Indoor air pollution
You probably know that it’s harmful to breathe in polluted air when you’re outside. The same is true when
you’re indoors. We spend about 90% of our time indoors – at home, at work, at school, or when we go to
shops or restaurants. Poor indoor air quality has been linked to lung diseases like asthma, COPD and lungcancer.

What is indoor air pollution?
Indoor air pollution is dust, dirt or gases in the air inside a building such as your home or workplace thatharms us if we breathe it in.
Types of air pollution include:• particulate matter (PM) – microscopic particles of dust and dirt in the air•gases – carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide

Indoor air pollution can be caused by many things. These include:• how you heat your home•

how you cook•poor ventilation

•

damp

•

chemicals in cleaning products•

some building materials

You may experience indoor air pollution at your home, workplace or in other buildings.
The quality of the air you breathe anywhere is especially important if you’re living with a lung condition
like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Who’s at risk from poor indoor air quality?
Everyone is at risk from indoor air pollution. If you’ve got COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis or any other lungcondition, you’re much more likely to be affected by poor air quality.
If you have a lung condition you may also spend more time indoors. This means you may have morecontact with things that affect the air you breathe. These could include cigarette smoke, cleaning materials
or mould.
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Children are particularly vulnerable to poor indoor air quality as their lungs are still developing. Theirairways are smaller, so inflammation caused by pollution can cause them to narrow more easily than inolder people. Pollution can also interact with allergens to cause asthma in children.

What are the effects of poor indoor air quality?
If you’ve been breathing in polluted air for days or weeks at a time, you might start to notice a dry throat
or a cough. You might also feel short of breath, wheezy or have an itchy or runny nose.
Indoor air pollution is linked to increased risk of pneumonia, COPD and lung cancer. Pollution in yourhome can also increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.
If you’ve developed an allergy to something in your home, you’ll usually get itchy and runny eyes, a runnynose and inflamed, swollen sinuses. Breathing through your nose can be difficult too, and you might
have a cough. If you have asthma, your symptoms might get worse if you have an allergic reaction to apollutant in the air.
Some types of indoor air pollution are more dangerous than others. If you’re exposed to dangerous typesof pollution, such as asbestos or radon, for a long time, the effects can be very serious.

What causes poor indoor air quality?
The quality of the air we breathe indoors is affected by many things. On this page we explore the mostcommon causes of indoor air pollution and how you can avoid them.
The air indoors can be affected by:• chemicals we use when we clean or decorate•

how we heat and cook in our homes•

building materials used in the construction•

tobacco or cannabis smoke

The air indoors can also be affected by how a building is ventilated, room temperature, damp andcondensation, and pollution that has come indoors from outside. Many people also experience allergies tothings in their home such as dust mites and their pets.

Can the chemicals in cleaning products affect my lungs?
We use a wide range of household chemicals every day to clean and decorate our homes. These products
can contain chemicals sometimes called VOCs - volatile organic compounds. Other cleaning products
may contain bleach or ammonia.
VOCs evaporate into the air when we use them or sometimes even while they’re being stored. Productswith fragrances such as citrus and pine can react when they are released into the air, forming new
chemicals. Some examples of VOCs are acetone, xylene and formaldehyde. It’s a good idea to avoid
breathing in too many VOCs.
More rigorous research is needed before we can be certain about the effects of breathing in thesechemicals in our homes. About half of studies suggest that being exposed to these chemicals increases
your risk of developing an allergy or asthma.
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One study recently found that women who clean at home or work have also been found to have an
increased decline in their lung function.
If you use irritating cleaning products, such as those based on bleach, particularly if you apply them with aspray, you may get respiratory irritation and symptoms if you have a long-term lung disease. Studies havealso found that if you use these products over a number of years it may cause asthma.
Formaldehyde is a VOC. You can sometimes find formaldehyde in carpets, furniture, shelving and flooring.
It can irritate your lungs. This can be why some people say the smell of a new sofa or soft furnishing sets
off their allergies or makes their asthma worse.
If this applies to you, try to avoid products containing formaldehyde. Products containing formaldehyde
should be clearly labelled under EU regulations.

