ii

Dedicated to the public domainCC
2015, 2016. CC0-1.0 ⃝Contents
Attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

viii

Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

viii

Announcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xiii

Prologue

2

Voices of Free Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5Collective Memory

7

The Uncommon Creativity of Bassel Khartabil .

8

Bassel, and My Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

About Bassel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15#NEWPALMYRA and the Free Bassel Campaign 17
Palmyra 3D, Premonition Vision of Bassel . . . .

21

Rebuild Asad Al-Lat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

Supporting Bassel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

What Does Freedom Mean to You, Mr. Government? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

iii

Bassel K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

My Friend is Not Free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

Liberté . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29Free Bassel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34

Opening:Freedom

35

Keeping Promises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36

The Shit of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39“Freedom To” vs. “Freedom From” . . . . . . . .

45

Free Culture in an Expensive World . . . . . . .

48

What is Open? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53

The Open World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

Costs of Openness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58

My Brain on Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64

Too Poor Not to Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

Inside or Outside the Movement . . . . . . . . .

71

Freedom as a Commodity . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73

Free as in Commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

74

Architectonics Of Power80

Hacking the Contradictions . . . . . . . . . . . .

81

Time to Wake Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82

The Cost of Internet Freedom . . . . . . . . . . .

83

Why I Choose Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

86

Why I Choose Copyright . . . . . . . . . . . . .

92iv

Why I Refused My Proprietary Self

. . . . . . .

95

Image, Identity, Attribution, Authorship . . . . .

97

The Burden of Journalism . . . . . . . . . . . . .

99

Architecture = Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
From Outer Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Free Software Economics. . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Freecoin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
GNU Taler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Beyond Capitalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Affordances

121

Queering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Nomadic Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Self-Sufficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Collective Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Transdisciplinarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Resilient Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Reconciliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Epilogue

147

Internal Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Love Letter to Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Towards a possible manifesto; proposing Arabfuturism(s) (Conversation A) . . . . . . . . 151
The Cost of Future Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154v

Andromeda Report – Gliese 832 C Expedition . . 156
Appendix163

Call For Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Creative Commons CC0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

vi

ATTRIBUTIONSATTRIBUTIONSThis book is dedicated to the public domain and licensed
under the terms of the CC0 license.
Book Publishing: Clément Renaud
Cover Painting: Omar Ibrahim, artist born in thesouth of Syria 1978, living and working in Paris.
Book Production and Cover Design: Julien Taquet
Book Sprint Facilitation: Barbara Rühling
Text Clean-Up: Raewyn Whyte
MISSINGBASSEL Illustration: Neil Stuber

CONTRIBUTORS
Christopher Adams is 35 years old. He is a photographer,and published FREESOULS by JOI ITO. Christopher is amember of Fabricatorz and helps run the #FREEBASSEL
campaign. He lives in Taipei.
Sabrina Banes (@missbananabiker) writes about information security, web freedoms, strong cryptography, anarchocommunism.
By The Big Conversation Space (Niki Korth & Clémencede Montgolfier) is an art and research collaborative dedicated to conversations of all shapes, sizes, and (file) formats.
Tim Boykett is involved in researches in the field of nearrings, relations between theoretical computer science andabstract algebra.
Lorna Campbell work for the University of Edinburgh.
She is specialized in open education technology, policy, andviii

practice.
Giorgos Cheliotis lives and works in Athens. He is a
close observer of networks, internet cultures, sociotechnicaland policy issues in new media.
Tyng-Ruey Chuang led Creative Commons Taiwan. His
research areas include functional programming, programming languages and systems, XML and Web technologies,
and social implications of information technologies.
ginger coons is a digital researcher, a f-loss design advocate, and editor of @libgraphicsmag.
Ben Dablo is a 31 year old citizen wanderer living in
Portland, Oregon.
Georges Dahdouh is a 37 years old Syrian designer and
3D artist. He is located in Dubai.
Patrick W. Deegan is a researcher, focus on new media
art practice, sociology, and ethics. He is also a freelance
curator and developer at Fabricatorz.
Dr. Martin Paul Eve is a senior lecturer in literature,technology and publishing. He lives in London.
Pauline Gadea is 30 years old. She lives in Toulouse.
After years in the media, Pauline now works in local foodcraft products.
Lucas Gonze is a product innovator, hacker, creativetechnologist.
Richard Goodman is the E-Learning Systems Team Manager in IT Services at Loughborough University.
Shauna Gordon-McKeon is a U.S. writer, independent
researcher and developer. She focuses on open technologiesixand communities.
Christian Grothoff is maintainer of GNU Taler.
A global nomad, hellekin is a free software activist, member of the Dyne.org Foundation, and GNU consensus maintainer.
Adam Hyde is the founder of BookSprints.
Pete Ippel’s art is conceptual in nature and spans a variety of media from the traditional to the cutting edge. Pete’s
personal account is @hypermodern.
Jaromil is a member of the Dyne.org Foundation andthe D-CENT project.
Muid Latif is a Malaysian-based web designer, graphic
designer and digital artist.
Lawrence Lessig is an American academic, and political activist. He is the founder of Creative Commons andRootstrikers.
Yu Li is 31 years old. She lives and works between
Geneva and Shenzhen. Yu is a researcher, interaction andspeculative designer.
Mike Linksvayer is a dilettante of various free knowledge
movements and a sub-dilettante critic of the same.
Geert Lovink is a Dutch-Australian media theorist andcritic. He is the founding director of the Institute of Network
Cultures, Amsterdam.
Sulaïman Majali is an artist based in Glasgow, Scotland.
His works question the relationships between the sculpturalobject and the photographic image in the mythologies of ourimagined communities.
Jean Noël Montagné, founder of a hackerspace in Nice,xFrance, called Nicelab, “Open Laboratory of Nice”.
Jon Phillips is the co-founder of design and technology
company Fabricatorz. He lives in Hong Kong. Jon founded
the #FREEBASSEL campaign in 2012. Transcript by Ekta
Saran.
Théophile Pillault is 33 years old. He lives in Marseille.
Théophile is a freelance journalist, working for Vice, Les
Inrockuptibles or Trax Magazine.
radium is a member of the Dyne.org Foundation and the
D-CENT project.
Donatella Della Ratta has been managing the Creative
Commons Arab world community for five years. She maintains a blog on Arab media at http://mediaoriente.com
and tweets avidly @donatelladr.
Clément Renaud is a 32-years old researcher, developer,
creative coder, and journalist based in Lyon.
Faraj Rifait is Bassel’s uncle.
Mélanie Dulong de Rosnay is a researcher at french institution CNRS Institute for Communication Sciences where
she is in charge of the Information and Commons Governance research group.
Natacha Roussel is a f-loss artist. She is the co-founderof the F-lat collective. Natacha is based in Brussels.
Noura Ghazi Safadi is a Syrian writer. She’s married toBassel.
Anasuya Sengupta is an advocate, strategist, and storyteller, currently on the Board of Directors of the Nonprofit
Quarterly, an online and print publication that promotes
an active and engaged democracy. She previously headed
the Grantmaking department at the Wikimedia Foundation, and the Asia Pacific portfolio at the Global Fund forxiWomen.
Designer, technologist, and apparently author, Barry
Threw (@barrythrew) is the Director of Software at Obscura Digital, curator with Gray Area Foundation for theArts, and the Interim Director of the #NEWPALMYRA
project. He lives in San Francisco, CA.
Stéphanie Vidal is 30 years old. She is a cultural journalist specialised in new media and digital strategist. Stéphanie
lives in Paris.
Marc Weidenbaum publishes a webzine, Disquiet, about
electronic ambient music and has contributed to the scientific journal Nature upon this subject. He was editor-in-chieffor two of Viz Media’s magazines. He lives in San Francisco.
John Wilbanks is the Chief Commons Officer at Sage
Bionetworks and a Senior Fellow at the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation and at FasterCures. He ran the Science
Commons project at Creative Commons.
Maarten Zeinstra is an advisor copyright law and technology in the cultural sector for Nederlands agency Kennisland. He lives in Amsterdam.
Mushon Zer-Aviv is a designer, an educator and a media
activist. He is based in Tel Aviv.
Ethan Zuckerman, Director, Center for Civic Media,
MIT Media Lab, where Bassel was offered a researcher position on October 22, 2015.

xii

ANNOUNCEMENT
Dear reader, this book has been a huge effort by many people from around the world. The sole focus of our efforts is
to bring to the attention of you, the reader, the following
link: http://freebassel.org We would be very happy if you
were to honor our efforts by visiting that link and adding
your name to the campaign to Free Bassel.
#costoffreedom#freebassel

xiii

xiv

PROLOGUEVOICES OF FREE CULTURE
Clément Renaud
This book was written in Pourrières, France, in five days,
from 2nd to 6th November 2015.
Just two weeks before, I got a phone call from a friend,asking me to help bring attention to the plight of Bassel
Khartabil, by organizing this book. We jumped into theproject instantly, starting to pull people together, authoring web pages and open calls, sending emails and calling
everyone we could think of.
The book you are reading is the result of this emergent
process, based on friendship, internal networks, and external
publications.
It originates with our friend Bassel, suffering in a Syrian
jail that has taken him away from us. I have never met
him, but I am calling him a friend because I know from all
who have known him that I will have a good time meeting,talking, and working with him.
In the small group of “free culture” we tend to regard
each other as friends. We all feel committed to a common
mission. For this book, we made an open call to those whohave “been fighting in the trenches” of free culture. Thatsounds like an overstatement for most of us who are not in
jail but are instead mostly writing, coding and taking partin interesting projects, enjoying our freedom.
Thus, when we call for a reflection on “the Cost of Freedom”, we suddenly appeal not to our group and our mission,
but to each individual that has been part of it. Instead ofpreaching the values of a whole system supposedly basedon commons and sharing, we target people in their daily
lives – those who have suffered from loneliness, questioning,3

bankruptcy, burnout, exploitation, and even from seeing
friends and partners suddenly missing, just for having beena part of free culture.
This book is not a statement about freedom and culture;
it is a primal scream, the sum of our questions and desires.
It is the raw expression of our lives. It talks about what is
ultimately made through the dream of free culture: us.
This book is dedicated to Bassel Khartabil and to all
those that will recognize themselves in the stories told inthese pages.

4

INTRODUCTION
Freedom comes with many costs, not least responsibility.
Social, psychological, financial, bodily, emotional: known
and unknown costs, often to bystanders, make any strategy
to gain and protect freedom an ambiguous quest. Sometimes it isn’t clear what freedom means. Many people use
and produce bits of free knowledge, but any serious attempt
quickly runs into tremendous barriers, in every field. Participants receive unequal welcome due to gender, language,
cultural or economic differences. Occasionally, the production of intangible assets may intersect with broader historical movements, redefining their meanings and exposing their
participants to unlimited costs.
Considering the costs borne by millions to obtain, for example, freedom from slavery or freedom to vote, free knowledge movements seem rather safe and straightforward. By
contrast, to consider the costs of free culture, free softwareor open scientific research may look adventurous, or perhaps just presumptuous. But this is what we will attempt
to do, with appropriate humility. This book wants to discuss how free knowledge movements are built and the realcosts attached to them. Activists, artists, designers, developers, researchers, and writers involved with free knowledge
movements have worked together to see further than the fogof our news feeds and produce some sense from our different
experiences.
This book is born in an attempt to free Bassel Khartabil,
loved and celebrated Internet volunteer detained in Syria
since 15 March 2012. His name has been deleted from theAdra Prison’s register where he was detained, on 3 October
2015. We have not received any information about his current status or whereabouts since. The introductory part ofthis book called Collective Memory gives voice to his friends
and family that have been urging for his release and want5

him back in his normal life and freedom, immediately.
Seeing Bassel paying a high price for his participationin free culture, many of us have started to reflect on ourown fates, actions, and choices. Why are we here today?
What have we chosen? What have we given up in this process of sometimes extreme belief? The second part, OPENING: FREEDOM, is a recollection of personal, sometimes
contradictory reflections and views about the experience ofworking within free culture for some years. The diversityof contributions express the many directions that have beentaken to act.
The third part called ARCHITECTONICS OF POWER
takes a step back to look at how we, as a society, deal or
fail to deal with the different barriers that stand in ourways towards freedom. Different authors analyze the contradictions of their choices and daily activities with larger
objectives and lifestyles associated with free culture. The
variety of professions and situations of the contributors offer an illustration stained with multiple tones.
Finally, the fourth part AFFORDANCES offers a reflection on theories and successful practices of free culture. It
offers different perspectives on the nature, structure, motivations and limitations of existing levers towards liberation,
not only legal and technological but also social and cultural.
Once marginal, free culture is today on the edge of becoming part of the new normal thanks to the Internet while
being threatened in its fundamentals by its own success.
The many contributions in this book offer a unique snapshot of its dreads and interrogations, and a tentative program for the reader to reflect on the future of freedom in
our times.

6

COLLECTIVE
MEMORY

THE UNCOMMON CREATIVITY OF BASSELKHARTABIL
Barry Threw
The people who are in real danger never leave their countries. They are in danger for a reason and for that they
don’t leave #Syria@basselsafadi on Twitter, 1/31/2012 14:34:46, one month
before detention.
In October 2010, I sat at a checkpoint on the LebanonSyria border, waiting for Bassel. It was late, and I’d been
sitting in a nearby café, smelling of bleach but otherwise
unremarkable, for nearly 12 hours. I was waiting with oneof my traveling companions, Christopher Adams, who had
been denied entry as a result of visa issues (“everything fine,stamps just changed yesterday”). We were part of a group of
Creative Commons advocates traveling to Damascus as thelast stop on a tour around the Arab world, doing workshops
on free culture and open source software, along with such
community stalwarts as Joi Ito, Lawrence Lessig, MitchellBaker, Jon Phillips, and Bassel himself. It was a groupfrom the near-future, time traveling at a second-per-second
to the oldest still-inhabited city in existence, a place outsideof time.
It was clear, after much whispered negotiation between
Bassel and the border police, that Christopher wouldn’t beadmitted via one of the usual persuasions employed to skirt
the bureaucratic impasses typical for that part of the world.
Bassel spent several hours on his cell phone, serially calling
government offices of murky authority, but eventually it
became apparent that a resolution required in-person meetings. Bassel and the majority of our crew left for Damascus, leaving Chris and me to enjoy the landscape, a sepia
8

liminal space of Martian desert and cinder-block buildings
where used washing machines and cell phones were sold. As
the night wore on and nothing changed Chris went back to
Beirut, and I sat while Bassel allegedly made his way backfor me.
These moments didn’t stand out to me at the time, but
it was here I first was affected with great admiration andrespect for Bassel Khartabil, through watching his tirelesscommitment to his friends, and later learning of his larger efforts enabling access to knowledge, preserving cultural heritage, and fostering free creative expression. The projects
he’s created and supported, the artifacts left behind, reveal
an astonishing intuition for issues holding back society in
Syria and globally, and a singular vision for building technical and social ways to address them. Organizing this trip
to Damascus for luminaries of the open culture/free software
movement was exemplary of what brings him joy: bringing
his friends and colleagues together, and sharing the knowledge and experience of his home.
Bassel Khartabil was born in Syria in 1981 of a Palestinian father and Syrian mother. Although born in a culture
known for its conservatism and adherence to tradition, he
was raised as the only child in a liberal and creative household; his father, Jamil, a writer, and his mother, Raya, a
piano professor. As with many only-children, Bassel wasmost at home inside his own curiosity and creativity. An
avid reader, he devoured advanced books on the ancient history of the Middle East, and Greek mythology, from a young
age. He was also a natural self-learner and taught himself
English from a CD-ROM on his father’s computer. He wasdrawn to computers, helping his father research online, andlearning to program in C. This fascination and facility withtechnology continued throughout his upbringing, fixing his
family computers, learning advanced programming for desktop and the web, and joining the communities dedicated to9advancing and upholding the openness and creativity thathe cherished. He was raised in a place of rich history andtradition, but lives in a global world of technology; a man
outside of time.
Bassel, like many of us, found Freedom within technology, and tried to share that freedom with others, but he did
not yet know the cost.
If there is one thing always said about Bassel by thepeople that know him best, it is that he loves to share isknowledge with anyone who asks. For two weeks we lived
out of AikiLab, the “hackerspace” he founded in Damascus,
giving workshops and lectures, and meeting the young community that came to listen. The space was for more thanjust events, it was a social gathering place, where knowledge was shared, and new friends and collaborations made.
Inside were computers, projectors, the Internet, all of theequipment needed to provide education and support to thenascent Syrian tech culture. But, the vital element was not
the gear or even AikiLab, but Bassel himself. Even when hewas confined in Adra prison, Bassel found time to teach theother prisoners English and about technology, even though
they had no computers available.
But, even more than education, Bassel’s true gift is Protoculture, developing the near-future alpha versions of projects
catalyzing change in cultural contexts, whether softwaretools, community organization, or digital art. His Aiki web
development framework allowed multiple developers to work
simultaneously on a live web site, while maintaining security. It was used to build still active open content projects
such as the Open Clip Art Library and Open Font Library.
His platforms, whether physical, social, or digital enable
new projects to spring up, and the community to build on
its self.
Perhaps none of Bassel’s cultural prototypes were more
10

prescient than the work he started around 2005, with agroup of archeologists and 3D artists, to virtually reconstruct the ancient ruins of Palmyra. One of the world’s
most important archaeological sites, Palmyra stood at thecrossroads of several civilizations, with Graeco-Roman architectural styles melding with local traditions and Persian
influences. Little could Bassel know that ten years after
he began, Daesh fundamentalists would be actively deleting
this architecture embodying Syrian, and the world’s, cultural heritage. But his foray into digital archaeology andpreservation created a time capsule that will be invaluable
to the public, researchers, and artists for years to come.
Tragically, Bassel has not yet been able to complete thisproject. On 15 March 2012, Bassel was imprisoned by the
Assad government in a wave of arrests triggered by the civic
unrest pushing for democratic freedom in Syria. The United
Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention has determined that Bassel’s arrest and imprisonment were arbitrary
and in violation of international law, and has called for his
immediate release. For three years, he was held in the infamous Adra prison with 7,000 others, until October 2015,
when he was moved to an unknown location. As of thiswriting, no information has been released by the Assad government on his location or condition. The #freebassel campaign continues to fight to keep Bassel’s plight in the publiceye, and, ultimately, achieve his release. For Bassel, theCost of Freedom has not been trivial or abstract, but hascaused him to be separated from his community and loved
ones.
We have recently launched a project building on Bassel’s original work called #NEWPALMYRA. It is an online
community platform and data repository dedicated to thecapture, preservation, sharing, and creative reuse of data
about the ancient city of Palmyra. Released under a Creative Commons CC0 license, all models and data collected11are available in the public domain to remix and distribute.
The project will continue, continued by its international affiliates and advisors, until Bassel’s release, when he can accept his research position at the MIT Media Lab and carryit forward once again.
The #NEWPALMYRA project starts from Bassel’s original vision, but goes further, creating a new community
around the virtual Palmyra through open calls for participation, real world development events, and pop-up art shows.
A city is built in architecture, but lived in by people, andour virtual New Palmyra will serve as a nexus for creative
explorations and cultural understanding. The book you arereading is one of these related projects, bringing together
writings from a diverse and insightful group of authors committed to the promise of free culture. Here we create ourown time capsule, a record of thoughts on freedom andresponsibility from many different perspectives and disciplines, so the next generation of digital archaeologists canlearn about us.
Eventually, Bassel came walking through the dark tothat checkpoint, and with more whispers to lackluster guards
I was on my way to Damascus. Christopher met our groupthe next day, and together we all embraced Bassel’s world,
one of standing up for freedom, and constantly giving to
his friends and community, that to this day inspires us topush further. This Uncommon Creativity, an ability to innovate and invent in the future while building on the past,is what makes him a vital visionary for the Syrian community. But, I find myself once again waiting for Bassel, thistime to regain his Freedom for which he has paid so dearly.
I hope, my friend, to see you soon.

12

BASSEL, AND MY FREEDOM
Noura Safadi
To get married: that means your man will push you
forward or take you backward.
What happened to me is that my husband has beenpushing me forward in the best path possible. He makes
me go upwards, fly, swim over the clouds, even though thetime we’ve spent in love has been spent apart. He is present
in all my details… and helped create who I am. I am his pen
and colors, and he has always been my life and my Freedom. I’ve lived all my life dreaming of Freedom, and Bassel
taught me to embrace it.
I feel overwhelmed when I mention his name. Bassel
taught me to master English, even while he’s been in prison.
I’ve learned to read, write, and speak English well. He has
always shared his knowledge with everyone who asked, andhas also taught many prisoners to read, write, and speak
English.
Bassel opened the door to technology for me, he taught
me to use both computers and smartphones. He taught me
the Internet. He also taught other prisoners to use computers theoretically, without having one in their hands.
I never felt our relationship stopped me from being myself: on the contrary he taught me to break the fear andshame of social restrictions. I’ve been a writer for the last
10 years, but only Bassel made me decide to write my firstbook. I wrote it during his lengthy detention, and we called
it “In the Waiting.”
With Bassel, I make my dreams come true, I learn to express my thoughts and feelings, and face my fears… I shout,I resist, I trance… I laugh and I cry…
13

Bassel made me Free, while he is absent. He is in theregime’s jail, and I am in the jail of waiting for him.

14

ABOUT BASSEL
Patrick W. Deegan
Bassel Khartabil (Arabic:‫ ) خرطبيل باسل‬also known as
Bassel Safadi (Arabic: ‫ ) صفدي باسل‬is a software developerand community builder, an advocate for internet freedom,and most recently, and perhaps most personally, a supporterof free-access and liberty in Syria.
Bassel’s work in Syria joined his numerous other international projects together into a unified and focused opus.
These earlier works included worldwide work with Mozilla
Firefox, Wikipedia, Openclipart, Fabricatorz, and Sharism,
as well as being an initiator and key member of the Creative Commons Syria release. Khartabil also developed thenovel web framework known as Aiki as a part of his own
collaborative research company Aiki Lab. For its own part,
Aiki codified many aspects of Bassel’s own personality: surprisingly user-friendly while being technically sophisticated,
Aiki is a web developer’s concept of poetic code in its powerful simplicity.
Taken together, his most recent work — New Palmyra— sought to capture in a similar spirit of public openness
one of the hallmarks of human civilization. New Palmyra
presents a digital archive in rendered 3D of the ancient siteof Palmyra. At almost every level, from process to function,and from code to metaphor, this project is as an almost
perfect stand-in for Bassel himself. And perhaps it also
summarizes in form and idea the fact that Bassel is presently
not here.
Since mid-march of 2012 Bassel has been a prisoner ofthe Assad regime in Syria. No longer a country satisfied
with the politics of As-If, Bassel was long an active part ofasking for the very best of Syrians, for themselves and for the15

world. And for this, like so many of his fellow countrymen
and women, he was imprisoned. But Bassel knows that acommunity is a powerful thing — it retains and rebuilds, it
preserves and presses forward, and above all it never forgets
its own.

