Okhotsk Sea and Polar Oceans Research 7 (2023) 1-6© Okhotsk Sea and Polar Oceans Research Association
https://doi.org/10.57287/ospor.7.1

Review
William Robert Broughton’s Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific andExpedition of the Strait of Tartary / Mamiya Strait
Gaston R. DEMARÉE1, Yoshio TAGAMI2 and Patrick BEILLEVAIRE3
1Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
Faculty of Human Development, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan3
French National Center for Scientific Research, UMR CCJ-EHESS, Paris, France
2(Received September October 27, 2022; Revised manuscript accepted December 5, 2022)

Abstract
In the years 1795-1798, the British sloop Discovery made a voyage of exploration to the North-West
Pacific, the Kurile Islands, the Strait of Tartary / Mamiya Strait and the Japanese, Korean and Chinese
coastal areas. The underlying motives of the voyage were geographical survey, putting up settlements,
claiming territories, and the long-wished opening of trade with Japan. Nautical and meteorologicalobservations during the voyage are provided on a daily time scale. The sailing through the Strait of
Tartary deals with the question of the insularity of Sakhalin / Karafuto which was questioned alreadyby La Pérouse. For this review paper the authors have been mainly guided by Andrew David’s annotatedversion of William Robert Broughton’s Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific 1795-1798 (David,2010).
Key words: William Robert Broughton, Discovery, Strait of Tartary, Mamiya Strait, meteorology
1. William Robert Broughton
1.1 His personal life
William Robert Broughton was born on 22 March
1762 as the son of Charles Broughton, a gentleman ofHammersmith in the county of Middlesex, and of Anne
Elisabeth de Hertoghe. Broughton married his cousin,
Jemima Broughton, on 26 November 1802. They had
three daughters and one son, William, born on 23
October 1804 at Doddington Hall, Cheshire, who also
had a distinguished career in the Navy (Marshall, 1835).
On 12 March 1821, having retired to Florence, Captain
William Robert Broughton had an angina attack and died
two days later. He was buried in the English burial
ground in Leghorn (Livorno), Italy (Anonymous, 1821).

1.2 His naval career
William Robert Broughton started his naval career asa Captain’s Servant on the Katherine in May 1774, thenbeing a midshipman on the Falcon, the Harlem, theEagle successively, and a master’s mate on the Superb
from December 1778 to January 1782. He became a
Lieutenant in January 1782 on the Burford. When the
Burford was paid off in July 1784, Broughton did notserve for almost 4 years. He resumed as a Lieutenant on
the Orestes and served in the British Channel and in the
Mediterranean (June 1788-May 1790), moving to HMS
Victory in May 1790.

Fig. 1 Portrait of William Robert Broughton by anunidentified artist.

Fig. 2 The H.M.S. Providence and (her Tender) the
Assistance by George Tobin, c. 1791. Mitchell
Library, State Library of New South Wales.

1Okhotsk Sea and Polar Oceans Research

Broughton was given command of the brig Chathamin December 1790 and was asked to accompany George
Vancouver in his exploration of the North-West Pacific.
After his arrival in North America in 1792, Broughton
charted a group of islands in the Queen Charlotte Soundand explored the lower stretches of the Columbia Riverin the present-day States of Oregon and Washington.
Vancouver sent Broughton back to England via Mexicoand the Atlantic, bearing dispatches and requesting
instructions (Vancouver, 1797; Lamb, 1984).
Broughton was appointed in command of theProvidence on 3 October 1793 which took him in a
‘Voyage to remote Parts’ (Broughton, 1804). Later on,
he served as captain and commanding officer on various
ships in the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). He became
Appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath on 4 June
1815 and Appointed Colonel of Marines on 12 August
1819.

