Eubios Journal of Asian andInternational Bioethics
EJAIB Vol 20 (6) November 2010
Supplementary issue B
www.eubios.info

ISSN 1173-2571

Official Journal of the Asian Bioethics Association (ABA)
Copyright ©2011 Eubios Ethics Institute(All rights reserved, for commercial reproductions).

Abstract Book for theInternational
Conference on Ethics
and Professionalism(ICEP)

9.00-10.00: Opening Session

Sustainable Science,
Technology & Society2) Welcoming Words
Prof. Dr. Darryl Macer
ICEP Joint Chairperson, Regional Adviser, theRegional Unit for Social and Human Sciences in Asiaand the Pacific (RUSHSAP), UNESCO Bangkok.

1– 2 December 2010
Organised by the Centre for General
StudiesofUniversiti
Kebangsaan
Malaysia (UKM), and the Regional Unit
for Social and Human Sciences in Asiaand the Pacific (RUSHSAP), UNESCO
Bangkok.
Venue: Equatorial Hotel,
Bangi-Putrajaya Malaysia

1st December
1) Welcoming Words
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Latifah Amin
ICEP Chairperson, Centre for General Studies,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

3) Opening Words by the Honourable Vice
Chancellor, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Tan Sri Prof. Datoʼ Dr. Sharifah Hapsah Syed Hasan
Shahabudin
10.00-10.30: Morning Tea Break226

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

10.30-12.30: Keynote Session 1 (KS 1)
Chair: Prof. Dr. Abdul Latif Hj. Samian
Director, Institute of the Malay World and Civilization(ATMA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
KS 1-1) Ethical Decision-making for Patient Careand Public HealthProf. Dr. Darryl Macer
Regional Adviser, the Regional Unit for Social and
Human Sciences in Asia and the Pacific(RUSHSAP), UNESCO Bangkok, 920 Sukhumwit
Road, Prakanong, Bangkok Thailand 10110
Email: d.macer@unesco.org
http://www.unescobkk.org/rushsap
Self-determination can apply to individuals,
communities and nations, and is implicit in an
equality of citizens that is constitutionally acceptedaround the world. The ethical basis for selfdetermination is respect for human dignity. We canconsider the four imperatives of love for ethics, as
self-love, love of others, loving life and loving good. I
have argued that love is not only a universally
recognised goal of ethical action, but is also thefoundation of normative principles of ethics (Macer,1998). “Bioethics is love of life” (Macer, 1998) can beapplied to modern dilemmas. We can consider thefour principles of love bioethics, as self-love(autonomy), love of others (justice), loving life (nonmaleficence) and loving good (beneficence).
These foundational ethical principles apply to bothindividual patient care and to public health. It has
been argued that love is not only a universally
recognised goal of ethical action, but is also thefoundation of normative principles of ethics. Thesefundamental principles of ethics may not havechanged over time, but the emphasis placed on themhas shifted. There was more beneficence a century
ago but now there has been more precedence given
to autonomy. As for the importance of justice andnon-maleficence the trends in different localities are
more difficult to determine.

KS 1-2) Values, Ethics and Good Governance in
the Public Service
Datuk Dr. Mohd Tap Salleh
Chief Director, Malaysian Institute of Integrity (IIM)
KS 1-3) Global Ethics: Life, Love and Learning
Prof. Dr. Jayapaul Azariah
President, All India Association of Bioethics,
Chennai, Former President of Asian Bioethics
Association. Email: jazariah@yahoo.com
Higher education in India is one of the largest (3rd)educational systems in the world. Such a system has
provided legal protection to the study ofEnvironmental Biology (ethic) or Environmental
Sciences for both Science and Arts students. The
University Grants Commission realized, in 2003, theneed to provide “a new direction aimed at the 21st

century expectations and accelerate its pace ofdevelopment to meet the needs and aspirations of
the society.” The vision included both “values andethics” but not bioethics.
The Indian educational structural pattern is “Ten +Two + Three + Two (PG)”. Professional courses
deviate from + Two stage which provides twodivergent paths into academic and vocation streams
and signals the end of school education. But
bioethics has not yet found a space in the curriculardevelopment. Teaching bioethics at the +2 level as aseparate subject seems a difficult job. The paperemphasizes the need to adopt the policy of “catchthem young”. It emphasizes that two separate
streams of bioethical education curricula have to be
developed. The paper enumerates the roadblocks infinding new directions in bioethics education in
biology and environmental ethics.
“Education is what saves human life from being amere disaster; it is what enables man to live a life
which is something above meaningless tragedy or
inward disgrace.” In many countries life in 21st
century has become a meaningless tragedy andsome western famous bioethics have opted tosterilize the present human generation so as to savethe future generations. It is pointed out that a great
divide is being formed between the western andeastern bioethics which underlines the necessity toincorporate social and family values and ethics. If
bioethics education is to be integrated into current
biology and environmental ethics teaching then it
must be job oriented. As on date, for anyone who
qualifies oneself in bioethics from India or abroad
there is no job security as there is no job openings inbioethics.
KS 1-4) Personality, Religiosity and Ethical
Perception and Behavior
Prof. Dr. Khairul Anwar Mastor
Director, Centre for General Studies, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia.
The paper aims to review emerging support for
the role and relationships of personality andreligiosity in the development of ethical-moral thought
and behavior. Basic premises are that individual
personality factors provide basic templates of how
one perceive, think and feel towards ethical issues.
Previous work revealed that narcissism and cynicism(personality factors influencing self-perceptions andperceptions of others) showed consistently negative
relationships with aspects of ethical decision-making.
Religiosity, seen as being more of mediating factor,
influence the cognitive and affective functions of the
ethical-decision making process, especially, in the
moral judgment - judging which action will be more ofjustifiable in a moral sense (Rest et al., 1999).
Religion serves as a social force and, and as asource of moral philosophies that are internalized
through daily ritual obligations, education andsocialization. Thus, highly religious person wereshown in various studies, to be more concern ofEubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
ethical and moral issues, as compared to those withlow level of religiosity. Also, studies in social
psychology and business ethics have consistently
supported the positive association between
personality, religiosity and ethical perception andbehavior. Implication on the strategies to improve
ethical thought and behavior is also discussed.
12.30-14.00: Lunch

14.00-17.00: Parallel Session 1 (PS 1)
Theme (T) 1: Ethics and Professionalism
in Science, Technology and Engineering
Chairs: Prof. Datin Dr. Azizan Baharuddin, and Prof.
Dr. S. Panneerselvam
PS 1 (T 1-1): Violation of Cyberlaws andComputer Ethics: The Consequences andPotential Legal Actions
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Juriah Abd. Jalil, and Dr. Duryana
MohamedDepartment of Private Law, Ahmad Ibrahim Kuliyyah
of Laws, International Islamic University Malaysia,
Malaysia,
Juriah@Iium.Edu.My
mduryana@iium.edu.my
Good ethics and professionalism when using
computer or Internet should be strictly observed andexercised. Failure to do so will result in violation of
the laws and computer ethics. Consequently, not only
the victim will suffer loss but also the country as awhole. It is known that, the borderless nature of thecyber world has encouraged many people to try andexplore various types of cyber activities but this is nota passport for everyone to cross the border andignored the laws and regulations. Although there arecyber laws to control and regulate these cyber
activities, cases of cyber attacks and invasion to
privacy and safety are still rampant. Thus, this paper
seeks to study the available laws governing computer
users, cases that involve violation of cyber laws andcomputer ethics, the effect of violation of those lawson the victim, and finally the potential legal actions
available to the victim of cyber attacks according to
the categories of the offences. References will betaken from various discussions on cyber andcomputer ethics as well as cases on cyber offences.
In conclusion, the authors hope that this paper will beable to assist the victims to stand up for their rights
by seeking the available remedies besides providing
resources to lawyers and court officers in dealing
with cases on cyber attacks, particularly in Malaysia.
Keywords:
Computer
ethics,cyber
laws,
professionalism, computer users, remedies
PS 1 (T 1-2): Identifying Public Sustainable
Development Values: A Case Study in Sepang
Selangor

1

227

2

Zurina Mahadi, Emeritus Prof. Datoʼ Dr Abdul
3
Samad Abdul Hadi, and Hukil Sino
1
Centre for General Studies (E-mail: kina@ukm.my),2
Institute for Environment and Development
3(LESTARI), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Publicʼs ways of viewing and interpreting thedevelopment scenarios around them provide theframework in how they perceive and understand theissues of current development. The continuous
process of observing and assessing will eventually
identify the shortcomings of the current development
methods which inspired them to develop a set ofpreferred development values. Publicʼs values fordevelopment are key elements of sustainable
development management as values underlie
peopleʼs action and behavior. Without greater
understanding and awareness of this, institutions
involved in development will often experience conflictover management. This research focuses on thedevelopment values from the socio-cultural point ofviews in Sepang, Selangor. Using qualitative
methods, in-depth interviews and group discussionsof selected respondents were held to represent theirviews of their own and communities represented bythem. The analysis of data highlights five major
themes in development namely identities, peace,
freedom, environment and development. There wereseven fundamental needs according to Max-Neef list
discovered namely subsistence, protection, affection,
participation, creation, identity and freedom.
Keywords: Values, needs, well-being, sustainable
development
PS 1 (T 1-3): Consumer Information, EthicalIssues of Biotechnology and Willingness to Buy
1
Goh Hong Lip, 2Jamal Othman, and 3Latifah Amin
1&3
Centrefor
GeneralStudies(E-mail:
explosivegoh@gmail.com), 2Faculty of Economic andBusiness Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
The controversial agricultural biotechnology issue
actually is a consumer information issue. The lack of
information availability may cause over reacting fromthe public as both pro- and anti-biotechnology parties
induce more confusion towards the consumer byarguing over normative issues using propaganda
style. Therefore enquiring the publicʼs willingness to
pay or understanding the consumerʼs attitude for GM
food by giving them neutral or balanced informationis crucial for setting up marketing decisions. There
are uncertainties to which consumers in Malaysia will
accept genetically modified food (GMF) if they werecommercialized in Malaysia market given that most
Malaysian have low to medium familiarity on GMF.
Therefore, obtaining the publicʼs willingness to pay
for GMF is essential to ensure the interest of various
stakeholders and the welfare of the public are intact
by implementing a suitable marketing strategies. The
objective of this study is to elicit the publicʼs WTP for228

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

GMF by using choice modeling approach and provide
further insights to evaluate the degree of awarenessand knowledge, and preference towards potential
GM food products in Malaysia.
PS 1 (T 1-4): Sustainable Consumption from
Islamic Perspective: A Preliminary Study of alKhalifah Practice in Mindanao, Philippine
Mohd Yusri Hafiz, and Mohd Zuhdi Marzuki
Jabatan Pengajian Sains dan Teknologi, Fakulti
Sains, Universiti Malaya.
This paper will discuss the environmental
management system in terms of sustainableconsumption in Islam. In explaining the concept ofenvironmental consumerism in the context ofEthnography, the discussion will be focused on theconcept of Al-Khalifa that has been practiced in
Mindanao, Philippine. Based on the early findings,
sustainable environmental consumption has beensuccessfully practiced by the Muslim community in
Mindanao, Philippine by applying the concept of AlKhalifa. Indeed, Al-Khalifa is the concept originally
rooted from the Quran and the Sunnah, which is
implemented towards protecting of forest resources,
coastal ecosystem and solid or liquid waste
management. The concept is based on the principleof Tawhid and the Islamic principle of humanrelationships with God and His creation environment.
The Act No. 161 on Autonomous Muslim Mindanao "An act provided for Sustainable Forest Managementin the Autonomous Region, Mindanao, Muslim andother" (MMAA), which is clearly based on shari`ahprinciples has been approved on October 27, 2003.
Among these principles are the Tahsin al-Ardh(duties of the society to improve the area) and the
Ihya al-Mawat (giving life to the dead land). Shari`ah
is implemented as a guideline as well as an
enforcement towards environmental protection. For
instance, fatwas were issued by the Mufti of
Mindanao that ascertains the lawful aspects andunlawful aspects being considered as an assertion
towards the effectiveness of environmental
protection. Among the implementations are theestablishment of national parks and protected areas,
the preservation of lakes, rivers, and othercontaminations, 1 / 5 of the solid waste will berecycled and reused, and so on. Among theforbidden things are forest burning, illegal logging
activities, fishing by poisoning the river, eliminating
tobacco plants, exporting and importing of fish
products without permission and throwing garbage tothe river. In conclusion, the concept of Al-Khalifa is
an Islamic-oriented approach towards effective
practice in order to ensure good environmental
governance.

PS 1 (T 1-5): The Role and Utility of the Biosafety
Act 2007 in Protecting Bioethical Issues Relating
to Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) in
Malaysia
1
Assoc Prof. Dr. Zaiton Hamin , and Siti Hafsyah
2
Idris
Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),
40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, contact
1
2
Number: 0196952403 , and 0193698131 (Email:1
zaiton303@salam.uitm.edu.myand2yasmin_yazid99@yahoo.com )The rapid advancement in biotechnology,
particularly in genetic modification, has led to a
growing number of ongoing researches on
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) in Malaysia,
with the hope of producing better products. This in
turn, raises some significant bioethical issues, which
need to be addressed by the authorities concerned toensure that biotechnological development does not,in most respect, adversely impinge on the social,economic and environmental aspects of the society.
Despite the inclusion of several provisions on socioeconomic consideration, the absence of any specificprovisions protecting bioethics in Malaysia in the
Biosafety Act 2007 (hereinafter ʻthe 2007 Actʼ), which
addresses all Living Modified Organisms (LMOs)
should be addressed and rectified. Drawn from an
ongoing doctoral research and through the
instrumental critique of the 2007 Act, the paper
attempts to address the issue of the (in) adequacy ofthe 2007 Act in protecting bioethical concerns
relating to GMOs within the biotechnology industry in
Malaysia. Also, the paper suggests that the
ambiguity of the provisions in the 2007 Act inprotecting bioethical concerns representing wider
societal interests and welfare would in some ways,
defeat the protectionist principles of the 2007 Act
intended to uphold.
Keywords:
Bioethics,
biotechnology,
GMOs,
biosafety
PS 1 (T 1-6): The relation between Environmental
Commitment and Environmentally Friendly
Behaviour
Tan Pei San, and Assoc. Prof. Datuk Dr. Norzaini
Azman
Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia(UKM),
43600
Bangi,
Selangor,
Malaysia,
psan840302@yahoo.com

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

229

PS 1 (T 1-7): Ethical Issues in Biotechnology:
Study of Four Mainstream Newspapers
1
2
Mus Chairil Samani , Latifah Amin , Zaharah
22
1
Hassan , Roosfa Hashim , Nurul Ilyana Rezali
1
Pusat Pengajian Media dan Komunikasi , Pusat
2
Pengajian Umum , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi, Malaysia, (chairil@ukm.my,nilam@ukm.my,
wnp35@yahoo.com,
roosfa2005@yahoo.com.my,nana_sizuka@yahoo.com)

PS 1 (T 1-8): Chimera Research from Maqasid alSyariah Perspective
1
2
3
Siti Nur Shazwanie Ramlee, Latifah Amin, Abdul
4
Latif Samian,
Mohamad Sabri Haron, and5
Mohamad Nasran Mohamad
1,2,&4
Pusat
Pengajian
Umum
3(ctwanieramlee@yahoo.com), Institut Alam dan
5
Tamadun Melayu,
Fakulti Pengajian Islam,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43650 UKM Bangi,
Selangor, Malaysia.

Biotechnology has been identified as one of thefundamental technologies that will lead in thetransformation of Malaysia as a developed country
by 2020. Based on this scenario, the researchstudied ethical issues in the coverage on
biotechnology in four mainstream newspapers. The
content analyses focused on four mainstream
newspapers; Utusan Malaysia, Berita Harian, New
Straits Times, and The Star. The main objectives ofthis research are: (1) to determine which Malaysiaʼsnewspaperhas
thehighestcoverageofbiotechnology issues; (2) to discover the primarybiotechnology methods used in the coverage of
biotechnology issues; (3) to identify the various
themes in the coverage of biotechnology issues; (4)to analyse the ethical issues in the coverage of
biotechnology issues; (5) to ascertain the major
sources used in the coverage of biotechnology
issues; and (6) to establish the major writing genre
in the coverage of biotechnology issues. The findings
from this research showed that the Malay
newspapers, Utusan Malaysia and Berita Harian
published more materials and news regarding
biotechnology compared to the English newspapers,
New Straits Times and The Star. The coverage of
biotechnology issues was focused mostly on modern
biotechnology. The prevailing ethical issue covered
was regarding cloning of human beings. Minister andchief executive officers of companies are major
sources of news regarding biotechnology. This
research found that news become the major genre
used in the coverage of biotechnology issues. The
findings showed that biotechnology did not receive
substantial coverage in mainstream newspapers
eventhough the government has announced its
intention to promote biotechnology as the catalyst fornational development.
Keywords:
Biotechnology,
media,
ethics,newspaper, content analysis

Mixed creatures in Ancient Middle East andGreece mythologies such as mermaid and centaur
have been fascinating the human kinds forthousands of years. Nowadays such hybrids are nolonger exist in mythic dimension since they are now
possible to be created via biotechnology
development. Stem cell research and genetic
engineering have a great potential to eliminate such
fantasy boundary. Currently, scientists all over theworld give their full efforts in the stem cell andgenetic engineering research in order to accelerate
the medical achievement and development in the eraof modern biotechnology. Stem cell research has
been proven to be the best treatment for many criticaldiseases that are inconceivable to be cured before,
namely Parkinson disease, Leukaemia, Diabetes andmany more. On the other hand, through chimera
research, animals can be manipulated as a humanorgan factory for xenotransplantation. Even though
the technology poses a lot of potential to humanbeings especially to those who suffer serious
illnesses, but there are some ethical dilemmas thatmust be critically evaluated before its worldwide
implementation. Many ethicists and religious experts
claimed such creation would diminish human dignity
and the original inherent nature of creation. At thesame time, such experiments could violate the law ofcreator or creation while dealing with thecontroversial issue of 'playing God'. As acomprehensive system and religion, Islam never fails
to preserve the five vital components of maqasid alsyariah in dealing with the newest discovery in
medical biotechnology. Here, we will discuss whether
the chimaera research fulfils the maqasid al-syariah
principles and thus can be implemented within
Muslim world.
Keywords: Chimera research, maqasid al-syariah,
stem cell

230

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

PS 1 (T 1-9): Islamic Ethical Code in Modern
Biotechnology
12
3
Siti Fairuz Sujak, Latifah Amin, Abdul Latif Samian,
4
5
Mohamad Sabri Haron, Mohd Nasran Mohamad,6
and Mohd Yusof Othman
1,2,&4
Pusat Pengajian Umum, fairuz.iman@gmail.com,
3
5
Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu, Fakulti
6
Pengajian Islam, Institut Islam Hadhari, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43650 UKM Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia.
Biotechnology has been identified as one of thefive strategic technologies expected to drive Malaysia
in becoming a highly industrialized nation by the yearth
2020. In 28 April 2005, the forth Prime Minister of
Malaysia, Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi launched the
National Biotechnology Policy which endorsed theuse of modern biotechnology to improve theagricultural, food and medical sectors. Despite
Malaysiaʼs efforts in developing biotechnology,
Malaysia also desires to become an 'Islam Hadhari'country. Thus all projects of modernization including
biotechnology must be in line with the principles ofIslam. In Islam, ethics is known as Akhlak, which ismostly defined and explained by the Quran and theSunnah. The ethics of modern biotechnology fromthe Islamic perspective are classified according tothree parts of akhlak, that are ethical issues related
to God (Allah), ethics among human beings andethics related to living entities. Several Islamicscholars have attempted to explain the ethical issues
in modern biotechnology using the Quran and theSunnah. However, an Islamic code in modern
biotechnology especially in agriculture has not yet
been structured. In this paper, the five pillars ofIslam, the six pillars of Iman and Ihsan will bepresented as the basis of an Islamic ethical code inmodern biotechnology. Further discussion will include
the perspectives of the three main stakeholders: The
policy makers, the implementers, and the consumers
on additional values that need to be incorporated into
the Islamic code in biotechnology.
Keywords: Islamic bioethics, modern biotechnology,
agricultures
PS 1 (T 1-10): Biosafety Issues Related to the
EthicalAspectsofGenetically
Modified
Organisms
Noor Sharizad Rusly1, Latifah Amin1, Zinatul Ashiqin
Zainol2, Jamil Ahmad3, Nik Marzuki Sidek4
1
Centre for General Studies, 2Faculty of Law,
3
Faculty of Education, 4Faculty of Science andTechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600
UKM
Bangi,
Selangor,noorsharizadrusly@yahoo.com
When introducing new technology products, there
will always be some controversies along with thebenefits. There are proponents of geneticallymodified organisms (GMOs) who believe in theirhuge benefits as well as the opponents who claimed
that the GMOs pose high risks to human health andenvironment. In Malaysia, biotechnology has been
identified as one of the five core technologies that will
accelerate our countryʼs transformation into a highly
industrialized nation by 2020. The emergence of
GMOs with improved qualities and their subsequent
release into the environment have raised concerns
among the NGOs and the general public. Therefore it
is of high priority that Malaysia establishes biosafety
regulations that focus on a scientific-based risk
assessment. The aim of this paper is to review thebiosafety regulations worldwide and to analyze its
adequacy in protecting the consumers from theadverse impacts of GMOs. The scopes include
labeling provision, risk assessment procedures,monitoring and enforcement. Labeling of GMOs isvery important to gain the consumersʼ confidence on
their safety. In addition, the safety issues related to
GMOs such as the adverse effects on human healthand the environment as well as the ethical aspects of
GMOs needs to be addressed adequately.
Monitoring and enforcement will ensure that thedevelopers and importers of GMOs abide by thebiosafety regulations.
Keywords: Biosafety issues, ethical aspects,
genetically modified organisms (GMO)
PS 1 (T 1-11): Ethical Aspects of Synthetic
Biology from Malaysian Stakeholders Point ofView: A Study in Klang Valley
Noor Ayuni Ahmad Azlan1, Latifah Amin1, Jamil
Ahmad2, Abdul Latif Samian3, and Mohamad Sabri
Haron1
1
Pusat Pengajian Umum, 2 Fakulti Pendidikan, 3Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor
Darul Ehsan, Malaysia, ayuniazlan@yahoo.com
Modern biotechnology has moved forward by
introducing the synthetic biology technique. By using
the synthetic biology technique, genes can be easily
built in the laboratory and to be split out from theorigin. This technique seems to be safer and more
acceptable compared to genetic engineering.
However, public acceptance should be considered
before producing any products using this technique.
Therefore, a study was carried out to identify the
Malaysian stakeholdersʼ point of views towards
ethical aspects of synthetic biology. A set ofquestionnaire was distributed to the stakeholders in
the Klang Valley area. A total of 434 respondents(165 males and 269 females) had completed thequestionnaire which was distributed from August
2009 to February 2010. Findings of the study
showed that the Malaysian stakeholders weremoderately familiar with synthetic biology. They
perceived synthetic biology as having moderate risks
and moderately denying the benefits of synthetic
biology to the consumers if it is not done and theethical aspects were moderately acceptable to themas well as from their religious point of view. ANOVAs
showed that all the five ethical dimensions,familiarity, perceived risks, religious and ethicalEubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
acceptance and denying benefits significantly
differed across stakeholdersʼ groups while the first
four dimensions also differed significantly acrossreligion. Familiarity, religious and ethical acceptancefurther differed significantly across races. However,with respect to education, only the factor religious
acceptance differed and no significant difference
were found across age and gender.
Keywords: Ethical aspects, synthetic biology,
Malaysian stakeholders, point of view

Theme (T) 2: Ethics and Professionalism
in Medical, Nursing, and Public Health
Chairs: Prof. Dr. Darryl
Dr.NahidDehganNayeri

Macer,andProf.

