ImmunoTox Letter
English pages

The 20th Annual Meeting of JSIT 2013
(Japanese Society of Immunotoxicology)

REPORT FROM THE 19TH ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY
OF IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY(TSIT2012)
Hiroyuki Yanagisawa(Department of Public Health & Environment Medicine,
The Jikei University School of Medicine)The 19th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of
Immunotoxicology (JSIT2012) was held at “The Jikei
University School of Medicine”, Nishishimbashi, Tokyo
during September 15-16, 2012. The main theme of thismeeting was “Novel aspects of Immunotoxicologicaldiseases”. The meeting consisted of 2 special lectures,
2 master’s lectures, symposium, workshop, 2 luncheon
seminars, 2 JSIT Research Award lectures, 20 oralpresentations and 6 student and young scientist
presentations.

September 12-13, 2013
Tokai University Takanawa Campus,
2-2-23 Takanawa, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
Theme:To explore the vision of Immunotoxicology.
The subject matter of the 20th Anniversary Annual
Meeting of the Society is To explore the vision of
Immunotoxicology. Although the details of the 20thMemorial Lectures as well as Symposium are being
prepared now, the contents should be apposite forthe 20th anniversary, including invited speakers fromoverseas.
In addition, educational lectures on two separate
subjects are also included in the plan.
Lecture 1 will be on Epigenetics of the function anddifferentiation of immuno-competent cells – aspects

Special lecture
1. O v e r v i e w a n d A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e W H O / I P C S
Harmonized Guidance for Immunotoxicity Risk
Assessment for Chemicals (Henk van Loveren,
National Institute of Public Health and theEnvironment, Maastrick University, The Netherlands）
2. New with old in immunotoxicological research –What has been and what shall be in our societyof immunotoxicology (Motoyasu Ohsawa, Hatano
Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center,
Hatano, Japan)

of immunotoxicology , while Lecture 2 will deal with
Higher-order function analysis of the system of Notch /NotchL in the development and differentiation of theimmune system .
Workshop :Oral / Poster presentation:
Deadline for abstract submissions : June 24, 2013
President :Depatment of Human Structure and Function,
Tokai University, School of Medicine

Master’s lecture
1. Molecular mechanism of fatigue and relationshipbetween immunotoxicology and fatigue (Kazuhiro
Kondo, Department of Virology, The Jikei University
School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan)
2. Pathological linkage of metabolic disease andautoimmunity by apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage(AIM) (Toru Miyazaki, Laborator y of Molecular
Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease
Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,
The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan)
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Prof. Kou Sakabe
Secretariat : Kyoko Endo, Hayato Terayama
Phone : +81-463-93-1121 (ext.2514)
FAX : +81-463-92-7440
e-mail : sakabek@tokai-u.jp
The website of this Anniversary Meeting is currently
in preparation.

Vol. 17 No. 2 (2012)

Symposium

Luncheon seminar“Progress in research for immunotoxicology”

1. Evaluation of ant-drug antibodies during non-clinicalsafety studies (Gray Bembridge, Huntingdon Life

1. Topics of research on sick house syndrome, with

Sciences Ltd.)

special reference to an immunotoxicologist aspect(Kou Sakabe, Department of human structure and2. Validation and use of several assays to monitor

function, Tokai University School of Medicine,

pharmacodynamic markers intended for human use, in

Kanagawa, Japan)

the cynomolgus monkey (Lawrence D Jacob, Principal

2. Advances in gut immunity to gastrointestinal

Immunologist and Molecular Biologist and Bioanalysis

nematode infections (Kenji Ishiwata, Department

and Immunology Group, Charles River Laboratories

of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School ofPreclinacal services, Edinburg, UK)

Medicine, Tokyo, Japan)
3. Immunological analysis of asbestos-exposed people forIn this year, “JSIT Prize for Encouragement” wasidentification of new diagnostic markers (Yasumitsu

received by Dr. Eiko Koike (Center for Environmental

Nishimura et al., Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki

Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental

Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan)

Studies, Tsukuba, Japan, Title: Study on the aggravation
mechanism of allergy induced by environmental

