Title: Byproduct utilization for transportation system in Valencia, Spain

Name
Arturo Andersen Chinbuah
Takaaki Furubayashi
Murat Isik
Kiminori Mashima
Loren Tusara

Affiliation
University of Leeds
Tohoku UniversityTohoku University
Nagoya University
Kyushu University

Summary:
Valencia Community is located on the Mediterranean Coast in Spain. Its capital city, Valencia
City, is the third largest city in the country. As of 2010, it has around 800,000 inhabitants. It hasa land area of 134.65 km2. The city’s main agricultural products are rice and orange. Valencia
produces around 57.6% of the orange production of the country. Spain has an estimated orange
production of 2.8 million tons in 2011.
Transportation takes the largest portion of the electricity demand of the community at 39.9%.
Industry, which includes farming and fishing, comprises 37.8% while residential and commercial
use 12.5% and 9.8%, respectively, of its electricity [1].
In 2006, 5% of the total electricity demand of the community comes from renewable resources
with 4% of it coming from biomass production. A large portion of the renewable resource comesfrom hydroelectric power at 75.7% while 19.3% and 0.95% come from wind and solar power,
respectively [2]. 27.2% of the total primary energy supply of the community is produced locallywhile the 72.8% is imported [3]. Other sources of electricity of the community come from
nuclear power and coal.
With the largest consumption of electricity coming from transportation and an abundance oforange production in the community, we propose the use of orange residue to produce bioethanol to fuel transportation system in Valencia City and to supply for heat utilization of theresidences and industries.
In this report, we focus on the utilization of bio-ethanol from orange peel to fuel thetransportation system in the city. We aim to decrease the carbon dioxide emission fromtransportation system and to decrease the cost of fuel for transportation. In an ambitious scale,we plan to attain energy independence on foreign resource, achieve European Union (EU)renewable energy standards, address precautions for global warming, and tackle oil price. The
choice of orange residue to further production of bio-ethanol aims to reduce waste fromconsumption of orange.

Other sources of renewable energy such as solar power through photovoltaic cells and windpower are generally not accepted by the public, companies and the government. Electriccompanies have reported a deficit in terms of the supply and distribution of the electricity to theconsumer due to the tariff imposed on solar power. The companies then put a high price for theindividuals who wish to connect to the grid to sell the solar power they generated. The
integration tariff has not been attractive for the consumers. Wind power, on the other hand, goesin the way of the preference of the people as it destroys the view of the environment.
The amount of local consumption of oranges in the community is around 0.746 million tons
while 0.864 million tons is exported. Orange residue that can be recovered by weight is around50-65% and when not used goes to waste. This comprises around 0.425 million tons of residue
annually. This much amount of residue produces around 398,000,000 liters of ethanol.
In Spain, 33,888 TJ is spent for transportation system. An estimate of 580 TJ is utilized by
Valencia City. The amount of energy generated from the residue is around 395.7 TJ. The demandof the transportation system in Valencia estimated to be around 579.2 TJ.
The Energy Return on Investment (EROI) of cellulosic ethanol, same mechanism which isapplied for orange peel, has an average value of 5 [4]. 80% of the bio-ethanol production will be
used to power the transportation system while 20% will be used to power the bio-ethanol plantfor it to be self-sufficient.
Currently, a budget subsidy of 45% is directed to project cost for the production of renewableenergy. An additional 10% is given for medium-sized companies and 20% for small companies.
This incentive will attract further investors in the city.
Based on obtain data and the current support of the government, this project seems feasible forValencia city.

References:[1] International Study of Renewable Energy Regions
http://reregions.blogspot.jp/2009/10/region-of-valencia.html Accessed on September 11, 2014
[2] Renewable energy in Spain http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain
Accessed on September 11, 2014[3] Energia y Rehabilitacion http://www.energiayrehabilitacion.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/11/primaria5-1024x315.jpg Accessed on September 11, 2014[4] The Net Enerrgy of Biofuels
http://www.iperasmuseprobio.unifg.it/dwn/THENETENERGYOFBIOFUELS.pdf Accessed on
September 11, 2014

