JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’
Version 1.0 – April 2018
Japan NGO Initiative for Safety and Security (JaNISS)

Contents
Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’ .........................................................1
Version 1.0 – April 2018 .........................................................................................................1
About JaNISS ..........................................................................................................................2
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................2
Disclaimer...............................................................................................................................2
Abbreviations .........................................................................................................................3
Aims of this Guidebook and How to Use It ................................................................................4
1. Aims of this Guidebook ...................................................................................................4
2. What this Guidebook covers ...........................................................................................5
3. What this Guidebook does not cover..............................................................................5
4. Structure of This Guidebook ...........................................................................................6
5. Labelling of Information ..................................................................................................6
6. How to Use This Guidebook ............................................................................................6
Background ................................................................................................................................8
1. Professionalization of Security Management in Humanitarian and Development Field ..8
2. A Brief History of Changes in the Security Environment ...................................................9
3. Safety & Security is an Enabler for Programmes ...............................................................9
Standard 1: Commitment to Safety and Security ....................................................................11
Standard 2: Organizational Safety and Security Policies and Plans .........................................162.1. Safety and Security Policies ..........................................................................................16
Reference 2-I: Sample Outline of Safety and Security Policies............................................23
2.2. Security Plan at Headquarters ......................................................................................24
Reference 2-II: Sample Outline of a Security Plan for Headquarters ..................................27
2.3. Security Plan in the Field ...............................................................................................28
Reference 2-III: Sample Outline of a Security Plan for Field Posts ......................................36
Standard 3: Resources .............................................................................................................37
Reference 3-I: Support Program for External Security Training ..........................................39
Reference 3-II. Security Expenses that Can Be Included in Budget Supported by JapaneseDonors ..................................................................................................................................40
Standard 4: Human Resources Management ..........................................................................43
Standard 5: Accountability.......................................................................................................47
Reference 5-I: Example Structure and Responsibilities .......................................................51
Standard 6: Collaboration with Other Actors ..........................................................................52
Standard 7: Safety and Security of Local Partner Organizations .............................................55
References ...............................................................................................................................58

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

About JaNISS
Japan NGO Initiative for Safety and Security (JaNISS) is an independent network of likeminded Japanese NGOs active in the field of international humanitarian and development
assistance. The objective of JaNISS is to support and coordinate capacity development so as
to ensure safety and security management under international standards in the Japanese
NGO community. To that end, it conducts activities such as drawing up safety and security
standards and organizing safety and security management training for Japanese NGOs, andit also carries out advocacy in Japanese society to promote safety and security management
by NGOs.
www.janiss.net
Acknowledgement
This Guidebook is a result of collaborative efforts by JaNISS member NGOs. Development of
the guidebook was managed by MOSS (Minimum Operating Security Standards) Task Forcemembers throughout the drafting process, comprising: ADRA Japan, Japan International
Volunteer Center, Japan Platform, Peace Winds Japan, Save the Children Japan, and World
Vision Japan, co-led by Peace Boat Disaster Relief Volunteer Center, Shanti Volunteer
Association and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
JaNISS would like to thank UNHCR eCentre, InterAction and individual consultants, Randy
Martin, Basile “Laky” Pissalidis and John Campbell, for sharing their expertise with us, and inparticular, the UNHCR Representation in Japan for their extensive support. Many existing
manuals and handbooks were helpful in the preparation of this Guidebook. Thanks also to
all those Japanese NGOs who were involved and provided feedback throughout the drafting
process.
Disclaimer
JaNISS is a member-led grouping and has no separate legal status under the laws of Japan or
any other jurisdiction, and references to ‘JaNISS’ in this disclaimer shall mean the member
organizations, observers and secretariat of JaNISS. While JaNISS endeavours to ensure thatthe information in this document is correct, JaNISS does not warrant its accuracy andcompleteness. This document is general in nature, and its contents may not be applicable inall situations. Its contents shall be modified and adapted as appropriate, to suit the needs ofparticular organizations and situations. JaNISS shall not be liable for any kind of loss ordamage whatsoever to you or a third party arising from reliance on the information containedin this document. This document may include the views or recommendations of third partiesand does not necessarily reflect the views of JaNISS or indicate a commitment to a particular
course of action.
© 2018 Japan NGO Initiative for Safety and Security

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’Abbreviations
CHS: Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability
CIMP: Critical Incident Management Plan
CIMT: Critical Incident Management TeameCentre: UNHCR Regional Centre for Emergency Preparedness
ECHO: Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations
GPR8: Good Practice Review 8
HF: High Frequency
IFRC: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
INSO: International NGO Security Organization
ISAF: International Security Assistance ForceJaNISS: Japan NGO Initiative for Safety and Security
Medevac: Medical Evacuation
MOFA: Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MOU: Memorandum of Understanding
NRC: Norwegian Refugee Council
PRT: Provincial Reconstruction Team
PTSD: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
R&R: Rest and Recreation
SIF: Safety in the Field
SLT: ‘Saving Lives Together’
SOPs: Standard Operating Procedures
SRA: Security Risk Assessment
SRM: Security Risk Management
TOR: Terms of Reference
UNDSS: United Nations Department of Safety and Security
VHF: Very High Frequency

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

Aims of this Guidebook and How to Use It
1. Aims of this Guidebook
The 'NGO Standards for Safety and Security' (hereafter Standards) were adopted by themember NGOs of Japan NGO Initiative for Safety and Security (JaNISS). The Standards capture
the most common denominators in the internationally accepted safety and security standards,
where the signatory NGOs are expected to develop their own policies and mechanisms.
The Standards intend to complement existing safety and security frameworks of signatory
NGOs which should be specific and unique to each organization.
The Standards is made of following seven Standards: ‘Commitment to Safety and Security’,‘Organizational Safety and Security Policies and Plans’, ‘Resources’, ‘Human Resources
Management’, ‘Accountability’, ‘Collaboration with Other Actors’, and ‘Safety and Security ofLocal Partner Organizations’.
Each NGO is ultimately responsible for determining how the seven Standards will be met
within their own organization. How this is accomplished will be based on the mission,
mandate, values and risk tolerance of each organization.
This Guidebook on 'NGO Standards for Safety and Security' (hereafter Guidebook) has been
produced by the member NGOs of JaNISS to support Japanese NGOs in translating theseseven Standards into tangible actions. This Guidebook also includes following objectives:
 To assist individual Japanese NGOs self-evaluate the extent to which they have covered

the safety and security policies and procedures that should be considered according to
the Standards, and to locate suggested guidance, tools and resources when they identify
room for improvement.
 To provide Japanese NGOs with references to relevant documents and online information
accumulated by the United Nations organizations and international NGOs
 To introduce, and encourage the introduction of, methods and ideas related to safety andsecurity which have not been fully incorporated by Japanese NGOs such as security risk
analysis, security planning and reviewing involving all relevant staff members, security
related training, and clear definition of the security roles and responsibilities of managers
and staff members.
Based on consultation with a wide range of humanitarian and development NGOs, thisGuidebook also aims to achieve following goals:
 Applicable not only to Japanese NGOs working in conflict or high-risk areas but also to

those who work in the overseas humanitarian and development operations.
 Applicable to various Japanese NGOs regardless of their organizational size andoperational scale, category of staff (from paid to unpaid), presence in the field (expatriate
or mission-based), and organization’s mission and mandate (from emergency relief tostudy tour).

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’ Informative to Japanese NGOs located outside the metropolitan area where access tomaterials on security management has been limited and to assist their capacity-building
efforts by providing relevant information on guidelines, tools and resources.
2. What this Guidebook covers
This Guidebook intends to cover following aspects of security management and practice: This Guidebook intends to cover most aspects of security management and practice thatare commonly thought relevant to Japanese NGOs working in humanitarian anddevelopment operations.
 This Guidebook intends to cover both national/local and international staff equally, unless
it is explicitly referred to one or the other group.
 This Guidebook intends to focus mainly on ‘security’ rather than ‘health and safety’ issues(see the definitions of ‘safety’ and ‘security’ in Standard 2.1, Guidance Note 1).
 This Guidebook is comprised of existing good practices drawn extensively from security
policies and manuals produced by network NGOs such as InterAction and European
Interagency Security Forum (EISF), humanitarian NGOs, UN agencies and the International
Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
3. What this Guidebook does not coverAt the same time, this Guidebook does not intend to cover following aspects of security
management and practice:








This Guidebook is general in nature, and its contents may neither be applicable to all
situations nor cover aspects of security management and practice that are specific toparticular locations, cultures, or type of humanitarian or development operations. Its
contents should be modified and adapted as appropriate, to suit the needs of particularorganizations and situations.
This Guidebook is intended neither to provided off-the-shelf safety and security
standards and policies for individual NGOs nor impose certain standards or policies on
individual NGOs. It offers suggested guideline, tools and resources, designed to assist
organizations to think through their security policies and procedures. Each organization
has different operational context, mission and mandate, operational period, financial
and human resources, and involvement into various aid and local networks, and theirsecurity policies and procedures should be established according to individualorganizational and operational contexts with the involvement of all relevantinternational and national/local staff.
At the moment, issues related to ‘safety’, such as health threats and natural disasters,
may not be the primary focus of this Guidebook, but it also draws attention to thematters associated to vehicle accidents, insurance and medical evacuation and the needof post-incident psychosocial support. It is important to remember that health and safety
threats also pose significant threats to aid workers and organizations, and should takeprecautions accordingly.
This Guidebook does not cover the security or protection of local populations, refugees
and displaced persons, women and children, or other vulnerable persons.

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

Most of all, this Guidebook is no guarantee of ‘security’. Using this Guidebook does not
replace the need for regular and inclusive planning, appropriate training, judgement
based on experience, coupled with the relevant equipment and procedures, applied aseach situation and operation requires.

4. Structure of This Guidebook
This Guidebook follows the examples of the Sphere Handbook, and is composed of several
standards, relevant key actions, key indicators, and guidance notes.


Key Actions: are suggested to attain the standard. Some actions may not be applicablein all contexts, and it is up to the organizations to select the relevant actions and devise
alternative actions that will result in the standard being met.

Key Indicators: serve as ‘signals’ that show whether a standard has been attained. They
provide a way of measuring and communicating the processes and results of the key
actions. The key indicators relate to the minimum standard, not to the key actions.



Guidance Notes: include context-specific points to consider when aiming at reaching the
key actions and key indicators. They provide knowledge, good practices, information andresources accumulated by the global humanitarian and development community.
Further details and references are provided at the end of each chapter.

5. Labelling of Information
 Standards, Key Actions and Key Indicators are bordered.
 Guidance notes of particular importance are highlighted in blue.
 Information in Standard 2 that is of particular importance to those operating in conflictareas or high-risk areas are shaded.
6. How to Use This Guidebook
A) Senior Managers and Operational Managers of Organizations (Executive Board
Members): It is strongly recommended to refer at least the following sections of thisGuidebook in order to understand the general outline of security risk management
including the duty of care.
Standard 1
Key Actions and Key Indicators for other standards (there are three Key Actions andIndicators in the Standard 2)
Sections that are highlighted in blueB) Security Managers/Officers of Humanitarian Organizations: It is recommended to readthrough this Guidebook. For those organizations operating in conflict or high-risk areas,
it is strongly encouraged to closely examine the sections that are shaded in Standard 2.

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’C) Security Managers/Officers of Development Organizations: When appropriate, refer the
shaded sections in Standard 2 which are intended for organizations operating in conflictor high-risk areas, but otherwise it is recommended to read through the rest of thisGuidebook.
D) For a Quick Overview of the Guidebook: It is recommended to refer the following sections.



E)

Key Actions and Key Indicators of each Standard (there are three Key Actions and Key
Indicators in Standard 2)
The ‘Background’Sections highlighted in blue

Those Wishing to Conduct a ‘Self-check’ on Their Organization’s Security Plans andProcedures, or Wishing to Create Security Plans for Their Organization
Refer Guidance Notes and References in Standard 2 to assess the organization’s security
management, and take necessary measures and actions to improve the organization’s
security policies, procedures and plans.
It is highly recommend to compile the reflections, measures and actions taken into adocument and sharing it with relevant parties. The critical part of this exercise lies in theprocess of planning and reviewing the security plan with the involvement of all relevant
staff, and not the document itself that is produced by this exercise. Thus, the document
should be kept simple and concise.
Organizations that do not have field offices and that operate on a mission-basis arerecommended to take ‘2.3 Security Plan in the Field’ into consideration when they are
considering ‘2.2 Security Plan at Headquarters’ and the security plan for partnerorganizations.
“Safety and Security Policies”, “Reference 2-I: Sample Outline of Safety andSecurity Policies”“Security Plan at Headquarters”, “Reference 2-II: Sample Outline of a Security
Plan for Headquarters”“Security Plan in the Field”, “Reference 2-III: Sample Outline of a Security Plan for
Field Posts”

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

Background
1. Professionalization of Security Management in Humanitarian and Development Field
Looking back on the history of Japanese NGOs, the first wave of emergence took place in theearly 1960s, when several organizations were founded aiming at addressing the social
development needs in Asian countries, followed by the second wave when a number ofexisting organizations were established around 1979 as a result of the Indochina refugee crisis.
1 In the 30 years since their advent, Japanese NGOs have expanded their operational size, andare now working in various sectors not only in Asian countries but also in countries in the
Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. Quite a few NGOs do not limit themselves to working
in development, but are proactively engaged in the humanitarian response both in naturaland complex emergencies.
Regardless of whether working in a development context or a humanitarian context,
expansion of operational size increases the chance of encountering various threats. According
to the Humanitarian Outcomes report, the nature of the security environment has becomemuch more complex since the 1990s. For 10 years between 2005 and 2015, the number ofcasualties of aid workers has been steadily increasing. Japanese staff are not immune to thistrend. 2 Since the turn of the century, there have been reports of a number of cases in which
Japanese staff have been kidnapped or abducted, taken hostage, or become victims ofterrorism. Even excluding victims of security-related incidents, a number of aid workers havelost their lives due to contingent events such as road accidents and diseases.
Given the prevalence of security as well as safety related threats, what kind of security risks
could NGOs face in their working environment? Take the threat of malaria as an example.
Suppose that a Japanese staff managing a project in an area where malaria is endemic is
infected by malaria and hospitalized in a dazed condition. As long as the organization took
the decision to implement a project in such an area, it should have provided the staff withnecessary measures to prevent malaria as well as all possible means to protect their life incase of infection. In the worst-case scenario of loss of life, the top management of theorganization will inevitably have to explain the incident to the public.
As NGOs working in the field of international cooperation, we are responsible for ensuring
the safety and security of all concerned staff and stakeholders. This means that if any person
involved in our work – irrespective of whether an international staff or a national/local staff,
or whether a direct employee or a beneficiary – becomes a victim of any type of incident, weare morally and legally obliged to take institutional action. If the organization does notproperly respond to the incident, it may lead to serious consequences such as cessation of
the project or, in the worst case, dissolution of the organization. We are therefore required
to professionalize ourselves in term of security management.

1 Japan NGO Center for International Cooperation (JANIC). (n.d.). Understanding NGOs [Japanese article]. Retrieved on 21

March 2018 from www.janic.org/ngo/faq/.
2 The Aid Worker Security Database. (n.d.), Major attacks on aid workers: Summary statistics. Retrieved on 21 March 2018from https://aidworkersecurity.org.

