378

Environmental and Other Defense Activities—Continued
Federal Funds—Continued

THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2018

DEFENSE NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL—Continued
Program and Financing—Continued
Identification code 089–0244–0–1–053

0009
0010
0011
0012

Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists ..................
Safeguards and Security ...........................................................
Small Business Innovation Research ........................................
Small Business Technology Transfer ..........................................

34
103
190
28

19
103
.................
.................

14103.................
.................

0799 Total direct obligations ..................................................................
0801
Science (Reimbursable) ............................................................

5,486
554

5,339
520

4,473
520

0900 Total new obligations, unexpired accounts ....................................

6,040

5,859

4,993

2016 actual2017 est.

2018 est.

Memorandum (non-add) entries:
Unexpired unobligated balance, end of year ..........................

6.................

.................

Change in obligated balance:
Unpaid obligations:
3000
Unpaid obligations, brought forward, Oct 1 ..........................
3010
New obligations, unexpired accounts ....................................
3020
Outlays (gross) ......................................................................

11.................
–2

9
6
–9

6
30
–12

Budgetary resources:
Unobligated balance:
1000
Unobligated balance brought forward, Oct 1 .........................
1021
Recoveries of prior year unpaid obligations ...........................

41
71

10
.................

8.................

9

6

24

1050

112

10

8

11
9

9
6

6
24

.................

.................

30

5,350
14
30
8
4
15
1

5,340
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................

4,473.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................

.................
2.................
912.................

2.................
29.................
9

12
30
12

1941

3050
3100
3200

Unpaid obligations, end of year .................................................
Memorandum (non-add) entries:
Obligated balance, start of year ............................................
Obligated balance, end of year ..............................................

Budget authority and outlays, net:
Discretionary:
4000
Budget authority, gross .........................................................
Outlays, gross:
4010
Outlays from new discretionary authority ..........................
4011
Outlays from discretionary balances .................................
4020
Outlays, gross (total) .............................................................
4180 Budget authority, net (total) ..........................................................
4190 Outlays, net (total) ........................................................................

The Defense Nuclear Waste Disposal appropriation was established by
the Congress as part of the 1993 Energy and Water Development Appropriation (P.L. 102–377), in lieu of payment from the Department of Energy(DOE) into the Nuclear Waste Fund for activities related to the disposalof defense high-level waste from DOE's atomic energy defense activities.

1100
1121
1121
1121
1121
1121
1121
1131

–3

–3

.................

Appropriation, discretionary (total) .......................................
Spending authority from offsetting collections, discretionary:Collected ...........................................................................
Change in uncollected payments, Federal sources ............

5,419

5,337

4,473

525
–6

520
.................

520.................

1750
Spending auth from offsetting collections, disc (total) .........
1900
Budget authority (total) .............................................................
1930 Total budgetary resources available ..............................................
Memorandum (non-add) entries:
1941
Unexpired unobligated balance, end of year ..........................

519
5,938
6,050

520
5,857
5,867

520
4,993
5,001

10

8

8

4,386
6,040
–5,624
–71

4,731
5,859
–6,094.................

4,496
4,993
–5,479.................

Unpaid obligations, end of year .................................................
Uncollected payments:
Uncollected pymts, Fed sources, brought forward, Oct 1 ........
Change in uncollected pymts, Fed sources, unexpired ..........

4,731

4,496

4,010

–411
6

–405
.................

–405.................

Uncollected pymts, Fed sources, end of year .............................
Memorandum (non-add) entries:
Obligated balance, start of year ............................................
Obligated balance, end of year ..............................................

–405

–405

–405

3,975
4,326

4,326
4,091

4,091
3,605

5,938

5,857

4,993

2,059
3,565

2,922
3,172

2,533
2,946

Outlays, gross (total) .............................................................
Offsets against gross budget authority and outlays:
Offsetting collections (collected) from:Federal sources .................................................................
Non-Federal sources .........................................................

5,624

6,094

5,479

–348
–177

–250
–270

–250
–270

Offsets against gross budget authority and outlays (total) ....
Additional offsets against gross budget authority only:
Change in uncollected pymts, Fed sources, unexpired .......

–525

–520

–520

6

.................

.................

4070
Budget authority, net (discretionary) .........................................
4080
Outlays, net (discretionary) .......................................................
4180 Budget authority, net (total) ..........................................................
4190 Outlays, net (total) ........................................................................

