An Energy Efficient MAC
for Wireless Full Duplex Networks
Ryo Murakami, Makoto Kobayashi, Shunsuke Saruwatari and Takashi Watanabe
Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Japan
Email: {murakami.ryo, kobayashi.makoto, saru, watanabe}@ist.osaka-u.ac.jp

Abstract—Full-duplex (FD) wireless communication is a key
technology for enhancing the capacity of next-generation wirelessnetworks. Previous studies have investigated FD wireless communication medium access control (MAC) schemes to double
the existing network capacity. However, energy consumption andpower saving mode (PSM) in wireless FD infrastructure networks
have not been discussed extensively. Current implementationsof 802.11 wireless infrastructure local area networks (WLANs)
support PSM to extend the battery life of energy-limited mobile
devices. In this paper, we propose a MAC protocol that supports
PSM for wireless FD networks (FDPSM). FDPSM enables PSM
for both half-duplex(HD)-capable clients and FD-capable clientsin FD WLANs with FD-enabled access points (APs) by supporting
not only bidirectional FD communication but also two-directional
FD communication. In addition, FDPSM does not require anychange in frame designs from the IEEE 802.11 standard.
Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves ahigher bit per energy than conventional FD communication.
Thus, the proposed method facilitates energy-efficient wirelesscommunication. Moreover, the request to send/clear to send
(RTS/CTS) mechanism enhances the bit per energy. Specifically,
the bit per energy achieved by FDPSM with RTS/CTS (FDPSM+)
is approximately 10 times higher than that achieved by FDPSM
when the data rate is 54 [Mbps] and the number of clients is 10.

I. I NTRODUCTION
Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of batterypowered mobile devices, e.g., smartphones, tablet devices,sensors, and laptops. Consequently, the demand for mobile
traffic has been growing rapidly. Mobile data traffic has been
increasing at an average annual rate of 65% and is expected toincrease by 100 times over the next decade [1]. Therefore, itis necessary to achieve a high data rate under existing battery
capacities and bandwidth limitations.
Current wireless communication schemes assume halfduplex (HD) wireless communication at a single frequency.
In HD communications, when one node receives data fromanother node, it does not transmit data in order to avoid
collision. Current HD communication schemes are approaching the Shannon limit of channel capacity. Full-duplex (FD)communication, which involves simultaneous transmission andreception, has the potential to double the throughput comparedto that of HD communication. Figures 1 and 2 show examplesof FD communication. Recent developments in physical layer
technologies have enabled full-duplex wireless communication, which allows nodes to transmit and receive data at thesame frequency and at the same time [2]–[5]. In reference [4],110-dB self-interference cancellation and practical wireless

FD communication have been achieved. However, to fully
exploit the potential of FD communication in wireless networks, an effective medium access control (MAC) protocol isrequired.
This paper focuses on a MAC protocol for wireless FD
networks. MAC protocols for FD wireless LANs have been
extensively researched in recent years [6]–[12]. Relay FD
MAC protocol has been proposed [6], which enables multi-hop
relay communication with full-duplex capabilities. In reference[7], a MAC design has been proposed for a wireless LAN withthree nodes; one is an FD-capable access point (AP) while theother two are HD-capable user terminals (UTs). In reference[8], power-controlled MAC (PocMAC) has been proposed to
avoid and reduce inter-user interference. Further, full-duplex
multi-channel MAC (FD-MMAC) has been proposed to mitigate the hidden terminal problem in multi-channel scenarios byusing busy tones [9]. In reference [10], an FD-MAC has been
proposed for a wireless LAN comprising an FD-capable AP
and HD-capable UTs. Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Notification (CSMA/CN) has been proposed in [11], while
request to send/full-duplex clear to send (RTS/FCTS) has been
proposed in [12]. The RTS/FCTS mechanism supports both bidirectional and two-directional FD communication. Figure 1
shows an example of bi-directional FD communication; APand client 1 (C1) transmit/receive data to/from each other.
Figure 2 shows an example of two-directional FD communication; AP sends data to client 2 (C2), and client 1 (C1) sends
data to AP. The above-mentioned studies [6]–[12] have shownthat MAC designs are crucial for doubling the throughput inwireless FD LAN. However, these studies have not discussed
energy consumption and power saving mode (PSM), which
are defined in the 802.11 standard, in wireless FD LAN. PSM
is necessary for extending the battery life of battery-powered
mobile devices.
In this paper, we propose PSM for wireless FD LANs