PS 1 (T 2-1): Religious and Spiritual Beliefs andPractices of Patients and Physicians from a
Tertiary Care Hospital in Malaysia
1
R M Yousuf MD, 1A R M Fauzi FRCP, 2 S F U Akter
PhD , 1S M S Azarisman MMED, 1OA Marzuki M Med
1
Departments of Internal Medicine and 2Community
Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,International Islamic university Malaysia.
Background: In recent years there has been
growing awareness regarding the role of religion andspirituality (R/S) in the practice of clinical medicine.
We aim to assess the beliefs and observations ofphysicians regarding their role on patientʼs healthand whether they address such issues in their clinicalpractice. Concomitantly, we aim to assess the beliefsof our patients and whether they like to address such
issues. Methods: Questionnaire based crosssectional survey among hospitalized patients andtheir treating physicians. Results: Nearly all patientsand physicians reported a high prevalence ofreligiosity. Patients also acknowledged that their R/S
was respected by the staff, and that physiciansinquired R/S about half of the time. Patients reported
R/S as beneficial as it enabled them to cope betterwith their illness and gave them a positive state ofmind.
Conclusion: Religion was important to many
patients and physicians, but half of physicians
ignored it in their clinical practice, a discrepancy
between beliefs and behaviour. Physicians need to
be attentive to patients R/S and address them in
specific clinical situations.
Keywords: Religion; spirituality; medicine; health;beliefs
PS 1 (T 2-2): Inculcating Professionalism among
Medical Students: Experience of the International
University Malaysia
Ariff bin Osman (IIUM)
Training medical professionals requires thoroughplanning through well-thought medical curriculum thattakes into account the changes surrounding the231

profession itself and the expectation of thecommunity with regard to the graduate that it intent toproduce. The Kulliyah (faculty) of Medicine,International Islamic University Malaysia, (IIUM)
pioneered what it called, Islamic Input Medical
Program (IIMP) since its inception in 1995, in its
effort to produce a different ʻbreedʼ of doctors who
not only excel in their professional duty but also
portray conduct, (akhlaq) expected of a good Muslim.
A good Muslim doctor is expected to portray ahighest degree of medical professionalism anddemonstrate proper etiquette while dealing withhis/herpatients.
However,inculcating
professionalism and proper etiquette among medical
undergraduates is not an easy matter. Learning thisvalue could be done through a workshop activity
whereby students demonstrate their understandingon these aspects of care through discussion of casestudies given to them prior to the scheduled activity.
Although it is difficult to measure and assess thedegree of understanding and practice ofprofessionalism among students, a portfolio seems to
be a promising learning and teaching tool to assess
the studentʼs achievement as specified in thelearning outcome. This article describes our
experience in trying to develop such attitude among
our medical students.
Keywords: Medical curriculum, professionalism,
Islam, Islamic input
PS 1 (T 2-3):
An Assessment of the Effectiveness of the
Quality Nursing Care Delivered in Selected
Hospitals in Metro Manila
1Dr.Jumar T. Ubalde, and 2Dr. Judith Banson
Evangelista,
1
Dean, College of Nursing, National University, 551
M. F. Jhocson St. Sampaloc Manila, Philippines(jumar_ubalde@yahoo.co.uk,
jtubalde@nationalu.edu.ph), 2Nurse Supervisor, Veterans Memorial
Medical Center, Head, Standards and Research
Section, # 40 Scout Fuentebella St., Laging Handa
Quezon City.
The nursing profession is still dominated byfemales who are in their early adult years. Most of
the hospital patients were women who were in theirmiddle and adult years. The nurses had significant
differences in their perceptions of the quality ofnursing care in their respective hospitals because of
the way they were managed. Two hospitals weregovernment owned and the other two were privately
owned. Besides, one government hospital catered toa special clientele made of veterans from the military
and their dependents. The patients had significant
differences in their perceptions of the quality ofnursing care in their respective hospitals in most of
the variables because of the various ways by which it
was delivered by the hospitals. Differences werebrought about the way services were rendered andthe personal care shown by the nurses. In

232

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

consideration of the findings and conclusions of thestudy, the following recommendations were
submitted: Hospitals should develop policies andprograms that motivate nurses to stay permanently intheir jobs and not look for greener pastures abroad tothe detriment of health care in the country. This canbe in the form of higher compensation, working
hours, and fringe benefits. Nurses should always try
to do their best to attend to the needs of patients andtheir families. Hospitals should make improvements
in meeting the needs of patients particularly in termsof comfort and safety as well as adequacy of proper
nutrition. A program to raise the quality of nursing
care should be sustained.
Keywords: Effectiveness of quality nursing care
PS 1 (T 2-4): Fetus Childʼs Inheritance Right
According to the Islamic Law and the Universal
Declaration and Convention of Childʼs Right
1
Dr. Seiyed Askari Hosseini Moghaddam, and2
Abbas Arab Khazaeili
1Islamic
Azad
University,
Sari
Branch,2drhosainy@yahoo.com,
andIslamic
Azad
University, Sari Branch.
There are varieties of rights in Islamic law and in
the Universal Declaration and Convention of Childʼs
Right. These rights can be divided into two parts –pre-birth and post birth. Islam has determined
numerous rights for a child during his fetus period(pre-birth). One of the fetus rights is ʻinheritanceʼ. A
study was carried out on the jurisprudence and legal
principles of fetus child based on Islamic law and the
Universal Declaration and Convention of Childʼs
Right. The content of both sources were analyzed.
PS 1 (T 2-5): Malaysianʼs Perspective of Truth
Telling among Cancer Patients in Selayang
Hospital.
M.N.A. Baharuddin, F.A. Mohamed Anuar, N.A.F.
Yahya, M.A. Rosli, S.H. Ahmad, N. Mat Nasir, and
A.N. Mohd Yusof
Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM),
SelayangCampusMalaysia(dr_aimi@yahoo.com).
Disclosure of cancer diagnosis can be emotionallytraumatic to both the patient and their family
members. In addition, the issue of how and how
much information to provide during the disclosure is
still approached differently depending on country andculture. This is because patients from diverse ethnic
backgrounds vary in their preferences on how toreceive their diagnosis. Apart from that, thephysiciansʼ action of disclosing bad news is also
influenced by the patientsʼ family members. An ideal
practice of truth telling should include discussing
about the treatment options, prognosis and all otheraspects of cancer although the extent of information
disclosure is also affected by several reasons. Thus,
the aim of this study is to determine the Malaysiancancer patientsʼ perspective on the family

involvement in truth telling as well as the concept ofautonomy. This study also intends to explore thefamilyʼs role and to study the extent of informationneeded by the cancer patients. A total of 30
inpatients and outpatients diagnosed with cancer
under the General Surgical Department of Selayang
Hospital participated in this research via
questionnaires. The findings from our researchsuggest that cancer patients in Malaysia regardlessof their sex, age, ethnicity, education level andeconomic status are open towards a full disclosure
regarding their illness and favour the principle ofautonomy. Our study also discovered a very strong
function of family in decision making among thesecancer patients. Hence, all physicians in Malaysia
must respect their patientsʼ autonomy as well as toinitiate patientsʼ families to be involved in disclosure
and in decision making.
PS 1 (T 2-6): Cyber-Medicine and E-Health: Some
Ethical Issues in Developing Countries
1
Dr. Inayat Ullah Memon, 2Dr. Imdad Ali Ismaili, and3
Dr. Asad A. Shaikh
1
Chief Pathologist, Peopleʼs Medical College
Hospital, Nawabshah, Pakistan, 2Director Institute ofInformation Technology, University of Sindh,
Jamshoro, Pakistan, and 3Professor, Institute ofInformation Technology, University of Sindh
Jamshoro,
Pakistan,
Email:
memon.inayat@gmail.com
Health-care service has benefitted fromtremendous
developmentofcommunication
technology resulting into quick interaction among
healthcare providers and patients but it has its
downside as well such as emerging ethical issues.
Unquestionably cyber-medicine and eHealth has
become a new tool of knowledge-sharing withenhanced availability and quality of health-careservices but is not free of inherent potential
disadvantages, such as fraudulent practices, issue ofjurisdiction and patientsʼ confidentiality. Mostly,
eHealth delivers health-care services to remote areas
carrying potential of unregulated growth, shifting oftechnical personnel from expert-poor to privileged
areas and widening inequities. To resolve theseissues without minimizing the benefits offered by thisdiscipline; guidelines either have been formulated orin such a process in Western/developed countries
but are still in infancy in developing countries. To
indigenize those guidelines and taking into accountthe fact that healer (usually Western) and to-behealed (in significant number of cases developing
region) belong to different social cultural andgeographic strata, there is a need to formulate
principles (governing guidelines) consonant to thevalues of less developed regions of the globe, so as
to harmoniously expand this discipline and save itfrom potential failure.

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
PS 1 (T 2-7): Relationship of Individual
Characteristics with Patient Views of Privacy
Observance by Health Care Emergency Team
1
2
Nahid Dehghan Nayeri, and Mohammad Aghajani
1
Associate professor of Nursing and Midwifery
School of Tehran University of Medical Sciences(Address: Nursing and Midwifery School. Nosrat St.
Tohid
Sq.
Tehran.
Iran,Email:
2
Nahid.nayeri@gmail.com), and Lecturer in Kashan
University of Medical Sciences (Address: Nursing
School of Kashan University of Medical Sciences,
Kashan, Iran, Email:aghajani1362@yahoo.com).
Introduction. In addition to treatment and patientcare, privacy is one of the most major concepts inethical health care. Privacy is to sense the identity,
value and personal dignity, independence and having
a private space. Respect privacy in emergency isparticularly important due to its specific conditions
and environment. Personal characteristics are
effective in the estimate of respecting privacy.
Objective. This study has paid to assessing
relationship of Personal characteristics with thepatientsʼ view of privacy observance. Method. This
study done in Imam Hospital emergency departments
affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in
Iran. Samples were patients hospitalized at least 24
hours. Data collection questionnaire includes twoparts: personal characteristics and privacy items.
Dimensionsof
Privacyincludingphysical,confidentiality and psychosocial privacy wereassessed. Results. The results showed that only
about one-fifth of patients estimated to respect theirprivacy at a good level. Also it revealed that among
the personal characteristics, there is a significant
correlation between, age, sex, marital status,
duration of hospitalization, room type, and cause ofadmission and religion with sense of respect privacy.
Conclusion. Considering this fact that only a small
number of patients estimated observance of privacy
levels at good level, and its correlation with some of
personal characteristics, precise planning for training
and implementation of privacy respecting is
mandatory.
Keywords:
Privacy,
emergency,
personal
characteristics, IranPS 1 (T 2-8): Patient Advocacy Role and Its
Determinants
among
TehranUniversity
Hospitalsʼ Nurses
Reza Negarandeh, Nahid Dehghan Nayeri, and Abas
Hooshamnd Bahabadi
Nursing, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,
Nosrat St., Tohid Sq., Faculty of Nursing andMidwifery, Tehran, Postal Code: 1419733171, Iran,rnegarandeh@tums.ac.ir.
Aim: To recognize the extent of patient advocacyrole among nurses who work in TUMS affiliatedhospital. Method: cross-sectional descriptive study
was used and Systematic random sampling was

233

utilized for selecting samples from study population(all nurses who work in TUMS affiliated hospitals)
and as a result 328 eligible nurses were recruited forthe study. Participants received information about theaims of the study and then informed consent was
taken. Data was gathered through patient advocacy
questionnaire. Data was analyzed by descriptive andinferential statistics in SPSS software. Findings: The
finding indicates that 41.8% nurses who participatedin this study were 31-40 years old, 87.8% female,
57.4% married, and 94.5% of them havebaccalaureate degree. Only 33.7% nurses attended
are continuing their education programs concerning
patient advocacy. The majority of nurses (83.5%)
declared her/his obligation to patient advocacy is ofhigh level, while just 42.5% of them believed that
their ability of patient advocacy was high. As well
50.3% nurses face problems during patient advocacy
activities. Among the problems were conflicts withcolleagues, conflict with superiors, problems taking
oral admonition, taking written admonition, change ofwork shift or ward respectively. According to thefinding, 32.4 % nurses accomplished patientadvocacy well and 67.0 % succeeded moderately.
The mean of patient advocacy practices scores show
significant relationship between gender, position,
recognize patient and relation with patientcommitment to patient advocacy and the ability ofpatient advocacy (p<0.001), working in anotherhospital (p=0.048), and experiencing conflict withsuperior (p=0.047). Conclusion: This findings showthat nurses in TUMS affiliated hospitals carried out
this role in an acceptable level and they adopt it as
their professional role. Congruently with literature
reviews, the finding shows that factors like formal
power (position), good patientʼs recognition, having
good relationship with patients facilitate patientadvocacy. On the other hand, working in anotherhospital and confronting with problems during patientadvocate act as barriers.
Keywords: Patient advocacy, hospital nurses, IranPS 1 (T 2-9): Attitudes towards Euthanasia
among Physicians and Patients: A Cross
Sectional Survey from Malaysia
Mohamamad Y. Rathor1, Mohammad F.A. Rani1,
Azarisman SM Shah1, Ahmad M Omar1, and Ariff
Osman2
1
Department of International Medicine, Faculty of
Medicine, International Islamic University, Malaysia,
2
Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Medicine,International Islamic University, Malaysia.
Introduction: The term euthanasia or Mercy
killing is in essence the termination of life of aterminally ill patient at his request or in his interest.
Due to increase in ageing population with extremely
limited physical and mental capacities, the issue isbeing discussed in a number of jurisdictions in favourof its legalization. However there is intense publicdebate and controversy among its proponents and234

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

opponents. The controversy regarding its practice isessentially a controversy about ethics and morality.
Virtually all of the research in this field has been with
Western, largely Christian, populations. There is apressing need for more cross-cultural, international
collaborative studies on the subject. Aim of thestudy: The present ongoing study has some promise
since it samples a population of patients andphysicians who are multi-racial and multi-faith. We
want to ascertain the prevalent beliefs and views
among patients and physicians in Malaysia.
Concomitantly we want to ascertain the frequency ofrequests for assistance in active euthanasia.
Methods: Trained research assistant administeredquestionnaire to a convenience sample of consenting
patients and physicians. The influence of a numberof independent variables such as cultural andreligious beliefs, age and gender will also be
investigated, as it is believed that they have a great
influence on most individualsʼ attitudes towards
euthanasia. A cross-cultural perspective and attitude
towards euthanasia could enrich our understanding
and thus provide insights for societal stability. Theinterim results of our findings: The majority ofpatients were male (62.9%), Malay Muslims (75.4%)
and had primary (32.5%) or secondary (48.6%)
education. Nearly all patients and doctors believed in
the existence of God and life after death. Only aquarter of physicians agreed with euthanasia, whileamong patients only 6.4% agreed with euthanasia
and 92% had a hope of cure. The full paper alongwith final results will be published once the study iscomplete.
Keywords: Euthanasia, mercy killing, attitudes,
morality, race, religious beliefs
PS 1 (T 2-10): The Responsibility of Medical
Research Ethics Committee in Clinical Researchin Malaysia.
Yuhanif Yusof, Zaki Morad Mohamed Zaher, &Anisah Che Ngah

Theme (T) 3: Ethics and Professionalism
at the Workplace
Chairs: Prof. Dr. Abu Daud Silong, and Assoc. Prof.
Dr. Faridah Ibrahim
PS 1 (T 3-1): Ethics and Professionalism inTeaching.
Prof. V. Balambal M.A.B.T. Ph.D. FRAS (London)
Professor (Retd) of History, University Of Madras,
Chennai,
India,
drbala50@hotmail.com
drbala50@gmail.com
The purpose of the study is to understand andanalyse the importance of teaching as the noblest
profession
withethicalvaluesandwhatcharacteristics are needed to be a professional
teacher. Interviews with teachers help to get details
for the study.

A professional teacher should have the necessary
basic qualification. Although competence is essential
to a teacher, it is only useful if the educator is able toperform. A professional is able to dwell on how to
relate subject +6 herself is a reflection on oneʼsclassroom, school, community, and educational
system. The teacher should be sensitive to thedemographics of the class as well as socio-economic
differences. Teachers have greater ethical concerns
than many other professionals.
While teachers are not expected to treat all situations
like they would in a classroom, they should be awarethat their actions are noticed by the community and it
would reflect on their profession. As part of aprofessional image, teachers should be good rolemodels to students. Teachers should be good at
administration. The professionals should have theability to teach, organize and motivate. They cantransform vision into reality
An educator who has a high standard of
performance is reliable and dedicated. The mannerin which an educator carries himself or herself is areflection of oneʼs ability to initiate and maintainquality communication with all the parties involved in
education: Students, fellow teachers, school board,administration, and parents.
Teachers need to be flexible in their outlook andapproach. Professionalism grows within a teacher inslow degrees. Appropriate teacher training capsules
need to be developed to meet the needs of teachersaiming to achieve quality in education which is its
mainstay. Teachers are the shapers of future citizens
and rulers of a nation. Professionalism in teaching ispossible if ethics related to teaching is followed.
Keywords: Teaching, professionalism, ethics, model
teacher, uses & values.
PS 1 (T 3-2): Applying the Concept of Trust inManaging Breach of Ethics and Integrity in
Malaysia: Constructive Trust as the Best
Possible Remedy.
Dr. Zuraidah Ali
Private Law Department, International Islamic
University Malaysia, Address (9-pt), Malaysia,
zuraidah@iium.edu.my
Ethics and integrity have always been associatedwith individual personality and honesty and thesewide concepts are applicable in all kinds of situation.
Trust, on the other hand, is also closely related tointegrity. In order for trust to be established, a trustee
needs to be appointed, and the highest form ofintegrity is expected from a trustee whereby theproperty that he is holding, as a legal owner, is not
his but it belongs to a beneficiary or beneficiaries.
Similarly, in cases involving charitable trust, trustees
need to be aware that trust funds in most cases
donated by the public are well managed. In principle,
if it is used for other purposes set by such trust; thiswill eventually lead to breach of trust. Conversely in acase where it does not involve any direct creation ofEubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
trust and appointment of trustee, the element of fraud
and malpractice in managing any affairs may giverise to breach of trust by which court may interfere by
invoking the concept of constructive trust as a legal
remedy. The attitude of the courts in Malaysia inrecognizing rights arising directly or sometimes
indirectly from trust has been very clear, but the issue
as to whether remedies for breach of trust is the best
method in dealing with breach of ethics and integrity
needs to be examined. This paper looks at possible
legal remedies available in dealing with breach of
ethics and integrity especially at workplace and also
at other possible circumstances involving social
relationships. It also examines the current situation
dealing with charitable organization in coming to theconclusion as to whether there is a need for a propermonitoring mechanism in ensuring that public fund isproperly utilized. The methodology used are statutory
and case law analysis.
PS 1 (T 3-3): Whistleblowing: Legal and Moral
Quandaries in Public Procurement Process
Assoc.
Prof.
Dr.
RusniahAhmad(rusniah@uum.edu.my), and Dr. Samihah Khalil,(samihah@uum.edu.my),CollegeOf
Law,
Government and International Studies, Universiti
Utara Malaysia.
Whistle blowing occurs in any organization andthat includes in the public sector. This work will
discuss whistle blowing woes in public procurement
processes which inevitably must be addressed by
employers or those in authority. Within an
organisation whistle blowing is an act of alerting on
the scandal, malpractice or corruption where
wrongdoings maybe of illegal or unethical activities.
They could call about or give tip-offs on thefts,
frauds,bullying,harassment,
discrimination,
environmental hazards, breaches of policy and other
unethical acts or misconducts. Being basically a formof disclosure, a person will become a whistleblower
when he/she initially raises serious concerns about
the incident of wrongdoing and the risks of thewrongful activities or wrongdoings within an
organisation. Respectively, this work will address
three issues in whistle blowing - morality, legality andethics. These are the fundamental issues which mustnot be ignored and that the laws and regulations
must be clarified in order to ensure that procurement
exercises are conducted in the utmost respect andfairness. Whistle blowing could be used as a tool toachieve this ideal and that consideration for suchpossibilities must not be dismissed in total disregardof its potentialities and use. The need to protect
those who blow the whistle will also be discussed.