Workshop “In vitro immunotoxicology”

chemicals) and Dr. Yasumitsu Nishimura (Department

1. Current trend on in vitro immunotoxicology inof Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan,

EU (Emanuela Corsini, Laboratory of Toxicology,

Title: Immunological analysis of asbestos-exposed people

Dipar timento di Scienze Far macologiche e

for identification of new diagnostic markers). “The

Biomolecolari, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universita degli

Outstanding Researcher Award in Annual Convention”

Studi di Milan, Italy)

was received by Dr. Mitsuhiro Uchida (Meiji Seika

2. Development and application of an in vitro skin

Pharma Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, Title: Application ofsensitization test named h-CLAT based on alteration

Human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT) as a newof dendritic cell surface markers expression (Hitoshi

method for detecting allergic potential of systematically-

Sakaguchi, Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kaotreated drugs). “The Best Young Presenter Award” wasCorporation Tochigi, Japan)

received by Mr. Toshiro Hirai (Laboratory of Toxicology

3. Study on safety assessment for sensitization using

and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceuticalalternative methods (Takao Ashikaga, Research

Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan, Title: The novel

Center, Shiseido Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan)

immune-modulating effects of amorphous nanosilica

4. Development of assay system for immunotoxicity

particles following epicutaneous exposure) and Mr.

using cytokine reporter cells (Multi-ImmunoTox assay)

Kazuyuki Okamura (National Institute for Environmental(Setsuya Aiba, Department of Dermatology, Tohoku

Studies, Graduate School of Life & Environmental

University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai,

Sciences University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan, Title:

Japan)The involvement of p130 in arsenic-induced senescence of

5. Irradiation of light emitting diode at 850 nm inhibits

B cell).

T cell-induced cytokine expression (Ai-Young Lee et al.

I would like to appreciate all the participants who

Department of Dermatology Dongguk University Ilsan

actively joined passive presentations and discussions. See

Hospital, South Korea)

you again in the coming JSIT2013 at Tokai University
School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

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ImmunoTox Letter
immunological analysis of asbestos-exposed people for

JSIT prize for encouragement

identification of new diagnostic markers. I had learned
immunology from Tomohide Hosokawa, a professor inStudy on the aggravation mechanism ofallergy induced by environmental chemicals

Kyoto University of Education, and started the study

Eiko Koike

College of Medicine in 2002, just after I had finished a(National Institute for Environmental Studies)

doctorate at Kyoto University. At the beginning, I was

about asbestos and alveolar macrophages at Hyogo

not able to get interested in the study about asbestos,
It is my great pleasure and honor to be awarded the

because asbestos looks like just a stone for me. However,

JSIT prize for encouragement. I appreciate all members

as getting some results, I came to realize the significanceof JSIT and award selection committee.

and interest of study about effect of asbestos on cellular

Environmental pollutants are thought to be critical

functions. And then, I started to work under the

problems for the increase in allergy. Recently, we havesupervision of Prof. Takemi Otsuki at Department ofbeen focusing especially on environmental chemicals,Hygiene in Kawasaki Medical School. As you know, insuch as phthalates ubiquitously used as plasticizers in

our laboratory, Ayako Ueki, the former professor, hadmany polyvinylchloride consumer products. We havestarted the study about effect of exposure to silica andshown that diisononyl phthalate (DINP) aggravate atopic

asbestos on immune cells, which Prof. Otsuki developed

dermatitis-like skin lesions induced by mite antigen inmuch more. Under such a great environment, we could

NC/Nga mice. The aggravation was consistent withaccomplish the several outcomes about altered functions

eosinophilic inflammation, mast cell degranulation,of tumor immunity related with asbestos exposure andand TSLP expression in the inflammatory site. Thenmalignant mesothelioma, in particular about suppressive

we have found that in vitro exposure to DINP enhance

effect on NK cell function. Recently, we have started thethe expression of cell surface activation markers oncomprehensive immunological analysis for mesothelioma

BMDCs and their production of TARC and MDC, aspatients, showing several novel findings in immune

well as their capacity to stimulate mite antigen-specificcells. I will consistently exert an effort on studies about

T-cell proliferation. DINP also enhanced interleukin-4

effects of asbestos and other materials on immune cells

production from splenocytes. These results demonstratein the future, in order to contribute to clarification ofthat DINP can aggravate allergy and the mechanisms

mechanisms and development of strategies for healthmight be partly mediated through the activation ofdisorders caused by asbestos and other materials.
Finally, I thank all of people supporting me for theirdendritic cells and through direct or indirect activation ofhelp and encouragement so much again.

