Issues and Trends of water inIndia & Expectations forJapanese Companies
R N Shukla

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Contents
 Background Direction & Implementation
Structure of Government PPPs in water sector
 Business Opportunity andexpectations for Japanesecompanies
2Background3

Water – The UN assessment …
Global water situation will get worse over next 30 years
without major improvements in the way water isallocated and used
 Share of world’s population undergoing moderate orhigh water stress could rise to two- thirds by 2025
 Population growth and socioeconomic development
drive a rapid increase in water demand especially from theindustrial and household sectors
 Industrial water use for example is predicted to double
by 2025 if current growth trends persist4Water – Indian Scenario
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Average annual rainfall of 1170 mm, which on anaverage quantifies to 4000 BCM
Uneven distribution of water resources and thetopographic condition the utilizable water
resources is 1122 BCM
Surface water potential is 690 BCM
Groundwater potential is 432 BCM
No. of rainy days 100
Surplus water into the sea is 1179 BCM
Water required for utilization in 2050 will be1080 BCM
5Monsoon rainfall: June to September
Average Annual Rainfall:
1170 mm/yr> 2500 mm
1500 < P < 2500 mm
1000 < P < 1500 mm
500 < P < 1000 mm< 500 mm6

Major Aquifer
Systems inIndia withreference toGeology

7India - Overview
Area: 32,87,782 Sq. Kms.
States: 29
Average rainfall: 1170 mm
Hard Rock area: 55%
Alluvial area: 45%89Demand & Requirement

10Vulnerable Results
 20% of the population -No Safe Drinking Water 40% of the population No Toilet & Bath 80% of the Diseases areWater Borne Diseases
due to contamination of
Drinking Water
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CONTAMINATION

Domestic Wastein
Dissolved form
Infiltrates
toGroundwater
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Combinationof
sewagedisposal,industrial
effluents,
and chemicals fromfarm runoff, arsenic
andfluoride
has
renderedIndia’sriversunfit
fordrinking,irrigation,and even industrial
purposes.
This has created morestresson
groundwater.
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Direction&Implementation
Structure ofGovernment
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National Rural Drinking Water
Programme
16National Goal To provide every rural person with adequate
water for drinking, cooking and other domesticbasic needs on a sustainable basis.
 This basic requirement should meet certain
minimum water quality standards.
 Water is readily and conveniently accessible at all
times and in all situations.

17Vision Conjunctive use of groundwater, surface waterand rain water harvesting The issue of potability, reliability, sustainability,convenience, equity and consumers preference
should be the guiding principles while planning ofcommunity scheme
 System delivers services for its entire design
period.
 Quality of water is within prescribed standards atboth the supply and consumption points.
18Paradigm Shift To enable the community to plan, implement andmanage their own water supply systems
 Move from LPCD to drinking water security at theState, District and Village levels
 Water safety plan for the identification of water
quality problem and their solution
 To ensure prevention of contamination ofdrinking water
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Critical Issues
 Gap between infrastructure created and service
available at the household level.
 Sustainability of source and system Non participation of stake holders
 Expanding needs of a fast growing population andincreasing demand for higher service levels
 The fund to provide safe drinking water to all on asustainable basis
 Over dependence on ground water and depletionof ground water level
20Fund Allocation and Sharing Pattern
At the State Level 10% for O&M with 50:50 cost sharing between
Centre & State.
 20% for sustainability with 100% grant in aid fromCentre.
 50% for coverage on 50:50 cost sharing between
Centre & State 20% for water quality on 50:50 cost sharing
between Centre & State
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Water - future plan
•A faster and more inclusive growth•Increasing role of Private Sector in development•Linking water development with massive rehabilitation ofagriculture and more equitable access (Crop WaterBudgeting)• Targets requiring massive mobilization of financial,institutional, technical and civic resources•Doubling irrigation area in 5 years•Clean drinking water for all•Treat all urban water (to rivers)•Great emphasis on sanitation and waste management22Indian Water Sector – Future Directions•Longer term strategies•Linking rivers•Critical examination of water usage, particularly inagriculture•Development of water efficient , sustainabletechnologies•Redirect subsidies from power use to encourage use ofless water, recycle and reuse•International cooperation for sharing know-how andexperience•Privatization in water sector and PPP•Increased stakeholder participation
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Vertically and laterally integrated
approach for sustainable
development
Applications

Sources

Domestic

Stakeholder

Surface water*Industry

Consumer

Ground water

Agriculture

Supplier

Rain water

RecreationNGO

Recharge

Desalinatedwater*

Lawmaker

Recycle water*

Administrator
Financer* Areas of interest for PPP

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Case Study - Gujarat

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Freshwater availability
 Uneven water availability in theState ( Cum/ person/ annum) India2,000 Gujarat
1,137 South & Central Gujarat
1,932
 North Gujarat342
 Saurashtra734
 Kutch875
 Except South Gujarat, paucity ofwater in rest of the State Drinking water scarcity felt inalmost 2/3rd part of the State

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Rural drinking water supply
 25,217 of the total 34,845 habitations are fullycovered; 9,462 are partially covered and 166 are
not covered 8,252 suffer from poor water quality due tonitrates, fluorides or salinity27

Ground Water Development in Gujarat
1960-2010(Gradual Increase in depth of Sources Mts.)28