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’This chapter describes the threats that NGOs are facing, giving an overview of how the safety
and security environment has changed over the decades since the emergence of JapaneseNGOs, and describes the institutional responsibilities that organizations should take whenworking in high-risk environments, and concludes by stressing the importance of security
management as an enabler for programs and accountability.
2. A Brief History of Changes in the Security Environment

1960s to 1980s
Japanese NGOs emerged in this period. While a nuclear war was the main security threat
during the Cold War, the threat of ethnic or religious conflict was not so prevalent as
nowadays. The major safety and security concerns for NGOs therefore were mainly thoseof ordinary crime, traffic accidents, and diseases.



1990s
The end of the Cold War triggered the rise of political and religious radicalism as well as
ethnic cleansing, which led to ethnic and religious conflicts worldwide. Along with theincrease in humanitarian need in conflict affected areas, Japanese NGOs also began
entering the field of humanitarian assistance, which required those working in thehumanitarian arena to be well aware of the security concerns and to take necessary
measures. Incidents directly targeting Japanese staff, however, were still rare during thisperiod.



2000s
The establishment of Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRT) became a controversial issue,
potentially increasing security threats to humanitarian workers particularly in
Afghanistan and Iraq. Kidnappings and assaults directly targeting Japanese nationals
frequently occurred between 2004 and 2008 in those countries. These incidents
compelled humanitarian agencies to re-assess their own security measures. This periodalso became a turning point in that the government of Japan shifted its stance andrestricted Japanese nationals from going to medium/high-risk areas.



2010s
Protracted conflicts in the Middle East and Africa exacerbated the security environment.
Japanese nationals continue to fall victim to kidnappings and assaults in countries suchas Syria, Algeria and Bangladesh, giving Japanese humanitarian workers little space tooperate in medium/high-risk areas. Widespread indiscriminate terrorism is anothersecurity concern; countries not affected by conflicts are no longer immune to terrorism.
It requires those involved in development, whose mandate is not necessarily of ahumanitarian nature, to raise their awareness of security management.

3. Safety & Security is an Enabler for Programmes
Each organization has its own respective mission and, in pursuit of it, we must continuously
weigh the outcomes we aim to achieve against the risks we may face. We are able to provide
assistance only when we judge that the expected outcome is larger than the risks we may
face.

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

The worldwide deterioration of the security environment since the 1990s tilts the scales
against the pursuit of our missions, meaning that the security risks are often higher than theoutcomes we may expect. While security threats have increased significantly over the
decades, humanitarian and development needs are also increasing more than ever before. In
such circumstances, it is the NGO itself that should make the decision whether or not to go
to a high-risk environment, and if it decides to go, the organization must be responsible forpotential outcomes that may occur as a result of taking security risks. As a result, thegoverning bodies of the NGO (such as the Board of Directors) will bear the duty of care for
their staff and operations.
While it may be true that we should avoid taking risks where possible, we should not give up
pursuing our missions simply because there is a security risk. This is because it is the missionof NGOs to address the challenges underlying the security threats. Security Risk Management(SRM) is therefore essential in order to pursue our mission. SRM is a way to properly manage
the risks rather than simply avoiding them, to minimize the negative effects, to establish anenvironment where we can operate, and to be accountable for ourselves. Facing the threats
does not necessarily mean we have to avoid them; rather, we are required to manage them.
The next chapters will introduce seven standards that enable organizations to operate in highrisk environments. These standards are not the goal per se, but are a means to the end.
Column: Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT)
PRT is a military-civilian structure designed to operate in insecure environments such as postconflict countries. It was initiated by the U.S. in post-Taliban Afghanistan in the early 2000s.
A number of PRTs were formulated mainly by the NATO states and their command authority
was delegated to International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). Under the command of thearmed forces of the countries in charge, military units engage in security enforcement
whereas civilian units provide aid assistance. As of July 2017, there are 26 PRTs led by 14
countries3. PRTs were also in operation from 2005 to 2011 in Iraq. While it has been said that
PRTs improve security, support good governance, and enhance provincial development,
criticisms also have been raised from civil society arguing that, because of the nature ofmilitary-oriented operation, there are concerns about the PRTs’ efficiency, speciality andequity in delivering aid assistance. Civil societies too are concerned that security threats tohumanitarian workers could increase as local people could mistake humanitarian workers formilitary-associated personnel.4

3 USAID. (2018). Provincial Reconstruction Teams. Retrieved on 21 March 2018 from https://www.usaid.gov/provincial-reconstruction-teams.
4 Kei’ichiro Tomita. (2007). Provisional Reconstruction Team (PRT) Operations in Afghanistan [Japanese article]. Reference
2007-03. Retrieved 21 March 2018 from http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/999764; Japan Afghan NGO Network (JANN).
(2009). On Civilian Assistance in Afghanistan Alternative to Japan’s Refuelling Mission in the Indian Ocean [Japanese
article]. Retrieved on 21 March 2018 from http://www.ngo-jvc.net/jp/notice/2010/data/20100219_afghanistan_lobby.pdf.

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’Standard 1: Commitment to Safety and Security
The management of signatory organizations commits to ensure the safety and security of its
staff, volunteers, interns, and contractors in line with their duty of care and acceptedinternational standards for safety and security.
Primary Responsibility
Safety and security are not only an ethical and moral concern that may arise as a result of anindividual’s desire to engage in international cooperation, but are also an explicit legal
obligation. This requires the recognition and acceptance of responsibility and accountability
under the law, through a top-down approach driven by the organization’s governing bodies.
As a result, institutional policy should not be a condensed version of amalgamated fieldpractices. Thus, the primary responsibility of representatives of the organization is to ensure
the safety and security of its own staff members.
Duty of Care
Duty of care is an organizational obligation that has implications for SRM. The duty of carebenchmark has risen significantly over the past decade, and what was once considered goodenough would certainly not be considered adequate today. Although duty of care is a legal
term for the responsibilities that organizations have towards their staff, there is also a moral
obligation of duty of care that organizations should consider. As professionals engaged inhumanitarian and development activities, duty of care to aid workers should not be
undermined and indeed it should be complemented as far as possible.
Accepted International Standards
As humanitarian programmes expanded globally in the 1990s, there was a growing
recognition of the need to improve professional standards, to enhance the effectiveness ofinterventions, and to ensure accountability within the humanitarian system as a whole. In
response, major international standards on humanitarian work emerged such as
Humanitarian Principles, Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent
Movement and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Disaster Relief and Core
Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability (CHS). They guide humanitarian action
and their application is essential to distinguish humanitarian action from other forms ofactivities and action. There is a general consensus that compliance with these international
standards enhances organizational safety and security in both humanitarian anddevelopment field.
Key Actions:•••

Make sure that the governing bodies of the organization explicitly state andcommunicate the organization’s legal responsibilities to all employees concerning
safety and security in the workplace.
Make sure that the governing bodies of the organization delegate responsibilities
explicitly (i.e. to the chair of the board) to ensure legal and regulatory complianceconcerning safety and security in the workplace.
Incorporate accepted international standards and, if applicable to organizational
mission and mandate, consider becoming a signatory.
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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’•

Make employees aware of their legal rights and obligations concerning safety andsecurity in the workplace.

Key Indicators:••

Responsibility for legal compliance is known throughout the organization and to otherrelevant stakeholders.
Compliance with laws and regulations is reviewed in line with accepted international
standards on a regular basis.

Guidance Notes:
1. Scope of Application: National laws of the country in which NGOs are registered apply toorganizations, associations, employers and employees. This includes national laws which
address health and safety in the workplace. NGOs owe a legal responsibility to theiremployees to ensure a safe work environment, whatever and wherever that may be, andto take reasonable practical steps to protect them against any foreseeable risks. This
responsibility is no less relevant to insecure field environments that often present
context-specific risks and NGOs are subject to the same legal obligations andresponsibilities as other organizations.
2. Duty of Care: The duty of care is a legal obligation imposed on an individual ororganization requiring them to adhere to a standard of reasonable care while performing
acts that present a reasonably foreseeable risk of harm to others. Negligence is often
defined as a failure to adhere to (or breach) a standard of reasonable care, resulting inboth organizational and individual loss, damage and injury. The standard of reasonablecare is typically assessed by reference to the actions of a person exercising reasonablecare and skill in the same or similar circumstances. The standard of reasonable care willvary from country to country.
3. Civil Code Article 644: In the Japanese context, the duty of care of an organization refers
to “Duty of Care of Mandatory” in Article 644 of the Civil Code. The organization and thegoverning bodies are in a relationship in which the responsibilities of the organization are
delegated to the governing bodies by the organization. In accordance with Article 644,
the governing bodies (referring to board directors, supervisors, auditors, etc.) to which
the organizational responsibilities are delegated “shall assume a duty to administer the
mandated business with the care of a good manager in compliance with the main purportof the mandate”, i.e. duty of care. Therefore, the governing bodies, according to theirposition and ability, no matter whether they are paid or unpaid, whether full-time or parttime, are required to perform their authority and responsibilities with duty of care.
4. Humanitarian Principles: Underlining all humanitarian action are the principles ofhumanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence. These principles, derived frominternational humanitarian law, have been taken up by the United Nations in General
Assembly Resolutions 46/182 and 58/114. Their global recognition and relevance arefurthermore underscored by the Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red
Crescent Movement and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Disaster Relief

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’(Guidance Note 5) and the Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability(Guidance Note 7), and are relevant to both humanitarian and development agencies.
Because humanitarian action should be non-political, humanitarian and social, theorganization is guided by humanitarian principles in its response to all humanitarian
issues, whether caused by conflict, violence, natural disaster or poverty. The principle of“Do No Harm”, for example, obliges an organization to prevent and mitigate any negative
impact of its actions on affected populations. Humanitarian principles provide the basis
for warring parties to accept humanitarian action in situations of armed conflict. It is
important to ensure that organizational policies and operational decision-making on
issues such as funding, beneficiaries, modes of operation, and security measures are inline with humanitarian principles.
5. Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NonGovernmental Organizations (NGOs) in Disaster Relief: The Code of Conduct sets out
ten core principles as well as three annexes with recommendations to governments ofaffected states, donor governments and intergovernmental organizations. Over the years,
adherence to the Code has become one important way for the International Red Cross
and Red Crescent Movement (IFRC) and NGOs to define themselves as humanitarians.
Since the development of the Code of Conduct, there have been many developments interms of standards and mechanisms to improve the quality and accountability ofhumanitarian response. However, the Code of Conduct remains a central reference in the
sector. The IFRC keeps a public listing on this site of all the humanitarian organizations
that become signatories of the Code and new signatories are welcome to register at any
time. The IFRC neither vets new signatories nor monitors their compliance. However, inorder to be listed on this site as a signatory, each organization must (1) affirm that it is ahumanitarian organization; (2) provide and update all requested contact details,
including its website address; and (3) submit its request through the head of theorganization.
Toregister,pleasevisit
theIFRC’swebsiteat:
http://media.ifrc.org/ifrc/who-we-are/the-movement/code-of-conduct/
6. InterAction’s Minimum Operating Security Standards (MOSS): Reflecting theoperational environment of NGOs and the rise of serious incidents such as killings,
kidnappings, and attacks that cause serious injuries, as well as politically-motivatedattacks against humanitarian workers, InterAction, which is the largest alliance of U.S.based international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who focus on disaster relief
and sustainable development programs, has established a Security Unit to help members
develop appropriate responses. In this context, InterAction’s MOSS was developed toassist InterAction’s members to develop their own security management system inincorporating MOSS in their respective institutional approaches to security. Recognizingthat every organization will have differing needs, the “Suggested Guidance” section foreach standard below represents points to consider, rather than requirements, for
implementing InterActions' Security Standards. Not every point is necessarily appropriate
for every organization or for every situation. MOSS-introduced systematic approaches toNGOs’ risk management and those security risk management systems have become theindustry standard, which many of InterAction’s members follow. JaNISS referred toInterAction’s MOSS when developing its own NGO Standards for Safety and Security andthis guidebook with technical cooperation from InterAction’s Security Unit.

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

7. Core Humanitarian Standard (CHS): The Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality andAccountability (CHS) sets out Nine Commitments that organizations and individuals
involved in humanitarian response can use to improve the quality and effectiveness of
the assistance they provide. It also facilitates greater accountability to communities andpeople affected by crisis: knowing what humanitarian organizations have committed towill enable them to hold those organizations to account. The CHS places communities
and people affected by crisis at the centre of humanitarian action and promotes respect
for their fundamental human rights. It is underpinned by the right to life with dignity, andthe right to protection and security as set forth in international law, including within theInternational Bill of Human Rights. As a core standard, the CHS describes the essential
elements of principled, accountable and high-quality humanitarian action. Humanitarianorganizations may use it as a voluntary code with which to align their own internal
procedures. It can also be used as a basis for verification of performance, for which a
specific framework and associated indicators have been developed to ensure relevanceto different contexts and types of organization.
Column: Case Law on Duty of Care (Dennis vs Norwegian Refugee Council)
On 29 June 2012, Steve Dennis, an employee of the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), wasinjured and kidnapped, along with three other colleagues, following an attack during a VIP
visit to the IFO II refugee camp in Dadaab, Kenya. Four days later the hostages were set freeduring an armed rescue operation carried out by Kenyan authorities and local militia. Three
years later, Dennis submitted a claim at the Oslo District Court against his former employer,
the NRC, for compensation for economic and non-economic loss following the kidnapping.
With a focus on determining negligence in relation to the incident, the Court considered andreached conclusions on the following: the foreseeability of risk, mitigating measures toreduce and avert risk, gross negligence, causation and loss.
The Court found that the risk of kidnapping was foreseeable. It also found that the NRC could
have implemented mitigating measures to reduce and avert the risk of kidnapping. The Court
furthermore found that the NRC acted with gross negligence and that the NRC's negligent
conduct was a necessary condition for the kidnapping to have occurred. In summary, theCourt found that the legal requirements for compensation for injury, as well as compensation
for pain and suffering were met. The Court ordered the NRC to pay Dennis approximately 4.4
million Norwegian Krone (approximately 465,000 euros (60 million yen)).
Although the terminology and approach used by the Court differ from a standard SRM
approach, the ruling refers to elements familiar to security experts and uses some of theevidence of failings in these areas to find that the NRC fell short of meeting due care standards
in this instance. For example, in terms of context and risk analyses, the Court found that there
was an insufficient understanding of the security situation in Dadaab by the NRC decisionmakers, which resulted in the risk of kidnapping not being properly analysed shortly before
the VIP visit. The Court also found weaknesses with regards to the identification andimplementation of mitigating measures, particularly in relation to the decision to not use anarmed escort, which was contrary to existing practice and security recommendations for
Dadaab at the time.