16

#NEWPALMYRA AND THE FREE BASSEL CAMPAIGN
Jon Phillips
Edited by Patrick Deegan.
Bassel has been imprisoned for nearly four years, I believe it is about 1400 days now, but I have lost count; andsince then we have been running the Free Bassel campaign.
The most depressing thing is that he has been missing forover a month now. He was taken from the prison, and his
name was removed from the list of prisoners. We really
really don’t know where he is. He may even have been kidnapped though it’s more likely that the Assad regime has
him in a military prison. So that led to an acceleration in
our efforts.
One project Bassel had started before he became a political prisoner was the #NEWPALMYRA project. There are
actually several projects and ideas he created that have notyet been announced, so this is the first of the many different
projects we are now undertaking to help call attention to hisplight, as well as the importance of his work.
The idea behind #NEWPALMYRA was to recreate theancient city of Palmyra in 3D virtual reality. The #NEWPALMYRA project is a new online community platform anddata repository dedicated to the capture, preservation, sharing, and creative reuse of data about the ancient city of
Palmyra. The main idea is to focus on model quality first,
and each subsequently completed section will be released
into the public domain. We will release a master plan of
the city and then a 3D model of the city — we want tokeep moving forward on NEWPALMYRA, the city of heroes
that cannot be conquered. We will release all the data under the Creative Commons Zero license, so anyone can do17anything with it. We already have contributions from different places in the world. Our hope is to partner with otherorganizations like Creative Commons, MIT Medialab, andthe Barjeel Foundation in Dubai, who we hope will become
data providers and production partners on this artistic andscientific project.
That’s really the historical significance of the name PALMYRA,
and we are trying to embody that essence. We haven’t announced the full list of projects yet, but we’ll begin by announcing artists and shows from around the world about
PALMYRA. So no matter what type of symbolic destruction or act happens, and we hear about the terrible things
being done, we will do longer, better things. In fact, it’seven more transcendant: We BUILD culture. (They destroy culture.) We extend memory. (Others forget.) We
REMEMBER. We never forget about our friend. But we’realso not single-mindedly political in our efforts to build up
the city again. We hope it is built in as many different forms
as there are builders’ hands. And to that end: we need yourhelp as well. Palmyra.org is where to join forces with us.
And if you have any particular skills or photos, please sharethem with us. We can use those photos to create 3D models
through photogrammetry.
There are two other projects that have been initiated,
all linked to NEWPALMYRA, that I want to discuss here.
One happened in Paris, the second took place near Aix-enProvence. The idea is to write a book with several creative
cultural producers and software developers titled “Cost of
Freedom.” That’s something we talked a lot about with Bassel. We have it done today. So he really initiated this idea
as well, and while the book as it is now has been writtenwith a somewhat different and more urgent focus, the core of
the project remains consistent with our original vision. The
tech from projects—the collaborative, multiscale, interdisciplinary, and international aspects of it, as well as the actual
18

method of production and technological content—will also
go into the book. And that’s a powerful thing.
Part of this current idea for Cost of Freedom also comesfrom doing an earlier event called ProtoCultural, which was
first organized in Paris in 2015. The idea was to get people together for two days and use the time, community, andderivative data to then create and generate artwork. Amongthe immediate fruits of that labor was an Artshow. In another case, the artist Amad Ali created an optical installation from the columns of the Temple of Bel. In deference tothat but in a more playful mood, Christopher Adams from
Fabricators/Free Souls made a #NEWPALMYRA drink at
the event. The press was there, and we were
getting a lot of attention and a lot of coverage. The
reason was simple: because it’s such an outrage to destroy
our shared heritage. So now that we’ve done ProtoCultural
Paris we plan on doing ProtoCultural Dubai. Then we’regoing to do ProtoCultural Beirut in a couple of weeks. And
then ProtoCultural London. There are also several other
cities we have yet to announce. But we’ve had a lot of
success scaling events, and we’re going to scale this to atleast a hundred different cities around the world. If you live
in a city or even a town or any interesting location, thenlet’s do it. Let’s do a ProtoCultural event. You share withus; we share together.
Our next step of many leads us to Dubai. Dubai is areally amazing city. For some reason, I have never reallybeen present in Dubai. But I know a little about the city,and it’s interesting to see Gulf futurism—an expression I
borrow from our friend Sophia Al Maria. This is an apt
expression because maybe #NEWPALMYRA will be like
this, maybe we can build it up, right out of the desert. We
can raise it up. We can build it in space. Or we can build
it just online. Everyone’s welcome in PALMYRA. There’s
19

no people without land. There’s no problem there. We’ll
just create more land if we need it. So I think Dubai is aninspiration for us because if you can lift the buildings likebar graphs to the sky, then things can happen.

20

PALMYRA 3D, PREMONITION VISION OF BASSEL
Faraj Rifait
Born from a Palestinian father, writer, and Syrian mother,
Professor of Piano, Bassel lived in an environment open to
the world and remote from any conservatism. From his
early childhood, reading was a refuge for the only child of
the family. While children of his age were playing with toy
cars, Bassel had already gone beyond the comic and was devouring books about the ancient history of the Middle Eastand Greek mythology.
Living in France, while Bassel grew up, one day he surprised me by speaking to me in English with a very richvocabulary. He was only 10 years old. I asked him if he
had learned English at his school in the Palestinian camp in
Damascus. He smiled slyly and replied that it was throughhis father’s computer, using a CD that he had learned English.
At 11, he had his own computer, donated by his motherfor his birthday. I was expecting that he would play computer games, but I was wrong. Bassel showed me his computer programs in C language and translations into English
and Arabic of some historical books. Thus, he helped his
father in his research and writing his books on history.
I was surprised to see him acquire advanced technicalskills for a 12 or 13-year-old boy, but Bassel told me that
his uncle Osama, a computer expert at the time, helped him
to develop his natural gifts. Two years later, Osama assuredme that now it was he who asked advice from Bassel. Asa teenager, Bassel appeared to me very passionate when heresolved computer programming, sometimes very complex
projects. It seemed that Bassel was traveling through the21computer world and the history of his country in a very
special and multidimensional way.
It is from this double passion for history and computer
programming that Bassel began working on technical projects
like the creation of a web site on the discovery of the archaeological treasures of Syria. He was barely twenty years when
he begun the Palmyra project in 3D, in close collaboration
with Khaled al-Assa’ad, the great expert of Palmyra history,
who was beheaded by Daech in 2015.
Bassel has a great intuition as if prescient, that may
explain why he initiated this beautiful and ambitious projectto safeguard the memory of this outstanding universal site.
Bassel wishes that everyone could reinforce and contributeto embellish this multidimensional work in these troubled
days until his release from jail…

22

REBUILD ASAD AL-LAT
Georges Dahdouh
Allat Lion, Palmyra, picture by Mappo
Watching the news in Syria, bloodshed and destruction
everywhere, we have mixed feelings, fear for our parents andfriends in the country facing all these atrocities, and there’s
nothing that we can do. The scene of an ISIS member destroying Asad Al-Lat statue with a hammer triggered it all,the statue of a lion protecting a deer, with an ancient script
on its left leg, saying that bloodshed is prohibited.
We can fight this particular crime, a crime against humanity, because what they destroyed in Palmyra besides
many other areas, is the world’s heritage. They want thesestatues, this heritage, to disappear forever, but we will makethe memory of these statues reach every corner in the world:
this is how this project aims to resist destruction and ignorance.
We will provide open source 3D models of as much as we
can of the Syrian statues, focusing on those that have been
destroyed, so anyone worldwide can download, 3D print or
use them in their applications, and eventually make an online museum to exhibit these 3D replicas. This project cannot compensate for the loss of those priceless masterpieces,
but at least we can still keep them in the memories of successive generations.

23

SUPPORTING BASSEL
Ethan Zuckerman
Bassel Khartabil has been imprisoned in Syria since 2012
for the vague “crime” of “harming state security”. Near as
anyone can tell, his crime was in being an advocate for theuse of the Internet as a platform for free speech. Throughhis promotion of open source software, his leadership of the
Syrian Creative Commons community, and his work building innovative new publishing platforms, Bassel worked toconnect Syria with the rest of the world, and to ensure that
all Syrians – supporters of Assad and opponents - could
make their voices heard online, even if they could not express themselves in physical space.
Our work on Civic Media at the MIT Media Lab stems
from the idea that making media is a way of making change
in the world. Bassel’s work is in the best spirit of Civic
Media, working to connect contemporary Syrians to global
conversations while preserving Syria’s rich history and culture. Before his unjust incarceration, Bassel was working tobuild a 3D model of the ancient city of Palmyra, much ofwhich has been destroyed by ISIS fighters in the past few
months. At this tragic moment in history, Syria is losing its
physical history to religious fanatics while persecuting thepeople who could be building their digital future.

24

WHAT DOES FREEDOM MEAN TO YOU, MR. GOVERNMENT?
Anasuya Sengupta
Bassel Safadi, Tural Abbasli, Fariba Pajouh. Teesta Setalvad, Eskinder Nega, Raif Badawi. Anna Politkovskaya,
Irom Sharmila, Aaron Swartz. Liu Xiaobo, Edward Snowden, Fereshteh Ghazi.1
So many names, so many faces, so many breaths. Choking, or gasping, or… gone. Many more names, many more
faces, many more breaths - Unknown, unseen, unheard…
Gone?
Do you know these names, Mr. Government? Do you
feel their breath? Do you remember their faces, Mr. Government? Did you read what they said?
They asked for freedom, Mr. Government - Not for war.
They ask for peace, Mr. Government, To be as we are.
Freedom is not a choice, Mr. Government - but you havemade it a place. Hidden from all but the wealthiest, Opento a privileged gaze.
The breath remains, Mr. Government, As does the word
- So long as freedom is a place, Mr. Government, Its echoes
will be heard.

1

These are names of journalists/writers/Internet activists from different parts of the world who have been harassed, imprisoned, or disappeared by their governments in the past few years. This list of names
is obviously not meant to be either comprehensive, or representative;
it invokes poetic license to remind us of what – and who – is at stake.

25

BASSEL K
Marc Weidenbaum
I read “The Trial” at too young an age. It instilled inme many things, some of them even positive, such as anaffection for Franz Kafka, an aspiration to taut structure,
and a desire to tell stories. It also haunted me, and it doesto this day. It imprinted on me an intense fear of undeserved
imprisonment.
I was introduced to the imprisonment of Bassel Khartabil by three remarkable people: Niki Korth, Jon Phillips,
and Barry Threw. They are in many admirable ways as
free as Bassel is not. Each of the trio is dedicated to theirown individual and collective artistic pursuits to explore thedeep potential where technology and culture meet. They
make and celebrate the things that make today a specialtime.
And they know full well that all is not right in our time.
They expend significant energy in building awareness of theongoing fact of Bassel’s murky, tragic legal status. At theirsuggestion, back in January 2014, I gathered musicians tohighlight Bassel’s plight. These musicians participate collectively in something called the Disquiet Junto. It’s a freeformgroup I moderate that each Thursday responds to musiccomposition prompts. The idea behind all the prompts isthat creative constraints, such as those employed in Oulipo
and Fluxus, are a useful springboard for creativity and productivity.
The Junto’s fondness for such “constraints” met a fierce
complement when we tackled Bassel’s situation, which isthat of a most uncreative form of constraint. There weremany ways we could have paid tribute to Bassel. What weelected to do in the Junto was to keep one of his projects
26going: he may be in jail, but his art could continue to develop. Prior to Bassel’s arrest on March 15, 2012, in Damascus, he was working on several projects. Among them wasa three-dimensional computer rendering of the ancient cityof Palmyra. What we in the Junto did was make “fake fieldrecordings,” audio of what the halls of Palmyra’s structures
might have sounded like millennia ago. Much as Bassel wastrying to revive an ancient world, the Junto participants
were, in essence, keeping one of his projects alive while heis incapable of doing so. And, of course, building upon his
artistic efforts was true to the ethos of the Creative Commons, in which Bassel has been profoundly engaged.
We had no idea, of course, back in early 2014, that Palymra would itself receive worldwide attention when ISIS,
the extremist movement, would in 2015 move to destroy
much of the ancient city’s remaining architectural history,or that, later still, Russian warplanes would further damage
the site. This is one of Kafka’s lasting legacies: just whenthings seem horrible, they can and do get worse.
Palmyra has fallen. Bassel remains in jail. The challenge to rectify his situation has long since surpassed theoverly employed term “Kafkaesque.” Someone must havebeen telling lies about Bassel K, because he is still kept
from his freedom. But as long as he is in prison, there areplenty of people telling his story, and keeping his work alive.

27

MY FRIEND IS NOT FREE
Tyng-Ruey Chuang
Most of the time it came down to emotion. It was anger,
frustration, exhaustion, feeling alone, confusion, and wanting to escape it all. You wished there would be hope. But
it was hopeless. It was endless. It didn’t get through. You
were talking the same thing over again. You were back toface the same wall. You talked to many people: new people,
different people, the same people. They didn’t understand!
You were looping in angst. There was no way to stop.
You were there. You have been there. You are standing
here but you are still there as the emotion is here is there is
everywhere.
Getting to freedom is not cost free. My friend it is not
free. MY FRIEND IS NOT FREE.
很多時候這是情緒。憤怒、挫折、極度疲憊、孤單、困惑、想要逃避這一切。你期盼著希望。但全然無望。沒
有止境。過不去。同樣的事情，你講了又講。再度面壁。
你跟許多人講過：新見面的人、不同的人、同樣的人。他
們不懂！你在焦慮中打轉。停不下來。
你曾到過那裡。你一直在那裡。你現站在這裡，但你還處於那裡，在這裡在那裡在在是情緒。
要得自由並非不需代價。我的朋友自由並非不需代價。
我的朋友不得自由，付出了代價。

28

LIBERTÉ
Donatella Della Ratta
Sur mes cahiers d’écolier
Sur mon pupitre et les arbres
Sur le sable sur la neigeJ’écris ton nom
Sur toutes les pages lues
Sur toutes les pages blanches
Pierre sang papier ou cendre
J’écris ton nom
Sur les images dorées
Sur les armes des guerriers
Sur la couronne des roisJ’écris ton nom
Sur la jungle et le désert
Sur les nids sur les genêts
Sur l’écho de mon enfanceJ’écris ton nom
Sur les merveilles des nuits
Sur le pain blanc des journées
Sur les saisons fiancéesJ’écris ton nom
Sur tous mes chiffons d’azur
Sur l’étang soleil moisi
Sur le lac lune vivanteJ’écris ton nom

29Sur les champs sur l’horizon
Sur les ailes des oiseaux
Et sur le moulin des ombresJ’écris ton nom
Sur chaque bouffée d’aurore
Sur la mer sur les bateaux
Sur la montagne démenteJ’écris ton nom
Sur la mousse des nuages
Sur les sueurs de l’orage
Sur la pluie épaisse et fadeJ’écris ton nom
Sur les formes scintillantes
Sur les cloches des couleurs
Sur la vérité physiqueJ’écris ton nom
Sur les sentiers éveillés
Sur les routes déployées
Sur les places qui débordentJ’écris ton nom
Sur la lampe qui s’allume
Sur la lampe qui s’éteint
Sur mes maisons réunies
J’écris ton nom
Sur le fruit coupé en deux
Du miroir et de ma chambre
Sur mon lit coquille videJ’écris ton nom

30

Sur mon chien gourmand et tendre
Sur ses oreilles dressées
Sur sa patte maladroite
J’écris ton nom
Sur le tremplin de ma porte
Sur les objets familiers
Sur le flot du feu béniJ’écris ton nom
Sur toute chair accordée
Sur le front de mes amis
Sur chaque main qui se tendJ’écris ton nom
Sur la vitre des surprises
Sur les lèvres attentives
Bien au-dessus du silenceJ’écris ton nom
Sur mes refuges détruits
Sur mes phares écroulés
Sur les murs de mon ennuiJ’écris ton nom
Sur l’absence sans désir
Sur la solitude nue
Sur les marches de la mortJ’écris ton nom
Sur la santé revenue
Sur le risque disparu
Sur l’espoir sans souvenir
J’écris ton nom

31

Et par le pouvoir d’un mot
Je recommence ma vie
Je suis né pour te connaître
Pour te nommer
Liberté.
– Paul Éluard, Liberté 2
in Poésies et vérités, 1942
Paul Eluard wrote this poem called “Liberté” in thedarkest moment of the world’s history, during World War
II. At the time, France was occupied by Nazis. Violence, destruction, death were everywhere. The world was hopeless
and with a very dark future ahead.
Yet words of hope were still alive, and poets such as
Eluard were able to give shapes and sounds to these words.
Freedom, Liberté.
Libertà, Hurriyya. I’ve never heard such a beautiful
word being spoken by a human voice as much as when I
heard this word resonating in the country I love the most,Syria.
It was the chant of life. It was about people telling theworld, telling themselves: we are a-l-i-v-e!
You, my dear friend, have taken this word well above thecage of silence where it was exiled.
You, the Syrian youth, many of our friends who were rushingto write “freedom” on the city’s walls, everywhere, are now
paying the price.
It’s dark time, just like when Paul wrote his ode to lib2
Editor’s note: we could not provide the English translation of thepoem of Paul Eluard because it’s copyrighted and the translator didn’t
want to participate. Therefore we provide the original French version
which is in the Public Domain.

32

erté. It’s dark time, my friend, and that’s why we need you
and your words more than ever.
That sweet sound, the sound of spring coming, the soundof youth..will come back..with you, my friend.
Hurriyya.

33

FREE BASSEL
Maarten Zeinstra and Muid Latif

34

OPENING:
FREEDOM

KEEPING PROMISES
Lawrence Lessig
Presentation by Lawrence Lessig, CC Global Summit
2015, 15 Oct 2015, Seoul, Korea Edited by Christopher
Adams, 3 Nov 2015, Pourrières, France.
It’s important for us elders to remind you kids of where
you come from. The Creative Commons project was thefailure of a legal action. When I was at the Harvard Law
School in the late 1990s, Congress passed the Sony Bono
Copyright Term Extension Act, which extended the termof existing copyrights by 20 years. We brought a lawsuit
on behalf of a man named Eric Eldred, an online publisher
who wanted to publish the poems of Robert Frost, whichwere to pass into the public domain, and would have passed
into the public domain, had Congress not extended for theeleventh time in 40 years the existing terms of copyright.
As a law professor, as someone who had no desire to be
an activist, I learned of Eric Eldred and reached out to him
to say, “Why don’t we challenge this decision by Congress,
because it seems so plainly inconsistent with the idea of
copyright for a limited time?”
We brought his case all the way to the Supreme Court,
but just before we got there, Eric Eldred said to me, “Look,
I appreciate what you’re doing, but I don’t think we’re going
to win, and I don’t want this just to be a lawsuit, so I want
you to promise me you will start a foundation committed
to the Commons.”
I was convinced we were going to win, so I thought,“Okay, I can make that promise, because if I win I don’t
have to start the foundation.” I made the promise, but thenI lost the case in the Supreme Court. That defeat gavebirth to you, because once we lost, I had to deliver on the36

promise that I’d made to Eric Eldred, and so a number of
us sat down in some offices in Harvard, and figured out how
we would build what would become the Creative Commons.
The proudest moment I remember from those early days
was the way we brought a young technical community into
what seemed to be just a legal argument. One of the early
victories for me was persuading a young boy of 14 or 15
years of age, named Aaron Swartz, to become the technicalarchitect of the Creative Commons, in 2002. It took a little
persuading, but I told him that this is what he had to do.
Later the relationship of me telling Aaron what he had
to do reversed itself. In 2007, I was finishing my last bookon copyright and Internet policy. Aaron came to visit andasked me what I was working on.
I was very proud to show him my book, and tell him
about my first TED talk. Then he asked, “Why do you
think you’re going to make any progress on copyright andInternet policy so long as we live with a deeply corrupted
government?” I told him, “It’s not my field, it’s not what I
do.” He asked, “You mean as an academic?” I said, “Yes, as
an academic. It’s not my field. I am a scholar of copyright,
and the Internet.” Aaron said, “Ok, but what about as a
citizen?”
What he did at that moment was to shame me into leaving this movement, a movement that he had joined when I
shamed him into building the architecture of Creative Commons. He shamed me into leaving that movement to takeup a fight which has grown and has consumed my life, andconsumed my life right at the moment when many of us feel
we failed him, when he felt the burden of fights that he wasin, in such a profound way that he had to take his own life.
That transformation led me away. But there’s nothingthat gives me joy like looking back at things that I had
37

something to do with starting, and seeing them flourish,
and to see the spread of ideas which the Creative Commonscommunity has carried forward.

