“Waste Management”
on Occasion of
Smart Engineering Tokyo 2016

Current Status of
Waste Management in Iranand Business Opportunities
Ehsan Khayamabshi
Date: October 2016
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Municipality waste management in Iran

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• Iran:––••

Area: 1, 648, 195 km2
Population: 80 million

The 18th largest and most populated country in the world
The second largest and most populated in the Middle East .

Iran has: 31 province 1,100 city

• Iran:– GDP: $1336 Billion PPP– The 19th largest economy in the world

 2,500 Village

The need for waste management in Iran
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• Waste generation per capita in urban areas:

658 gr/day• Iranian waste generation per capita in rural areas:

220-340 gr/day• Average Iranian waste generation per capita (urban and rural area):

650 gr/day• Average Iranian waste generation per capita:

240 kg/year
In Tehran (Capital):• waste generation per capita: 750-800 gr/day• waste generation per capita: 270-450 kg/year
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Total waste production in Iran (municipal plus other)

20 Million tons a year

20% rural 80%Urban

Recycling:3.200 tons
Landfill :16.800.000
tons

Recycling in Rural
Areas: 0%
Recycling in Urban
Areas: 20%60 Million tons/year of Construction Waste
50,000 tons/year of Greenhouse Gases
10,000,000m3 of Leachate from landfills
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Global conditions

Germany(82 million people)

90,000 tons of waste/day
32 million tons of waste/year

Recycling: 48%

Germany produces 1.5 times more waste than IranSwitzerland(8 million people)

15,500 tons of waste/day
5,5 million tons ofwaste/year

Recycling: 52%

Switzerland produces 3 times more waste than Iran
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Row

Country

Annual waste (million tons)

1

USA

254

2

Russia207

3Japan52.36

4

Germany

48.84

5England

34.84

6

Mexico32.17

7France

32

8

Italy

29.74

9Spain26.34

10

Turkey

25.99

Row
123
4
5678910Country
Recycling (%)
Switzerland
52
Austria
49.7
Germany
48
Netherlands
46
Norway40
Sweden34
USA
31.5
Denmark
30.4
Belgium
30.1
Finland30
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Waste in Iran
Waste Generation per capita/day• Municipal waste: 658 gr• Hospital waste :17gr• Industrial waste : 26 gr• 50% less than developed countries
Waste disposal• 7% Source separation• 13% Recycling• 2.5% Formal Landfill• 77.5% Informal Landfill, Burning and burying in filed(trenches(8e.khayambashi@unido.org

Informal Landfill

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important points in waste management in IranInformal Landfills
are located in thecountryside ordeserts near cities

Recycling in Iran has a 60year history, the firstcomposting plant for organic
waste was built in Isfahan in1955 (The third biggest city
in Iran with 2 Mil people)

Mechanized Waste
Collection accounts
for 87% of waste
collection in Iran5000 tons of plastic
are dumped inlandfills every day

About 60% to70% of waste in
Iran is Organic
waste

Municipal waste
moisture is morethan 40%

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The North of Iran
The Caspian sea

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5% of the total waste in Iran is produced in northern coastal cities ,the daily waste generation per capita is 800 gr
In coastal cities, formal waste disposal accounts for only 3% of allwaste disposal
In costal areas there is a lack of suitable locations for landfills andurban areas are jammed between the coastline and mountains;
The level of underground aquifers are very high.
In this area there are 42 Informal landfills (3,000,000 m2) located in forestlands;
More than 6,000 tons of waste are dumped in these landfills every day.
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Waste Analysis in IranComponents

Percent

Organic

61.6

Paper

10.8

Plastic

10.2

Metal

3.2

Glass

4.2

Textile

4.7

Wood

5.3

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Municipal Waste
composition

Organic is more than60%

Nylon, Paper and ...
is more than 30%

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 In Iran most of the waste generation is through commercial activities
rather than household consumption.
 Provincial Government & Municipalities are responsible for themanagement and disposal of waste.

 Waste Management began about 100 years ago.
 With the growth of urban population (70% of total population),
particularly in big cities like Tehran, municipalities have started
mechanical collection of waste which is then transported outside the city
for disposal.
 Since 35 years ago, municipalities of big cities established Waste
Management Organization (The public organization under supervision ofmunicipalities) to carry out waste recycling.