235

PS 1 (T 3-4): Professional Development of
Academic Staff at Public Universities in Kuala
Terengganu.
1
2
Che Wan Khalidawaty , Juliana Mohd Nor , Masliza
3
4
Mat Zali , Khatijah Omar
5
Mohd Isa Awang ,12,3Faculty of Business Management,
Academy ofLanguage Studies, Kuala Terengganu Campus
Universiti
Teknologi
MARA(UiTM)
Kuala
4
Terengganu
21080,
Malaysia,
FacultyofManagement and Economics, Universiti Malaysia
5
Terengganu (UMT) 21030 Kuala Terengganu,
Faculty of Informics, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin(UniSZA), Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala
1
Terengganu, Email: chewa485@tganu.uitm.edu.my,2
julia073@tganu.uitm.edu.my,3masli154@tganu.uitm.edu.my,
4khatijah@umt.edu.my, 5isa@udm.edu.my
Professional development of academic staff would
be difficult to determine without knowing what theacademic staff perceived as important and necessary
for their growth professionally. Thus, this study aims
to investigate university lecturersʼ perception of theirprofessional development especially with regard towhat they perceived to be the factors that influence
professional development and the effectiveness of
their current professional development activities they
had attended as university academics. A quantitative
method was chosen and 152 lecturers from 3
universities in Kuala Terengganu were randomly
selected to answer questionnaires, supported bysemi structured interviews with selected respondents.
The study found that the lecturersʼperceived several
factors to be very important and several types ofprofessional development activities to be very
effective than most. This study concluded with insighton potential further in-depth research.
Key words: Professional development, academic
staff, Malaysian universities
PS 1 (T 3-5): The Association of Moral Thoughtwith Adolescentsʼ Authoritarianism and Self
Efficacy
Ali Teymoori (ali_ty65@yahoo.com), and Wan
Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman (shara@ukm.my)
School of Psychology and Human Development,
Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia,
Malaysia.
The present paper investigated the association ofadolescentsʼ moral thought with their self efficacy andauthoritarianism. In fact, it was hypothesized thatadolescents attributed the source of moral judgment
in relation with authoritarianism and the belief in theirabilities. A sample of 159 adolescents was takenfrom university and high school students and they
were required to fill out three questionnaires including
Moral Authority Scale, General Self Efficacy,
Authoritarianism,
andseveraldemographic

236

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

information. Results revealed a significant positive
relationship between self efficacy and principle
source of moral judgment but not with external andself interest sources of moral judgment. On the other
hand, authoritarianism was only related with theexternal source of moral judgment. Results weresignificant in the expected directions and it pointed
out that those who were authoritarians did not rely on
principle morality which consisted of equality sourceand society welfare issues but they relied on externalsources when they were judging a moral issue. Thiswas due to the fact that following authority
expectations
was
one
of
authoritariansʼ
characteristics. Moreover, the stronger the perceived
self efficacy, the more attribution was given to theprinciple source of moral judgment. The lack ofrelation between self efficacy and external source ofmoral authority implied that individuals with high self
efficacy relied on their own ability to judge andanalyze social issues rather than external sources.
Keywords:
Moralauthority,self
efficacy,
authoritarianism
PS 1 (T 3-6): Workplace Deviant Behavior andOrganizational Justice: The Role of Personality
Trait
Hadi Farhadi (e-mail: farhadihadi@yahoo.com), andFatimah Omar (e-mail: faas@ukm.my)
School of Psychology and Human Development,
Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, National
University of Malaysia (UKM).
This study first, aims to investigate therelationship between workplace deviant behavior (akind of unethical behavior) and another work related
factor; organizational justice. Second, it examines themoderatingroleofpersonality
trait(conscientiousness)onrelationshipbetweenorganizational justice and workplace deviant
behavior. Data were collected from 162 subjects who
were working as civil servants in Malaysia using a setof questionnaires that measure the variables studied.
The results showed that there were negative
significant relationship between both organizational
justice and conscientiousness with workplace deviant
behaviour.
Resultsalso
showedthat
conscientiousness did not moderate the relationshipbetween organizational justice and workplace deviant
behaviour. Implications for future research are
discussed.
Keywords: Workplace deviant behavior, unethicalbehavior, organizational justice, personality trait,
conscientiousness.

PS 1 (T 3-7): Ethics and Professionalism of
Lawyers at the Workplace: Have the Lawyers
Caught on?
Norman Zakiyy Chow Jen-Tʼchiang
Faculty of Shariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam
Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri
Sembilan, Malaysia (zakiyy@usim.edu.my).
It is well-accepted by the society at large that thelegal profession is a noble profession. To the man in
the street, the lawyer is seen as a professional,
bearing social responsibility in protecting his or her
clientʼsinterests
especiallyinconveyancetransactions, civil and commercial disputes. The
relationship between a lawyer and his client is built
upon the fortress of trust and confidence. In
Malaysia, it is not unusual for ʻchamberingʼ students
and ʻyoung lawyersʼ to develop the interest toemulate certain conventions in handling litigation andsolicitors work that are practiced by most senior
lawyers in the country. Unfortunately, it is also not
unusual for them to practice certain ʻunethicalpracticesʼ observed by some lawyers such as misuse
of information technology for the purpose of soliciting
work, observing bad mannerism in the courts, touting
and sharing of profits with ʻunqualified personsʼ. It isnoteworthy to state that these ʻunethical practicesʼ
are in violation of conservative rules of professional
conduct governing members of the legal profession.
No doubt, ʻunethical practicesʼ threaten to undermine
the credibility of lawyers in the eyes of the membersof the society. Disciplinary action and court sentence
upon finding of guilt taken against a lawyer who wasproven to have resorted to unethical practices may
have a devastating effect to the lawyerʼs career. In
the light of the above circumstances, this article isdedicated in discussing firstly; some main
conventions practiced by a ʻhighly ethicalʼ lawyer at
the workplace; secondly, the common types ofʻunethical practicesʼ; thirdly; the practicality of thecurrent laws in weeding out ʻunethical practicesʼamongst lawyers in Malaysia and finally, the writer
will conclude with suggestions to improve the current
state of ethics and professionalism of lawyers at theworkplace.
Keywords: Conventions, ʻunethical practicesʼ, laws,
suggestions

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
PS 1 (T 3-8): The Application of Values, Ethics
and Integrity in Malaysian Public Service during
the Leadership of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad and
Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
1
2
Wan Ahmad Tirmizi Bin Wan Sulaiman, Norazira
3
binti Ayob, and Siti Norliana Binti Johari
1
Fakulti Sains Pentadbiran dan Pengajian Polisi,
Universiti Teknologi MARA Kampus Bandaraya
Melaka,wtarmizi@bdrmelaka.uitm.edu.my,2
wtirmizi81@yahoo.com, Fakulti Sains Pentadbirandan Pengajian Polisi, Universiti Teknologi MARA
3
KampusBandaraya
Melaka),Postgraduate
Candidate, Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Malaya,sitinorliana@perdana.um.edu.my)
This paper will discuss about the government
policies of the application of values, ethics andintegrity in Malaysian Public Service. This study will
focus more on the programs that have been
implemented during the premiership of Tun Dr
Mahathir Mohamad and Tun Abdullah Ahmad
Badawi. Furthermore, this paper has identified andanalyzed the policies introduced by both MalaysianPrime Ministers from 1981 until 2009. Moreover, thispaper also has identified the steps taken by ourgovernment to enhance the integrity andaccountability of the public service in Malaysia. But
unfortunately, there are some challenges such as
corruption cases, malpractices and unethicalconducts that must be overcome by our government
in order to improve the quality of the public services
in Malaysia.
Keywords: Ethics, integrity, public service
PS 1 (T 3-9): Self-worth as an Intervening
Variable between Training Assignment andTraining Motivation Methods.
Azman Ismail, Ahmad Azzan Ridzuan, Ariffin Ismail,and Suriani Mat Ali
PS 1 (T 3-10): Zaʼbaʼs Thoughts on the Ethics ofSelf Development.
Abdul Rahman Abdul Aziz
PS 1 (T 3-11): Ethical Issues in the Biosafety Act
2007: An Analysis on Specific Issues
1
Idzuafi Hadi Kamilan, 1Zinatul Ashiqin Zainol, and2
Latifah Amin
1
Fakulti Undang-undang, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia (idzuafi@yahoo.com, shiqin@ukm.my), and2
Pusat Pengjian Umum, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia (mailto:nilam@ukm.my).
Law , ethics and moral is a necessary foundation
for jurisprudence or philosophy in enacting a goodlaw. The influence of moral and ethics and its
implications in law were confirmed by several
philosophers. In conjuction with the faster growth in
the biotechnology, there is a need to regulate it byintroducing a new law. Malaysia, had taken its firststep by signing Cartagenaʼs Protocol and then237

drafting of Malaysian Biosafety Act, 2007. This
research will focus on the ethical aspects in theprovisions of Biosafety Act 2007 that aimed for thesafety and health of plant, animal, human and theenvironment from the severe threat of application of
biotechnology and further to confirm the applicationof precautionary approach in Malaysia. In addition,
this paper is seek to lay down several suggestions
for the development of Biosafety Act 2007 by
distinguishing the implementation of the same kindof law in Malaysia and another states on the above
issues.

Theme (T) 4: Ethics and Professionalism
in Governance, Business and Social
Responsibility
Chairs: Prof. Dr. Abd Rahim Md Nor, and Assoc.
Prof. Dr. Mohamad Sabri Haron
PS 1 (T 4-1): Journalists and Professionalism:
Ethical Implications on Reporting War and Peace
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Faridah Ibrahim
School of Media and Communication Studies, Facultyof Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia, Email: fbi@ukm.my
The study of journalism covers in broad
perspectives the principles of reporting in various
situations – be it normal time based on events andpress conferences or during news breaking in timesof crisis, conflicts or disasters. In this instance,
journalists are expected to perform their duty without
fear or favour but with responsibility and ethicalconsiderations. In other words, the journalists need
to be professional in their job. Nevertheless, one
dimension that involves great discretion, diligenceand thoughtful analysis on the part of journalists isduring the reporting of conflicts, for instance war,
whether war news in oneʼs country or other peopleʼs
war.
Studies have shown that government,
diplomats, military and humanitarian aid agencies are
increasingly affected by the news media through theissues, people and countries the media choose tohighlight in war stories. Indeed, the media is seen tohave great potential to create enormous influence
over decisions and public opinion as well as national
and international agenda. Using qualitative andquantitative research methodologies, the paper seek
to find out to what extent are the media in Malay isprofessional in their reporting of war stories
especially when they themselves come from acountry which does not experience war? At thisjuncture, it is also interesting to find out whether local
journalists downplay war stories with the hope to
propagate world peace. In short this paper tries toinvestigate to what extent local journalists andgatekeepers exercise journalistic professionalismand ethics in their role as players in the drama ofother peopleʼs war.

238

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

Keywords: War reporting, professionalism, ethicalconsideration, peace journalism, responsibility
PS 1 (T 4-2): Professional Ethics and Integrity
Mohd Nizam Mohd Ali
Director of Private Sector, Malaysian Institute ofIntegrity, nizam@iim.com.my
PS 1 (T 4-3): Quality of the Communication as
Flag to an Organized and Healthy Profession.
Hamideh Azimi Lolaty, Taherah Ashktorab, &Masoumeh Bagheri Nesami
Nursing Midwifery Faculty, Shahid Beheshti Medical
Sciences University, Cross between Niayesh &Valiasr, Iran, hamidehazimi@yahoo.com
In
the
work
environment
professional
communication includes written, verbal andnonverbal communication. Nursing is a professionthat establishes various communications in the work
environment. The purpose of this study is description
and understanding of educational hospitals nurses
about phenomena of communication. This study
utilised a qualitative research method in a manner ofphenomenology. The study was conducted in Iran.
Thirteen interviews were carried out with 11 female
and 2 men. The nurses described their experiences
about professional communication. The interviews
were recorded and transcribed. The data wasanalyzed by the Colizzii analysis method. Seven
themes emerged from the data that showed nurses
understanding and description of the communication
with patients, peers, nursing supervisors andphysicians. These themes show experienced
patterns of communication that include: 1- being
specific, 2- altruism (ethics, emotional and spiritual
dimensions), 3- psychosocial support, 4- updatingknowledge and skills for management of dailyinteractions, 5- complement of patient-physician
communication deficiency, 6- reaction to actions ofdifferent factors (personal, social, economical factors
and interpersonal relationship related factors) and 7identity and socialization bases of communication.
The findings clearly revealed that nurses and other
health providers need to pay specific attention foreasy access, and have a certain level ofcommunication skills to provide high quality of healthand safety treatment for their clients. These findings
can help to develop a healthy and happy work
environment.
Keywords: professional communication, healthprofessions, phenomenology.
PS 1 (T 4-4): Ethics of Entrepreneurship from
Islamic Perspectives
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamad Sabri Haron
Centre for General Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia
An entrepreneur could be defined as one who
manages a business along with the risks that entails.
As businesses are not free from risks, issues

regarding ethics should be emphasised. The attemptof this paper is to clarify some of the ethical issues
involved in business transactions from Islamic
perspectives. The discussion about ethics in thiscontext is related to relationship with the Creator,
relationship among humans, and assets or goods
entrusted to entrepreneurs. Additionally, this paper
highlights the role of companions of Prophet
Muhammad (p.b.u.h.), for instance ʼAbdul Rahman
bin ʼAuf as one of the role models considered inIslam to have expressed the concept ofentrepreneurship successfully in the world and thehereafter.
PS 1 (T 4-5): Ethical Issues in e-Learning: From
the Perspectives of Malaysian University
Students
Maznah Ibrahim (maznah@ukm.my)Centre for General Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia.
The emergence of the information age haschanged the world of learning. The Internet and thetremendous growth in communication technologies
have affected many in the education circles. Web
technologies
havechangedhow
students
communicate, how they learn and how they educate
themselves. E-learning is one of the educational
concepts that deal with online delivery of information,communication, education and also training.
However, although e-learning has provided thelearner with all the freedom to access and manage
information, it has also created new ethical issues.
Through e-learning, traditional learning problems
may have also been extended into the cyberspacesuch as cheating, plagiarism, violation of privacy,
spying etc. This paper explores the ethical issues
experiencedbystudents
duringe-learninginteractions while they are completing an email
project. The ethical issues involved are highlighted
and discussed from the perspectives of these young
Malaysian students. It is interesting to note anddiscover how the various perspectives held by youngusers of the new technologies may differ from themass adult users.
Keywords: ethical issues in e-learning, cyberspace,and university students
PS 1 (T 4-6): Al-Maududi and His Thoughts on
Prohibition of Usury in Economy.
Mohd Faizal P. Rameli *, Suhaida Mohd Amin**
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Melaka, Malaysia, Email:*faizal061@melaka.uitm.edu.my,**suhaida294@bdrmelaka.uitm.edu.my
Abu Aʼla al-Maududi is the most established
Muslim scholar in 20th centuries. He shares his great
opinions in Islamic political theories and concepts.
He gives an opinion about the Islamic principles inpolitics, economy and social welfare. His statements
regarding Muslim countries are focused on theIslamic basic rules, the sources and the IslamicEubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
constitutions. He described economics theories
according to the capitalists and communists andgives the solutions from the Islamic perspective. He
also suggests how to eliminate the Riba ineconomics and other activities. This paper generally
discusses his background and his thoughts on theprohibition of Riba in economics.
Keywords: Al-Maududi, Islamic economy, Riba
PS 1 (T 4-7): Joint Development: Diplomacy
Approach in Dispute Resolution between
Malaysia and Indonesia in Celebes Sea.
1
2
Muhamad Sayuti Hassan @ Yahya and Wan Siti
Adibah Wan Dahalan, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia
1
2
sayutihassan@gmail.com, and wsa@ukm.my,
The conflict on the overlapping claims between
Malaysia and Indonesia on the luxury Block ND6 andND7, located in the Celebes Sea, still persist to date.
Thus the purpose of this study is to identify andanalyse the relevant issues and to propose the bestsolution to the crisis ND6 and ND7 between Malaysia
and Indonesia. The conflict was investigated throughqualitative approach, while taking into account otherfactors such as geo-politics and international
relations. Aspects on international relation are
unavoidable as it is a mix of legal theory andinternational politics. In achieving these objectives,
the study emphasizes on the issues and the dispute
resolutions under international law. This study
indicates that Malaysia and Indonesia has its own
justification in claiming sovereign rights in the ND6
and ND7 (continental shelf). The law on dispute
resolution is clearly by the existence of a variety of
mediums to resolve this dispute. However, the law
cannot force the parties to resolve the disputepromptly due the frontiers of law, political barriers
between the two parties, the constraints of technicalissues in the Sulawesi Sea and the failure to tolerate
between both governments. This study inclines tothe proposed joint development because it is more
diplomatic and it is a win-win result.
Keywords: Dispute resolution, continental shelf, joint
development, international law and diplomacy.

Theme (T) 5: Ethics and Professionalism
in Education
Chair: Prof. Dr. I.V. Trivedi
PS 1 (T 5-1): Informal Learning in Engineering
Technology Teachers
1
Jamil Abd Baser, and 2Yahya Buntat
1
jamil@uthm.edu.my, Faculty of Technical Education,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia), and 2pyayha@utm.my, Faculty of Education, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia.
The purpose of this research is to gain informationof Engineering Technology teacherʼs readiness in

239

informal learning and focus in organizational
structure. Organization development (OD) is aplanned, organization-wide effort to increase anorganization's effectiveness and viability. Warren
Bennis has referred to OD as a response to change,
a complex educational strategy intended to change
the beliefs, attitudes, values, and structure of anorganization so that they can better adapt the newtechnologies, marketing and challenges, and the
dizzying rate of change itself. OD is neither "anything
done to better an organization" nor it is "the training
function of the organization"; it is a particular kind ofchange process designed to bring about a particularkind of end result. OD can involve interventions in theorganization's "processes," using ʻbehaviouralscienceʼ knowledge as well as organizationalreflection, system improvement, planning, and selfanalysis. Informal learning can be defined as aparticular way of learning which arises from theactivities and interests of individuals and groups.
After having identified and selected interests
expressed by learners, informal learning activities
such as discussion, talks or presentation,
information, advice and guidance are carried out in a
flexible and informal way, in informal community
locations. The objectives of this research is todevelop the informal learning model based on theissue occurs and help the teachers to understand thestate of readiness in teaching the Engineering
Technology subjects based on knowledge and skills
management. This research contains method of
informal learning, the perceived factors that influenceengagement in informal learning in the workplace,personal characteristic of the teachers and theorganizationʼs learning culture. The research tooksamples of the Engineering Technology teachers
from academic schools in Malaysia. The instrumentused in this research is a questionnaire and the data
were obtained via analyses using a programmecalled Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS
16 for Windows). The data were analysed to obtainthe min score and percentage. At is expected that the
aforesaid research would contribute positively to thenational education system as well as enhancing thequality and credibility of teaching profession.
Keywords: Engineering technology teacher, informal
learning, workplace, personal characteristic, skills
management
PS 1 (T 5-2): Educating the Ethics of Loving
among Adolescents: An Islamic Perspective.
1
Syaidatun Nazirah Abu Zahrin, 2Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Rozmi Ismail, and Assoc. 1Prof. Dr. Fazilah Idris
1
Lecturer of Centre of General Studies, Universiti
Kebangsaan
Malaysia(syaidatun@ukm.my),2
LecturerofPsychology,
FSSK,
Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia.
The adolescent is a crucial stage in oneʼs life inwhich love has been one of the most acquired andsearched element. The adolescents are very curious

240

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

about who is to be loved, how to love, when theyshould venture into love, and many other questions
evolving in the nature of love. Since love has been an
important element in the adolescentʼs life, thispreliminary study is looking into the Islamic
perspective on how one should be ethically involvedin a loving relationship. An overview on the
educational and psychological perspectives as well
as discussions on the Quranic verses and the
traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h) will behighlighted.
Keywords: Ethics of loving, adolescent, psychology,
Islamic perspective.
PS 1 (T 5-3): Trends in Teaching Philosophy inIndia.
Dr. S. Panneerselvam
Professor and Head, Department of Philosophy,
University of Madras, Chennai 600 005, India(sps@md4.vsnl.net.in).
Since in India, philosophy is considered the wayof life, Philosophers have tried to combine boththeory and practice. It is not mere a theoretical study
which deals with some abstract concepts, butconcerned about the values, culture and humanrights. In the contemporary philosophy, we see thesignificance of philosophy at the application level.
India, the “Applied philosophy” is one of the mostfavorite subjects of students. Efforts are being madeto popularize the course at the secondary education.
Debates are going on at the National level toemphasize how philosophical teaching can be more
effective. The following are discussed: It is necessary
at the secondary education level, we must introduce
a philosophical understanding of the following
concepts, in a very simple way, thus teaching thefollowing, both at the theory and practice level: (1)the implication of democracy in life (teaching therights and duties), (2) how democracy promotes thewelfare and equality of all (teaching individual aswell as social good), (3) preserving the cultural
identity, values, uniqueness at the same time
participating in a larger group (teaching the politics
of difference and identity), (4) the real meaning of“development”, i.e. to work for a total development,
which implies the preservation of nature, plants andanimals for the future (to teach the need to develop
the policy of “preserve the planet”), to introduce aphilosophical methodology keeping some of thethinkers like Buddha, Gandhi, Confucius, Kant, Hans
Jonas, Rawls and Habermas at the background (toteach the creative method of philosophizing tounderstand the problems) .
India lives in two or more conceptual worlds at thesame time at the philosophical level: (1) the world of
the great tradition in which the mythological past liesin the present, time exists in a mosaic of different
periods, matter and mind appear on the same
continuum, and the dominant conceptions are ofgroups, clusters, and patterns and (2) the modern
world of science and technology in whichmathematics plays a major role in describing theworld, matter and mind though related are discrete
entities, and conceptions are deductive, linear and of
individual events. But which one is the need of thehour?
We need to develop alternative world-views,
alternative metaphysics, as the basis for reflection ontechnology vis-à-vis society and civilization. The way
towards understanding the metaphysical roots oftechnology, must lead through the creation of analternative world-view which will enable us to grasp
sharply and clearly ramifications and consequencesof present technology for a future human society. It
is here people from non-western cultures, especially
philosophers have much to contribute. But how tostart? The starting point is that we must re-examine
our intellectual heritage and tradition in the light ofour present situation. Tradition is always
hermeneutical and accommodates new interpretation
and understanding. This reconstruction means thereconstructing the present categories of knowledge.
Man's mode of being-in-the world helps a person toevaluate the tradition. It is not possible for a person
simply to follow the tradition, but he has the right toevaluate the tradition. The world of historicity will
have an impact on the tradition and it accepts
evaluation and reinterpretation. This does not meanthat we are revolting against the tradition, butinterpreting them in the context of present historicity.
The cultural world, which one belongs to, allows aradical interpretation of the tradition.
In Indian context, it can be said that there is aninterconnection between philosophy and ethics.
Indian ethical texts like Tirukkural examines thehuman life to show how there can be all-roundprogress in life and how man can live a better life.
Thus it could be viewed as a critique of life. It
examines the present conditions of human life andguides for the betterment of life. Further, in the text,
we see a move from "what is" to "what ought to be".
As a critique of life, philosophy prescribes somenorms for life. It is possible to prescribe them only
after examining the life which man leads. In
philosophy, there is an inseparable relation between
value and action. When a person accepts something
as a value, he cannot but be engaged in activities
conducive to the attainment of the value in question;to accept something as a value is not just for the
purpose of talking, but for the purpose of doing." R.M.
Hare in The Language of Morals says that the logic
of value-words should finally result in action
Epistemologists make a distinction between belief
and knowledge. While the former lacks certainty, thelatter is certain as well as valid. What claims ourattention for epistemological discussion is knowledgevis-á-vis other mental states. Again, a distinction ismade between cognition and knowledge. While theformer may be true, or false, or doubtful, the latter istrue, certain, and valid. The Indian pramana theorists
convey this distinction by using two different words,
jnana and prama. The term "knowledge"(prama)cannot be qualified by any adjective such as true, orEubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
false, or doubtful. The expression "false knowledge"
is a contradiction in terms; that is to say, what is false
cannot be knowledge and what is knowledge cannot
be false; also, we cannot, for the same reason, use
the expression "doubtful knowledge". Since
knowledge is necessarily true, there is no need toqualify it by the adjective "true". In epistemology, weare concerned with issues such as the nature ofknowledge, the means of knowledge, and the validityof knowledge. Knowledge which is generated by apramana reveals the object as it is, where it is. For
Socrates, virtue is knowledge.
PS 1 (T 5-4): Semantic Analysis between Ethics
and Moral: A Meeting Point between the Two.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Arip Kasmo
Centre for General Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, arip@ukm.my
This paper discusses the effectiveness of theconcept of ethics and akhlak in the Muslim society inachieving a moral society. Should Muslim adopt theconcept of akhlak in totality and reject the concept of
ethics or should they adopt both of the concepts
simultaneously since both of these concepts draw
people towards good moral behaviour. The basis forakhlak is akidah or the belief system while the basis
for ethics is philosophy – including rational andlogical thinking – as well as religious teachings.
Could there be a meeting point between what isrational, and logical thinking and what is belief andfaith? Morality weakened as religious belief
weakened as what has been witnessed throughout
the world especially in the western society (A.
Toynbee, 1987).
Could ethical behaviour be
strengthened in tandem with the strengthening of therational, logical and scientific thinking of the society?