38

THE SHIT OF FREEDOM
Giorgos Cheliotis
Somebody once told me that freedom is one of thesewords you can’t define without it becoming self-referential.
A person will usually start a sentence with “freedom is when
you’re free to…” and their minds will hesitate for a moment:a brief, unsettling glimpse at the turtles that spiral all theway down. Few can stare into the abyss for long, so they
will quickly stumble back to the comfort of the known andpick their favorite from a laundry list of personal wishes,
desires, and learned ideals, except perhaps if that person
is an academic, trained in words and systems of thought.
There’s probably many valiant attempts at a definition out
there, and I’m sure that on this very day a Ph.D. student
somewhere is doing a literature review on freedom and isinsanely bored with it.
It is like that with universal, deeply rooted, almost primal human desires. It is like that with freedom. We think
we know it when we feel it, we sometimes know it when we
see it in others, but the words are hard to come by. We
struggle to produce a concise definition; we struggle withthe very concept of it, and at some point in our lives wewonder how free we really are, and what freedoms are perhaps worth fighting for. This, then, is the greater cost of
freedom: its pursuit. I guess what I’m saying, and I know
this won’t please the reader, is that our natural state of being, for most if not all of human history, has been NOT free.
It starts with family; then our boss; the state; the market;
even our partners and friends.
Yet, for all that socialization entails, for all the grooming into conformity and compliance, for all the rules that we
impose on ourselves and others, we will rebel many times
over. And every time there will be a price to pay. Some39will pay the ultimate price. My friend Bassel, for example,
he pursued freedom of information in a land that couldn’t
face itself, let alone a free spirit that soared above its arid
lands. Like Aaron Swartz, who pursued freedom of information in a market that trades in commodities and not ideals;
like Chelsea Manning, who pursued freedom of information
in a land that associates freedom with weapons, war, andthe power to abduct and incarcerate. Like the foundersof Pirate Bay, whose names I cannot recount, but whose
services I have often used for my teaching, research, and entertainment; and like countless others, who will never makeheadlines. It is a sign of our times, that some of us seek freedom in information, and that some will pay an inordinately
high price for it. Our age is the information age. And weare not as free as we think.
I could leave it at that. I meant to write a brief commentary on the cost of freedom. It’s nothing special, but it’skind of neatly wrapped up there. However, I felt the need tosay something more, something more personal and probably
more important. To say it out loud, and ruffle some feathers: first my own, as I’m getting out of my comfort zone
here, then those of some prancing peacocks in the free culture / FLOSS / digital rights scene, and the technopreneurs
peddling freedom for dollars and fame. You see, dear reader,
there are other, hidden costs to the whole endeavour of digital liberation… they’re everywhere, inside and outside, inmovements and in people, such as disillusionment, waste,
the cost of stupidity, as a friend put it. I warn you now,
this will get ugly. It needs to be. If you know me, you’llknow I’m rather measured in my words and actions, even if
not docile. But here I won’t be. You’ll be offended. In fact,
I hope you will be. As much as I also seek the validation ofothers, I will now pay the cost of expressing myself freely.
With little inhibition.
And that is because, in many of my efforts to engage
40

productively with the project of digital liberation and assorted anxieties of our time, there you were, my friend. The
free software programmer that grossly overstates their contribution; the free culture evangelist who’s in it for personal
gain and will happily privilege their culture over everybody
else’s; the opportunist entrepreneur and peddler of freedom
through code. You have spent a fair share of your life building things. Building tools, networks and communities. Instigating projects and influencing people, converting themto your cause, forging friendships and partnerships; gathering resources to build the world you desire. You are welleducated, and you understand networks. In short, you havesuper powers. You have gained the respect of many andprobably made some enemies along the way. You have aposse, your own personal echo chamber. You come to eventsand gatherings filled with the contagious energy that we alllove you for. You speak of awesomeness, projects, personal
freedom, a friend in peril perhaps, a worthy cause for all torally around, a call from the White House, a famous dissident, a Nobel Laureate, a Saudi prince. Networks of power,
culture and code. You gather resources. You make phone
calls. You entertain and motivate. You sound important.
There is something about you. In your presence, names
drop like flies and jokes fly like bullets. You’re awesome.
And you’re so full of shit.
You’re always on the go. You forget things, you complicate things, you exhaust yourself and others. You rarely
forget to pack your ego, though. Sometimes you manage tosqueeze it all into your suitcase, with a toothbrush, t-shirts,
and chargers for your beloved gadgets. But your ego is solarge and overbearing, you couldn’t possibly fit it in yourluggage at all times. So you wear it on your sleeve. You armour yourself with layer upon layer of ego steel. You prance
about, crack a joke, or two… or three… because you’re awesome. You make a nice gesture, make a plan, and seek the41

admiration of those around you more than anything else.
You make more promises than you’ll ever be able to keep.
You make more plans than you will ever follow up on. You
make things fun. You make people believe in themselves.
You make them believe your shit. I think you believe it too.
I’m happy to know you. But you’re so full of shit.
So is your posse, that echo chamber you’ve built for
yourself which reinforces the best and the worst in you. Together you peddle freedom to make money, to peddle more
freedom, to make more money. Sound familiar? Yeah, it’swhat the US government does to the world.
What are the means and what is the end in what you do?
I doubt you know the answer. I only observe the briefest
moments of reflection from you and your buddies on what
it is we’re doing here. Faint rays of meaning in a cloud oftechnobabble, freedombabble and babble babble.
You know I love you. You know I want to. I am charmed
by your presence, laugh at your jokes, and I have made some
vaguely awesome plans with you in the past. I too am arather privileged white male who enjoys the globetrotting
lifestyle, the random jokes, the occasional debauchery, theendless speculation over the next big thing, the code thatbinds us all into one super-network of super-friends. But
knowing you a little too well, and being less gullible than I
once was, I can see right through your bullshit. And there’s
so much of it. Sometimes I know you’re trolling. Sometimes
I wish you were. Sometimes I think you’re just trollingyourself.
I have made mistakes in the past. I have missed deadlines. I have failed to meet goals. I have disappointed others.
But I am trying to make peace with that. I try to speak
less and listen more, focus on what’s important, to be strong
without being an ass, to be there for others, as much as I
also need others to be there for me. To respect others, give42

them room to breathe, follow their lead when they know
best, lead them when they ask me to, work with them, nothave them work for me under false pretenses. Still, I failoften. Too often. I am aware of that. Are you? And what
do you do about it?
I’m not ashamed of my failings, not too much at least.
Nor should you be. I know you sometimes are. Is this why
you never stop? Is this why you’re always on the move andnever ever shut up? Is this why you hate stillness? Selfreflection is a downer, right? So is contemplating the costof freedom and the vapidness of so many of your projects. I
know the drill: invest in a huge number of things, because
only one or two in a thousand will succeed and make you
somebody you so desire to be. Of course, this only works if
you can keep the cost ridiculously low and make sure youcontribute next to nothing to any single project yourself.
It’s all about long tails and downside risks and cheap labor.
I’ve read the blogs and talked to the people you talk to. I
probably read the books you didn’t, because you were toobusy working on your sales pitch, or curating your posse.
So there you are again, giving some of yourself so you cantake much more in return. Exploit the resources, the goodwill, the gullibility and pain of others. Voluntary, cheap
labor, free software, free licenses, free content and free beer.
Sometimes you’ll pay, sometimes I’ll pay, but we gain nothing other than a few laughs and some bruised, hypersensitive, needy egos. I have to wonder if you ever built anythingof note yourself. I can’t tell anymore what’s honest about
you and what’s dishonest. What’s real and what’s pretence.
You’ll find a cause that will serve your needs, you’ll grab it
and run with it to investors, conferences, seminars, workshops, roundtables, parties, art galleries, hackerspaces, incubators… anywhere you can sell the cause and find believers
in something you don’t believe in yourself.

43

Because if you did, you’d be fucking serious about it.
You’d give up that bullshit venture capitalist mentality that’s
there to make money for the few and feed your ego in theprocess. You’d see how it’s all exploitative and stupid, andthen you’d be truly embarrassed. Very embarrassed. You
would understand that when you ask me to join an effort
being made in the name of a cause I strongly believe in, andthen you make a mockery of that effort, I feel stupid for eventrying. And then I’m angry. So angry that I may say nothing, out of respect for those around us who are truly trying
to make something of the moment, not only for themselves
but also for others – like Bassel, who has sacrificed so muchfor something he believed in, with nothing in it for himself.
Instead, I’ll pour my anger and disappointment here. And
my love. Because without love, I wouldn’t have cared towrite this. Without hope that you will read this and have a“FUCK ME!” moment, I wouldn’t have bothered. Because
you’re awesome. And you’re so full of shit.

44

“FREEDOM TO” VS. “FREEDOM FROM”
Martin Paul Eve
Unlike Bassel Khartabil, the cost to me, personally, of
my free-knowledge work has been cheap. I have not paidwith my freedom. In fact, I have been incredibly privileged to have conducted my work in creating free and open
systems for the dissemination of scholarly knowledge in ageographical space (the UK and the British university) andpolitical time that for the most part actually rewards such
undertakings. If I say there is a cost, I feel it is a difference
almost of type by comparison, rather than of degree, withrespect to the price that Bassel has already paid.
But there is still some way to go, even in my privileged
world. For the most part, academics are assessed on their
publication record in a recognised disciplinary space, publishing with known proprietary publishers. There are very
few positions available for the practical implementation ofchange in the academy (praxis). This is so to the extent
that Kathleen Fitzpatrick, a fully tenured professor in theStates, quit her post to work on publishing initiatives at theModern Languages Association. Fitzpatrick wrote: “This isof course not to say that one can’t change the world frominside the protections of tenure. But I do think that those
protections often encourage a certain kind of caution, certainly in the process of obtaining them, and frequently continuing long after, that works against the kinds of calculated
risk that a chance like this requires.”
Even in my own academic publishing, though, there isa double bind. Many of my colleagues continue to find (orat least believe) themselves torn between publishing openly
and having a career in the university. Dissemination andassessment find themselves in conflict because proprietarypublishers own most of the venues for academic dissemina45

tion. And hiring panels look for the books published by thebrands whose quality-control procedures they trust. But if
those procedures and trusted systems are owned by entities whose business models depend on selling commissioned
copies, then despite the fact that academics can give away
their work (because they have a salary) this knowledge willremain imprisoned.
Even worse, this coercion (as I see it) to publish in known
brand and usually-proprietary venues as a proxy for hiring in
the university is defended as academic freedom (the freedom
to choose to publish where one wants, rather than being told
to publish openly). Certainly, it’s done by “soft power” anda reputational/symbolic economy, but I did not feel freewhen I had to publish my first book with a commercialpress. I’m still grateful to them because I needed the bookfor my job. They did good work on it and I can’t fault thepeople who helped me there. But few people can actually
read that book now because it is so expensive. I signed
away the copyright as the price for a job. In an ideal world,
I would have published this openly.
So, even as individuals (such as Bassel) fight for theirtrue personal freedom that was taken away because they developed open-source software and facilitated freedom of expression, people around me continue to claim that it shouldbe their right to lock knowledge away and that this is a
freedom for them (see Cary Nelson’s article in Inside Higher
Ed. for an example). I do not think it should be. Academic
freedom in its real and proper definitional sense is important (the right to speak truth to power) but we should notdemean it by saying that it is about one’s right to lockknowledge away from those who cannot pay.
When I say things like this, I am told I am anarchistic,that I want to destroy tradition, and that I am somehow
an enemy of quality in academia. I have also been told46

that this coercive soft-power structure of proprietary publishing doesn’t even exist (usually by people who haven’t
tried to get an academic job in the last decade). It does
exist, and I am not trying to destroy academic publishing.
I am trying to make academia and academic publishing thealtruistic spaces of knowledge-sharing that they should be.
As academics, giving people worldwide the freedom to read
our work should always take precedence over our personal
benefit from publishing in closed venues. I have not always
been able to negotiate this cost successfully so far, but I will
not defend my self-interest as a “freedom” when there arepeople who have really lost their freedom for this cause.

47

FREE CULTURE IN AN EXPENSIVE WORLD
Shauna Gordon-McKeon“Free as in speech, not free as in beer.”
How many times have you heard this explanation of free
software? It’s cute, catchy, and a little too glib. After all,nothing’s ever that simple. But this phrase is more than anoversimplification – it’s a misleading metaphor, and it represents a fundamental oversight of the free culture movement.
“Speech” and “beer” – the choice of metaphors is telling.
When we compare free software to free speech, we cast it as anatural right based on liberty, rather than a legal right basedon property. This is quite agreeable to US Americans,3 especially the techno-libertarian set. We adore free speech,
the most popular part of our first and favorite amendment.
Free beer, on the other hand, is a harder metaphor to swallow. But the focus on speech, on liberty-based rights, does
not dispel the implications for property rights, only obscuresthem. Let’s take a closer look.
While the first and second freedoms in the Free Software Definition are arguably matters of liberty, the thirdand fourth require the creator to let users distribute copies,
and modified copies, of their software. To use a Free Culture
license, as defined by Creative Commons, one must similarly
agree to allow adaptations of one’s work for commercial purposes. These licenses echo the demand of open scientists foraccess to the experimental methods and results of other researchers, and the insistence of music sharers and fanficcers
in copying, modifying, and remixing the media they love.
3

I am from the United States. This essay is written from that
limited perspective, and may not apply to other countries and cultures.

48

It’s clear that developers, researchers, musicians and writers create something of value. The free culture movement
exhorts them to give that value away. We say it’s a matter of liberty, but mainstream culture takes a different perspective, focusing instead on “intellectual property.” Free
culture advocates often reject the idea of intellectual property, arguing that digital products, unlike food or cabinets
or cars, may be trivially copied. One can produce a thousand copies of Emacs, or of Harry Potter, in a literal second.
Without scarcity, there’s no need for property.
But scarcity is not a natural phenomenon, determined
entirely by what is technologically possible. Like so manythings, it is socially constructed. Humanity produces enoughfood to feed the world, enough vaccine to wipe out a dozen
diseases, and, in the United States at least, enough housing
to shelter our six hundred thousand homeless brothers andsisters. Why should we direct our energies against artificial
scarcity in culture, when artificial scarcity elsewhere causes
more fundamental harm?
It’s not surprising then that so many members of the freeculture movement are, like myself, immensely privileged. As
the child of an upper middle-class family, a United States
citizen, a white, cis college graduate, I have no fear that I
will ever be hungry, homeless, or without vital health care.
Without persistent reminders of these artificial scarcities, it
is easy for me to focus on free culture; I can ignore property
because I have access to plenty of it.
Like many other free software activists, I have used thephrase “free as in speech, not free as in beer” for years. But
I have come to understand that it is not an explanation but
an equivocation. Free culture absolutely has implications
for property, and we need to face them.
The schism between Free Software and Open Source
Software can be interpreted through the response to this49

problem. Free Software advocates tend to embrace liberty
rights, preferring not to think about property, and often eschewing the idea of intellectual property altogether (while
retaining, for the most part, their belief in other kinds ofproperty). Open Source advocates, on the other hand, try
to reconcile the property implications of free software withthe capitalist culture in which most of it is produced. Open
source, they argue, will increases the value of your property.
As Mako Hill notes in his essay When Free Software Isn’t
Better,4 the Open Source Initiative’s mission statement focuses on the higher quality and lower cost of open source
software. But, he continues, free/open source software issometimes of lower quality and lower value to individuals
and businesses. The reconciliation of free software and capitalist culture, always fragile, falls apart.
But the open source approach is not the only way tocome at “free as in beer”. The private capital of businesses
using open source isn’t the only kind of property. There is– and always has been – the commons.
It is easy to reframe the arguments for free culture aroundthe commons. The case for open science becomes the casefor public knowledge. The case for free distribution of art
and literature becomes the case for shared culture. And thecase for free software becomes the case for collectively built,
collectively-evaluated technology. Free culture, then, is amovement which advocates universal access to a common
good.
This is not a new perspective, of course. One of the mostwell-known free culture organizations, Creative Commons,uses precisely this framing. But many others reject it, andeven those who embrace a digital commons often ignore thepressing threats to our natural and social commons. They
advocate for free culture but not for public education, uni4

https://mako.cc/writing/hill-when_free_software_isnt_better.html

50

versal health care, guaranteed housing, and basic income,or their equivalents
This is not just a matter of morality. The lack of afiercely protected natural and social commons endangers
the digital one. In a scarcity society, our labor must be
hoarded jealously. People don’t have time to learn about
their computers, submit patches to projects, seek out freemusic instead of stolen music. They don’t have the security to publish in open access journals, to protest surveillance, to give away their art or their software in hope of
future reward. Many who would love to participate in freeculture cannot, as Ashe Dryden lays out eloquently in her
piece The Ethics of Unpaid Labor and the OSS Community.5
Like unpaid political and literary internships, free software
contributions act as a filter, allowing only the privileged toparticipate.
It’s tempting to wave away this last issue by arguingthat less privileged people have greater access to free culture than to proprietary cultural products. After all, we’regiving it away! But accessibility is seldom a priority in freeculture – in free software, many projects are made for otherdevelopers and we celebrate “scratching your own itch”. Not
that a focus on less privileged people is always better – infact, it can be deeply condescending and unhelpful. No,
these arguments miss the point entirely. The groups underrepresented in free culture are not hamstrung primarily bylack of access to the digital commons, but by threats to thenatural and social commons.
Acting in solidarity with the struggle for physical security and against abuse is not only the right thing to do, it
benefits all of us. When the free culture movement represents the fullness of human diversity, scratching your own
5

http://www.ashedryden.com/blog/the-ethics-of-unpaid-laborand-the-oss-community

51

itch will leave everyone satisfied. When it contains everyone
who shares its values, we’ll have the resources and the reach
we need to ensure a vibrant and widely-treasured digitalcommons.
We live in alarming times. Even the computers withwhich we create these digital gifts are made, too often, bypeople trapped in abusive conditions, using processes thatblight our primal Commons, the global environment. We
cannot abstract away these facts; we cannot advocate forfree culture as though in a vacuum. We must advocate forthe commons in all of its forms – digital, social, economic,
environmental – before the cost of freedom becomes too highto bear.

52

WHAT IS OPEN?
Richard Goodman
After looking at “Open is not a License”, I decided totake a look at some of the definitions of the noun “open”
in the dictionary, and was inspired to write a short poemaround what “open” might mean to people. This poem
is dedicated to my own poetry inspiration, my father Don
Goodman, who passed away in March 2015 at the age of 75.
What is open? Is it a gap or a space? Is it something inpublic? Or a practice we chase?
Open is unenclosed It is an expanse Did we get here byplanning? Or merely by chance?
Open is an opportunity A chance to broaden the mind
Free tools and resources To benefit all of mankind
Open is an aperture Something you look through Accessfor all Not just the few
Open is a cavern A vast empty space A new way ofworking Falling into place
Open is a competition That anyone can enter A growing
global movement With sharing at its centre

53

THE OPEN WORLD
Lorna Campbell
In Open is not a License6 Adam Hyde has described
openness as ‘a set of values by which you live…a way of life,
or perhaps a way of growing, an often painful path where
we challenge our own value system against itself.’
To my mind, openness is also contradictory. I don’tmean contradictory in terms of the polar dichotomy of open
vs. closed, or the endless debates that seek to define thesemantics of open. I mean contradictory on a more personal level; openness raises contradictions within ourselves.
Openness can lead us to question our position in the world;
our position in relation to real and perceived boundaries imposed from without and carefully constructed from within.
In one way or another I have worked in the open education space for a decade now. I have contributed toopen standards, created open educational resources, developed open policy, written open books,7 participated in open
knowledge initiatives, facilitated open events, I endeavour tobe an ‘open practitioner’, I run a blog called Open World.8
However, I am not by nature a very open person; my inclination is always to remain closed. I have had to learn
openness and I’m not sure I’m very good at it yet. It’s acontinual learning experience. Openness is a process that
requires practice and perseverance. (Though sometimes circumstances leave us with little choice, sometimes it’s open
or nothing.)
6

Hyde, A., (2015), Open is not a license, http://www.adamhyde.
net/open-is-not-a-license/
7
Thomas, A., Campbell, L.M., Barker, P., and Hawksey, M.,(2012), Into the Wild – Technology for open educational resources,
http://publications.cetis.org.uk/2012/601
8Open World, https://lornamcampbell.wordpress.com/

54

And of course, there is a cost; openness requires a little
courage. When we step, or are pushed, outside our boundaries and institutions, it’s easy to feel disoriented and insecure. The open world can be a challenging and unsettlingplace and it’s easy to understand the impulse to withdraw,
to seek the security of the familiar.
When large scale open education funding programmes
first started to appear, (what an impossible luxury that
seems like now), they were met with more than a little scepticism. When a major OER funding initiative was launchedin the UK in 2009,9 the initial response was incredulity.10
Surely projects weren’t expected to share their resource witheveryone? Surely UK Higher Education resources should
only be shared with other UK Higher Education institutions? It took patience and persistence to convince colleagues that yes, open really did mean open, open for everyone everywhere, not just open for a select few. One perceptive colleague at the time described this attitude as ‘theagoraphobia of openness’.11
Although open licences and open educational resources
are more familiar concepts now, there is still a degree of reticence. An undercurrent of anxiety persists that discourages
us from sharing our educational resources, and reusing resources shared by others. There is a fear that by opening up
our resources and our practice, we will also open ourselves
up to criticism, that we will be judged and found wanting.
Imposter syndrome is a real thing; even experienced teachers may fail to recognise their own work as being genuinely
innovative and creative. At the same time, openness can
9
UKOER,
https://www.jisc.ac.uk/rd/projects/openeducation
10
Campbell, L.M., (2009), OER Programme Myths, http://blogs.
cetis.org.uk/lmc/2009/05/20/oer-programme-myths/
11
I cannot remember who said this, but the comment has always
stayed with me.

55

invoke a fear of loss; loss of control, loss of agency, and insome cases even loss of livelihood. Viewed through this lens,
the distinction between openness and exposure blurs.
But despite these costs and contradictions, I do believe
there is inherently personal and public value in openness.
I believe there is huge creative potential in openness and I
believe we have a moral and ethical responsibility to open
access to publicly funded educational resources. Yes, there
are costs, but they are far outweighed by the benefits ofopen. Open education practice and open educational resources have the potential to expand access to education,
widen participation, and create new opportunities while atthe same time supporting social inclusion, and creating aculture of collaboration and sharing. There are other moreintangible, though no less important, benefits of open. Focusing on simple cost-benefit analysis models neglects thecreative, fun and serendipitous aspects of openness and, ultimately, this is what keeps us learning.
In the domain of knowledge representation, the OpenWorld Assumption ‘codifies the informal notion that in general no single agent or observer has complete knowledge’12 .
It’s a useful assumption to bear in mind; our knowledge will
never be complete, what better motivation to keep learning?
But the Open World of my blog title doesn’t come fromthe domain of knowledge representation; it comes from the
Scottish poet Kenneth White13 , Chair of 20th Century Poetics at Paris-Sorbonne, 1983-1996, and a writer for whom
openness is an enduring and inspiring theme. White is also
the founder of the International Institute of Geopoetics14 ,12Open World Assumption, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Open-world_assumption
13
White, K., (2003), Open World. The Collected Poems, 1960 –
2000, Polygon.
14International Institute of Geopoetics, http://institutgeopoetique.org/en

56

which is ‘concerned, fundamentally, with a relationship tothe earth and with the opening of a world’15 . In the wordsof White:no art can touch it; the mind can only try to become
attuned to it to become quiet, and space itself out, tobecome open and still, unworlded16

15

White, K., (2004), Geopoetics: place, culture, world, Alba.
White, K., (2004), ‘A High Blue Day on Scalpay’ in Open World.
The Collected Poems, 1960 – 2000, Polygon.
1657