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o Source reductiono Storage and Processing
Outline of the waste
management system
in Irano Waste Collectiono Transfer & Transport
o Recyclingo Waste disposalo Management after disposalo Support

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Source reduction
Design, manufacture, supply and use ofproducts (packaging, marketing, etc.)

Reduction of the quantity and quality ofwaste produced

There are no noteworthy precedents in Iran
Out of 1,500 tons of vegetables brought to Tehran daily,
only 46% are used, 54% are disposed as municipal waste

About 800 tons of vegetable waste is produced on a daily basis
in Tehran alone
The cost for transportation and disposal of this waste is $130,000 peryear
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Storage and processing
 In recent years, some municipalities, in big cities,
have worked on designing garbage containers
suitable for mechanical collection.

 There not many experiences in waste processing
except the separation of the organic fraction andother recyclable fractions in few cities such as
Isfahan.
 Various awareness programs have been
implemented to sensitize citizens about waste
collection and recycling.
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Storage and processing

Problems :• Low level of cooperation by the public.
• Uneven collection by municipality, quality of the service, timing, etc.

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Waste Collection
Municipal waste collecting in Iranis generally good. Municipalities
have invested heavily on
standardized trash-bins andmechanized collection.

In Iran, more than 90% ofmunicipal waste is collected bymunicipal waste management
systems.

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Collection TimeWaste Collection• 37% at night• 56% in the morning

The total percentage is higher than
100% because in some cities, waste iscollected two or three times a day.

• 33% in the afternoon

Lack of citizen cooperation is one of the reasons thatobliges municipalities to collect waste more than oncea day.
Garbage bin misusage is the other reason that obliges
municipalities to collect waste more than once a day.

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Waste Collection

The frequencyof waste
collection incities• 57%: six days a week (21% more than once a day)
• 33%: Every other day• 3%: Bi-weekly• 7%: Every day (5% more than once a day)24
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Waste Collection
87% of cities use mechanized and semi-mechanized waste collection

13% of cities use traditional methods.
About 57% of Hospital waste is collected with municipal waste

HOSPITAL
WASTE
sources:• Medical research centers• Clinics• Doctors offices• Nursing Homes• Drug stores

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Waste Collection
The average cost of waste collection is 28-43 US$/Ton
0.5-5 employees are needed for collecting per ton of waste(regarding the level of mechanization)
The private sector is the most important subcontractors in waste collection however, there are somechallenges due to the reasons listed below : There is no transparent contracting process, cost assessment, contract format,
quality and performance monitoring.
 Municipalities pay, on an average, 60% of invoices by cash and the rest payed
non-cash (apartment or …( specially in recent years.

 As for the above, funding is a question mark and private companies can`t
provide investment on waste management particularly in processing plants,waste disposal and … specially in recent years.

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Transport
Waste is collected within the city on collection track and is then loaded toother tracks for transfer to landfills

Logistic for transportation in big cities isessential.

The logistic and transportation system has
been upgraded in the last 15 years

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Recycling

Recycling of waste in the country is mainly
done by municipal workers and unofficialgroups.

In some cities such as Shiraz and Isfahan
recycling started 10 years ago, however inother cities waste is separated by unofficialgroups and workers.

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Waste Disposal
Formal and Informal landfills are the most common waste disposal methods inIran.
Burning and On-Land Dumping are other waste disposal solutions used in
Iran.
Informal landfills are used for the disposal of 62% of the total waste in Iran.
12% of waste is simply buried, and burned, on illegal landfills
4% of waste is disposed of by burning..

Formal Landfill account for only 2% of all waste.

In recent years various new projects such as Incinerators and Digesters havecommenced operation.

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Governmentally Support to generate electricity fromwaste

Technology

Incinerators

Minimum Guarantied price for 10 years
Per Kw/h
11 cent

Digester (Methane)

10 cent

Landfill (Methane)

8 cent32
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City

Pinc
(MWH)

Ppg
(MWH)

Pad(MWH)(MWH)