Fig. 1. Bidirectional FD
communication

Fig. 2. Two-directional FD
communication

(FDPSM) that reduces energy consumption while enhancing
the energy efficiency of data transmission. In addition, we discuss the energy efficiency of data communication in wirelessinfrastructure FD LANs. We define the “bit per energy” [bit/J]
for measuring energy efficiency. Further, we perform computer
simulations, the results of which show that the proposed
method achieves higher bit per energy than conventional FD
communication. Thus, the proposed method facilitates energyefficient wireless communication. Moreover, the RTS/CTS
mechanism enhances the bit per energy. Specifically, the bit
per energy achieved by FDPSM with RTS/CTS (FDPSM+) is
approximately 10 times higher than that achieved by FDPSM
when the data rate is 54 [Mbps] and the number of clients is
10.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section
II introduces the current PSM in the MAC layer of theIEEE 802.11 standard. Section III describes the bit per energyof wireless FD networks. Section IV presents FDPSM and
FDPSM+. Section V discusses the evaluation of the proposed
methods. Finally, Section VI concludes the paper.

SIFS

SIFS
TIM
To: Client 1

PS-Pollsleep

Client 1
(PSM)

sleep

PS-Poll

Beacon

ACK

Rx

ACK

sleep Tx

DATA1

BeaconNAV/
PS-Poll

Client 2
(AM)

Tx

DATA1

BeaconAP

SIFS

PS-Poll

DATA1: awake state

sleep Rx
NAV/
DATA1

Tx

ACK

Rx

sleep : sleep stateFig. 3. IEEE 802.11 standard Power Saving Mode (PSM)

III. B IT PER E NERGY OF W IRELESS FD N ETWORKSIn this section, we consider an energy model of 802.11
wireless FD networks. In reference [14], an FD energy model
was developed on the basis of the 802.15.4 chipset. However,no energy model is available for 802.11-based wireless FD
networks. We develop the energy model of FD networks
in order to evaluate their energy consumption and energy
efficiency.

II. P OWER S AVING M ODE IN THE IEEE 802.11 STANDARD

A. Energy Model of FD-Capable Nodes

In this section, we introduce PSM in the IEEE 802.11
standard. In the MAC layer, the IEEE 802.11standard supports
two power modes: active mode (AM) and PSM [13]. Clients
can select one of the two modes. For example, when a laptop
is plugged into a socket, it operates in AM; however, when
it is disconnected from the socket and runs on battery, it
switches to PSM. In AM, a client is always active and isready to transmit/receive data at any time. In contrast to AM,
PSM enables clients to be in two different states: “awake” and“sleep.” PSM is defined for reducing the power consumptionof battery-powered clients. In the awake state, a client turns
on its transceiver to be ready for communication, whereas in
the sleep state, the client turns off its transceiver and cannot
transmit/receive any data over radio frequencies.
An AP keeps its transceiver on to serve its clients. The
AP buffers packets to be sent to PSM clients and sends
the buffered packets after the beacon notification. In every
beacon period, the AP transmits a beacon frame that contains a
traffic indication map (TIM). The TIM represents the buffered
packets of all PSM clients. In the IEEE 802.11 standard PSM,
each client usually stays in the sleep state and wakes up
periodically to listen for selected beacon frames with its own
fixed wakeup interval.
Figure 3 shows the IEEE 802.11 standard PSM; client 1 isin PSM and client 2 is in AM. In Fig. 3, client 1 wakes up to
listen for a beacon frame. Then, the AP sends a beacon framethat contains the TIM to the clients. The TIM indicates thatthe packet to be sent to client 1 is buffered. After receiving the
beacon frame, client 1 replies with the power saving polling
frame (PS-Poll). Finally, AP sends data to client 1, and client 1
replies by sending the acknowledgement frame (ACK). Finally,
client 1 returns to the sleep state. In contrast to downlink
traffic, all clients can transmit uplink data to AP at any time.