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

The fundamental conclusion that can be drawn from the court case is that duty of care is alegal obligation that organizations in the international aid sector must adhere to and that theymust do so to the same standard as any other employer. The ruling does not argue, despite
the context, that operating in Dadaab was contrary to the law. The case instead highlightsthat mitigating measures must be proportionate to the risk. Therefore, the ruling should notcause organizations to become more risk averse but rather cause them to institute stronger
SRM procedures in line with the context they are operating in. The ruling furthermore
highlights that an essential component of duty of care in high-risk environments is ‘informed
consent’. The Court found that informed consent was doubtful or entirely absent in someinstances leading up to the incident.
The case was covered widely in mainstream media and discussed at length by aid workers
and organizations in different forums and analytical reports. It was described as: a ‘landmark
case’, ‘precedent-setting’, a ‘game-changer’, and a ‘wake-up call’ for the aid industry, withsignificant remarks on duty of care.
References Irish Aid. (2013). Irish Aid Guidelines for NGO Professional Safety and Security Risk
Management.
 Shaun Bickley. (2017). Security Risk Management: A Basic Guide for Smaller NGOs.
European Interagency Security Forum (EISF).
 Maarten Merkelbach and Edward Kemp. (2016). Duty of Care: A review of the Dennis v
Norwegian Refugee Council ruling and its implications. European Interagency Security
Forum (EISF).
 Kelsey Hoppe and Christine Williamson. (2016). Dennis vs Norwegian Refugee Council:
Implications for Duty of Care. Humanitarian Practise Network (HPN).

15

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’Standard 2: Organizational Safety and Security Policies and Plans
Signatories shall have an organization safety and security policies in accordance to theorganization’s mission, mandate, values and risk tolerance at headquarters’ level, and security
plans at both the headquarters and field levels based on a participatory security risk
assessment and analysis.
Standard 2 states that organizations shall have: (1) safety and security policies and (2)security plans at both headquarters and field levels. Safety and security policies are protocols
that guide all the agency’s security decisions. Security plan at the headquarters level defines
the relationship between the headquarters and field operations as well as security
procedures at the headquarters, and country-specific security plans are tailored to respondto a specific context to the location.
2.1. Safety and Security Policies
Safety and security policies apply to the entire organization. These policies will reflect theorganization’s unique mission, mandate, commitments, mode of operation and risk tolerance.
They should clearly articulate the expectations the organization has of its employees and theorganization’s responsibility to its employees, including redress in the event the organization
or its employees fail to adhere to security policies.
Key Actions:
•

•

•

•

Safety and security risks, the organization’s safety and security risk attitude, key
security principles, roles related to SRM and the organization’s responsibilities to its
employees are explicitly defined in the safety and security policies. (see also GuidanceNotes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5; see Reference 2-I for a sample outline of safety and security
policies)
Safety and security policies clearly state the organization’s risk management
objectives and the rationale for managing security risks that are based on the security
risk assessment, and make clear links to the organization’s overall mission, mandate,commitments, and mode of operation.
The expectations the organization has of its employees and the organization’s
responsibility to its employees, including redress and disciplinary action in the eventthe organization or its employees fail to adhere to security policies are clearly
articulated in the safety and security policies. (see also Guidance Note 3)
The safety and security policies are put in writing and are understood by all staff
members including headquarters and field locations. (see also Guidance Note 5 andReference 2-1 regarding the key issues to be considered in the safety and security
policies)

Key Indicators:•

The organization’s safety and security policies clearly state the organization’s
definition of security risk, security risk attitude, key security principles, roles andresponsibilities.
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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

•

•

•

The organization’s safety and security policies include a value statement relating tosafety and security of the organization’s staff, and a clear operational link between
this value statement and security related Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) at
the field level.
Both the management and staff (including employees, volunteers, interns, contractors
and others) understand their obligation to comply with the organization’s safety andsecurity policies and procedures.
Regular reviews of safety and security policies and procedures are conducted with theparticipation of all relevant staff.

Guidance Notes:
1. Definition of Safety and Security: ‘Safety’ refers to ‘freedom from risk or harm as a resultof unintentional acts, such as accidents, natural phenomena or illness’ whereas ‘security’refers to ‘freedom from risk or harm resulting from violence or other intentional acts’.5
While ensuring the security of staff, assets and programmes against assault, abduction,robbery, terrorism or sabotage necessarily requires the investment of considerable timeand resources, it is important to remember that safety threats such as vehicle accidents,
malaria, water-borne diseases, HIV and other health threats, mental health, and natural
disasters such as floods and earthquakes also pose significant threats to aid workers.
2. Organization’s Mission, Mandate and Values: It is important for the organization’s
managers to understand that the mission, mandate and values impact on the security
threats and risks that the staff face in the field. The vulnerability of NGOs significantly
changes with the overarching mandate and field operations of the organizations. For
example, those organizations working for human rights protection and development may
face different security risks, and those organizations working for life-saving activities hasan ethical obligation to withstand higher level of security risk than an organization
involved in livelihood projects.
Every NGOs have their unique mission, mandate and values and operate in various
context specific environments, which is to say that every NGOs should develop and havedifferent thresholds of acceptable security risk, security policies and plans. An
organization’s exposure to security threats is directly related to its mandate and mission.
For that reason, it is essential to include the organization’s mission and mandate
statement and values in the security policies so that the staff will understand the natureof its operations and the surrounding security environments.
3. Security Strategies (Acceptance, Protection and Deterrence): The organization’s safety
and security policies should state what security strategies it uses generally and in specificcontexts. There are typically three security strategies used by humanitarian agencies in allcontexts.

5 Overseas Development Institute. (2010). Operational Security Management in Violent Environments, Good Practice

Review Number 8 (New Edition). Humanitarian Practice Network [hereafter GPR8 (2010)], London: Overseas Development
Institute, p.xvii.

17

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’ Acceptance: Building a safe operating environment through consent, approval andcooperation from individuals, communities and local authorities.
 Protection: Reducing the risk, but not the threat, by reducing the vulnerability of theorganization, typically by increasing physical protection of buildings, compounds,
and/or distribution sites.
 Deterrence: Reducing the risk by containing the threat with a counter threat, such as
armed protection, diplomatic and political leverage, and temporary suspension.
Given their mission and values, humanitarian agencies find that a far more appealing
security strategy is acceptance: acceptance can and should be the foundation of all
security strategies.6 In reality, the acceptance approach is usually not enough on its own,
and humanitarian agencies need at least some protection even when there is wide local
support. Deterrence is usually the strategy of last resort when acceptance and protection
have not been successful or have proven inadequate, but the range of measures is very
limited for humanitarian agencies.
In practice, a good security strategy needs a flexible combination of the above-mentioned
approaches. The point is that security management should be proactive, involving
conscious choices about the mix of approaches pursued in the light of the threats
identified, and the approaches other agencies are taking. It is also important to rememberthat different approaches have different resource implications.
References Overseas Development Institute (2010), Operational Security Management in Violent
Environments, Good Practice Review Number 8 (New Edition) [hereafter GPR8 (2010)].
Humanitarian Practice Network, Chapter 3 Security Strategy
 James Davis. (2015), Security to Go: A Risk Management Toolkit for Humanitarian Aid
Agencies, Module 4 Security Strategies: Acceptance Protection and Deterrence [hereafter,
EISF (2015)]
 European Commission’s Directorate-General for Humanitarian Aid (ECHO). (2004).
Generic Security Guide for Humanitarian Organizations [hereafter ECHO (2004)], Section
2.3 Approaches to Security
 Mercy Corps. (2011), Field Security Manual (March 2011). The Security Triangle
4. Security Risk Assessment (SRA): Definition of a framework for determining an
acceptable threshold of risk to staff, assets, and image of the organization
Proper assessment of risk is a critical component of good safety and security management.
The SRA is the core of any security plan. Every security plan should identify threats andaddress them through proper risk mitigation measures and contingency plans, based
upon an appropriate SRA (see also Mitigation Measure in 2.3 Security Plan in the Field).
Contemporary thinking on good practice holds that organizations should conduct a SRA
before starting operations in a new location, and that this should inform programme
design from the very beginning.

6 GPR8 (2010), p.56.

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

The objective of the exercise is to help determine the level of risk in undertaking a
programme, and weigh this risk against the benefits the programme brings to the
population being helped. In this context, the SRA process should be considered as acentral part of programme and project design since exposure to risk and mitigation
measures are both linked to programme objectives and implementation.
The SRA can cover a broad range of threats including violence, conflict, natural hazards,
terrorism, health issues, political interference, crime and corruption. The SRA should
include context and programme analysis, threat and vulnerability assessment, and risk
analysis (impacts, likelihood, and mitigation measures and risk threshold).
The SRA is not something to be completed and put on the shelf, but should be treated asa living document that is frequently revisited and revised as the situation changes. The
SRA should be inclusive, drawing perspectives and information from all staff, in order tocreate a common understanding of the risk and a sense of shared responsibility for thenecessary security measures.
References
 GPR8. (2010). Chapter 2. Risk Assessment
 EISF. (2015). Module 3. Risk Assessment Tool
 ECHO. (2004). Section 2. Introduction to Security
5. Organization’s Security Principles: The following statements on principles relating to thesafety and security of the organization’s staff might be included in the organization’s
safety and security policies. The following list of principles is extracted from various safety
and security policies of humanitarian organizations, and is not exhaustive. The
organization may select and include some of these principles in its safety and security
policies according to its mission, mandate and mode of operation.
 Applicability of Safety and Security Policies: Statement on who is covered under thispolicy. Are national/local staff covered? Are immediate family members of expatriate
and national/local staff covered? What about local volunteers, contract staff fromother NGOs, local government associates, consultants, interns, and/or guests? Since
every member of the organization has a collective responsibility for their own andteam security, a strong sense of ownership of the organization’s safety and security
policies should be shared by every level of the organization, from the Executive
Director/CEO through the Country Representative to locally hired drivers andvolunteers. It is also important to remember that every member should behave as apositive representative for the organization.
 Responsibility for Security Management: Statement on the operational responsibility
for the security of staff 7 following the line management structure – overall,headquarters, regional, country and day-to-day management. (see also Standard 5:
Accountability)

7 In this guidebook, the term ‘staff’ means all the persons involved in any organization’s activities regardless of whether

paid or unpaid, full-time or part-time, specialists or consultants, temporarily transferred employees, interns andvolunteers.

19

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’ Responsibility for Safety and Security Policies: Statement on who will develop theorganization’s safety and security policies, monitor implementation of policies, andgive permission for exemption. (see also Standard 5: Accountability)
 Security Risk Management (SRM) Plan: Statement on how the SRM plan should be
developed for each country/operation where the organization works. Such SRM planshould include an operational context and risk analysis (including threats andvulnerability assessment), and procedures for review and approval. (see also Standard
5: Accountability)
 Priority of Human Life: Statement on how the organization places higher priority on
the security of personnel than the protection of assets, including premises, vehicles,
office equipment or programme materials.
 Humanitarian Principles: Statement on the organization’s position on the corehumanitarian principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and operational
independence.8 Its position on the Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross
and Red Crescent Movement and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in
Disaster Relief could be added as well.
 Protection against Sexual Exploitation and Abuse: Statement on the organization’s
measures to prevent sexual exploitation and abuse of persons of concern to theorganization, including implementing codes of conduct, training, complaints
mechanisms and investigation. 9 (see also Standard 2.3: Security Plan in the Field,
Guidance Note 11) Proportionate Risk: Definition of the organization’s threshold of acceptable risk tostaff, assets and image of the organization, the point beyond which the risk is
considered too high to continue operating. This may differ depending on the potential
benefits of having a presence and a programme, and on the mandate of theorganization.10
 Individual and Organizational Responsibility: Statement on the organization having a
duty of care on safety and security for staff and others who have agreed to adhere to
the safety and security policies, procedures and instructions. Furthermore, every staff
and others who have agreed to adhere to the policies accept individual responsibility,
on or off duty, for his/her personal security as well as the security of other colleagues,
programmes and the organization. (see also Standard 1: Commitment to Safety andSecurity) Requirement for Security Incident and Situation Reporting: Statement on therequirement for the organization’s staff to report security incidents, including threats
and near-misses, to the field office and headquarters in order to enable tracking,monitoring and analysis of security trends, and to inform security risk assessments(SRA) and decision-making.11

8 The first three principles are endorsed in General Assembly Resolution 46/182, Strengthening of the coordination ofhumanitarian emergency assistance of the United Nations, A/RES/46/182 (19 December 1991), available fromhttp://undocs.org/A/RES/46/182. The fourth principle was added in General Assembly Resolution 58/114, A/RES/58/114 (5February 2004), available from http://undocs.org/A/RES/58/114.
9 For more details, see CHA Alliance (n.d.). Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (PSEA). Retrieved 21 March 2018from https://www.chsalliance.org/what-we-do/psea; and Corinne Davey and Lucy Heaven Taylor (2017), PSEA
Implementation Quick Reference Handbook. Retrieved 21 March 2018 from https://www.chsalliance.org/what-wedo/psea/psea-handbook.
10 See GPR8 (2010), Chapter 2 Risk Assessment.
11 See GPR8 (2010), Chapter 5 Incident Reporting and Critical Incident Management.

20

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’ Failure to Follow Safety and Security Guidelines: Statement on disciplinary action,
including dismissal, against staff who do not follow safety and security guidelines orwhose professional and personal behaviour puts themselves or others at risk while
deployed in the field.
 Local and Inclusive Security Planning: Statement on how the country-level security
planning will be conducted. It is recommended that each country office develop a local
security management plan that reflects the global organizational mandate as well as
the specific country mission. The plan should be flexible enough to allow local realities
to be addressed, and the process should be inclusive involving national/local staff.
Procedures for approval, monitoring, and review/update should be specified. All staff
must be made aware of the contents, practical application and authority of the
security plan. (see also Standard 2.2: Security Plan at Headquarters, Guidance Note 1)
 Full Participation of National/Local Staff in Security Planning: Statement on how
national/local staff should be involved in the formulation, review and implementationof safety and security policies and plans. National/local staff, and local partnerorganizations as appropriate, should be included in security preparedness, training
and human resources management procedures. (see also Guidance Note 5)
 Coordination and Information Sharing: Statement on the organization’s position on
coordination with humanitarian and other agencies in managing security, especiallyon sharing security incident reports, and participation in regular mechanisms forsharing information. (see also Standard 6: Collaboration with Other Actors) Statement
on a policy regarding the staff engagement to the press or government authorities
including police and military. (see also Standard 2.3: Security Plan at Field GuidanceNote 7)
 Respect for Local Laws and Customs: Statement on the organization’s position on
dealing with local laws and customs, especially where local laws conflict withinternational law or widely held ethical standards.
 Personal Property: Statement on who will be responsible for the personal property ofthe organization’s staff under any circumstance.
 Capacity-Building of Staff: Statement on the organization’s commitment to ensurethat all staff have the skills and capacity to analyse the security threats in their working
environment and to minimise their vulnerability to these threats. (see also Standard
4: Human Resources Management) Gender, Ethnicity and Nationality: Statement on how the organization deals withdifferent levels of risk which specific groups face in different societies as a result of
their gender, ethnicity and/or nationality, and how the organization will implement
alternative and/or additional measures for its staff that face particular risks. (see alsoStandard 4: Human Resources Management) Bribes, Gratuities and Gifts: Statement on the organization’s position on offering
rewards, inducements, or bribes to local officials or others outside the organization tocarry out their normal tasks or to perform illegal services; and on receiving gratuities
or gifts related to their roles or the performance of their duties for the organization.
 Kidnap and Abduction: Statement on the organization’s response to kidnapping andabduction, position on ransoms for the release of kidnapped staff, support to21

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’











immediate family, and post-incident support to the kidnapped staff. 12 (see alsoStandard 2.3: Security Plan in the Field, Guidance Note 14)
Right to Withdrawal: Statement on the right of staff (and family members) to decline
to enter high-risk environments or to withdraw from such an area, irrespective of thejudgement of the line manager or organization on the risk in a particular situation,
without impacting employment or suffering disciplinary action, and consecutive
operational and human resource review processes at both local and headquarters
levels.
Order to Withdrawal and Return: Statement on the organization’s right to withdraw
its staff from situations that it considers to be dangerous, obligation of staff to obey
such instructions, and line of authority to decide the withdrawal from and return to a
programme area and country. (see also Standard 2.3: Security Plan in the Field,
Guidance Note 12)
Evacuation: Statement on the extent of the organization’s responsibility to evacuate
its staff based on different contractual relationships – international, national and theirfamily members. (see also Standard 2.3: Security Plan in the Field, Guidance Note 13)
The Use of Armed Protection: Statement on the organization’s baseline position on
the use of armed protection, and procedure for approving the use or hire of armed
personnel in ad hoc and extreme situations. The statement may also cover theorganization’s position on staff carrying arms while on duty and firearms in theorganization’s vehicles.
Relationship with the Armed Forces: Statement on the organization’s position on
engagement (including information sharing) with military forces, such as national,
multinational and United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. (see also Standard 6:
Collaboration with Other Actors)

References InterAction. (2015). InterAction Minimum Operating Security Standards
 Mercy Corps. (2010). Field Security Manual (March 2011) Concern Worldwide. (2016). Concern’s Security Policy (March 2016)
 Care International. (2008). Care International Safety and Security Principles
 Care International. (2013). Care International Safety and Security Standards
 Irish Aid. (2013). Irish Aid Guidelines for NGO Professional Safety and Security Risk
Management
 People in Aid. (2008). Policy Guide and Template: Safety and Security (Revised) Lutheran World Federation. (2016). LWF Safety and Security Policy (March 2016)

12 See GPR8 (2010), Chapter 14 Kidnapping and Hostage Situation.

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Reference 2-I: Sample Outline of Safety and Security Policies
I.