COSTS OF OPENNESSTim Boykett
This is a collection of notes about some thoughts on
openness as a way of working, living and acting. The summary might be that openness is about conversations, about
being able to discuss things, about not sticking to your guns
about taste, correctness, relevance and all that, but aboutbuilding communities of sharing, caring and being able tocorrect one another’s mistakes. Maybe openness is a state,
not a statement; a process, not a proclamation.
We do not do copyright every well at Time’s Up: “Copyright is problematic. Contact for clarification” or somethingsimilar is at the bottom of many of our web pages. We do
not think we can make a single licence statement that will
work. We would like to talk to people and organisations
about what they would like to do with the images, the texts,
the audio files. We were surprised when a huge image fromour work was used to announce the application for Linz to
become the European Capital of Culture, without asking
us. It is nice to be so appreciated that we are a beaconof Linz culture, but we ask you to talk to us. A licence ispossibly a way to avoid talking to one another, openness
is perhaps about encouraging us to talk, to think, to shareand communicate, not just announce.
Open academic publishing allows too much nonsense andbadly written yet often useful stuff to get out. Peer review
does not stop this, but quality reviewing does. This is a
discussion between the author(s) and someone who cares.
A reviewer is a peer who should care. If one is asked to
be a reviewer, it is bound up with some work and some responsibility. It is not a job of letting your friends in andkeeping your foes out. It is a job and responsibility, oneof the rights and responsibilities that comes along with the58

context of being part of the academic or research community. It is possible to say “either this is badly written, or
I do not care enough about it to develop an opinion” as away to pass on the chalice. If no reviewer can be found whocares about the work, then perhaps no one cares about it
at all and perhaps it is not worth publishing. Peer review
means that the question of “who are your peers?” needs tobe answered. Who are they really? Who cares? This is notabout advertising or selling your work, about making people care, but about finding out who does. I do not have theright to demand that you care about my work. You cannot
keep up with all the things that you might be interested in,so unless you can trust that I have made something thatyou care about, why would you bother looking at it?
Less is more. Fewer things to sort through. We have too
many books, publications, articles, white papers, etc, etc:
how to find what we need, let people know about what we
do. We in the sense of all the communities I am involved in,from Time’s Up through the universities, the research communities, the cultural communities and the world in general.
Not all forms of openness can help that, many will harm it.
Patents only help if you want to “exploit” the invention.
If you just care about doing interesting things, then being
first is enough. Or even just doing it. Patents have that
secondary effect, that once the idea is patented, we can all
see how it works. So Patents are opening and closing: I
know how it works, but I cannot copy it commercially. Like
open source software: I was surprised to learn that commercial programmers are not allowed to look at how somethingis coded in open source software, in case they accidentally
copy the programming technique. So for them, making it
open closes it. There is, of course, the danger of reinventing the wheel (we have done that), wasted effort, dead-end
developments. That’s fine. In the long run, we are all deadand all the effort was futile. But in the meantime, let’s59keep it interesting. Let’s share ideas and experiences andfind communities to be involved in.
Open acknowledges mistakes and wrong directions. But
we don’t need to proclaim them: the reason there is little
interest in the “Journal of Negative Results” is that failure often just means “I cannot see how to do this” rather
than the implied, or even believed “this cannot happen.”
Mathematics is a great place to investigate this. A naive
mathematician will say that something is obvious because
they cannot imagine why it cannot be true (and will use thatas an argument!). This might often be true, but it is not
an argument. This is an enunciation of “common sense”
or “intuition” and mathematics is a machine for breaking
intuition. By doing the details, you might find out why
the statement is false. Or why it is true, not just because
there is no option, but because of something more interesting and useful. Mathematics is about this openness in all
its horrible, gory, intricate detail. A mathematical paper
is filled with long proofs because these are the things thatinterrupt or confirm beliefs, hopes, steps to results that areinteresting. Openness here means that I open up my mind
and show you not only that I can do this thing, but how I
do it, so that you know that each time I do it, the answer
is true. And thus you can do it too. It is open and open.
In order to be relevant, mathematics needs two things:
to be true and to be interesting. One of the downsides
of open publishing is that spotting the interesting becomes
harder, because there are no gatekeepers who polish, edit,
review and perhaps reject the ugly dross. We have to use
coding as a gatekeeper. Spotting references to Einstein, especially how he is wrong, lets us know that a physics paper
is probably pseudoscience. The formatting of LaTeX as anindicator of seriousness, Microsoft Word as a sign of an enthusiastic but probably misguided amateur. But these codes
are false, and occasionally as false as James Lovelock’s issues
60with scientific publishing from outside an institution: because his address was not a university or company, journals
rejected his papers. Discussions were had and his papers
were accepted, but it was more effort, there was a gatekeeper that was using inappropriate codes.
Openness has so many other branches. Money earnt,
work done, distractions allowed. In collective work, we often agree upon a “basic wage” and share the work equally,something like from each according to their abilities, to eachaccording to their needs. But how many innovators are
independently wealthy and don’t really need any financial
help? How many have artists have a side job as advertisers
or share brokers? Drunken writers write about drinking,not about what they do to actually pay the bar tab andpostage for their manuscripts. Academics have tenure to allow them to undertake long projects. Or stay at home. Or
start a business. Or hide, tutor school kids, write a science
communication novel or a million other things. Are these
distractions, or are they desired tangential outcomes? Do
we need transparency here to know what is going on? Or
does that break trust? How much box-ticking and metricanalysis is needed to ensure that “public monies” are being correctly spent on science, humanities, culture and thearts? Are the numerical results of bums on seats and webpage views actually useful, or is that just another coded
gatekeeper? If you can get through the dross of the application, then you are serious enough to be able to make it
happen.
Perhaps transparency breaks trust. Perhaps openness
creates not just abundance but waste. In the sense of “There’s
no such thing as waste, just stuff in the wrong place.” It is
probably worth keeping a lot of things out of the publiceye, of not sharing every little detail on a blog or a seriesof explanations of your theory of everything, or your theory of everything else. Who are your peers, who are your61

colleagues? If you have a question or a new idea, formulate
it properly. You might find the answer yourself while formulating it (Oh, that’s what I meant!), you might realisethat the idea breaks once it is communicated or becomestrivial (Ah, there are none of those to worry about). Then
talk to your colleagues, your community, the people whoknow you and can help get over the first hurdles. Only thenis it worth taking your idea to a larger group, your peers.
StackExchange and other places are filled with commentsthat a given question is a duplicate of a given question,that the questioner is wasting time and space by not doing
their research. If I want you to invest time in reading myquestion, you need to trust me that I have bothered answering the question already. That I have looked in all thenormal places, tried the standard solutions. If I want to revolutionise gender theory, then I need to have read enoughbackground, not just thought about it a bit and been excitedby an idea.
Paul Erdos is an acclaimed mathematician, who would
arrive with the statement “my brain is open” and work withcolleagues on problems before travelling onwards to the next
stop on his never ending journey. This openness led to him
being the most published mathematician in history. His
case is rare. The web is filled with examples of extremely
smart, well-meaning people sharing their complex and intricate examinations of ways to improve the world, from engineering systems science analyses of climate issues to disaster relief planning. However, the absolute openness of
their sharing means that every idea that crosses their wellfed minds gets deposited in the collection, pages of PDFs,
hundreds of blog posts, hours of video lectures: too much!
It is said that mathematicians are cheap. They require paper, pens and a large wastepaper basket. This process of
disposal, of winnowing out the dross and keeping the good
stuff, is the core of good work. If only I would learn that62

myself.

63

MY BRAIN ON FREEDOM
Mike Linksvayer
A cost of participation in free knowledge movements is“stupidity” – an assault on intelligence, wisdom, reason,
knowledge. The net effect of free knowledge on intelligenceis probably positive, possibly hugely positive if free knowledge movements succeed in thoroughly commoning the noosphere, making collaboration and inclusion the dominantparadigm for all economically valuable knowledge production and distribution. But the stupidity costs of free knowledge are real and painful, at least to me. Fortunately thecosts, if acknowledged, can be decreased, and doing so will
increase the chances of achieving free knowledge world liberation.
I want to explore briefly how individuals, communities,
and society are affected by various kinds of costs of freeknowledge. This is going to be cursory and incomplete.
Very possibly also stupid: my mind has been infected byfree knowledge for about 25 years.
Commitment makes us morally stupid, lazy, and unconvincing. Claiming that knowledge freedom is a moral issue
is not a valid moral argument, but merely an unsupported
claim which ought be embarrassing if not immediately followed or preceded by justification and more importantly,
critique of said justification. This is not to praise people
who claim that freedom (or openness) is a matter of efficiency rather than morality – they haven’t avoided making
a moral claim. Moral claims about freedom and efficiency
as top values have been relentlessly scrutinized by moral
philosophers and social scientists. Still there is much more
to say. Free knowledge movements probably have much tocontribute to the discourse, but we have to stop being satisfied with straw man arguments and propaganda, even while64

acknowledging that such have a place. Paths forward include breaking down and scrutinizing “free as in freedom”
from the perspectives of various conceptions of freedom andother values and objectives such as efficiency, equality, andsecurity. Doing so will make you morally smarter, moreinteresting, and make it more possible for people and movements with non-freedom top goals or different conceptionsof freedom to join in the struggle for free knowledge.
Opportunity cost. Participating in free knowledge movements often entails filling one’s brain with ridiculous trivia(e.g., about copyright), developing one’s skills to workaroundunderdeveloped systems and institutions (e.g., administering one’s own server, [self-]publishing with little or no support for financials, distribution, marketing), and self-exclusionfrom dominant venues and tools. Each of these has a hugecost. You could be learning something non-ridiculous, developing capabilities and competitive advantage rather thanengaging in a brutal exercise of de-specialization. One step
forward is to admit that these are huge costs, take them on
carefully, and avoid criticizing those who fail to fail to takethem on, at least not without acknowledging that they are
costs rather than, or at least in addition to being moral imperatives. Once admitted, free knowledge movement actors
might prioritize reducing these costs.
Scale. Free knowledge movements are often thought ofas “bottom up” – see phrases such as “many eyes make bugs
shallow” and “democratized innovation”, the idealization of
DIY, decentralization, and contribution by individuals andsmall non-profits; and suspicion of huge government andcompanies – at best dominant institutions can be “hacked.”
Now DIY and bottom up innovation and small non-profits
are vital and cool (well maybe small non-profits are only vital) – but alone, they are dwarfish and stupid. Huge systems
and organizations are not only corrupt and unjust – they
have huge economies of scale, deep and specialized knowl65

edge, and win markets and wars. Small scale free knowledge actors are foragers who feel comfortable among their
kin and kindred, fearful of the farmers and their kings andarmies – and are about to (on the scale of human history) be
driven to extinction. If freedom is important, freedom movements abhorring large institutions is the ultimate stupidity.
The path forward is clear – the handful of already sizable
free knowledge organizations such as Wikimedia, Mozilla,
and Red Hat must get much larger, entrepreneurs (“social”
or “for-profit”) attempting to create more free knowledge“unicorns” (we can count consumer surplus and other social
values in the “billions” evaluation) encouraged, and sights
set on taking the commanding heights (e.g., mandating freeknowledge through procurement and regulation) rather than
voluntary marginalization and hacks. One conception of a
stupid person or movement is one that consistently fails tomeet its stated goals, or consistently is outperformed byits competition, effectively taking two steps back for every
one forward, with bonus for failing to realize this is what
is happening. In this sense dwarfish free knowledge actors
are stupid, and will remain so until they crack the logic ofcollective action, mostly through huge free knowledge institutions, though other improved coordination mechanisms
may help as well.
Diversity. Free knowledge movements aren’t very diverse, which contributes mightily to the costs of joining andscaling, and thus intelligence, in addition to missing out
on intelligence benefits of diverse perspectives documented
elsewhere. Much has been written about lack of diversity infree knowledge movements, and there is currently considerable effort by various actors to increase diversity, so let me
re-confirm my biases; that is, make additional suggestions.
Moral certainty is bad for diversity. It is repulsive on its
face, but also allows continuing failure to make free knowledge concerns pertinent to more diverse groups. Huge op66

portunity costs make participation feasible only for the relatively privileged, self-limiting diversity. Lack of scale makes
free knowledge movements insular and non-diverse. Like
hanging out with culturally similar committed free knowledge hacks? Great, you’re in the right social club. Wantworld liberation? The cost in the short term might be shedding some certainty, insularity, and fear, and thus feelingstupid. It’ll make you, me, and free knowledge movements
much smarter in the longer term.
Toxin. One topic endemic to most free knowledge movements is worth calling out as an especially potent brain
toxin: licenses. Yes they’re necessary for the most part
given bad default knowledge governance. But they make us
stupid, over and above knowledge of copyright, patent, andother regimes entailed. Identities are wrapped up in particular license preferences. Consequential claims of license effects are strenuously argued with zero evidence. No workedout model, no empirical evidence, whether from economics
lab or natural (possibly instigated) experiments. Anyone
looking at these debates from the outside (unfortunately
almost nobody does so we’re spared the richly deserved embarrassment) ought to laugh at the level of evidence freedom
observed. Emphasis on licenses is morally ruinous. Developers, authors, etc. are placed in a privileged position:
supposedly freedom is the right of all, but creator choice islionized. The consequences are terrible too: creator choice
is a recipe for dwarfism. Licenses are a distraction as wellfrom public policy. Acknowledging again that licenses arenecessary, the step forward seems obvious: re-conceptualize
licenses away from vehicles of creator choice towards prototypes for commons-favoring public policy. This exercise
and actualization will make free knowledge movement actors
much smarter – we’ll have to engage with the non-dwarfish
implications of free knowledge and actually convince people
with other top policy concerns rather than hide from them.
67One way to decrease the stupidity of free knowledge
movements is more cross-fertilization and knowledge andtool sharing across said movements. Stupid-making knowledge acquisition about topics such as copyright and licenses
ought not need to be re-experienced in each free knowledge
movement silo. Intelligence-building comprehensive criticism also ought be shared across silos. Breaking apart thesilos would also increase diversity – each has a different mixof participants, even if they are also almost all biased insome of the same ways. While good for the whole, a warning
to individuals: attempting to learn about and cross-fertilize
multiple free knowledge movements might come at an extra
high cost to your intelligence.

68

TOO POOR NOT TO CARE
Ben Dablo
I am writing about free culture from the perspective of
someone who uses free software and consumes free culture
because it’s the only thing I can afford. Although I pay aheavy opportunity cost, the alternative is supporting proprietary regimes that are actively making the world worse.
At the risk of my future social and economic mobility, I
have a confession to make: I don’t have much money. I’m
one minor disaster from being completely reliant on the generosity of others again. Poor is the common way of puttingit, but I try to avoid self-labeling as such since that would
invite further disadvantage. Why I don’t have money is apersonally well-trodden topic, but for many reasons I won’t
discuss, it’s a common state for many people. Despite having little capital in a society that places so much emphasison capital, I consider myself fortunate.
I have the privilege of writing these words using free
software on a (mostly) free operating system. My computer
isn’t even modern enough to run a currently supported proprietary OS. Much of my education and character can betraced back to free culture sources. The novel “Down and
Out in the Magic Kingdom”, by Cory Doctorow, introduced
me to a world where the alternatives to closed systems could
win, where one could even thrive without the motivation of
securing as much private ownership and IP as possible. It
was released under a Creative Commons non-commercial license that inspired me to write, freed from the assumptionthat I must always choose between success and my principled opposition to proprietary regimes.
That’s how I felt over ten years ago as a student, but a
decade on, I wonder if the cost has been worth it. Perhaps
69

I’d be financially secure if I went with Microsoft products inthe developer space instead of the LAMP stack. Maybe I’d
be a successful musician if I had spent my meager funds on
proprietary music production software instead of struggling
with free software packages that were often incomplete bycomparison. Of course, all my unrealized potential could
simply be attributed to my own shortcomings as a developer, musician, and writer. But what about everyone else,
the young people that may someday be asked to choose between free culture values and success?
I would tell them without regret that I would choose thesame path. Success at the price of one’s principles is really an ethical failure framed the wrong way. In the past
such a statement could be interpreted as melodrama; being
forced to pay a small fee to consume old entertainment media is hardly the most pressing issue, but today the costs ofclosed systems and proprietary regimes are plainly manifest
on a global scale. In the human rights space, free software
contributors build tools used by dissidents, activists, andwhistleblowers. Proprietary vendors, when they’re not busy
adding backdoors to their software at the behest of governments, largely ignore those groups. In the environmental
space, free knowledge contributors make educational videos
and texts freely available to millions, while traditional publishers print books on established topics that are bound frombirth for the landfill as next year’s edition will supersede thisyear’s. Duplication of effort on a massive scale to get aroundsomeone else’s intellectual property has become yet anotherunnecessary source of carbon emissions.
Freedom has many costs. It might even prevent you
from ever being materially wealthy. However, sacrificing
our ideals when so much external to ourselves depends onthem is a cost we can no longer afford.

70

INSIDE OR OUTSIDE THE MOVEMENTJohn Wilbanks
Working in the free knowledge movement may mean
working in a space that is better fitted to contemporary
technology, but it also means working against several dominant themes in contemporary society and regulation. Mostof our societies prize fences, whether through copyright or
patent or contract or just simple withholding of secrets. Investors prefer fences, and universities reward them too. As
a result, working in free knowledge is often a fundamentally transgressive act, politically and economically. And
transgression against dominant social concepts comes withso many different costs.
There’s a cost to explain free knowledge, because it has
to start with what’s wrong with closed knowledge. That
comes at a cost of having friends or family understand thejob, with questions like “why do you keep working on thiswhen you could make so much more money somewhere else?”
There’s a cost to always being the outlier in a “normal” roomof professionals, working against the gravity that defines
normal for everyone else. There’s a cost in constantly looking for funding when the dominant capital systems don’t
reward or pay for freedom. There’s a cost in always feelingweird, always feeling like the power systems want you tolose.
It’s not unlike being in a startup religion, except there’s
actually evidence for the benefits of free knowledge.
There’s also a cost within the movement, one we don’ttalk about much. When we do actually all get together,and for once we’re not transgressing against the “rest of thepeople in the room,” we have a nasty habit of judging eachother, fighting each other over details that the rest of the71

world doesn’t even recognize. I’ve been guilty of this in thepast. It’s just so wonderful to be able to debate our workwith others who agree with us that it’s easy to get into
the details, and all the passion we bring to changing thedominant social system suddenly is focused on those who
we agree with the most.
This isn’t an unusual cost. In fact, it’s one of the mostcommon costs of any social change movement. But it’s thehighest one, for me. The only advice I have is: we’re inthis together, those of us who care enough, those of us
who see enough. It’s easy to take that passion and turnit against ourselves, but that’s a target that only helps theclosed knowledge system maintain itself.
I’ve worked on recognizing that all of us, from the moststrident backers of the public domain to those who embrace
non-commercial licenses, from a total open commons to a
network of managed commons, have way too much in common to subscribe to a purge mentality within free knowledge. I’m a lot less strict about applying definitions of freedom to people – those definitions are for knowledge objects!
And I’m a lot more inclusive of different opinions within thefree knowledge movement than I used to be. It means thatat least I’m no longer paying the cost within the movement,
and I’m reserving all the resources for the costs outside themovement.

72

FREEDOM AS A COMMODITY
Pete Ippel
Let’s say freedom is a commodity not a dichotomy.
Therefore when considering the cost of freedom, I am
inclined to compare use and exchange value. How does one
quantify either? It’s so very abstract. Is freedom useless?
No. Freedom fulfills the human need to differentiate – toascertain what makes someone or something different. Can
one exchange freedom for something else? Yes, often forconvenience, privacy, health, or safety. Freedom is not either/or, it’s an absurd both/and of exchange and use value.
At this moment Bassel Khartabil is disappeared for communicating his views on freedom of expression and has been
forced to exchange his freedom of mobility in addition to
many other human rights. I stand with the #FREEBASSEL campaign in demanding Bassel Khartabil’s location information and immediate release.

73

FREE AS IN COMMONS
hellekin
The Free Software Movement is 32 years old. In 1983,
Dr. Richard Matthew Stallman, also known as rms, his computer user name, invited the world to write a sufficient bodyof free software to restore users’ freedom, and for not having
to use proprietary software ever. In his original announcement of the GNU system, on Thanksgiving, 1983, Stallman
stated his reasons for building a complete operating systemthat would be entirely free software: sharing with others the
programs you like, and to continue using computers without
violating this, and other ethical principles.
Stallman was then working at the Artificial Intelligencelaboratory of MIT, center of a substantial software-sharing
community in the decades before. Hackers on PDP-10 computers there and in other places would write software andshare it among themselves, as naturally as cooks share recipes.
But in the early 1980s, the PDP-10 line of computers on
which they had been writing software was discontinued.
New architectures had appeared, such as VAX and 68020,
that made most of their software obsolete. The operating
systems on these new architectures, VMS and BSD UNIX,
were encumbered with non-disclosure agreements. A program is like a recipe. A nonfree program is like a binary
recipe that only your kitchen robot could make, but you
couldn’t reproduce yourself, nor share it with anyone else.
Imagine going to a friend’s house and enjoying a fantastic
chocolate cake; when you’d ask for the recipe, they would
tell you: “sorry dear, but I can’t give it to you, only I am allowed to make it.” How antisocial would that sound? Thatsounds exactly like nonfree software.
The software-sharing community at MIT’s AI lab hadcollapsed the year before his decision, as most hackers went74

away to work at a new spin-off company. Stallman was
faced with a stark moral choice: he could join the emerging proprietary software social system and close his eyesto the digital divide between developers and users; or hecould leave the software industry altogether, but that would
not prevent it from becoming antisocial; or he could, as his
profession was to write operating systems, develop a newone that would protect the freedom to use, share, and improve software for all. He chose the latter, embarking onto
the enormous project of creating an ethical world of software, starting with the GNU operating system, a systemthat would respect users’ essential freedoms.
In an age of instant gratification, rarely the mind is put
to measure the consequences of passing time. Hackers love
to automate away the burden of repetition. To spread a
political message, we need to repeat it; that’s what rms
has done for three decades. To establish freedom, we mustteach many people to appreciate freedom. The tremendous
achievements of software freedom to date don’t end the needto remind people year after year that the struggle continues,
even more importantly today.
The analysis has developed, but the original intent remains the same. In hindsight, free software advocates easily
distinguish between individual and collective freedoms, toinsist on the interdependence required to achieve our goal.
But it took years to formalize the four essential freedoms
and the free software definition.
The first two freedoms granted by free software to theuser enable to run the software for any purpose, and to study
how the software works to be able to adapt the source code
to one’s own needs. These freedoms enable each user toexert individual control over their computing. A programmer can learn from the source code. But not everyone is a
developer and able to program software. Therefore, it was75necessary to implement collective control of software, in thesame way as for science and culture: to turn software into acommons. The other two freedoms enable sharing the code,that is the knowledge and know-how, with anyone so thatyou can help your neighbor, and being free to distributemodified versions of the software so that non-programmers
can benefit from free software as well.
The four freedoms encourage synergies between users
and developers for the benefit of all: a group of users candecide what to do; the programmers among them can implement it; If something scandalous is found in a free program,
such as the malicious functionality commonly discovered in
proprietary software, programmer-users will fix it and thendistribute the corrected version widely to the other users.
Making changes though, is not always easy. All softwareis governed by copyright law, like many other creations suchas text, photography, or video. When you distribute suchworks, the law grants you exclusive property over it, whether
you like it or not: thus, if you release a program without
taking a step to make it free, it is automatically nonfree.
Copyright denies users the four freedoms by default. The
step required to make a program free is to attach a legal
statement, from the copyright holders, giving users the four
freedoms. Such a statement is called a “free software license”.
Free software licenses existed before 1983. Stallman’sinnovative legal hack, called “copyleft”, was to write a copyright license, that required all copies redistributed, evenmodified, to come with the same freedoms. The GNU General Public License grants the four essential freedoms to everyone that gets a copy of the code, including any additions
or changes, iteratively ad infinitem. It creates a community
in which everyone gets freedom.
The essence of software freedom is control of your own
76technology: the technology that you make, and the technology that you use. In a world dominated by software powerhouses, technology is often understood as the product created by inaccessible engineers and sold by their employing
corporations. Whereas the users of a proprietary program
are forcibly limited to being consumers, the users of free
software are citizens of their software community and takepart in the collective invention of technology. This prompts
an incentive for cooperative research in computing, for the
benefit of all humans, similarly to science, and culture.
Software, science, and culture have been under attack bypromoters of so-called “Intellectual Property”, a bag-wordcovering many different legal concepts with varying scopes,
conveniently put together under a seemingly innocent umbrella that hides how different these laws are, and claims
that human intellectual work comes solely from the mind of
the person expressing it. It takes no effort to understandthe deception here. A brief look into Greek mythology andthe history of literature can easily demonstrate that, as Sir
Isaac Newton famously wrote: even a genius sits on theshoulders of giants.
What are the issues with non-copyleft, or lax licenses,
such the 3-clause BSD license?
Companies such as Apple want to convince you not touse copyleft on your software, because they would like toconvert it into nonfree software and subjugate users with it.
If you give them what they want, you may “have millions
of users” but you will not have advanced their freedom atall. On the contrary, you would have chosen popularity overfreedom, and lost technological sovereignty in the process.
Mac OS X is based on a BSD architecture. But FreeBSD
hackers can’t use what Apple built on top of their codethat would benefit all their users. This is in essence thedifference between copyleft and non-copyleft: the former
77

insists the code remains free as it develops, including larger
programs, while the latter encourages cannibalization of thesource code by defectors.
How does that contrast with the GPL?
If Mac OS X was based on the GNU operating system, it
would remain free. Copyleft is a cooperation enforcer, that
respects their freedom to use our software, as part of ourcommunity; what it denies them is the chance to convert
our software into an instrument to dominate others. The
GPL is an institution to enable cooperation.
Defectors do not want to cooperate. They want to dominate others. Although they can use modified GPL software
for their own interest in private, they refuse to become partof the community. The GPL requires that If they choose to
distribute their modified version of the software, they must
accept to become contributors to the software, like any previous contributors who enabled them to benefit from theprogram in the first place. They claim a (moral) right toabuse the work of others to make users divided and helpless.
It took Stallman a few years to clearly separate the twomeanings of the English word “free”. Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. Copies do not have to be gratis:
you’re free to offer copies in exchange for pay. But if thecopies don’t carry the four essential freedoms, they are notfree software. The Latin root for liberty found in Roman
languages gives a synonym to overcome the ambiguity of
the English “free”: libre. This allows us not to enter intoa false debate regarding the alleged incompatibility of free
software with commercial applications. If proprietary software vendors sell license rights to their users, free software
vendors cannot do this; nevertheless they can still sell copiesof the software, development itself, and services related tothe it: distribution, support, education, etc.

