small scale johkasou (for 50 persons or less):
5,802 units◆Medium / Large scale johkasou ( for 51 persons or more): 649 units
13
Total:
6,451 units11

【機密性２】

2. General Information on Johkasou and Its Pending Issues※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Tandoku-shori johkasou vs. Gappei-shori Johkasou - 1
 There are still some 4.2 million tandoku-shori johkasou in Japan, treating nothing but night soil
 Encouraging the transition to gappei-shori johkasou is a critical step in improving water quality
New installation of tandoku-shorijohkasou prohibited except in
special cases

Tandoku-shori johkasou

Total number ofjohkasou installed:
7,651,423

Number of johkasou installed

Gappei-shori johkasou

JohkasouAct revised

Johkasou Act
enactedJohkasouAct revised

Tandoku-shorijohkasou: 4,233,122(55% of total)

Municipal johkasou
installation promotion PFI
project implemented

National subsidy programfor gappei-shori johkasou
established (for individuals)
Municipal johkasou
installation promotion
project established

Gappei-shorijohkasou:
3,418,301(45% of total)

14FY

12

【機密性２】

2. General Information on Johkasou and Its Pending Issues※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Tandoku-shori johkasou vs. Gappei-shori johkasou - 2
Tandoku-shori johkasou release about eight times the pollution as gappei-shori johkasou
Few closed water areas meet environmental standards, with tandoku-shori johkasou contributing about 30% of the pollution

Gappei-shori johkasou vs. tandoku-shori johkasou
Amount of pollutant load discharged

Gappei-shorijohkasou

Factors generating pollution in Ise Bay
Unreported
enterprises
2.2%

Unregulated
enterprises
4.0%

Littlepollution

Wastewater(industrial)
3.5%

Gappei-shorijohkasou
10.5%

Other
factors
12.8%

Small-scale
enterprises
8.8%

Industrial
factors
38.0%

Environmental standards
pass rate
50%

Wastewater(domestic)
10.9%

Land-related
10.6%

COD
(142
tons/day)black water
treatment facility
0.1%

Tandoku-shorijohkasou
4.1%

Domestic
factors
49.1%

Publicwaterway

Tandokushorijohkasou

About 8 times ofthe pollutiantloads as gappeishori johkasou

Discharged without
being treatedIndustrial
worksites indesignated
areas
21.7%

Miscellaneousgray water
23.6%

Provisional FY2014 MOE data

Percentage contributed
from tandoku-shorijohkasou: 28%(preliminary value)

Factors inhibiting the transition from tandoku-shori johkasou
•
•
•
•
•

Johkasou have a service life of 30 years or more, and owners are not required toreplace themjohkasou do purify water, offering no incentive for replacement
Owners are responsible for major installation costs associated with replacement
Fewer people feel a desire to invest in the future as a result of population drainin rural areas
Many people do not even know the difference between tandoku-shori johkasou
and gappei-shori johkasou

I need you totake over now!

You’ve done your job, now
leave it to me!

Tandoku-shorijohkasouGappei-shorijohkasou13

【機密性２】

3. Legal Framework on On-Site Wastewater Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Purpose of Johkasou Act

Promotion of human waste and gray water treatment by johkasoufor;- Conservation of water quality in public water area,- Preservation of the living environment and- Improvement of public health⇒Articles in the Law①Johkasou installation（※related to “Building Standard Law”）②Operation/maintenance of johkasou③Approval of johkasou models④Johkasou business for Installation and Operation/Maintenance⑤Nationally qualified “Johkasou technicians”⑥Miscellaneous and penalties14

【機密性２】

3. Legal Framework on On-Site Wastewater Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Johkasou Installation Procedure
Installation notification (Article 5)(Certification under the Building Standards Act when necessary)
Construction (Article 6)(Can issue administrative recommendations when necessary)

Post-installation legal inspections (Article 7)～～
Discontinuance notification (Article 11-2)1715

【機密性２】

3. Legal Framework on On-Site Wastewater Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Approval process for types of johkasou (Article 13)•••

Parties intending to manufacture johkasou in production plants shall obtain approval from the
Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism for the type of johkasou to be
manufactured (does apply to test manufacturing).
This process is subject to Performance Evaluation System.
Parties intending to manufacture johkasou in production plants overseas for export to Japan
may also obtain approval from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

