On-Site Domestic Wastewater
Treatment in India

A. A. KAZMIDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGIIT ROORKEE

AVAILABILITY & TYPE OF TOILETS-2011 (%)
RURAL INDIA
167.8 Million
Households

Sewerage,
2.2

Open
Defecation,
67.3

PublicLatrines, 6Open pit
Latrines, 0.7
VIP
Latrines,
6.4

Misc, 1.7

Open
Defecation,
12.6

Sewerage, 32.7

SepticTank, 14.7
VIP
Latrines,
8.2
Misc, 0.7
Public Latrines,
1.9

Open pit
Latrines, 2.3

SepticTank, 38.2

OtherSystems, 1.7
Other systems,
2.5

Sewerage, 11.9

ALL INDIA
246.7 Million
Households

OpenDefecation, 49.8

Misc, 1

SepticTank, 22.2

PublicLatrines,
32

URBAN INDIA-78.8
Million Households

OtherSystems, 2.3
VIP Latrines,
7.6
Open pit
Latrines, 1.8

www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/Data_sheet/India/Latrine.pdf

FLUSH TOILET + SEPTIC TANKS

FLUSH TOILET + TWIN PIT LATRINESDischarge to Soakage Pit

Pit-1

Pit-2

Septic Tanks
http://sulabhinternational.org
Discharge to Stormwater Drain

SEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT DISCHARGE
SURFACE WATER POLLUTION

Moti Jheel- Lucknow

GROUNDWATERPOLLUTION:
CoimbatoreCPHEEO & NEERI2005

Phutala Lake- Nagpur

Pond outskirt of Village

SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT: PRESENTSCENARIO

Open dumping of
Septage in lowlying area

Disposal of
Septage byvacuum truck

Unaesthetic & Hazardousconditions

FIELD EVALUATION OF
CONVENTIONAL SEPTIC TANKS

STE: Septic Tank Effluent

GOVT. OF INDIAMINISTRY OF DRINKING WATERSUPPLY & SANITATIONINITIATIVES

Swachh Bharat (Clean India) Mission(Rural )Swachh Bharat Mission launched on 2nd Oct, 2014by the Prime Minister of India;
Objectives
 To make India Open Defecation Free (ODF) India by

2019, by providing access to toilet facilities to all; To provide toilets, separately for Boys and Girls in all

schools by 15th Aug 2015
 To provide toilets to all Anganwadis (Courtyard sheltersfor Children)
 To keep villages clean Innovative: Low cost and Userfriendly technologies for toilet and Solid and Liquid Waste
Management to be pursued.

Technical Handbook- With coverageof advanced on-site sanitation

RELATED CHAPTERS IN THE BOOK
2.5 On-site waste water treatment
systems
2.5.1 Septic tanks
2.5.2 Advanced on-site systems
2.5.2.1 Package type anaerobic filter
system
2.5.2.2 Package contact aeration system
2.5.2.3 Package anaerobic filter contact
aeration system

GOVT. OF INDIAMINISTRY OF URBAN
DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVESMANUAL ON SEWERAGE & SEWAGE TREATMENTINTRODUCTION AND DESIGN FEATURES OFADVANCED ON-SITE SYSTEMSSEPTAGE MANAGEMENTADVISORY NOTE ON SEPTAGE
MANAGEMENTTYPICAL ON-SITE SYSTEMS IN INDIA

Precast Septic Tank
Structure of a septic tank,
Source: CPHEEO, 1993

Vinayakashot Private
Limited, Ltd

Prefab Polyethylene
Cast Septic TankSintex Pvt. Ltd

ADVANCED VERSIONSSETTLER-ANAEROBIC FILTER••

The capacity ranges from 800 to 6000 l/d.
Claims: Good performance through massive
reduction of BOD around 70-80%

SETTLER- CONTACT AERATIONThe capacity ranges from 800 to 6000 l/d.
Effluent can be used for irrigation, gardening.
Source: Sintex Pvt. Ltd

PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONMODIFIED SETTLER-ANAEROBICFILTER COMBINED SINGLE
HOUSEHOLD WASTEWATERTREATMENT
Background: Where ground conditions do not permit infiltration oftreated wastewater, additional treatment in the form of a constructedwetland or anaerobic filter could be provided prior to discharge intoa drain or watercourse.
Technology Option for Urban Sanitation in India
Technology Option for Urban Sanitation in India, Ministry of Urban
Development, Govt. of India

