1

デジタル時代における製造業のサービス化の欧州動向

坂尾知彦
Tomohiko Sakao
tomohiko.sakao@liu.se
Department of Management and Engineering© Copyrights reservedby Tomohiko
Sakao
Linköping
University,Sweden

2

Acknowledgement of financed projects•

Design projects in Mistra REES – ResourceEfficient and Effective Solutions based on circular
economy thinking (2015-23) Mistra (89 MSEK)•(DIA. 2014/16)••

Scandere – Scaling up a circular economy
business model by new design, leaner
remanufacturing, and automated material
recycling technologies (2022-25), EU-cofounded
ERA MIN (1.3 M€) (101003575 — ERA-MIN3)

Circ€uit – Circular European Economy Innovative
Training Network (2016-20), EU Horizon 2020 (4M€) (No. 721909)

RE:think - Rethink and improve product designand service cost for circular economy businessmodels (2022-25), Energy agency (4 MSEK) (No.
P2022-00342 )•Adapt2030 - Adaptive lifecycle design by applying
digitalization and AI techniques to production(2020-23), VINNOVA (9 MSEK) (No. 2019-05589)•Vice leader for WASP cluster Manufacturing &Process Control (2022 and onward), WASP(Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems andSoftware Program)•:© Copyrights reserved by Tomohiko Sakao

3

Our industry partners (examples)© Copyrights reserved by Tomohiko Sakao

4© Copyrights reserved by Tomohiko Sakao(Lodefalk, Servicification of manufacturing – evidence from Sweden, 2013)

5

Product/Service System (PSS)
PSS is “tangible products and intangible services
designed and combined so that they jointly arecapable of fulfilling specific customer needs”.
(Tischner et al., 2002)

Mutual dependency andinteraction

PSProductServicePSPSS
www.siemens.com© Copyrights reserved by Tomohiko Sakao

www.siemens.com

6

Providing Product-as-a-Service vs selling product
Cash
MonitorConsumables
Selection & disposal

CashSellingproduct
ProviderServiceTechnology

Product

Customer

Use

Cash

Value co-creation system:
Enhancing commitment andvalue captured
See more information in Sakao 2022 (IEEE EMR)
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9712441

Disposal

Cash

Providing
PSS
ProviderExpected
lower costServiceMonitor
Consumables
TechnologyProductOutputUse

Environmental
potential© Copyrights reserved by Tomohiko Sakao
Adapted from (Baines et al., Proc. IMechE, 221 Part B, 2007)

Customer

Expectedhigher value

7

Product-as-a-Service in EU policies for circular economy
CE Action Plan 2020

EC JRC, 2022. Towards a green and digital future - Key requirements
for successful twin transitions in the European Union.

Scandere’s topic

European Commission, 2020.

Scandere’s overarching topic

Product-as-a-Service examples
88

Subscription fromCa 400 €/monthhttps://www.volvocars.com/se/care-by-volvo/

https://www.bluemovement.com/de-de

Vacuum-as-a-service by Electrolux

https://www.electroluxgroup.com/en/vacuum-as-a-service-electroluxtrials-new-subscription-based-business-models-29880/

https://global.toyota/jp/newsroom/corporat
e/38377568.html© Copyrights reserved by Tomohiko Sakao
https://shop.aircon.panasonic.eu/en_IE/home/service_package

9Magnitudes of trapped value of …

© Copyrights reservedby TomohikoSakao
Trappedvalue overthe next decade (E. Schaeffer, Industry X.0, 2017)

102010© Copyrights reserved by Tomohiko Sakao

11

Principles of PSS design – Seven I’s• Integrative – integration between products • Interactive – referring to not only interaction
between products and services but also thatand services. Using interplay,between PSSs and users.
interdependence and interference between
products and services.
• Inclusive – including other (new) actors
involved in the system.
• Information driven – taking advantage ofavailability of data/information of different • Indefinite – reflecting the uncertainty, anphases of the product lifecycle (esp. use
inherent characteristic of PSS. Evolving
phase).
design.
• Intelligent – designing builds upon business • Innovative – this is what we often want.
intelligence (not only AI).

© Copyrights reserved by Tomohiko Sakao

Sakao 2022 (IEEE EMR)
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9712441

122022:© Copyrights reservedby Tomohiko Sakao

Servitization-digitalization transformation framework© Copyrights reserved by Tomohiko Sakao(Lerch et al., 2015)

13

14

An example PSS development with gas turbines• Traditional aftermarket services, e.g., spare part provision, training, upgrades, diagnostics& repair.
• 1980s: Initiated service-based solutions for higher customer value, e.g., uptime,
improved output, and hassle-free operation.
– More critical in operation (used more extensively), more requirements for maintenance.
– Calendar-based maintenance.