2. William Robert Broughton’s Voyage
2.1 The Voyage of the Providence from England to
Macau
The Providence, a Royal Navy sloop, mounting 12
guns, weighing about 406 tons, purchased from thestocks at Blackwell Yard from John Perry on 23 April
1791, was high suitable for distant voyaging (see Three
Decks, Providence). On 2 October 1794, she was put
under the command of William Robert Broughton who
states: ‘I received my orders, which were secret’.
Following his narrative, on 15 February 1795 ‘The
whole fleet was under way’ under a favorable north wind.
On Thursday 5 March 1795, ‘Early in the morning, saw
the Canary Islands’, and on 5 May, ‘the weather
prevented our reaching the entrance of Rio Janeiro
harbor’. The Providence then crossed the South Atlantic
Ocean and the Indian Ocean and ‘moored in Sydney
Cove’ in Australia on 18 August. On 29 November 1795,
she anchored at Matavai Bay [Tahiti], reached Owhyhee[Hawai’i] in January 1796, and anchored on 15 March
1796 ‘In the Entrance of Nootka Sound [on the west
coast of Vancouver Island, in the PacificNorthwest], under Light Breezes and Cloudy weather
with slight Showers of Hail. The whole Country wascover’d with Snow presenting a most dreary Aspect.’As ‘several Letters dated in March 1795 inform’d[Broughton] of Captain Vancouver having sail’d forEngland’, he made his way south and entered Monterey
Bay, Mexico, on 6 June 1796, where he received a cold
reception. He therefore decided to survey the coast of
Asia from Sakhalin to the Yangtze River in the hope of
opening trade with Japan (King, 1997, 2010). On 20 June
he departed from Monterey [Mexico], bound for Hawai’iin order to rate his chronometers. On 31 July, he left
Hawai’i. ‘At daylight on 7 September we descry’d theLand of Japan’, Broughton writes. ‘Sailing to the northnear Port Nambu [Miyako-wan]’, he then reached2

Uchiura-wan, named by him Volcano Bay, on Ezo[Hokkaidō]. He anchored in Endermo [Muroran-kō]
where he found the Ainu and the Japanese friendly andhelpful.
Broughton left Endermo on 1 October sailing to thenorth towards the Kurile Islands. These islands had
already been explored by Europeans like Maarten
Gerritszoon de Vries on the Castricum in 1643 (Leupe,1858), Spanberg on the Arkhangel Mikael in 1739
(Muller, 1766), and in the aftermath of Cook’s third
voyage (1776-1779). On 5 October, Broughton notes:‘At Sunset, we passed two Islands near the Main
[Habomai islands]’ and on the 7th [we] went NNW
through the Passage of the Kunashiro-suidō [Yekateriny
Strait] separating Kunashiri-tō and Etorofu-tō. On 16
October, Broughton reached the Island of Marukan[Ostrov Simushir] where ‘The settlement of theRussians’, known from Cook’s third voyage, was ‘foundabandoned; but they cou’d not learn from the Natives atwhat period. … I did not propose this Year to go further
to the North owing to the advanced State of the Season.’
Broughton hence set course to the southwest andsuccessively reached the southeastern extremity ofHonshū and the islands of Edo-wan on 10 November,
Okinawa on 1 December, and the east coast of Taiwan
on 6 December. He eventually dropped anchor on 12
December 1796 in Macao ‘having been two Years fromEngland without any communication.’ (Broughton,
1804; Hoare, 2000; David, 2010).

Fig. 3 Voyage of the Providence across the Pacific
Ocean, to Japan, the Kurile Islands, Macau andagain the Ryūkyū Islands with the wreckage of
the Providence, and the continuation on theschooner to Japan, the Strait of Tartary / Mamiya
Strait and return along the coast of Siberia, Korea
and China to Macau and thence to England.

2.2 Second expedition to the North and return toEngland
Broughton ‘hearing there was a Small Vessel for sale’
bought, on 29 December 1796, the 87-ton registeredDemarée et al.

