ENRI Int. Workshop on ATM/CNS. Tokyo, Japan. (EIWAC 2010)[EN­0015] Global surveillance system based on 1090ЕS ADS­B andsatellite­transmitters(EIWAC 2010)+Victor Lavrov*, Alexander Usoltsev*, Anatoly Shilov**, Sergey Trofimov**** Reshetnev ISS,
Russian Federation
lavrov@iss-reshetnev.ru** Roscosmos,
Russian Federationpress@roscosmos.ru*** Monitor Soft,
Russian Federation
trofimov@monitorsoft.ru

Abstract: Application of ADS-B solution significantly decreases a cost of surveillance system in comparison with thetraditional radio location means. An ADS-B technology with 1090ES frequency is developed and widely exploited.
Currently, the most of aircrafts are equipped with 1090ES ADS-B systems of sufficient power enabling signal transmitting on the large distances. If a spacecraft can receive the aircraft signals and then transmission them to ATM complex,
this stipulates for a global aviation surveillance system.
There are several approaches to satellite surveillance system development, i.e. low-orbit constellation based,
high-orbit constellation based and combination of the above-mentioned constellations with geostationary satellites.
One of the possible method of this idea realization is modernization of Gonets Space communication systemdeveloped by the Russian space agency. Gonets system consists of 24 spacecrafts flying on 1500 km orbit and providing with a global coverage and message transmitting. It is necessary to equip Gonets spacecraft with a system receiving
ADS-B messages in 1090 MHz range for further their transmission via existing data links.
Keywords: ATM, ADS-B, satellite, orbit, HEO/GEO, communication, data link

1.

INTRODUCTION

That’s why it is proposed to develop the automatic dependent surveillance technology at the frames ofCNS/ATM concept. ADS concept is the further development of secondary location, i.e. an aircraft calculates
its location in a space, direction and flight velocity using
the special on-board systems, generates a message
which is broadcasted.

All over the world pays special attention to the questions of safety and effective application of aviationtransport. And this task is comprehensive one. It is ofhigh importance to design safety aviation units, to findthe right ways to explore them, and to organize effective
air route network, to equip it with various communication, navigation, surveillance means as well.

Global surveillance system. Operational concept

Development of the new surveillance technologies
along with modernization of navigation and communication means is the base of CNS/ATM concept of ATM
system development realized by ICAO.

GONETSGONETSGONETS

Traditionally, the surveillance systems are based on
primary and secondary radio locators.

ATN-SWIM
DPC

VHF, HF data &voice

Data

ATC Controller

Radars application is hardly possible to be overestimated. Primary radar is the only one to provide independent air traffic control information. Unfortunately,radar use is very expensive from installation and exploitation point of view. Besides, their coverage area does
not allow to control flights at small altitudes and oceanic spaces.

transmission

AOC Controller
DPC

GONETS

Fig. 1 Global surveillance system

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ATC Controller

Victor Lavrov, Alexander Usoltsev, Anatoly Shilov, Sergey Trofimov

2. AUTOMATEDVEIILANCEDEPOENDANCE

The ground and on-board receivers with 300-500 km
operation radius are used for capture of these signals.
However, installation of these on-board and ground stations in hardly reached or remote areas or oceanic spaces is a problem.

SUR-Two types of ADS messages transmitting are the contractual and broadcasting. Contract type of ADS messages transmission is possible when there is a data link
between an aircraft and a user (control center). Broadcasting regime is provided when the messages go to theair with the defined frequency. Center of ADS messages
receipt is equipped with simple and cheap transmitter.

A possible solution can be application of the satellite
retransmitters receiving ADS-B in 1090ES signals
transforming them in a data flow in order to pass to theground control stations via traditional satellite channels
and wire communication lines. In this situation the entire aircraft fleet does not need any modification. Besides, there is no need to modify the most of automatedair flow control systems since the satellite information ispacked in accordance with surveillance data exchange
standard, i.e. ASTERIX.

Presently, there are three different standards of ADS
signal transmission non‐compatible with each other:
1090ES, VDL4 и UAT. All of them are approved byICAO.
The most widely-spread ADS-B transmitters are1090ES
system responders. All the modern aircraft like Boeing,
Airbus are equipped with them and ADS-B in 1090ES
is obligatory for upper air space in Europe starting fromthis year. The system is also compulsory for all the aircraft in Australia including general aviation flying in
low flight level (lower than 5400 m). Please take into
account that procurement and installation of the systems
is funded by the states.