T-cells.
Finally, I would like to say hear tfelt thanks to
Dr. Hirohisa Takano, Dr. Rie Yanagisawa, and all mycollaborators for their help.

Asbestos and tumor immunity
Yasumitsu Nishimura(Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School)

I am very honored to be awarded the JSIT second prize
for encouragement. I would like to sincerely thank all of
the members of the awarding committee.
This prize is awarded for the research about─ 16 ─

Vol. 17 No. 2 (2012)The Outstanding ResearcherAward in annual convention

The Best Young Presenter Award

The novel immune-modulating effects ofamorphous nanosilica particles following
epicutaneous exposure

Application of Human Cell Line
Activation Test (h-CLAT) as a new
method for detecting allergic potential ofsystematically-treated drugs

Toshiro Hirai(Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate Schoolof Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan)

Mitsuhiro Uchida1, Toshiyuki Tsuchiya1,
Maho Ukaji2, Yoshiro Saito2, Kouichi Kurose2

I am very privileged to receive the students/young(1: Toxicology Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Center,scientist best presentation award at the 19th annual

Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan

meeting of the Japanese Society of Immunotoxicology and

2: Division of Medicinal Safety Science,

would like to appreciate the support from the selection

National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan)

Allergic adverse reactions have been sometimes
observed in a clinical development and/or on the market.
Therefore, early detection of the sensitizing potentialof chemicals is an emerging issue for pharmaceuticaldevelopment. For skin sensitizing potential, humancell line activation test (h-CLAT) using monocytic cellline, THP-1, has been validated as a cell-based assay.
We evaluated 18 systematically-treated drugs using
h-CLAT to investigate the usefulness as a new method forsensitization potential of systematically-treated drugs.
As a result, 11 (ampicillin sodium, D-penicillamine,
ticlopidine hydrochloride, cephalothin sodium, diclofenac
sodium, levofloxacin hydrochloride, gefitinib, albendazole,
amiodarone hydrochloride, carbamazepine andpravastatin sodium) out of 18 drugs which were reported
allergic adverse reactions (e.g. rash, hepatitis) in humanwere determined positive in the h-CLAT. The other 7
drugs (phenytoin, hydrocortisone, penicillin G potassium,
nevirapine, acetyl salicylic acid, allopurinol andamoxicillin) were not assayed due to poor water solubility
or low cytotoxicity. This investigation demonstrated
that h-CLAT might be the appropriate assay also forsensitizing potential of systematically-treated drugs.

committee.
I investigated the effects of epicutaneous exposure
to silica nanoparticles (nSP), which is one of the mostfrequently used NMs in cosmetics, on allergic diseases
using an AD model of NC/Nga mice. We showed that the
combined applications of nSP and mite extract antigen(Dp) did not induce any effects on Dp-inducing AD
skin lesion. In contrast, we revealed that epicutaneous
exposure to nSP influences Dp-specific IgG/IgE balance
and induce IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. It is known
that epicutaneous allergen sensitizations play importantrole to make pathogenesis of not only AD, but also otherIgE-mediated allergic diseases, such as food allergy
and asthma. Therefore, when considering primar y
epicutaneous sensitization in asthma or food allergy, it
may be better to consider environmental exposure toprotein antigen with NM together.
I would also like to give special thanks to my researchprofessor Dr. Yasuo TSUTSUMI, Dr. Yasuo YOSHIOKA,
Dr. Kazuma HIGASHISAKA and other colleagues
in Laborator y of Toxicology and Safety Science forsupporting throughout the progress. I am thrilled tocontribute much more for the immunotoxicology field byfurthering my research topics.