3. Nautical, astronomical and meteorologicalObservations
The book published by W.R. Broughton in 1804
contains as Appendix No. I the ‘TABLES of the ROUTEof the PROVIDENCE and her Tender, the Variation of
the Compass, and the State of the Barometer and
Thermometer, during the Voyage from the Sandwich
Islands, July 31st 1796, till our last Arrival at Macau,
November 27th 1797.’ Fragments of thesemeteorological observations are given in Kubota et al.
(2018a, 2018b). However, the nautical and astronomical
observations mentioned as Latitude observ’d or
indifferent, Latitude account, Longitude ditto andLongitude within the annotated version of Broughton’s
Voyage are used in this paper (David, 2010).
It is known that barometers and thermometers were on
board of the Providence as the Navy Board instructed tosupply Broughton in 1794 with instruments. It is further
supposed ‘to note the height of one or more
Thermometers placed in the Air, and in the Shade earlyin the Morning and about the hottest time of the day, andto observe also the height of the Thermometer within the
Vessel near the Watches’. Unfortunately, no further
information on the thermometric and the atmosphericpressure observations is given. In particular, the double
set of thermometric observations remains a problem. A
thermometer disappeared when ‘the Ship was lost’, thatis, when the Providence wrecked on a coral reef.

Degrees Fahrenheiti

schooner Prince William Henry ‘as an Assistant insurveying’ but mainly to reduce the risk of navigatingwith a single vessel in uncharted waters. On 11 April
1797, they ‘got under weigh’ voyaging again to the north.
By the end of April, ‘our People being afflicted with a
Dysentery which we cou’d only attribute to the Hazey
and Foggy weather’, meteorological conditions being
thought to be responsible in the context of the integrated
18th century Hippocratic hypothesis on medicine,climate and environment. ‘We lost the whole of our Pigs
… they were equally with ourselves troubled with the
Dysentery.’ (Demarée, 1996)
In the evening of 17 May 1797, the Providence‘Struck upon a Reef of Coral Rocks’ north of Ikema-jima,near Miyako-jima. She was completely wrecked, but thefull crew could be conveyed to the schooner. Howeveralmost all of the equipment was lost. The schooner
anchored at Miyako-jima where the inhabitants werevery helpful. After being well supplied, Broughton
decided to sail the schooner back to Macau. As heplanned to continue the survey to the north on theschooner with a limited crew, he made the necessary
arrangements for the transfer of the discharged personnel
to England. On 15 June, ‘we sail’d a second time in theprosecution of the voyage’ with ‘a prospect of acquiring
geographical knowledge of the Tartarean & Corean
coasts’.
Broughton sighted the Pescadores Islands, west of
Formosa [Taiwan], on 30 June, and, rounding thenorthernmost point of Taiwan, reached Okinawa-guntōon 8 July. He dropped anchor at Naha-kō, Okinawa, on
10 July, where provisions and water were readily sent off
to the schooner. ‘Our Friends did not seem to wish we
shou’d go onshore’, he notices then. Setting course northand passing along the east coast of Honshū, he reachedonce again Muroran-kō, Hokkaidō, on 12 August, where‘[the crew] immediately commenced [the] necessary
operations of refitting the Vessel & preparing for Sea.’
The schooner raised the anchor on 23 August,approached Hakodate-wan on the 30th and Matsumae, on
the west coast of Hokkaidō, the next day: ‘The town was
ascending gradually up the Rising grounds Interspers’dwith Trees & Gardens. … The superior Houses were
decorated by long pieces of color’d Cloths …’.
Broughton, who frequently refers to La Pérouse’svoyage in July 1787, was able to go eight miles farther
than him in the Strait of Tartary. He then sailed
southwards along the Asian continent. After sighting theisland of Tsushima (situated between South Korea andJapan) and calling in Busan Harbor for a week, hesteered the schooner through the Korean archipelago andalong the Chinese coast, finally reaching Macau on 27
November 1797. (Broughton, 1804; Hoare, 2000, David,
2010)

90

Temperature observations

80
70
60
50

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

Day of the Month in September 1797

Fig. 4 Graph of both unspecified sets of temperatureobservations in the Strait of Tartary / Mamiya
Strait in September 1797.

A graph of both sets of daily temperature observations
carried out when sailing through the Strait of Tartary in
September 1797 is shown in Fig. 4. In these days, theschooner sailed on through Tsugaru-kaikyō on 30
August and viewed the town of Matsumae, Hokkaidō, on
the next day, while on 15 September the latitude of 51°
45’ 7’’ N was reached. The temperature difference equals
13,055°C for a difference of 10,108-degree latitude
providing a decrease of 1,29°C per unit degree latitude.