Where can I find VOCs?
You’ll find these chemicals in cleaning and DIY products, such as:• detergents•

furniture polish•

air fresheners•

carpet cleaners•

oven cleaners•

pesticides and fungicides•

paints and paint strippers•

varnishes

•

glues

What can I do to avoid cleaning products with VOCs?
If you believe the chemicals you use in your home affect your health, there are a few things you can do.
•

Consider other ways of cleaning. The best way to avoid coming into contact with chemicals found incleaning products is not to use them. If you can, use a damp cloth to clean instead.

•

Avoid chemical-heavy products. Look for products that are labelled allergy friendly, as these havelower levels of volatile chemicals and are usually fragrance-free.

•

Investigate using ‘natural’ paints, but be aware paints advertised as water-based or low VOC may stillcontain hazardous chemicals.

•

Avoid sprays. When possible, use solid or liquid cleaning products rather than sprays. Sprays get
into the air, which means you can breathe them in more easily and they can get further down into
your airways. If you think the smell of cleaning products triggers your symptoms, go for unscented
products.

•

Ventilate your home. Always open a window when you are cleaning or decorating to make sure thereis plenty of ventilation.

•

Bear young children in mind. Babies and very young children are more affected by chemical emissions
than adults.

•

Read the label. Finally, always remember to follow advice on the labels of products about how to usethem safely. Dispose of partly-used containers through your local recycling centre.

© British Lung Foundation 20183

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How does heating and cooking affect indoor air quality?
Cookers, heaters, stoves and open fires can release pollutants into your home.
Remember that inhaling any smoke is harmful.
Heating and cooking can release two types of pollutants:• particulate matter (PM) – microscopic particles of dust and dirt in the air•gases – carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide

Exposure to these pollutants can lead to lung and heart disease.
Once these pollutants are in your home, it’s essential to air your home with fresh air from the outside to
dilute and remove them. That’s why gas heaters and cookers that have a flue, chimney, or other kind ofvent that allows the polluted air out of your home, are better for lung health. Chimneys from solid fuelstoves and fireplaces need to be cleaned and swept regularly by a registered sweep. If this isn’t done
devices become less efficient and carbon monoxide can build up.

Burning wood and coal
Burning wood and coal in a stove or on an open fire releases particulate matter. This can irritate your noseand throat, giving you a cough or breathing problems. It also causes early deaths from lung and heartdisease.
If you have asthma, your symptoms might get worse. If you have COPD, it makes you more likely to have aflare-up. In the long term, your risk of getting lung cancer is also increased from burning coal or wood.
If you live in an urban area, burning wood or coal, will add to outdoor urban air pollution. Open fires
produce greater emissions than stoves.
Burning wood accounts for 23 to 31% of the particle pollution in London and Birmingham. Other cities will
have similar levels as a result of burning wood. This problem is much worse on winter evenings.
Studies have shown that smoke from wood heating enters neighbouring homes too. UK researchers havealso suggested that wood burning in densely populated areas may lead to PM exposures comparable tothose from traffic sources.
To reduce particulate pollution from burning wood, smoke control areas cover the UK’s largest cities. Ask
your local council’s environmental health department to find out if you live in a smoke control area. If you
do live in a smoke control area, this will restrict what you can burn and the types of stove you can use,although many wood-burning stoves are exempt from the requirements. Find out what you can and can’tburn in a smoke control area.
There’s controversy about using wood-burning stoves, and the UK government has consulted about
their use as part of their Clean Air Strategy. Given the contribution to environmental pollution, carefully
consider the issues before you buy a new stove.

What about gas or electric heating and cooking methods?
When you cook with either gas or electric, tiny particles are also released that are easily inhaled. Higher
concentrations of these particles are released when cooking with gas. Gas cooking also produces gaseousemissions, including carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and oxides of nitrogen, all of which can cause
respiratory health problems.