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ImmunoTox Letter
The involvement of p130 in arsenicinduced senescence of B cell

Contributed article

Kazuyuki Okamura(Graduate School of Life & Environmental Sciences,
University of Tsukuba National Institute forEnvironmental Studies),
It s my great pleasure to get such a big award. In thisA memoirs on Studies on experimental
iodine allergy for the purpose of developing
diagnostic agent for predicting allergic
adverse effect of iodinated contrast media
Hiroshi Shionoya

paper, I described my project The involvement of p130 in(Asama Chemical Co. Ltd ),arsenic-induced senescence of B cell .
Chronic arsenic exposure induces immune suppression.

The mechanism of iodine allergy has not yet been

We previously reported that long-term arsenic exposurecompletely elucidated. However, from our studies andof B cell lymphoma A20 cells induced senescence. In thiscircumstantial evidence in humans, I speculate thatstudy, I investigated the mechanism of arsenic-induced

the common allergens are autologous proteins having

senescence. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediatedthe antigenic determinant diiodotyrosine. A plan on

DNA damage response is implicated in senescence.

diagnostic device development for preventing iodine

Since arsenic is reported to induce ROS, I examinedallergy to iodinated contrast media was also addressed.

the contribution of ROS to arsenic-induced senescence.
Treatment of cells with H 2O2 for 5 days showed thefeatures of senescence. However, while arsenic caused

Words from new councilors

accumulation of cells at G0/G1 phase, H2O2 increased
cells at G2/M phase, indicating that arsenic and H2O2

Etsushi Kuroda

induce senescence by different mechanisms. Arsenic, but(Particulate adjuvant and immunity

not H2O2 , was found to greatly increase the amount of

WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University

p130, the G0/G1-specific pRB family protein. Knockdown

Laboratory of Vaccine Science)of p130 by siRNA abolished the arsenic-induced G0/G1
arrest. These results suggested that long-term arsenic

My name is Etsushi Kuroda working in WPI

exposure induces senescence at G0/G1 phase through

Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University.

accumulation of p130 protein.

I took office as a councilor of the Japanese Society

Finally, I would like to sincerely thank you for givingof Immunotoxicology. I am thankful to Dr. Otsuki inme The Best Young Presenter Award. I want to study

Kawasaki Medical School and Dr. Morimoto in University

even harder to be a good scientist. I hope you will give meof Occupational and Environmental Health Japan forfurther guidance and encouragement in the future.

making a recommendation to the board on JSIT. I am
going to contribute my best to the advances of JSIT.
My paramount interest is in the mechanisms ofparticulate-induced immune responses. Particulates
and crystals stimulate the immune systems to induce
inflammatory responses. A number of particulates,
such as particle matter 2.5 (PM2.5), diesel particles
and sand dusts induce pulmonar y inflammation. In
contrast, aluminum salts (referred to as alum) havebeen used to enhance antibody responses in animals andhumans as vaccine adjuvant. Interestingly, a numberof particulates, such as alum and silica, induce type2 immune responses, which are characterized by the─ 18 ─

Vol. 17 No. 2 (2012)
accumulation of eosinophil at the site of inflammation

Ryota Kawaiand the elevation of serum IgE in vivo. However, the basis(Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd.

and mechanisms of adjuvanticity of these particulates

Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories)

remain poorly understood. Now I am strongly interested
in the ef fect of particulates in immune responses.

It is my honor to take office as a councilor of the

Of course, it is dif ficult to clarify the molecular

Japanese Society of Immunotoxicology this year. I like themechanisms of adjuvanticity of particulates in detail.
,In addition, I m still young fellow in the academic fieldcozy atmosphere of this society which consists of many
researchers from a broad range of fields.

of immunotoxicology. I ardently hope you will continue

It was in my masters-degree course that I began toto guide me in the future, and I want to make a win-win

study immunotoxicity. In those days, I tried to establish

relationship with all members in JSIT.

a system for evaluating allergenicity using Brown

Thank you for your kind cooperation.