Benefits• Ensures structural optimization• Ensures proper capacity• Simplifies/speeds up construction certification inspections and similar processes

Overseas
approval• Parties manufacturing johkasou overseas for export to Japan may also
obtain approval, meaning that the johkasou type approval process
eliminates trade friction in the form of so-called non-tariff barriers1816

【機密性２】

3. Legal Framework on On-Site Wastewater Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Test methods and Criteria

１）Performance Criteria
BOD[20、15、10、5]、T-N[20、15、10、5]、T-P[2、1、0.5、0.1]
SS[20、15、10、5]、n-Hex[20、10、5、3]、COD[30、15、10]２）Test Categories and Duration
Sludge may be added in case of ①
Duration (weeks)No. ofunit

Evaluation Points①

Short period
constant
temperature

Breeding - over 16 wks

1 or 2

Water Quality/Sludge/
Management②

On-site test 1

Breeding＋over 48 wks

1

Water Quality/Sludge/
Management③

On-site test 2

Breeding＋over 48 wks

3Water Quality/Sludge/
Management

Categ
ory

Test Method（13 & 20℃ 8 wks respectively）

19

17

【機密性２】

3. Legal Framework on On-Site Wastewater Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Inspections and Maintenance18

【機密性２】

3. Legal Framework on On-Site Wastewater Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Johkasou corporate registration process
Prefecture

Municipality

Johkasouconstruction company

Approval
Instructions, advice,recommendations, etc.

Prefecture
or other【Certified Johkasou Installer】
Person certified to supervise johkasou
construction

Registration
Instructions, advice,recommendations, etc.

・ National qalifications

Johkasoudesludging company【Certified Johkasou Operator】
Person certified to supervise johkasou
construction

Registration
Instructions, advice,recommendations, etc.

Johkasoumaintenanceinspection company

19【機密性２】

3. Legal Framework on On-Site Wastewater Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Subsidies for Johkasou Installation
 There are still some 1.3 million people who do not have wastewater treatment, particularly in Japan’s hilly rural areas, which have a low population density. This issue
requires urgent resolution.
 Three Japanese ministries (MLIT, MAFF, and MOE) are working together to require municipalities to revise their wastewater treatment facility development plans with theaim of rapidly setting up sustainable wastewater treatment facilities (generally within the next 10 years).
 Johkasou have several advantages, including (1) treatment capabilities on par with municipal sewage systems, (2) low-cost installation, and (3) seismic resistance.
These features become even more important in sparsely populated areas.
 There are still about 4.37 million tandoku-shori johkasou in operation, though new installations are now prohibited. There is an urgent need to convert them to gappeishori johkasou as soon as possible.
 The goal in promoting johkasou infrastructure development is to conserve local water environments and build a society of independent, decentralized communities.
Private installations

Project overview

Grant
Support Johkasou Installation Project (private installations)
Subsidizes municipalities supporting their residents (private citizens) withjohkasou installation

MOE

Installation

Grant percentage
1/3
(1/2)

 Johkasou Municipal Installation Project (municipal installation)

Privatehomes

Municipality

Municipal installations

National subsidy program for municipalities taking the lead in installingjohkasou systems. The municipality is responsible for operations andmaintenance.
oJohkasou Installation Project (private
installations)Individual share (60%)

oJohkasou Municipal Installation Project (municipal
installations)
Eligible for national support (10%)

Eligible for support (40%)

2/3 (1/2)
Municipality

1/3(1/2)
National
government

Individual
share（3/30）

17（12）／30
Municipal share

10（15）／30

National government20【機密性２】

3. Legal Framework on On-Site Wastewater Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Human Resource Development
 Johkasou technicians should be equipped with extensive knowledge on not only wastewater
treatment/johkasou, but also water environment conservation and public health.
 Curriculums for johkasou operator and johkasou installation worker are as shown below

Johkasou operator








Fundamental of johkasou
Laws and regulations related with johkasou
Structure and function of johkasou
Introduction to installation of johkasou
Operation and maintenance of johkasou
Water quality management of johkasou
Introduction to desludging of johkasou
Total