Introduction
Purpose of establishing the safety and security policies
Organization’s statement on the importance of staff safety and security
Organization’s legal and moral obligation to manage workplace hazards and reduce therisk of harm to employees (duty of care)
Identification of the person(s) responsible for designing and modifying the safety andsecurity policies
Who is covered by the safety and security policies
Organization’s definition of safety and security

II.
Organization’s Mission and Values
 Purpose of including the organization’s mission and values in the safety and security
policies Mission statement Values
III.
Organization’s Risk Management Strategies
 Organization’s definitions of three basic security approaches: acceptance, protection anddeterrence Organization’s approach to Security Risk Management (SRM)
IV.
Organization’s Security Principles
 Explanation of the organization’s security culture, security risk attitude and the key
security principles that shape the organization’s approach to staff safety and security,
including brief statement on security roles, responsibilities, redress in the event of noncompliance and structures
 See 2.1. Safety and Security Policies Guidance Note 3 “Organization's Security Principles”
for a list of key principles.
V.
Policy Monitoring and Review Process
 Timing and the scope of reviewing the organization’s safety and security policies
 The responsibility for initiating and conducting the review and approving the reviewed
safety and security policies
 Ensuring the consultative and participatory nature of the review process

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2.2. Security Plan at Headquarters
Security Plan at Headquarters: An organization is responsible for ensuring security for all thestaff and all the locations of the organization as a whole. While a security plan for a field
location should be tailored to the location’s specific context, a security plan at theheadquarters sets out the relationship between the headquarters and field locations as well
as security procedures at the headquarters.
There are organizations that do not have field locations or offices and that travel to the field
when necessary. A security plan of such an organization should include both the mattersdescribed here for the headquarters and those described in ‘2.3 Security Plan in the Field’
below insofar as they are applicable to the organization.
Key Actions:
•

•

•

•

Clarify the relationship between the headquarters and field locations and theirrespective responsibilities. Such responsibilities to be clarified include security risk
assessment, security planning based on the security risk assessment, daily security
measures, monitoring and evaluation of project operations and security management
and Critical Incident Management. Describe security risk assessment, security
planning and measures and procedures to take according to the clarified
responsibilities of the headquarters. (see also Guidance Note 1)
Ensure that there are operational security procedures at the headquarters as well as
those between the headquarters and field locations. These include the following:
appointment, clarification of responsibilities and management of those who handle
security at the headquarters (see also Standard 5: Accountability); human andfinancial resource management in terms of security (see also Standard 3: Resources);chain of command and communication procedures between the headquarters andfield locations as well as those at the headquarters; and security procedures for staff
movements between the headquarters and field locations while consideringrespective security plans at field locations. (see also Guidance Note 2)
Ensure there are procedures for situation, every incident and accident reporting(subjects to be reported, chain of reporting, reporting frequency and reporting
formats to be included). (see also Guidance Note 3)
Ensure there is a Critical Incident Management Plan (CIMP) including the following: a
Critical Incident Management Team (CIMT) and respective responsibilities of the Team
members as well as those of other relevant staff members; procedures in responding
to a crisis operating together with CIMPs at field locations; a list of emergency contacts
and channels to reach them within and outside business hours; procedures forcontacting and maintaining communication with families of employees; procedures
for media relations for risk management; procedures for controlling the use ofcommunication tools immediately following a critical incident in particular in order to
optimise the management of information to the headquarters, families and the
media; and post-incident management including mental and psychosocial support.
(see also Guidance Note 4)

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’•

Conduct regular reviews of security plans as well as reviews after critical incidents withthe participation of all relevant staff members and update security plans incorporating
any lessons learnt.

Key Indicators:••

The security plan for headquarters specifying the above key actions is put in writing
and is understood by all the staff members including headquarters and field locations.
Regular reviews of security plans as well as reviews after critical incidents with theparticipation of all relevant staff members are made, and security plans are updated
incorporating any lessons learnt.

Guidance Notes:
1. Clarification of relationship between the headquarters and field locations withrespective responsibilities. Headquarters’ actions and procedures according to its
responsibilities:
It is vital that the relationship between the headquarters and field locations is clearly
defined with respective responsibilities. Confusion and conflicts of responsibilities mightcause a security risk even though both sides are making efforts to respond to the original
security risk. In most cases, as security risk assessment and security planning based on
security risk assessment are pre-conditions for taking daily security measures anddelegating responsibilities for such measures to field locations, both headquarters andfield locations should cooperate with each other in making such assessment and planning.
In most cases, responsibilities for daily security measures can be delegated to field
locations as they have a better knowledge of the situation and so can make better
decisions more quickly. On the other hand, the headquarters should be also responsiblefor intervening in field security measures if field locations may have made or be about tomake errors or mistakes. The headquarters are usually also responsible for project
operations, which itself affect security and security management at field locations,monitoring and evaluation of security and security management, as well as organizational
decisions such as critical incident management, in close consultation with field locations.
There are also organizations which do not have field offices or Japanese staff members
based in the field. In such cases, the headquarters might be more responsible for security
measures than in cases where there are field offices or Japanese staff members based in
the field.
In all cases, both sides should make efforts to build confidence in each other throughgood communication as well as the exchange of human and financial resources.
In addition to clarifying the extent of responsibilities, it is also necessary to describe
security risk assessment, security planning and measures and procedures to be taken
according to the clarified responsibilities of the headquarters.
2. Operational security procedures at the headquarters as well as those between theheadquarters and field locations: These procedures are necessary in order for theheadquarters and field locations to fulfil respective responsibilities indicated above. They
include the key actions illustrated above.

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3. Procedures for situation, incident and accident reporting (including subjects to bereported, chain of reporting, reporting frequency and reporting formats): Information
is vital in order to take necessary and appropriate security measures, and so theheadquarters needs to receive information from field locations. In order to receive
information of sufficient quality and quantity and to follow the situation regularly andpromptly, there should be procedures (subjects to be reported, chain of reporting,reporting frequency and reporting formats to be included) on regular situation reports
and incident reports to respond to a specific situation.
4. Critical Incident Management Plan (CIMP): An organization might face a serious crisis
such as:












Death or serious injury of a staff member
Forceful suspension of activities
Security situation and disaster affecting activities
Major change such as relocation or evacuation
Communications failure
Major fraud
Compensation claim against the organization arising out of a security incident
Any incident which may generate media interest
Bomb and any other armed attack
Hostage taking
Kidnap and ransom demand

In such a situation, the headquarters must make an organizational response to thesituation as indicated in the above key actions in coordination with all the relevant
sections, officers and staff members at the headquarters, field locations and other offices.
References
 GPR8. (2010). Chapter 5 Incident Reporting and Critical Incident Management
 ECHO. (2004). Sections 3 (Security Preparation for the Field), 8 Headquarters
management of Security), and 10 (Donors); and Sections 5 (Security Incidents), 6(Suspension, Hibernation, Relocation, Evacuation), 7 (Closing a Programme) and 9(Learning and Training)

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Reference 2-II: Sample Outline of a Security Plan for Headquarters
I. Introduction
 Purpose of establishing the security plan at headquarters
 Inclusion of the organization’s vision, mission, values, and safety and security policies inthe security plan
 What is covered by the safety plan (headquarters and relationship between theheadquarters and field locations)
II. Relationship between the headquarters and field locations with respective
responsibilities. Headquarters’ actions and procedures according to its responsibilities
 Security risk assessment
 Security planning based on security risk assessment
 Daily security measures
 Monitoring and evaluation of project operations and security management
 Critical incident management (for details, refer to V.)
III. Operational security procedures at the headquarters and those between theheadquarters and field locations
 Appointment, clarification of responsibilities and management of those who handle
security at the headquarters Human and financial resource management in terms of security
 Chain of command between the headquarters and field locations as well as those at theheadquarters
 Communication procedures between the headquarters and field locations as well as
those at the headquarters
 Security procedures for staff movements between the headquarters and field locations
while considering respective security plans at field locations
IV. Procedures for situation, incident and accident reporting Subjects to be reported
 Chain of reporting Reporting frequency
 Reporting Formats
V. Critical Incident Management Plan (CIMP)
 Critical Incident Management Team (CIMT) and respective responsibilities of the Team
members as well as those of other relevant staff members
 Procedures in responding to a crisis operating together with CIMPs at field locations
 List of emergency contacts and channels to reach them within and outside business hours
 Procedures for contacting and maintaining communication with families of employees
 Procedures for media relations for risk management
 procedures for controlling the use of communication tools immediately following a
critical incident in particular Post-incident management including mental and psychosocial support
VI. Review and Update of Security Plan

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

2.3. Security Plan in the Field
Need for Individualized Security Plans in the Field
A security plan is based upon an individual organization’s safety and security policies thatreflect its overall approach to security. Each organization is likely to take a different approachbased upon the organization’s mission, mandate (if applicable), values, policies andprogramme, as well as on their understanding of the context. It is important to conduct a SRA
at the planned field location and establish an appropriate security management plan whenestablishing the field office.
In many cases organizations do not have field offices in the countries and only travel to thefield. In such cases organizations generally fulfil their SRA remotely through researching thepossible security risks that their travellers may encounter and by talking to otherhumanitarian actors. Risk mitigating measures, CIMPs, etc. are then prepared at theheadquarters level. There are cases where all the above components of a security plan are
addressed in a long email.
Planning Process
The process of developing, implementing and updating a plan is as important as the plan itself.
An individual should be designated responsible for leading the development of the security
plan as well as for the periodic review and updating of the plan. Staff expected to implement
the plan should be involved in its development. This helps to foster consistent
implementation through ensuring that (1) the plan is realistic in its assumption about thesituation and threats, (2) the staff understand all aspects of the plan, and (3) the plan
improves staff ownership, willingness and ability to implement the plan, thereby promoting
adherence to the plan. All staff members should be given a briefing on the situation andthreats, a copy of the plan, and any training required to implement the plan. The plan shouldbe tested and updated at regular intervals and whenever there is a change in the situation or
threats faced by the NGO.
Context Oriented
Each organization operating in an area should develop and implement a contextual security
plan specific to that operating environment. The security plan must be based on a SRA andaddress the identified threats. The security plan is based upon the organization’s safety andsecurity policies, and so the security plan of each organization will differ depending on theoperating environment, and on the organization’s mission, mandate and values.
Ownership of the Plan
When implementing the security plan, each individual staff member should respect the SOPs
and line management (see Guidance Note 4). If he/she no longer feels comfortable with theplan for any reason, it is his/her responsibility to bring this to the attention of the Country
Representative. Individual staff members should also feel free to make observations andproposals to improve the plan. Finally, all staff should respect the confidentiality of the fieldsecurity plan.
Key Actions:

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

•
•
•

•

•

•
•
•

Conduct a Security Risk Assessment (SRA) in the target area of your activities to
identify any potential security risks and threats. (see also Guidance Notes 1 and 2)
Consider any potential risk mitigating measures addressing security risks as identified
in the SRA in line with safety and security policies. (see also Guidance Note 3)
Create Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) that provide outlines of daily operations
and routines as they pertain to security including staff movement, communication,
office and residence management, staff health, limitation on handling cash,
implementation of CIMPs and external contacts. (see also Guidance Notes 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10 and 11)
Create an organization chart that describes communication and document line
management at the local level and within the overall context of the organization for
decisions about: shifting from one security phase to another, stopping or restarting
activities/staff movement, evacuating international staff, and closing programs. (seealso Guidance Notes 12 and 13)
Create Critical Incident Management Plans (CIMPs) that identify the Critical IncidentManagement Team (CIMT), staff members’ responsibilities and procedures in
responding to a crisis including reactions to identified threats in security risk
assessment, and cases of evacuation, relocation, hibernation, business continuity,
medical evacuation (Medevac) and death of staff (national/local and international), in
close liaison with headquarters. (see also Guidance Notes 3, 14 and 15)
Describe guidance for staff’s stress management including Rest and Recreation (R&R).
(see also Standard 4: Human Resources Management)
Establish an incident and situation reporting system along with the formats of those
types of reporting including close liaison with headquarters.
Conduct regular reviews of plans as well as reviews after critical incidents with theparticipation of all relevant staff members.

Key Indicators:••

The security plan for field posts specifying the above key actions is put in writing andis understood by all the staff members including headquarters and field locations.
Regular reviews of plans as well as reviews after critical incidents with theparticipation of all relevant staff members are made.