3

Okhotsk Sea and Polar Oceans Research

4. The question of the insularity of Sakhalin
The insularity of Sakhalin / Karafuto remained anunsolved question until the mid-19th century. Jean
François de La Pérouse, William Robert Broughton andAdam Johann von Krusenstern had already sailed into
the Strait of Tartary, but without traversing it (Boyle,2018). La Pérouse and Broughton approached the Straitfrom the south while Krusenstern approached it from the
Sea of Okhotsk. The question was solved by theJapanese explorer Rinzō Mamiya (1775-1844) in 18081809 (see Figure 5) who confirmed the insularity of
Sakhalin (Stone, 1996; McVey, 2022). The information
was kept secret by the Japanese and later on by the
Russians but Philip Franz von Siebold (1796-1866)
mentioned the name of Mamiya Strait and published a
map in his book “Nippon” in The Netherlands, although
the deliveries of any topographical and hydrological data
to foreign countries had been prohibited by the
Shogunate (Siebold, von, 1832- ). That knowledge
proved to be primordial to the Russians in the FarEastern developments of the Crimean War (1853-1856).
After the defeat of the British and French fleets at
Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka, in August-September 1854,
the allies thought to have trapped the Russians in theStrait of Tartary in May 1855: ‘However, the Russianspassed through the Strait and entered the Amur River,much to the deep embarrassment of the British and thefury of the press’ (Stephan, 1969; Beillevaire et al.,2018).

On 9 July 1787, the latitude of La Pérouse’s vessel in
the Strait of Tartary was 48° 15’ N. On 12 July, La
Pérouse and Langle accompanied by several others
landed on Sakhalin and met a group of native people.
The offering of presents led to friendly interactions: ‘We
contrived at length to make them understand that we
wished them to delineate their country, and that of theManchous. One of the old men then rose, and with his
pike traced the coast of Tartary to the west, runningnearly north to south. Opposite this, to the east, he drew
his own island, in the same direction, laying his hand
upon his breast, to indicate that he just traced his own
native country. Between the island and Tartary, he left astrait; and turning to our vessels, which lay in sight, hesignified by a stroke, that they may pass through it.’ La
Pérouse learned also from the natives ‘the breath and thedepth of the strait that separated his own country from
Tartary’. (La Pérouse, 1807)
(a)

(b)

Fig. 5 Map of Sakhalin and Lower Amur, compiled
by Rinzō Mamiya in 1808-1809 (Mamiya Rinzō,
courtesy of Wikipedia).

4

Fig. 6a & 6b. Travel of the schooner in July 1797 in
the Strait of Tartary / Mamiya Strait. The dots
indicate the location of the vessel. The accounted
latitude and the accounted longitude are shownin red dots while the accounted latitude andlongitude by watch are shown in blue dots. Also,
winds are shown by the wind force in theafternoon and wind direction in the afternoon.

Demarée et al.