Johkasou installation worker
8H
4H
22 H
4 H
30 H
10 H
2 H

 Fundamental of johkasou
 Laws and regulations related with johkasou
 Structure and function of johkasou
 Management of johkasou installation
 Introduction to O&M and desludging of johkasou
Total

8H
3H
15 H
8H
3H
37 Hours

80 Hours21

【機密性２】

3. Legal Framework on On-Site Wastewater Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

・ Miscellaneous Provisions of Johkasou Act

Report collection and on-site inspections (Article 53)• Government agencies may require the following parties to report on tasks associated with johkasou
maintenance inspections, desludging, and the like.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

•

Johkasou managers
Johkasou manufacturing companies
Johkasou construction companies
Johkasou desludging companies
Designated inspection agencies
Others (e.g. those who have taken the Johkasou Installer or Johkasou Operator exam)

Government agencies may, with the approval of the tenant, enter the property or structure where a johkasou
is located in order to inspect documents or any other items and ask questions of the persons involved.

 The government may, when necessary in the enforcement of this act, demand the required reports to ensurethat work is carried out properly.
 On-site inspections are not intended as administrative punishment, but rather to provide broad-based
instructions and supervision on johkasou-related matters.

22

【機密性２】

3. Legal Framework on On-Site Wastewater Treatment※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】・ Penalties of Johkasou Act

The following penalties shall be assessed in cases of illegal action in order to ensure that the
stipulations of the Johkasou Act are properly followed.
Penalties for unapproved companies (Article 59)• E.g. unapproved johkasou desludging companies or those who have obtained approval throughfraudulent means and perform johkasou desludging operations

Penalties for violations of provisions (articles 62, 66, and 66-2)• E.g. those who do not follow improvement orders related to maintenance inspection, desludging,or method inspections

Penalties for violation of notification duties (Article 61)• E.g. those who do not submit notifications or who submit false notifications for johkasou
installation and the like

Penalties for refusal to cooperate with reporting or on-site inspection demands (Article 62)• Those who are not registered in line with ministerial ordinances• Those who misleadingly use the title “johkasou operator”• Johkasou operators and other who do not submit the necessary reports or who submit false
reports23

【機密性２】Conclusions※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

Conclusions
 Japan has diffculteis in converting tandoku-shori johkasou to
gappei-shori johkasou. For other countries, septic tanks shallbe replaced with more sophisticated systems such as johkasou.
 As a basic regulation to spread johkasou and to eliminate
inferior products, Performance Evaluation System is necessary.
 Most of the countries have regulations on treated wastewater,
however monitoring systems of the water quality areimportant.
 Promoting of treatment systems is essential, so is its
maintenance such as drawing of sludge.
 Governments should take the lead to promote seweragesystems, and on-site wastewater treatments as the otheroption. In the case of Japan, promotion of gappei-shorijohkasou has not proceeding as expected because its
responsibility rests with individual residents.
24

【機密性２】Conclusions※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

Conclusions
Based on the lessons from the Japan’s experience on on-site wastewater
treatment, I would like to give some key messages to other countries as myconclusions: As it becomes a huge challenge for Japan to replace tandoku-shori johkasou
with gappei-shori johkasou, septic tanks of low treatment performance should
be replaced with advanced systems such as johkasou.
 In order to promote on-site wastewater treatment by good-quality products
and to push inferior products out of the market, a product certification system
including a testing method for performance evaluation is necessary.
 In most of the countries, the effluent standards was established. However, it
is more important to establish an effective monitoring mechanism and toprovide strong guidance and supervision when illegal action occurred.
 It is important to conduct operation and maintenance including desludging
regularly after the treatment facilities were constructed.
 Governments should take the leadership in promoting both sewerage systems
and on-site wastewater treatment systems as their option. In Japan,
installation of gappei-shori johkasou has not proceeded as expected because
the responsibility rests with house owners.
24

【機密性２】※機密性は以下を参考に、適切に変更・表示し、以下の記述を削除してください。また、取扱制限等（例１：関係者限り、例２：公表までの間）については必要に応じて追加してください。
秘密文書相当、機微な個人情報を含む場合は【機密性３】 ／ 公開を前提としない場合は【機密性２】（公開前の案の段階なども含む） ／ 公開可能な場合は【機密性１】

THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION.

At kikuchi gorge,Kikuchi City,Kumamoto Prefecture28