Norway rats and cell line for the identification of theallergen ingredients of food materials, evaluation ofallergen removal effectiveness, and so on. I have been
concerned with the non-clinical safety evaluation of the

Tin Tin Win Shwedrug candidates since entering my current company. I(National Institute for Environmental Studies)engage in antigenicity studies, local irritation studies
and immunotoxicity studies. Meanwhile I have studied toCurrently, I am doing research studying the effects

establish immunotoxicity evaluations, particularly T cell-of environmental pollutants on nervous and immune

dependent antibody response (TDAR), and participatedsystems at the Biological Impact Section, Center forin the validation of TDAR between institutions in thisEnvironmental Health Sciences, National Institute forsociety.

Environmental Studies. I have been joining the Japan

These days, my attention is attracted toSociety for Immunotoxicology ever y year from 11

immunogenicity and infusion reaction of thethbiopharmaceuticals. This Society is a good area formeeting.
First I would like to introduce my research. Up to now,

exchange of information. Needless to say, the further

using brain in vivo microdialysis technique, moleculardevelopment of immunotoxicology being important,gene expression assay and learning performance test,

I think that the role of this Society will become more

I have been studying the effects of environmental toxic

important. I will make efforts to contribute to thechemicals such as diesel exhaust nanoparticles, volatiledevelopment of this society and appreciate your further

organic compound toluene and organophosphate pesticide

help and encouragement in advance.

diazinon on neurotoxicity, neuroimmune crosstalk,chemical susceptibility and possible mechanism of actionof these three substances in allergic model, athymic nudemodel, infectious model and inflammatory model of mice.

Yasuo Yoshioka

I deeply appreciate for giving oppor tunity for（Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,

participating as a councillor of Japan Society for

Osaka University, Osaka, Japan）

Immunotoxicology. I would like to contribute todevelopment of a Japanese Immunotoxicology Society in

My name is Yasuo Yoshioka from the Graduate School

the future. Finally I would like to invite all of you to visitof Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University and it

my country golden land Myanmar and do collaborative

is my honor to announce that I was appointed as a

research with Myanmar researcher from basic science,

member of the board. I would like to give an appreciation

clinical and public health fields.

to Dr. Takemi Otsuki and Dr. Yasumitsu Nishimura at
Kawasaki Medical School who recommended me forthis position and also a great opportunity. With the─ 19 ─

ImmunoTox Letter
recent development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials

Europe, it does not attract so many scientists as there

are beginning to be used on a global scale. However,were in the JSIT meeting, which is basically a national

the increasing use of nanomaterials has raised public

meeting. Of course Japan is a big and innovative country,

concerns about the potential risks to human health.

but still smaller than the entire Europe.

Because nanomaterials have the potential to improve
the quality of human life, it is essential to ensure

Q2. What is the most exciting thing in your career totheir safety and obtain the information for designingdate.

safe nanomaterials. We are now trying to investigate

The most exciting thing in my career is undoubtedly

the safety of nanomaterials for the development of

to be in contact with many different people around thenanomaterials with safety and efficacy. In the course

world, exchanging thoughts and ideas, and while doingof investigation, assistance from the members of theso, improve risk assessment of chemicals. I hope toJapanese Society of Immunotoxicology will be muchcontribute to this, especially from the immunologicalappreciated.

angle.

Sincerely,

Q3. W h a t a r e t h e t h i n g s y o u a r e d o i n genergetically, right now?
A main activity that I am involved in now is being

Real Voices of International
Immunotoxicologists

member of expert groups within the European Foodsafety Authority. They perform risk assessments, and I
contribute from the immunotoxicological point of view.

We had a chance to interview the three international
researchers, Dr. Henk Van Loveren from National

Here, the science that I am involved in is utilized and has
an impact. That gives me quite a lot of energy.