3. GONETS and ARCTICA
There are several approaches to development of a spacesurveillance system: based on low orbit constellation,
based on high-orbit constellation, based on combinationof the two constellations and geostationary satellites.
Roscosmos performs activities on deployment of several
space systems which can enable ADS-B messages processing like Gonets and Arctica.

Wide application of this standard is stipulated by economy efficiency factors. A secondary radio locator responder which is obligatory installed at the most civil
aircraft is used for realization of this regime. Hence thetask can be solved relatively minor modifications in themain software. The leading manufacturers of on-board
equipment propose various means for ADS-B in
1090ES signals receipt for both on-ground control centers and for aircraft. Installation equipment realizing
ADS-in regime into on-board complex enables the pilot
to receive information about nearby aircraft movements.

The space federal target programme stipulated for deployment of Gonets low-orbit satellite constellation (22satellites) in the coming five years. This constellation
will provide continuous global coverage of earth surface
aiming at organization of a mobile documentary communication among the mobile objects (analog of IRIDIUM constellation). Modernization of satellite on-boardequipment (including ATM/ATC tasks) is planned atthe frames of above-mentioned federal target programme.

Digital data link VDL mode 4 uses the standard aviation
frequencies from a frequency range 108-118 MHz while
UAT uses a frequency of 978 MHz. Both standards
have their advantages and disadvantages which are notsufficient from a user’s point of view. Please refer toattachment to find a all the technologies’ comparison
made by IATA experts. Any way both VDL regime andUAT require not only the whole earth coverage by anetwork of receiving radio stations but also extra equipping of the aircraft. Therefore, these technologies arelimited and not supported by the most of the states due
to significant expenses for these two technologies deployment (VDL mode 4 is deployed in Sweden, there
are experimental areas in Russia; while UAT is applied
in USA low flight levels.

Design of low-orbit Gonets-M2-ADS spacecraft

Payload mass is about 500kg,
General mass is 1100 kg,
Power – 2200 watt,
4 antennas with 2-meters in diameter.

Fig. 2 Gonets satellite

Arctica project is aimed at deployment of satellite constellation at high orbits also covering the global surface.
ATM part is involved to the project as well.

Summing up, presently, the most of aircraft in operationand new aircraft are equipped with ADS-B in 1090ES.
These signals are radiated to both low and upper semispheres. Performed research evidences a possibility ofsignal propagation on significant distances in the condition the current aircraft transmitters’ power.

Technical exploration of the project performed by Russian and foreign experts has proved feasibility thereof.
Taking global approach to system application into account, Roscosmos considers a possibility to establish an54

ENRI Int. Workshop on ATM/CNS. Tokyo, Japan. (EIWAC 2010)
Table 1 Nominal values of the satellites
Orbit type«М»«Т»
Revolution period, habout 12
about 24
Orbit inclination, degree
63,463,4Argument of perigee latitude,
270,0270,0
degreePerigee altitude, km
1000
24585
Apogee altitude, km
39369
47001

international cooperation in this direction. ESA expressed its support to the project and actively participates in the process of organization of the joint working
group dedicated to standards generation and equipment
development.

Parameter

As it was mentioned before, Roscosmos develops thecomponents of the spacecrafts together with groundequipment for satellite signals receipt in the frames ofGONETS and ARCTICA projects. In order to realize
the projects, ATM enterprises then need to create several ground receiving centers with the functions of processing and transmitting the coming information to theend users via existing or developing communication
network of civil aviation

Hence, ADS-B signals retransmission system can beformed out of 2-4 satellites on geostationary orbit(GEO) and of 3-6 satellites on high elliptical orbit(HEO). Please refer to picture 3 below to see the systemstructure.

Application of satellite Gonets constellation for aeronautical purposes, i.e in air traffic management and aircraft surveillance, enables the following:• significant increase of flight safety level allover the world;• increase of air navigation accuracy and flight
management reliability;• distribution of the leading high-end solutions
world-wide;• high level of information safety.
4. PROPOSALS ON DEVELOPMENT OFSATELLITE SEGMENT OF ATM SYSTEM ON HEO AND GEO ORBITS
Presently, “Satellite Information Systems” studies anopportunity to develop the dedicated spacecraft insuringaircraft ADS-B signals receipt and transmission to control centers via gateway stations.