2nd December
08.30-10.30: Keynote Session 2 (KS 2)
Chair: Emeritus Prof. Datoʼ Dr. Abdul Rahman
Embong, Chairperson, Malaysian Association ofSocial Sciences.
KS 2-1) Professionalism in Higher Education
Prof. Dr. I.V. Trivedi
Vice Chancellor, Mohanhal Sukhadia University,
Udaipur (Raj), India.
We know that universities in the globally, haveand are changing radically – there are more students,
more universities and of different kinds, lessresources, a reductive and techniques notion of theindividual, and increasing debates around ʻstandardsʼ
and ʻeffectivenessʼ. The concept and practices ofmanagerialism have penetrated the academy as ameans to encourage efficiency, productivity, value formoney and so on. In higher education this is a time ofbenchmarks, measurable and comparable outcomes,241a hard-edged accountability and the ʻbottomʼ lineʼ.
With the advent of a global economy, and a
discourse of ʻskillsʼ and economic advantage, theeconomic importance of education has beenrediscovered as a key form of productive capital in
the race for competitive advantage. As Peters andRoberts (2000) point out, ʻnew growth theoryʼhighlights the role of education in producing ʻhumancapitalʼ and new knowledge. While the production
and dissemination of knowledge remains central touniversity work in this ʻnew economyʼ, "its value islegitimated increasingly in terms of its attraction toand service of global corporations" (Peters andRoberts, 2000, p.129).
An ethical professional is a professional who
behaves in a professional manner. A broad andinclusive definition of a profession would be: aprofession is a paid and learned occupation thatserves a social ideal. Although there may be some
controversy on the nature of the professional statusof teachers but they are generally seen as
professionals. Professional teachers are educators
who strive to promote educational values to the bestof their abilities. These educational values are tricky
because they tend to differ. So education shouldhave three main aims: practical preparation,
preparation for society and individual development. In
order to accomplish these educational aims a
professional teacher should be able to work withreasonable autonomy. Intrinsic motivation is an
important part of professionalism. With intrinsic
motivation, the subject makes internal decisions andwith extrinsic motivations the subject is made tocomply externally.
The paper highlights the need of change in higher
education which consists of life skill, info-savvy skill,techno-pedagogic
skills,integratehumandevelopment
climate,spiritual
intelligencedimensions, and Teacher Education programs. The
paper focuses on value based education. We need to
explore the role of higher education in building
stronger value base. New modes of regulation(accountability) produce or fabricate new professional
subjectivities, todayʼs education require different formof professionalism from teaching fraternity. Nor are
we simply able to shrug off the effects ofperformativity on academic life. Ball (2000, p.17)
argues that performativity does not simply get in theway, "it fundamentally changes what academic lifeis". Yet, as teachers in higher education, ourprofessional work is integral to our identities and self
worth – "[our] freedom to exercise informed
judgement in work is a vital part of being human",
explains Ozga (1999, p.69). What kind of academics
and teachers, then, are we, or can we now be? What
are our educational purposes and values as teachers
in higher education? How might we ʻdoʼ critical forms
of professionalism and reconstruct professional
identities under changing conditions of higher
education? The paper is trying to attempt to give
answers of above mentioned questions.

242

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

Keywords: Professionalism,values and ethics

Highereducation,

KS 2-2) Corporate Responsibility
Prof. Dr. Fauzias Mat Nor
Dean, Graduate School of Business, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia.
KS 2-3) The Global Food Crisis: A Crisis in Our
Mind? Changes in World-Views and Values to
Improve Food Security
Emeritus
Prof.
Dr.
WalterLeimgruber(walter.leimgruber@unifr.ch)
University of Fribourg, Switzerland.
A lot has been written in the past decades on the
problem of food and nutrition. Usually, the roots ofand the solutions to this problem are exclusively
sought in environmental and technical fields: Harvest
failures due to meteorological and climatic reasons,inadequate food distribution channels, food prices
and so on are quoted. While these factors
doubtlessly play an important role, they are not the
only reasons for the fact that about one billion peopleon our Planet suffer from hunger and/or malnutrition.
This paper proposes a number of reflections on
the obvious and the deeper reasons for the foodproblem. It argues that we are confronted with amuch more complex situation that is linked to theintimate relationship between environmental andsocietal problems. Agriculture (the food provider) is
not only dependent on physical conditions (soil,
water, weather etc.) but is anchored in cultural
practices. Besides, the lust for power and the greed
for material profit have transformed it into a politicaland neoliberal playing field with dire consequences
for the underprivileged and the poor. The answer tothe global food crisis lies therefore not only with themany solutions technology seems to offer but to aneven greater degree in the attitude humans acrossthe globe manifest towards food and nutrition.
Keywords: World hunger, food, value systems,
world-views
KS 2-4) Ethical Acceptance of Intra and TransSpecies
Gene
Transfers:
Multicultural
Perspectives
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Latifah Amin
Centre for General Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan,
Malaysia (nilam@ukm.my).
Biotechnology has been used by people for
decades to produce food such as bread, ketchup,wine and cheese as well as to improve the qualities
of crops by grafting and farm animals by crossbreeding. However, from the mid 1970ʼs onwards thedevelopment of modern biotechnology, or better
known as Molecular Biology, involved powerful newtechniques that allowed scientists to tackle theprevious goals with more finesse and speed such asrecombinant DNA, genetic engineering, cell fusion,,

bioprocess structurally-based molecular design andlately synthetic biology. Modern biotechnology has
stbeen viewed by many as the frontier of the 21
century revolution. It is a powerful tool that presents a
range of potential environmental, social andeconomic benefits that demands rigorous oversight.
The advancement in modern biotechnology has been
so rapid in the past fifteen years, making it the objectof an intense and divisive debate worldwide. Modern
biotechnology has also been classified as a complex
emerging issue that exhibits high salience combinedwith limited knowledge on part of the public. Some
researchers suggest that a major factor in theemergenceofcontroversies
surrounding
biotechnology has been the neglect of the needs,interests and concerns of the primary stakeholders –the commoners. Public perceptions, understanding
and acceptance of modern biotechnology can bothpromote and hamper commercial introduction andadoption of new technologies. If consumer
acceptance issues are not adequately addressed,then the potential economic and social benefits ofmodern biotechnology may not be realized.
Consumer acceptance of modern biotechnology isdriven by a number of inter-related factors such as
knowledge level, moral acceptability and perceptionsof benefits and risks of modern biotechnology andtrust in institutions of interests. Of the many variables
studied by earlier researchers, it was found that
moral acceptability was an important predictor orsometimes referred to as ʻa vetoʼ of support forbiotechnology. The purpose of this paper is tohighlight the ethical acceptance of several intra andtrans-species gene transfers in Malaysia andworldwide.
10.30-10.45: Morning Tea Break

10.45-12.45: Parallel Session 2 (PS 2)
Theme (T) 1: Ethics and Professionalism
in Science, Technology and Engineering
Chairs: Emeritus Prof. Dr. Walter Leimgruber, andProf. Dr. Ariff Osman
PS 2 (T 1-1): Factors Contributing to Research
Misconduct: A Review.
Siti Zaimah Zainal, Latifah Amin, Maznah Hj. Ibrahim,
Zaharah Hassan, and Norulhuda Aseri
Centre for General Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan,
Malaysia (zai_well@yahoo.com.my).
Scientific misconduct has garnered muchattention by the media over scandals concerning
falsification and fabrication of data surrounding
potentially promising breakthroughs and financial
conflicts of interest between researchers and drug
companies. Although, most scientific researchers
were conducted properly and reported honestly but
there exist authors who invent or manipulate data toEubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
reach fraudulent conclusions. For advanced
countries such as USA and Europe, issue of scientificmisconduct has attained public awareness since the1980s but in Malaysia, there has been no
documented
research
regardingscientificmisconduct. The demands of working in research
universities have given academicians addedpressure to produce work based on research. These
academicians are trying hard to balance between
obtaining as many research grants as possible andpublishing as many high impact research articles as
possible as well as performing teaching assignments
and other assigned responsibilities. All of these
responsibilities need to be fulfilled in order to meetthe demand of being a research university as well as
the academicianʼs own personal career development.
In such scenario, the probabilities of scientificmisconduct to occur are very high. This paper put up
some arguments, among others, if universities in
Malaysia plan to excel as top research universities,
there should be clear guidelines on the awarenessand practices of research ethics among university
lecturers. This paper demonstrates that by identifying
the causes research misconduct could be eliminated.
In this paper, the various factors contributing toresearch misconduct will be presented and possible
action plans are suggested.
Keywords: Research misconduct, contributing
factor, Malaysian university
PS 2 (T 1-2): Cybersex in Malaysia: The Linebetween Freedom of Expression and Threat toMorality
Norazlina Abdul Aziz (noraz_aa@yahoo.com.my),and Mazlina Mansoor (mazlina_mm@yahoo.com)
Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi Mara, 40450
Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Uncertainty on the dividing line between thebenefit of exercising the right to freedom of
expression and the threat towards morality becomesthe primary concern underlying this study. Sexual
exploitation via internet has escalated uncontrollably.
The traditional laws of criminal and civil claims failed
to address this matter sufficiently. The worrying
factor lies on the future outcomes of the society
which are given the wide freedom to exploit thesexual expression via internet. This study adopts aqualitative research methodology which involves theprimary and secondary data collection through library
based. The Federal Constitution which secure therights to freedom of speech and communication, theCommunication and Multimedia Act 1998 whichbecomes the guardian to the communication throughinternet and very much promote freedom of
expression and the Penal Code were criticallystudied with regards to this matter. The online
databases such as Ebscohost, Proquest, and Escience have also being the source of references.
The study also anticipates fieldwork where semistructured interviews are conducted. Summary of the243

results portrays the inadequacy of the Malaysian
Legal Framework governing cybersex in Malaysia
which will lead to creation of threat to the morality.
The Malaysian laws are at drawback on this matter.
Hence the study suggests that there is a need toprevent the continuance of the sexual exploitation
through internet, to reform the current legal
framework in Malaysia and to balance the function of
the internet in promoting freedom of expression andto curb the activities of the illegal usage of the sexual
exploitation.
Keywords: Cybersex, freedom of expression,
morality.
PS 2 (T 1-3): Why AIDS Makes Us Vulnerable?
Tsuyoshi Sotoya
Graduate Student, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo,
Japan (sm101036@g.hit-u.ac.jp)
The purpose of this paper is to give a voice toJapanese people who are born through AID or
Artificial Insemination by Donor, to examine thereasons why AID makes people vulnerable, and tosuggest some ways of alleviating some AID-related
problems. The paper first defines what AID is andexamine when and where this procedure was first
performed in Japan. It then points out several
reasons why this type of Assisted Reproductive
Technology offends or hurts people, by looking at thetestimony of many AID-born people. The first reason
is that it affects AID-born children who are damaged
after being told the truth of their birth. The second
reason is that the parents who resort to AID, almost
always cannot help having the feeling of guilt. The
third reason is that the donors themselves areworried after donating their sperm. The last reason isthat there is no law regulating Assisted Reproductive
Technology in Japan. Finally, the paper suggeststhat what is needed right now to prevent us fromseeing more and more people who are suffering frompsychological problems related to AID is to urge thegovernment to guarantee the childrenʼs right to know
about their biological roots.
Key words: Artificial Insemination by Donor
Childrenʼs right to know Autonomy
PS 2 (T 1-4): On Ethics in Robotics
Mohd Sulhi
School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University
College of Innovation & Technology, Technology
Park Malaysia, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia (Email: msulhi@gmail.com)
Robots are the hallmark and triumph ofengineering, science and technology. The presenceof robots and its wide applications in various fields
and sectors have since brought many effects andimpacts to the human society. Many moral concernsand ethical questions have since arisen. This paper
seeks to address several issues concerning ethics inrobotics. Several examples are presented to be244

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

further explored and discussed. It is hoped that in
the future, roboethics will continue to play a majorrole in the process of design and manufacturing ofrobots, so as to ensure that robots are ethicallyapplied.
Keywords: Ethics, roboethics, robots, issues.

PS 2 (T 1-6): Humanising the Sciences: IVF and
Ethical Issues
Omam. Pat. Agboro
Department of Philosophy, University of Lagos,
Akoka,Yaba,
Lagos
State,
Nigeria,
divineinspiration2001@yahoo.com

PS 2 (T 1-5): Professional Assessment of the
Framework for Public Attitude to Modern
Biotechnology in Malaysia
112
Hasrizul Hashim , Latifah Amin , Jamil Ahmad , and3
Nik Marzuki Sidik
1
2
Centre For General Studies, Faculty of Education,
3
Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia (E-mail: ejoy86@gmail.com)

That science has contributed immensely todevelopment in societies is not in doubt. In fact, thefruits of science and technological advancements
abound. Thus their importance cannot be
overemphasised. However, it becomes more
important that with each scientific advancement
comes the need for the development of moral
principles and moral norms that should regulate theirdeployment. This is because while granting thatscience and technology have expanded humanpowers to manipulate and control nature, it is equallyclear that they do not provide a basis for dealing withthe moral issues that arise thereof. Science provides
us with an understanding of "facts" but has little or nobasis for dealing with the "oughtness" or thenormative. Interestingly, most of the practices thathave arisen from scientific advancement raise ethicalissues that must necessarily be addressed. Against
this background, this paper seeks to show therelevance of the humanities in dealing with thenormative aspects of public policy or social relations
that are thrown up by the use of cutting edge
technologies. In particular, this paper focuses on
New Reproductive Technologies (NRT) and theethical issues that are thrown up by their uses. It
demonstrates that Science and Technology by itself
cannotresolvethemoral
dilemmasandcontradictions that are the consequences of the usesof NRTs such as In-Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), Artificial
Insemination, Surrogacy, etc.

The destiny of the modern biotechnology in
Malaysia greatly relies on professional studies, andthat include the assessment of public attitude
towards modern biotechnology. Even though thestudy related to public perception in Malaysia
towards modern biotechnology has been carried out
by earlier researchers, it is assumed that the attitude
and the level of awareness of the public towards
modern biotechnology have changed in the past few
years, while the products and the applications ofmodern biotechnology itself evolve over time. Somepublic argues that crossing species boundaries is
unnatural, immoral, and in violation of Godʼs laws,
while some of them seem to accept the benefits withthetechnology
itself.
Therefore,
constant
improvement of the findings is important and thestudy needs to be expanded from time to time, inorder to fully understand the current level ofawareness, knowledge and attitude to modern
biotechnology among the Malaysian stakeholders in
the Klang Valley region. The purpose of this paper isto review the current literature and identify additionalvariables and to refine the existing framework for
public attitude to modern biotechnology. Primarily,
the public attitude towards modern biotechnology will
be assessed using a Likert scale questionnaire. The
existing instrument to measure public attitude tomodern biotechnology will be refined with the recent
identified variables. The validity of the instrument will
later be tested to assure its reliability of giving better
answer to the question addressed by the issue. The
major field study will be carried out using 500
respondents who will be adult representatives, age
18 years old and above in the Klang Valley region,
stratified according to stakeholder's groups. Later,
the result of this study will not only be used as aknowledge base to apprehend the public acceptancetowards modern biotechnology applications or
products in Malaysia's urban area, but also tounderstand the societal and ethical implications ofmodern biotechnology in Malaysia.
Keywords: public attitude, modern biotechnology,
perceived risk, perceived benefit

PS 2 (T 1-7): Ethical Issues of Abortion Policy
and Access in Thailand
Anniken Celina Grinvoll
Managing Director, Eubios Ethics Institute, Thailand
Email: anniken@eubios.info
Abortion in Thailand is formally illegal except for
the reasons of rape, damage of the fetus or mental
health grounds. Despite restrictive abortion laws, anestimated 200,000-300,000 abortions take place inThailand every year. Many of these are performed inillegal clinics which have no legally enforced
standards, and often by untrained practitioners. Thisis the first ethical issue, that many abortions are
performed with unsafe methods, and continues to be
an issue requiring policy review.
The current abortion law in Thailand has been thefocus of public and political debate a few times in thelast decades, however those opposed toliberalization of the law have managed every time tolet it remain as it is. What are the reasons for this andwhat is the view on abortion in Thai society? Some
think that liberalized abortion is a threat to Thai
culture and the gendered narratives it creates about
the nation.

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
Thailand is a country where Buddhist thought ishighly influential and where 96 per cent of the
population claim to be practicing Buddhists.
According to Buddhist belief, to abort is seen as asin, as it is killing of lives. It is such a sin that leads toserious karmic consequences or demerit for themother, the fetus and even for those involved in theact of abort. The beginning of a human life, according
to Buddhist belief begins at the moment ofconception. Thus it is also argued that the later thestages in the development of the fetus that theabortion takes place, the stronger the negative
karmic consequences to the mother. Therefore, toabort at an early stage in pregnancy is mostcommon, followed by merit making afterwards.
Motherhood and reproduction remain a primarysource of female power and prestige in Thai society.
By giving birth a woman demonstrates her merit andas well as she improves her merit by providing theopportunity for the reincarnation of a life principle.
Abortion thus interferes with the karmic cycle andbirths and deaths by not allowing the rebirth of abeing. In so, Buddhism teaches that a woman will
inevitably suffer karmic retribution for her actions.
The women who reject pregnancy are also seen asof being not a ʻrealʼ woman and are depicted as aselfish being.
Also it is deeply rooted in Thai culture thatabortion is felt as a national “loss of face” which is avery strong notion of Thai culture which cannot beignored. Abortion is therefore seen as un-Buddhist,anti-religious and therefore also un-Thai. In fact theissue is a critical point to the national identity of thenation.
In the media, during the times when focus wasstrong on the abortion issue the females who
underwent abortions were often portrayed as ʻlooseʼ,
immoral, party and fun seeking girls. About the
women who aborted not much were mentioned about
the problems of the other groups including school
girls, women with financial problems, deserted wives,
those whose contraception failed, and married
women.
Thai law prohibits young girls who are still
students (at any level) to become pregnant.
Therefore, a persistent social problem is that
pregnant young girls desperately seek abortion toretain their student status, otherwise they will beordered to leave their educational institution.
The paper will also discuss results of interviews
with medical professionals and field work to test theaccessibility of the so-called abortion pill.

