AU-UNIDO Side Event for TICAD V
Cleaner Technologies for Sustainable Industrial Development of Africa
Yokohama, Japan, 1 June 2013

Resource Productivity for
Sustainable Industrialization in Africa
Yuichi Moriguchi, Dr. Eng.
Professor
Department of Urban Engineering
Graduate School of Engineering
The University of Tokyo
MemberInternational Resource Panel, UNEP
1

Massive flow of materials on the globe
Consumer products

Solar Energy

Infrastructure

WastesResources
as source ofresources

The earth is finite

as sink ofresiduals
2What is “Resource Productivity” ?
• Increase of resource productivity means obtaining more

output or better utility for human well-being from products(i.e. goods and services) while using less natural resources,
such as fossil fuels, metals and minerals, biomass, land,water, etc.

• The term “decoupling” is often used in the same context.
• I=PAT equation

IPA

T
3

Concept of “Decoupling”

To decouple amount of resource
use from economic development
by more efficient use

To decouple environmental impact
from resource use, by better
management of resource use
4

“Decoupling” report by
UNEP International Resource Panel

http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/Publications/Decoupling/tabid/56048/Default.aspx

5International Resource Panel
Established on November 9th, 2007
Secretariat : UNEP/DTIE
Co-chair:Ernst von Weizsäcker and Ashok Khosla
The overall objective :• to provide independent scientific assessmentof the environmental impacts due to the useof resources over the full life cycle,• and to advise governments and organizations
on ways to reduce these impacts.

http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/

6

The global interrelation between resource use and income
Resource use/capita

Source: UNEP/IRP

GDP/capita
7

8

9

Recent study on resource productivity in Africa
by SERI for UNCTAD

http://seri.at/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Working-Paper13_Resource-use-in-Africa.pdf

10Global and African material extraction(1980-2008)
16 African
GlobalAfricancountries
1980=
1980=
1980=1extraction
extraction
extraction
100
10000
(billion tons)(billion tons)(billiontons)
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2008

37.93
40.49
44.81
47.89
52.66
61.57
68.13

100.0
106.8
118.1
126.3
138.8
162.3
179.6

2.83
3.16
3.43
3.70
4.20
4.92
5.29

100.0
111.7
121.2
130.9
148.5
173.8
186.8

1.86
2.16
2.37
2.55
2.91
3.38
3.61

100.0
115.9
127.5137.2
156.1
181.5
194.2

Share of Share of
16 AC in all Africa
globalin global
extraction extraction
4.9
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.5
5.5
5.3

http://seri.at/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Working-Paper13_Resource-use-in-Africa.pdf

7.5
7.8
7.7
7.7
8.0
8.0
7.8

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Domestic material extraction per capita, 1980–2008
18

Algeria
Cameroon

16

Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt

14

Ethiopia

12

Kenya

10

MalawiMadagascar
Mali

8

MoroccoNigeria6

Senegal
Seychelles

4South Africa
Sudan

2

Togo
Africa

01980

1985

1990

1995

2000

20052008

World

http://seri.at/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Working-Paper13_Resource-use-in-Africa.pdf

12Material consumption (DMC) and GDP, per capita,
selected countries and continent (1980-2008)
DMC=Domestic extraction+Import-Export

Source: SERI and Dittrich : Resource use and resource productivity in Africa, 201213

Material extraction by categories

http://seri.at/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Working-Paper13_Resource-use-in-Africa.pdf

14

Material consumption per capita
according to material categories

http://seri.at/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Working-Paper13_Resource-use-in-Africa.pdf

15

Recent report by UNCTAD addressed “Decoupling”

Source: The Economic Development in Africa Report 2012, UNCTAD/ALDC/AFRICA/2012

16

Source: The Economic Development in Africa Report 2012, UNCTAD/ALDC/AFRICA/201217

Stylized Facts on Resource Use and Productivity in Africa
1.The level of domestic material extraction per capita in Africa is very low
compared to the global average.
2.Domestic material extraction in Africa has increased by 87 per cent overthe past three decades, but has declined in per capita terms.
3.Biomass accounts for over half of the material extraction in Africa, but theshare of non-renewable resources in total material extraction has increased
from 38 per cent in 1980 to 47 per cent in 2008.
4.Africa’s share of global material trade fell, despite a significant increase intrade volume.
5.Fossil fuels are the dominant material export and import of Africa
6.Africa is a net exporter of non-renewable resources and a net importer ofrenewable resources.
7.The level of domestic material consumption (DMC) per capita in Africa isabout half the global average (10.4 tons per capita), and has decreasedslightly from 5.6 tons per capita in 1980 to 5.3 tons per capita in 2008.