Fig. 3: Satellite constellation layout on GEO and HEO

A hybrid mirror antenna generating 61 beams with thefollowing parameters is needed in order to cover therequired operation zone:

Transmitters of ATM systems’ ADS-B messages shallensure the following:- reflector diameter is 7 m;

- receipt of aircraft ADS-B signals on a frequency of 1090 MHz;- feeder sizes are 2790Х2460Х450 mm;- transmission of aircraft ADS-B messages in1090 MHz frequency to Ku range (e.g. 17 GHz).

- 61-element flat phase-locked array out of conic
spiral emitters;

The following coordinates of spacecraft location used
for Eurasia, Africa and Indian sea are taken for numericcalculations: 45 degrees of eastern longitude (e.l.) and95 degrees e.l.

- Spiral emitter is used as a single element ofphase-locked array;- Each spiral is 100 mm in diameter at bottom
part and 60 mm at top while height is 200 mm;

However, the most preferable points can be 15 degrees
of w.l. and 120 degrees of e.l. since these areas are characterized by flight routes over Atlantic, Indian oceans,a part of Pacific oceans, Eurasia, Africa and Australia.

- Polarization is rounded right one;
- Amplification coefficient in operation zone in alevel of minus 3 db is not less than 27,8 dB;- Width of a beam directional diagram is
2,4ºх2,4ºInformation support of the flight over the North Polecan be done at account of “Molniya” (“M”) and “Tundra” (“T”) satellites types application.
Nominal values of the satellites are given in the table 1below.

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Victor Lavrov, Alexander Usoltsev, Anatoly Shilov, Sergey Trofimov- feeder sizes are 94Х1130Х100 mm;- 16-element phase-locked array out of smoothwall conical horns;- Spiral emitter is used as a single element ofphase-locked array;- Polarization is rounded right one;
- Amplification coefficient in operation zone in alevel of minus 3 db is not less than 22.3 dB;- Width of a beam directional diagram is 5ºх5º
3D model of 16-beam hybrid mirror antenna is given
below in Picture 6.

Fig. 4. 3D model of 61-beam 7m-diameter hybrid mirror antenna

Figure 5 represents the operational zone of hybrid mirror antenna beams at 1090 MHz frequency.

Fig. 6. 3D model of 16-beam 0.22m-diameter hybrid mirror antenna

Coverage of operation zones by hybrid mirror antenna
beams with 17 GHz frequency in location of 45 e.l. and95 e.l. is given on pictures 7 and 8.

Fig.5. Coverage of operation zone by Ø7 m antenna beams directional
patterns.

Frequency is 1090 MHz. Amplification coefficient inmaximum beams directional patters is from 33.3 dB(central) up to 30.8 db (peripheral). Directional patternslayouts of all the beams are minus 3.0 dB.
Amplifier coefficient in operational zone is not less than
27.8 db in the area of peripheral beams crossing.
A hybrid mirror antenna generating 16 beams with thefollowing parameters s is needed in order to cover therequired operation zone:
Fig. 7 – Coverage of operational zone by directional patterns of Ø220
mm multi-beam feeder antenna- reflector diameter is 0.22 m;

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ENRI Int. Workshop on ATM/CNS. Tokyo, Japan. (EIWAC 2010)
Spacecraft location at GEO is 45º eastern longitude.

Transmitting data links contain frequency L/IF/L converter and a narrow band filter at intermediate frequency
enabling the necessary selectivity.

Frequency is 17 GHz. Amplification coefficient inmaximum beams directional patters is 25.3 dB (peripheral). Directional patterns layouts of all the beams areminus 3.0 dB.

Computer complex includes communication matrix andit transfers receiving beams to corresponding transmitting beams.

Amplifier coefficient in operational zone is not less than
22.3 db in the area of peripheral beams crossing.

Table 2. Main technical characteristics of on-board radio technicalcomplexParametersValue
Frequency range

Fig. 8 – Coverage of operational zone by directional patterns of Ø220
mm multi-beam feeder antenna

Spacecraft location at GEO is 95º eastern longitude.
Frequency is 17 GHz. Amplification coefficient in maximum beams directional patters is from 26.4 dB (central) upto 25.3 db (peripheral). Directional patterns layouts of all the beams are minus 3.4 dB.