78

There is a misleading simplification that consists in arguing that if the software source code is available, people
won’t pay to obtain it. But not everyone is a developer,and most people will prefer paying a company to take responsibility for their software: they do it all the time with
proprietary software. The main difference with copyleft isthat they don’t pay copyleft free software vendors for a restrictive license: instead the license is there to protect themfrom abusive vendors!
In the USA, You can put a program explicitly in publicdomain. But that’s equivalent to releasing it under a weak,pushover license. Doing so, however, falls back to the earlier
case of a non-copyleft license: defectors can abuse your workand claim it for themselves. Making a program proprietarydeclares that anyone who goes there is under your power.
Releasing it under a lax license declares that people there
are free as long as they don’t surrender that freedom toanyone else; the software is in the commons, precariously,
as long as nobody privatizes it by making it nonfree. The
choice of a copyleft free software license such as the GPL
makes a stronger political claim: it tells the world you’re
willing to give away your work for others to build upon, as
long as it irrevocably remains part of the commons, resistingothers’ attempts to pull it out.

79

ARCHITECTONICS
OF POWER

HACKING THE CONTRADICTIONS
Stéphanie Vidal
Contrary to most people’s belief, contradictions are aninteresting and powerful tool for the thinking process. They
are something we often encounter in our minds. For somepeople, contradictions are the ultimate roadblock, whereas
for others they are a just a stage of their reflection. The
latter group, when realizing they are stuck with an insoluble
confrontation, find the strength to make a sidestep in orderto move forward.
With a twist, a bounce, an awkward move, they are able
to overtake the contradiction, to hack it and go beyond.
We are at the edge of a critical moment where aporia
are not only rhetorical, but contradictions are systemic.
Having a close look at the digital media fields, we findthose contradictions at the core issues of contemporary productions such as art, critical design, literature, code, technology, philosophy, economy…
Most of them are seeking for disruptive technology, social innovation, philosophical renewal: they can be called asidestep.
Maybe freedom of thought, to make and move, appears
when we are able to make a sidestep Maybe freedom is justthe possibility to take a sidestep Maybe freedom means thepower for the people to stay in control of their dreams despite the reality of the system Maybe freedom is the way we
ethically manage internal and external contradictions to go
beyond.

81

TIME TO WAKE UP
Mushon Zer-Aviv
Freedom of information, much like freedom of markets,
doesn’t “naturally” lead to the kind of freedom we hope forin society. In fact, in the past decade since the rise of the freeculture movement, we’ve seen many costs such as time, attention and education shifting to the side of content creators
while financial profit is centralized by the data-hoarding Internet giants that enjoy the reputation of information liberators. Google, for example, is considered a great patronfor free culture, whereas in practice it cannibalizes the freeculture that it monetizes, offsetting the costs of culture fromthose consuming it, and profiting from those creating it, andthat’s us.
The technological principle that powers digital freedomof information, and that we celebrate through free culture
and the creative explosion of the web, is the same technological principle that powers digital surveillance. We have tostop seeing these technological principles as “ready-made forculture” whether that be as a pre-made model for cultural
exchange, or as a pre-made model for the end of privacy.
This techno-determinism is a double-edged sword; it’s time
to wake up and realize that the new possibilities and challenges posed by digital networks should inform the way we
decide to live our lives, not dictate it.

82

THE COST OF INTERNET FREEDOM
Geert Lovink
Dedicated to Bassel Khartabil, written for the Cost of
Freedom Book Sprint.
Every act of rebellion expresses a nostalgia for innocenceand an appeal to the essence of being.” – Albert Camus
Let’s translate Isaiah Berlin’s “Two Concepts of Liberty”
from 1958 to our age. Berlin distinguishes between negativeand positive freedom: there is the negative goal of warding
off interference, and the positive sense of the individual being his or her own master. In both cases, a fundamental
distinction is made between the autonomy of the subject
and the crushing reality of repressive systems. For Berlin,
freedom is situated outside of the system. Written in the
shadow of totalitarianism, at the height of the Cold War,
there wasn’t much else for him to expect. In that period,
the notion of freedom as an everyday experience was absent. The existentialist gestures after World War II emphasized the legal rights of the individual-as-rebel who stoodup against evil outside forces.
Right at the beginning of his famous essay, Berlin formulates Evgeny Morozov-type sentences that sound remarkably familiar to those involved in contemporary ‘net criticism’ debates.
“Where ends are agreed, the only questions left are thoseof means, and these are not political but technical, that is
to say, capable of being settled by experts or machines, likearguments between engineers or doctors.” And he continues:“That is why those who put their faith in some immensetransforming phenomenon must believe that all political andmoral problems can be turned into technological ones.”
83Berlin reminds us of the phrase of Friedrich Engels about“replacing the government of persons by the administrationof things.” Sounds very timely, no? But wait, is this an
old communist phrase, or a libertarian dogma preached by
Silicon Valley billionaires?
Fast forward ten or twenty years and the concept of ‘thesystem’ is no longer perceived as alien. In the 1970s, the idea
spread that (computer) systems were man-made and could
be programmed, designed, and thus democratized. The critique of the technocratic society that we can trace in thememories of Albert Speer, published in 1969, were soon to
be forgotten and taken over by a fascination for the do-ityourself spirit of the garage hackers. Instead of looking at
IBM mainframe computers as a tool of 1984’s Big Brother,
the personal computer was introduced as a portable countercultural alternative, intended to undermine power as suchand break it up into a 1001 fragments of decentralized, distributed expressions of human creativity.
Jump another thirty years onwards, and Internet freedom activists run up against very clear boundaries and setbacks. Liberal obsessions with privacy and copyright are
still interesting but no longer essential in order to understand the big picture. What’s at stake is much larger thana bunch of legal issues, defined by lawyers. What’s necessary
is a comprehensive understanding of the political economyof the Net, combined with critical knowledge of global politics. The legal strategies have run empty. It is now all about
power politics and organization of the field. The loose ties
that social media have left us with do not foster long-term
collaborations but force us into a 24/7 cult of the update.
The philosophical question, can we find freedom inside
the machine, should be answered with a definite no. So far,programmers, geeks and artists have stressed the possibilities of carving out small pockets for themselves, in order to84realize their free software and creative commons projects.
This ‘temporary autonomous zones’ approach has a liberalconsensus as its premise, that the ‘Internet’ will toleratesuch experiments within its infrastructure.
The original Internet freedom within the system is shrinking as we speak, and we lack the appropriate tools andstrategies to do something to counter it. Soon we will beback at square one, demanding freedom of the Internet.
The ideal of freedom outside of the Matrix will not necessarily be Luddite in nature. The coming uprising against
the Internet as a tool of surveillance and repression will
be technologically informed, and needs to be distinguishedfrom the related human right to have time off work andhave a life. This ain’t no offline romanticism. Our memesneed to communicate this simple message: positive Internet
freedom is the road to serfdom. We need to revolt against
the soulless, mechanical ideas of the Silicon Valley engineering class and their solutionist marketing slogans. In orderto prepare ourselves, we need an understanding of the Two
Concepts of Internet Liberty.

85

WHY I CHOOSE PRIVACY
Sabrina Banes
This essay is adapted from one originally published on
my personal website, missbananabiker.com.
I publish my work under my full name. I write about
my life without holding back, except where innocent people
might be harmed as a result of my writing about them.
You might wonder why I advocate so passionately forinternet privacy when I tell the whole world all my secrets
without restraint, when I am completely open about, for instance, being an abuse survivor who is this year celebrating
my twentieth year of freedom.
1. I have always had the option of keeping my secrets.
For years, while I was being abused, I was forced tokeep secrets, and then I continued to do so because I
was afraid of people’s reactions to hearing about what
I had survived.
I personally don’t care any more if you think I’m aweirdo because I am a weirdo, and I’m fine with that.
In fact, my weirdness is what I have to offer the world.
2. So my weirdness and my truth are things I talk aboutbecause it’s what I have to contribute, and because
I’m tired of the forced silence which isolated me.
Now I want to exercise my own free speech. I want totell people about my experiences. I hope that maybe
some of you will get ideas from all this for how tospark change in your own worlds, even if all you do isteach your kids that they have the right to establish
firm boundaries. Particularly firm physical boundaries, like getting to decide who to hug and when.
863. But privacy is important. I have the right to be a
private person if I choose to do so, and for about eighteen years I did choose to do so. I did that for my own
safety. I have a right to preserve my own safety.
4. When it comes to the state spying on me, I admit I
don’t have much “to hide.” There are things I would
be a little embarrassed to know about if you learned
them, but for me personally at this moment in time,
concentrated state surveillance is not my biggest fear.
5. I personally am more afraid of all the trackers fromFacebook and Amazon and other companies with which
I do business. And that’s why I flush my cookies withthe frequency of a true paranoiac and use all sortsof browser extensions to protect myself to whatever
degree I can.
6. But there are people, a lot of people, who have a genuine reason to fear state surveillance. I could easily be one of them. And I think it’s important thatyou all read, for instance, about a really gross spying
bill called CISA that passed the US Senate with only
twenty-one votes against it. We are not fighting thisspying. We are letting it happen.
7. Here’s what Edward Snowden has to say about thatbill: “What it allows is for the companies you interact
with every day – visibly, like Facebook, or invisibly,
like AT&T – to indiscriminately share private records
about your interactions and activities with the government.” Actually, the bill requires those companies
to share your info with the NSA. Seriously.
8. Now you understand maybe why I am paranoid about
my business-facing cookies.
879. If the government spies on citizens without our consent, without our knowledge, without valid reason, we
all lose something precious. We lose the right to beflawed people. We all become criminals by default.
10. As an abuse survivor, I’ve lived under circumstances
like that, where every move was monitored. And I
have to tell you, living under a microscope is definitely not being free. When you have to account forevery hour of your day to your abusive father, when
you have to find places to hide contraband items likerock music cassettes, when you have to keep secrets asa matter of survival, you are not free.
As a former preacher’s daughter, I can tell you that
I’ve also lived in a fishbowl, and fishbowls are notfree places either. When your whole church discusses
whether your parents are being profligate with theirmoney by taking their thirteen-year-old daughter whoseclassmates call her “Bugs Bunny” to an orthodontist,
that’s not freedom.
11. As an army brat, I was raised to believe that the US
government is some sort of heroic institution that exports freedom and democracy to the rest of the world.
The first lessons I learned in my US Department of Defense school were about freedom and its importance.
12. Partly because I am an abuse survivor, I value justice. It’s just super important to me that people betreated fairly and humanely and that their basic rights
be respected.
13. I have always wanted the United States to be a nation that values freedom. I have always thought that88

the most important line ever written by our founding
fathers was not in the Constitution but in the Declaration of Independence: “…that all men are createdequal, that they are endowed by their creator withcertain inalienable rights, that among these are life,
liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”
14. With the spying, our government and others are taking our liberty and chilling our pursuit of happiness.
By spying on us, they’ve put us in a position where
we are constantly trying to cover our tracks. Evenflushing your cookies is evidence you’re suffering froma chilling effect. You shouldn’t have to cover yourtracks unless you’re hiding from something.
15. This is also why you should be very, very worried
about treaties like TPP, TTIP, and TiSA. The aforementioned spying bill, CISA, lays some of the groundwork in the US for those treaties, helps foster an environment that would allow the American government— and, with the treaties, corporations and governments around the world — to encroach on everyone’s
liberties even more.
16. As someone who has survived tyranny, the most important thing to me is never living under it again. As
someone who is free with my opinions, it’s important
to me that I have the right to be free with my opinions.
17. Internet freedom is a women’s issue. Have you readthe 1972 Johnnie Tillmon piece from Ms. magazine,
Welfare is a Women’s Issue ? You should. It explains
why access to food and shelter are vitally important
to women.
8918. Internet privacy is also vitally important to women. If
your abusive partner has installed a keystroke logger
on your computer, you have no freedom of association,
expression or movement. To leave such a partner, aperson would need to get to a computer at a public
library or internet cafe, establish an anonymous identity, make private phone calls and check-in to a safe
location without being tracked. The effect of one partner spying on another can be absolutely devastating,and the ability to escape such spying is crucial to survival.
We need these tools to survive situations like the one
above, situations which are all too common. People
who want to make strong cryptography illegal, like
FBI Director James Comey, are saying they don’t
want us to have the tools we need to in order to escapelife-threatening situations. That’s not just misguided;
it’s tyrannical and frightening. Comey is behaving
like an abusive partner, trying to make some rule thatyou aren’t allowed to stop him from reading all youremails and text messages. He and people like him aretrying to make it illegal for people like me to survive
this world.
19. The government and some of the bigger corporations
have basically installed keystroke loggers on us, except
they’ve done it in tricky ways we don’t discover until
after our privacy has already been compromised.
20. Edward Snowden recently said on Twitter, “Surveillance is not about safety. It’s about power. It’s about
control.”
You could replace the word “surveillance” with “abuse”
and you’d have the same statement. This is why a free90Internet is so important to me. This is why the right toprivacy is so fundamental in my opinion. Because we alldeserve to be free from those who would hold us captive,
whether those folks are abusers or stalkers or just the goodpeople who’ve built a surveillance apparatus that makes theStasi look like amateur hour.
We all deserve that freedom. Anyone who is a survivor
should value that freedom, and anyone who has sufferedoppression should viscerally understand why, and anyone
who is human should do whatever they can to protect that
freedom.

91

WHY I CHOOSE COPYRIGHT
Lucas Gonze
I used to have a peculiar habit: I went to great lengths
to not infringe copyright. This was often misunderstood
to be a statement in support of stronger copyright, taking
Metallica’s side against Napster.
My intention was different.
Engaging with a cultural product increases its value,
regardless of whether the engagement produces immediate
revenue. If you watch a movie, you help to give it cultural
currency, meaning the kind of thing that is referenced inconversation.
If you watch a hit TV show and then talk about it, youmake other people want it. If you sample it, you make otherpeople want it.
This is regardless of whether infringement is involved. If
you are never going to buy something, there is no loss ofrevenue when you don’t pay. If no revenue is lost, then theholders of the copyright have benefited.
Why would I have to infringe to access the work? Theremight be a literal price (e.g. $20 for a CD) that was toohigh. Or the work might only be available on terms that I
can’t accept. For example, there might be DRM, or I mightneed a cable TV account. Those terms are a form of cost.
If I couldn’t accept the price, and then infringement led
me to help increase its value, I wouldn’t be helping myself.
If I refuse to engage at all,then I maximize the pressure I
can exert on the vendor.
The vendor’s ideal outcome is for me to pay the asking
price. But the second best outcome, if I can’t do that, is92for me to help convince others to pay the asking price. The
worst outcome is if I ignore the product.
I ignored products to create pressure on vendors to offer
them on acceptable terms.
Purism was necessary. No doing what the copyrightowner didn’t want, even if I disagreed. No knowing infringement, no matter how absurd the implications.
No torrenting, Linux ISOs aside. No stream ripping. No
DJ sets on Soundcloud. No singing Happy Birthday withouta license.
Because by obeying the rules I could demonstrate why
the rules need changing.
Evangelism didn’t interest me, though. No preaching, no
seeking converts. I just lived my life according to a dogma
with only one adherent.
A more committed missionary would have done it differently because I could not have an impact this way.
What I was doing was a boycott. Boycotts rely on broad
participation.
The people are not dogmatic, and they want torrents.
Over time, the vendors have gotten somewhat better.
You can buy music without DRM. You can buy HBO a lacarte, as HBO Now, without having to buy cable TV.
That was caused by market pressure. The masses are notpurist, but they do prefer reasonable terms to ugly ones.
At the same time, my standards fell. The rise of mobile caused the computing experience to became so unfair,so centralized, so tightly controlled that my expectations
with regard to media seem comically unrealistic. There’s
no chance of jail-broken phones becoming the stock experi93

ence.
When computing users have so much less power, holding
out for more makes no sense.
Eventually, I softened my position to a more common
one - pragmatism. I now avoid infringement, but will sometimes do it if the alternative is ridiculous. I now avoid
ridiculous problems rather than seeking them out. It’s a
big change. It means that when the cost of media is too
high, I will do my best to pay up anyway.

94

WHY I REFUSED MY PROPRIETARY SELF
Adam HydeI find myself, after all this time immersed in free culture,amazed at my holding on to some form of the proprietary
way of thinking. Sometimes I have found myself consciously
going quite a long way down that path before I stop myself
and almost forcibly ask myself “hey! What are you doing?”
Some time ago I started a methodology called the Book
Sprint. It’s a way to facilitate the production of books in
3-5 days with a group of 6-12 people (or so). It took a longtime to hammer out this method. Much financial, personal,
and emotional pain to keep going down a road that nobody,
including myself, really understood terribly well. Was it really possible to make it work? Well, it took about 4 years ofhammering on this methodology, making plenty of mistakes,
before I could actually think about it as a methodology. Before I could actually wield it with some form of embryonicartistry, see it in action, build upon it, improve it, teach it
to others.
4 years is a long time. It felt like a long time. Truth is, I
don’t really know why I didn’t give up, and my stubbornness
is something that kind of shocks me, looking back.
Suddenly I could see the prospect of a sustainable lifestyle
emerging. How would I make it happen and protect it? I
had this horrible feeling that I was not good enough at scaling the project and some big ugly org with heaps of cash
would scoop in and ‘steal it’. I guess I meant they would
swoop in and copy it. The danger of a ripped-off dreamcaught me off-guard and I went down the road of lawyers
and trade mark protection for Book Sprints. This was myfirst step towards owning the methodology.
I look back at that now and I’m kind of amazed I went95

down that path as far as I did. I didn’t actually follow
through with trade-marking. The lawyer told me it was going to cost more and more, and it gave me time to wakemyself up. What was I doing? The fear of losing my creation led me down a blinkered “IP” way out of line with mypersonal politics. It brought me awareness to peel off thelayers of proprietary living that transpires our skins.
The process is a process of painful personal growth. Sharing my experience with hardened free culture practitioners,
I’ve met quick nods of agreement. Only the idealist newcomers look puzzled at my apparent failure: I’m not a true
believer. There is no purity on the path to freedom. Walking through the shameful path of not meeting the high bar
we’ve set ourselves to avoid proprietary life, I keep learning
about how deeply embedded it is in our daily lives. I keep
examining it and it keeps surprising me. I keep discarding
it. There’s still a long way to go.
Edited by hellekin, 3 Nov 2015, Pourrières, France.

96

IMAGE, IDENTITY, ATTRIBUTION, AUTHORSHIP
Christopher Adams
We can say that a photographer owns her images, in thesame way that an author owns her words. (The shorthandfor this ownership is copyright.)
However, we should not conclude that the photographer
has rights to her subjects, legally or morally, in the same
way that an author has rights to her ideas. The reason thata photographer cannot make claims upon her subjects isthat her work crosses that boundary between persons, andpersons have their own rights which must be considered.
We are not so ignorant as to say that a photograph will
steal our soul, and yet we are dimly aware of a danger inpictures of our faces or bodies, as if something can be takenfrom us, and get away, to who knows what end. We know
there could be a “cost” to each photograph that is taken.
Photography did not always enjoy the protections of
copyright. The argument went that manipulating a machine (in this case, a camera), did not count as a creative
act.
Eventually, the question of whether making a photograph rose to the level of authorship was settled by the
courts, in the affirmative. Photographers are the authors of
their creations and thus own the copyright.
That photographs are protected by copyright also meansthat a photographer is free to release her work under a freelicense that allows others to use, reproduce, modify, andlearn from her creations. The minimal requirement to re-use
a freely licensed photograph is the simple gesture of giving
credit or attribution to the photographer, in the manner she
97specifies.
Free licenses apply to a photographer’s rights as an author, and your rights as a user. However, they are silent on
the legal and moral rights of the subjects of our photographs,
which we might understand as the right of publicity.
In order to secure this additional right, the photographer
must ask something of her subject.
The subject must consent not only to the photographer’s
use of his image, and to others’ re-use and modifications of
his image; he must also permit his name and identity to
be associated with his image. That is the “cost” of the“freedom” of his picture. He lets a fragment of his soul
escape out into the world, forever.

98THE BURDEN OF JOURNALISM
Théophile Pillault
An Infinite and Unsolvable Debt
We practice journalism as we are in an age of working.
However, after more than 15 years of reports and interviews,
we are still not able to call it a job, because its cost has
been so high in comparison with the rewards. High for ourlives, precarious and submitted to media that don’t evendeserve our attention. High for the profession itself, which
we happen to sometimes soil with doubtful deontologicalhygiene, or even worse, mimeticism.
Dealing with a less and less united journalism practiceand even definition, reporters and information collectors are
getting more and more individualistic. Journalism has always been a game for rich people, as many of them know,
but it’s getting dangerously worse as the job becomes more
precarious, leading to an economic reign of division.
In France, the number of syndicated journalists is totally meaningless as they are thrown into a profession ruledby the publication race contest. For instance, less than aquarter of French registered photojournalists are membersof a professional organization.
Journalism doesn’t have the time any more to think itself
through: reports follow each other at a rhythm the reader
can’t keep up with. And it doesn’t really matter as they are
all the same.
It seems that journalistic narration has been reduced toreporting on instabilities such as conflict geographies, financial markets mobility or multinational successfulness. For afew years, the Syrian battlefront seems to have become theonly place for photojournalists to do their job. In France,99

mass-media contribution is limited to vox pops about arriving refugees or Greek debt. When it is not busy exploring
gossip magazines, a massive part of specialized media justsettles for streaming Facebook or Google citations.
In those conditions, it is hard to draw attention to celebrated Internet volunteer Bassel Khartabil, an open web
developer who has been wrongfully detained in Syria since
15 March 2012. This prisoner stands at complicated crossroads between media and international stakes, and talking
about his disappearance implies levels of analysis that the
French media, it seems – if only they were the only ones –cannot handle. This fight for information, amongst otherfights, struggles to make its way into newsrooms which look
more and more like dominant system backrooms, left alone
by any form of resistance.
As we face those ideological barriers, how can we hope to
get more people outside those little circles already convinced
to read dissident analyses?
Today, we still haven’t found a satisfying setup to provide for the production and diffusion of chemically pure information, purified from political, institutional or personal
stakes.
The same questions apply to online journalism. Neodata journalists? Webdoc producers? Datavisualizers? They
are under the same pressures as their paper ancestors. The
Internet can’t produce another type of mass information freefrom the rentability logics and industrial concentration thatstrikes the sector.
Sharing our analysis, dissidence or images in free information frameworks provides last victories for the small media people. But for how long? After 15 years of articles written on the edge, of unpaid reports, of lots of often spoiled
written material, isn’t it time to listen to reason and look100

for evidence? What would they say?
Maybe that this job doesn’t exist or doesn’t exist anymore.
However, very few societies can pretend to emancipate
themselves without a free information system. So, we haveto stand at the frontlines.
Because there is no cost for journalism or ideas, Bassel Khartabil is detained today, and other women and men
will be. There is no cost of freedom. Just an infinite andunsolvable debt that nothing can resolve.
Let’s honor this debt, until our specificities eventually
start to resonate, from newsrooms to media schools andbeyond that, in all societies willing to free themselves.