5,419
5,099
5,419
5,099

5,337
5,574
5,337
5,574

4,473
4,959
4,473
4,959

1160
1700
1701

Object Classification (in millions of dollars)
Identification code 089–0244–0–1–053

2016 actual2017 est.

2018 est.

25.1
25.2
25.4

Direct obligations:
Advisory and assistance services ..............................................
Other services from non-Federal sources ..................................
Operation and maintenance of facilities ...................................

.................
.................
.................

6.................
.................

2
1
27

99.9

Total new obligations, unexpired accounts ............................

.................

6

30

3000
3010
3020
3040
3050
3060
3070
3090

✦

3100
3200

ENERGY PROGRAMS
Federal Funds
SCIENCEFor Department of Energy expenses including the purchase, construction, andacquisition of plant and capital equipment, and other expenses necessary for science
activities in carrying out the purposes of the Department of Energy Organization
Act (42 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), including the acquisition or condemnation of any real
property or facility or for plant or facility acquisition, construction, or expansion,and purchase of not more than 16 passenger motor vehicles for replacement only,
including one ambulance and one bus, $4,472,516,000, to remain available until
expended: Provided, That of such amount, $168,516,000 shall be available until
September 30, 2019, for program direction.
Note.—A full-year 2017 appropriation for this account was not enacted at the time the budget
was prepared; therefore, the budget assumes this account is operating under the Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2017 (P.L. 114–254). The amounts included for 2017 reflect the annualized level provided by the continuing resolution.

Program and Financing (in millions of dollars)
Identification code 089–0222–0–1–251

Obligations by program activity:
0001
Basic Energy Sciences ...............................................................
0002
Advanced Scientific Computing Research .................................
0003
Biological and Environmental Research ....................................
0004
High Energy Physics ..................................................................
0005
Nuclear Physics .........................................................................
0006
Fusion Energy Sciences .............................................................
0007
Science Laboratories Infrastructure ..........................................
0008
Science Program Direction ........................................................

2016 actual2017 est.

2018 est.

1,798
602
593
777
602
428
140
191

1,845
620
608
793
616
437
113
185

1,555
722
349
673
503
310
76
168

Unobligated balance (total) ......................................................
Budget authority:
Appropriations, discretionary:Appropriation ....................................................................
Appropriations transferred from other acct [089–0213] ....
Appropriations transferred from other acct [089–0321] ....
Appropriations transferred from other acct [089–0309] ....
Appropriations transferred from other acct [089–0318] ....
Appropriations transferred from other acct [089–0319] ....
Appropriations transferred from other acct [089–0251] ....
Unobligated balance of appropriations permanently
reduced .........................................................................

Change in obligated balance:
Unpaid obligations:
Unpaid obligations, brought forward, Oct 1 ..........................
New obligations, unexpired accounts ....................................
Outlays (gross) ......................................................................
Recoveries of prior year unpaid obligations, unexpired .........

Budget authority and outlays, net:
Discretionary:
4000
Budget authority, gross .........................................................
Outlays, gross:
4010
Outlays from new discretionary authority ..........................
4011
Outlays from discretionary balances .................................
4020

4030
4033
4040
4050

Advanced Scientific Computing Research.—The Advanced Scientific
Computing Research (ASCR) program supports research in applied mathematics and computer science; delivers the most advanced computational
scientific applications in partnership with disciplinary science; advancescomputing and networking capabilities; and develops future generationsof computing hardware and tools for science, in partnership with the research community and U.S. industry. The strategy to accomplish this has
two thrusts: developing and maintaining world-class computing and network