• Around 2010: Introduced condition-based maintenance (CBM)– Steep learning on risks (safety as a major driver). Needs on cost savings.
– Revenue: equal from turbines and services.

A case of Siemens Energy from (Brissaud et al., 2022)© Copyrights reserved by Tomohiko Sakao

15

An example PSS development with telecom systems
Organizational
Maturity

MutualDependent

2017

2012

IndependentOffering

Before 1990
Dependent
Products

ProductsandServices

ProductServiceSystem

Services
andProductServices© Copyrights A
reservedby TomohikoSakaocase of Ericsson
adjustedfrom (Elfving et al., 2013)

16

Service design trap

A phenomenon where theability of service designers
over an extended timespan isrestricted due to theconstraints set by the frozen
product design during the usephase.

(Sakao, Neramballi, Matschewsky. Avoid service design trap by guiding product/service system design
with product-service dependency knowledge base, 17th Intl. Design Conf. 2022)© Copyrights reserved by Tomohiko Sakao

17

Why service design trap occurrs?

Possible time windows to design product, software and service
Product
Software(e.g., embedded
software, digitalservice)

DesignProduction

Use
Production (of spares)

DesignServiceStart of design

Production
DesignUseDesign & Production

Production & Use
DesignStart of use

Note: This figure is simplified, as concurrent design and production of products is not an issue here.
(Sakao, Neramballi, Matschewsky. Avoid service design trap by guiding product/service system design
with product-service dependency knowledge base, 17th Intl. Design Conf. 2022)© Copyrights reserved by Tomohiko Sakao

Time

The higher flexibility on
the temporal dimension
on service design is often
not optimally used inpractice.
In practice, too many or
too few decisions aremade for the service
design at the end ofproduct design.

Technical feasibility of Adaptive-Intelligent Lifecycle Engineering
Case of big data analytics

Teng 2021, Deebaka , Liu, Yi, Gregoriades,Kim, Guo, Jagtap , Zhan 2018, Zhan 2020

Product design
Process

Teng 2019

Production

Middle of LifeEnd of Life

Contexts

Contexts

Contexts

Process

Process

Process

Iftikhar , Li

Very little work has showed the value of using big data analytics from the lifecycle perspective.
ProductProductTofangchi,Basaran, Chen

Service design

ProductProductYi, Kim

Lee, Baldominos, Yan,Tofangchi, Basaran, Chen,Ahani, Majumdar , Nashaat,Wong

RecycleServiceRemanReuse
Name : Author name in publication: (Potential) information flow
: (Potential) pysical flow

Disposal(Sakao, Nordholm 2021)

Vision for AI-LCE (Adaptive and intelligent lifecycle engineering)
Motivation• AI offers unique opportunities to help
manufacturers increase holistic improvement.
No method or strategy is established for how
to do so.

19

Vision for AI-LCE (Adaptive and intelligent lifecycle engineering)

Source: Adapt 2030 consortium, 2023. White paper Strategic use of AI in lifecycle engineering.

20

An example AI method applied to maintenance• NLP (natural language processing) + Ontology• Automatic generation of knowledge graphsfrom free texts from maintenance error reports.

Source: R. S. D’Cruze, M. U. Ahmed, M. Bengtsson, A. U. Rehman, P. Funk, R. Sohlberg. A Case Study onOntology Development for AI Based Decision Systems in Industry. 7th International Congress and Workshop
on Industrial AI and eMaintenance, 2023

21

22

Challenges to implementing CBM© Copyrights reserved by Tomohiko Sakao(Ingemarsdotter et al., 2021)

23

Avoid efficiency trap!

Render yourself more efficient!

Oliver Burkeman (2021, Wall Street Journal)
The value of friction and inefficiency (Kevin Meyer, 2021)© Copyrights reserved by Tomohiko Sakao

Want to know more?
ContactTom Sakao
Many thanks go to colleagues from Linköping Univ.