245

Theme (T) 3: Ethics and Profesionalism
at the workplace
Chairs: Prof. Dr. Abdul Rahman Abdul Aziz, andAssoc. Prof. Dr. Zaharah Hassan
PS 2 (T 3-1): The Function of MS ISO 9000
Certifications
towards
Enhancing
Professionalism Practices among Workers.
Nazri Muslim, Nik Yusri Musa, Jamsari Alias, andNorazila Mat
Universiti
Kebangsaan
Malaysia,
Malaysia,
nazrim@ukm.my
Professionalism refers to a specific career
performed by a qualified personnel equipped withpreferred qualification and trainings, with honesty,
dedication, good conduct and responsibilities alongwith autonomy in performing tasks and complying toorganizational codes. This is in line with the objectiveof MS ISO 9000 Certification in which it aims at
ensuring the products and services provided are on
par with the specifications required that need to be
performed in the most effective and efficient nature.
These are achievable when the organization buildand control the processes to meet the level of its
establishment and making continuous measurements
and improvements in order to present the customers
and respected parties with the desired quality
expectations. Through this MS ISO 9000
Certification, the organization especially its personnel
are capable to enhance their professional practices
since each and every task performed are based on astandard set of procedures. The establishment of MS
ISO 9000 Standards is also to ensure that products
and services provided are approved and accepted
worldwide. This paper discus MS ISO 9000
Certification
functions
towards
enhancingprofessionalism practices among workers.
Keywords:
Employees,
profesionalism,
ISO
Certification.
PS 2 (T 3-2): Correlation Study between
Knowledge Factors and Corporate Factors in
Facilities Management of Office High Rise
Buidings: A Preliminary Study in Klang Valley
Malaysia.
Mohamad Ridzuan Yahya
Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design,
International Islamic University Malaysia,
P.O. Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
moham643@gmail.com
It is important to focus on developing facilities
management (FM) in a building in order to ensure it
is in good condition and positive performance.
Various obstacles have to be faced by the FM forcontrolling all activities related to the building and its
system. The crucial issue is to integrate ethicalknowledge and corporate factors in order to haveeffective FM. This research identified knowledge and246

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

corporate which are supported by their own factors.
They influence the effectiveness of FM in high rise
office buildings. Business entity loses dynamic,
quality workers and profit are the components ofcorporate factors. The objective of this paper is tohighlight the correlation between the factors involved.
This paper presents the finding of seven (7) high rise
office buildings in Klang Valley, Malaysia on FM
issues.
Topmanagement
andoperational
management personnel were interviewed for their
immediate views and responses using standard
questionnaire survey. A statistical analysis based on
the Pearson correlation was used to identify thecorrelation for each corporate factors and ethicalknowledge. As a result, ethical knowledge has apositive correlation with the corporate factors. The
correlation coefficient (r-value) shows that there wasa strong relationship between corporate factors andethical knowledge. In other words, if the ethicalknowledge had fully been integrated and be the firstpriority with corporate factors in FM, then it will be aneffective FM in high rise office building.
Keywords: Facilities management, knowledge,
corporate, office high rise building
PS 2 (T 3-3): The Role of Residential Colleges in
Nurturing Professional Ethics among University
Students: Prospects and Challenges
1
Amilah Awang Abd Rahman, and 2Abdul Bari bin
Awang
1Assistant Professor the Department of Usuluddin
and Comparative Religion, KIRKHS, IIUM, andPrincipal of Mahallah Asiah, IIUM, and 2AssistantProfessor, the Department of FIqh and UsulFiqh,
KIRKHS, IIUM, and Principal of Mahallah Uthman,
Gombak Campus IIUM.
Tertiary or university level is the highest level of
education before a person embarking on his/hercareer life. The expectations have always been hightowards university to mould studentsʼ good
personalities. This is mainly to ensure that thegraduates are capable of handling obstacles andchallenges in their real life. In normal circumstances,
the role of residential colleges in shaping students
behavior is not much highlighted. This paper
explores the potential role of residential colleges in auniversity especially in inculcating organizational
behaviour among students. This study employs
qualitative method mainly through library researchand interview sessions with relevant parties who are
directly involved in the administration of colleges atpublic universities. Several cases were studied, andthe findings are used to illustrate and explain theactual scenario. The study found that residential
colleges have many opportunities to educate
students in the respect of professional ethics.
Colleges provide favourable environment toappropriately inculcating balance in studentsʼ
development including towards organizational
behavior throughout their years of study. The efforts
can be divided into two categories: On the level of

inner self which can be further divided into
awareness, self-reflection and conviction, and on thelevel of practicality. The students will value the spiritof mutual respect and social responsibility throughout
their dealing with college office staff. These values,
even though may be seen as simple, are indeed,invaluable and important for their future experience inthe society. Several challenges to such role are also
identified which can be divided into two aspects:
Students and university.
PS 2 (T 3-4): Emotional Intelligence andOrganisational Ethical Climate in Collective
Communities: A Study in a Borneo-Malaysian
Public Service Organisation.
Mai Ishak, and Ross Azura Zahit
Department of Cognitive Science, Universiti Malaysia
Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak,
Malaysia, imaisumi@fcs.unimas.my
The paper explores the role of emotional
intelligence in nine (work) ethical climate types (selfinterest, company profit, efficiency, friendship, teaminterest, social responsibility, personal morality,
company rules and procedures, and laws andprofessional codes). Schutteʼs Self-Report Emotional
intelligence Inventory (SSRI) and Victor & CullenʼsWork Ethical Climate Questionnaire (ECQ) wereadministered to 63 employees in 2 service-oriented
departments in a public service organization in
Borneo Malaysia. Findings were described in Schutte
4 dimensions of emotional intelligence and Victor &Cullen typology of ethical climate. EQ was found to
be instrumental in matters that require ethicaljudgement at individual and organizational loci ofanalysis, where respondents who reflected better
emotional intelligence expressed stronger awarenessof ethical elements at individual level (lacks of selfinterest, sense of friendship, personal moralemphasis) and organizational level (importance ofcompany profit, team spirit, and rules & procedures).
It was also found emotional intelligence largely
influenced judgement at egoism-based (lacks selfinterest, company profit) and benevolence-based(friendship and team spirit) work ethics decisions. EQ
was however not found to play any role in the moral
judgement of ethical matters at the universal level ofvalues or those that involve principled criterions. The
findings suggest that emotional intelligencecompetence, particularly the skills of perceiving andrecognising emotions of self and othersʼ, isinstrumental for work ethics to be fully embraced inthis particular Borneo organisation. Explanation onwhat could account for this nature in the context ofthe developing Borneo organisation is provided inthis paper.
PS 2 (T 3-5): Discrimination towards Disabled
People: A Reality that Need to be addressed
Zakaria Osman

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
PS 2 (T 3-6): The Controversy of Prophet
Muhammadʼs (p.b.u.h) Caricature: Contradictionsin Perspectives of Ethical and Moral Values.
Nor Afian Yusof, and Hamdzun Haron
PS 2 (T 3-7): Job Security and the Relationshipwith Job Satisfaction, and Commitment towards
Organization
Noraishah Daud

Theme (T) 4: Ethics and Professionalism
in Science, Technology and Engineering
Chair: Prof. Dr. Jamal Othman
PS 2 (T 4-1): Empathy: Crime News Reportersʼ
Ethics and Decision Making.
Sharon Wilson, and Faridah Ibrahim
Sharon Wilson and Associate Prof. Dr. Faridah
Ibrahim, School of Media and Communication
Studies, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities,
University
Kebangsaan
Malaysia,
Email:
sharon@utar.edu.my / fbi@ukm.my
The study of ethics in news reporting has long
been an integral part of journalism. As much as there
is a great need to understand the proper sense of
responsibility to the public on the part of thenewspaper writer, ethics is a requirement for human
life. The challenge for modern journalism andespecially crime reporters is to find a way tonegotiate the often competing professional andethical considerations involved in finding andrepresenting news, while adhering to a perception ofjournalism as playing an important role in society.
Using qualitative research methodologies, basing thediscussion on a textual analysis of two prominent
case studies and in-depth interview with crime
reporters from three local dailies, the findings
revealed that emotions or feelings interpreted as
sympathy and empathy was a prominent factor which
influences crime reporters in their decision making. It
is interesting to find out to what extent crime news
reporters exercise journalistic professionalism when
it is revealed that emotions and feeling play an
integral part in their reporting of crime news stories.
The paper concludes that while certain ethicalphilosophy deny the use and impact of emotion in
making clear and valid decisions, emotions andfeelings help to subdue aggressive writing anddecisions.
Keywords: Crime reporting, decision making, ethicalperspectives, empathy247

PS 2 (T 4-2): Moral and Ethical Problems among
Teenagers and the Role of the Murabbi
Kabuye Uthman Sulaiman
Department of General Studies, Kulliyyah of Islamic
Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences,
International
Islamic
University
Malaysia,
kabuye@hotmail.com, kabuye@iium.edu.my
Over the past several decades, cases ofimmorality have grown into major social problems
which have ruined the lives of many young people
and imposed heavy costs on families, organizations
and governments. Increases in the number of ethicaland moral problems among the teenagers such as
illicit use of drugs, teen pregnancy, abortion,
vandalism, raise the question of tarbiyah and the roleof the murabbi. The aims of this paper are twofold:
first, is to review some of the ethical problems foundamong the teenagers; and second, to describe theprocess of tarbiyah and the role of murabbi in thelight of the Qurʼan and Sunnah of Prophet
Muhammad (s.a.w). The study contends that todayʼs
moral and ethical problems are due to the widening
gap between parents and their children and also
between the teachers and students and the societyʼs
negligence of the duty of al-Amr bi al-maʻruf wa alNahy ʻan al-Munkar (enjoining the right andforbidding the wrong). The study also contends that if
these problems are not taken seriously, they will leadto the loss of norms and eventually the disintegrationof society.
Keywords: Tarbiyah, murabbi	  PS 2 (T 4-3): The Influence of Corporate Social
ResponsibilityonManagerial
CareerAdvancement with Mediating Effect of Job
Performance: The Conceptual Framework.
Lawrence Arokiasamy, Chan Chai Hoong, Chew
Perg Zhen, Gan Chee Hao, Lee Shiau Tyng, and Lee
Wing Fatt
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, MalaysiaOverthedecades,
Corporate
SocialResponsibility (CSR) is increasingly being viewed as
an important and integral part of business operations.
As Asian countries are gradually encouraging foreign
trade and investment, there is correspondingly
increasing research interest in CSR. The purpose ofthis study is to examine new aspects of CSR related
to managerʼs career advancement with mediatingrole of job performance. The theoretical framework
consists of Carrollʼs CSR model, including four
dimensions:
economic,legal,
ethicalandphilanthropic responsibilities which are related to a
managerʼs career advancement. This paper provides
a complete literature on CSR, managerial careeradvancement and job performance which brings newinteresting aspects to the context of CSR. This study
is providing useful information about CSR whichhighlights on the internal aspect rather than theexternal aspects which are often discussed in CSR.

248

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

This paper covers on the literatures, develops
conceptual framework and relates the relationshipamong CSR, job performance and managerʼs careeradvancement.
Keywords:
Corporatesocialresponsibility,
managers, career advancement and job performance
PS 2 (T 4-4): Moral Improvement (Islox alAkhloq): Revisiting the Prophetic Method in the
Midst of Materialistic Tendencies
Assistant Professor Dr. Abdul Latif Abdul Razak,
Department of General Studies, Kulliyyah of IRKHS,IIUM, al_nuha@iiu.edu.my, Tel: 03-61965575; Fax:
03-61965504
Moral improvement is defined as a change inbehavior trait from bad to good, good to better andbetter to best. Nowadays, many programs are
created and offered by psychologists, trainers andmotivators to help people, especially the youth, inbehavior modification.
Expensive fees andineffective modules are overshadowed withaggressive
advertisements
andexaggerated
testimonies. The tendency of parents in expecting
easy and fast positive changes in their children
aggravates the situation. In many cases, theparticipants returned home with superficial and shortlived developments. This paper therefore aims atrevisiting behavior modification method used by theProphet (p.b.u.h) and sees how this prophetic
method is able to produce successful people
throughout history in the persons of Abdul Rahman
bin Auf in business, Umar Abdul Aziz in governanceand so on. It is hoped that this prophetic method canhelp our psychologists, trainers, motivators in
preparing and reviving their modules, as well as
parents in their relentless effort in improving theirchildrenʼs behavior.
Keywords: Moral improvement, faith factor, psychospirituality, behavior modification
PS 2 (T 4-5): Educational Technology with
Climate Change Education
Ngo Thi Tuyen
Research Center for Educational Technology,
Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences
Educational technology is a way to organize thelearning process so that the learning process can becontrolled materially, perceivably, outside theindividuals of the teachers and students. To reachthe aim, education must proactively organize thelearning process so that it can express the mostmodern physical achievements, analyse them, andwith professional pedagogy transfer them into
learners, organizationally, step by step complete theprocess so that the learners get learning products.
To introduce a new content into an education
process needs to create agreement from top tobottom, and to be institutionalized by normative acts
and to thoroughly grasp its implementation,
understand its scientific nature, cause and effect, anduse suitable methods for each age level. To
technologize the educational process, affects thethree aspects of climate change education, namely,
reasons, emotions and will, in order to produce
students who are flexible, adaptable proactively,
coping with difficulties, achieve a consensus in using
energy economically and effectively, and look for a
new resource of energy which can be reproduced
and is not polluting the environment. These are what
I suggest as an orientation for climate change
education.
PS 2 (T 4-6): Ethics of Road Usage from Islamic
Perspective
Wan Zulkifli Wan Hassan, and Jamsari Alias
Universiti
Kebangsaan
Malaysia,
Malaysia,
wenzoul@ukm.my
The occurrences of road accidents nowadays
have reached an alarming level that involve fatalities
and lost. This situation presents dreadful imageries
for every road users especially in Malaysia. Among
notified causes are the attitudes and actions of thedrivers such as reckless driving, impatience as well
as self-centeredness along with disobedient to theroad and traffic regulations that ultimately will bringmisery to the mass as it affects innocent lives andtheir families. This paper intends to suggest asolution for the road users to apply the ethics of road
usage as introduced by Islam, since Islam comeswith complete arrangements of human life, be it
specific or universal, private as well as public. The
teachings of Islam involve guidance and regulations
that would lead towards beautification of charactersand personalities in all walks of life. It also inculcatesthe atmosphere of love, affirmation and cooperation.
Among the Islamic ethics outlined, is the ethics ofroad usage that need to be upheld by all mankind.
This is due to the fact that the public, i.e. all the road
users, has the rights to utilize the roads andhighways. According to Islamic ethics, Islam isindeed against any actions done that could lead toany form of hazards for the road users. Therefore,
this paper would clarify and outline the ethics of road
usage from the Islamic perspective that need to beunderstood, upheld and performed by all, so that ourroads and highways will be a safe and a pleasantavenue.
Keywords: Islam, ethics, road usage

Theme (T) 5: Ethics and Professionalism
in Education
Chairs: Prof. Datuk Dr. Jamaluddin Md. Jahi, andProf. Dr. Jayapaul Azariah
PS
2
(T
5-1):
Professionalism
among
Academicians at a Malaysian Public University
Ahmad Zamri Mansor, and Johari Talib

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
PS 2 (T 5-2): Elements of Non-Compliance with
Research Ethics in Conducting Top-Down
Research: Experience by the Planning andResearch Department
Roosfa Hashim, and Salmah Zainal Abidin
This paper aims at discovering researchersʼ
attitude which could be identified as non compliancewith the research ethics in conducting top-down
research managed by the Research Section,
Planning and Research Department, Ministry ofHigher Education Malaysia. The research is
conducted basically by referring various documents
related to top-down research management such as
Term of Reference, letter of appointment, letter ofagreement, criteria of researchers, report submission
and research publication. Ultimately, this research is
hoped to report and identify elements of noncompliance with research ethics among the
researchers in conducting top-down research. Input
from this research is beneficial to the Ministry andother agencies in enhancing the top-down research
management. The research inputs are verysignificant to the researchers to be constantly andstringently complied with the research ethics inproducing high impact top-down research.
PS 2 (T 5-3): The Study of Ethics andProfessionalism in the Higher Education (withreference to India)
Dr. Deepti Bhargava1, and I.V. Trivedi2
1
Head,ShrinathjiInstituteofManagement,
Nathdwara,
Rajsamand,
Rajasthan,2
deepti_ysb1@rediffmail.com,
Vice-Chancellor,
Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur (Raj), India
India is a country with a very vast history of strong
cultural and ethical values. Academician andadministration of the institute play an important role inbuilding ethical environment for student. Every
institution should have its own well-documented
codes of ethics, defining the guidelines of ethicalbehavior.
The Professional and Ethical issues can be:•
The academician should be highly qualified
as per norms and should employ knowledge in thesubject being taught, Theory and practice about
learning, teaching and assessment, the capabilities
and expectations of the students.
•
The respectfulness to students andcolleagues, Academic courage, Fairness, Notabusing the power of the teaching role should beconsidered•
Building an atmosphere of trust andpsychological safety and a norm of collective
responsibility in the classroom.
•
The talking and learning about values,
beliefs, morals and other ethically related issues withthe students to create ethical environment.
•
No donations, no corruption, transparency,clean utilization of money, social and family-related

249

counseling of students by teachers, no red-tapeadministration, no plagiarism of research papers andarticles, etc.
The objective of the study was to know about the
ethical practices used by administration andacademician, also to know about the opinion towarddifferent issues of ethics. The separate questionnaire
was designed for administration and academician.
The respondent was the academician for bothquestionnaires. In India the teachers feel that there isan urgent need of enhancing the ethical standards in
the Indian society. That is why they are implementing
ethical issues. The study concludes that almost allacademician give higher rating to all factors of ethics.
They have positive opinion toward code of ethics andit should be implemented at all level. Academician
must realize that the main purpose of the teaching is
to develop the career of the student and it is the sole
responsibility for giving good learning environment tothe students.
Keywords: Academician, administration, ethical andprofessional issues
PS 2 (T 5-4): Decision Making Skills Course for
Future Professionals: Researchersʼ Reflections
on Action Research Process.
Ahmad Zamri Mansor, Maznah Hj. Ibrahim, andMohd Mohsin Mohd. Said
Pusat Pengajian Umum, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Knowledge on decision making skills is very
important for professionals. In order to produce
professionals with decision making skills, the Centre
for General Studies in UKM has introduced anundergraduate elective course entitled ʻDecision
Making Skillsʼ. The course aims to equip future
professionals with the awareness and knowledge on
how to make better decisions. As an initiative toensure that the course reflects current professional
needs, an action research has been conducted.
Feedbacks from lecturers and students showed thatthe course coverage needs to be revised as it overly
focused more on theories and conceptual
understandings. The objectives of this action
research are: (a) to align the orientation of the course
in order to reflect the actual professional needs of thestudents, and (b) to utilize learning materials thatenable them to enhance their understanding indecision making. The research is done in fourstages, namely (a) identifying the problems, (b)experimenting
withsolutions,(c)gathering
feedbacks, and (d) implementation. The objective of
this paper is to present the researchersʼ reflection of
the research process that they have undergone.
Keywords: Professionalism, decision making skills,
undergraduate learning

250

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

PS
2
(T
5-5):
Integrating
Sustainable
Development (SD) into Social Science Courses:
Lecturerʼs Perspectives
1
2
Zubaidah Mohd Nasir, Mashitoh Yaacob, and3
Halimaton Saadiah Hashim
1&3
Institute for Environment and Development(LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM),
2
Centre for General Studies, UKM, 43600 UKM
Bangi,
Selangor,zuenasir@yahoo.com,
mash@ukm.my, halima@ukm.my
Sustainable development (SD) concept is morethan environmental protection or economic
development. It is about maintaining and improving
the quality of life without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their needs. This concept
is an ethics for improving the quality of life,
conserving the environment and promoting peacethat should be taught in higher education institutions.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) lecturerʼs perspectives
towards the integration of SD into the university
social science courses. A set of questionnaires was
distributed to 478 lecturers of Faculties of Social
Sciences and Humanities, Economics and Business,
Law, Education, and Islamic Studies in UKM, and145 of them responded. Quantitative data wereanalyzed using SPSS version 16.0 where frequency
analysis is used to measure the level ofunderstanding, attitude and belief of the lecturers
towards SD concept, and Pearson correlation is
utilized to obtain the significant levels of therelationship between understanding, attitude andbelief of lecturers towards SD concept, and therelationship between understanding, attitude andbelief of lecturers towards SD concept anddemographic characteristics. Three sections aretested in the questionnaires – understanding of theconcept, attitude towards the concept and belief in
the ability to integrate the concept into their courses.
Majority (87.6%) lecturers rated their understanding
as strongly agree and agree on the correctstatements of SD. Unfortunately, the incorrectstatements of SD were also reached a high rate ofstrongly agree and agree (64.3%), only 20.5% rated
strongly disagree and disagree. As for the attitude,
the percentage of respondents who strongly agree
and agree is also high for the correct statements ofattitude (93.4%), and the incorrect statements werealso received a high rate of strongly disagree anddisagree (83.1%). Lecturerʼs attitudes towards therelationship between economy and the environment
were also tested and the result shows that 91.6% of
the lecturers were strongly agree and agree to thecorrect statement and 47.6% of them were strongly
disagree and disagree to the incorrect statements.
The last section of the questionnaire is belief which
majority of the respondents (62.5%) rated agree andstrongly agree and some of them rated uncertainty(31.5%).
Pearsoncorrelationoflecturerʼsunderstanding, attitude and belief towards SD issignificant at p < 0.01. In addition, there weresignificance between lecturerʼs attitude and gender,
and their understanding and age which p < 0.05.
Environment, economy and social are thedimensions of SD that may require knowledge,
positive attitudes and willingness of the lecturers torealize Education for Sustainable Development(ESD) in social science courses in UKM. Descriptive
analysis illustrated that majority of the lecturers
misunderstand the concept of SD in that they thought
SD is about economic development andenvironmental needs is more important than humanneeds. Conversely, they have positive attitudes
towards SD and believe that SD is good. Most of thelecturers are willing to integrate SD elements in theircourses. In conclusion, lecturers of social science
courses have positive attitudes towards SD andwillingness to integrate it in their courses, but they
misunderstand the real meaning of SD concept which
has three dimensions (i.e., environment, economy
and social).
Keywords:
Sustainable
Development(SD),
Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)
PS 2 (T 5-6): Professionalism in Medical
Education: A Review.
Abdus Salam1, Rabeya Yousuf2, Harlina Halizah
Siraj1, and Nabishah Mohamad1
1
2
medical
Education
Department,
pathology
Department
Faculty Of Medicine, Ukm Medical Centre, Jalan
Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras
56000,
Kuala
Lumpur,Malaysia,
salam@ppukm.ukm.my / salabdus@gmail.com
Many people used the word ʻprofessionalismʼ
differently for different reasons. Professionalism iseasy to recognize but difficult to define. Nevertheless,there are fundamental elements of professionalism.
Medicine is a profession that requires high standardsof behavior. The purpose of this paper is to identify
the concepts of professionalism and put emphasis onthepracticeoffundamental
elements
ofprofessionalism especially by medical faculty topromote professionalism in tomorrowsʼ doctors.
The review was carried out using PubMed andother databases utilizing literatures between theyears 1953 to 2010. The key words used to search
the related articles were profession, professionalism,
medical professionalism, elements of professionalism
etc. All searches were limited to English language
publications, after which a quality analysis was
performed.
Professionalism is defined as a “promise to oneʼs
work to the promotion of public good”. Orientation is
toward service rather than personal profit. The
fundamental elements of professionalism include
altruism, accountability, excellence, duty, integrity
and respect for others. Professionalism is anumbrella term used to refer the degrees to which thecharacteristics of the ideal professions aredemonstrated.
Medical educators have become
concernedabout
theerosionof
medicalEubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
professionalism because the attitudes and behaviors
of practicing physicians, particularly the faculty, havean impact on the professional development of
medical students. Medical students often receive
conflicting messages between what they learn in theclass room and what they observe in clinical setting.
Role modeling by teaching staff is acutely
important in conveying professional values, attitudes
and behavior. Medical educators especially thefaculty should uphold the highest ethical standard of
the profession by playing vital roles in educating,inspiring and guiding medical students. Medical
schools required to implement formal teaching ofprofessionalism aimed to relieve the erosion of
medical professionalism.
Keywords: Professionalism, medical education,
elements of professionalism
PS 2 (T 5-7): Professional Growth, Autonomy,
and Commitment of Lecturers in Higher
Education in Malaysia.
123*Sahar Ahadi , Turiman Suandi , Maimunah Ismail ,4and Zoharah Omar
1, 2, 3, 4

Department Of Professional Development And
Continuing Education, Faculty Of Educational
Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia,*Sahar_ahadi1@yahoo.com
The purpose of this paper is to explore thecontribution of autonomy and professional growth
towards commitment of lecturers in higher education
institutions. The authors attempt to discuss the extent
of autonomy and professional growth of lecturers inresearch universities affect their commitment to theuniversity and the department they affiliated with.
Instrumentation included the autonomy andprofessional growth components of FacultyParticipant Empowerment Scale (FPES) and
Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ).
Data was collected via the distribution of 400
questionnaires among lecturers in four research
universities in Malaysia. Descriptive analysis shows
the level of autonomy and professional growth oflecturers towards their research and teaching
responsibilities. A simple regression was done, andthe results provide evidence of a positive association
between both predictors (professional growth andautonomy) and organizational commitment. The
model shows that 23% of variance of organizational
commitment is explained by autonomy andprofessional growth predictors. This study supports
the results of previous research; therefore these twoconcepts need special attention as to install lecturerʼsrights in academic environment for more effective
outcomes in higher education.
Keywords: Professional growth, autonomy, higher
education, ethics and professionalism in education
12.45-14.00: Lunch251

14.00-16.15: Parallel Session 3 (PS 3)
Theme (T) 3: Ethics and Professionalism
at the Workplace
Chair: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalim Zainal
PS 3 (T 3-1): Participation Rate by Gender in
Malaysiaʼs Workforce**
Suhaida Mohd Amin*, Mohd Faizal P. Rameli
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Melaka, Malaysia,*suhaida294@bdrmelaka.uitm.edu.my,**faizal061@melaka.uitm.edu.my
Workforce or Labor force is a key component inlong term economic growth, almost as important as
productivity. A common theory in modern economics
claims that besides the economic variable, there areother factors of an institutional, legal or attitudinal
nature which can explain the changes in participation
rate of labor. In the West, during the latter half of the20th century, the labor force participation rateincreased significantly, largely due to the increasing
number of women entering the workplace. Most
studies indicate that male labor force is quite
intensive to change in wage rate whereas female
labor force is fairly responsive to change in wage
rate. However, secular trend shows that while thenumber of labor force increases due to the increasein population, labor force participation rate for maleand female does not have significant relationship.
This paper will give an input on who/what is involvedin the labor force and the labor force participation
rate, the secular trend of labor force participation rate
and factors contributing to the decline or rise in thisindicator. In addition, this paper will focus on thelabor force participation rate by gender in Malaysia
from year 1982 to 2009.
Keywords: Work force, Labor Force, Labor force
participation rate, gender, Malaysia
PS 3 (T 3-2): Mediating Role of Perceived
Organizational
Politics
inRelating
Job
Characteristics to Morale
1
Dr. Mahmood A. Bodla, and 2Rizwan Qaiser Danish
1
Director, COMSATS Institute of Information
Technology,
Lahore,Pakistan
director@ciitlahore.edu.pk, 2Lecturer, University of
the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan PhD
Scholar, COMSATS Institute of Information
Technology,
Islamabad,
Pakistan,rdanish2000@yahoo.co.uk
Organizational politics has been perceived to be
an integral part of every work organization. Moreover,theperceptionsofemployees
about
theorganizational politics are considered to have asignificant influence on the morale of employees.
However, the nature and degree of this influence
may differ from job to job and individual to individual.