Energy	  systems	  for	  a	  city-­‐	  Sustainable	  Valencia	  city	  (GROUP	  D)	  q Valencia	  is	  a	  city	  at	  the	  west	  Europe	  located	  at	  the	  east	  part	  of	  Spain.	  
q Famous	  with	  its	  touris9c	  places,	  beaches	  sea	  and	  sun.	  
q It	  has	  moderate	  winter	  and	  hot	  summer.	  
q One	  of	  the	  producers	  of	  orange	  in	  the	  world	  Energy	  systems	  for	  a	  city-­‐	  Sustainable	  Valencia	  city	  Total	  produc9on	  of	  Spain:	  116000	  TJ	  Domes9c	  produc9on:	  33000	  TJ	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  14%	  is	  only	  renewable	  sources	  Nuclear	  energy	  produc9on:	  14000	  TJ	  Wind:	  4000	  TJ	  PV:	  700	  TJ	  Geo:	  18	  TJ	  Coal:	  1300	  TJ	  BE:	  7200	  TJ	  	  Distribu>on	  of	  energy	  consump>on:	  Transporta9on:	  40%	  Commercial:	  5%	  Residen9al:	  13%	  Industry:	  33%	  Farming	  and	  ﬁshing:	  9%	  Proper>es	  about	  distribu>on;	  Transporta9on	  depends	  on	  fossil	  based	  Nuclear	  can	  cover	  need	  for	  electricity	  Industry	  revenue	  compensate	  by	  tourism	  sector	  Energy	  supply	  for	  Valencia	  Resources	  and	  technologies	  to	  support	  these;	  Resources	  Biomass	  Rice	  Rice	  stark	  Orange	  Algaes	  Solar	  energy	  Tidal	  energy	  Wind	  energy	  	  Hydrogen	  energy	  Nuclear	  energy	  What	  are	  the	  things	  that	  need	  to	  be	  improved?	  
q Increase	  the	  percentage	  of	  renewable	  sources	  specially	  for	  transporta9on	  q Decrease	  the	  dependency	  to	  imported	  energy	  sources.	  
q Increase	  the	  quality	  of	  life	  as	  decreasing	  carbon	  emission.	  What	  we	  should	  do	  for	  sustainable	  city?	  
q Replace	  energy	  supply	  for	  transporta9on	  to	  bioethanol.	  	  Why	  we	  should	  do	  for	  sustainable	  city?	  
q Decrease	  the	  energy	  dependence	  on	  foreign	  sources.	  	  q Achieve	  EU	  renewable	  energy	  standards.	  
q As	  precau9ons	  for	  global	  warming.	  
q Increasing	  oil	  prices	  How	  we	  can	  change	  this?	  
q Building	  bioethanol	  plants	  for	  transporta9on	  q U9lizing	  sources	  such	  as	  rice,	  orange.	  
q Build	  incinera9on	  plants	  for	  rice	  stark.	  
q Deploying	  eolic	  wind	  plants.	  
q Using	  9dal	  energy	  far	  away	  from	  sea.	  How	  we	  can	  change	  this?	  
q Building	  bioethanol	  plants	  for	  transporta9on	  q U9lizing	  sources	  such	  as	  rice,	  orange.	  
q Build	  incinera9on	  plants	  for	  rice	  stark.	  
q Deploying	  eolic	  wind	  plants.	  
q Using	  9dal	  energy	  far	  away	  from	  sea.	  Biomass	  Energy	  	  U9lizing	  orange	  peels	  for	  obtaining	  ethanol	  can	  create	  sources	  for	  transporta9on.	  
Total	  produc9on	  of	  orange	  in	  Valencia	  city:	  1.61	  million	  tons	  Exports:	  0.1864	  million	  tons	  Consume:	  0.746	  million	  tons	  0.425	  million	  tons	  orange	  peel	  can	  be	  obtained	  According	  to	  this	  4,675,000	  gallons	  of	  ethanol	  can	  be	  produced	  as	  200	  proof.	  
A	  facility	  for	  processing	  ethanol	  costs	  25-­‐30	  million	  dollars	  with	  a	  capacity	  of	  100	  million	  gallons;	  Amount	  of	  energy	  can	  be	  generated	  is	  396	  TJ.	  Procedure	  to	  Es9mate	  Amount	  of	  BE	Energy	  Content	  from	  gasoline	  (34.2	  MJ/L) 	  	  Energy	  Content	  from	  ethanol	  (22.57	  MJ/L)	  Amount	  of	  orange	  produc9on	  (1.6million	  tons)	  Rate	  of	  residue’s	  weight	  (57.6%)	  Amount	  of	  residue	  (0.425	  million	  tons)	  Amount	  of	  ethanol	  from	  unit	  of	  residue	  (11	  gal/l)	  Amount	  of	  energy	  content	  in	  bioethanol	  (BE)	  is…	  	  395.7	  TJ	  Procedure	  to	  Es9mate	  Amount	  of	  Demand	
Popula9on	  in	  Spain	  (46.81	  million)	  Amount	  of	  energy	  use	  for	  transporta9on	  in	  Spain	  (338.88	  TJ)	  Popula9on	  in	  Valencia	  city	  (8	  million)	  Amount	  of	  energy	  use	  for	  transporta9on	  in	  Valencia	  city	  is…	  579.2	  TJ	  Process	  for	  obtaining	  bioethanol	  With	  this	  process	  ethanol	  costs	  1.23	  $	  per	  gallon1	  which	  is	  3	  9mes	  cheaper	  than	  gasoline.	  
Environmentally	  more	  friendly	  solu9on.	  
200	  Proof	  ethanol	  which	  is	  pure	  ethanol	  more	  eﬃcient	  than	  corn	  and	  rice	  source	  ethanol	  	  Supplies	  from	  the	  aspect	  of	  purity.	  
1	  Weiyang	  Zhou,	  Economic	  Analysis	  of	  Ethanol	  Produc9on	  from	  Citrus	  Peel	  Waste,	  Proc.	  Fla.	  	  State	  Hort.	  Soc.120:	  2007.	  Proc.	  Fla.	  State	  Hort.	  Soc.120:310–315.	  2007.	  Biomass	  Energy	  	  U9lizing	  rice	  stark	  for	  obtaining	  ethanol	  can	  create	  sources	  for	  transporta9on	  and	  genera9ng	  	  electricity.	  
According	  to	  literature	  it	  is	  achieved	  to	  obtain	  ethanol	  using	  rice	  stark	  cost	  0.45$	  in	  Vietnam.	  

Figure	  shows	  the	  steps	  for	  obtaining	  ethanol	  using	  rice	  stark.	  
Also	  using	  rice	  starks	  for	  incinera9on	  is	  an	  op9on	  for	  producing	  electricity	  and	  heat	  energy.	  Conclusion	  • Valencia	  is	  a	  city	  the	  	  heavily	  relies	  on	  foreign	  energy	  supply	  • Based	  on	  results	  Valencia	  could	  increase	  its	  self	  suﬃciency	  by	  using	  the	  residues	  of	  one	  of	  its	  agricultural	  products,	  helping	  the	  city	  to	  achieve	  European	  renewable	  energy	  supply	  standards.