Abadan

2.12

1.53

1.03

0.72

Arak

3.91

1.95

3.44

2.43Ardebil

5.95

4.48

2.42

1.71

Urmia

6.50

4.03

4.06

2.86

Eslamshahr

3.64

2.08

2.74

1.93

Isfahan

21.16

16.02

9.06

6.29

Ahvaz

12.00

6.90

8.99

6.34

Pslf

Borojerd

1.23

0.68

0.94

0.66

Bandarabas

3.62

2.02

2.68

1.89

Tabriz

15.11

9.85

8.82

6.22

Tehran110.80

80.27

51.04

35.99

Khoramabad

3.89

2.31

2.73

1.93

Dezfool

2.20

1.59

1.07

0.75

Rasht

7.42

5.70

2.79

1.97

Zahedan

3.81

3.15

1.00

0.71

Zanjan

3.41

2.19

2.12

1.49

Sari

3.05

1.72

2.46

1.59Sanandaj

3.20

2.33

1.49

1.05

Shahr Ghods

2.09

1.19

1.57

1.11

Shiraz

17.29

13.72

5.98

4.22

Qazvin

5.11

3.58

2.63

1.85

Qom

10.64

8.22

4.21

2.97

Kashan

2.92

2.05

1.52

1.07

Karaj

17.78

12.58

9.07

6.40

Kerman

3.85

2.14

2.46

1.73

Kermanshah

2.25

2.09

0.30

0.21

Gorgan

4.22

3.45

1.26

0.89

Mashhad

22.60

14.43

14.26

10.05

Hamedan

6.56

3.21

5.47

3.86

Yazd

2.98

1.66

1.90

1.34

Total

311.28217.15159.31112.34

Maximum potential power
generation from biomass in cities
with more than 250,000 people

Pinc :Maximum capacity from Incinerators (MWH)

Ppg: Maximum capacity from Pyrolysis - Gasification(MWH)

Pad: Maximum capacity from Digester (MWH)
Pslf :Maximum capacity from Landfill (MWH)33
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Waste Disposal
Hospital waste disposal:
18% On-Land Dumping
22% Burning
60% Landfill (Usually alongside other municipal waste).

Industrial waste is disposed with other municipal waste inmunicipal landfills.

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Management after waste disposal

Waste Disposal causes long-termeffects on the environment andpublic health.
In Iran there is no management
after waste disposal in landfills,
which are covered and abandoned.

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• Tehran (capital):– 730 km2 Area
– 12 Mil Population (25th most populated city in the world)– waste generation per capita: 750-800 gr/day– waste generation per capita: 270-450 kg/year Waste: 9,000 tons/day
 38% recyclable (cardboard, plastic,glass, metals, bread and ...)
 62% Organic waste Frequency of waste collection :2-4 times/day

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e.khayambashi@unido.orgWaste Average (ton/day)
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
100002007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

cost of collection and transport in Tehran
about $45 per/ton
Collection and transportation (daily)

Over $405,000
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Tehran Waste Analysis
Compounds

Amount (%)

Organic

73.6

Paper, cardboard

8.3

Plastic

4.8

Rubber and leather

0.4

Glass

2.7

Metal

1.3

textiles

2.7

Wood

0.9

Other

5.3

The high percentage of food waste isdue to the lack of vegetable, fruit andmeat preparation before final
consumption.

Percentage ofOrganic Waste inTehran is higher thanTokyo

Percentage of paper
and wood waste inTehran is lower thanTokyo There are more than 60,000 garbage containers in Tehran.
 The garbage containers misusage in Tehran is the main reason
 that has led to the need for repeated waste collection in a day.
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Hospital waste
400 tons/day in Tehran
In Iran, hospitals are responsible for collecting andseparating infectious and noninfectious waste, however
they do not oblige.
The Tehran Municipality, collects and buries only
half of the total hospital waste
The Tehran Municipality uses landfills forthe disposal of hospital waste.

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Challenges
1234

5678

• Lack of public education in order to help reduce waste production, especially organic waste.

• Lack of influential education about waste separation.
• Increase in the use of the plastic (More than 500 tons per day and 177,000 tons per year).
• Frequency of waste collection in a day.
• Unsafe management of medical waste.
• Informal Landfill for most of urban and almost total of rural waste.
• Lack of information regarding modern disposal solutions such as digesters, incinerators, biogas andcombined methods in municipalities.
• Lack of finance for new projects in waste management especially modern disposal methods.

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Plans and objectives for waste management in Iran in next 5years:
1

2

3

4

5

6

• Reduce non-organic waste from 60% to 45%.
• Increase source separation from 7% to 30%.
• Increase recycling from 13% to 30%.

• Increase Formal Landfills from 2% to 20%• Promote new technologies for waste disposal such as incinerators, digester, biogas, recycling, and etc• Optimize waste collection, increase awareness of people

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Opportunities
1• Cooperating with Iranian consulting companies for technical training and awareness in wastemanagement.