252

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

Thus, the present study tries to investigate themediating role of organizational politics in between
the job characteristics and morale of the employees.
Job characteristics included in the study are job
ambiguity, skill variety, feedback, and autonomy
whereas the morale is a composite construct of job
satisfaction and affective commitment. The empiricalevidence is based on the national level sample dataas collected through self administered questionnaires
from executives of multitude of Pakistani industries
such as health, manufacturing, energy, financial
services,
education,
telecommunication,andinformation technology. The sample comprised of
577 respondents. Structural Equation Modeling wasused to analyze the fitness of casual relationship.
Several practical implications are drawn to benefit thepracticing managers.
Keywords: Job characteristics, morale, job
satisfaction, affective commitment, organizational
politics
PS 3 (T 3-3): Professionalism and Ethics: Is the
Judiciary Doing Enough to Give Maintenance to
Women?
Taslima Monsoor
Professor of Department of Law, University of Dhaka,
Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh and former Research
Scholar, Department of Shariah and Law, Academyof Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, Malaysia,
taslima_monsoor@hotmail.com
The article aims to evaluate the potentiality of
Sharia law for better protection of women in relation
to her rights of maintenance. The impact of legal
practice is revealed by the court cases, from which theviews of the judiciary about the application of the laws
for the empowerment of the women of Bangladesh canbe analysed. An investigation of the academic
creative writing of different jurisdictions ofBangladesh projects that the legislation is widely
accepted and hardly questioned. The main problem
is the implementation of the Law. In view of our
premises, we shall need to focus particularly on thequestion whether judges are protecting women fromabuse and exploitation or giving justice to them.
Keywords: Maintenance, muslim women, Islamic
law, Bangladesh
PS 3 (T 3-4): Unethical Leadership
Zaharah Hassan, Abu Daud Silong, and Rozita
Ibrahim
Values, ethics and leadership are closely related.
Unethical leader will lead the organization to failure.
This paper reviews a number of literatures regarding
values and leadership to identify issues relating toindividual and organizational values that influence
leaders behaviour and organization performance.
The paper also provides an overview of servant
leadership theory because values constitute thefoundation of this theory.
Keywords: Leadership, values, ethics

Theme (T) 4: Ethics and Professionalism
in Governance, Business and Social
Responsibility
Chairs: Prof. Dato' Dr. Mohd Yusof Haji Othman, andProf. Dr. Khairul Anwar Mastor
PS 3 (T 4-1): The Influence of Organizational
Ethical Climate, Religiosity and Knowledge of
Ethics on Ethical Judgments – A Study on UiTM
Kelantan Accounting Students
Maheran Zakaria, Junaidah Hanim Ahmad, andNazmi Mohamed Zin
Faculty of Accountancy, Universiti Teknologi MARA
Kelantan, Malaysia, jun372@kelantan.uitm.edu.my
The public has been dismayed and angered by
the catastrophic collapse of giant corporations
throughout the world such as Enron, Xerox,
WorldCom, Parmalat, Tyco and Barings Bank, which
resulted from a succession of financial scandals.
Such unfortunate scandals have also happened in
Malaysia, such as those involving Transmile Group,
Perwaja, Southern Bank and Technology Resources
Berhad. The fact that these scandals are becoming
more frequent these days has spurred interest in
studies of ethics to investigate the underlying factorsof ethical judgments. Though there may be manyfactors which can affect ethical judgments, this study
focused on three, namely organizational ethicalclimate, religiosity and knowledge of ethics. Threehypothesized relationships were tested using asample of 260 UiTM Kelantan accounting students.
The results derived from the regression analyses
indicated that only knowledge of ethics and religiosity
are strongly associated with ethical judgments. The
findings of this study provide insights on theimportance of knowledge of ethics and religiosity inenhancing ethical judgments.
Keywords: Organizational ethical climate, religiosity,
knowledge of ethics, ethical judgments
PS 3 (T 4-2): Ethics in Advertising from the
Perspective of Religious Scholars: A Qualitative
Insight
1
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Maznah Che Ghazali, and2
Mohammad Noorizzuddin Nooh1
Faculty of Business Management, UiTM Shah Alam,2
PhD Candidate, Faculty of Business Management,
UiTM Shah Alam, noorizzuddin@usim.edu.my
Advertising is one of the most integral parts of abusiness entity. Organizations all around the world
spend billions of dollars every year to promote theirproducts and advertising is one of the tools to
promote their product globally. As businesses
transcend across border, the role and magnitude ofadvertising expenditure have expanded thus requirea close examination in terms of its roles andfunctions. The introduction of new technologies has
set a new playing field in which advertisers have to
be up-to-date with new media such as advertisingthrough web sites and also through mobile phones. It

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
is considered to be one of the essential marketing
tools which have been proven to be effective in
capturing new customers and creating brand image.
Advertising in the new millennium has raised
substantial concerns among religious scholars
particularly in the issues of unethical advertising. The
author has conducted several qualitative interviews
among Malaysian Islamic religious scholars in orderto understand their concern on these issues and also
to gauge qualitatively on their views on Islamic
advertising ethics. The paper discusses the religious
scholarsʼ views on the Malaysian advertising industry
in general, its effect on children, teenager, andadults, roles of the government, society andadvertising practitioners in improving the current
situations, the foundations of Islamic ethics, roles ofadvertising in Islam, conflicts between current
advertising practices and Islamic teachings, and also
the ideal roles of advertising in the society.
Keywords: Ethics, advertising ethics, Islam, Islamic
advertising ethics
PS 3 (T 4-3): Ethical Issues in Corporate
Governance Principles: With Reference toDirectorsʼ Duties
1
Dr. Halyani Hj. Hassan, and 2Ahmad Ibrahim
1
Assistant Professor, Private Law Department,
2
Kulliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University,
Malaysia, halyani@iiu.edu.my
Corporate governance is about how a company isbeing controlled and managed in the interests of its
shareholders and stakeholders. Codes of corporate
governance embody rules of conduct and bestpractices which are directed to the controller of thecompany i.e. the board of directors. Corporate
governance principles have been introduced toenhance accountability and transparency in acompany. In most circumstances these are reflectedin the duties and responsibilities of the directors as
stated in the relevant statutory provisions. On theother hand, ethical issues in business corporations
relate with integrity, honesty and fairness. This paper
intends to highlight and examine the ethical elementsin those statutory provisions which have beenlegislated based on corporate governance principles.
The study would be focused on directorsʼ fiduciary
duty and duty of care. It would look beyond corporatesocial responsibility practices which have often been
described as companyʼs ethical duty. It is perceived
that those duties stated in the statutory provision had
imposed ethical behavior upon the directors. Hence,the corporate governance principles which emphasison accountability and transparency had actually beenmooted from values such as integrity, honesty andfairness. The main terms of reference of this paper
are corporate governance principles, directorsʼ duties
and ethical issues. Research methodologies adopted
are doctrinal and statutory analysis.
Keywords: Corporate governance, directorʼs duties,
ethical issues

253

PS 3 (T 4-4): Ethicality of Behaviors andCollection of Information Sources for Better
Competitiveness12
Anita Ismail , and Mazlina Mamat
1
Centre for Core Studies and International, Universiti
Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai,
Negeri Sembilan, Tel: 012-2664129, 06-7988000 –
6342/6367,
Corresponding
author,email:
anitaismail@usim.edu.my / anita_alya@yahoo.com,
2
Universiti
TeknologiMara,email:
mazzlinna@yahoo.com, Tel: 019-25311886
Ethics are ground rules and guidelines set forth byan organization that all employees within theorganization must follow in carrying out their daily
business activities. The ethical guidelines typicallyissued by an organization can range from a simple
statement of the companyʼs commitment to thehighest standard of behaviour, to a multi page
document of specific guidelines and examples thatleave little doubt in the readerʼs mind about what is
and is not permitted. Therefore, ethical guidelines on
the information collection should ideally be practiced
by all employees. The way an organization collectcompetitive information can clearly be different
between ethical and unethical intelligence practices.
The nature of strategic decision-making requiresorganizations to make decision under uncertainty. To
help reduce uncertainty, organizations procure,analyse and use information sources. As
competitivenessgains
significant
acceptancethroughout the business world, it is increasingly
important to understand how it can be managed
efficiently and applied by organizations to become
more flexible and responsive to increasingly volatileenvironments. Like other business functions andprocesses, information sources provide value byaffording a firm with capabilities for competitiveness.
A good collection of information sources system
prepares managers to deal more effectively with theirglobal environments and to make better competitive
strategies. This paper will focuses on the ethicality of
behaviours and how it will influence the collection of
information sources. This research is expected to
produce the following output: New findings andknowledge that benefited the researchers andmanagers in organizations that emphasize thestrategic importance of collection of information
sources.
Keywords: Ethics, collection of information sources,
competitive strategies

254

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

PS 3 (T 4-5): Corporate Social Responsibility in
the Oil Palm and Palm Oil Production Chain in
Johore, Malaysia
12
Er, A.C. , Abd. Rahim Md. Nor and Katiman
3
Rostam , School of Social, Development andEnvironmental Studies, Faculty of Social Sciencesand Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia,
1
Corresponding Author: Er, A.C., eveer@ukm.my
The aim of this paper is to evaluate Corporate
Social Responsibilityʼs environmental initiatives
undertaken by selected players in the oil palm andpalm oil chain and their impacts on sustainable
development.
As the oil palm and palm oil
production chain consists of a number of subsectors, the focus of this paper is on oil palm
cultivation, palm oil milling, palm kernel crushing,refining and oleochemical production. The researchmethod is via a case study with expert key
informants from selected sub-sectors. This is also
aided by observation that helps to verify andsupplement additional information. The upstream
sub-sectors, namely cultivation and milling face themost environmental challenges. The destruction ofnatural forests and in tandem the loss of flora andfauna did not occur within and in the immediate
vicinity of Iskandar Development Region as the oldrubber trees were replanted with oil palms. Good
agricultural/agronomic practices help in preserving
and preventing environmental degradation. Milling
generates the most amounts of wastes.
For
plantation-based mills, the treated palm oil milleffluent and empty fruit bunches are applied forcropland application.
However, for independent
mills, the treated palm oil mill effluent is discharged
into receiving waterways and the empty fruit bunches
are sold to third parties. Fibres and shells are usedas solid fuel for the steam boiler. The downstream
sub-sectors are crushing, refining and oleochemical
production. Crushing generates no waste whereas
refining and oleochemical production generate very
little wastes. The wastes are effectively treated withexisting technology.
As such, Corporate Social
Responsibility is very much in evidence in oil palm
cultivation. Zero Waste for plantation-based mills
also reflects the wholesome adoption of Corporate
Social Responsibility and to a lesser extent forindependent mills. Corporate Social Responsibility iseasily attainable for crushing, refining andoleochemical production as very little wastes are
generated.
Keywords: Corporate social responsibility, oil palm
cultivation, palm oil milling, sustainable development

PS 3 (T 4-6): The Influence of Culture on
Perceived Ethical Problems and EthicalJudgments
Maheran Zakaria
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kelantan, Malaysia,
maher835@kelantan.uitm.edu.my
Malaysia is a multi-cultural country and its culture
is a mixture of three major ethnic groups namely the
Malays, Chinese and Indians. These ethnic groups
live side by side, while maintaining their separate
identities and unique cultures. Many believed that
culture plays an important role in determining what is
considered ethically right or wrong. This guides thestudy to examine whether the culture practised by thethree ethnic groups influences its members inperceiving ethical problems and forming ethicaljudgments. A total of 880 questionnaires were
distributed to business students in public institutionsof higher learning in Malaysia. Approximately 524
respondents participated in this survey. The findings
show that culture is strongly associated withperceived ethical problems and ethical judgments.
Perceived ethical problems are also strongly related
to ethical judgments. The hierarchical multiple
regression results indicate that perceived ethicalproblems mediate the relationship between culture
and ethical judgments. Hence, understanding theculture values of each ethnic group could provide
better insight in enhancing ethical judgments.
Keywords: culture, perceived ethical problems,
ethical judgments, business students
PS 3 (T 4-7): Analysis of the Ethical Aspects ofGenetically Modified Food in Academic Writing
Mohd Fadhli Hamdan1, Latifah Amin1, Mus Chairil
Samani2, Roosfa Hashim1 , and Nurina Anuar3
1Centre for General Studies, 2Faculty of Social
Sciences and Humanities , 3Faculty of Engineeringand Architecture, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, E-mail:fadhlihamdan@yahoo.com
Biotechnology application on foods raises
questions among the scientists and other group ofinterests. Ethical concerns in the methodology being
used in analyzing, assessing, and experimenting withgenetically modified food or organisms are a few
examples of reoccurring debates. Questions such aswhether genetically modified (GM) food or crops
could cause harm to human health, environment, andsocioeconomic are being argued in numerous
academic writings. Thus, it is important for us toobserve how these issues are being discussed andpresented to the public through the academic writings
available. Furthermore, ethical questions are much
related to this study since GM food technology altersthe ʻnatureʼ of the food genetically while its potential
harm yet to be understood. A content analysis is arelevant approach to analyze the pattern ofdevelopment in GM food issues throughout aselected period of time. The main objective of thisEubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
study is to observe the extrinsic and intrinsic
concerns raised by the technology application. The
study focuses on two selected GM food: GM soybean
and GM corn. Journals related to these two GM foodproducts will be analyzed for specific themes such as
risks and benefits to human health, environment andsocioeconomic, ethical aspects of GM food, profilingof the authors and funders, and other important
information that could be gathered in the reading
process. High impact and index journals related to
GM food from 2000 to 2009 will be the scope of thestudy. The study will definitely help us to see thedevelopment of ethical issues on GM food for theselected period of time and hopefully give us an idea
on how those issues are being addressed anddiscussed by the responsible bodies through theacademic writings.
Keywords: Genetically modified food, ethical issues,
human health, environment, socioeconomic
PS 3 (T 4-8): The Adequacy of Professional
Ethics in Governing Auditors
Loganathan Krishnan
Department of International Business, Faculty of
Accountancy and Management, University of Tunku
Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long Campus, Lot
PT 21144, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long,
Kajang,43000,
Selangor,
Malaysia,
loganathan@utar.edu.my
Duties and obligations of auditors are pivotal as
they are under a duty to report on a companyʼsfinancial affairs to the shareholders. Hence, every
company must ensure there is an auditorʼs reportattached to its financial accounts. However, in orderfor the auditors to give a true and fair view of thecompanyʼs affairs in the auditorʼs report, they must
be independent and competent. Additionally, theduties and obligations of an auditor involve more thanjust merely forming an opinion as to the trust andfairness of a companyʼs financial statements. In viewof this, the body responsible for the governance ofauditorsʼ i.e. Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA)
has devised standards and guidelines under the
Financial Reporting Act 1997 to guide auditors as towhat is expected of them in giving a true and fairview of the companyʼs affairs. Thus, this study
examines the auditing standards and guidelines
issued by MIA to determine the extent it
encompasses the requisite professional ethics. The
study then focuses on whether the standards andguidelines are inclined towards the interests of theauditing profession or do they take into account theinterests of the stakeholders. The study thenexamines whether the compliance to the auditing
standards and guidelines issued by the MIA showthat the auditors have acted professionally andethically to the extent they have discharged their roleand duties in accordance with the law. The study
shows that MIA does take much initiative to issue
appropriate standards and guidelines. Nonetheless,255

there are still scandals involving auditors. Thus, the
MIA must take a more proactive role in regulating the
conduct of the auditors. Their role should not be
inclined to the members of their profession. They
must take into account the interests of the
stakeholders.
Keywords: Auditors, professionalism, ethics

Theme (T) 5: Ethics and Professionalism
in Education
Chairs: Prof. Dr. Lilia Halim, Dr. Ngo Thi Tuyen, andAssoc Prof. Dr. Mohd Arip Kasmo
PS 3 (T 5-1): Knowledge Sharing Practice in
Organization
1
Muhamad Saufi Che Rusuli, and 2Rosmaini Tasmin
1
Library of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,
86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor. Malaysia,
msaufi@uthm.edu.my, 2Faculty of Technology
Management, Business and Entrepreneurship,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit
Raja,
Batu
Pahat,
Johor,
Malaysia,
rosmaini@uthm.edu.my
The effectiveness of a knowledge sharing
activities in organization has the potential of
improving customer services, bringing new product tomarket and reducing cost of business operations.
Recently, Information Technologies are often used inknowledge management in informing customers andemployees of the latest innovation or development aswell as sharing knowledge among the employees. In
knowledge management, effective knowledge
sharing is considered to be one of the most vital
components of KM success. Knowledge sharing
practice helps organization to improve performanceand achieve their mission. However, many
researchers and authors agree and disagree witheach others about embedding knowledge sharing
practice in workplace. Therefore, this paper
discusses generally about knowledge sharing
practices in organization to investigate whether
knowledge sharing is practiced and embedded
sufficiently in organization.