Guidance Notes:
1. Security Risk Assessment (SRA): Organizations normally carry out a SRA before a final
decision is taken to deploy a team to the field. The aim of the SRA is to understand thesituation sufficiently to enable the operating team to plan their security measuresappropriately. This assessment covers a wide range of security related factors such as
both general and specific potential threats to aid organizations, the vulnerability of theorganization, and mitigation measures. It is better to visit the field for long enough toachieve the aim, but the assessment can be done remotely if it is not possible to visit. A
SRA can be done solely or jointly with other organizations, and combined with other aims,
for example, a needs assessment. For more details, see GPR8 (2010) Chapter 2 (Risk
Assessment) and ECHO (2004) A26 Security Assessment. (see also Standard 6:
Collaboration with Other Actors)

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

2. Information Gathering: The gathering of security and safety related information isimportant for a successful SRA as well as to build one’s own security network after
starting activities. Embassies and foreign governmental agencies provide security notices
and host governments also share important security matters and other contextual
backgrounds. For example, many U.S. and British embassies provide security related
information on their websites. Meanwhile, the Japanese government, in addition toproviding security information for travellers on its website, allows anyone to register with
Tabi-Regi to receive security notices from the local embassy. In many countries,
humanitarian and development actors including NGOs, the UN and bilateral agencies
have mechanisms for sharing security information including incidents that have occurredin past projects. Apart from the government and NGOs, there are security consulting
organizations for humanitarians such as RedR and Safer Edge, as well as security firms
which provide security services including guards, vehicle escort and consulting services.
Some insurance firms offer consulting services on security risks and threat information insome areas of the world. In addition to continuous efforts to collect information frominternational and national media, it is recommended to gather information from the local
government and local community in the area of activity. It is important to note thatorganizations should utilize various information resources and contact channels to collectenough information to make appropriate decisions on the security situation. For moredetails on security networks, see Standard 6: Collaboration with Other Actors.
3. Mitigation Measures: A mitigation measure means to consider what can be done to
reduce risks to an acceptable level. In general terms, there are three possible courses ofaction: (1) Reduce the threat. If feasible, reach out to or have others negotiate on yourbehalf with potential adversaries; (2) reduce the consequences and lessen the impact of
the threat. These might usefully be termed ‘contingency measures’, such as first-aid
protocols, crisis response procedures and in extremis pre-emptive evacuation andguidance on how to behave in the event of a serious incident; (3) Reduce or eliminate
exposure by adopting additional protective measures or changing locations, for instance.
The extreme version of this would be ‘risk avoidance’, i.e. removing the organization
entirely from the threat, either permanently or temporarily. It is also important to notethat there may be unique security risks for national/local staff and female staff, and toprepare appropriate mitigation measures (see also Standard 4: Human Resources
Management). For more details, see GPR8 (2010) Chapter 2.7 (Risk Analysis) on
mitigation measures, Standard 4: Human Resources Management on considerations fornational/local and female staff, and Standard 7: Safety and Security of Local Partner
Organizations on the involvement of local partner organizations.
4. Critical Incident Management Plan (CIMP) and Critical Incident Management Team(CIMT): In order to respond to a critical incident an organization should develop both a
CIMP and a CIMT. The CIMP should take into consideration possible critical incidents suchas evacuation, relocation, hibernation, business continuity, medical evacuation(Medevac) and death of staff (national and international), and clarify the response
processes. The CIMT should establish hierarchical responsibilities and draw a clear
distinction between the roles played at the country office level, the regional office andglobal headquarters. Everyone needs to understand where they fit in. For some incidents,

30

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’a CIMT may operate only at the field level, but there needs to be a clear understandingof when to bring in the headquarters as necessary. Serious or prolonged incidents (anassassination, bomb attack, kidnapping, hostage situation or forced hibernation) or majorchanges such as a relocation or evacuation will typically require a dedicated CIMT. The
CIMT’s decisions include suspension of activities, personnel withdrawal, setting of acertain level of confidentiality, and the end-state objective (injured person evacuated,body repatriated, kidnapped staff member released). CIMT members consist ofrepresentatives of the organization, managers, and communicators at both theheadquarters and field level. Communication with authorities, media, donors, and familyof staff is important, and the CIMT must also include administrative, legal and financial
considerations especially for the people affected by an incident who need appropriate
psychological support. After an incident, the staff members involved should undergo
debriefing and counselling if necessary. An after-action review should be standardpractice. For more details, see GPR8 (2010) Chapter 5 (Incident Reporting and Critical
Incident Management).
5. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs): Safety and security plans should clearly outline
the various SOPs. SOPs are designed to ensure that safety and security best practices aremaintained on a day-to-day basis and should set out clear parameters for staff (basicallythe ‘dos and don’ts’) which, if followed, will help staff to prevent or minimise safety andsecurity risks in that particular location. SOPs might be called “operation manuals” or“guidelines” depending on the organization. SOPs can cover a wide variety of issues, suchas: personal security; local laws and customs; site security and safety; staff travel andmovements; vehicle safety; communications; staff health and welfare; financial
management; reporting incidents; and managing information.
6. Communication: Communications equipment helps strengthen security if used properly.
The leader of a field team should ensure that the team’s communications requirements
are thought through in good time to allow the despatch of any vital equipment with theteam as it deploys. It is good practice, in insecure situations, for staff to have two
independent means of communication (e.g. radio and satellite phone), so that if one
breaks down communication will still be possible. In particular, avoid dependency onmobile phones. In a crisis a cellular telephone system is particularly vulnerable tobecoming overloaded, damaged, or simply switched off by a belligerent. No
communications system is fully secure. All staff should be aware of the need for
information security, and the risks that can arise from interception of communications.
7. Media: The media can have an impact on the security management of the organizationand its staff. Contact between your organization and the media should ideally bechannelled through senior management or the media response office. As well asgathering information from aid agencies, the media often like to interview staff directlyin the field. Responding to media interviews requires a certain set of skills (answering
sensitive questions under pressure, providing contextual and correct information, etc.),
and therefore they should normally be handled by staff experienced at being interviewed.
After a security incident, the organization should disseminate accurate reports andappropriate responses through the media in order to avoid the spread of biased
information and exaggerated rumours. The organization’s managers should therefore be

31

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’aware of media reporting, and able to deal with the media effectively when appropriate.
It is essential to provide media training.
8. Travel and Movement Security: In many field operations, the greatest security risks tostaff occur during routine travel and movements, either while travelling in the field or
moving to and from the office (this applies to both humanitarian and development
agencies). Vehicle accidents, ambushes, shootings, carjacking, abductions, landmine
incidents and other incidents while on the road account for the majority of safety andsecurity incidents affecting aid workers. In insecure environments, vehicles are an
essential tool for avoiding potential danger. However, in some situations they can
actually be the cause of insecurity. An aid organization’s vehicle and its occupants can be
an easily identifiable target for those who want to vent their anger against a particularorganization, or against humanitarian organizations in general. The new and expensive
vehicles often used by organizations can also make them an ideal target for criminalgroups. All the organization’s vehicles, including rental vehicles, should be equipped withthe appropriate safety equipment (first aid kits, fire extinguishers, seat belts, etc.). Manyorganizations set up guidelines for visitors to determine whether in-country visits areappropriate and if so, the travel criteria and appropriate locations for visitor
accommodation.
9. Site Security: Organizations should determine the locations for offices, as well as
hotels/guest houses for temporary lodging of staff visitors with appropriate safety andsecurity equipment prior to project implementation. Site management includes: physicalconditions and strength of the building; examination of the boundaries of the site to
make sure that perimeter walls are secure; ensuring that all doors, gates and windows
have adequate locks; ensuring that access points and the street area outside are well lit;
considering possible escape routes; and considering vehicle parking and assembly areas.
The office also should have effective controls and procedures in place to manage access.
For field offices in high-risk environments, a guard force should be employed, either
through direct hire or by using the services of a reputable contractor.
10. Financial/Cash Security: The management of financial/cash security is one of the criticalissues in field operations, particularly in insecure environments, and operational
managers should be familiar with financial procedures. It is also important to provide
financial training for the staff to be deployed. Good financial management is a major
subject, beyond the scope of this Guide. Detailed advice on financial procedures,
including simple guides to NGO accounting, can be found at www.mango.org.uk. Cashstorage, management, transfer, and distribution are significant points of vulnerability fora field office. Cash management and transfer are security issues, with related standards,
policies, and guidelines that must be implemented and adhered to at all times. Every
office in a country must decide on a safe location for cash reserves (including a reservefor emergency evacuation) and a reliable way to receive funds. A field office should
consult with the financial and legal officers and advisors of local partner organizations
regarding what banks, if any, are used and for what purposes. The Country Office also
should assess the cash management possibilities in the area, such as the reliability andcash-withdrawal limitations of local banks or the availability of electronic payment tolocal businesses.

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11. Sexual Aggression: In any area, sexual harassment and assault are incompatible with
providing a safe and secure working environment and are unacceptable. Sexual
aggression can be directed at men or women, but women are most often the targets.
Staff members should be aware that everyone is a potential victim of sexual assault andsexual assault is the most under-reported violent crime. Each organization should clearlyset Sexual Harassment Guidelines and ensure that all staff know and comply with them.
Organizations will investigate all sexual harassment complaints in accordance with theirpolicies and procedures. Female staff should receive a briefing on sexual aggression
immediately upon hire. If there are security concerns for female staff, organizations
should consider upgrading the accommodation or arranging a shared house for female
staff members, taking into consideration the local culture and security environment.
12. Medical Evacuation (Medevac): If a staff member is injured or falls ill and local medical
facilities cannot provide sufficient treatment, Medevac may be needed. This normallyhappens only when a doctor advises that it is necessary. Many humanitarianorganizations insure against the costs of Medevac, and have arrangements with specialist
Medevac companies. If so, it is vital that all relevant staff know the procedure for making
use of these. See GPR8 (2010) A20 (Medical Evacuation) for a suggested Medevac
procedure.
13. Suspension or Hibernation of Project, Relocation or Reduction of Staff: Suspension orhibernation of a project, and relocation or reduction of staff have recently been used asmeasures to mitigate the security risk in insecure environments. Such action may benecessary in order to allow time for reflection on a changed security situation. It may also
be used to send a signal to local authorities or to other groups that threats tohumanitarian organizations are not acceptable. Suspension is likely to be more effective
if carried out by all humanitarian organizations at the same time, and for the same statedreasons. Suspension may be announced in the media. Alternatively it may beunannounced, depending on the circumstances, the threats, and on the purpose of thesuspension. It is advisable to discuss the possible options for suspension with donors
during the project design phase, so that funding problems are minimised if such action
becomes necessary. A longer period of suspension, where staff remain at home or in asafe place for a considerable time in order to allow danger to subside, is sometimes
known as hibernation. Ensure that sufficient resources (water, food, essential goods, fuel,etc.) are available for the duration of the hibernation period. An alternative to suspension
or hibernation is to relocate staff to a safer location, without leaving the country. A
further alternative is to reduce the number of staff working, so as to reduce the securityrisk.
14. Evacuation Plan: Evacuation is conceived as the ultimate step in a gradual reduction of
exposure – from suspension of movements of certain types of staff, to suspension ofoperations, to partial withdrawal of staff from a site, to total withdrawal and the closureof activities. It is absolutely imperative to consider and establish the evacuation plan
beforehand, especially in high-risk environments. Bear in mind, however, that events canovertake plans. Planning through security phases, although useful, can give theimpression of a linear progression, when this may not always be the case. In many

33

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’situations, evacuation routes are blocked, the logistical capacity for evacuation is
insufficient, or it simply becomes too dangerous to try to evacuate and staff have to stay
put and weather the crisis. Security plan should be an over-arching document which
includes relocation plan, hibernation plan and evacuation plan etc., thus, evacuation planshould not be considered as separated while it is one of the most important parts of
security plan. Relocation and especially evacuation are difficult decisions – not just froma programmatic but also from an ethical point of view. It needs to be clear not only underwhat conditions an organization will evacuate or relocate, but also who has the ultimate
authority to make that decision: headquarters or field representative? Can regional
offices make decisions by themselves? Who has the authority after withdrawal? Is it clear
to all staff that the decisions taken by management are mandatory? It is important toinclude evacuation in the organization’s safety and security policies and plans. As far as
possible, the rights and responsibilities of employers and employees should be laid downin employment contracts or in the safety and security policies. For international staff, it
should be considered with the organization’s human resources management. It is
encouraged to consult beforehand regarding measures related to evacuation withnational/local staff and local partner organizations. The evacuation/relocation planshould be regularly reviewed and discussed with staff, especially if it is becoming
increasingly likely that a withdrawal will be necessary. This can be carried out throughsimulation exercises or a simple team meeting to review policies, procedures and plans.
In the height of a crisis, individual staff may be tempted to take all sorts of unplanned
steps and go to places other than the planned assembly points. The effect is likely toincrease confusion, delay the evacuation and heighten the risk for everybody. No
individual initiatives that deviate from the plan should be taken without priorauthorization by the head of the CIMT. Key considerations are: feasible transportation
under difficult scenarios; utilising mitigation measures to reduce risks; availability oftransport for how many; and who can provide means of transport and otherrequirements including a charter plane in the absence of pre-agreement. Manyevacuations and relocations depend upon collaboration between different organizations.
Do not draw up a plan in isolation. While it is usually safer to travel in a vehicle convoy
with other NGOs, this also means less control over how the evacuation is carried out.
Discuss with other agencies beforehand, if possible, how these issues will be handled.
15. Kidnapping/Hostage Incident: Kidnapping refers to forced capture and detention withthe explicit purpose of obtaining something in return for the captive’s release. The
objective and hence the motive for kidnapping vary: often it is money, though kidnappers
may also demand political concessions. In other cases, what may ostensibly be a politicalcause may in fact be little more than an extortion racket. Globally, kidnapping has
become increasingly common in recent years, including in the aid world. High-riskcountries include Yemen, Iraq, Syria, Somalia, Darfur (Sudan), Afghanistan, Pakistan and
the Philippines (Mindanao). Kidnapping can be hard to prevent, at least against a wellorganized and determined group of perpetrators, and can be a very effective way ofraising funds or increasing political visibility. It is therefore a very serious threat. Key
actions for reducing risks of kidnappings are: avoiding routines; reducing visibility; incountry vetting of personnel; removing potential vulnerabilities; site protection;heightened awareness and counter-surveillance; seeking local support protection; armed
protection; etc. The organization’s attitude toward ransom (whether to pay or not)34

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’should be set in its safety and security policies. Personal security training covers
kidnapping situations. Generally speaking, kidnapping situations cannot be dealt with
only at field level, but must involve the organization’s headquarters and regional offices.
A kidnapping is a very complex and challenging situation, and inevitably requires theinvolvement of a wide range of people and organizations, including law enforcement,
government agencies, the media and insurance companies, and the victim’s family.
Critical incident management capabilities will be required, including training, planning,
preparedness exercises and the proper allocation of resources (financial, human,equipment, etc.). It is essential that NGOs make themselves aware of the resources
available e.g. hostage negotiators who will have to be called upon by NGO HQs at a very
early stage. Time will not be available to research this once a hostage incident isunderway.
Column 1: Low-Profile Approach
Low-visibility programming has become an increasingly common protective tactic among aid
organizations in high risk environments. It involves removing organizational branding fromoffice buildings, vehicles, residences and individual staff members. It can also involve the useof private cars or taxis, particularly vehicles that blend into the local context, limiting
movement and removing tell-tale pieces of equipment, such as Very High Frequency (VHF)
radios or satellite phones and HF antennas. In certain very high-risk environments, anythingthat might link staff to an organization – memory sticks, organization identity documents, cell
phones, and computers – may be ‘sanitised’. Staff likely to stand out from the local population
may be redeployed. In Iraq, more radical steps have included staff using false names, working
with no fixed operating address and not being told the identities of colleagues. Beneficiaries
were purposefully not made aware of the source of their assistance. Another tactic of a lowvisibility approach is to use removable (e.g. magnetic) logos for vehicles, which can beremoved in areas where visibility is discouraged. Knowing when to display a logo and when
to take it off demands a very good, localised and dynamic risk assessment. A low-profile, lowvisibility approach poses significant challenges. It can make programming more complicated,particularly in extreme cases, and can distance the organization from sources of informationthat might otherwise enhance its security. It might also lead to suspicions and misperceptionsof what the organization is doing, undermining acceptance.
Column 2: Use of Armoured Vehicles
Whether or not aid agencies should use armoured vehicles in environments requiring highsecurity has long been debated due to organizations having different approaches to security
concerns. The Generic Security Guide, produced by the Directorate-General for European Civil
Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operation (ECHO) under the European Commission,suggests that armoured vehicles should be used in extreme cases by some humanitarianorganizations. “They are expensive, heavy and require special training to drive. Most civilian
armoured vehicles provide protection against only a limited range of threats. In most casessuch vehicles are not necessary, and if they are necessary it may be best not to work in thatarea at all. Seek experienced advice before deciding to procure them.” It is better to carefully
consider when to use them, for what purpose and for how long. See also, ECHO (2004) Section
4.10 (b) Vehicles.