Source: The Economic Development in Africa Report 2012, UNCTAD/ALDC/AFRICA/2012

18Stylized Facts on Resource Use and Productivity in Africa
8.Although domestic material consumption in Africa is increasing, theregion accounts for only 7.2 per cent of global material consumption.
9.Non-renewable resources account for a large share of domestic material
consumption in African countries that are at a relatively higher level ofindustrial development.
10.Material productivity in Africa is the lowest for any region in the world.
Nevertheless, material productivity in Africa has improved over the past
three decades.
11.Energy use in Africa is low and has been increasing much less rapidly
than material use.
12.Africa has contributed the least to global greenhouse gas emissions but
is the region most affected by climate change.
13.The human impact on natural ecosystems in Africa is generally low but
increasing at a rapid rate.
14.Land use processes are found to be largely inefficient over large parts ofAfrica.
Source: The Economic Development in Africa Report 2012, UNCTAD/ALDC/AFRICA/201219

Africa’s share of global production and reserves of selected minerals
Mineral

Aluminium
Cement
Chromites

Share ofShare ofMain African producers
worldworld
reserves production
(% )
(% )
34 Mozambique, Egypt, South Africa
4 Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, South Africa, Libya, Tunisia
1237 South Africa, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Sudan

Coal
CobaltCopperIron ore
DiamondGold
Graphite
Lead
Natural gas
Manganese Oil
PhosphaterockRaw steel
Uranium

4414156
340.4
18105315

3 South Africa, Zimbabwe
60 Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa, Zambia
7 Zambia, South Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
3 South Africa, Algeria, Mauritania
49 South Africa, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo
18 South Africa, Ghana, Mali
1 Zimbabwe, Madagascar
3 Namibia, South Africa
6 Algeria, Egypt, Libya
23 South Africa, Ghana, Gabon
12 Nigeria, Angola, Algeria, Libya
25 Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt
1 South Africa, Egypt, Libya
17 South Africa, Niger, Namibia

Source : Computed on the basis of data from U.S. Geological Survey, British Petroleum, and OECD

Source: The Economic Development in Africa Report 2012, UNCTAD/ALDC/AFRICA/201220

Resource abundance: A curse or blessing?
• Is resource abundance a blessing or a curse? Typically, in
resource rich countries, domestic fuel prices are lower,and energy intensity of GDP is higher. But they havehigher investment in R&D and fixed capital stock, larger
foreign exchange reserves and more inflows of FDI. They
also have lower budget deficits and lower inflation. These
are conducive for long term growth. We also find that inresource rich countries, real exchange rate is generally
higher, accumulation of human capital is slower andinstitutions are worse, especially if they were not strong
initially, which are detrimental for growth.

DESA Working Paper No. 93 ST/ESA/2010/DWP/93
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OECD/UNEP Resource Efficiency Conference in 2008
How to draw more added
values from the same amountof material resources, byimproving efficiency ofresource use, by technologicaland social innovation

22

11th IRP meeting in Tokyo, Nov. 201223

11th IRP meeting in Tokyo, Nov. 201224

Highlighting conclusions of SERI’s report
Finally, it is unquestioned that African countries need further
economic development in order to improve their levels ofprosperity and quality of life. Until now the majority of Africans
consume predominantly biomass. Development in terms ofmaterial use was and is mainly based on a growth of energy
consumption, mainly gained from fossil fuels, and on a growthof building and maintaining infrastructure, which leads togrowing consumption of non-metallic and metallic minerals.
In the light of climate change and increasing scarcities ofresources, new patterns of material use for gaining wealthhave to be identified and implemented, not only but also for
African countries.

http://seri.at/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Working-Paper13_Resource-use-in-Africa.pdf

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