256

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

PS 3 (T 5-2): The Teaching of Ethics at KOE, IIUM
1*
2
Nassereldeen Ahmed Kabbashi , Abdi Omar , and3
Waleed F. Faris
1
Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Unit
(BERU) Department of Biotechnology Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic
University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, P. O. Box 10,250728 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, Department of
Science in Engineering; International Islamic
University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak 50728, Malaysia,
3
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering;International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan
1*
Gombak
50728,
Malaysia,
E-mail:nasreldin@iiu.edu.my. Tel: +60-3-61964524, Fax:
+60-3-61964442
The universities and education face greatchallenges, most of them directly or indirectly related
to science. Technological disasters, environmental
degradation and growing social and economic
imbalance between rich and poor have led to anincreasing mistrust in science, often directed against
the development and application of newtechnologies. This paper describes the Integration ofIslamic Input Curriculum (IIIC). It begins by stressingthat ethics cannot be separated from morality andIslamic attitudes and that the training of an ethicalengineer is a long integrated involved and continuous
process throughout the engineering course and notjust teaching of ethical guidelines and rules. It
describes the five-year from integration of Islamic
Input Curriculum at Kulliyyah of Engineering IIUM
which integrates Islamic universal values in thescientific, behavioral, and social aspects ofengineering teaching. IIIC approach to teachingethical issues is presented as a practical example of
how the curriculum is employed. Most ethical issues
are treated as legal issues for which the Law, shariat,
provides general guidelines. The paper may have
input on how one can increase the young scientistʼsability to distinguish right from wrong and to take onsocial and environmental responsibility?
PS 3 (T 5-3): A Preliminary Attempt to Compare
the Epistemological Frameworks of the Scientific
Traditions in the West and in Islam
Dr. Norzakiah Saparmin
Department of Computational and Theoretical
Sciences, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic
University of Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Istana, Bandar
InderaMahkota,
25200
Kuantan,Pahang,norzakiah@iiu.edu.my
Scientific activities are done with the assumptionthat the natural world is ordered through systematic
laws that can be discovered by the human mind.
Nature can be known in certainty apart from theperspective of the observer, and only then canscience proceed. This dualistic vision of nature is
widely accepted by the Western philosophy ofscience, but however, not without any objection. The
first half of this paper then would delineate of how

this scientific vision was first formulated by
Descartes, and how it then later emerged as an
epistemological problem and brought into a new
insight by Kant. Many other philosophers then,especially the Romantics and the Existentialists such
as Goethe, Hegel, Heidegger and the depth
psychoanalyst Jung with his archetypal psychology
tried to give a more integrated epistemology than thesimple mathematical and dualistic vision that had
been proposed by Descartes. All these attempts
have a common belief that ultimately the relationshipof man with nature, epistemologically, is participatory,
instead of dualistic. We will delineate further as a
general overview, and by using Jungian archetypal
psychology as our base, of what does participatory
epistemology mean. On the other hand, in thesecond half of the paper, we will focus on how
Islamic epistemology responds to this Descartes
dualistic vision and we will see of how Islamic
epistemology had already proposed a complex
resolution in order to overcome this dualistic vision
without overthrowing the basic hierarchy that
separates man and nature. Our main source ofreference is Professor Syed Muhammad Naquib alAttasʼs philosophy of science in Islam which we
believe is enough to fulfill the purpose of our paper.
PS 3 (T 5-4): Introducing Quality As A General
Education: An Effort to Produce Quality
Conscious Professionals.
Ahmad Zamri Mansor
Centre for General Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia,
azamri@ukm.my
General Education is the education that one
needs in order to successfully live in his or her
modern society. Any general education program
should reflect the needs of the society. One of theaims of general education in UKM is to equip
students with necessary knowledge in order to makesignificant contribution to the modern society. The
knowledge should reflect the needs of the society.
This is manifested in the Malaysian vision to be afully developed nation. To realise the vision, Malaysia
needs quality conscious professionals. The concern
about inculcating quality conscious value istranslated into the introduction of Quality
Management as a general education course in UKM.
One of the areas identified as not only important but
also relevant is the introduction of quality concepts.
Hence the course "Basics of Quality Management" isintroduced in May 1999. This represents animportant effort in producing quality conscious
professionals who will be able to utilise theknowledge for the betterment of the organisation andsociety. The paper discusses the implementationside of the course in the context of general
education. The author also wishes to have some
inputs and suggestions from the conference
participants regarding the course coverage. The
objective here is to update the course content inEubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
order to create quality-conscious graduates who areable to meet or exceed standard set by qualityconscious organisations.
PS 3 (T 5-5): Ethics in Islam: A Critical Survey
Prof. Dr. Mohd. Nasir Omar
Department of Theology & Philosophy, National
University of Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia, Email: abunasir@ukm.my
In Islam, ethics (akhlaq) is inseparable fromreligion and is built entirely upon it. Naturally,
therefore, the Qurʼan and the Sunnah are theultimate sources for Muslim ethics. The books onadab (good manners) and makarim al-akhlaq (noble
qualities of character), which have embodied theearliest works on ethics in Islam demonstrate theextent to which they utilize the Qurʼan and theSunnah. However, early Muslim discussions on
ethical philosophy, such as those by al-Kindi (d.874),
al-Farabi (d.950) and Ibn Sina (d.1037), did not attainto the status of a discipline though invariably serving
as an introduction to their wider studies on politics,
law and other fields of knowledge. Miskawayh(d.1030), through his famous ethical work on ethics,
Tahdhib al-Akhlaq, was the first Muslim moralist to
have separated ethics from other disciplines, offeringa very thorough analytical system of Islamic ethics.
Thus, this qualitative study which applies conceptual
content analysis method seeks to make a criticalsurvey of the development of ethical thought in Islam.
Keywords:
Ethics,akhlaq,Islamic
ethics,Miskawayhʼs Tahdhib al-Akhlaq
PS 3 (T 5-6): Reconstructing Sustainable
Approaches in Architecture Education
Lesson from Critique Session experience ofArchitecture Studio Program
Nangkula Utaberta1, Badiossadat Hassanpour2,
Nurakmal Goh Abdullah3, Mazlan Mohd Tahir4, andNurhananie Spalie5
1
Senior Lecturer, Architecture Department, Faculty ofEngineering & Built Environment, National Universityof
Malaysia(UKM),
Email:
nangkula_arch@yahoo.com,
PhD
Student
inArchitecture Department, Faculty of Engineering &Built
Environment(UKM),
Email:
3
badieh.hassanpour@gmail.com,
Professional
Architect and Senior Fellow at Department
Architecture Department, Faculty of Engineering &Built
Environment(UKM),
Email:
akmal.goh@gmail.com, 4Professional Surveyor andSenior Lecturer at Department Architecture
Department, Faculty of Engineering & Built
Environment, (UKM), Email: designaar@gmail.com,
5
Research Assistant, Department Architecture
Department, Faculty of Engineering & Built
Environment UKM, Email: nemo_k2h2@yahoo.com
In todayʼs world, as the concern is all aboutsustainability, and efforts are geared to troop all
human needs with less destructive and negative257

effect on next generationsʼ portion of earth resources,
education on sustainability can play an importantrole. Indeed, if education system is able to have apositive impact on itsʼ inputs, then it can import its
influence to the whole society via its outputs. In art
and architecture this influence would be multiple andmultilateral because students are the future
designers and peoplesʼ life will be influenced bythem. Education is completely linked by spiritual andmental aspects and has direct effect on thoughts andideas; it can even make a pattern and line behavior
for humansʼ life. So we ought to pay more attention toeducation phenomenon.
In todayʼs architectural
educating system, design studios is prevalent orprobably the only way for teaching and learningwhich based on lectures and critique sessions could
take place. Critique sessions in contrast with usual
lecture classes are new experience for students –they are presented with a new learning environment
which expects them to expose themselves tocritiques by others, and expect them to learn how tofind creative solutions and how to create innovative
outcomes. And finally their performance will beassessed in this way too. As the domain of design
requires creative thinking more than other abilities,
the criteria used in assessment have been
ambiguous. The emphasis on the routine
professional critique makes the critique sessions
more important. Answering to questions “How tobetter accept” or “how to react” on what we face in
critique sessions, beside different cultures,backgrounds and even different learning styles is thegoal of this paper. To achieve this target, first of all,we study the different critique categories inarchitecture education, and secondly we explore thedissatisfaction points of students and instructors in
Malaysia, and finally we compare it with reasons of
Iranians dissatisfaction from critique sessions,consequently we found the similarities and thedifferences. Additionally, we give some suggestions
to upgrade the existing system.
Keywords: Sustainable approaches in design,
critique session, architecture studioPS 3 (T 5-7): Studentsʼ Procedural andConceptual Understanding of Mathematic.
Nor Hasnida Che Md Ghazali1, and Effandi Zakaria2
1
B.B.Bangi,
Selangor,
Malaysia,
E-mail:hasnida@tpm.com.my, 2Department of Educational
Methodology and Practice, Faculty of Education,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia,
E-mail: effandi@ukm.my
The goal in mathematics has shifted towards anemphasis on both procedural and conceptual
understanding. The importance of gaining proceduraland conceptual understanding is aligned with theobjective of mathematics education in Malaysia as toexpose the teachers and students about skills,
methodology and explanation about mathematics.
This study sought to investigate studentsʼ procedural

258

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

and conceptual understanding regarding algebra.
The study also examined the relationship between
mathematics
procedural
understanding
andconceptual understanding. Using a survey method,
the study was carried out on 132 students from lower
secondary schools. The instrument used was thealgebra test which contains 14 conceptual andprocedural items. The data was analyzed
descriptively based on percentage, mean andstandard deviation to determine the studentsʼ
procedural and conceptual understanding ofmathematics. The Pearson correlation was used todetermine a significant correlation between
procedural and conceptual understanding. The
findings revealed that the studentsʼ level ofprocedural and conceptual understanding is average.
They had a higher procedural understanding gain
than conceptual understanding gain. Furthermore,
there was a significant relationship between
mathematics
procedural
understanding
andconceptual understanding. These findings reveal theneed for appropriate strategies and approaches that
boost both types of learning in mathematics to help
students become more mathematically literate.
Keywords: Procedural understanding, conceptual
understanding, algebra, mathematics
PS 3 (T 5-8): Religious Personality andDelinquent Behavior of the Muslim Youth inSelangor
Siti Syaznira Muhamad, Fazilah Idris, Hasnan Kasan,
and Khairul Anwar Mastor
Centre for General Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia
Today, we found many social-alarming headlines
in the newspapers – babies being thrown away,murder, rape, robbery, drug abuse, bribery and muchmore. Such criminal cases are indicators of moral
and value deterioration among our citizens. These
problems will affect our countryʼs development if it is
not controlled. This paper discusses the preliminary
finding regarding the study of religious personalityand delinquent behavior of the Muslim Youth inSelangor. The causes of Muslim youth getting
involved with delinquent behavior, the relationshipbetween religious practice and delinquent behaviour,and the factors that causes delinquent behavior are
identified. Forty (40) questionnaires have been
distributed to students who study at National schools
and another 40 to students who study at Islamic
schools. The collected data is analyzed using
SPSS/PSAW 17.0 to obtain the percentage andcorrelation. Preliminary finding showed that youths
with religious personality performed less delinquent
behavior.
Keywords:
Religious
personality,delinquent
behavior, youth

PS 3 (T 5-9): Embedding Ethical Skills:
Classroom Experience1
2
Zuraini Ismail , Maslin Masrom , Dayang Suhana
1,
3
Hamzah Nik Maria Nik Mahmood , and Suzana
3
Abidin1
UTM Advanced Informatics School, University
Technology Malaysia, International Campus, Jalan
Semarak,
54100
Kuala
Lumpur,Malaysia,
2
zurainisma@ic.utm.my, UTM Razak School ofEngineering and Advanced Technology, University
Technology Malaysia, International Campus, Jalan
Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur,
3
Malaysia, maslin@ic.utm.my, UTM SPACE FullTime Program, University Technology Malaysia,
International Campus, Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala
Lumpur,Malaysia,
maria@ic.utm.my,sue@ic.utm.my
The need for ethical behavior among computer
professionals was already recognized by many in thelate 1960s. Many voices say that educational system
ought to do something about it. This paper aims todefine the components and attributes of ethics inteaching and learning for Computer Science students
and educatorsʼ evaluation method concerning theirstudentsʼ ethical level. Evaluation is a systematiceffort designed and implemented to produce
maximally useful evidence to generate knowledge
about this research. A study was carried out in one of
the established Malaysian Higher Learning
Institution. This study undertook a qualitative study inwhich data were collected using semi-structured
interviews with the Computer Science lecturers
teaching associate degree students. The findings ofthis study revealed the major ethics components andattributes that lecturers should embed in theirlectures. This study also proposed a conceptual
framework based on the components outlined.
Evaluation method used by the lecturers was
identified in order to assess their studentsʼ ethicalattitude in the class. This on-going research willfurther with the development of scenario-based
prototype so as to give depiction on studentsʼ
behavior whether it be ethical or unethical.
Keywords: Ethics values, assessment, teaching andlearning.
PS 3 (T 5-10): Ethics and Professionalism of
Teachers in the National Education
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalim Zainal
Pusat Pengajian Umum, and Institut Kajian Rantau
Asia Barat (IKRAB), kz@ukm.my
Education is the primary means in building thehuman capital of a country. It cannot be stressedenough that a country should make education her top
priority due to its crucial role in a country's progress.
At 52 years of independence, Malaysia should beshowing maturity in the governance of the education
system. However, education in Malaysia seems to beneeding a shift in order to be on par with that ofdeveloped countries. Educators are demoralized byEubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
frustrations over their often-ignored welfare,inadequate infrastructure and red tape in the
education system itself. This paper aims to highlightissues associated with teachers' increasing workload,
their welfare and their apparent status decline insociety. All these issues present a challenge to thecredibility of the teachers ethically and professionallyin carrying out a very noble task of educating.
Keywords:
Education,teacherʼswelfare,infrastructure, administration.
PS 3 (T 5-11): ʻShipʼ and Its Function: An
Approach according to al-Quran.
Asmar Abdul Rahim, and Mahmud Zuhdi Mohd Nor

16.15-17.00: Conclusions and the Way
Forward for Ethical Societies by:
-­‐

-­‐

Prof. Dr. Darryl Macer (ICEP Joint Chairperson),Regional Adviser, the Regional Unit for Social and
Human Sciences in Asia and the Pacific(RUSHSAP), UNESCO, Bangkok.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Latifah Amin (ICEP Chairperson),Centre for General Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia.
Closing Ceremony
17.00-17.30: Tea Break

Poster Presentations (PP)
PP-1: Bio-45D Machine (Bio-Diesel Processing
Machine from Waste Cooking Oil)
1
Jamil Abdul Baser, 2Mohd Salleh Tahar, and3
Khairul Fahmi Ali
12
email:jamil@uthm.edu.my,email:
hjcond@uthm.edu.my,3email:khairulf@uthm.edu.my), Faculty of Technical
Education, Universiti Tun Hussien Onn
Chips-based food enterprise utilising banana,cassava and sweet potatoes as their materials aremost popular among the Malay community. The
materials are sliced in small pieces and then friedwith cooking oil. Most of the Small Medium
Entrepreneur Industries (SMEI) used petro-diesel asfuel for stove and boiler at their premises. The
commencement survey shows that SMEI in Batu
Pahat, Johore (Malaysia) tossed away the saturated
cooking oil as waste. Researchers noted that thisphenomenon could be avoided by creating amachine which will convert the saturated cooking oil
to biodiesel which can be used to fuel stoves andboilers. The design of Bio-45D machine was applied
based on the ADDIE Model and a principle of liquid
flows through gravity with the control of Digital Relay
Timer and Electrical Relay in order to execute fivebasic processes of producing biodiesel. The
processes involved were pre-heating, mixturing259

between 20% of Methanol and 5% of caustic soda
(Natrium Hidroxyde) at controlled temperature of60°С -70°С, precipitating of glycerin and thedeportation of 6-8% of glycerin silt which productedat the bottom of main reactor. In turn, Bio-45D
Machine can produce more than 90% biodiesel andis hoped to avoid waste by recycling the usedcooking oil to biodesel and can be used as fuel forboiler and stove for SMEI. This product has beentested and showed its effectiveness in helping
preserve the environment from pollution caused bywaste cooking oil. What is most important is thecontribution to local communities in maximizing theuse of resources as well as reducing waste.
PP-2: Bioethics in Tissue Engineering in the
Muslim World
Munirah Shaʼban
Department of Basic Health Sciences, Kulliyyah ofAllied Health Sciences, International Islamic
University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah,Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang
Darul
Makmur,Malaysia,
Email:
munirahshaban@iiu.edu.my
The multidisciplinary field of tissue-engineering
was born as a means to restore or replace diseased
tissue with new living tissue that is designed orconstructed to meet the needs of each individual
patient. Scientific advances in biomaterials, stem
cells, growth factors, and biomimetic environments
have created opportunities to reconstruct tissues
from combinations of engineered scaffolds, cells andbiologically active signaling molecules. Accordingly,
advanced developments in tissue-engineering haveyielded a novel set of engineered tissue implants andtreatment approaches. The demand for these tissueengineered products may increase significantly, but,the progress has been slow due to scientific andtechnical difficulties that subject to a wide variety ofphilosophical, religious and ethical challenges, andeconomic viewpoints. One major concern is that,
there are on-going debates on certain aspects thatseem to indicate that man may be playing God. On
the other hand, Islam encourages seeking remedy
and treatment as the Prophet (p.b.u.h) is reported tohave said: “There is a cure for every illness, though
we may not know it yet” [Al-Bukhari]. Therefore,
deliberations on tissue-engineering must include thereligious and ethical perspectives since there are still
many grey areas that require the Islamic input.
Religious and ethical discourses should be initiatedbetween scientists, ethicist and Islamic scholars(ulamaʼ) since we are lacking of Islamic
establishment in the area of bioethics in local andglobal community. In terms of basis of Islamic
society, there is a need for discussion; ijtihad is aconcept which gives flexibility to examine and adopt
new scientific developments and resolve issues in
the light of two major sources of Islam; the Al-Qurʼanand As-Sunnah. Through the discussion, tissue-

260

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

engineer scientists would be able to constantly
enlighten ulamaʼ on the technology developments,
whilst ulamaʼ could convey the essential Islamic input
on each aspect of developments. Hence, it is clearlysignificant that ulamaʼ must first understand tissueengineering technology and itsʼ processes. The
outcome of the discussion will indeed influence
tissue-engineering progress; the conditions for its
acceptance or the grounds for its rejection.
Eventually, it is the general society who will benefit
the most from this scholarly ʻwin-winʼ meeting ofminds.
Keywords:
Ethics,tissueengineering,biotechnology, Islamic perspectives.
PP-3: Comparison between Two Routes ofBlood Transfusion among ICU Patients: A Single
Center Study.
Chung Hsing-Chi
1F, No. 41, Ln. 8, Rongzong Rd., Zuoying Dist.,
Kaohsiung City 813, Taiwan (R.O.C), 886-73422121-7136), email: hcching@vghks.gov.tw,
The aim of this paper is to elucidate theinfluence on physiological indices of patienttransfused blood from peripheral and central lines.
The blood samples were collected from patientsʼ
transfused blood in four hours and not warmed in
specific Intensive Care Medicine of Medical Center. A
total of 41 patients and 81 blood samples were
sampled.
The
descriptive
andrepeatingmeasurement analyses were separately conductedby EPI-INFO software (Ver. 6.01) and the GEE
program in SAS. The results indicated significant
differences were found in diastolic and systolicpressure, breathing time, early ventricular contraction
and condition for Oxygenation, and the positive
physiological indices were obtained from peripheral
line; the diastolic pressure, the systolic pressure, andthe concentration of Oxygenation of patienttransfused blood from the peripheral line were 3.3mm Hg, 6.55 mm Hg, and 1.13 time per minutehigher than ones from the central line, respectively;
the early ventricular contraction and breathing time ofpatient transfused blood from the peripheral line were0.33 time per minute and 1.13 time per minute lesser
than ones from the central line. However, thetemperature and pulsation were not significant
between peripheral and central lines. Therefore,
blood transfusion from the peripheral line for bedsidepatient was suggested.
Keywords: Blood transfusion, blood transfusion fromperipheral line, blood transfusion from central line

PP-4: Association between Placement of Water
Cushions and Development of Early Signs of
Pressure Ulcer among ICU Patients: A SingleCenter Case Control Study.
Jui-Fen Tai
1F, No. 41, Ln. 8, Rongzong Rd., Zuoying Dist.,
Kaohsiung City 813, Taiwan (R.O.C), 886-73422121-7053), email: jftai@hotmail.com.tw
The purpose of this study was to investigate therelevance between the invasive arterial pressure
measurement value and non-invasive blood pressure
measurement value. A total of 1,186 blood pressure
values from 144 patients were obtained. The
statistical procedures applied in data management(by Excel) were descriptive statistics from EPI-INFO(6.01 edition). Repeat measurement analysis used
Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE). The result
indicated that there was significant relevance
between these two kinds of blood pressure
measuring methods. It indicated that the systolic ,diastolic and mean blood pressure value of noninvasive blood pressure were equal to the systolic ,diastolic and mean blood pressure value of invasivearterial pressureʼs 62 percent+ 31.9; 78.2 percent +0.65; 70.6 percent + 6.2 before the monitor ofinvasive arterial pressure return to zero. The systolicpressure, diastolic pressure, mean blood pressure
value of non-invasive blood pressure were equal to
the same three items of invasive arterial pressureʼs
62 percent + 31.5, 85 percent -3.1, 73.6 percent +6.2 respectively after the monitor of invasive arterialpressure return to zero. We therefore suggest thatpatients who already set the invasive arterialpressure line do not need to measure two kinds ofblood pressure at the same time.
PP-5: Evaluation of Prevention the Peripheral
Intravenous Therapy- Related Phlebitis with Liver
Cirrhosis Patients at a Medical Center.
WU,YA-KE1, Chiung-en,Tsai2、Tai,Hsueh-Ping3
1
RN, BSN, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital &Graduate Student, Kaohsiung Medical University,
2
RN, BD, Head Nurse, Kaohsiung Veterans General
Hospital 、 3 RN, BD, Kaohsiung Veterans General
Hospital, 10F.-6, No.58, Yichang Rd., Sanmin Dist.,
KaohsiungCity
807,
Taiwan,accord67@ms42.hinet.net
The focus of this study is on the evaluation of
prevention the peripheral intravenous therapy-related
phlebitis. One hundred and seven (107) patients who
had used two kinds of aseptic methods（A: 70%
alcohol before and after injection; B: tincture of iodine
and 75% alcohol before injection）were enrolled to
set the peripheral intravenous catheter. We observed
the insert point for 72 hours to record the phlebitissings. The result indicates that there is no significant
difference between two groups in the rate; type ofsign; and the time of phlebitis appeared. The
phlebitis rate of two groups both were raising in 72
hours, and the major sings were swelling andEubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
redness. Because the using time of B group was
double compared to A group, we suggest using 70%
alcohol to set the catheter in an emergency.
PP-6: A study on Islamic Work Ethics andOrganizational Commitment in Malaysia
12Norazuwa Mat, Nor Nazliyah Zainol, Norsiah Mat,
3
4
Ruslan Romli, Jamsari Alias, and Norazila Mat,1
1&2
email: norazuwa@uum.edu.my,College of3
Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia,
email:
4jamsari@ukm.my), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Organizational commitment emerged in the
1970's and 1980's as a key factor of the relationshipbetween individuals and organizations. It has served
as a major construct of research for investigating theties that bind someone to a particular occupation in aparticular organization. Although several distinct
dimensions of commitment have been found, all ofthem represent a binding force that inspires
individuals to actions that are relevant to both theorganization and the individual. At this point, work
ethic had been found to influence employees to behighly committed to their jobs. Whilst, for someorganization, the implementation of Islamic work
ethic is seem to be essential to build commitment
among employees naturally. Islamic work ethic
stands not for life denial but for life fulfillment andholds business motives in the highest regard.
Consequently, it is more likely that those who believe
in Islam and practice it tend to be more committed totheir organizations and presumably more satisfied
with their jobs. Thus, this present study is trying to
examine the impact of Islamic Work Ethic (IWE) on
Organizational Commitment. It tested the causal
pathway between Islamic work ethic andorganizational commitment using a structural
equation modeling (SEM) procedure. A sample of
120 employees from public sector participated in thisstudy. The results showed that IWE have a positive
significant influence towards employeeʼs commitment
and at the same time drive the performance oforganization.
Keywords: Islamic work ethic, organizational
commitment, Structural Equation Modeling
PP-7: Validity and Reliability ofIntelligent (MI) Item Using the
Measurement Model.
Bishanani Omar