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Reference 2-III: Sample Outline of a Security Plan for Field Posts
I.





Introduction
Purpose of the plan
Identification of the person(s) responsible for security and for leading the development,
review and updating of the plan
Intended users of the plan (which staff, locations, etc. are covered)
Location of master plan and distribution list

II.
Background Articulation of the organization’s mission, mandate, principles and safety and security
policies Summary of the situation (political, economic, historical, military, etc.)
III.
Security Risk Assessment (SRA) The current security levels in country.
 Threat assessment (indicating most likely types of threats NGOs will face) Mitigation measures (list the necessary responses to reduce risks)
 Risk analysis (identify impacts, likelihood, and mitigation measures and risk threshold)IV.
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
Outline procedures for daily operations and routines as well as individual responses toincidents. For all procedures, include (1) what to do/what not to do, (2) how to do it, as
appropriate, (3) who does it/with whom, (4) when it is to be done; frequency and sequence,and (5) where it is to be done.
 Site selection and management (offices, residences, etc.)
 Movement and transport (vehicles, convoys, etc.)
 Telecommunications (regular use and during emergencies) Post-incident actions (reporting, analysis, etc.)
V.
Critical Incident Management Plan (CIMP)
Outline procedures for incidents requiring complex, multi-personnel responses. Include thesame information as for SOPs. Include also lines of communication and of authority. Articulate
alternative options.
 Evacuation
 Medical evacuation (Medevac)
 Death of staff
 Other high risk, foreseeable events
 Critical Incident Management Team (CIMT)
VI.
Supporting Information
 Warden system with contact information and instructions to locations
 Cooperating agencies, contact persons and information for government officials, airport,
hospital, etc. (phone numbers, radio frequencies, etc.)
 Maps with assembly points, routes, borders
 Emergency supply inventory
 Incident reporting forms
 Business Continuity Plan (BCP)36

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’Standard 3: Resources
Signatories shall make available the appropriate financial, human and other resources tomitigate the safety and security risks identified through the organization’s security risk
analysis.
Key Actions:•••

Maintain a clear guideline for budget planning to cover appropriate safety and security
expenses to meet the requirement of the Standards. The budget design should include
expenses for line items, personnel, project cycle design, administrative/overhead
costs and budget for local partner organizations when necessary. (see also GuidanceNotes 2 and 3)
Revise the original project plan and avoid imposing intolerable risks and overcapacity
on staff members, in case sufficient resources are not available for appropriate safety
and security management. (see also Guidance Note 4)
If appropriate expenses are not covered by a donor, work as a member of NGO
community or collaborate with other NGOs to change the donor policy to include
funding on safety and security measures. (see also Guidance Note 4)

Key Indicators:
•
•
•

•

•

•

•

Organizations have a procedure to share the results of security risk analysis with all
relevant sections/persons in charge of budget planning.
Organizations allocate sufficient budget for staffing in terms of number, salary with
benefits and working environment, including that for local partner organizations.
Organizations secure expenses for project cycle design such as research/needs
assessment, local stakeholder engagement 13 , networking with other humanitarianand development actors and monitoring/evaluation.
Organizations secure sufficient resources, in case of remote management of a project,
to hold appropriate communication with partner organizations (i.e. meeting in a third
country or in Japan) and to conduct proper monitoring and evaluation. (Refer toStandard 7 for guidance)
Organizations secure sufficient financial and human resources for internal andexternal security training and human development, including that for local partnerorganizations.
Organizations adopt an open policy for sharing security costs with other NGOs topursue scale merit and cost effectiveness, i.e. security advisors, offices, special typesof vehicle, evacuation, etc.
Organizations work with NGO networks for donor advocacy if they face rejection of afunding request for appropriate security related expenses by a donor

13 Stakeholders for project implementation by NGOs may include local authorities, non-state actors, local leaders, local

communities, local NGOs, local partners/staff, international NGOs, the UN and governmental organizations.

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Guidance Notes:
1. Resources to Meet the Standards - A Challenge for Japanese NGOs: Based on the security
risk analysis, organizations inevitably need to take some mitigation measures and this inturn requires appropriate financial, human and other resources. However, this Standard
may be one of the greatest challenges for Japanese NGOs in comparison with those of the
U.S. and Europe, and some deliberate and innovative approaches by the NGO community
are expected to fill the gap between the supply and demand of resources.
2. Budget Planning Policy: Budget planning based on proper security risk analysis is a crucialpart of security management in forming a project. As security management involves
human resources management and collaboration with other humanitarian anddevelopment actors, the planning requires not only expenses for facilities and equipment
but also other resources like personnel as well as stakeholder engagement to fulfil all thesafety and security standards.
 In some organizations, budgets are planned independently by persons in theadministration or finance section and thus security measures to be taken both at theheadquarters and field levels may not be properly reflected in the budget. To avoid
such practice, organizations should have procedures in place for sharing the resultsof security risk analyses with all relevant persons and sections or should conduct ananalysis involving all persons and sections concerned with budget planning.
 The cost for research, assessment and stakeholder engagement including the local
community is essential for NGO security in terms of “acceptance” strategy. Thus,
resources should be planned in advance when forming a project.
 Resources for collaborating with other humanitarian and development actors need
to be put aside as administrative/overhead costs, which are essential for security
information sharing, training and coordination.
 When implementing projects with local partner organizations, the organizations
should analyse security risks specific to the local partner organizations, and secure
the resources required to take necessary security measures.
3. Budget Designing: For NGOs that utilize government or UN funding, some security related
costs can be included in line items such as office security, proper transportation,communication means, insurance and security related personnel. Notwithstanding, otherexpenses like research, assessment, training, stakeholder engagement, and participationin humanitarian and development security networks should be included in budget
designing as administrative/overhead costs.
 Information on supporting programs for external security training is given in attached
Reference 3-I.
 Organizations should share information with the NGO community on line item
coverage of safety and security related expenses by donors to set standard practices
for the NGO community and donors. Security related expenses that can be included
in line items by major Japanese donors are given in attached Reference 3-II.
 Cost sharing with other NGOs is one way of reducing security expenses. Costs can beshared by joining an existing security network of NGOs active in the field or by forming

38

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’an ad hoc consortium in response to particular crises. Examples of expenses include:
security related personnel, office or communication means, special type oftransportation, evacuation means including insurance, security information, etc.
4. Revision of the Project and Advocacy by the NGO Community: If organizations find it
difficult to mobilize sufficient resources to take required security measures, they should
revise the security plan as well as project plan itself. If the difficulty is mainly on accountof the donor policy of funding for security expenses, organizations should express
opinions as a NGO community member to raise awareness and change the policy ofdonors. (see also Standard 6: Collaboration with Other Actors)
 Organizations need to be aware that project implementation without sufficient
resources for safety and security can pose intolerable risks and overcapacity on theirstaff members.
 Organizations should work on or collaborate with a NGO community for advocacy for
donors that the costs of security measures should include personnel expenses withproper working conditions, training as well as stakeholder engagement andnetworking.
 When Japanese donors cannot approve some appropriate expenses for safety andsecurity, organizations can work with network NGOs in Japan working for advocacy
including JaNISS.
Reference 3-I: Support Program for External Security Training
1. UNHCR Regional Centre for Emergency Preparedness (eCentre)







eCentre annually hosts a SRM and Safety in the Field workshop once or twice in Thailand,along with various other workshops.
Currently in 2017, eCentre has hosted a SRM, and training of trainers for SRM and SIF in
Japan.
All costs for training, travel and accommodation are covered by eCentre.
As eCentre’s mission is capacity-building for emergency preparedness of the UN, G.O.
and NGO personnel in the Asian Pacific region, participants should be stationed in theregion in principle. Usually, two or three seats are allocated to Japanese NGOs for each
workshop and participants are selected from a long list of applicants. However, applicants
stationed outside of the Asian Pacific region are sometimes accepted as substitutes to fillvacancies.
Workshop information can be obtained from UNHCR’s Tokyo Office as well as the website
of JaNISS.

2. NGO Overseas Study Program of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA)This program is offered by the NGO division of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) tohelp NGOs send their staff members overseas to receive training for the capacity-building
and human resource development of Japanese NGOs. MOFA entrusts the secretariat ofthe program to a third party (it is JANIC in 2017), and announces the call for proposals
usually two or three times each fiscal year.

39

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’Though its guideline states that the duration of training should be more than one month,security training for shorter periods has been approved in practice, such as one-week
security training by European and U.S. training providers.
The cost for training, travel and accommodation will be covered by the program (eachline item has a maximum limit).
Information can be obtained on the website of MOFA.

3. Japan NGO Initiative for Safety and Security (JaNISS)

JaNISS hosts SRMs and PSFs in Japan and overseas on an ad hoc basis.
In principle, participants are supposed to cover a part of the training cost. Travel andaccommodation costs may be covered by JaNISS depending on the funding situation.
Information can be obtained on the website of JaNISS.

4. Japan Platform (JPF) Depending on the programme, external training cost can be included in a line item of a
project budget, if its necessity is approved by the secretariat.
 When approved, the external training cost for both international and national/local staff
members as well as those of partner organizations can be covered.
 For staff members at the headquarters level, the training cost will be approved when thenecessity of the training, such as for travel to the field, is acknowledged.
 When appropriate training is not available in the country where an office is located, travel
to and training in a third country is approved.
Reference 3-II. Security Expenses that Can Be Included in Budget Supported by JapaneseDonorsA. Japan Platform (Based on the guideline for project implementation and subsidy revisedon March 17th 2017)









Insurance: War-premium insurance can be included in “insurance expense” andinsurance for evacuation in “security and labour safety expenses”.
Visa: The visa issuance fee for a third country for evacuation can be included in “visaexpense”.
Office facility: Security related office facility cost can be included in “field post set-up
expenses” or “security and labour safety expenses”.
Office equipment: Security related equipment can be included in “security and labour
safety expenses”.
Vehicle: Security related vehicle cost can be included in “local transportation expense”.
Communication: Communication equipment necessary for security management can be
included in “field office admin equipment and supply expenses” and communication costin “communication and bank transfer expenses”.
Personnel: Both for international and national/local staff, all personnel costs including
the part of legally regulated welfare benefits covered by the employer can be included inpersonnel expenses, under the limit of the JPF personnel expense standard. Personnel
costs for security managers and security officers can also be included.

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’






Security training expenses: In some programs, security training expenses can be includedin the budget. (refer to Article 4. of Reference 3-II above)
Expense for travel to headquarters during the project period and R&R: It can be included
in “travel expense”.
Guard and other security related expenses: Guard and other security related expenses
can be included in “security and labour safety expenses”.
General administrative expenses: As general administrative expenses, 5% of field
expenditure can be allocated but documented evidence must be submitted.

B. Grant Assistance for Japanese NGO Projects (N-Ren, based on guideline for fiscal year
2017)















Insurance: War-premium insurance or insurance for evacuation can be included in“expenses for other security measures”.
Visa: The visa issuance fee for a third country for evacuation can be included in “expenses
for other security measures”.
Office facility: Security related facility cost can be included in “expenses for other security
measures”.
Office equipment: Security related equipment can be included in “office supply expense”
or “expenses for other security measures”.
Vehicle: Security related vehicle cost can be included in “vehicle procurement/lease
expenses” or “expenses for other security measures”.
Communication: Communication equipment related to security can be included in“Office equipment procurement/lease expenses” or “expenses for other security
measures” and communication cost in “communication expense”.
Personnel: For international staff, basic salary with some allowances including that for
managerial positions can be included. However, the part of legally regulated welfare
benefits covered by the employer and other allowances including those for over-time oraccommodation can NOT be included. For national/local staff, only basic salary andlegally regulated social benefits including the part covered by the employer can be
included. They can be approved within the limitation rate for MOFA’s standard both forinternational and local staff. The salary for paid holidays can NOT be included for either
international or local staff.
Expense for travel to headquarters during the project period and rest and recreation(R&R): The expense for travel between the field and headquarters can be approved for
only one time at be beginning and end of a project period. In principle, the expense fortravel to headquarters for meetings and rest during the project period, as well as R&R ina third country, cannot be approved.
Security training: Security training expenses cannot be included. However, for the
security training and exercises provided by the Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA), the travel expenses to the venue(s) can be included both in Japan and in a countryof activities, only for one person of Japanese nationality, once in one project, if the person
has not participated in the training before.
Guard and other security measure expenses: Guard and other security related expenses
can be included in “expenses for other security measures”.

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

General administrative expenses: As general administrative expenses, 5% of field
expenditure can be allocated but documented evidence must be submitted. Direct costs
for the project can NOT be included here.

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’Standard 4: Human Resources Management
Signatories shall have personnel guidelines and procedures that prepare employees to copewith safety and security issues at their post of assignment, support them during their service,
and address post assignment issues.
Organizations should work on hiring and retaining qualified staff and demonstrate their dutyof care to staff, through proper orientation, training, insurance and support. Organizations
shall have policies and procedures in place that include national/local staff in the security risk
management systems and that address the unique security concerns of national/local staff.
Key Actions:
•

•

•
•

Ensure there are human resource rules that include clear Terms of Reference (TOR)
and responsibilities for all positions, and that all positions are responsible for security
management. (Guidance Notes 1, 3, 9)
Ensure there are policies for safety and security which include stress management,
training on security issues and first aid, insurance, and the well-being of bothinternational and national/local staff. (Guidance Notes 2, 7, 8, 11)
Pay special attention to the unique issues of international staff, who can be exposed
to external threats as well as stress and sickness. (Guidance Notes 4, 5, 6)
Pay special attention to the unique issues faced by national/local staff which are often
different from those faced by international staff, and ensure that policies and plans
for safety and security are translated into the local language. (Guidance Notes 4, 5, 6,
10)

Key Indicators:•••

Staff have access to: written policies on safety and security, individual health, care andsupport; ToR explicitly stating responsibilities; and programme plans including awritten assessment of security, travel and health risks specific to the country or region.
The above-mentioned policies are reviewed on a regular basis.
All levels of staff are trained on: assessing threats to the organization; awareness ofworld trends affecting the security of humanitarian and development organizations;handling of media and caring for family during security incidents; and personal
security management in the field.