BACKGROUND INFORMATION Single Household: Middle Class Water Supply – 135 Litre/Cap.day
 Members: 5
 Size of Tank – 1200 L
 Tank Material : Polyethylene
 Media of Anaerobic Filter: Polyethylene
 Specific Surface Area of Media - 100 m2/m3

MANHOLEINLET & OUTLETCONNECTIONs

WASTEWATER

DIURNAL FLOW VARIATIONDIURNAL INFLUENT & EFFLUENT WATERQUALITYDISTRIBUTION: FLOW, COD, FECALCOLIFORMSa) Water requirement ; b) COD Load; c) FC Load

LONG TERM PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONMODIFIED SETTLER-ANAEROBIC FILTERBLACKWATER TREATMENT- COMMUNITYSCHOOL
Size of Tank – 1200 L
Material : Polyethylene
Media of Anaerobic Filter: Polyethylene
Modified Inlet Arrangement
Specific Surface Area of Media - 100 m2/m3

PRESENT SCENARIO : SANITATION IN
RURAL SCHOOL

Soak Pit

Community septictank

Open drain disposal

SAMPLING

Inlet chamberBlack water collection
Navodaya Boyshostel

DIURNAL FLOW VARIATION

DIURNAL INFLUENT & EFFLUENT WATERQUALITY

LONG TERM PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONMICROBIAL COMMUNITY- Septic Tank Treating Blackwater

Micrographs indicated the presence of inert material with an aggregation ofMethanococcus–like species with few Methanobrevibacter-like species (Fig a & b)
and coccoid-shape Archaeal species (Fig. c), Methanosarcina )-like bacteria, (Fig.d),Methanospir (Fig.e), rod-shaped bacteria like Mathanothrix-(Fig. f),

SLUDGE CHARACTERIZATION
Septic Tank Treating
Combined Wastewater

Septic Tank TreatingBlackwater

DESLUDGING – 480TH DAY OF OPERATION

Vacuum Truck fordesludging

Sludge of septictank

Before Desludging

Desludging ofsystem

After Desludging

SEPTAGE CHARACTERIZATION- From Septic
Tanks Treating Combined Wastewater or only Blackwater

Combined
WastewaterBlack water

EPA Design
Values

pH

6.6±0.4

6.7±0.4

1.5-12.6

Temperature

30.6±1.630.2±1.4-

COD20367±8431

29598±8355

1500-703000

sCOD

1833±759

2264±868-BOD

7332±3035

10655±3008

440-78,600

sBOD

917±3791048±479-TSS

16425±6799

23430±7010

310-93,378

VSS12135±4595

17397±4710

353-71,402

TKN

407.3±168.6

592.0±167

66-1060NH4-N

65.2±27.0

94.7±26.7

3-116

TP

203.7±84.3

296.0±83.5

20-760ConstituentsMICROBIAL QUALITY OF SEPTAGE
Domestic
wastewaterBlackwater

USEPA
range

1.5×106-1.5×108

2.4×107-7.5×109

107 - 109

2.3×105-1.5×107

9.6×105-1.9×108

106 – 1081.1×105-2.5×106

3.4×05-4.1×107

106 – 107

2.5×103-1.6×105

1.8×103-2.1×104

105– 108

CFU/mL

1.3×101-9.0×103

9.3×102-1.1×104

1-102

Shigella

CFU/mL

1.0×103-1.6×104

1.8×103-2.1×105-

HPC

CFU/mL

2.3×104-2.6×106

2.9×104-3.4×106-

Staphylococc
us

CFU/g

130-9000

99-11651-Parameter

UnitTCE.Coli

MPN/100
mL
MPN/100
mL
MPN/100
mL
CFU/mL

Salmonella

FCFS

PRESENT NEED:

To develop a new generation of:Highly efficient- Media with Larger Specific surface area

 Compact-

In-situ Sludge Reduction methodsUser friendly- Easy to install, better plumbing

Low priced treatment systems- Durable low priced Material



Rigorous septage management strategy- Separate department inGovernment.

Subsidy from the Government for rapid pollution control

Capacity Building by the Government - Manpower Training

Local Manufacturing of Blowers and other E&M Parts of the system



Educational Programmes

Mass production methods serve public:

reliable, effective.

robust and reasonably priced treatment plants