There is no readymade FD-capable radio communication
system. Therefore, we define an energy model for FD-capablenodes. First, we define 4 types of node states: sleep, transmission, reception, and FD. The sleep, transmission (Tx),and reception (Rx) states are node states of the IEEE 802.11
standard [13]. We add an FD (TxRx) node state to the 802.11
standard. Figure 4 shows a circuit model of an FD-capablenode. The FD-capable node consists of a controller (CTRL),
transmission circuit (Txc), receive circuit (Rxc), and canceller(cancel). Table I specifies the relation between the node states
and the power supply of each circuit.
The energy consumptions of the sleep state (𝑃sleep ), Tx
state (𝑃Tx ), Rx state (𝑃Rx ) and TxRx state (𝑃TxRx ) are givenby𝑃sleep =𝑃Tx=

𝑃CTRLoff [W]𝑃CTRL + 𝑃Txc [W]𝑃Rx =𝑃CTRL + 𝑃Rxc [W]𝑃TxRx = 𝑃CTRL + 𝑃Txc + 𝑃Rxc + 𝑃cancel [W]when 𝑃CTRL , 𝑃Txc , 𝑃Rxc , and 𝑃canceller are the energy consumption of the controller (CTRL), transmitter circuit (Txc), receiver circuit (Rxc), and canceller (cancel),respectively. In addition, the controller consumes energy(𝑃CTRLoff ) even when it is turned off.
B. Bit per Energy
We propose “bit per energy” as a benchmark unit of energy
efficiency of communication. First, we show the average power
consumption of wireless FD communication. The average
power consumption of the FD-capable node is∑𝑠∈𝑆 𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑠[W]
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔. = ∑𝑠∈𝑆 𝑇𝑠TABLE I
R ELATION OF N ODE S TATES AND P OWER S UPPLY OF C IRCUITS

Node states
Sleep
Tx
Rx
TxRx

CTRL
OFF
ON
ON
ON

Tx circuit
OFF
ON
OFF
ON

Control
SignalTx
circuitRx circuit
OFF
OFF
ON
ON

Tx Signal

Canceller
OFF
OFF
OFF
ON

Tx antenna

Fig. 5. FDPSM: Bidirectional FD case

DATA

DATA

Application

Controller
DATA

Control
SignalCanceller
CancelSignalDATA
Control
SignalRx
circuitRx antenna+

Rx Signal

Fig. 4. Full-duplex capable nodeFig. 6. FDPSM: Two-directional FD casewhere 𝑆 is defined as 𝑆 = {sleep, Tx, Rx, TxRx}, and 𝑇𝑠 isthe duration of each node state. Then, the throughput of theFD capable node is
𝑇ℎ =𝐶(𝑇Tx + 𝑇Rx + 2 ⋅ 𝑇TxRx )∑[bps]𝑠∈𝑆 𝑇𝑠where 𝐶 denotes the capacity of the physical layer. In the FD
state (TxRx), nodes are able to transmit and receive at thesame time. Therefore, the physical layer capacity is doubled.
Finally, we define the bit per energy (BPE), which isbenchmark of energy consumption, as
BPE =

𝑇ℎ
[bps/W = bits/J].
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔.

Bit per energy is a benchmark for measuring energy efficiencyof transmission. A higher bit per energy indicates higher
energy efficiency of wireless communication.
IV. P OWER S AVING M ODE FOR W IRELESS FD N ETWORKSIn this paper, we propose PSM for wireless FD networks(FDPSM). FDPSM reduces the energy consumption of batterypowered mobile devices by adapting PSM to wireless FD
networks. FDPSM supports not only bidirectional wireless
FD communication but also two-directional wireless FD communication. More specifically, FDPSM requires no change inframe design from the IEEE 802.11 standard.
A. FDPSM
FDPSM allows clients to mostly remain in the sleep state.
Clients wake up to listen for beacon frames with a fixed
wakeup interval. The difference between PSM of the IEEE
802.11 standard and FDPSM is that clients also buffer uplink
packets in the latter. The clients send the buffered uplink packets after receiving a beacon frame through the FD handshakemechanism.

