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Using TI mmWave Technology for Car Interior Sensing

KishoreIn my previous article, I introduced the use of TI’s 77-GHz millimeter wave (mmWave) sensors for interiorsensing applications like child presence detection, passenger detection and intruder detection.
The need for child presence detection has found its place on the EURO NCAP roadmap, driving car
manufacturers to offer this feature. Adding child presence detection functionality improves a car’s overall safety
rating, by helping solve the problem of identifying children left in cars and alerting drivers. Car manufacturers
can use TI mmWave technology to design child presence detection systems and additional capabilities suchas detecting occupant vital signs to monitor driver health, deploy airbags in the event of a vehicle crash, alert
passengers to use seat belts and more – all while maintaining occupant privacy by not relying on cameras forpresence detection.
Our portfolio of mmWave devices can help address these applications at a low-cost price point while offeringhigh performance. For applications that require higher resolution, such as detecting the posture of a passenger
or driver, imaging radar using mmWave sensors provides high-resolution occupant detection.
These test scenarios demonstrate how car interior sensing works using an mmWave sensor.
Using TI mmWave Sensors for Heart-rate Monitoring
In the first setup, shown in Figure 1, the tester mounted the AWR1642 single-chip sensor on the dashboard of acar. The sensor simultaneously estimates the heart and breathing rates of both the driver and passenger while
the car is moving. The sensor’s range enables the extension of this capability to all passengers in the car.

Figure 1. Detecting Driver and Passenger Vital Signs Using the TI AWR1642 Sensor in a Moving Car(Image Source: AV Design Solution Corp)
In the second example, illustrated in Figure 2, we again used the AWR1642 sensor to demonstrate occupancy
detection and vital-sign monitoring of each of the occupants. The sensor is mounted above the rearview mirror
and has two transmitters and four receivers. The AWR1843 device, which has three transmitters, four receivers
and more memory, enables additional features beyond occupant detection, like basic classification of occupants
as an adult or child.

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Figure 2. Occupant Detection and Vital-sign Monitoring of Four Occupants inside a Car Using theAWR1642 Single Chip Sensor Mounted above the Rearview Mirror (Image Source: AV Design SolutionCorp)
Distinguishing Occupants Using Radar
The AWR1843 single-chip sensor is mounted on the roof of the car to accurately detect an occupant anddetermine whether it is an adult or a child. The classifier software outputs the most probable occupant per seatwith high accuracy. Figure 3 and Figure 4 illustrates this classification.

Figure 3. Detecting and Distinguishing between an Adult and Child Occupant Using the AWR1843
Sensor Mounted on the Ceiling (Image Source: Azcom Technology)

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Figure 4. The Output of the AWR1843 Single Chip Sensor Classifier as an Adult or a Child Based on a
Probability Percentage Which Is More than 98% Accurate from Initial Tests (Image Source: AV DesignSolution Corp
In-cabin Sensing Using Imaging Radar
To demonstrate in-cabin sensing with imaging radar, we estimated a person’s posture using an evaluation
module from one of our partners. The imaging radar module comprises four cascaded mmWave sensors and aTDAx processor, which conducts all processing. An external computer displays the results. Our demonstration isshown in Figure 5.
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Figure 5. An Imaging Radar Test Setup, with a Person Standing in Front of the Imaging Radar Module (a);and a Point-cloud Representation of This Person, with Various Colors Used to Indicate Height (b) (ImageSource: Smart Radar Systems)
Figure 6 and Figure 7 demonstrate passenger occupancy detection in an SUV-like setup with seven seats. The
imaging radar evaluation module is facing downwards, similar to a ceiling position. The radar sensor detects all
six passengers in the vehicle accurately. The imaging radar also clearly identifies the empty seat between theother two seats in the back row.

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Figure 6. Lab demonstration showing the detection of all passengers in a car-like setup using TI imaging
radar.

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Figure 7. Lab demonstration output where the red boxes indicate an occupied seat, while a black box
indicates an empty seat. (Image Source: Smart Radar Systems)
The Benefits of Interior Sensing Solutions with TI mmWave Sensors
TI mmWave sensors provide a reliable and robust option for interior cabin sensing.
When the sensor is installed inside a car, the temperature of the sensor can quickly rise on a hot day. According
to automotive standards, the sensor must to be able to operate even at these high junction temperatures. TImmWave sensors work across a wide temperature range.
In addition, sensor reliability is extremely important for occupant detection. TI mmWave sensors are Automotive
Electronics Council-Q100 qualified and TI mmWave sensors help automotive designers achieve Automotive
Safety Integrity Level (ASIL)-B requirements for interior sensing systems.
A final, important aspect of a TI mmWave sensor design process is our software, which makes the design
scalable and easier at the same time. The mmWave-SDK contains the same drivers and API’s for all of oursingle chip sensors and imaging radar. We also provide several reference designs and examples to start yourdesign.
Additional Resources• Download the “Vehicle occupancy detection reference design.”• Buy the AWR1642 single-chip 76- to 81-GHz automotive radar sensor evaluation module.
• Download the vehicle occupancy detection reference software.

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