Project Title: Disaster risk assessment and reduction for the flood prone UNESCOWorld Heritage Sites in Middle East and North Africa Archaeological Wadis(中東および北アフリカの考古学的ワジ流域の世界遺産の洪水リスクアセスメントと対策)
角研究室

Sameh kantoush，角哲也

FY2019 Japanese ODA Grants for Projects relating to UNESCO
Recently, extreme and frequent wadi flash floods have occurred inmost of MENA arid zone, resulting in significant economic andproperty loses. For instance, flash floods hit Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi
Arabia, 39 times over the period of 1900–2016 causing life losses of1,508 and significant damages exceeding 1.8 billion US dollars. In2018, Wadi flooding trapped tourists and forced 3,000 tourists toevacuate to safe places within 1 hour before the peak flood reached tothe historic site of Petra, Jordan. Sirens blared minutes before
extreme flash flood after heavy rainfall approached the Petra. The
last fatal flash flood struck Petra in 1963 when 22 French tourists anda local guide were killed by rapidly rising waters. The flash flood on
25 Oct. 2018, which happened at Wadi Zarqa-Maeen and discharging
Petra, the rock city carved by theits water to the Dead Sea, caused 21 deaths including 16 schoolchildren. Nabateans, is one of the Seven Wonders,and one of the major tourist attractions

Field Surveys
Within the framework of the UNESCO WHS wehave selected Petra in Jordan and Valley of Kingin Egypt as two potential sites for investigations.
A group of researchers of Kyoto University incollaboration with Nippon Koei company
conducted a preparatory field surveys andmeetings for facts findings and establish ofcooperative research project. Three field surveys
in Jordan have been conducted the 1st survey on 39 August, 2nd survey 24-28 August, and the 3rd 2427 October, 2019. We have visited 7 weatherstations and water level stations as well. Thewarning system is based on one station located atWadi Mousa having monitoring devices such as
automatic weather observation apparatus (AWS),
automatic rain gauge and siren equipment, etc.,
which are installed on the roof top of the Petra
Development
TourismRegion
Authority(PDTRA) main office. PDTRA is currently
undertaking a study of “Water Harvesting andFlood Management Project in Petra”, which
covers diversified subjects such as hydrological analysis, environmental assessment, structural measures, etc.
by hiring a in-country private consultant firm aiming at completion in January 2020. Based on our field
investigations we have proposed two new dams to be constructed in Wadi Alsader and Wadi Alhai.
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The terraces, as shown in Figure 5 have been one of the main
measures to reduce the runoff and sediment. During an extreme
event, the terraces trap the runoff water from the nearby hill slopes
would flow to the terraces fields along the wadis. Each terrace
captures and holds a certain amount of runoff water, which
infiltrates into the ground after. Even if the infiltration rate is law,
it raises the volume of capillary water available for the growth ofthe plants.

Modelling
Flash flood analysis model was developed and calibrated forPetra basin using the Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation (RRI) model.
The calibration and the validation procedures were done based on
observed data in the region collected from published paper andPetra authority. Moreover, the model was applied on different
recent flash flood events using Satellite data such as PERSIANN,GSMaP, and GPCC. Furthermore, a synthetic rainfall analysis
was applied on the calibrated model to estimate the scenarios ofdifferent extreme events and to understand the physical behaviorof the catchment. Moreover, the model is going to be used toestimate the behavior of different events with different returnperiods. Subsequently, some mitigation measures are proposed
and analyzed using the calibrated model. The calibration andvalidation were conducted based on the 1970 and 1974 events
reported by published paper at ASCE 1999. The simulated peakflow results from the events 1968 and 1970 are similar to theobserved peak flow. However, the simulated peak flow result
for the event in 1974 is much higher that the observed peak flow.
Further analysis should be made. At the moment, the procedure
is made to calibrate the other 2 events and test their result until
making sure of the water level recorded data so that calibration
can be made more properly based on the hourly data. The
hydrological model (RRI) was applied using the rainfall data (3 years) to estimate the long-term behavior ofthe catchment. The discharge was calculated at the downstream, more precisely, at the entrance of the Siq.
Figure 5: The preliminary flood runoff simulation from the RRI model by using three years hourly rainfall
from PDTRA stations.

Conclusions
The single management strategy is not enough to reduce the flash flood risk; nevertheless, a combination offlood risk management approaches is required in the Wadi system. The proposed management approach
focuses on developing a strategic methodology for evaluating wadi flash flood potential, mitigation, andfloodwater resource management as well as a rainfall-runoff simulation model. The lack of complete
information archive of pre and post WFF events across the Petra obstruct the efforts to mitigate the flooding
risk. There is a need to upgrade the installed rainfall and water level stations by PDTRA. Moreover, various
existing infrastructures (culverts, bridges, canals, etc.) required an urgent intervention through restoration,removal, and reconstruction. There is an urgent need to mitigate and utilize floodwater as a new supply tosustain a minimum water resources base in rural desert areas.