Guidance Notes:
1. Pre-assignment briefing: Before an international assignment, organizations are
responsible for ensuring that all staff receive verbal and written briefings on all risks
relevant to the role to be undertaken, and that measures are in place to mitigate thoserisks, including insurance. It is important that the chain of command regarding security isclear for all staff so that communication between the headquarters and field office flows
smoothly. See CHS for more details of the general aspects of human resourcesmanagement. (also see Standard 1: Guidance note 7)

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

2. Stress Management: Managing stress is the responsibility of not only the individual but
also the organization. Organizations should be aware that more staff experience stressthan security threats, and that stress affects their performance, motivation, and also their
turnover. Staff often work long hours in risky and stressful conditions. An organization’s
duty of care to its workers includes actions to promote well-being and avoid long-term
exhaustion, burnout, injury or illness. When the organization deploys staff to a highpressure area, they are required to receive regular ‘rest and recreation (R&R)’ to help
prevent stress and illness and to improve efficiency. Post-deployment support including
PTSD response is also required if necessary. Speaking about managing stress may bereceived differently in some cultures, and organizations should be aware thatnational/local staff may have a different attitude towards stress.
3. Roles of Managers: Managers must make aid workers aware of the risks and protect
them from exposure to unnecessary threats to their physical and emotional health.
Measures that can be adopted include effective security management, preventive healthadvice, active support to work reasonable hours and access to psychological support
when required. Managers can promote a duty of care by demonstrating good practices
and personally complying with policy. Aid workers also need to take personal
responsibility for managing their own well-being. Psychosocial support should be
immediately available to workers who have experienced or witnessed extremely
distressing events.
4. Special attention to female staff: Be aware that female staff may have greater threats
and risks than male staff and may need special attention and support. Female staff tend
to be more aware of their particular vulnerabilities, especially to sexual aggression. It isalso important to remember that male staff can also be victims of sexual assault. (seealso Sexual Assault in Standard 2)
5. Family care: The organization’s security policy and plan should include care and support
for staff’s families during critical incidents.
6. Relocation and Evacuation: Staff policy regarding relocation and evacuation is clearlycommunicated to all staff in advance. International staff need to understand that theymust follow the decision of the organization to evacuate, while individual staff members
have the right to request to withdraw from risky areas when they feel insecure. Shouldinternational staff refuse or decline to be evacuated they should be informed that they
will no longer be covered by insurance and will be separated from the organisation. It isgood practice to discuss with national/local staff what their intentions would be in theevent of their being relocated within the country during the periods of emergency. Would
they wish to remain or relocated? Those remaining could be utilised to implement thecontinuity of operations when the international staff evacuated. It is better to do thisduring a period of calm rather than when the emergency is imminent.
7. Providing Security Risk Management (SRM) training opportunities: Security training
should be provided which is relevant to the security responsibilities described in theemployee’s job description and any reasonably anticipated responsibilities that
individuals may be expected to assume. It is also important to learn from other agencies

44

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’and networks, as well as to utilise experienced staff as trainers, briefers, advisers, andevaluators.(see also Standard 3: Resources, Reference 3-1)
8. Insurance: All staff are covered by appropriate insurance, and war risk coverage whenassigned to high-risk countries. The insurance for compensation liability and emergency
evacuation are also available, but the cost of these insurance services is tend to be
expensive. The organization may buy these insurance through consortium of NGOs or
network organization. For staff members employed in Japan, the Act on Industrial
Accident Compensation Insurance regulates that an employer should enrol its employees
in this insurance to compensate for injury, disease, disability and death during work andcommuting. Organizations must be aware that for accidents that occur while anemployee is deployed and stationed at a field office (not just for travel), prior proceduresfor special enrolment in insurance coverage are necessary (For more details, refer to thewebsite of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare). National/local staff requireappropriate insurance cover that does not exclude relevant risks. Failure to maintainadequate insurance could lead to large claims made against an employer, which in somecases could drive the employer into bankruptcy. Lawsuits are possible even if there isadequate insurance, if the organization has been negligent.
9. Staff recruitment: Recruiting the right national/local staff is crucial when an organizationis new to an environment and needs to respond urgently to an emergency. Professionalreferences should be consulted, and when in a new environment and in a hurry, shortterm contracts may be appropriate.
10. Special care for national/local staff: It is mandatory that national/local staff are involvedin formulating, reviewing and implementing security and safety policies and plans, tomake sure that their culture is considered. National/local staff should be given an
explanation of the organization’s rules and regulations on human resources in their own
language(s). Their TORs, evacuation plans and crisis management should also be
explained. The recruitment and assignment of staff requires consideration of a wellbalanced team, with respect for local culture and customs. National/local staff, on the
one hand, have a better understanding of the social, cultural and political environment
in the field and better access to local networks which help them to gather informationfrom the local context, but on the other hand, they may face various pressures from otheractors in society that should also be taken account of.
11. First Aid Training: In addition to security trainings, all staff should be actively encouraged
to undergo first aid training commensurate with operating in remote and possibly hostileenvironments.
References
 CHS Alliance, Group URD and the Sphere Project. (2014). Core Humanitarian Standard on
Quality and Accountability, Commitment 8.
 People in Aid. (2003). Code of Good Practice in the Management and Support of Aid
Personnel, Principle Seven (Health, Safety and Security)
 ECHO. (2004). A25 (Rest and Recreation) and A35 (Stress)

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

GPR8. (2010). Chapter 4 (Evacuation, Hibernation, Remote Management Programmingand Return), Chapter 6 (People in Security Management), and Annex 5 (Insurance).

46

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’Standard 5: Accountability
Signatories shall incorporate management systems that will ensure accountability for safety
and security at both headquarters and field levels, and all personnel understand theirrespective roles and responsibilities.
Setting standards for security and safety will be more likely to be sustained if there is a goodstructure of accountability in place with clear lines of responsibility for each of them, and aprocess by which people are held accountable for these responsibilities. Those withresponsibilities must have proportionate authorities. An effective security management
structure will foster a positive security culture and help the organization to fulfil its duty ofcare obligations.
Key Actions:
•

•
•

•

•
•

Create a structure of accountability based on the organization’s safety and security
policies and plans (see also Standard 2) both at field and headquarter levels,
regardless of the size of the organization. (see also Guidance Note 1)
Define the security responsibilities and specific decision-making roles of each of these
positions in respective staff members’ job descriptions. (see also Guidance Note 1)
Identify an individual or a group of staff within the organization who can act as asecurity focal point and/or working group in order to take the lead in developing andimplementing the security management framework. (see also Guidance Note 1)
Organize briefing and induction sessions on the organization's mission and values,
security roles and responsibilities for staff members at all levels, both at the field andheadquarters. (see also Guidance Note 2)
Conduct a periodic organizational security review including evaluations of both
employees and the management. (see also Guidance Note 3)
Establish procedures to address non-compliance and violations of safety and security
policies and procedures, and make them known to staff members at all levels. (seealso Guidance Note 3)

Key Indicators:
•
•
•
•
•
•

Reporting lines for authority and decision-making are clearly established and staff
understand to whom they are accountable.
All staff with security responsibilities have their duties clearly articulated in their job
descriptions.
Staff at all levels within the organization, from the governing bodies to individual staff
members, share a collective responsibility for safety and security.
A security focal point and/or working group is in place and functional.
Security roles and responsibilities are incorporated into the organization’s
performance reviews.
Staff members comply with the organization’s safety and security policies and plan,and their procedures.

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

Guidance Notes:
1. Create an Effective Security Risk Management Structure: Ultimate accountability forstaff security and safety rests with the governing bodies, such as the Board of Trustees,
who then delegate responsibility to the Executive Director/CEO, or a position of similarseniority, to ensure that effective SRM is in place. Day-to-day management andresponsibility for security is shared across different levels in the organization, following
the line of management.
Therefore, it is necessary to identify existing positions with a critical role in staff security
and safety, including managers based in the field and at the headquarters. Furthermore,
the security responsibilities and specific decision-making roles of each of these positions
should be defined in respective staff members’ job descriptions. Their security
responsibilities should be included in the organization’s safety and security policies so thatall staff member are informed.14
Many organizations appoint individual staff or a group of staff to act as a security working
group and/or security focal point to support the development of the organization’s SRM
framework, ensure there are agreed policies and procedures in place, as well as provide
advice to the line of management if required. The advantage of appointing a group of staff
representing different roles and levels within the organization is to bring a wide range ofexperience and perspectives, and encourage a greater sense of ownership. It is importantthat these people are given adequate time, support and training to do these tasks inaddition to their usual tasks. It is also important to note that the security focal point orworking group is not responsible for managing security risks. Instead, security
management responsibilities must remain embedded within the normal line management(see “Example Structure and Responsibilities” on the following page).
When identifying specific security roles and responsibilities, it is necessary to be realistic
for the organization considering its size, the complexity of its structure, and existing rolesand capacities.
2. Collective Responsibility for Safety and Security: Security awareness is an ongoingcollective responsibility. Each staff, therefore, is obliged to actively participate in andcontribute to the maintenance of security measures, be aware of and responsible for theirown security risks and team security, and understand and adhere to security measures. It
is important to develop a culture of security within the organization, and to treat security
as a staff-wide priority, not a sensitive management issue to be discussed only by a few
staff members behind closed doors. For example, the following considerations could be
useful to develop a culture of security in the organization:

14 For concrete examples of security responsibilities, see GPR8 (2010) Chapter 6 (People in Security Management); Care

International. (n.d.) Role of Safety and Security Management in an Emergency. Retrieved on 21 March 2018 fromhttps://www.careemergencytoolkit.org/management/14-safety-and-security/1-role-of-safety-and-security-managementin-an-emergency/; and Mercy Corps. (2011). Field Security Manual (March 2011).

48

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’ Staff designated as Security Focal Points must be encouraged to attend security
training courses as run by INSO, UNHCR or other NGOs and to enrol in online
courses run by EISF.
 Make sure that all staff are familiar with the context, risk and commitments of theorganization in terms of risk reduction and security management.
 Make sure that all staff are clear about their individual responsibilities with regard
to security, teamwork and discipline.
 Advise and assist staff to address their medical, financial and personal insurance
matters prior to deployment to a high-risk environment.
 Be clear about the expectations of managers and management styles undernormal and high-stress circumstances.
 Ensure that security is a key consideration in all programme planning.
Mainstreaming a security culture means considering the security implications involved ineverything the organization does, from discussions about programme design and public
messages to funding decisions and the hiring of external contractors. It is also crucial to
make sure that all staff, including national/local staff, know the organization and its
mission in any given context. Staff need to be told what the organization is about. Keyquestions include:








Why is this organization here?
What is it doing here?
Where does it get its money from? What does it use that money for?
Who directs its activities?
Is it serving foreign political interests?
What is its political agenda?
Does it want to change local society, culture, values or religion?

Consider providing staff with some written materials in their own language(s), and go
through them with staff in an interactive way. Furthermore, periodically bring staff
together to hear from them what sorts of questions and comments they most regularly
get from those in the community and how they answer them. It is important to remind
every member that they should behave as a positive representative of the organization.
Each member is responsible for reporting to their line manager regarding any action or
behaviour that breaches policy or jeopardises team security.
3. Measures to Enhance Accountability: The following activities may enhance theorganization’s accountability for security.
 Periodical security briefings and drills will enhance staff members’ knowledge of linesof responsibility and authority. Outcomes of drills will help review the organizational
effectiveness of management systems and structures (lines of responsibility, humanresources, technology, procurement, etc.).
 All staff with security responsibilities must have their duties clearly articulated in theirjob description, and, for accountability, assessed in their performance review.
 Violations of security policies and procedures have clear consequences for theviolators which are spelled out in the human resources policy. Procedures to address

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

non-compliance and violations of established safety and security policies andprocedures should be in place and made known to staff members at all levels.
References
 GPR8. (2010). Chapter 1.2 (Organisational Security Management)
 InterAction. (n.d.). Security Risk Management – NGO Approach Shaun Bickley. (2017). Security Risk Management: A Basic Guide for Smaller NGOs.
European Interagency Security Forum (EISF). Chapter 3 (Governance and Accountability)

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Reference 5-I: Example Structure and Responsibilities

The Board of Trustees
 Provides strategic direction and oversightto ensure that security risks areappropriately managed by theorganization.

Executive Director/CEO
 Ultimately responsible for security risk
management within the organization.
Ensures resources for security risk
management and advises the Board ofTrustees on security matters.

Security Working Group Responsible for developing and revising
Programme/Regional Director
 Accountable for security riskmanagement within their respective
programmes/regions. Supports countries
in implementing the organization’s
security risk management frameworkand ensuring compliance with security
policies, etc.



Security Focal Point Supports management in promoting staff

Country Director/Representative

Responsible for security risk
management at the country level, e.g.
monitoring country-level risk, andestablishing and maintaining
appropriate security plans andarrangements for country-based staff.
Ensures that all security incidents arereported and investigated.



Responsible for complying with all
security policies, plans, procedures anddirectives, and accountable for their own
actions. Must understand security
context and ensure their behaviour does
not increase risk to themselves and/or
others. Responsible for reporting all
security incidents appropriately.

security and ensuring staff knowledge ofand compliance with security policies
and procedures in place.
Responsible for gathering reliablesecurity information and keeping staff
informed and updated on security issues.
Responsible for the training andsupervision of guards.

Line Management

All Staff
security policies, setting minimum
security requirements and reviewing theorganization’s security practices.
Supports managers in implementing, andmonitoring compliance of, the security
risk management framework.
Ensures critical incident management
plans are developed, implemented, andperiodically tested.

Advice & Support

Source: Shaun Bickley. (2017). Security Risk Management: a Basic
Guide for Smaller NGOs. European Interagency Security Forum(EISF), Module 3 (Governance and Accountability)

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’Standard 6: Collaboration with Other Actors
Signatories shall actively participate in safety and security related forums at both
headquarters and field levels and collaborate with other members of the humanitarian anddevelopment communities to advance their common safety and security interests.
Although security management is considered to be largely agency-centred, there are many
good reasons why the agencies should cooperate with the community for security
management. Security will be dramatically enhanced through coordination, information
sharing and the recognition that the behaviour of an individual NGO impacts on the securityof the entire humanitarian community (which could be described as a “sense of community”).
Key Actions:
•

•

•
•

Raise the importance of collaboration with the humanitarian and development
communities for safety and security within the organization. (see also Guidance Note1)
Participate in humanitarian and development communities at both headquarters andfield office levels in order to cooperate on security management. (see also GuidanceNotes 2 and 4)
Actively participate in security forums organized by NGOs and/or the UN at theheadquarters and/or field office levels. (see also Guidance Notes 3 and 4)
Appoint a staff responsible for security to identify and participate in security forums.
(see also Guidance Note 3)

Key Indicators:
•

•
•
•
•

Staff in the headquarters and field offices are provided with adequate information of
the members in the humanitarian and development communities and about joint
security initiatives.
Official and non-official personal relationships increase the exchange of security
information from reliable sources.
The organization has a written list of security forums.
The responsibility to play an active part in security forums is clearly stated in the job
description of the person in charge.
Financial and human resources are secured for taking collaborative action.

Guidance Notes:
1.