2• Cooperating with Iranian consulting companies and municipalities to find the best solution forvarious cities in modern methods of waste disposal.

3• On site assessment and negotiation with municipalities

4• Cooperating with Iranian companies in supplying waste management equipment such asmachinery, tanks and .... to Japanese companies for waste management projects being executedin Iran and neighboring countries.

5• Use Iran as a hub for the export of services to neighboring countries such as Afghanistan,Pakistan, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, etc.

6

• Investment on waste management services such as incinerators, digesters, formal landfill andetc.

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Introduce some Iranian Partner in opportunities
ESPX provide you by introduce
Iranian consultant Co. are ready forjoint with Japanese Co. in theseopportunities.

More than 10 consultant Co. in
Unido MIS

Suggested validated Co. : San Pouyan
 ICC
 Foolad Technique
 …..

On siteassessment andnegotiation
withmunicipalities

Cooperating with
Iranian consulting
companies fortechnical training
and awareness inwaste
management.

Cooperating with
Iranian consulting
companies andmunicipalities to findthe best solution forvarious cities inmodern methods ofwaste disposal.

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San Pouyan• Safa Nicu Sepahan Company (SNC) was established and registered in 1992
• SNC was recognized as the most superior exporter of engineering services and technical knowhow in power industries by Iranian government in 2002 and 2003.
• To expand the range of services and clients, SNC has actively attended local, regional andinternational markets as in Persian Gulf region, Afghanistan, Iraq, CIS countries, and Africa.
• SNC is also active in financing the mentioned projects, on BOT and BOO basis.

SNC executed more than 150 big projects in Iran, and executed more than 14
substations in Afghanistan and ….., Meanwhile , we operate as supplier of mainequipment and spare parts for clients and other contractors.

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Introduce some Iranian Partner in opportunities
ESPX provide you by introduce
Iranian subcontractors are ready forsupplying Japanese Co.

Morethan100machinery
validated Co. in Unido MIS
Suggested validated Co. : Safa Foolad
 Tamkar Azarbayejani
 Machine Ajza ….

Cooperating with Iraniancompanies in supplying
waste management
equipment such asmachinery, tanks and .... toJapanese companies for
waste management
projects being executed inIran and neighboring
countries.

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Safa Foolad• The main field of activities of SNC primarily included steel and industrial
projects comprising design, engineering, procurement, installation andoperation (EPC-basis projects).
• At present, Safa Foolad is one of the most reputable private companies in Iran.
Trusting the past experiences and performances, the company now has turnedto act as a general contractor (GC) for execution of Steel, Oil, Gas,
Petrochemical, Utility of other industries and …..
• Safa Foolad executed more than 1 billion $ projects in Iran and we operate as
supplier of main equipment and spare parts for clients and other contractors.

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Introduce some Iranian Partner in opportunities
ESPX provide you by introduce Iranianexpert Co. in waste management services
and are ready for joint with Japanese Co.
in this opportunity.

More than 20 waste
services validated Co.

Suggested validated Co. : Rahyaban Farda
 Kar va Ebtekar Sabz Zivar
 …..

management

Use Iran as a hub forthe export ofservices toneighboring
countries such as
Afghanistan,Pakistan, Iraq,Turkmenistan,Azerbaijan, etc.

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Introduce some Iranian Partner in opportunities
ESPX provide you by introduce
Iranian huge companies are ready forjoint with Japanese Co. in thisopportunity.

More than 100 machinery validated
Co. in Unido MIS
Suggested validated Co. : Safa Nicu
 TTS
 …..

Investment onwastemanagement
such as services
incinerators,digesters, formal
landfill and etc.

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Safa Nicu
• Safa Nicu Sepahan Company (SNC) was established and registered in 1992
• SNC was recognized as the most superior exporter of engineering services and technical knowhow in power industries by Iranian government in 2002 and 2003.
• To expand the range of services and clients, SNC has actively attended local, regional andinternational markets as in Persian Gulf region, Afghanistan, Iraq, CIS countries, and Africa.
• SNC is also active in financing the mentioned projects, on BOT and BOO basis.

SNC executed more than 150 big projects in Iran, and executed more than 14
substations in Afghanistan and ….., Meanwhile , we operate as supplier of mainequipment and spare parts for clients and other contractors.

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Thank you

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