Institute of Public Health, the Netherlands, Dr. Emanuela
Corsini from Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy andQ4. W h a t i s r e q u i r e d f o r b r e a k t h r o u g h i n

Dr. Ai-Young Lee from Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital,

immunotoxicology research in the future, doKorea, who gave us very exciting lecture and information

you think?

at the 19

Annual Meeting of JSIT. Here, we introduce

The further development of animal free, mechanism-

their answers for our questions. Those allow us to hearbased risk assessment approaches for identification ofreal voices of international immunotoxicologists.

immunotoxic and sensitizing activity of chemicals, andththe utilization of such approaches for quantitative risk
assessment. Such approaches will most likely involve

Dr. Henk Van Loveren, Ph.D.

integral testing strategies made up of different tests,

Head Section Immunotoxicology

and include advanced technologies such as omics , inand Infection, Laboratory

vitro testing etc. But we are not there yet. Acceptancefor Health Protection Research,by alternative testing by regulatory authorities is what

National Institute of Public Health,is required, and these authorities should be aware that

The Netherlands

alternatives may not be full proof ever, while realizingthat nor is the current practice using animals.

Q1. What was the most impressive event for you inyour trip to Japan this time?

Q5. Any other comments

The most impressive of this meeting for me was to see
how many scientists were gathered for this meeting. In

I was happy to be invited by the JSIT, and to see somegood friends from Japan.

Europe we do not have a Society for Immunotoxicology.
We have, under EUROTOX, a Speciality Section for
Immunotox, but even if EUROTOX covers the entire
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Vol. 17 No. 2 (2012)
Other important area of research in the fieldof immunotoxicology will be nanotoxicology, theEmanuela Corsini, Ph.D.
Associated Professor of Toxicology
Department of Pharmacologicalimmunotoxicity of biologicals or biosimilars and POPs.

Q5. Any other comments

Sciences

I wish that all presentations during the Congress of

Università degli Studi di Milano

the Japanese Society of Immunotoxicology would have

Italybeen in English. The titles of all presentation were so

Q1. What was the most impressive event for you ininteresting, but it was impossible for me to follow them as,
unfortunately I don t speak Japanese.

your trip to Japan this time?
This year was my first visit of Japan, and the Congressof the Japanese Society of Immunotoxicology gave me

Ai-Young Lee

the second opportunity to visit this wonderful country.

Professor / Chief

It is very difficult for me to say which was the mostDepartment of Dermatology

impressive event, I have so many good memories that,
I don t know what to choose. Before coming to theDongguk University Ilsan Hospital
Korea

Congress, I was in Kyoto and we visited the Royal Palace.
I was impressed by the beauty, simplicity and elegance ofthe palace and gardens. I also have a wonderful memory

Q1. What was the most impressive event for you inof the dinner we had in Tokyo the day before the Congress
started, where I tried all kind of sake although I do not
usually drink alcohol.

your trip to Japan this time?
I stayed at the Tokyu Hotel near by Jikei University,
School of Medicine. Although I ve already known thatthe living expense in Tokyo is expensive, the size of hotel

Q2. What is the most exciting thing in your career to date.

room was so small.

One of the more exciting thing in my career was when
I won the award for the best Young Investigator from theQ2. What is the most exciting thing in your career to date.

Immunotoxicology Specialty Section of SOT.

When I was in the late twenties, I saw a patient who
had a generalized skin rash. From her medical history

Q3. W h a t a r e t h e t h i n g s y o u a r e d o i n g

and skin tests, penicillin in milk was suspected. I collected
related information and finally quantitated the roughenergetically, right now?
Even if next year I will be 50, I still like to work in theamount of penicillin in commercialized milk products.

lab, but of course, I have to thank my collaborators forfinishing all experiments I start, which I will never be

Q3. W h a t a r e t h e t h i n g s y o u a r e d o i n gable to finish due to a busy schedule that include a heavyenergetically, right now?

teaching duty.

How dare I can tell that I do research energetically?
Anyway, we have been interested in pathogenesis of theQ4. W h a t i s r e q u i r e d f o r b r e a k t h r o u g h i npigmentary skin diseases such as vitiligo and melasma.

immunotoxicology research in the future, do
Q4. W h a t i s r e q u i r e d f o r b r e a k t h r o u g h i n

you think?
I may have a bias of course, but I think that

immunotoxicology research in the future, do

the development of better methods for in vitro

you think?

immunotoxicology will be an important area of research

As an amateur, I think development of in vitro systems

in the near future due to economical, ethical andwhich can surrogate relevant in vivo systems may beregulatory pressures.

required for breakthrough.
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