Figure 5 shows the bidirectional FD case in the FDPSM
MAC design. In this situation, client 1 has buffered packets
but client 2 has no buffered packet before receiving a beacon
frame. The TIM contained in the beacon frame informs theclients that there is a buffered frame for client 1. Then, client
2 returns to the sleep state, because it has nothing to do. After
replying with the PS-Poll frame, client 1 transmits data to AP
and receives data from AP simultaneously.
FDPSM also support two-directional FD communication.
In two-directional FD communication, the AP transmits andreceives data in different directions. Figure 6 shows twodirectional FD communication in FDPSM-capable wirelessnetworks. Client 2 has a buffered packet but client 1 has nobuffered packet before receiving a beacon frame. The TIM
informs the clients that there is a buffered frame for client
1. Client 1 replies by sending PS-Poll to AP. Then, client 2
sends data to AP; AP transmits data (to client 1) and receives
data (from client 2) at the same time. Thus, the clients are notrequired to have FD capability.
In addition, the frames that are used in FDPSM, namely
Beacon, PS-Poll, Data, and ACK, have the same frame design
as the frames used in the IEEE 802.11 standard. Clients having
no FD capability can also exist in an FDPSM network. Further
details about the client operation in FDPSM are presented
in Algorithm 1. A while loop is executed in every beacon
interval.
B. FDPSM with RTS/CTS (FDPSM+)
Figure 7 shows the collision problem in FDPSM. In thissituation, client 1 and client 2 have a buffered packet before
receiving a beacon frame. The TIM informs the clients that
there is a buffered frame for client 1. Client 1 replies with PSPoll to AP. Then, client 1 and client 2 send data to AP and
the data frames collide. When data frames collide, additional

Algorithm 1 Client Operation in FDPSM
1: while do
2:
Wake up to enter awake state3:
Receive a Beacon Frame
4:
if TIM informs that buffered packets to the client exist
then5:
Reply with PS-Poll Frame6:
if Buffered packets to AP exit in the client then7:
Receive a packet from AP and Transmit a packet
to AP at the same time
8:
Reply ACK and receive ACK from AP
9:
else
10:
Receive a packet from AP
11:
Reply ACK12:
end if13:
else
14:
if Buffered packets to AP exist in the client then15:
Wait for the duration of “SIFS + PS-Poll + SIFS”
16:
Transmit the packet to AP
17:
Receive ACK from AP
18:
end if19:
end if20:
Return to sleep state
21: end while

Fig. 8. FDPSM+: Bidirectional FD caseFig. 9. FDPSM+: Two-directional FD casehave the same frame design as the frames used in the IEEE
802.11 standard.
V. P ERFORMANCE E VALUATION
We performed computer simulations to confirm the basic
performance of FDPSM and FDPSM+.
A. Evaluation Environment

Fig. 7. FDPSM: Collision Problem

power is consumed after the collision; this reduces the energy
efficiency of data transmission (bit per energy). We propose
FDPSM with RTS/CTS (FDPSM+) to overcome the collision
problem.
Figures 8 and 9 show the MAC design of FDPSM+; theformer shows the bidirectional case, while the latter shows
the two-directional case. FDPSM+ overcomes the collision
problem by using RTS/CTS. After replying with the PS-Pollframe, clients that want to send data to the AP send the RTS
frame to the AP. The AP replies with the CTS frame to theclient that wins the RTS contention. Then, that client sends
data to the AP.
When RTS frames collide, no client can transmit data to the
AP. However, clients can decide to return to the sleep state orenter the Rx state to reduce energy consumption. Figure 10,
which shows the RTS collision case in FDPSM+, indicatesthat FDPSM+ can extend the sleep duration in comparison
with FDPSM (Fig. 7). In addition, the frames that are used in
FDPSM+, i.e., Beacon, PS-Poll, Data, ACK, RTS, and CTS,