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

facilities for science; and advancing research in applied mathematics,
computer science and advanced networking. The program supports thedevelopment, maintenance, and operation of large high performance computing and network facilities, including the Leadership Computing Facilities
at Oak Ridge and Argonne National Laboratories, the National Energy
Research Scientific Computing Facility at Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, and the Energy Sciences Network.
Maximizing the benefits of U.S. leadership computing in the coming
decades will require an effective national response to increasing demands
for computing capabilities and performance, emerging technological challenges and opportunities, and competition with other nations. The DOE
will sustain and enhance its support for high performance computing (HPC)
research, development, and deployment as part of the federal strategy inpartnership with the Department of Defense (DOD) and the National Science Foundation (NSF).
Within the context of this coordinated federal strategy, the DOE Officeof Science (SC) and the DOE National Nuclear Security Administration(NNSA) are overseeing the Department's Exascale Computing Initiative(ECI), which began in 2016. The ECI focuses on delivering advanced
simulation through an exascale-capable computing program, with an emphasis on sustained performance on science, national security mission applications, and increased convergence between exascale and large-data
analytic computing. To meet ECI goals, research and development (R&D)
will be accelerated to overcome key exascale challenges in parallelism,
energy efficiency, and reliability, leading to deployment of exascale systems
in the 2021 timeframe. Acceleration or advancement is defined as a fiftyfold increase in sustained performance over today's computing capabilities,
enabling applications to address next-generation science, engineering, anddata problems.
Basic Energy Sciences.—The Basic Energy Sciences (BES) programsupports fundamental research to understand, predict, and ultimately control
matter and energy at the electronic, atomic, and molecular levels in orderto provide the foundations for new energy technologies and to support
DOE missions in energy, environment, and national security. Key to exploiting such discoveries is the ability to create new materials using sophisticated synthesis and processing techniques, precisely define the atomic
arrangements in matter, and control physical and chemical transformations.
The energy systems of the future will revolve around materials and chemical changes that convert energy from one form to another.
The research disciplines that BES supports—condensed matter and materials physics, chemistry, geosciences, and aspects of physical biosciences—are those that discover new materials and design new chemical
processes that touch virtually every important aspect of energy resources,
production, conversion, transmission, storage, efficiency, and waste mitigation. BES research provides a knowledge base to help understand, predict,and ultimately control the natural world and helps build the foundation forachieving a secure and sustainable energy future. BES also supports worldclass, open-access scientific user facilities consisting of a complementary
set of intense x-ray sources, neutron sources, and research centers fornanoscale science. BES facilities probe materials with ultrahigh spatial,
temporal, and energy resolutions to investigate the critical functions ofmatter—transport, reactivity, fields, excitations, and motion—and answer
some of the most challenging grand science questions. BES-supported
activities are entering a new era in which materials can be built with atomby-atom precision and computational models can predict the behavior ofmaterials before they exist.
Biological and Environmental Research.—The Biological and Environmental Research (BER) program supports fundamental research andprovides scientific user facilities to achieve a predictive understanding ofcomplex biological, earth, and environmental systems for energy and infrastructure resilience and sustainability.
The program seeks to understand the biological, biogeochemical, andphysical principles needed to predict a continuum of processes from themolecular and genomics-controlled smallest scales to environmental andEnergy Programs—Continued
Federal Funds—Continued379

ecological processes. Starting with the genetic potential encoded by organisms' genomes, BER Biological System Science research seeks to define
the principles that guide the translation of the genetic code into functional
proteins and the metabolic and regulatory networks underlying the systems
biology of plants and microbes as they respond to and modify their environments. This predictive understanding can enable more confident redesignof microbes and plants for sustainable biofuels production, improved carbon
storage, and controlled biological transformation of materials such as nutrients and metals in the environment. BER Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences research advances the fundamental understanding of dynamic,
physical, and biogeochemical systems processes required to systematicallydevelop Earth system models for predictive tools and approaches that may
inform policies and plans for future energy and resource needs.
Fusion Energy Sciences.—The Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) program
mission is to expand the fundamental understanding of matter at very hightemperatures and densities and to build the scientific foundation needed todevelop a fusion energy source. This is accomplished through the study ofplasma, the fourth state of matter, and how it interacts with its surroundings.
The next frontier for the major international fusion programs is the studyof the burning plasma state, in which the fusion process itself provides thedominant heat source for sustaining the plasma temperature. Productionof strongly self-heated fusion plasma will allow the discovery and studyof a number of new scientific phenomena relevant to fusion energy. These
include the effects of highly energetic fusion -produced alpha particles onplasma stability and confinement; the strongly non-linear coupling thatwill occur among fusion alpha particles, pressure-driven self-generated
current, turbulent transport, and boundary-plasma behavior; the propertiesof materials in the presence of high heat and particle fluxes and neutron
irradiation; and the self-organized nature of plasma profiles over long timescales. To support the program mission and its major focus, the U.S. fusion
program has four elements: Burning Plasma Science: Foundations; Long
Pulse; High Power; and Discovery Plasma Science. To achieve these research goals, FES invests in experimental facilities of various scales, international partnerships leveraging U.S. expertise, large-scale numericalsimulations based on experimentally validated theoretical models, development of advanced fusion-relevant materials, and invention of new measurement techniques.
High Energy Physics.—The High Energy Physics (HEP) program mission
is to understand how the universe works at its most fundamental level by
discovering the elementary constituents of matter and energy, probing theinteractions among them, and exploring the basic nature of space and time.
The HEP Program offers research opportunities for individual investigatorsand small-scale collaborations, as well as very large international collaborations. A world-wide program of particle physics research is underway to
discover what lies beyond the Standard Model. Five intertwined sciencedrivers of particle physics provide compelling lines of inquiry that show
great promise for discovery: use the Higgs boson as a new tool for discovery; pursue the physics associated with neutrino mass; identify the newphysics of dark matter; understand cosmic acceleration, dark energy, andinflation; and explore new particles, interactions and physical principles.
The program enables scientific discovery through a strategy organizedalong three frontiers of particle physics: 1) The Energy Frontier, where
researchers accelerate particles to the highest energies ever made by humans
and collide them to produce and study the fundamental constituents ofmatter. This requires some of the largest machines ever built; 2) The Intensity Frontier, where researchers use a combination of intense particle beams
and highly sensitive detectors to make extremely precise measurements ofparticle properties, study some of the rarest particle interactions predictedby the Standard Model of particle physics, and search for new physics; and
3) The Cosmic Frontier, where researchers seek to reveal the nature of dark
matter and dark energy by using naturally occurring particles to explore
new phenomena. The highest-energy particles ever observed have comefrom cosmic sources, and the ancient light from distant galaxies allows the
distribution of dark matter to be mapped and perhaps the nature of dark