101

ARCHITECTURE = POWER
Stéphanie Vidal
Je ne bâtis que pierres vives ce sont des hommes. I only
build with living stones, those are men. –Rabelais, Frenchhumanist (1494-1553)
The Code of Hammurabi, a basalt stone covered withcuneiform script, preserved at Le Louvre in Paris, is recognized as an important artifact for both art and history.
Erected by the King of Babylon, Hammurabi, “protector of
the weak and oppressed” circa 1792–1750 BC, the Code is
the most complete legal compendium of Antiquity, written
even before the Biblical laws. Emblematic of the Mesopotamian
civilization, the stone embodied the Law into a single, indivisible object.
On rocks, monuments, or in city topologies, societies
through the ages have inscribed their rules into architecture.
Today, we no longer engrave laws onto stone, but architecture remains powerful at a symbolic level. ISIS, as a recent
example, is destroying ancient temples in Palmyra and elsewhere in the Cradle of Humanity, because they recognize
its representation of older culture. By desecrating these oldmonuments and broadcasting their destruction online, ISIS
wants to show the world that it is destroying the memoryof a period before the Prophet, and deleting the culturalsymbols of Bashar Al Assad’s power, making way for their
new Caliphate.
Whether a smooth basalt stone, a Hindu temple, theEiffel Tower, the pentagon, the Twin Towers, or your own
house, architecture is always the manifestation of a system.
A signifier of values, it contains a will to express the inherent power it represents. Building or destroying architecture
is a mechanism for power to send a strong message to its
102audience.
Digital tools now allow further options. They can express the willingness to rebuild, and to oppose brutality
with creativity; not with real stone, but with people thatare the “living stones” of Rabelais.
The #NEWPALMYRA project is at the cutting-edge ofthis international movement. Born out of the emergency of
the Syrian crisis, the #NEWPALMYRA project is an online
community platform and data repository dedicated to thecapture, preservation, sharing, and creative reuse of data
about the ancient city of Palmyra.
In this project, the power engaged is the power of people to channel their outrage and create hope through action.
Aiming to virtually reconstruct Palmyra’s cultural heritage,
gathering data and knowledge, #NEWPALMYRA is an expression of a collective consciousness.
People often make an opposition between the digital andthe real but it is a pointless statement: the digital should
be considered as an actualisation of real desire, as a spaceand-time singularity where everything and everyone (eventhe dead and the missing) can be a presence for someone
else.
We are now living in a world where the digital is omnipresent, and where power is embodied in virtual and intangible architectures, and code still comes from stone: computers are produced from geological sources such as quartz
or coltan.
This so-called virtual place is made out of real materials and is based on infrastructures, such as data centers,
embedded in our ecology. The Internet and all complex information systems are real architectures, and so are also an
expression of power: their structure is not pre-existent, but
created intentionally by their designers.
103

We are all evolving a world made of digital and spatial layers, where technologies are now able to follow andrecord our traces. The German architect Jürgen Mayer H.
has expressed this contemporary double effect in his work,
documenting where inhabitants leave traces of their presence over the ground and walls as they pass. According toMayer H., “there is no such thing as a naive or innocent
surface.”Archaeology is the science of identifying and studying
ancient traces now preserved in ground or wall, to understand what or who left them in their present time.
In the network, we are living in the traces we leave in
our everyday lives, using social media, producing or sharing
content, taking pictures or being tagged by others, having a real-time narrative approach to our lives, valuing ourpast and accomplishments, confessing to all our followers or
stalkers what we were, are, and want to be with words or
metrics, and in which kind of world we wish to live.
In ancient times, the worst punishment that could everbe pronounced over someone, even worse than death, wascalled Damnatio Memoriae. This post-mortem sentence
given to a public persona implied that their name would be
erased from all public monuments, and their statues pulled
down or destroyed so they would be forgotten by the people
over time. But, today, we cannot be forgotten or discreet
because of the constant traces we leave on the Internet.
The Internet era is the age of the Chiaroscuro, whereshades of intention coexist: the impossibility of being forgotten and the craving for attention, the use of the same
tool by some to preserve the history of ancient Palmyra,
while others use it to delete the past and broadcast theirterror and destruction; the desire, through technology, forboth individual empowerment and mass surveillance.

104

If navigation into the digital spaces is no longer naiveand can be used for surveillance, what about a system where
the law could judge your intentions as well as your actions?
Could we be tracked and trialed for moving freely within it?
This awful and highly complex current war is devastating Syria, harming its cultural heritage, and persecuting its“living stones.” What is happening there shows the international community that people are being tracked for expressing their will for freedom, be it with something as simple
as a “like” on a Facebook Page, or more arduous, such as
founding an entire hackerspace.
This cruel reality has to sensitize us to the power of
information technology, that it can be used, like any tool,for good or evil. The ancient Greeks were aware of the dual
nature of the pharmakon: in a coercive system, the way youlive or the path you take is enough to make you suspect, andthose systems punish intentions and actions equally becauseof their potential for disruption.
The other lesson we, in the “free world” (where we don’t
have to be afraid of being shot by a hidden sniper), have tolearn, is that liking a Facebook page, or founding a hackerspace, does not have the same cost for people living undera different system than ours. For us it’s just a social interaction, for others it’s a social action that can have terrible
effects on their lives or the lives of their loved ones.
We have to find a way to move freely in our minds andwithin the systemic information architecture for it to remaina tool that can empower the people and not enable a few
to reduce freedom, enact personal censorship, or jail thosethey perceive as threats for their oppressive systems.
Ancient Greek orators used to create mental and imaginary architecture as mnemonic techniques, to remember
their long speeches so they could easily express their argu105

ments in the Agora. Today, technology helps us acquire
knowledge, express our opinions, and remind us that freedom is not something slight to be taken for granted.
We are all at risk if someone more powerful than us
doesn’t want us to move anymore, in the streets or on the
network, so we all have to ask ourselves: What is the pricewe have to pay to inhabit this new architecture we are collectively building, and what do we have to do to preserve
our freedom within it?

106

FROM OUTER SPACE
The Big Conversation Space
An Imaginary Conversation between the Author and Alex
Kurtzman Regarding the Need to Base a Character in the
new Star Trek Television Series (premiering on CBS Television in January 2017) on Bassel Khartabil
TBCS: Alex, thank you so much for meeting today. I
know you don’t have a lot of time.
AK: I don’t know how you got into my office, but I´mintrigued enough to give you about 5 minutes.
TBCS: Great. Well, first of all, congratulations on being appointed executive producer of the new Star Trek series. That’s a tremendous honor, and it also carries a great
responsibility, a responsibility to use the show to call attention to contemporary ideas, issues, events and people that
can help pave the way for a better future, a future where
humanity has forged peace on Earth and can explore theuniverse in the quest for new knowledge and culture.
AK: Yeah, those are some of the building blocks of theStar Trek universe, sure. But we don’t have the freedom topreach vague ideologies. Everything needs to be packaged
in a way that will attract the most possible viewers. Do you
have an idea that will help do that?
TBCS: I do have an idea, but before I get into that, I
just want to remind you that no matter what impact thestudios have on the decisions you make for the directionof the show, you are afforded more freedom than you may
realize. You may still be somewhat enslaved to the pursuitof profit, but you can raise questions about power, you cancriticize authoritarian ideologies, you can present a futurethat inspires people to work together now to make some107

semblance of it possible. You can do all of this without
putting your life at risk. The studio executives might not
be open to some subversive ideas, but you do not need tofear for your life, or that you could be arrested any minutefor even hinting at free and open discourse.
That said, what I came here to do is tell you that there is
this guy Bassel Khartabil who really needs your help, and I
think you should base a character in the new Star Trek series
on him. He is a wizard computer engineer, a compassionate
and charismatic guy, and he has been imprisoned in Syria
because of his work advocating for an open Internet. This
makes for an inspiring character whose story reminds us allof the freedoms we may take for granted in our everyday
life, our everyday future.
AK: Well, I do hope that we will present a future thatinspires some of the audience to do something meaningful,and I am curious to hear more about this Bassel guy. But
bear in mind that we have a lot of the foundational characters already set.
TBCS: You have the whole senior staff figured out?
AK: Most of them.
TBCS: Do you have an engineer? Because the Bassel
character would have to be the engineer, the chief engineer.
He has all the key traits of engineers throughout the series:
he is a brilliant problem solver, passionate about technology,
compassionate about people he works with, dedicated tomaking the world a better place.
AK: The chief engineers in Star Trek have been dedicated to their ships, not to making the world a better place.
I mean, I’m sure they’re as interested as any other graduate of Starfleet Academy who gets placed on a galaxy classstarship, but that’s not their focus. Their passion is the
ship.
108

TBCS: Sure, but do we really know that? I mean, inthe context of the show, the ship is their world, and they
are dedicated to making that a better place, or at least aplace that is not breaking down.
And besides, his dedication to helping others is precisely
the quality that would make him such a valuable memberof the crew. Because it’s not just that he is the kind of
person who could maintain the coexistent operation of aspace station that is powered by the infrastructure of threedifferent species, like Chief O´Brien in Deep Space 9, but
he is also eager to share this knowledge with others andempower them through it.
AK: Hm. We have been talking about how the technology is a key gateway for audience interest, and having
an engineer character who helps facilitate that knowledge
and understanding is an idea worth tossing around. But,
so what, these are commendable traits, sure, but what is so
unique about this guy in particular that would make him acompelling character that would keep audiences riveted andinterested?
TBCS: His backstory. He is a Palestinian-Syrian programmer, the son of a famous poet and a gifted engineer,
who started sharing his code online for free and becoming involved in major internet projects like Mozilla andWikipedia, He started a hackerspace in Damascus, and started
Creative Commons in Syria. He vastly extended Internet
access in Syria, a country with a notorious record for Internet censorship and prohibitively expensive Internet access.
And his dedication to open knowledge and sharing culture
made him a threat to the authoritarian government, so he
was arrested.
AK: Is he still in prison?
TBCS: His whereabouts are currently unknown, he was109

moved from his prison cell to an unknown location about amonth ago, on 2 October 2015.
AK: I’m very sorry to hear that.
Well, I can tell you at least that we are interested in
making some reference to the refugee crisis, at least theconcept of refugees. And Internet stuff, like surveillance andcensorship, are certainly hot issues today and we intend tointegrate them into some storylines. But it is unlikely wewill make any specific reference to Syria. This is about outerspace.
TBCS: But directly referencing what is happening in
Syria via this Bassel character is extremely important. Star
Trek has always engaged with themes that connect to current events (relative to the time in which the series is made),and the war in Syria and its global implications is easily themost significant event occurring right now, and it’s one thatyou have the power to impact.
AK: Again, this is a television show. Its intention is toentertain people, not to stop wars. I have about 1 minuteleft and am open to hearing more specifics. I am intriguedby this guy, for sure, but I would need more of a hook inorder to actually consider this.
TBCS: All right. I assume you have heard of Palmyra,
the ancient city in Syria that served as a vital crossroads oftrade and culture for millennia until many of its archaeological wonders were senselessly destroyed by ISIS.
Well before Bassel was arrested, he was working on documenting the site via photography and 3D models, creating avirtual reconstruction that would allow people to learn more
about the site and its history in an innovative, immersive
fashion. He could not have known at the time that muchof the actual site of Palmyra would be destroyed, indeed, atthe time this prospect likely seemed impossible. But today110many of the renderings he made for this project are the best
surviving sources of data about the site.
AK: That’s incredible. Are these renderings or this data
publicly available?
TBCS: Yes, and they are in the public domain. Thereis a movement, a community and a web site called New
Palmyra where artists, scientists, and designers are coming
together to share, explore, and build upon Bassel´s data
and renderings, to virtually reconstruct Palmyra’s heritageand in so doing build cultural understanding that transcends
geographic and political borders.
AK: That sounds pretty well in line with Star Trek´smission, and like something that could make for a great
holodeck program. And since the files are in the publicdomain already, we would have significantly more freedom
to experiment than we would if we had to construct themfrom scratch.
Well, I think it’s been more than 5 minutes. I haveenjoyed this conversation and I will see what I can do. At
the very least, I think we can name a shuttle or an exoplanet
after New Palmyra.
TBCS: So long as there is a Bassel riding in that shuttle.

111

FREE SOFTWARE ECONOMICS
hellekin, Jaromil, radium, and Christian Grothoff
Fifteen years ago, in his seminal article Code Is Law,
Lawrence Lessig identified a problematic: “The most important contexts of regulation in the future will affect Internet
commerce: where the architecture does not enable securetransactions.” Today, European free software researchers
are implementing innovative solutions to address this andother issues that will shape digital economics in the near
future.
We argue that beyond regulation, code embeds politics. We’ll introduce two projects we think will transform
not only how we conduct economic transactions online, butwhich also hold the potential to radically change the global
balance of economic power.
Freecoin is a social digital currency based on the blockchain
technology of Bitcoin but which relies on a “social proof ofwork” instead of the original brute-force algorithmic proof ofwork used in Bitcoin. Freecoin was developed by the Dyne
Foundation, a free culture foundry based in the Netherlands,
and now a European Research Network. Freecoin is Projectno. 610349 in the FP7 – CAPS framework, under the Decentralised Citizens ENgagement Technologies (D-CENT)
project.
GNU Taler is the Taxable Anonymous Libre Economic
Reserve, a new electronic payment system under development at Inria, the French National Institute for Information and Automation Research, and the Technical University of Munich (TUM). It aims at delivering an online andoffline payment solution for various established currencies
such as Euro, U.S. Dollar, or even electronic currencies suchas Freecoin.
112

Together they implement a unique electronic solution for
mainstream economics beyond payment. They were specifically designed with social values addressing the shortcomings of both early electronic currencies such as Bitcoin, enabling a variety of local currencies to work together, extending transactions to non-monetary domains such as distributed storage, and drastically limiting the criminal use ofmoney. Their combined approaches unfold a many-to-many
platform suitable for daily use from global micro-payments
to local social currencies.
Bitcoin was the first digital currency to appear on theInternet. It implements a distributed and authenticatedpublic ledger called the blockchain, whose mode of operation is based on decentralized consensus. The blockchain
replaces the bank: it uses cryptographic techniques to regulate the emission of coins and verify transactions between
peers.
The design of Bitcoin has definitive shortcomings: firstof all it’s very volatile. By the time this article was finished,
its value was down to USD 402.7 after reaching USD 479
earlier during the day. As all finalized Bitcoin transactions
appear in the blockchain, the whole market is transparent,
and a coin’s history can be used to connect identities toaddresses. To avoid double spending, no bitcoin transaction
can be reversed, which means the buyer is not protectedagainst fraud from the seller, nor addressing errors. By
design, Bitcoin rewards early adopters. Finally, the proof
of work requires a significant amount of computing power
which translates into high energy costs.

FREECOIN
Freecoin is a set of tools that let people run a reward schemethat is transparent and auditable by other organizations.
113

Designed for participatory and democratic organizations willing to incentivize participation it is, unlike centralized banking databases, a social currency that is reliable, simple, andresilient. Technical and design elements shape a way to legitimize the bottom-up process using audit of cryptographic
blockchain technologies such as decentralized storage, ubiquitous wallets, and ad-hoc social remuneration systems.
The Freecoin project insists on the need to strengthen
the democratic debate necessary to consolidate and preserve
the management of economic transactions, especially thosewith a social orientation, inside the local monetary circuit.
It focuses on complementary currency design to allocate anddistribute credit created among engaged members, using a
reputation as risk management system.
Citizens can collectively define their social needs using aparticipatory deliberation based on “social sustainability”:
without participation, local monetary circuits run the risk
to remain too little, too dependent on the local political cycles, too far from the real demand that may be expressedby the local economic system. Choices need to be informed
with social objectives and ethical criteria to properly allocate resources and investments.
The Freecoin / D-CENT project is an experiment in digital social currency design that aims at solving two problems: (1) the vulnerability of centralized information systems, whose integrity can be jeopardized by compromisinga few points of failure, and (2) the management of digitally
distributed trust to make sure that different organizations
which may not share trust can agree and verify the integrityof a transaction history, even in the absence of the other organization.
1 ) Complementary currency governance systems: with aminimalistic reinterpretation of the blockchain technology,
the Freecoin Toolchain is a toolkit for community members
114

to easily access and decide on the features of their currency
system by using a decentralized governance structure – essentially, bringing back human intervention to oppose thehigh-frequency trading algorithms (Durbin, 2010). A system for collective deliberation on the decisions regarding
digital currency will allow users to engage in collective monetary policy-making.
2 ) Distributed trust management systems: reputation isthe basis for trust and decision-making. Putting together
trust and the blockchain, the Freecoin Toolchain allows forthe design and prototyping of systems aimed at managing
social currency in a community, i.e. reputation in a decentralized fashion. The use of micro-endorsements allows theeven spreading of risk among participants, and the rewarding of the best political contributions (similar to the participatory budgeting in Iceland). In a municipality, the use of
those credits as loyalty scheme vouchers lowers the risk topromote proposals that go against the common interest of
the citizenry.
The issuance of new coins is a technology-driven mechanism based on a consensus algorithm that neutralizes counterfeiting. However, this may also be seen as a departurefrom an active and critical engagement among humans andmachines, whereby the creation of money in the system
is motivated by social interactions for the common good,
rather than by exclusively hashing cycles and shortsighted
money-making. Therefore, the task of the Freecoin / DCENT research is to redefine Bitcoin’s ‘proof of work’ andthe reward of a blockchain system, to devolve power into
the hands of people through a democratic decision process.
The outcome of this shift in design is twofold: (1) people
engage in transactions that have real world desirable impactthat they produce and collectively construct; (2) new participants can enjoy an egalitarian economic environment by
avoiding the undesirable condition of structural advantage
115

by early adopters of a currency. At the same time, thisallows complete democratic oversight of transaction history
and collective deliberation on social currency system rulesof engagement and reward.
The Freecoin project is licensed as Affero GNU General
Public License version 3 or later to make sure that all uses,
commercial or non-commercial, will provide access to thesource code, be it modified or not.

GNU TALER
At IETF 93, Edward Snowden said via videoconference: “I
think one of the big things that we need to do, is we needto get away from true-name payments on the Internet. The
credit card payment system is one of the worst things that
happened for the user, in terms of being able to divorce theiraccess from their identity.” So while obviously some people
do not care much about their privacy, we do think thatmany will heed his words once a viable alternative exists.
Identity theft, fraud, convenience and efficiency gains areother reasons why consumers or merchants are likely to be
excited about adopting Taler.
While our initial market is likely to be technological enthusiasts with a focus on privacy, we believe that the technology is applicable in general for all payments (in online
stores and physical stores) assuming sufficient engineering
effort (integration, ease of use, etc.) is put behind it.
However, as the receivers of funds are not anonymousand can be audited and taxed by the state, Taler’s market does not include tax evasion, money laundering, humantrafficking and any other forms of illegal trade that haveballooned the popularity of Bitcoin.
Established payment systems, such as the ubiquitous
116

credit cards, try to authenticate the user making the payment. In contrast, Taler uses cryptography to secure thevalue and validity of the payment. As a result, identity
theft is no longer a problem for customers using Taler, andmerchants also do not have to worry about the theft of sensitive customer information. Naturally, customers may reveal
their identity (i.e. for shipping), but they are not forced toby the payment system. In contrast to previous research designs, Taler provides stronger assurances for the customer’s
privacy (including better than BitCoin, where transactions
are linkable). We are also the first electronic payment system of this type that supports giving change (i.e. pay 5 EUR
with a 100 EUR coin and get 95 EUR in electronic change)
with these privacy assurances. Taler can even provide refunds to customers without violating their anonymity. At
the same time, transaction costs are several orders of magnitude cheaper than those with BitCoin-technologies. At
scale, we expect transaction costs to be lower than thosefor existing credit cards, as expenses from fraud by consumers, merchants or identity theft are prevented by thecryptographic protocol.
Unlike BitCoin, Taler does not introduce a new currency
but merely provides digital representations of existing currencies (such as EUR, USD or even BTC), eliminating therisk from currency fluctuations introduced by payment systems that introduce a new currency, such as BitCoin, AltCoins, or Stellar.
Our system consists of various components operated bydifferent groups. The mint creating the digital coins ismostly finished and just undergoing additional testing andaudits. The mint is also the most complex part of the design. Even after this is finished, we still need to integrate
the mint with the banking system of each respective country to perform wire transfers. This is a one-time expense
per banking system. For the customers, we need to ensure117

that the “wallet” application works well for their respective
platform. Our initial implementation is for Firefox, ports
to other browsers and native apps for mobile phones will require more work. The wallet is simpler than the mint, but
still non-trivial especially if we want to make it easy to use
and nice to look at.
Finally, each merchant will require some modifications totheir business logic to integrate the new payment system.
While these modifications are way smaller and easier thanthe mint or the wallet, there are of course many more businesses platforms than browsers or banking systems. Hence,
while the work for an individual store should be tiny, thiswill be a major effort. We are trying to document our protocol and prototypes and will provide reference implementations in various languages to facilitate this integration.
GNU Taler is free software released under the terms of
the GNU General Public License version 3 or later.