The topology of the evaluation environment comprised one
AP and 𝑁 clients. All the clients were included in the AP
service areas, and we assumed that there is no hidden terminal
problem. We set the data link layer frame length as in [13].
Table II summarizes the frame lengths: DATA is 1500 [byte];
RTS is 20 [byte]; CTS is 14 [byte]; ACK is 14 [byte]; Beaconis 278 [byte]; PS-Poll is 20 [byte]; SIFS is 16 [𝜇s]. The baserate was 6 [Mbps], and the data rates were 6 and 54 [Mbps].
Further, we set the power consumption of the circuits as
defined in Section III.
Table III summarizes the power consumption of each circuit:𝑃CTRLoff is 2.00 [mW]; 𝑃CTRL is 4.95×101 [mW]; 𝑃Txc is
7.76×102 [mW]; 𝑃Rxc is 4.46×102 [mW]. We set the power
consumption of each circuit as in [15]. There is no off-the-shelf
FD canceller circuit; therefore, we cannot set a static value forthe power consumption of the FD canceller circuit. Therefore,
the power consumption of the canceller (𝑃cancel ) was defined
TABLE IIF RAME L ENGTH

Frame
DATA
RTS
CTS
ACK
BeaconPS-Poll
SIFS

Length1500 [byte]
20 [byte]
14 [byte]
14 [byte]
278 [byte]
20 [byte]
16 [𝜇s]TABLE IIIE NERGY C ONSUMPTION OF C IRCUITS𝑃CTRLoff
𝑃CTRL
𝑃Txc
𝑃Rxc
𝑃cancelEnergy Consumption
2.00 [mW]4.95 × 101 [mW]7.76 × 102 [mW]
4.46 × 102 [mW]
0 - 100 [mW]

Fig. 10. FDPSM+: RTS collision case(a) 6 Mbps(b) 54 Mbps
Fig. 11. Bit per Energy vs. Number of Clientsas a variable in the range of 0 - 100 [mW]. There are two typesof FD cancellers: passive and active [5]. The former consumes
very little energy but achieves low cancellation performance,
whereas the latter consumes more energy and achieves higher
cancel performance.
We compared the following three approaches to evaluate theperformance of FDPSM.
1) FD in Active Mode (FDAM)
FDAM is a simple FD MAC scheme. When a packet
arrives at each node from the data link layer, the nodes
will transmit at the same moment. Sometimes, the uplink
data traffic involves collisions. FDAM is an energy
efficiency benchmark for PSM in wireless FD networks.
2) FDPSM
FDPSM is the proposed method that supports PSM in
wireless FD networks. The results show the importanceof PSM for energy-efficient data transmission in FD
WLANs.
3) FDPSM with RTS/CTS (FDPSM+)
FDPSM+ is an improved version of FDPSM. In contrast
to FDPSM, FDPSM+ uses the RTS/CTS mechanism
to avoid collisions. The results show the effect of the
RTS/CTS scheme.
B. Bit per Energy vs. Number of ClientsFirst, we evaluated the bit per energy by varying the numberof clients (𝑁 ) in the network in order to show the basic energy
efficiency performance of FDPSM. Figure 11 shows the bit
per energy when the number of clients varies from 1 to 10.
The downlink packet arrival rate is 10 [packets/s], the power
consumption of the canceller (𝑃cancel ) is 0 [mW], the data
rates are 6 and 54 [Mbps], the uplink packet arrival rate fromeach client is 2 [packets/s], and the beacon interval is 100 [ms].
The horizontal axis represents the number of clients, while thevertical axis represents the bit per energy [Mbits/mJ].