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Carbon monoxide
The most dangerous pollutant is carbon monoxide, which can kill you within a few hours. It’s a poisonous
gas with no smell or taste. Carbon monoxide is created when fuels like gas, oil, coal or wood don’t burnfully. It’s important to make sure cooking and heating appliances are serviced regularly, and that vents andchimneys are not blocked. Although carbon monoxide does not have a smell, if an appliance isn’t working
properly it may produce more soot.
If you have mild carbon monoxide poisoning, the first symptom you might notice is a headache. Youmight also notice flu-like symptoms, but without the temperature.
If several people in one building develop flu-like symptoms without a temperature, then it could be due toa carbon monoxide leak – so act immediately. Switch off all gas appliances and ventilate the property. Callthe gas emergency number 0800 111 999 or the Health and Safety Executive Gas Safety Advice Line on
0800 300 363.
How can I reduce the pollution produced during cooking and heating?
• Make sure all your gas appliances are regularly maintained by a certified engineer.
•

Install extractor fans over your gas stoves and ranges, and always use them.

•

Avoid open fires and wood-burning stoves. If you can, use gas or electricity to cook and to heat your
home.

•

If you must burn coal or wood, make sure the chimneys are inspected and swept regularly by a HETAS
qualified sweep. If you’re thinking about buying a wood-burning stove, please think about the outdoor
air pollution it will cause to your neighbours’ air quality and to the quality of the air entering your own
home. And if you go ahead, choose a modern, lower-emission one. Only burn dry, unpainted anduntreated wood. Look for wood with the ‘ready to burn’ logo. Don’t burn rubbish or packaging as thiscan create toxic substances. Lighting your fire with plenty of kindling and ensuring a good air supply inyour stove fire box will reduce the particle emissions. In the future, the government will only allow thevery cleanest stoves and fuels to be bought.

•

Avoid buying a wood burning stove or using an open fire if someone in your household has a lungcondition or if you live in a town or city.

•

Install alarms for both smoke and carbon monoxide - these are separate alarms. Check the batteries
regularly.

•

For additional advice you may want to read the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs’
practical guide on open fires and wood-burning stoves.

Candles and incense
Candles and incense sticks also emit particles and other pollutants when they burn. There is evidence
linking incense burning to lung disease so high levels of exposure should be avoided. Incense sticks emit
more than 100 times the number of fine particles as a candle. A single candle in a living room can also
substantially increase the particle concentration in the air while it’s burning, but over a 24-hour period theincrease is minimal. Scented candles emit small amounts of formaldehyde and VOCs but if you only use
them occasionally, are unlikely to pose much of a health risk.

Top tip
Don’t light several candles or incense sticks in a small room such as a bathroom.

© British Lung Foundation 2018

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How can building materials affect air quality?
The most significant building material with lung health risks is asbestos, which has been banned in the UK
since 1999. But older properties may still have asbestos-containing materials.
Before its dangers were known, asbestos was often used in buildings for insulation, flooring and roofing
and sprayed on ceilings and walls. If you breathe in asbestos fibres, this can lead to lung diseases decades
later.

What should I do if there’s asbestos in my home?
If you find asbestos in your home, make sure it remains undisturbed. If it’s damaged or deteriorating, get it
removed by accredited professionals.
Fibreglass and other synthetic mineral fibre products can release fibres when trimmed, cut or sanded.
These products are often found in the loft space in homes. Larger fibres could irritate your skin, nose andthroat. If you discover fibreglass in your home, don’t disturb it. If you come into contact with it, wear amask and protective clothing.
Building materials can also contain VOCs (volatile organic compounds.) These include roofing andflooring materials, insulation, cement, coating materials, heating equipment, soundproofing, plastics, glue
and plywood.

How can the land on which my home is built affect the air quality?
If your home is built on ground with a higher level of radon, you can take measures toreduce it. You can find out if your home is in a radon-affected area at UKradon.

What is radon?
Radon is a natural radioactive gas that comes from rocks and soil. It’s colourless andodourless.
Certain areas of the UK have higher levels of radon. The radon level in the air we breathe
outside is very low, but it can be higher inside poorly ventilated buildings.
High levels of radon can cause lung cancer. The higher the level of radon, and the longer you
are exposed, the greater the risk will be.
Indoor radon often varies from building to building. If your home is affected, UKradon has atool to help you decide if you need to reduce the level and how.