L – upKu -down

Polarization in upstream curveroundedPolarization in downstream curveroundedBandwidth of receivers, kHz500

Number of served operational zones

61

Width of directional pattern of a single receiving
beams, degrees

2,4ºх2,4º.

Number of served transmitted operational zones

16

Width of directional pattern of a single transmitting beams, degrees.
Effective Isotropically Radiated Power, dbwatt
Maximum
In operational zone
Figure of merit, db/kMaximum
In operational zone
Power of a single beam transmitter, watt5ºх5º

Total radiated power, watt

1920

Total power consumption of on-board radio complex, watt

4500

Active operational life

15 years

46,543,11,2-2,2120

Amplifier coefficient in operational zone is not less than
22.3 db in the area of peripheral beams crossing.

Ризл.прд = 120Вт
Ризл.общ = 1920Вт
Рпотр.
= 4500Вт

5. PROPOSALS ON SATELLITE PAYLOAD

400 Кбит/с

The main technical characteristics of on-board radio
technical complex for a spacecraft with ATM ADS-B
system are given in the table2:

Прм1

5 Мбит/с

Прд1

Прм2

Прд2

БВК
...
400 Кбит/с

...

...
Прм61

...

...
Прд16

...
5 Мбит/сГЗА Ø 7м.
61 лучКу в зоне =27,8дБ

Basing on requirements analysis, a dedicated structural
architecture of a spacecraft payload module was generated (please refer to picture 9)ГЗА Ø 0,22 м16 лучейКу в зоне = 22,3 дБ17ГГц

F=1090МГцFig. 9 – Detailed layout of payload module

Payload module consists on the following functionallyinteracting systems and modules:- On-board receiving and transmitting complexes;- On-board computational complex including
communication matrix;- Antenna-feeder systems;- Technological mechanical devices

Low-noise amplifiers and L/IF/L transducers are used inreceiving data links.
The companies like NEC, Thales Alenia Space Italia,
Thales Alenia Space, MDA, EADS SAS can possibly be
involved as designers and manufacturers of on-board
retransmitting complex.
There are several platforms option designed by “Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems” company whichfits ATM ADS-B purpose.

Each receiving channels out of 61 and each transmitting
channel out of 16 has a back up channel.

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Victor Lavrov, Alexander Usoltsev, Anatoly Shilov, Sergey Trofimov

Possible platforms for ATM satellite developed by “Reshtnev
Information Satellite Systems” company.
«Express-1000Н» Platform«Express-1000SН» Platform«Express-2000» Platform

Payload margins:

Payload margins :Payload margins :- Power is up to 5600 watt;- Power is up to 8500 watt;- Power is up to 14000 watt;- Heat emission is upto 3500 watt;- Heat emission is upto 5000 watt;- Heat emission is upto 7500 watt;- Platform mass is upto 500 kg;- Platform mass is upto 700 kg;- Platform mass is upto 1000 kg;- Service life is 15 years;- Service life is 15 years;- Service life is 15 years;- Start mass is upto 1700 kg;- Start mass is upto 2200 kg;- Start mass is upto 3400 kg;- Platform application:- Platform application:- Platform application: :- Amos-5;- Azersat;- «Экспресс-АМ5»;- Telkom-3 and current tenders.

- «Экспресс-АМ8».

- «Экспресс-АМ6».

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13Fig. 10. Platforms which can be used for ATM purposes- Power consumption

6200 watt- Platform mass

450 kg- Platform power consumption

4500 watt- Accuracy of holding at orbit (three axis)
0,1°- Accuracy of holding at orbit (longitude and latitude)
0,05 °- Service life
Antennas of feeder
communication

15 yearsThis satellite can be launched by “Proton-M” spacecraft
accelerator “Breeze-M”.

Data link with A/C

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hold copyright of all original material included in ourpaper. They also confirm they have obtained permission,from the copyright holder of any third party material
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Fig. 11. 3D model of a satellite with ATM ADS-B module

The most optimal platform which is a base for a seriesof satellites developed by “Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems” company is Express-1000H.
Basing on preliminary analysis of the satellite performance fitting ATM needs, a satellite shall have the following characteristics:- Mass

1700 kg

58