Advantages of Collaboration: Some of the advantages of collaboration include: A better alert system: Agencies can receive a fuller picture of actual or possible
security threats or alerts in their environment, thus increasing the chance of avoiding
an incident (such as using a ‘communications tree’ for wireless radios, walkie-talkies,
satellite phones, etc.).
 Better SRA: Maintaining a shared record of all incidents in an operating environment
provides a better basis for a risk assessment than a partial or incomplete record.
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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’ Strategic and tactical monitoring and analysis of the operating environment: Allagencies do this by contacting other agencies informally to obtain information. Trustand confidentiality make it possible to collaborate in a more structured way.
 Cost-effective services: For example, the costs for security training can be shared,
rather than each agency individually covering the costs of bringing in or hiring
specialists.
 Liaison with the authorities: Rather than negotiating individually, agencies can makea stronger and more consistent case together. This would include exchanging
information with military actors.
 Advocacy with donors: If the security situation deteriorates and several agencies
conclude that they need extra financial resources for additional mitigating measures,
they may be able to make a more effective case with donors collectively.
 The operations of and/or conduct of one organization can impact the security of othermembers of the humanitarian and development communities. Actively seeking tominimize all the negative impacts that the organization’s operations have on others
can make a difference.
2.

Information Sharing: Making good decisions requires reliable and accurate information.
All information must be considered against the reliability of the source, the number ofindividuals and organizations reporting the same information, and any local bias. Sharingof significant information has many benefits, from corroboration and verification toincreasing the organization’s knowledge base. Examples of useful information that might
be shared include incident reports and analyses, situation reports, threat assessments,and security training. In order to share security related information with other actors, theorganization should establish policies and procedures for sharing such information (whodecides what information could be shared with whom and how).

3.

Participation in Security Forums: There are many security related forums at both
headquarters and field office levels. Participation in these security forums provides
opportunities to share useful information, exchange good practices, and consider thelarger picture of safety and security in both the global and operational environments. It
is strongly advised that organizations join such security forums to gather information andto identify good practices for the particular operation. Security forums are usually chairedby one organization and attended by respective security focal points.
When appointing a staff member to attend the coordination meetings, ensure the person
is supported to dedicate time as a priority, and is fully briefed on the rules forparticipation. The staff should know how the information is to be shared and managed.
If there is no security forum, NGOs are encouraged to take the initiative with otheragencies to collaborate on holding a meeting. Security forums are useful mechanisms for
improving organizations' understanding of the current international standards related tosecurity management, and for improving awareness on security management for small
NGOs. Security forums can also share the costs of organizing training for staff, and act asa coordination point with other actors such as the United Nations Department of Safety
and Security (UNDSS).

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When deemed appropriate by an organization, it can participate in “Saving Lives Together(SLT)” 15, which is a framework aimed at enhancing UN and NGO security collaboration infield operations. The objective of SLT is to enhance the ability of partner organizations tomake informed decisions and implement effective security arrangements to improve thesafety and security of personnel and operations, while operational decisions made on thebasis of such information remain the responsibility of the respective organizations. In
larger operations it will be found that UN OCHA conduct regular security/coordination
briefings at which NGOs are welcomed. Attendance at such gatherings is encouraged.
4.

Sources of Additional Information: There are a number of sources of additional
information that organizations can link into to improve the flow of information on
security incidents, find advice on how to mitigate security risks from various threats andimprove security capacity: Host government departments;
 National governments, including donor governments and their embassies; United Nations Department of Safety and Security (UNDSS), UN Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA), and other UN Agencies such as
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR); Insurance providers, which often have a threat advisory service linked to various
countries and regions; NGO security consultants, such as International NGO Security Organization (INSO);
 Local commercial security providers (guard companies); International and national media;
 Other NGOs and their partner organizations – both national and international NGOs; Host and beneficiary communities; and National staff.

References Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). (2015). Saving Lives Together: A Framework
for Improving Security Arrangements Among IGOs, NGOs and UN in the Field (October
2015)
 GPR8. (2010). Chapter 1.3 (Interagency Security Management), Annex 2 (The United
Nations Security Management System), Annex 3 (Saving Lives Together) InterAction. (2015). InterAction Minimum Operating Security Standards
 Mercy Corps. (2011). Field Security Manual (March 2011) Care International. (2008). Care International Safety and Security Principles
 ECHO. (2004). Section 4.5 (Relations with Other Organisations)

15 See Inter-Agency Standing Committee. (2015). Saving Lives Together: A Framework for Improving Security Arrangements

Among IGOs, NGOs and UN in the Field (October 2015). Retrieved on 21 March 2018 fromhttps://interagencystandingcommittee.org/collaborative-approaches-field-security/content/saving-lives-togetherframework-improving-security-0; and Christian Aid. (2010). Saving Lives Together: A Review of Security Collaboration
between the United Nations and Humanitarian Actors on the Ground. Retrieved on 21 March 2018 fromhttps://reliefweb.int/report/world/saving-lives-together-review-security-collaboration-between-united-nations-and.

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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’Standard 7: Safety and Security of Local Partner Organizations
Signatories shall incorporate local partner organizations into their safety and security
management system, based on mutual respect and shared responsibility and endeavour toachieve the above six Standards.
Key Actions:•••

When conducting joint projects with local partner organizations, organizations should
conduct a joint Security Risk Assessment (SRA) of the project area with the local
partner organizations and take security measures by methods and in ways that they
can agree on, reducing possible security risks as much as possible. (see also GuidanceNotes 1 and 2)
Agree on concrete responsibilities and roles in an emergency, as well as to the usual
security measures, and share them among related actors. (see also Guidance Notes 3
and 4)
Secure necessary training, briefing, equipment, and funding for the security of thestaff of local partners. (see Standard 3: Resources)

Key Indicators:•••

When implementing projects with local partner organizations, organizations should
understand the security risks that they may face, respect the safety and security
policies, and agreed on the security risk measures to be taken. It should also be written
in a memorandum of understanding (MOU).
Close and smooth communication with local partners is ensured. If necessary, budget
for consultations in third countries or invitation to the headquarters is secured.
In accordance with the security compliance ability of local partner organizations, it isnecessary for organizations to secure human resources and training opportunities,
and to ensure there is sufficient budget for equipment and materials for security andcrime prevention measures.

Guidance Notes:
1. Security measures when implementing partner projects: Partnerships with local partnerorganizations are effective when implementing projects. Recently, project
implementations through local partners have increased due to the operations in high-riskcountries where international NGOs cannot directly implement projects. Therefore, when
considering cooperative projects in countries with poor security, organizations should notjust transfer any possible risks to local partner organizations but should consider security
concerns and measures to be taken. In addition, organizations should understand thatorganizations and local partner organizations have different security risks. InternationalNGOs with overseas headquarters and local NGOs established in their own countries often
have different understandings of and responses to the security risks they may encounter.
Also, acceptance in local society differs among them, and so details of the safety andsecurity policies may also be different. With this understanding, the project should be
implemented accordingly.
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JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’ Regardless of security problems in particular, there are cases where a project can be
implemented in partnership with local organizations only through business trips andremote management. Even so, as there is always a possibility of becoming involved ingeneral crimes, diseases, accidents, etc., organizations should endeavour to achieve
all six standards for safety and security.
 When conducting a project through remote management without deploying
international staff in the field, not only risk countermeasures during business trips but
also security measures for threats that local partner organizations may confront indaily work shall be examined and agreed upon by both organizations.
 When the project is fully remote controlled and there is no chance to visit the projectsite at all, it is important to communicate closely (e.g. conduct a meeting with local
partner organizations in different countries) and to ensure that security measures aretaken.
2. Points to include in the agreement: Visibility: Depending on the situation, organizations may refrain from using logos andsigns of donors, own organization, and local partner organizations.
 Right to make a decision on security issues in the local area: Clarify the responsibilityof the representative and appropriately make decisions on the site.
 Public relations activities as an organization: If there is a fight between ethnic groups
or religious groups, organizations should be aware that public relations activities could
interfere with the activities of those groups. Also, when publishing something on SNS(Social Networking Service) which could reveal the movements of international staff,
organizations should pay special attention to language, place, timing, etc. withconsideration for security, the method and frequency of monitoring, and reporting.
 The method of handling SOPs and security plans by both groups should be clarified(including emergency contact list), so that the latest information can be shared amonggroups.
 Emergency response: Clarify the criteria for deciding on withdrawal or suspension,and how to settle expenses in such a case, etc.
3. Communication with Local Partner Organizations: Close communication is vital for taking
security measures among different organizations. It is necessary to formulate projectplans in collaboration with local partner organizations and to communicate frequently
during project implementation. It is also important to exchange opinions directly with thestaff of local partner organizations through business trips and on-site visits as well as usual
communication by e-mail, telephone, etc. Especially when organizations cannot visit the
project site due to deterioration of security, etc., it is necessary to try to meet the staff oflocal partner organizations in a different country.
4. Security Measures on Relocation: When the project is suspended temporarily or
terminated in the middle due to deterioration of the security situation, organizations
should take appropriate measures not only for their own staff but also the staff of thelocal partner organization. Even if the organization evacuates only its own staff and the56

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’project continues with the local partner team staying, it is important to consider possible
security risks and take countermeasures.
References ECHO. (2004). Section 4.5 (Relations with Other Organisations) InterAction. (2015). InterAction Minimum Operating Security Standards.
 OCHA. (2011). Safety and Security for National Humanitarian Workers. Annex I to: To Stayand Deliver – Good Practice for Humanitarians in Complex Security Environment. Section
5 (Organisational Policies and Approaches to Duty of Care)57

JaNISS – Guidebook on ‘NGO Standards for Safety and Security’

References

Bickley, Shaun. (2017). Security Risk Management: A Basic Guide for Smaller NGOs.
European Interagency Security Forum (EISF). Retrieved on 21 March 2018 fromhttps://www.eisf.eu/library/security-risk-management-a-basic-guide-for-smaller-ngos/.



Care International. (2008). Care International Safety and Security Principles. Retrieved on
21 March 2018 from https://www.careemergencytoolkit.org/management/14-safetyand-security/3-complying-with-cares-safety-and-security-policies-and-procedures/.



Care International. (2013). Care International Safety and Security Standards. Retrievedon 21 March 2018 from https://www.careemergencytoolkit.org/management/14safety-and-security/3-complying-with-cares-safety-and-security-policies-andprocedures/.



Care International (n.d.) Role of Safety and Security Management in an Emergency.
Retrieved on 21 March 2018 fromhttps://www.careemergencytoolkit.org/management/14-safety-and-security/1-role-ofsafety-and-security-management-in-an-emergency/.

Christian Aid. (2010). Saving Lives Together: A Review of Security Collaboration between
the United Nations and Humanitarian Actors on the Ground. Retrieved on 21 March2018 from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/saving-lives-together-review-securitycollaboration-between-united-nations-and.



CHS Alliance, Group URD and the Sphere Project. (2014). Core Humanitarian Standard
on Quality and Accountability. Retrieved on 21 March 2018 fromhttps://corehumanitarianstandard.org/the-standard/language-versions.



Concern Worldwide (2016), Concern’s Security Policy (March 2016), Retrieved on 21
March 2018 from https://www.concern.net/resources/security-policy.

Davis, James. (2015). Security to Go: A Risk Management Toolkit for Humanitarian Aid
Agencies. European Interagency Security Forum (EISF). Retrieved on 21 March 2018from https://www.eisf.eu/library/security-to-go-a-risk-management-toolkit-forhumanitarian-aid-agencies/.

Davis, James and Reilly, Lisa (2015), Security to Go: A Risk Management Toolkit for
Humanitarian Aid Agencies, European Interagency Security Forum (EISF), Retrieved 21
March 2018 from https://www.eisf.eu/library/security-to-go-a-risk-managementtoolkit-for-humanitarian-aid-agencies/.

European Commission’s Directorate-General for Humanitarian Aid (ECHO). (2004).
Generic Security Guide for Humanitarian Organisations. Retrieved on 21 March 2018from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/generic-security-guide-humanitarianorganisations-enar.

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Hoppe, Kelsey and Williamson, Christine. (2016). Dennis vs Norwegian Refugee Council:
Implications for Duty of Care. Humanitarian Practise Network (HPN). Retrieved 21 March2018 from https://odihpn.org/blog/dennis-vs-norwegian-refugee-council-implicationsfor-duty-of-care/.

InterAction. (2015). InterAction Minimum Operating Security Standards. Retrieved on 21
March 2018 from https://www.interaction.org/document/interaction-minimumoperating-security-standards-and-suggested-guidance-language.

InterAction. (n.d.). Security Risk Management - NGO Approach. Retrieved on 21 March2018 fromhttps://www.interaction.org/sites/default/files/2581/NGO_SRM_APPROACH_FINAL_SA
G_APPROVED.pdf.

Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). (2015). Saving Lives Together: A Framework for
Improving Security Arrangements Among IGOs, NGOs and UN in the Field (October2015). Retrieved on 21 March 2018 fromhttps://interagencystandingcommittee.org/collaborative-approaches-fieldsecurity/content/saving-lives-together-framework-improving-security-0.



Irish Aid. (2013). Irish Aid Guidelines for NGO Professional Safety and Security Risk
Management. Retrieved 21 March 2018 from https://www.irishaid.ie/newspublications/publications/publicationsarchive/2013/august/guidelines-for-ngoprofessional-safety-security/.

Japan NGO Center for International Cooperation (JANIC). (n.d.). Understanding NGOs
[Japanese article]. Retrieved on 21 March 2018 from www.janic.org/ngo/faq/.

Japan Afghan NGO Network (JANN). (2009). On Civilian Assistance in Afghanistan
Alternative to Japan’s Refuelling Mission in the Indian Ocean [Japanese article].
Retrieved on 21 March 2018 from http://www.ngojvc.net/jp/notice/2010/data/20100219_afghanistan_lobby.pdf.

Lutheran World Federation. (2016). LWF Safety and Security Policy (March 2016).
Retrieved on 21 March 2018 fromhttps://www.lutheranworld.org/sites/default/files/lwf_safety_and_security_policy__march_2016.pdf.

Mercy Corps. (2011). Field Security Manual (March 2011). Portland: Mercy Corps.

Merkelbach, Maarten and Kemp, Edward. (2016). Duty of Care: A review of the Dennis v
Norwegian Refugee Council ruling and its implications. Retrieved 21 March 2018 fromhttps://www.eisf.eu/library/duty-of-care-a-review-of-the-dennis-v-norwegian-refugeecouncil-ruling-and-its-implications/

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Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). (2011). Safety and Security
for National Humanitarian Workers. Annex I to: To Stay and Deliver – Good Practice for
Humanitarians in Complex Security Environment. Retrieved on 21 March 2018 fromhttps://reliefweb.int/report/world/safety-and-security-national-humanitarian-workers.

Overseas Development Institute. （2010), Operational Security Management in Violent
Environment, Good Practice Review Number 8 （New Edition), London: Overseas
Development Institute. Available from https://odihpn.org/resources/operationalsecurity-management-in-violent-environments-revised-edition/ (as of 21 March 2018).

People in Aid. (2003). Code of Good Practice in the Management and Support of Aid
Personnel. Retrieved on 21 March 2018 from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/peopleaid-code-good-practice-management-and-support-aid-personnel.

People in Aid. (2008). Policy Guide and Template: Safety and Security (Revised).
Retrieved on 21 March 2018 fromhttps://www.chsalliance.org/files/files/Resources/Tools-and-guidance/safety-andsecurity-policy-guide-and-template.pdf.

Tomita, Kei’ichiro. (2007). Provisional Reconstruction Team (PRT) Operations in
Afghanistan [Japanese article]. Reference 2007-03. Retrieved 21 March 2018 fromhttp://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/999764.



USAID. (2018). Provincial Reconstruction Teams. Retrieved on 21 March 2018 fromhttps://www.usaid.gov/provincial-reconstruction-teams.

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