Which are the safest building materials?
Consider using building materials with low VOC emissions. Look for products and materials that show they
are environmentally friendly and low in pollutants and emissions. You can find sustainable products on
the website of The Alliance for Sustainable Building Products.

© British Lung Foundation 20186

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If I have asthma or COPD, what should I do if there is building work in my home?
If you - or anyone working in your home - use materials that might trigger your symptoms, keep yourhome well ventilated during the building work and for a few days afterwards.
Ask the builder to do preparatory work such as cutting or mixing materials outside. You might even wantto consider moving out while the work is going on.

Tobacco smoke in your home
Smoking is the main cause of preventable illness and preventable death.
Second-hand tobacco smoke is also bad for our health. That’s why laws have banned smoking in enclosed
public spaces, including public transport and workplaces, and in cars with children.
If anyone smokes in your home, tiny particles from tobacco smoke can drift all through your house. These
particles can remain at harmful levels for up to five hours.

What are the effects of tobacco smoke?
If you breathe in this smoke, your nose or throat can get irritated and you might cough or have trouble
breathing.
If you have asthma, your symptoms are likely to get worse. And if you have COPD, you are more likely tohave a flare-up. In the long term, your risk of getting lung cancer is also increased.
Children are particularly at risk. Breathing in tobacco smoke affects how their lungs work and makes themmore likely to develop a long-term lung condition when they grow up.
Using e-cigarettes is less harmful than tobacco smoking, but these devices are not completely harmless. If
you decide to use an e-cigarette at home, it should be kept out of reach of children and if you are a parent
or carer you should consider the benefits and drawbacks of permitting vaping in the home.
What can I do about tobacco smoke in my home?
•

Don’t smoke indoors, and don’t allow others to smoke in your home. Make sure anyone looking after
your children does not smoke when they are with them.

•

If you smoke at home, rather smoke outside, close the door behind you and move away from the sideof the house.

•

If you smoke, the most important thing you can do to improve your health is to quit .

Allergies in your home
Sometimes people develop allergies to things in their home. This happens when your body’s immune
system becomes confused, mistaking something encountered every day as a harmful risk like an infection.
When this happens, the trigger is called an allergen.
Your immune system mistakenly targets the allergen, giving you an allergic reaction. This involves
producing a lot of antibodies to fight off what is sees as a risk.
The next time you come into contact with the allergen, your body remembers, and produces yet more
antibodies. This makes your immune system release chemicals that trigger an allergic reaction.
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What are the symptoms of allergies?
If you’re allergic to things in your home, you’re likely to get a runny or blocked nose, itchy, red or watering
eyes, wheezing, a cough or breathlessness. Other symptoms could include itchy skin or rashes. If you haveasthma, your symptoms are likely to get worse.
Allergies to house dust mites, pets and mould spores are common in people with asthma and may impact
their breathing.
If you think you have an allergy, tell your GP. They will be able to advise you if you need treatment or they
may refer you to a specialist allergy clinic to be tested.
Remember, if you live with asthma or another lung condition and you think you’re allergic to somethingin your home, stick to your asthma or COPD plan, if you have one. Take your medication as prescribed,
including your preventer inhaler.

How do dust mites affect air quality?
Everyone has dust mites in their home. They are microscopic insects that live off human skin and form partof the dust in our homes. They thrive in humid and damp places, and are found particularly in bedding,soft furnishings and carpets.
The mites’ droppings become fine particles in the air and quickly settle into pillows, mattresses, duvets,
carpets and upholstery.
It doesn’t matter how clean and tidy you are, unfortunately – it’s impossible to completely get rid of them.