(a) 6 Mbps(b) 54 Mbps
Fig. 12. Throughput vs. Number of Clients(a) 6 Mbps(b) 54 Mbps
Fig. 13. Bit per Energy vs. Uplink Packet Arrival Rate at Each Client

Figure 11 shows that both FDPSM and FDPSM+ achieve
higher bit per energy than FDAM. In particular, FDPSM+
achieves the highest bit per energy. On the other hand, when
the data rate is 6 [Mbps] and the number of clients isgreater than 2, the bit per energy of FDPSM decreases. In
addition, when the data rate is 54 [Mbps] and the numberof clients is 10, the bit per energy achieved by FDPSM+ isapproximately 10 times higher than that achieved by FDPSM.
This is because the bit per energy of FDPSM decreases as thenumber of clients increases when the data rate is 54 [Mbps].
In FDPSM, data frames collide more frequently as the numberof clients increases. By contrast, FDPSM+ reduces the power
consumption by avoiding data collision through the RTS/CTS
mechanism.
C. Throughput vs. Number of Clients
The throughput of the proposed method is possibly low
when the packet arrival rate is high, because of the wakeup
interval scheme for power saving. Therefore, in order to evaluate the throughput reduction caused by the wakeup interval,
we measured the throughput by varying the number of clientsfrom 1 to 10, as shown in Fig. 12. The downlink packet arrival
rate is 10 [packets/s], the power consumption of the canceller(𝑃cancel ) is 0 [mW], the data rates are 6 and 54 [Mbps], theuplink packet arrival rate from each client is 2 [packets/s],
and the beacon interval is 100 [ms]. The parameter vales
are the same as those stated in Section V-B. The horizontal
axis represents the number of clients, while the vertical axis
represents the throughput [Mbps].
Figure 12 shows that FDAM achieves the highest throughput, with a linear increase in the throughput. FDPSM and
FDPSM+ cannot achieve high throughput because of theirinterval-based uplink data transmission mechanism.