Abhijna
Neramballi

Alex Kim
Nordholm

Annelie
CarlsonErik
SundinJohannes
Matschewsky

Marianna
Kambanou

Mattias
LindahlRaphaelWasserbaur

Tomohiko Sakao

Published papers of relevance
Reviewed Journal Papers
1. A. Schroeder, T. Baines, T. Sakao: Increasing Value Capture by Enhancing Manufacturer Commitment– Managing the servitization process. IEEE Engineering Management Review, DOI:
10.1109/EMR.2022.3197075, 2022.
2. D. Brissaud, T. Sakao, A. Riel, and J.A. Erkoyuncu: Designing Value-Driven Solutions: The Evolutionof Industrial Product-Service Systems, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Elsevier, Vol. 71, No.
2, pp. 553-575, 2022, DOI 10.1016/j.cirp.2022.05.006
3. T. Sakao, A. Neramballi, J. Matschewsky, A. Carlson, M. Bäck, V. T. Tirumalasetty: Systemic
improvement of lifecycle performance by leveraging product and service interdependencies – a case ofa product for wind power generation systems, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Elsevier, Vol.
71, No. 1, pp. 9-12, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2022.04.052
4. T. Sakao: Increasing Value Capture by Enhancing Manufacturer Commitment – Designing a value
cocreation system. IEEE Engineering Management Review, DOI: 10.1109/EMR.2022.3150851, 2022
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=9712441
5. R. Wasserbaur, T. Sakao: Conceptualising Design Fixation and Design Limitation and Quantifying TheirImpacts on Resource Use and Carbon Emissions, Sustainability, 2020, https://www.mdpi.com/20711050/12/19/8104/htm
6. A. Neramballi, T. Sakao, S. Willskytt, A.-M. Tillman: A design navigator to guide the transition towards
environmentally benign Product/Service Systems based on LCA results, Journal of Cleaner Production,
2020, http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1471021/FULLTEXT02.pdf
7. S. A. Brambila-Macias, T. Sakao: Effective Ecodesign Implementation with Support of Lifecycle
Engineer,
JournalofCleaner
Production,2021,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652620335654
8. K. Kimita, S. A. Brambila-Macias, T. Sakao, A.-M. Tillman: Failure Analysis Method for Enhancing
Circularity
throughSystem
Perspective,
JournalofIndustrialEcology,
2020,
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jiec.13069
9. T. Sakao, J. Gero, H. Mizuyama: Analysing Cognitive Processes of Product/Service-System Design
Using Protocol Analysis with a Case Study, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis andManufacturing, 2020, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ai-edam/article/analyzing-cognitiveprocesses-of-a-productservicesystem-design-session-using-protocolanalysis/548062FF2AD7BFF854CB760B774A94C2
10. T. Sakao, A. Neramballia: A Product/Service System Design Schema: Application to Big Data Analytics,
Sustainability, 2020, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/8/3484/htm
11. R. Wasserbaur, T. Sakao, M. Ljunggren Söderman, A. Plepys, C. Dalhammar: What if all become
sharers? A quantification of the environmental impact of access-based consumption for household
laundry activities, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2020, http://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:1432012/FULLTEXT02.pdf
12. M. L. Kambanou, T. Sakao: Using life cycle costing (LCC) to select circular measures: a discussion andpractical approach, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2020, http://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:1392626/FULLTEXT01.pdf
13. M. Kaddoura, M. L. Kambanou, A.-M. Tillman, T. Sakao: Is prolonging the lifetime of passive durable
products a low-hanging fruit of a circular economy? A multiple case study. Sustainability, 2019,https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/18/4819/htm
14. T. Sakao, R. Wasserbaur, F. Mathieux: A methodological approach for manufacturers to enhance valuein-use of service-based offerings considering three dimensions of sustainability, CIRP Annals Manufacturing
Technology,
2019,
http://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:1313952/FULLTEXT02.pdf
15. S. A. Brambila-Macias, T. Sakao, C. Kowalkowski: Bridging the Gap between Engineering Design andMarketing: Insights for Research and Practice in Product/Service System Design, Design Science, 2018,https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/design-science/article/bridging-the-gap-betweenengineering-design-and-marketing-insights-for-research-and-practice-in-productservice-systemdesign/1137214F430AC741969D7CDB6389932A
16. T. Sakao, S. A. Brambila-Macias: Do We Share an Understanding of Transdisciplinarity in
Environmental Sustainability Research? Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, http://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:1153213/FULLTEXT01.pdf
17. J. Matschewsky, M. L. Kambanou, T. Sakao: Designing and providing Integrated Product-Service1

Systems – Challenges, Opportunities and Solutions resulting from Prescriptive Approaches in two
Industrial Companies, International Journal of Production Research, 2018, http://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:1110611/FULLTEXT02.pdf
18. T. Sakao, M. Lindahl: A method to improve integrated product service offerings based on life cycle
costing,
CIRP
AnnalsManufacturing
Technology,
2015,
http://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:808863/FULLTEXT01.pdf
19. M. Lindahl, E. Sundin, T. Sakao: Environmental and Economic Benefits of Integrated Product Service
Offerings Quantified with Real Business Cases, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2014, http://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:643237/FULLTEXT01.pdf
20. T. Sakao, H. Birkhofer, V. Panshef, E. Dörsam: An effective and efficient method to design services:
empirical study for services by an investment-machine manufacturer, International Journal of Internet
Manufacturing
andServices,2009,
http://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:478706/FULLTEXT01.pdf

2