What can I do if I have a house dust mite allergy and asthma?
If you have asthma and are affected by dust mites, the best way to minimise its impact on your asthma is
to regularly take your preventer medications and follow your asthma management plan.
Patients with asthma can find that avoiding certain environmental triggers helps to manage their
symptoms. But scientific evidence about the effectiveness of these interventions is limited. Health care
professionals generally do not recommend methods that are supposed to reduce house dust mite levelsin the home, such as using mattress covers, vacuum cleaning, ventilation, freezing, washing, air filtration or
air ionisers.

Pets and allergies
What is a pet allergy?
A pet allergy is when a person has a reaction to a pet’s skin cells, saliva or urine. Sometimes people areallergic to dander - the dead flakes of skin that a pet sheds.
Dander is very small and can stay in the air for a long time. It collects on upholstered furniture and sticks toyour clothes. Research has found it takes several months for cat allergens to disappear from a home after
a cat has left.
Any animal with fur can be a source, including pets referred to as ‘hypoallergenic’ or ‘low allergy’. It’s mostcommon to develop an allergy to cats, dogs and rodents such as mice, rats and ferrets.
Birds can also trigger allergic reactions and asthma symptoms because of their feathers. A powder calledfeather dander is released when birds clean their feathers, play or wash.
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If you’re breathing in dust caused by birds, you can have an allergic reaction called extrinsic allergic
alveolitis that leads to inflammation of your lung’s air sacs. The inflammation can develop into a longerlasting condition that permanently scars your lungs.
If you spend a lot of time around birds in your working or home life and have symptoms continuously, ask
your health care professional for advice.
What can I do about my pet allergies?
It will be a difficult decision, but if you think you have an allergy to your pet, you may need to consider
rehoming the animal if you can’t cope with your reaction. Before you decide, get an allergy test to makesure that you’re reacting to your pet and not something else, such as smoke or pollen.
There is limited scientific evidence showing whether these interventions work in reducing the effects of
pet allergies. But, if you do have a pet allergy, you might consider some of the following:• not letting it into your bedroom or other rooms where you spend most of your time•cleaning your home regularly•

washing your pet regularly•

if your pet lives in a cage, asking someone else to clean it•

removing carpets and replace them with smooth floors, such as wood, laminate, bamboo or lino•

keeping the rooms where you spend most of your time well-aired, such as by opening windows•

try using air filters and a high efficiency vacuum cleaner, although there is currently limited evidence
on how helpful this actually is. High-efficiency particulate vacuum cleaners may reduce the amount ofdander stirred up by your cleaning•

high-efficiency air purifiers, known as HEPA filter devices, may also reduce airborne pet allergens. But
the evidence for reductions in asthma symptoms is less clear

What can I do to improve air quality in my home?
Nowadays many buildings are tightly sealed, meaning very little fresh air gets in and air pollutants canlinger. To get rid of them, keep your home well-aired. But remember that outdoor air pollution canalso travel inside. Check your local outdoor air pollution levels regularly and consider avoiding opening
windows at times when the Daily Air Quality Index is high or very high.

Tip
You can check your local air pollution levels at uk-air.defra.gov.uk

Keep your home well-aired
Open your windows or skylights for 5-10 minutes several times a day, especially if you’re cooking or using
the shower.
If you’re having building work done, ask how your home will be aired, and if there’ll be dust or a chemical
smell. If you think your health might be seriously affected, think about staying somewhere else while thework is going on or ask the builder to do the polluting work outside.
Air filtration systems can reduce the background concentrations of particulate matter. But the limited
evidence available suggests they probably only work well in small rooms.

© British Lung Foundation 20189

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Look out for condensation
In Britain, a lot of our houses are old, and the weather can be wet and cold, so we must watch out for ourhomes getting damp and mould growing.
Damp leads to condensation, which encourages mould and other fungi to grow. Lots of things can cause
this, from cooking to washing and drying clothes. Condensation is more likely to happen in cold places inyour household, like windows or rooms with external walls.
If your home’s damp, you might have an irritated nose and throat, or feel short of breath. If you haveasthma, your symptoms may get worse. It’s common to have an allergy to moulds.
One fungus often found indoors is called aspergillus. It grows on dust and powdery food items like flour. It
can cause a wide range of conditions, from mild irritation of your airways to more serious infections if you
have a lung condition.