118

BEYOND CAPITALISM
hellekin
The future was to be excellent. Thanks to the endlessprogress of human knowledge, technology would deliver theright solution at the right time. As industrial powers scaledup, though, and hacked their way out of diminishing returns
with brute force, the picture of a bright future turned out
to be as naive and grotesque as the vision of the year 2000
as seen from 1902.
Modernity is totalitarian. Following Descartes’ proclamation of the prevalence of the mind over matter, modern science engaged in a process of stripping away uncertainty and contradiction. The world of the mechanical clock
was thoroughly explained, controlled, and made to serve
mankind, in accordance with the Biblical injunction of breeding and multiplying, and using the God-given resources of
the Earth. But the world is not complicated: it’s complex,
and contradiction is built-in.
Capitalism was a fantastic booster that propelled us
from candle light to LED, from parchment to digital computer, from horse carriage to spacecraft. Its premises, though,require endless growth, and some time would pass before
we could replicate our own spaceship Earth. As it attained
global operational scale, capitalism was panting like a hamster on its wheel ready for a heart attack. The myth ofprogress was on artificial respiration. The capitalist system
now reached capacity and still requires new markets, better outcomes, more efficient ways to suck fossil and mineral
resources off the ground. The system is ticking seamlessly:
grab a piece of primary rainforest, cut down the trees forconstruction and furniture, plant soy to feed millions of pigs
on thousands of farms, then when the soil is sucked dead 5
years later, mine for minerals and frack for oil shale.
119

We would already need to harvest the resources of four
planets like Earth to keep up with the pace at which theglobal industrial war machine exploits and decays our environment. But we barely can send robots to Mars, so thisoption is off. We could wait for the next super-technologythat-will-save-us-all, but as Jevons observed, any technological progress increases the efficiency of resource use, consumption of resources rise as more demand is met. If a newengine can be made more cheaply, it will sell more, and the
net result will be a faster and stronger pressure on resources.
Even if such super-technology could potentially appear, itremains a big IF, and would it come in time for us to reverse the damage already done to the fragile conditions thatmaintain the Earth livable for our species?
An obvious course of action would be to stop runningand relinquish a bit of comfort to bring about the possibility of our survival. This solution, though, requires the endof growth, which fundamentally contradicts the extraction
system that fueled the technological boom in the last two
centuries. Given the importance, in terms of scale, of the
problem at hand, the possibility of a peaceful solution remains both remote and indispensable. Other paths can only
amplify the crisis and lead to catastrophe.
Thought, here, has reached its limits: only action remains possible. Mindful, ethical, and compassionate action.
Loving, caring, and sensible action may unlock the true potential of a successful humanity, and freedom, yet undefined,
remains a golden key.

120

AFFORDANCESQUEERING
Natacha Roussel
From 23 to 24 May, femhack organized an international
hackathon in the loving memory of Sabeen Mahmud, getting
together amongst a large number of feminist hackerspaces
locally and around the world.
Sabeen Mahmud was a Pakistani activist fighting for human rights in Pakistan. She was the co-founder and directorof the second floor (T2F), a cafe in Karachi. She also had
been the president of Karachi’s branch of deTiE (The Indus Entrepreneurs), a not-for-profit organisation dedicatedto promoting entrepreneurial spirit. On 24 April 2014, she
was shot down by unidentified gunmen while coming backfrom the seminar she had just hosted at T2F, examining
issues and triggering awareness about people who had disappeared in Baluchistan, a province of northern Pakistan.
A year after her death, we had the desire to express
our solidarity online and off-line, as a network of feminist
spaces for resistance, being transnationals and postcolonialists. Furthermore, this event allowed us to more clearly
define our network of solidarity. We do have a shared discourse, and we also work to appropriate technological space
to the benefit of our communities. We feel we are engaged
in a larger process that fundamentally nurtures our small
community-based structures. Most of us consider we are ina sphere of action that overcomes the deconstruction process needed to get out of a proprietary way of life. We
put forward alternative ways of life and solidarity networks.
Our next concern is to secure our existing structures: thisis not an easy process, as fragility is also a definitive asset
allowing for sensitivity and understanding. However, while
numerous, our structures lack the sufficient visibility thatwould allow better protection, and consequently it keeps
122being difficult to identify everyone.
This day was the occasion of an encounter that has enabled us to identify one another better: since then; we continue to exchange messages on a dedicated mailing list thathelps us to know each other better. However, it still isvery difficult to completely identify each other in the varied materiality of our different commitments. Since thatday, the more than 30 structures in which we are participating have developed a series of approaches to the issues, going from Wikipedia editathons to augment feminist
content on Wikipedia, to Women in Surveillance meetups,
citizen-sensing endeavors, or small exchange and programming groups. However, despite the persistent relations that
we are creating and the commonality of our interests andattitudes, it remains a complex challenge to understand andassess the personality of each of us in an always-transientstate of being, as people are involved in projects with different levels of risks.
All continents were represented during that event, but
the most numerous were situated in Latin America, maybe
because of the beauty of a language practice that has invented a written transgender form; for example: “somos
guapxs“ is the transgender form of “we are beautiful.”123

NOMADIC FAMILY
Natacha Roussel
The problem of the costs within the schizoid logic of ourtimes concerns mostly potestas, the quantitative, not potentia, or incorporeal intensities. –Rosi Braidotti, Nomadic
TheoryThe question of costs often translates into issues of scaleand scalability that are dominant in technological societies.
The “scale solutionism” starts from the desire to solve costproblems and ends in hyper-control, restriction, dissociation and finally disaster conducted by non-aware necropolitics, where the politics of death systematically takes overthe politics of life (Mbembe 2003), increasing the costs of
freedom. In such instances, when the state of power constantly refers to a state of exception in order to overcome
the rule of preservation and the social limit, Achille Mbembe explains that it seems figures of sovereignty develop ageneral concern that is not the preservation of the commonsand liveliness, but the spreading of death and the material
destruction of bodies and populations: Bassel Khartabil is,unfortunately, a direct victim.
In this context, it is impossible to address the problem
of costs without transforming our relation to the existing
system. Always confronted with an impossible dilemma ofsustainability, we need to envision different ways to face
this situation. While costs are most often evaluated as aquantifiable asset, this quantification is mainly calculated
in regards to an actual neo-liberal vision of individual self
and proprietary systems. It seems crucial to envision different avenues to overcome the cost issues, and define newcriteria of cost evaluation that could lead to re-thinking thefree production processes in a different organization scheme,
resulting in the main question: we should ask ourselves if
124the costs of freedom cannot be addressed as a qualitative
process rather than a quantitative one.
Practically, to enforce such a process, only the diversityof networks can help secure our individual endeavors; therefore, the re-evaluation of the cost of freedom should startfrom the premises of community and collective approaches
to production and network realization, which support nonproprietary production and distribution of information. Resulting from the contestation of the need to encompass ourwork in active F/LOSS and open source developments, isthe necessity to situate our social connection and embodiment leading to new contexts for such a production. Starting from an assertion of the actual situation, we are looking
at ways to think complexly with regards to freedom issues,and explore how to co-synchronise so that the relation that
feeds our networks can exist despite actual power issues.
A Foucauldian view of the actual context would present,
coextensively to the rise of power structures, the formulation of scientific discourse as the cause of actual costly bodypolitics. While modernity has attached its project to a rational view of the world based on a clear mind-body split
that is exponentially growing along with technological development, this disunion nurtures the dissociative powers ofcapitalism. Despite all efforts to enforce a discourse promoting technology as a substitute for human relation, it
is, however, certain that the posthuman does not map to
the network, and more specifically it appears that the proposed agenda of dematerialisation and autonomous artificial intelligent networks is a fantasmagorical construction(Hayles 2001). Therefore, it is from a holistic perspectivethat the observation of the actual complexity needs to beundertaken. In the context of a huge up-scaling of humanpresence on earth and the growth of social control apparatus, can an examination of relational complexity bring us
towards social sustainability, and what would be the sensi125

tive approach that could ground an exchange system, andlead it towards a sustainable expansion?
A holistic setup would allow us to spare ourselves byleaving the costs for freedom at the expense of the potestas
while reacting in diverse and unstructured networks, andat a molecular level to reach full potentia. We are looking
for ways to confront necropolitics and trigger liveliness; inthis context liveliness is to be thought as a spiritual processthat further constitutes the grounds for a different politics.
Indeed, a different approach to politics needs to be rooted in
the life of the spirit that is not afraid of death, and insteadof looking for substitutes and technological prosthesis, it
fully assumes death as a constituent of human relation andorganisation while it looks beyond the unitary vision of theself, to molecular transformations as a way to synchronize
to the world in a deeply transformative process (Braidotti2011).
In response to this statement, several issues need to beaddressed that would further ground the development of ourcommunity processes, based on a long history and knowledge of existing knowledge. Some affordances might lead to
explore different relational setups that would help to transpose the question of costs.
TRANSMISSION: While power relations build over cycles of crisis, they seem to destroy reference points and instrumentalize history to the service of immediate power relations. Indeed, it is clear that technological breakthroughs
importantly transform relational processes, but contrary towhat we once have thought, they do not expose the processes of power. On another hand, critical discourses, tools
and concepts are developed through time, and they often
are sourced from fragile social structures, either isolated individuals or community structures. As a consequence of thisfragility, they most often repeatedly deal with recurrent is126

sues, while transmission lines are broken, they each time
face the need to develop a discourse and solutions. It is important to intervene at community scale in the process oftransmission to create community genealogies and a historyof community movement through time. This would allow
us to keep those principles active during technological transitions. One of the possibilities is to expose current technological communities to existing social science and allow fortransdisciplinarity and politicization of the discourse. The
project of hackerspaces workshops, for example, inscribes
itself into a transactional process of transmission through acollective community context.
BIOPOWER: As it appears that sovereignty stands asa condition of control, the question of the unicity of self, isagain a transient issue persisting across time and throughtechnologies. Variations of intensity characterize the thinking subject and are mostly characterized at its boundaries;
those variations set a relational process independent fromthe view of a holistic body. They in principle go far further
than the limits of human species in setting the potential oftransformation into a process of becoming. According to
Rosi Braidotti, this denaturalization process is one of theeffects of technological progress in fields such as biogenetics
where we integrate different species in an inter-evolutionary
process.
TRANSFORMATION: After a consciousness-rising process triggered by the awareness of a state of dismay, it could
be timely to consider, observe and acknowledge a transspecies potential for knowledge diversity leading to social
sustainability. This process can be thought as both individual and collective, implying both personal mutation, andthrough collective support, a larger transformational process. Being in the instant and acting from this perspective,
and responding to the trigger of the momentum is a way
to reach the acknowledgment of the possibility of instan127

taneous transformation. Variations of codes, genres andmodalities of expression of the idea see transposition as apossible solution for genetic transmutation and exchange.

128

SELF-SUFFICIENCYPauline Gadea
I decided 2 years ago to leave jobs in the media to golearning how to make cheese. I saw this as a step towards
essential freedom.
Beyond choosing a life much more in touch with natureand craft, it would give me the freedom to carry around withme the ability to eventually fit with a concrete valuableknowledge into communities that aim at producing theirown means of subsistence as much as possible, maybe creating my own means of subsistence in the end. It represented
a step which would make it possible for me to build a life
outside both the mainstream work system and the food system. I see both of those systems as freedom down-takers.
My statement was more or less “I want to create something
I would be proud of with my bare hands in a settled place,which would help to tend to freedom for me and a small
community I choose. If not, I feel like I m neutral in thebest case scenario in a path to global freedom, feeding a
mass system which deprives it in the worst way of looking
at it.”
This vision, of freedom linked with self-sufficiency infood supplies and self-determination in terms of human organisation, is commonly shared, at least as an ideal goal,
but is also seen as quite extreme in terms of the changes
it requires for most people’s ways of living. Making a step
towards it was a way to challenge my own motivation, myown limits in relation to this fantasized ideal of real, deep,
freedom and its connection with a rural life.
In order to learn properly, I had to deal amongst otherthings with the traditional farming work culture as an employee, a reality which was further from the concept of free129

dom than I had experienced in all other work situations,in terms of hierarchy, of hour-based deadline pressure, ofphysical commitment. I didn’t fit in but I still had to learn,
and earning money in the process also was quite essential.
You see your friends obtaining more freedom and selfrealisations by more classical means. Mainly by just mastering their work field little by little, you see them having
little by little better salaries, wider responsibilities, recognition and range of action in what they are doing. Then you
start to wonder why you have to make it so complicated… Iquestioned my choices. Of course, making cheese does notprovide the same kind of freedom I was after when I decided on this change of life, but it still gives the comfort
and confidence I might need for any future achievement.
In the end, setting a precise, high goal of freedom asa core preoccupation in my life as a starting point hasn’t
led me to more actual freedom (yet), but it obliges me toask myself very often what is that I’m doing and why am I
doing it. Answering those questions makes the commitment
deeper and slowly creates the connections I need to live alife closer to my ideals, like a vow I made that forces me tobe brave when I feel insecure about what I am doing, andmaking it silly to worry about where I am going to keep
those three pieces of furniture for a while.

130

COLLECTIVE VALIDATION
ginger coons
A friend of mine—a multimedia artist and a community
organizer—once referred to taking a job at a commercial
software company as “becoming a civilian,” as somethingthat might be a little more relaxing, a little lower pressure
than what she was used to. What she meant was that byjust taking a job, a normal job, with normal expectations,
she was opting to get out of the public eye for a while, tostop doing work that could be seen, judged, and assessed by
the whole world.
I know the feeling. In all of the free cultural work I’ve
done over the last six years, one of my most pervasive anxieties has been the feeling that I work in public, that everyone is always looking over my shoulder—or could be if theywanted to. It’s a difficult feeling to come to terms with,even if it’s based on one of the most potent and valuable
principles of free culture: transparency.
For the last five years, I’ve worked on a project called
Libre Graphics magazine. The point of it—the whole point,
to my mind—is to show off just how good graphic design
and art done with Free/Libre and Open Source software,standards, licenses, and methods can be. It’s the whole
package, and the whole package includes a kind of extreme
transparency. For five years, my collaborators and I havestuck all of our working files into a public version control
system. For five years, we’ve opened ourselves up to scrutiny
and criticism not just when we put out an issue, but before,
during our development process. As with free software, oneof our goals has been to release early and often, to makeour work public so it can become better. We don’t hideour production files and then release when they’re perfect.
It’s nerve wracking to work in public like that, even if most131people aren’t digging through the git repository and looking
at our working files.
It’s nerve wracking and sometimes even scary to open
yourself up to the potential for scrutiny all the time. But
it’s still valuable. If the point of Libre Graphics magazine
has been to show that F/LOSS and free cultural principles
apply outside of software, then that potential for scrutiny
has been essential. If the point is to show that designers cando high-quality work with F/LOSS, then the potential for
scrutiny is also the opportunity for someone who’s feelinguncertain about even trying something new to come alongand see how we did it. The publicness is a chance for others
to follow in our footsteps and to use our mistakes to do
things better in the future, or to skip over some of the toughbits. That publicness, in short, is worth something.
But on a personal level, it’s still nerve wracking. It canbe frustrating to pour your heart—and worse, your timeand your effort—into work that’s totally voluntary, withalmost all rewards intrinsic. The freedom to create, to put
something out, to experiment, to try, is also the freedom tobe ignored, to be undervalued, and at worst, to be bashedor harassed for your efforts. You can’t rely on the positive
feedback from others to keep you going. You have to enjoy
and value what you’re doing for itself. And if you succeed, if
what you make is something that others find valuable, thatbreeds the expectation that you’ll continue, even if the odds
get long. It can feel as if you’ve gone from being ignored tobeing taken for granted.
And then there’s the old aphorism about free software
being free like speech, not like beer—free as in freedom, notas in money. But the best variation I’ve seen is free likea puppy: if you adopt it, you become responsible for it.
You care for it. By taking up the chance to do something,
you take up the responsibility to keep doing it, often at132

personal expense. And it can get pretty expensive. It canbe expensive in the normal ways, what we typically mean
when we use the word “expense,” but more importantly, it
can become emotionally expensive.
Celebrities and politicians get paid commensurate withthe expectation that their work will be judged by the public. People working with F/LOSS and free culture generally
don’t. We do it because we love it, or at the very least,
because we believe in it. And we believe in currencies otherthan money, too. We often believe that the work is its own
pay and that it doesn’t take money to be worth the occasional frustration of having others be demanding of our timeand effort. But the costs are real.
One of the other costs of freedom—of the transparency
I value so highly in free culture—is feeling as if you’re neverallowed to get something right. When your work is donein public and when its success is often a matter of public
opinion, it’s easy to feel as if every decision you make has
the potential to be second-guessed. For every little snippetof positive feedback, for every bit of evidence you get thatyour work has made a difference, there’s a horde of people
who are happy to tell you every little thing you’ve done
wrong. That happens when you work in public, and it canbe powerfully demoralizing.
Because it’s worse for ongoing projects, it can make you
wish you hadn’t chosen to aim for continuity and accountability. A one-off, something you make because you feel likeit, throw out into the world, and then don’t plan to invest inover the long-term, doesn’t need the ongoing commitment,
the continued desire to engage. When you explicitly choose
to do something in the long term, to commit to a projectthat lasts and grows, when you commit to becoming a fixture, the drip-erosion that comes from the second-guessing
can be enough to scour away the desire that originally drove133the project.
When we build free cultural projects, we try to enrich
the world. We do things, not just for our own benefit, but
because we think we can do something good for others.
Releasing work under licenses that allow others to reproduce, to rethink, to remake and to re-release is an explicit
commitment to the commons, and to the idea that we canbuild on the work of others, and that others can improveor change our work. When we undertake to do work inpublic, we commit to something similar. We commit to theidea that others can derive value from seeing our process
and that we can grow and improve from having our processintervened in and commented upon. When we build collaborative projects, we make a commitment to inclusion, toallowing others to work with us if they share an interest in
the project and willingness to contribute. These are valuable commitments, driven by a desire to help others and toenrich the commons. They’re important and they matter.
These commitments are the foundation of free software andfree culture.
Principles are important. Ideals are important. Sometimes, though, it feels as if we get crushed under the weightof their downsides. It can be profoundly demoralizing when
it feels as if most of the feedback you get is negative. And
that doesn’t need to happen. I long for the day when weall—even as strangers who only meet when judging eachothers’ work—think about how much effort, time and personal expense goes into the things we release. I long forthe day when we decide that looking after other creatorsand contributors matters, even if we don’t really know eachother. I long for the day when there’s more positive affirmation than judgement. And most of all, I long for the
day when we recognize that we’re all mostly fighting for thesame thing—for meaningful contributions to the commons,for a way to build culture together. I so look forward to134the day when we can accept not just that others produce
work we can judge, but that the people producing thoseworks are humans, as fallible and delicate as we are, andthat they deserve not just our feedback, but our praise andencouragement.

135

TRANSDISCIPLINARITY
Mélanie Dulong de Rosnay
I fell under the spell of sharism in 2003 when I started
the Creative Commons France chapter with the full supportof my then Ph.D. advisor and the director of our research
center. Since then, my participation in the movement haslanded me a blissful life with lifelong friends, love, and several paid jobs and grants both in my country and abroadwith lovely, smart, dedicated and gifted people animated by
the values of open access, open science, open licensing, peer
production, the public domain and the commons.
In 2007, several teams coordinated by Creative Commons Italy received a grant from the European Commission
to start Communia network in the public domain and support our work. All this provided opportunities to have apolitical impact and travel. It is possible to develop serious
research and policy contributions with a network of amazing colleagues all over the world, people coming from diverse
backgrounds who share similar ideals.
The cruel detention of Bassel Khartabil reminds us of
the incredible luck of living in such a privileged environment
with freedom of expression. My only social cost has been exclusion by conservative people from whom I needed neither
approval nor friendship, and this doesn’t even happen somuch anymore since openness is becoming more politicallycorrect and even hyped in Western culture.
To newcomers wondering if the cost in terms of time andefforts is worth the involvement: it is nothing compared tothe inspiration gained and the joy and pride of contributing
to a global movement that is developing positive alternatives
to enclosures, and promoting social justice, freedom andaccess to knowledge, information, culture and education,136

good food and medicine.
Even though some of us are techno-idealist, our work
is not, neither is it economically insane, but rather highly
political and ideological. Freedom of knowledge and circulation are battles to win over the corruption and censorshipof those whose addiction to unlimited commodification, unsustainable growth and a vision of development based on
globalized extractivism that prevents personal and collective development and the right to a good life for 99% of the
population.

137

RESILIENT NETWORKS
Jean-Noel Montagné
MakersIn France, most of the Makers are hobbyists, technolovers,
geeks that create for fun, for local glory and some, for business. But few of them are makers for social or political goals.
Most of the objects created in fablabs and makerspaces in
the last years are useless regarding the urgent problems of
the planet. Because the planet is on fire. Climate crisis.
Energy crisis. Demography crisis. Water crisis. Metals crisis. Financial crisis. Education crisis, even crisis of mental
health because of the abuse of digital communication.
But stop ! it’s enough ! Come back to transformaking,No-one wants to hear about this crude reality !
Resilient Society
And that’s the problem: historians studying the extinction of old civilisations in the last millennia have discoveredthat leaders and populations knew about the perfectly serious problems of their time, but they ignored the scientificadvice and all indicators turning to red, until the end. We
are doing exactly the same and we don’t have a lot of time toact. We must transform all sectors of the society before theconjunction of some important crisis, and transformakers
will help us to do it.
In the global village, industry is totally dependent onflux, networks of raw materials, energy, goods, tools, components, distribution and transportation. Any failure in one
spot can disturb or stop the whole chain, from extractionof raw materials to distribution of goods. This interdependency is an enormous fragility in the context of the coming
crisis, and transformakers can help us to break it.
138We have all noticed that we can’t really count on ourpolitical systems to find efficient solutions. We know we canonly count on ourselves. We, citizens, can build resilient
communities, based on small structures, driven by direct
democracy, and based on big citizenship networking. We
have the digital tools and the network to do it.
Transformakers have a key role in this transition fromglobalisation to resilience.
Global Crisis
The COP21 UN conference about climate change offers
to limit the rise of the global temperature to two degrees
more. Accepting 2 degrees more, on average, for the planet,
however, is accepting violent transformations of the climatethat will create a giant loss of biodiversity, massive extinction of species in earth and ocean during those years. Two
degrees more will also create huge environmental and social
disorders, instability everywhere, wars, starvation. Hundreds of millions of refugees will have to move, dismantlingcompletely the actual geopolitic equilibrium.
Pure water is also missing everywhere because of very
bad management, but the most important resource crisis
will come with metals and oil. We live now with the illusionof infinite resources, but this new prosperity will have anend. The planet has a limited quantity of fossil energy inthe ground, and we are reaching the limits in one or two generations, in our children’s lifetimes. No lessons have beentaken from the 2008 crash. Improvements in high-frequency
trading do not actually cover the many debts of countries
and their people. Big monetary regulators are also provoking also a crisis of democracy, of citizenship, of trust in eachother.
A new era of chaos brings an opportunity for radicallychanging the system in good directions.
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Transformaking
How can transformakers help in the context of global
crisis ?
By helping us to change the scale from globalization tosmall resilient networked communities, to rebuild real direct democracy and redefine urbanisation and the usage of
our lands. By helping us to rebuild our social organisation
around knowledge networks. By helping us to harvest clean
energy, renewable energy everywhere, and to share it. By
helping us to redefine our material strategies, our industrial strategies. By creating new models for currencies andmoney circulation.
We discover today that good social, environmental andfinancial practices have always existed. Transformaking is
the common behaviour in many communities in the world,
especially in rural areas: do it yourself, DIWithOthers, Do
It Together: people invent tools and technologies adapted totheir context, to their pragmatic needs, using few resources,using local resources. People repair, they recycle, they hackobjects, they transmit the knowledge to young generations.
Poor countries will not suffer as much as rich countries in
the chaotic future, because they have always lived in theTransformaking way.
In social organisation, all over the world, small communities use solidarity structures, monetary arrangements, likebarter systems that can be considered as local money, in apure peer-to-peer exchange. The organisation of traditional
communities offers big lessons for us and this model justneeds digital tools to be adapted to small communities in
the modern world.
Sharing knowledge = open sourcing
Transformaking officially arrived in our society 30 years
ago, when hackers started to change the world with the140first open source software licences, one of the most powerful political acts of the XXth century. Artists followed the
movement 20 years ago with open source documents andartwork licences, and some makers have taken another important step, ten years ago, with Open Source Hardware
licences. This is transformaking: changing the society byoffering alternatives containing the values of solidarity andknowledge.
Open source technologies, from their concept of production and distribution, open the possibility of a total citizen
control on technology. It’s now possible to envision humanscale industry, citizen industry, decentralized industry, likeour ancestors did before the Industrial Revolution. The
ecosystem of transformaking is self-organised around knowledge networks. Any technological process can be createdor improved by transformakers, because networks of knowledge, networks of citizen research, networks of materials andnetworks of components exists underground. In the recent
years, transformakers have started to design and build very
complicated open source machines related to many sectorsof industry, and citizen research now attacks topics suchas high tech medicine, nuclear physics, nanotechnologies
or genetics. All in Open Source: Free Libre Open Source
Software (FLOSS) and Free Libre Open Source Hardware(FLOSH).
Patents are living their last twenty years, even in somevery protected niche industries, such as medical equipment:
look at their websites and initiatives.
One could argue that hackers, transformakers are notregulated by authorities, certifications, ethics commitees andcould launch projects which are dangerous projects for society. But no. They wouldn’t. Because transformakers area network of citizens, we are self-organized and the debate
is always open in open source technologies. Creation and141correction of code, of designs, follows real democratic rules,
much less dangerous than government or military-security
projects. How to promote more transformaking in society?
First by protecting the Internet and net neutrality. Networking tools are essential for democracy and sharing of
knowledge. Big companies like Facebook and GAFAM aresilently killing the Internet by replacing all software on theclient side, by services driven by their data-sucker servers,
associated to the Panopticon of the Internet Of Things. New
global totalitarianism.
We can promote transformaking• by supporting hackers and transformaker projects throughcrowdfunding• by opening new medialabs, hackerspaces, makerspaces,
and open laboratories, and specializing in them ( biology, health, agriculture, etc)
• by opening places in cities to dismantle, repair, recycle
objects, parts, etc• by choosing to use open source software and open
source hardware when available• by funding P2P and common goods initiatives in all
sectors of society• by installing education programmes about hacking,about transformaking• by choosing slow and resilient communication technologies for establishing strong communication andeducation networks.
Post capitalist era
Transition from globalisation to new resilient small-scale
networked societies is necessary and must start now. Transformakers are the first explorers of the post-capitalist era.
But they don’t move alone. Many new citizen organisations,142

new-style political movements are following the movement,
but most of them ignore what transformakers are doing.
Transformakers have started to transform the society
through new behaviours based on local resources, local solidarities, self-management and direct democracy, and basedon global communication and global exchange of knowledge.
Instead of losing energy to promote this vision into standard political systems, we need to start building initiatives
around us, responding to our values, co-existing with theactual system, and if our alternatives are good, if our models take sense into the society, they will naturally replace
the old system, without war, without revolutions.
Let’s do it. DIY, DIT, DIWO, DIN1717