D. Bit per Energy vs. Packet Arrival Rate
The bit per energy is expected to decrease as the uplink
packet arrival rate increases. Figure 13 shows the bit perenergy when the uplink packet arrival rate from each varies
from 1 to 10 [packets/s]. The number of clients is 4, thedownlink packet arrival rate is 10 [packets/s], the power
consumption of the canceller (𝑃cancel ) is 0 [mW], the data
rates are 6 and 54 [Mbps], and the beacon interval is 100 [ms].
The horizontal axis represents the packet arrival rate, while thevertical axis represents the bit per energy [Mbits/mJ].
Figure 13 shows that FDPSM+ achieves the highest bit perenergy. Specifically, the bit per energy achieved by FDPSM+
is approximately 8 times higher than that achieved by FDPSM
when the number of clients is 4 and the packet arrival rate is
4 [packets/s]. In FDPSM, the data frames collide more frequently as the packet arrival rate increases. FDPSM+ reduces
the power consumption by avoiding data collision through the
RTS/CTS mechanism.
E. Bit per Energy vs. Canceller Energy Consumption
In Sections V-B, V-C and V-D, we assumed that thecanceller for FD communication does not consume energy.
However, the energy consumption of the canceller is expected
to be greater than 0 when we use an active canceller. In orderto evaluate how the canceller energy consumption affects theenergy efficiency, we measured the bit per energy by varying
the power consumption of the canceller (𝑃cancel ) from 0 to
100 [mW].
The number of clients is 4, the downlink packet arrival rate
is 10 [packets/s], the uplink packet arrival rate from each clientis 2 [packets/s], the data rates are 6 and 54 [Mbps], and the
beacon interval is 100 [ms].
The simulation results show that the energy efficiency ofwireless FD communication is virtually unaffected by theenergy consumption of the canceller, because the duration of
the sleep state (in FDPSM+ and FDPSM) or the duration of
the Rx state (in FDAM) is dominant.
The clients power their canceller only for bidirectional FD
communication. The percentage of bidirectional FD communication in wireless radio communication was approximately
only 2% in this simulation, because in FDPSM and FDPSM+,
bidirectional FD communication occurs when only one client
sends a data/RTS frame to the AP and the TIM conveys theinformation that there is a buffered frame for the client that
sends data/RTS frame. The low percentage of bidirectional
FD communication causes little effect of varying energy
consumption of canceller on energy efficiency.
VI. C ONCLUSION
In this paper, we proposed PSM for wireless FD networks(FDPSM). FDPSM increases energy efficiency by allowing
clients to mostly remain in the sleep state. In addition, we
proposed FDPSM with RTS/CTS (FDPSM+) in order toovercome energy efficiency degradation due to data collision.
The performance evaluation results showed that FDPSM and
FDPSM+ reduce energy consumption and achieve a high bit
per energy, which is a measurement benchmark for energy efficiency. Demonstrations of FDPSM and FDPSM+ are currently
underway. Further, FDPSM and FDPSM+ are not able to deal
with data fragmentation. Therefore, we are now considering
about the methods to overcome data fragmentation.
R EFERENCES[1] Ericsson, “Ericsson mobility report,” 2014.
[2] J. I. Choi, M. Jain, K. Srinivasan, P. Levis, and S. Katti, “Achieving
single channel, full duplex wireless communication,” in Proceedings ofthe 16th ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing
and Networking (ACM MobiCom ’10), 2010, pp. 1–12.
[3] M. Jain, J. I. Choi, T. Kim, D. Bharadia, S. Seth, K. Srinivasan, P. Levis,
S. Katti, and P. Sinha, “Practical, real-time, full duplex wireless,” inProceedings of the 17th ACM Annual International Conference on
Mobile Computing and Networking (ACM MobiCom ’11), 2011, pp.
301 – 312.
[4] D. Bharadia, E. McMilin, and S. Katti, “Full duplex radios,” in Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2013 Conference on SIGCOMM (ACM
SIGCOMM ’13), 2013, pp. 375–386.
[5] E. Everett, A. Sahai, and A. Sabharwal, “Passive self-interference
suppression for full-duplex infrastructure nodes,” IEEE Transactions on
Wireless Communications, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 680–694, 2014.
[6] K. Tamaki, A. Raptino H., Y. Sugiyama, M. Bandai, S. Saruwatari,
and T. Watanabe, “Full duplex media access control for wireless multihop networks,” in Proceedings of IEEE 77th Vehicular Technology
Conference (IEEE VTC 2013-Spring), 2013, pp. 1–5.
[7] J. Bai and A. Sabharwal, “Distributed full-duplex via wireless sidechannels: Bounds and protocols,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 4162–4173, 2013.
[8] W. Choi, H. Lim, and A. Sabharwal, “Power-controlled medium access
control protocol for full-duplex WiFi networks,” IEEE Transactions on
Wireless Communications, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 3601–3613, 2015.
[9] Y. Zhang, L. Lazos, K. Chen, B. Hu, and S. Shivaramaiah, “FD-MMAC:
Combating multi-channel hidden and exposed terminals using a single
transceiver,” in Proceedings of the 33rd Annual IEEE International
Conference on Computer Communications (IEEE INFOCOM ’14), 2014,
pp. 2742–2750.
[10] A. Tang and X. Wang, “Medium access control for a wireless lan with afull duplex AP and half duplex stations,” in Proceedings of IEEE Global
Communications Conference (IEEE GLOBECOM’14), 2014, pp. 4930–
4935.
[11] S. Sen, R. R. Choudhury, and S. Nelakuditi, “CSMA/CN: Carrier sense
multiple access with collision notification,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on
Networking, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 544–556, 2012.
[12] W. Cheng, X. Zhang, and H. Zhang, “RTS/FCTS mechanism based fullduplex mac protocol for wireless networks,” in Proceedings of IEEE
Global Communications Conference (IEEE GLOBECOM’13), 2013, pp.
5017–5022.
[13] “IEEE standard for information technology–telecommunications andinformation exchange between systems local and metropolitan area
networks–specific requirements part 11: Wireless lan medium access
control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications - redline,” IEEE
Std 802.11-2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.11-2007) - Redline, pp. 1–
5229, March 2012.
[14] T. Vermeulen and S. Pollin, “Energy-delay analysis of full duplex
wireless communication for sensor networks,” in Proceedings of IEEE
Global Communications Conference (IEEE GLOBECOM’14), 2014, pp.
455–460.
[15] S. Technology. 802.11 a/b/g SDIO Card Module Ultracompact
Wireless Solution for Embedded Applications. [Online]. Available:
http://www.mouser.com/ds/2/367/sx-sdcag brief-2825.pdf