On 20 July 1787, ‘Being obliged to keep one coast or
the other, I had preferred that of the island, to ensure notmissing the strait, if one existed to the east; which
required extreme attention, on account of the fogs, whichleft us very short intervals of clear weather. … The
channel begins to narrow in the parallel of 50°, and had
not thenceforward above twelve or thirteen leagues inbreadth.’ On the 23 July 1787, the latitude observation
gave 50° 54’ N and La Pérouse thought he ‘was too far
advanced not to wish to reconnoitre this strait, and toknow whether it was passable; though [he] began to fear
it was not, as the depth of the water diminished very fast
as [they] proceeded north, and the land of Sagaleen
island [Sakhalin] consisted no longer of anything but
downs, inundated with water, and almost level with thesea, like sand-banks.’ At the end of July 1787, La
Pérouse ‘having found the impossibility of getting out of
this channel to the north’, and taking into accountnavigational and meteorological difficulties, decided
instead to follow the coast of Tartary southwards.
(Broughton, 1807).
On Thursday 14 September 1797, on the schooner,
Broughton writes: ‘In crossing over and as weapproach’d the west Shore, our soundings decreas’d to 9
fathoms. No Land from N. 15° E. to N. 53° E., but fromthence a continuation of very low Hummocks justappearing above the Horizon. The Master [William
Chapman] was sent to make further Remarks to theNorth.’ On Friday 15 September, ‘At Dark, the Master
return’d who reported having found round the nearest
point, which bore N 10° E from us, a Bay [Bukhta
Sushcheva] leading to the Westward … The Master gave
it as his Opinion the passage through seemd pretty
evident. The observ’d latitude made 51° 45’ 7’’ N’. On
Saturday 16 September, ‘from the Masthead we plainly
discern’d very low Land extending over the NE of theBay. … and we were fully satisfied there was no opening
to the Sea in the direction the Master suppos’d.’(Broughton, 2010, p. 172-173) However, a hesitating
Broughton’s took the following decision: ‘as the Masterhad represented the bay unfavourable, even supposing
we could get there, which I deemed from the shallow
water leading to it impracticable, without great risk ofthe vessel… induced to me to lose no more time, as theequinoxes were approaching, to proceed to thesouthward.’ (Broughton, 1804, p. 302)
Adam Johann von Krusenstern did interpret that La
Pérouse ‘very rightly concluded that either Sachalin wasconnected with Tartary, or that the channel which
separates the two countries must be very narrow, and at
upmost only a few feet in depth. … Our observations,which were carried out one hundred miles more to thenorth, leave no doubt upon the subject … We alreadyfound a considerable difference in the weight of water …
and finally when close to the channel that separates
Sachalin to the northward of the Amur from Tartary, thewater drawn up the ship’s side was perfectly sweet.
When Krusenstern read Broughton’s book on his arrival
in China, he found his ideas upon the junction of
Sachalin with Tartary well founded and concluded:‘What therefore, since La Pérouse, has been called achannel, must now take a new name, and be known as
the gulf of Tartary’. (von Krusenstern, 1813)
Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876), in
command of the Amur Expedition (1849-1855),
explored the Sea of Okhotsk, the outlet of the Amur
River area and Sakhalin. He definitely proved theinsularity of Sakhalin showing that it is a strait connectedto the Amur estuary by a narrow section. The
northernmost narrowest section is known as the Strait of
Nevelskoy in honor of Captain Nevelskoy(Samochwalow, 1871; Genady Nevelskoy, Wikipedia).

5. Conclusion
William Robert Broughton’s voyage of Discovery to
the north-east Pacific and to the coastal areas of Japan,
Korea, China, the Ryūkyū Islands, the Kurile Islands,
Sakhalin and the Strait of Tartary / Mamiya Strait has
been a significant contribution to the geographicalknowledge of these areas. He follows earlier Dutch,
French, Russian and other British navigators in
exploring the geography of the Asian continent and thelocation of numerous islands in that part of the world.
The tentative interactions of Broughton with Japan andits inhabitants might be seen in the context of the longwished desire of opening trade with the Shogun Ruled
Japan. At the same time, Broughton expressed his viewin the long-lasting question of the insularity of Sakhalin
believing, in contrast to his Master, that there was no
opening. Rinzō Mamiya discovered the narrownavigable channel in 1808-1809, rediscovered by
Nevelskoy in 1849, but that strategical intelligence was
kept secret by Japan and the Russia.
Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely acknowledge the constructive
remarks and suggestions by two anonymous reviewers.
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Summary in Japanese
和文要約

W. R. Broughton のタタール海峡/間宮海峡の探検航海
Gaston R. DEMARÉE 1 , 田上善夫 2,
Patrick BEILLEVAIRE 3
1 ベルギー王立気象研究所, 2 富山大学，
3 フランス国立科学研究センター

1795 年から 1798 年にかけて、イギリスのスループ船
ディスカバリー号は、北西太平洋、千島列島、タタール海
峡/間宮海峡、日本、韓国、中国の沿岸地域への探検航海を行った。航海中は毎日規則的に気象観測が行われた。タタール/間宮海峡での航行は、ラ・ペルーズが疑問視していたサハリン/樺太が島かどうかの問題を扱っている。
Correspondence to: G. R. Demarée,gaston.demaree@meteo.be
Copyright ©2023 The Okhotsk Sea & Polar Oceans
Research Association. All rights reserved.