Do-It-Yourself, Do-It-Together, Do-It-With-Others, Do-It-Now

143

RECONCILIATION
hellekin, Natacha Roussel, and Pauline Gadea
Like a teenager discovering the shortcomings of the father, 21st Century humans want to break free from a paternalist system that cannot address complexity. They start
looking after each other and invent new associative institutions for solidarity, and take the responsibility for theirown future without waiting for the next false promise tocome true. In the dying liberal system, the promise of personal growth and individual freedom is considered the key
to a successful life and-or entrepreneurship. In this context,
however, individual freedom is often understood as the capacity to do anything you like without responsibility. In
the upcoming social re-organization, stability is groundedon free, voluntary association, and a new concept of freedom is necessary to keep the system from running out ofcontrol. We must acknowledge that with freedom comes
responsibility. If “with power comes great responsibility”,
political power brings the most responsibility, therefore it
must respect individual freedom in the first place.
The antagonistic contradiction between global and individual freedoms brings on the notion of choice and responsibility to create the balance and resolve it at anotherlevel of reality. Gaining power is not anymore a questionof taking it, but to accept responsibility at a global scale.
Not only to accumulate knowledge but to learn to be human, and learn to live together. The pathway to a different
socio-political organization starts with the deconstructionof the fundamentals of our civilization: individual freedom
is most interesting in all aspects when it is measured withregard to the social constraints, it then becomes productive of worthy social and collective outcomes. Each individual can then root her personal development both in a local
144

and global community, therefore reflecting personal action
to nurture both the personal and the collective. Interdependence enabling self-determination can activate personal
freedom as a responsible asset. A severe impeachment toself-determination is paternalism, a principal regulator of
our infantilizing civilization. It can be retraced up and until liberalism and must disappear from a different organizational model if we are to achieve global individual andresponsible freedom, responding to the injunction to “thinkglobal, act local”.
Free culture is all about addressing this contradiction
as it emerges from this polarized tension. It produces theactual means and technical tools both inspired by those issues and created to resolve them. But free culture was bornin reaction to the impeachment of self-determination and it
struggles to blossom beyond resentment. As it rejects thepaternalism of established institutions, it is harder for freeculture organizations to benefit from the synergies of interdependence that could enable it to become a tangible way
out of dying social structures. It rises the essential questionof scale of organisazion, on which contributions here above
express diverging opinions.
A recurrent pattern in free culture and free software is
the lack of means to achieve stated goals, that ends up
limiting the scope of action. Proponents of scaling up to
big entities, as well as proponents of small, resistant networks need to overcome their differences: both approaches
present opportunities and caveats, both are complementary.
Large entities have easier access to capital, and can unfold
economies of scale, as long as their action is focused anddirected. But that comes at the price of slowness and a lackof resilience. On the contrary, distributed networks must
offset the costs of their autonomy and their speed in linewith a lack of funding that can be paralyzing.

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Large entities are more likely to obtain public grants,
as they can invest in the time and skills required to write
acceptable applications. It involves technical and administrative knowledge and know-how that is often lacking inexisting solidarity networks. But such grants generally allocate funds to tightly focused projects, serving specialized
tasks and positions. Meanwhile small networks are often
divergent, exploratory, involving multiple skills from a variety of disciplines: this work cannot be covered by grants
which impose accountable production plans.
The question of how to enable complementarity between
larger institutions and more informal networks is one of balance between power and agency. Public and corporate institutions naturally exercise power, given their scale andposition within the interdependent networks of global society. But existing solidarity structures and systems enableconcrete actions within the communities themselves, oftenout of reach of formal institutions. Not only the free culture movements need to help and enable each other, institutional powers also need to accept letting go of their trouble
children, and enabling decentralized informal networks tointensify their social ties beyond specialization and a predetermined reading grid. Only then can we end infantilization
and become adults as a species: by cooperating responsibly
as members of a global society that embraces life, in all its
complexity, uncertainty, and affectivity.

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EPILOGUEINTERNAL FREEDOM
hellekin
I am alive. I am grateful to be alive. I smile. I want
to share this happiness. With anyone. I may lean on theleft side of politics, and you may lean on the right side. It
doesn’t show on your face when I meet you in the street.
We smile to each other. We exchange a salute. We starttalking. During the course of the conversation, you hint
to me of your political leaning. I frown. You hold yourwords. I’m sorry: the radical in me took over the humanfor a moment. I’d like to continue the conversation, why
not? But I can’t find my words. A second of silence andwe’re already out of sync. I have a doubt. Something in
my past prevents me from connecting to you. Something inyour past prevents you from connecting with me. We departfrom each other. Both of us suffer a pinch of sadness.
I am alive. I am grateful to be alive. I smile. I want
to share this happiness. With anyone. I may lean on theleft side of the political spectrum, and you may lean on theright side. It doesn’t show on your face when I meet you in
the street. We smile to each other. We exchange a salute.
We start talking. During the course of the conversation,
you hint to me of your political leaning. I frown. You holdyour words. “Oh,” I shrug, “our paths may diverge on this
topic, but I’m grateful we can share this moment together
and learn from a different perspective.” A second of silence,and you smile. “Let’s walk together,” you propose.
I smile back at you. Something in my past was triggered,
I felt it in my heart. Something in your past let you leave
the difference behind. As we let go, we enjoy our internal
freedom.
A glance, a smile, a recognition: beyond the imposed148

categories of society, we allow each other to not discriminate
based on prejudice. Where is the matter that makes thispossible? I want to call this matter: freedom.

149

LOVE LETTER TO COMPUTERS
Clément Renaud
An old WordPress installation turns into a zombie spammachine.
Interesting energy growing a beast of some sort.
Deleted accounts exist as active memories.
Transformative experience produces deceptive results.
Installed open-source software, took me three days: itnever worked.
Technologies of intellect: learning to write, learning towrite code, learning to write code and text.
Humans stuck in batches in traffic while information circulates around them.
Rivers, crabs and free fear on the PA. Inter-dependencies
and versioning problems.
Aging commitments to unclear values.
Seeking something to recycle in the social data wasteland.
Pain-relievers and arnica for the back of your neck.
Vanishing values of approaching deadlines.

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TOWARDS A POSSIBLE MANIFESTO; PROPOSING ARABFUTURISM(S) (CONVERSATION A)
Sulaiman Majali“In hypernational ecstasy-”“What about starting with where it’s come from, something like that? -”“-But they’ve called it a swarm, an influx-”“There is something happening in Europe.”“We are distinctly distant from the mythologies of nationhood and home-”“Stand up and step back.”“-What do we have”“-The nation is dead, it is a citadel of illusion that has
collapsed; pour me a drink and let us drink of its ruins. -”“The nation is dead-”“-Arabfuturism exponentially expands on discourse surrounding -”“-Arabfuturism is accelerating the transformation of representation; beyond the logic of the state.”“-Surrounding the policing, observation and censoring ofbrown minds-”“-…Indefinable in the emergence of an autonomous hybrid sedimentation of identities that is dismantling the boundaries and expanding the borderzones between constructs ofculture and civilisation that have assembled a contrived European identity in opposition to an historic Other.”“Punctuation-,”151

“Something about re-examining history?”“-Arabfuturism is a re-examination and interrogation of
narratives that surround oceans of historical fiction. It bulldozes cultural nostalgias that prop up a dubious politicalparalysis and works to solidify and progress a progressive
force, towards being subjects and not objects of history”“-History?”“histories-”“If the ultimate hegemonic power is the power to define
and not the power to conquer; the map, the straight line, legitimacy and authenticity are questions that flutter between
the virtualities and actualities of adopted identities.”“What are we proposing?”“Arabfuturism is an impetus that seeks to accelerate theannihilation of the ideological apartheidic walls, whose delusional hallucinations make us cower in fear at the deafening
loudness of our indifference; whilst we dance to the silenceof our differences.”“A continuous motion”“Accelerate-”“-Accelerating-”“- delusional hallucinations make us cower in fear at thedeafening loudness of our indifference (whilst we dance tothe silence of our differences.)”“But there is something happening in Europe,-”“Arabfuturism conceives instead, an origin in imagined
space, towards the abyss of an imagined future”“-Dancing on the ruins of the post-orientalist
stage; in the desert of the unreal; high on the opulence of152

emptiness.”“- Violent births of countries; the expansions and contractions, the demise and deaths, -”“-the demise and deaths of nations.”“The nation is dead-”“-Something is happening in Europe-”“-It is a citadel of illusion that has collapsed.”“-The internet as a public square,-”“Arabfuturism celebrates the temporalities of our collaborative genealogies-”“Mourning-”“Present tense. Mourns the immortality of our insular
mythologies of selfhood.”“-an emergent cultural aesthetic; accelerating the transformation of representation;-”“-beyond the logic of the state.”

153

THE COST OF FUTURE TENSE
hellekin
The freest person I’ve met perceived hosts on foreign
networks in cryptic idioms like the forest of his childhood:each stone, each bird, each shadow had no secret for her.
The freest person on Earth knows three boundaries: theocean and the breathing of its waves, and the roar of its
depths; the stratosphere beyond which machines decay, out
in the crushing silence of the solar wind; the skin, plastic
and porous, the drum of desire dancing at the pulse of abroken heart.
The freest person I know doesn’t look back to some flowing fiction of a continuous history, and ignores the prospectof a future past. She doesn’t live to expectations: she
stepped away from paved avenues to trace a tricky path, uncertain and bold. Lecturing an attentive group of customs
officers on the futility of borders and the fate of money, thefreest person passes through life in candid wonder.
There is debt to the children of men, wiping out fossil
life, threatening theirs, even ours, for the convenience of an
intense present with the blow of thunder. A choking smoke
screen of comfort at the cost of future tense condemns ourdescent to oblivion with a cheering me-time. A blooming
hell thrives as the gods laugh at our prophetic thin lines:
technology would save us all, amen.
The freest person you’ve met always has time for you.
Running here, standing there, bursting into laughter, frowning, crying along, sharing a quiet moment in the crank ofan urban desert, his hello is always a relief. You could meetin the eyes of another solitude, another self; the presenceof community in a smile, a word, a handshake would bringevidence of the Cosmos.
154Sitting on a squeaky bed in solitude, with only the haloof an unseen moon to keep obscurity at bay, the freest person travels across space-time conserving memory of ancient
temples in the confinement of her cell. Is the cost of freedom
the burden of consciousness?

155

ANDROMEDA REPORT – GLIESE 832 C EXPEDITION
Yu Li
1. The return of the Convoy and the forgotten core
Dear Sir and Madam,
Here I am back from the journey where I sacrificed myheart and half-accomplished my mission as the Gliese 832
C expedition convoy.
I was to accompany them to find their next frontier
where they could find the better system that could perfectly
function for their society and the over-populated planet.
But something made this mission unaccomplishable and I
had to return, with dysfunctional parts of the body components infected, and having lost of part of the precious datathat had needed to be protected.
2. The evolved species
Andromeda species have a core organ, a component used
to store a high concentration of intelligence and the common knowledge of the species. It’s a shared source that every individual can access to instantly exchange knowledge.
Decision-making is also generated though this part of theorgan while connected with external information and otheruseful resources. Since this part of the organ is able to absorb human emotion and information, during the period on
Earth, these two parts are fused together, and can’t be separated. And during the transition through Drake Passage
wormhole, data transferring could not be accomplished, andthe core was broken, meaning that some part of our Andromeda galaxy civilisation’s knowledge has been also left
behind in that ship.
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3. Inspection of Planet Earth
To start the story, let me provide a small description of
the situation of Planet Earth.
Planet Earth is a small-sized planet in the solar system
located in the Milky Way Galaxy. This planet is 780 kiloparsecs away from our Andromeda Galaxy.
After several eras of industrialisation and over-exploitationof the planetary resource, the species on this planet, “humans”, are facing a crucial moment in which they need tochange the social system in order to survive and continue
the expansion of the species.
The planet is facing over-exploitation of resources, andfacing a fundamental shift away from the religious era that
has influenced and disillusioned this species for thousandsof years. This religious system is starting to reach a point
where the system of faith and morality is challenged by thedevelopment of science and technology. This has resulted inwars and insoluble conflict occurring in different continents,
and conflict between religious groups and these who are welladvanced in scientific knowledge and value. The world is
not the same as 2000 years ago when few scientific pioneers
started observing the universe and were surrounded by asolid religious environment. In opposition, a small numberof religious people are struggling to maintain their territory
and their importance in the social scene, and this causes
some regional crises and turmoil.
The society is facing a crossroads and a major decision to
be made at individual, national and planetary level. It’s an
era in which the world is morphing from fog and innocenceto an era of enlightenment through science and knowledge
which will make it possible for the whole human civilisation
to expand creatively and efficiently to a meaningful stage.
What is needed is a way to ensure that science and tech157

nology are steadily integrated inside the society, and theirbeliefs are upgraded accordingly.
They are starting to have full consciousness of such asituation, and they are trying to find the way to achieve theultimate freedom where sustainable civilisation development
and planetary expansion can happen.
4. The contact of Gliese 832 C
At this crucial moment, however, a great scientific discovery shocked the whole world when a new planet was discovered, Gliese 832 C, home to a highly developed civilisation which has built its own sustainable energy supporting
system (similar to a Dyson sphere), by harvesting energy
from the stars to provide its growth.
The planetary space agency EPSA has announced that
this new planetary system is 99.8% similar to the original
Planet Earth. After this shocking news, all the industrial
and federations are competing in a space race in order tohave first contact with that planet.
5. Awaken spirit
Here I quote the Galactica survival law No. F42S , which
was advised by Mr. Wolfgang Freeman Dyson in 3025.
This law says: Every intelligent species has to learn
how to collaborate together with others as best they can,to achieve the level which is called Ulysse Entropy, a point
where the synergy could bring this intelligent species to another level and rebuild the faith system, that could bring
the whole species to another level of civilisation.
A secret meeting has been organised by several organisations and enterprises, such as the Planetary Disaster and158

Monitoring centre, Extraterrestrial Defence Agency, Futureus (a planetary think tank that acts as an idea generation machine to provide counsel and advice for the different country governors), Planetary Lab (an institution thatgathers all the scientists and engineers to do research on
the next space frontier, including society study, anthropology, astrobiology, astrophysicists…etc. The research centre
is based on the research network that CERN established in
the 20th century, but the equipment has been largely modified and updated). In the middle of Himalaya mountains,
after a long discussion with all the participants, they madethe decision to pursue a secret mission.
6. Gliese 832 C Expedition
A secret intergalactic expeditionary mission comprisedby a group of scientists, visionaries and engineers has been
sent to Gliese 832 C, in order to make contact with theintelligent species there and learn from them a new way oforganising human society and how to achieve sustainable
resources and energy consumption.
The Gliese 832 C Expedition was sent from Planet Earthin 2035 by the Planetary Development Agency, a fusion ofseveral pre-national space agencies from different countries
with a common objective.
This mission was intended to fly to the Gliese 832 C,
a newly discovered planet with an intelligent species withwhom the PDA have successfully communicated. Gliese 832
is a planet where all activity is based on a distributed intelligence system in which every individual organises themselves
and is fully conscious of what they are doing.
This planet offers an opportunity for the expedition members to learn how the populated society organises itself andcollaborates to develop their society, and to bring this knowl159

edge back to Planet Earth to help it find ways to sustain
human society there.
I’m the civilisation intelligence convoy. I’m to accompany them for this mission, in order to ensure there are no
dangerous happenings. This is my last mission, and I will
return from their planet to solve the key problems that keep
human civilisation stuck in this era.
My last mission includes encoding and backing up all
the science and technology developed and involved in thatcivilisation’s history, and transferring it to the next shell I
will adapt in the future. I will pass through a tunnel and do
the quantum leap to another civilisation, I will follow the
Galactica map which is already embedded inside my system.
7. The Mysterious Romantic journey
During the mission, I fell in love with the Co-Captain.
He convinced me to take hm with me to the Andromeda
Galaxy. I agreed.
Our path towards Gliese 832 C was changed and redirected to the direction of Andromeda.
During our journey passing the border of Milky Way
Galaxy, something happened on the ship. I’m disrupted bycertain inexplicable events.
8. The virus
A discussion with my personal doctor tells me of shocking events: during the era in which I stayed on Earth withthe shell of human, I was infected by several unknown human “viruses” which could cause the core dysfunction, threatening the loss of our own civilisation data.
160

Diagnostic results:
Since Human is an intelligent creature which is highly
developed, this effect could transfer through biochemical
contacts. That because part of my system is not fully functioning, some syndrome including the growing emotional capacity, which human called “love”.
9. Disclosed hitchhiker
A few days later, during the transition in the wormhole
while I’m uploading all the data, I discover that the cocaptain has a suspicious background, suggesting that he isa representative of an ancient religious group that has been
sent to destroy this ship and change its mission, a person
who is technologically enhanced and able to transfer theirown consciousness and mind to the intended target.
Underneath his gorgeous human shell, this shocking fact
requires me to make a decision.
When I dig further into the situation, it becomes worse,
I find the other seven pilots have also been infected by him,
most of them are in a critical state. I need to make a decision…
10. Decision making
But time is too late, I have to leave, the quantum leap
consumes a lot of energy. The only way is to destroy theinfected co-captains, but without these captains, the ship
won’t able to go its final destination. The only solution
is to freeze the whole ship and all the crew, and then go
back to the ship one day and bring them back. I decideto sacrifice my heart and part of the organ which has been
infected by the virus. I kill the Co-Captain and keep the161hundreds of crew on board… frozen, and don’t know when
there will be a chance to awaken them again.
I am ready to do the quantum leap, and the ship is frozen
in the wormhole…
11. The speech
Here I am, I successfully leapt to Andromeda! I’m alive.
Now, I have to report the event and I will apply to go backto that wormhole to release my ship’s crew and continue
this journey.
I want your full support and the right to command a1000 ship convoy in order to pass through that Drake Passage and bring them back.
…

162

APPENDIXCALL FOR PARTICIPATION
Call for mini-essays on “the cost of freedom” in freeknowledge movements in honor of Bassel Khartabil,
October 2015
Dear friends,
I’m helping organize a book titled “The Cost of Freedom” in honor of Bassel Khartabil, a contributor to numerous free/open knowledge projects worldwide and in Syria,
where he’s been a political prisoner since 2012, missing andin grave danger since October 3. You can read about Bassel
at https://www.eff.org/offline/bassel-khartabil, https://blog.wikimedia.org/2015/10/08/bassel-missing-syria/,
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/MDE24/2603/2015/
en/, and lots more at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Bassel_Khartabil and http://freebassel.org/
Much of the book is going to be created at a face-to-faceBook Sprint in Marseille Nov 2-6; some info about that andthe theme/title generally at http://costoffreedom.cc/
We’re also asking people like yourself who have beenfighting in the trenches of various free knowledge movements(culture, software, science, etc.) to contribute brief essays
for inclusion in the book. One form an essay might take isa paragraph on each of:• An issue you’ve faced that was challenging to you inyour free knowledge work, through the lens on “cost”;
perhaps a career or time opportunity cost, or the costof dealing with unwelcoming or worse participants, orthe cost of “peeling off layer upon layer the proprietary way of life” as put in http://www.adamhyde.
net/open-is-not-a-license/• How you addressed this challenge, or perhaps have yet164to do so completely• Advice to someone starting out in free knowledge; perhaps along the lines of had you understood the costs,
what would you have done differently
But feel free to be maximally creative within the theme.
We don’t have a minimum or a maximum required length
for contributed essays, but especially do not be shy about
concision or form. If all we get is haiku that might be a
problem, or there might be a message in that of some sort.
Other details: The book will be PUBLISHED on Nov
6. We need your contribution no later than Nov 5 at
11:00 UTC (Paris: noon; New York: 6AM; Tokyo: 9PM)
to be included. The book will be released under CC0; giving up the “right” to sue anyone for any use whatsoever ofyour contribution is a cost of entry…or one of those proprietary layers to be peeled back. Send contributions tobook@costoffreedom.cc
Feel free to share this with other people who you know
have something to say on this topic. We’re especially looking for voices underrepresented in free knowledge movements.
Cheers,Mike
p.s. Please spread the word about #freebassel even if
you can’t contribute to the book!
source: http://gondwanaland.com/mlog/2015/10/29/
cost-of-freedom/

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CREATIVE COMMONS CC0This book is released under the terms of the CC0 License,
and therefore dedicated to the Public Domain.

166