380

Energy Programs—Continued
Federal Funds—Continued

SCIENCE—Continued

energy to be unraveled. Investments in Theoretical and Computational
Physics, which provides the framework to explain experimental observations
and gain a deeper understanding of nature, and Advanced Technology
R&D, which fosters fundamental research into particle acceleration anddetection techniques and instrumentation, support these three frontiers.
Many of the advanced technologies and research tools originally developed
for high energy physics have also proven applicable to other sciences, aswell as industry, medicine, and national security.
Nuclear Physics.—The Nuclear Physics (NP) program mission is to discover, explore, and understand all forms of nuclear matter. Although thefundamental particles that compose nuclear matter —quarks and gluons—
are themselves relatively well understood, exactly how they interact andcombine to form the different types of matter observed in the universe
today and during its evolution remains largely unknown. Nuclear physicists
seek to understand not just the familiar forms of matter we see around us,
but also exotic forms such as those which existed in the first microseconds
after the birth of the cosmos and that exist today inside neutron stars. The
NP program addresses three tightly interrelated scientific thrusts: 1) how
the strong nuclear force assembles quarks and gluons into protons andneutrons; 2) the structure of nuclei and how the known elements are produced in the cosmos; and 3) what evidence for science beyond our present
understanding can be discovered in the decays of nuclei and the propertiesof the neutron.
The NP program continues support for the high-priority efforts and capabilities to maintain U.S. leadership in some areas of nuclear science.
Specifically, it supports high-priority research of the nuclear physics
community, as well as the development of cutting-edge approaches for
producing isotopes critical to the nation, including ground breaking researchon the production of alpha emitting isotopes in sufficient quantity to enableclinical trials for cancer therapy. Mission readiness is maintained for the
production of radioactive isotopes that are in short supply for research anda wide array of applications.
Science Laboratories Infrastructure (SLI).—The Science Laboratories
Infrastructure (SLI) program supports scientific and technological innovation at the Office of Science (SC) laboratories by funding and sustaining
mission-ready infrastructure and fostering safe and environmentally responsible operations. The program provides state-of-the-art facilities and infrastructure that are flexible, reliable, and sustainable in support of scientificdiscovery. The SLI program also funds Payments in Lieu of Taxes to local
communities around the Argonne, Brookhaven, and Oak Ridge National
Laboratories.
Safeguards and Security.—The Safeguards and Security (S&S) programis designed to ensure appropriate security measures are in place to support
the SC mission requirement of open scientific research and to protect critical assets within SC laboratories. This is accomplished by providing
physical controls that will mitigate possible risks to the laboratories' employees, nuclear and special materials, classified and sensitive information,and facilities. The S&S program also provides funding for cyber security
for the laboratories' information technology systems to protect electronic
data while enabling the SC mission.
Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists.—The Workforce
Development for Teachers and Scientists (WDTS) program mission is tohelp ensure that DOE has a sustained pipeline of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workers. This is accomplished throughsupport of undergraduate internships, graduate thesis research, and visiting
faculty programs at the DOE laboratories; and annual, nationwide, middleand high-school science competitions culminating in the National Science
Bowl in Washington, D.C. These investments help develop the next generation of scientists and engineers to support the DOE mission, administer
programs, and conduct research.
Program Direction.— Science Program Direction supports a highly
skilled Federal workforce to develop and oversee SC investments in research and scientific user facilities. SC investments deliver scientific dis-

THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2018

coveries and major scientific tools that transform our understanding of
nature and advance the energy, economic, and national security of theUnited States. In addition, SC provides public access to DOE scientificfindings to further leverage the Federal science investment and advancethe scientific enterprise. SC requires highly skilled scientific and technicalprogram and project managers, as well as experts in areas such as acquisition, finance, legal, construction, and infrastructure management, humanresources, and environmental, safety, and health oversight. SC plans, executes, and manages basic science research programs that address criticalnational needs. Oversight of DOE's basic research portfolio, which includes
grants and contracts supporting nearly 19,000 researchers located at 300
universities and other institutions and 17 national laboratories, as well as
supervision of major construction projects, is a Federal responsibility.
Object Classification (in millions of dollars)
Identification code 089–0222–0–1–251

2016 actual2017 est.

2018 est.

11.1
11.3
11.5
11.8

Direct obligations:
Personnel compensation:
Full-time permanent .............................................................
Other than full-time permanent ............................................
Other personnel compensation ..............................................
Special personal services payments ......................................

104
2
1
2

101
2
1
2

96
2
2
.................

11.9
12.1
21.0
23.1
23.2
23.3
25.1
25.2
25.3
25.4
25.5
25.7
26.0
31.0
32.0
41.0

Total personnel compensation ...........................................
Civilian personnel benefits ........................................................
Travel and transportation of persons .........................................
Rental payments to GSA ............................................................
Rental payments to others ........................................................
Communications, utilities, and miscellaneous charges ............
Advisory and assistance services ..............................................
Other services from non-Federal sources ..................................
Other goods and services from Federal sources ........................
Operation and maintenance of facilities ...................................
Research and development contracts .......................................
Operation and maintenance of equipment ................................
Supplies and materials .............................................................
Equipment .................................................................................
Land and structures ..................................................................
Grants, subsidies, and contributions ........................................

109
33
4
1
2
3
24
34
29
3,307
148
1
2
223
659
908

106
32
4
1
2
3
23
33
28
3,219
144
1
2
217
641
883

100
31
4
1
2
3
23
33
28
2,697
144
1
2
200
500
704

99.0
99.0

Direct obligations ..................................................................
Reimbursable obligations .....................................................

5,487
553

5,339
520

4,473
520

99.9

Total new obligations, unexpired accounts ............................

6,040

5,859

4,993

2016 actual2017 est.

2018 est.

917

881

785

Employment Summary
Identification code 089–0222–0–1–251

1001 Direct civilian full-time equivalent employment ............................

✦ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY—ENERGY(INCLUDING CANCELLATION OF FUNDS)For Department of Energy administrative expenses necessary in carrying out theactivities authorized by section 5012 of the America COMPETES Act (Public Law
110–69), $20,000,000, to remain available until September 30, 2019: Provided,
That of the unobligated balances from prior year appropriations available under
this heading, $46,367,000 is hereby permanently cancelled: Provided further, Thatno amounts may be cancelled from amounts that were previously designated by theCongress as an emergency requirement pursuant to a concurrent resolution on thebudget or the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985: Provided
further, That of the funding made available under this heading for ARPA-E projects
in prior Acts, $45,000,000 shall be available for program direction, to remain
available until expended: Provided further, That no amounts may be repurposed
pursuant to this paragraph from amounts that were designated by the Congress as
an emergency requirement pursuant to a concurrent resolution on the budget or the
Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985.
Note.—A full-year 2017 appropriation for this account was not enacted at the time the budget
was prepared; therefore, the budget assumes this account is operating under the Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2017 (P.L. 114–254). The amounts included for 2017 reflect the annualized level provided by the continuing resolution.