How do I prevent condensation in my home?
•

Do your best to prevent leaks from your roof and any water damage•

Keep your home well-aired•

Use your extractor fan when cooking or showering to suck moisture out of the air, and keep the door
closed to stop damp air spreading•

Dry your washing outside, if you can•Wipe down your windowsills daily to keep condensation down•

If you find any mould, remove it straight away

If you have bad damp, mould or fungi, get professional help to deal with it – especially if you think it might
trigger your breathing problems. If you are renting, you should tell your landlord about the problem andthey should arrange to fix the underlying cause. Shelter has advice on dealing with damp and mould in a
rented home.

Drying your washing
One study found that 30% of moisture in homes in Scotland is from drying clothes indoors. Dry yourwashing outside if you can!
If you can’t, the study recommends using a well-ventilated utility room or a low-energy drying cupboard.
It also suggests that tumble driers are healthier, though they are expensive and use more energy.

Keep your home at a comfortable temperature
Air pollution can affect your breathing, but so too can low or high temperatures. High humidity, forinstance, allows for the air in your home to stay moist, making it easier for mould to grow.
Keep rooms you spend a lot of time in, like your bedroom, at a comfortable temperature. The
recommended temperature is 18°C (64°F). Don’t forget the importance of airing your home though.
In cold weather, you might prefer your living room to be slightly warmer during the day. This is especiallylikely if you feel the cold and can’t move around very easily, or if you know that cold or moist air can
trigger a flare-up.
In winter, close your bedroom window at night, as breathing in cold air increases the risk of chest
infections.
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In most cases, following the common-sense rules outlined above is all you need to do to have good air
quality. If you want to have the air quality in your home or any other building tested, there are companies
which offer this service. There are also a wide range of indoor air sensors that can be used to measuredust, carbon monoxide and other gases, and VOCs as well as relative humidity and air temperature. Someof these also monitor carbon dioxide concentrations, which can identify when a room is stuffy and needs
to be aired.

What are the risks of indoor air pollution in my workplace?
Indoor air pollution isn’t only a problem in your home, it can also be a problem in the workplace. In somejobs, you might be exposed to much higher concentrations of certain air pollutants than you would be athome or you may experience more dangerous substances than you would find at home.
At work you could be exposed to substances that can make your airways more sensitive, called
asthmagens. Asthmagens are substances that can lead to the development of asthma. They include
certain vehicle spray paints, dust from flour, wood dust, metal working fluids and cleaning agents.
Exposure to these substances can lead to asthma or make your asthma worse.
Other risks of air pollution in the workplace include asbestos fibres, welding fumes and silica dust. Silica
dust can also be dangerous and is found in products such as brick and concrete. Welding is a common
industrial process that releases fine particulate matter and toxic gases. If you work as a cleaner, you will
also be exposed to VOCs. One study recently found that women who work as cleaners have increased
decline in their lung function. You can read more about VOCs and how they can affect you.

How do I protect myself from indoor air pollution in my workplace?
You have the right to work in a place where the risks to your health and safety are properly controlled byyour employer. Workplace regulations are there to protect you from potentially harmful pollutants. The
company that you work for should do a risk assessment to identify what could harm you and if necessary
how they must control these risks. If you are worried about the health and safety at your place of work,
talk to your employer, supervisor or health and safety representative. If they can’t address your concerns,
you can report the problem to the regulator at hse.gov.uk/contact/concerns.htm.

Tip
Find out more about air pollution in your workplace on the Health and Safety Executive’s
website www.hse.gov.uk/lung-disease/ or at Breathe Freely (www.breathefreely.org.uk/).

Get in touch with us to findsupport near you.

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Helpline: 03000 030 555
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helpline@blf.org.uk© British Lung Foundation 2018

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Code: FL29
Version: 6
Last medically reviewed: September 2018		
Due for medical review: September 2021
We value feedback on our information. To let us know yourviews, and for the most up to date version of this information
and references, call the helpline or visit blf.org.uk

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