MultipleRASCHMultiple Intelligences has spread widely in
educational institutions across the country through aseries of revisions of the course curriculum of upper
secondary education institutions. In addition toIntelligence Quotient (IQ), each individual has otherimportant intelligence in solving problems of human
life. This study was undertaken to produce empiricalevidence of validity and reliability of the item using aquestionnaire survey through Multiple Intelligencesusing Rasch Measurement Model. The questionnaire261

was conducted on 179 students from four schools in
one of the districts, i.e. in Hulu Langat, with Multiple
Intelligences instruments @ e-MyMICA. The validity
and reliability of the questionnaire were obtained, anddata were collected and analyzed using Rasch Modelfor polytomus data aided by Winstep software. The
results showed that all the PTMEA CORR is in
positive values, where an item is able to distinguishbetween the different abilities of respondents. Basedon the MNSQ infit and outfit range, i.e. 0.60-1.4, theresults of statistical data obtained suggested that of
the 81 items 12 items from the instrument should beomitted.
Keywords:
MultipleIntelligences,Raschmeasurement model, item analysis, validity, reliability
PP-8: Validity and Reliability Measurement Item
in Instruments Learning Style
Lim Liut Sun, and Prof. Dr. Datin Siti Rahayah Ariffin
Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
email: lslil_727@yahoo.com
The purpose of this study is to produce empiricalevidence of validity and reliability of Learning Style
Instrument; this instrument has 60 items on a 7
points Likert Scale. A survey was conducted on 185
students of Postgraduate Teacher Course in one of
the Institutes of Teacher Education. The data wasanalysed using Winstep software version 3.68.2
which applied Rasch Model based on Item Response
Theory (IRT). The instrument reliability was
examined by analyzing item and person reliability as
well as the item and person separation index. The
validity was examined by analyzing the point
measure correlation and fit statistic. The findings
showed that the items reliability were between 0.96
and 0.99 whereas the person reliability were between
0.71and 0.82. Items separation index were between
5-10 groups whereas person separation of six
constructs is 2 groups. Point Measure Correlation for
all items showed positive correlation. MNSQ
infit/outfit (0.6-1.4) is used for omit and maintain item.
The findings suggest 7 items should be omitted, and
53 items should be maintained to increase thevalidity and reliability of this instrument.
Keywords: Learning style, item analysis, validity,
reliability, Rasch Model
PP-9: General Education and the Making of
Well-Rounded Citizens: Listening to theStudentsʼ Voices
Rozita Ibrahim, and Zaharah Hassan,
Centre for General Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, eta@ukm.my
General education at tertiary level is a popularterm that carries multiple meanings. It can refer to acommon curriculum, or distribution of requirements ora condition for graduation. The concept of general
education has been developed over a long time andit is now related to the curricular construct of breadth262

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)

requirements consisting of majors and electives. This
paper will be focusing on the practice of general
education at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM).
In UKM, general education refers to the sharedcurriculum that reflects the universityʼs aspiration
while
preparing
studentsʼ
withskillsandcompetencies to function effectively in a modern
society. General education at UKM aims at
developing total personality of well rounded students
and not merely preparing them for future careers.
However, question arises on whether or not thesenoble intentions are successfully translated into
practice? Do the students understand the meaningand purposes of general education? What hinders
them from internalising the concepts of general
education? These are among the questions that will
be explored in this paper that aims to report some
initial findings from a study on studentsʼ
understanding of general education based on their
expectations and experiences. Their perceptions as
recipients of the educational system are important indetermining whether or not the noble values ofgeneral education are successfully translated into
practice. Finally, the author will share some insights
on the implementation and effectiveness of general
education from practitionerʼs point of view.
Keywords: Values in education, general education,liberal education, higher learning, Malaysia.
PP-10: Khalifah
Concept
andMuslimʼs
Environmentally Ethical Behaviour (EEB): A
Preliminary Review
Wan Syairah Hazwani Wan Petera, and Mashitoh
YaacobCentre for General Studies
Pusat Pengajian Umum, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia,
w.syairahhazwani@gmail.com, mash@ukm.my
In Islam, the entire universe is Allahʼs creationand human beings as part of the universe are special– a very particular creation of Allah. Muslims believethat Allah created humans to be guardians of His
creation, in other words, khalifah – vicegerent ortrustee of Allah. Therefore human beings have great
responsibilities, among others are to ensure thebalance and harmony of all creations, and to protect
the environment from any form of corruption anddestruction. Nonetheless, the discussion on theconcept of khalifah, environmentally ethicalbehaviour (EEB) in Islam, and how influential is thekhalifah concept on Muslimʼs EEB – such as prerecycling, re-using and recycling activities – arerarely discussed. Thus, this paper reviews theexisting literature on the definition of khalifah
concept, EEB in Islam, and the influence and theweight of khalifah concept on Muslimʼs EEB. On thekhalifah concept, the literature reviewed discussed
mostly on the role of khalifah, the consequences ofabuse of power as khalifah, human dependence onnatural resources, and environmental ethics
according to the Quran and Sunnah. The literature on

EEB centered on EEB of a Muslim, consequences of
not practicing EEB, current attitude and behaviour
towards the environment, and the definition of akhlak.
Meanwhile, on the influence and the weight ofkhalifah concept on EEB, the literature focused on
Islamic basic principles on the environment, theresponsibility of a Muslim towards the environment,
barriers to practice EEB, and ways to practice EEB
as a Muslim.
Keywords: Khalifah concept, environmentally ethicalbehaviourPP-11: Measuring Relationship between Internal
Religiosity, Personality Traits and Practical
Cultures among Religious Students
Fatin Hazwani Siran, Khairul Anwar Mastor, Hasnan
Kasan and Mohamad Taha
Pusat Pengajian Umum, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, hazwani_ukm@yahoo.com.my
The current prevalence of a variety of social
problems among Muslim youth has raised manyquestions in relation to the Islamic understanding andpractice. As such, there is an urgent need tounderstand and assess the key areas of the religious
commitment among them, using standards andmethods of assessment that are suitable to measurereligiousness in a Muslim context, not merelytranslating the standards and measurements
developed by non-Muslim psychologists in the West.
The present study examined the association between
construct level of internal religiosity, personality traits
and religious practical cultures among religious highschool students. A Five Likert Scale survey
instrument and correlation analysis were used as theresearch design. A new instrument called “TheInventory Internal Religiosity” or IIR (Fatin Hazwani2005) which was based on factor analysis method
was developed to measure the level of Internal
Religiosity (IR). The Malay version (Mastor et al.,2000) of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory(NEO PI-R) was used to acquire the data regarding
personality traits. In the pilot study, the IIR was
administered to National University (UKM) Muslim
students. Based on the 62 items, 15 scales had been
modified and an analysis factor with varimax rotation
was done. The four domains which were mostprominent were obtained reaching 61.6 % of thewhole variance. These 4 domains were ʻKhusyukʼ,ʻTakwaʼ, ʻImanʼ, and ʻIhsanʼ. The Cronbach Alphacoefficients for the four IIR factors were 0.81, 0.82,
0.72 and 0.68. In the main study, religious highschool students in Selangor (Science and Art stream)
were given the IIR together with NEO PI-R andPractical Culture Questionnaires (BA). Nine hundred(900) set of questionnaires were distributed andadministrated, but only 345 were valid for analysis.
Research data were analysed by means ofdescriptive analysis and Bivariate Correlation. The
results did not show a regular pattern of association
between personality domain and IR. Significancecorrelation but negative were found between

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 20 (November 2010 Supplement B)
Neuroticism (N) with ʻKhusyukʼ and ʻIhsanʼ.
Extraversion (E) correlates positively low with
ʻTakwaʼ and ʻIhsanʼ. Openness (O) has a significant
positive correlation with ʻTakwaʼ (r = 0.104) and apositivecorrelation
were
found
betweenAgreeableness (A) and Conscientiousness (C) withIR scales that are ʻKhusyukʼ, ʻTakwaʼ, ʻImanʼ andʻIhsanʼ. The study also shows that IR scales havesignificant correlations with Practical Culture domains(ʻAmalʼ, ʻPeraturanʼ, ʻAmalan Individuʼ, ʻAmalan
Kumpulanʼ). Except ʻIqtikadʼ and ʻIkhlasʼ, the ʻAmalʼ
domain has a significant correlation with all scales of
the IR (15 scales). ʻAmalan Individuʼ show asignificant correlation with 10 IR scales which areʻIman pada Kitabʼ, ʻZikirʼ, ʻDoaʼ, ʻKomitmen solatʼ,ʻNahi Mungkarʼ, ʻSensitif agamaʼ, ʻKendiriʼ, ʻTiada
khianat dan Dengkiʼ, ʻSabarʼ, and ʻSolehʼ. T-tests
indicate that there is a significant difference between
male and female in levels of personality, IR andPractical Culture. Except for IR, other domains havesignificant differences between locations of school. In
conclusion, personality domains (N, E, O, A, C), havea significant correlation with IR domains and Practical
Cultures domains.
Keywords:
Correlation,internal
religiosity,
personality traits and practical cultures.

EJAIB Editor: Darryl Macer
Associate Editors
Jayapaul Azariah (All India Bioethics Association, India),
Masahiro Morioka (Osaka Prefectural University, Japan).

Managing Director: Anniken Celina Grinvoll
Editorial Board: Akira Akabayashi (Japan), Sahin Aksoy(Turkey), Angeles Tan Alora (Philippines), Atsushi Asai
(Japan), Alireza Bagheri (Iran), Gerhold Becker(Germany), Shamima Lasker (Bangladesh), Minakshi
Bhardwaj (UK), Christian Byk (IALES; France), Ken
Daniels (New Zealand), Leonardo de Castro (ThePhilippines), Ole Doering (Germany), Norio Fujiki(MURS Japan), Tran Han Giang (Vietnam), Thomas
Gionis (USA), Dena Hsin (Taiwan), Rihito Kimura(Japan), Abby Lippman (Canada), Margaret Lock
(Canada), Umar Jenie (Indonesia), Nobuko Yasuhara
Macer (Japan), Anwar Nasim (Pakistan), Mary Ann Chen
Ng, (Philippines), Jing-Bao Nie (China, New Zealand),
Pinit Ratanakul (Thailand), Qiu Ren Zong (China),
Hyakudai Sakamoto (Japan), Sang-yong Song (Republicof Korea); Noritoshi Tanida (Japan), Yanguang Wang
(China), Daniel Wikler (USA), Jeong Ro Yoon (Republicof Korea).
Send papers to the editor in electronic form if
possible. Please use numbered reference style, do
not use automatic footnotes or endnotes. Papers arepeer reviewed.
Editorial address:
Prof. Darryl Macer, RUSHSAP, UNESCO Bangkok,

263

920 Sukhumvit Rd, Prakanong, Bangkok 10110,
THAILAND
Fax: Int+66-2-664-3772
Email: d.macer@unesco.org

Conferences
For a list of some ethics meetings in Asia and Pacific:
http://www.unescobkk.org/index.php?id=current_and_future_eventsth
13 Asian Bioethics Conference: Practicing
Bioethics with Cultural Engagement in Asia, 28
September – 1 October 2011, Taiwan (Satellites on 2
October). Contact: Dr. Chien Te Fan, Email:fanct@ms31.hinet.net

Asian Bioethics Association (ABA)<www.eubios.info/ABA.htm>
Results of the ABA 2010 election
The following results of the nomination process andelection are new ABA board members from 21 November,
2010, for two year period until 2012.
President: Prof. (Ms.) Anoja Fernando (Sri Lanka)
Immediate Past-President: Prof. Leonardo de Castro(Philippines, Singapore)
Vice President for Asian Ethnic and Religious
Minorities: Prof. Umar Angarra Jenie (Indonesia)
Vice President for China: Prof. (Ms.) Ruipeng Lei
Vice President for India: Sr. Daphne Furtado
Vice President for Japan: Prof. (Ms.) Miyako Takagi
Vice President for Korea: Prof. Bang Ook Jun
Vice-President for South Asia: Dr. RavichandranMoorthy (Malaysia)
Vice President for West Asia: Dr. (Ms.) Bushra Shirazi(Pakistan)
Secretary: Darryl Macer (Thailand/New Zealand)
The Board also welcomes persons who wish to act ascountry or regional representatives, and volunteers arerequested by the secretariat.
Membership fees are usually payable at the time ofrenewal to EJAIB, the official journal of ABA. A threetier system exists for annual fees:a) Regular price (US$50 Euro 50 Yen 5000).
This includes the EJAIB journal subscription and freeassociate membership of Eubios Ethics Institute.
b) Reduced contribution (the amount is up to the member,and is also suggested for students)
This includes the EJAIB journal subscription.
c) No fee, because the person is not in a position to pay thefee.
This does not include a hard copy of the EJAIB journal,
but anyone can apply to Eubios Ethics Institute separately
for a hard copy of the Journal, to be considered case bycase.

ASIAN BIOETHICS ASSOCIATIONMEMBERSHIP 2011
and 2011 subscription to Eubios Journal of
Asian and International Bioethics (EJAIB)____ I	
  wish	  to	
  pay	  my	
  annual	
  membership	
  fees	  of	
  Asian	  Bioethics	
  Association	
  (ABA),	
  and	
  receive	
  the	  2011	
  issues	
  of	
  Eubios	  Journal	
  of	
  Asian	
  and	  International	
  Bioethics	
  (EJAIB)	
  (The	  Official	
  Journal).	
  	
  	
  	
  
____	
  Regular	
  Price:	  	
   US$50	
  	  	
  Euro	  40	
  	
  NZ$70	
  	  	
  ¥4000	  	  	
  (=Credit	
  card	  price	
  NZ$90)	
  
____	
  I	
  wish	  to	
  make	  a	
  reduced	
  contribution	
  of	
  	
   	
  
	
  
____	
   I	
  wish	  to	
  register	
  as	
  a	
  member	
  of	
  Asian	  Bioethics	
  Association,	
  but	  am	  not	  in	
  the	  position	
  to	
  pay	
  a	
  
fee.	
   	
   I	
   understand	
   that	
   I	
   should	
   be	
   satisfied	
   with	   Internet	
   access	
   to	
   Eubios	
   Journal	
   of	
   Asian	
   and	  International	
  Bioethics	
  (EJAIB)	
  <http://eubios.info/EJAIB.htm>.	
  	
  	
  	
  
	
  

____	
  I	
  wish	  to	
  make	  a	
  donation	
  to	
  Eubios	  Ethics	
  Institute	
  of	
  	
  	
  	
  ____	
  	
  
	
  

____	
  I	
  wish	  to	
  receive	  the	  2011	
  issues	
  of	
  EJAIB	
  but	  not	
  ABA	
  membership,	
  the	
  price	
  is:	  ____	
  Regular	
  Price:	  	
   US$50	
  	  	
  Euro	
  40	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  NZ$70	
  	
  	
  	
  ¥4000	  	
  	
  (Credit	
  card	  price	  	
  NZ$70)	
  ____	
  Exchange	
  subscription	
  with	  journal,	
  newsletter,	
  etc.	
  (Name____________________	
  )	
  
	
  

____	
  I	
  agree	
  /	
  ____	  do	
  not	
  agree	
  to	
  my	
  name	  being	
  listed	
  on	
  the	
  ABA	
  www	
  site	
  	
  
List	
  Research	
  Interests	
  to	
  be	
  included:	
  	
  

	
  

	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  I	
  order	  the	
  following	
  Eubios	  Ethics	
  Institute	
  books:	
  
	
  
	
  
Post,	
  Fax	  or	
  send	  an	
  E-­‐mail	
  with	  your	  address*	
  (or	  include	
  current	
  address	
  label)	
  To:	
  Prof.	
  Darryl	
  Macer,	
  	
  
Fax:	
  Int	
  +66-­‐2-­‐664-­‐3772	
   	
  E-­‐mail:	
  asianbioethics@yahoo.co.nz	
  Please	  find	  my	
  cheque	
  for:	
  	
  

	
  

	
  

Note:	
  Cheques	
  in	
  local	
  currency	
  are	
  accepted	
  from	  accounts	
  with	  major	
  banks	
  in	
  EU,	
   New	
   Zealand	
   and	   USA.	
  	  (The	  currency	   has	   to	
   be	
   the	   same	
   as	
   the	   address	
   of	
   the	   bank,	
   and	   the	   cheque	
   made	
   out	   to	
   "Eubios	
   Ethics	
   Institute").	
  	
  	
  
Other	
  currencies	
  use	  a	
  bank	  or	
  post	  draft	
  in	
  NZ$	
  for	  the	  Overseas	
  price.	
  In	
  Japan	
  use	  postal	
  transfer	
  to	
  the	
  "Eubios	
  Ethics	  Institute"	
  account	
  nr:	
  00340-­‐9-­‐32465.	
  Or	
  authorize	
  a	
  one	
  time	  credit	
  card	  payment	
  as	
  below:	  Please	  charge	
  my	
  VISA	
  /	
  MASTERCARD	
  card	  (circle)	
  	
  for	
  NZ$	
   	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  **	
  
	
  

Account	
  #	
  	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

Expiry	  Date	
  	
   	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

Name:	
   	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  	
  

	
  

Signature	
  	
  
	
  

*Mailing	
  address:	
  	
  
	
  
	
  	
  

	
  

	
  

	
  

Fax:	
  

	
  	
  

	
  

E-­‐mail:	
  **	
  Other	  Eubios	
  books	
  /	
  CD	
  may	  be	
  ordered	
  with	
  25%	  discount	
  at	
  the	
  time	  of	
  renewing	
  the	
  subscription.	
  	
  
	
  

Fax	
  to:	
   Prof.	
  Darryl	
  Macer,	
  Fax:	
  +66-­‐2-­‐664-­‐3772	
  	
  (or	
  send	  by	
  E-­‐mail	
  or	
  post)	
  Web	
  site:	  <http://eubios.info/ABA.htm>	
  

	
  

How to order books or journal or the CD!
Cheques in local currency are accepted from accounts withmajor banks in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, USA, U.K.
(The currency has to be the same as the address of the bank,and the cheque made out to "Eubios Ethics Institute").

Please use the renewal form enclosed and prices are
below: Other currencies (use a bank or post draft) andcredit cards use NZ$ for the Overseas price.
In Japan use postal transfer to the "Eubios Ethics Institute"account 00340-9-32465.

Eubios Ethics Institute Publications (Books sent by SAL post, Journal by Airmail - Price included)
Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics
Other countries/credit card
Price:

US$35 Euro 35 UK£20 NZ$40 A$40 C$40 ¥3000

NZ$60

Shaping Genes: Ethics, Law and Science of Using Genetic Technology in Medicine and Agriculture
by Darryl Macer, Oct. 1990, 421pp.
Cost: US$20 UK£10 NZ$30 A$25 C$22 ¥2500 Others or credit card NZ$30
Equitable Patent Protection in the Developing World
by William Lesser, May 1991, 150pp.
Cost: US$15 UK£8 NZ$20 A$20 C$17 ¥1500
NZ$25
Attitudes to Genetic Engineering: Japanese and International Comparisons (Bilingual)by Darryl Macer, May 1992 330pp.
Cost: US$30 UK£15 NZ$35 A$30 C$30 ¥3000
NZ$40
Human Genome Research & Society
Eds: Norio Fujiki & Darryl R.J. Macer July 1992 ISBN 0-908897-03-0 (English),
230pp. ISBN 0-908897-04-9 (Japanese), 240pp. Cost: US$20 UK£10 NZ$30 A$25 C$22 ¥2000

NZ$30

Intractable Neurological Disorders, Human Genome Research and Society Eds: N. Fujiki & D. Macer
Feb. 1994 ISBN 0-908897-06-5 (English), 320pp. ISBN 0-908897-07-3 (Japanese), 340pp.
Cost: US$25 UK£12 NZ$30 A$30 C$27 ¥3000

NZ$40

Bioethics for the People by the People
by Darryl Macer,... May 1994 ISBN 0-908897-05-7, 460pp. Cost: US$30 UK£15 NZ$35 A$35 C$32 ¥3000 NZ$50
Bioethics in High Schools in Australia, Japan and New Zealand,
by D. Macer, Y. Asada, M. Tsuzuki, S. Akiyama, & N.Y. Macer
March 1996, ISBN 0-908897-08-1, 200pp.(A4)
Cost: US$25 UK£15 NZ$30 A$30 C$30 ¥2000

NZ$40

Protection of the Human Genome and Scientific Responsibility (Bilingual)
Editors: Michio Okamoto, Norio Fujiki & D.R.J. Macer,
April 1996, ISBN 0-908897-09-X, 210pp.
Cost: US$25 UK£15 NZ$30 A$30 C$30 ¥2500

NZ$35

Bioethics in India (includes 115 papers from Jan.1997 conference)
Eds: Jayapaul Azariah, Hilda Azariah & Darryl R.J. Macer
June 1998 ISBN 0-908897-10-3, 403 pp.
(Printed in India)
Cost: US$30 UK£18 NZ$34 A$36 C$36 ¥3000
NZ$45
Bioethics is Love of Life: An alternative textbook
by Darryl Macer, July 1998 ISBN 0-908897-13-8, 152pp. Cost: US$26 UK£14 NZ$34 A$34 C$32 ¥3000
NZ$40
Bioethics in Asia (includes 118 papers from Nov.1997 conferences, ABCʼ97 Kobe and Fukui Satellite)
Eds: Norio Fujiki & Darryl R.J. Macer
Cost: US$36 UK£20 NZ$40 A$38 C$40 ¥3000
NZ$50
June 1998 ISBN 0-908897-12-X, 478 pp. October 1999 ISBN 0-908897-14-6 (Japanese), 320pp.
Ethical Challenges as we approach the end of the Human Genome Project
Editor: Darryl Macer, April 2000 ISBN 0-908897-15-4, 124pp. Cost: US$20 UK£12 NZ$30 A$30 C$30 ¥2500 NZ$35
Bioethics Education in Japanese High Schools (in Japanese only)
Editor: Darryl MacerApril 2000 ISBN 0-908897-16-2, 112pp. Cost: US$20 UK£12 NZ$30 A$30 C$30 ¥1000 NZ$35
Bioethics and the Impact of Human Genome Research in the 21st Century
Eds: Norio Fujiki, Masakatsu Sudo, & Darryl R.J. Macer March 2001 (English and Japanese bilingual, 350pp).
Cost: US$30 UK£20 NZ$40 A$38 C$40 ¥3000

Bioethics in Asia in the 21st Century
Eds: Song Sang-yong, Koo Young-Mo & Darryl R.J. Macer
August 2003 ISBN 0-908897-19-7, 450pp. Cost: US$35 Euro35 UK£20 NZ$40 A$38 C$40 ¥3000
Challenges for Bioethics from Asia
Ed: Darryl R.J. Macer
November 2004 ISBN 0-908897-22-7 656 pp. Cost: US$35 Euro35 UK£20 NZ$40 A$38 C$40 ¥3000
A Cross Cultural Introduction to Bioethics 2006, 300pp. (A4)
Editor: Darryl Macer

The Eubios CD-ROM

Cost: US$35 Euro35 UK£20 NZ$40 A$38 C$40 ¥3000
all journals + all books ++ (English version) US$190

NZ$50
NZ$50
NZ$50
NZ$50
NZ$400Please send a copy of the whole page.

Please find my cheque for:I wish to receive a free copy (only for developing countries)

Please charge my VISA / MASTERCARD card for NZ$

Account #Signature
Date (D/M/Y)

Expiry Date
Want to join the IAB Bioethics andGenetics Network(Yes/No)

Mailing address:
Email:
Fax:
Research Interests (for Network):
You can Fax this order page to Int+66-2-664-3772 (AND Email to: asianbioethics@yahoo.co.nz)