Problems of Drinking Water• 78 % Dependence on ground water for
irrigation and drinking water• 3% water for drinking• 97% water for irrigation•Long coastline & Gulf – salinity ingress•Quality Problems (2003 survey) (7675
as on 01/04/2004 habitations)•Fluoride - 3943

Habitations•Salinity - 2226 Habitations•Nitrate - 1096

Habitations•Multiple -Habitations

381•Other Contamination- 29
Habitations• Hills and Low recharge•Excessive exploitation of ground water•Recurrent Droughts•Slipping back of habitations tonot covered or partially covered29

Gujarat before 2002
Problems of water scarcity
 Drying up of sources Recurrent droughts
 Repeated failure of tube wells and need for re drilling Water Issues in >50% habitations
 Tankers and trains for water
 Mass migration of human and cattle
 Toil to fetch water from long distance Water Borne Diseases
30Gujarat Initiatives
 Infrastructure Creation- Narmada Bulk pipeline Water Resource Management Community Sensitization/Mobilization (WASMO) Sujalam Sufalam project of interlinking of rivers
 Implementation of Swajaldhara project to initiate
people’s participation (10% contribution).

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Recharge
Methods implemented at present Surface & Subsurface Check dams /Gully Plugs
 Well Recharge Recharge Through Tube well Hydro-fracturing
 Bore Blasting Fracture Sealing Cementation Technique33

Innovation in Bore Recharge

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Need of Innovative Recharge Techniques
Present available techniques can raisewater column created by natural recharge,
but over exploitation consume it in notimes.
To avoid further degradation of the aquifer
system the more technical innovations arerequired for Artificial Recharge

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The Transformation (2002 - 2010)

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The Transformation (2002 - 2010)37

WASMOThrust area Community Sensitization
 Community participation
 Resource management
 Capacity Building

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Water and Sanitation ManagementOrganization (WASMO)
An autonomous organization since May 2002--A Special Purpose Vehicle to facilitate drinking
water and sanitation facilities on a sustainablebasis in villages.
Act as facilitator
Demand driven approach in place of Supply
driven systems
Multidisciplinary professionals
Mission mode approach39

Policy for managing water supply
State Government providing water up to doorstep ofthe village…
… In village the community is responsible forplanning, implementing, operating and maintaining
water supply and sanitation facilities
These communities are being facilitated byWASMO…

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Vision- Achieving Drinking water security

Water Security at
habitation level

Water delivery
at household

Water security
at Village level
Sourcedevelopment
Water
scarcity
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The Transformation (2002 - 2010)42

Household tap water connectivity in rural areas

Perce
ntage

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Formation of Village Water and Sanitation Committees
Total Number of Villages - 18066

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Flow of Funds and Community Control over Finances

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Water Quality testing facility at village level Water Quality team in all villages
 17,676 training programmes
conducted
 Field test kits provided
 3,55,042 water samples tested bycommunity All schools also covered

Training of water quality volunteers

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Lessons learnt Multiple sources and conjunctive use for sustainability
 Social processes reduce public apathy Participatory processes improve motivation
 By involving community traditional knowledge basecan be tapped Engineering solutions are not enough, social solutions
result in effective management
 Social audit is effective tool for transparency
 Community can take care for underprivileged sections
better Recoveries evaded when in government control but
paid when controlled by community
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Replicability - Gujarat Shows the Way
Characteristics
Local self Government Institutions in States
People yearning for managing their own resourcesOwnership feeling

Scaling up
Scaling up to cover the entire State
A Centre for learning and exchangeOther sectors replicating in State
Recognised as a Model for Replication at the National level48

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PPPs in water sector50

Contents Need for PPP - taking urban space as an example
 Forms of PPP that are relevant Learnings from experience51

Indian water sector Water services are provided by local Governments or agencies reporting to regional Governments

 Capital investments have been largely

funded by
 Revenue surplus (in very few cities)
 Regional Government budget support and Donor projects
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Cost recovery and continuity of supply are poor
Source: Benchmarking of utilities by WSP and Utility Data Book by ADB

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1. The financial gap

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2. Skill and strength gap

Sample of towns with a population of above 1 lakh in a State. Only gaps in key functions are summarised.

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In Summary
 PPP momentum is at tipping point Early successes, many initiatives in pipeline

 Obvious interest from domestic operators, alignedwith international operators
 Projects are deciding PPP scope, not the other way
around Public funding, focus on distribution and volumetrictariff are key requirements for success Operator model still evolving
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Right To Information Act (RTI)
This act has empowered the common man to knowabout the policies of the Govt. Departments and Govt.
aided agencies.
Awareness among masses has resulted in demand ofbetter services.
Due to this the accountability of the functionaries
has increased

Because of transparency in the system due to RTI, Private
participation has bright future in India. Public
participation in decision making has increased.
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Business Opportunity Areas For
Japanese Companies
1. Interlinking of Rivers
2. New design and construction of medium size dams
3. Solid Waste management **4. Industrial waste management **5. Recycling of wastewater **6. Filtration systems **7. Desalination plants **8. Storm water management in Urban areas
9. Modern Irrigation systems
10. R & D in crop management
11. Effective Water Analysis kits **12. Efficient pumping machineries. *** * These are the areas where Japan has excelled and can contribute immediately62

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