CALIFORNIA PERSPECTIVE
CHARGING SURVEYS: WHAT DOPEOPLE WANT?
CHARGING MODELS: WHAT DO
WE THINK THEY WANT?
Michael Nicholas
Gil TalJustin Woodjack
Thomas Turrentine’
Daniel Scrivano

Japan June 2, 2013

PH&EV Center Focuses on Consumer
Reaction to and Acceptance of PEVs

Consumers• Lifestyle studies• Consumer
response• Demonstrations• CEC, BMW, ARB,ECOtality

Spatial & Temporal
PEV Energy Use• GIS analysis• Charging
network design• CEC, Nissan,
ECOtality

Human MachineInterfaces• Response to HMIdesign• Benchmarking• ARB, ORNL, CECFleet Development• Market Segments• Fleet Operation• Energy Savings• Chrysler, DOE

Battery studies• BenchmarkTesting• 2nd use
• End of life

Dr. Kurani

Dr. Nicholas& Dr. Tal

Dr. Stillwater

Dr. Nesbitt
J. Davis

Dr. Burke

Dr. Turrentine

PEV Market USA

Surveys
What People Say They Want

UC Davis Surveyed PEV drivers in CA in 2012, 2013


EV project in San Diego (Ecotality)State rebate program

Data collected February-March 2012New data collected May-June 2013(CCSE)

Survey Total

LeafVoltTesla

1201 (2012)

11512525~3000 (Now)?

?

?

6

Respondent Locations

Where do People Want Chargers?

Where do People Want Chargers?

All Else Equal People Prefer QC

Charger Choices in San Diego

Charger Choices in San Diego

Charger Choices in San Diego

Charger Choices in San Diego

Charger Choices in San DiegoGiven Only 5 Choices, Priority is Home Area

Quick Charges Per Day on Long Tours
How Many Quick Charge Events Per Day doYou Find Reasonable?
600

500

400

300

200

100012345678

Workplace Charging
Is Workplace Charging Available? (n=1424)

Is Workplace Charging Free?

120.00%307

238

100.00%879

1424

80.00%

Both free and non freeYes (n=631)

60.00%

NoNo (n=793)

Yes

40.00%

20.00%

0.00%
Toyota Plug-In Prius

Chevy Volt

Nissan Leaf

Total

Commuters: How Often Do You Charge?

120.00%Is Level 1 Sufficient for Workplace Charging?
120.00%More than 5 times a week
100.00%
4-5 times a week

100.00%80.00%
2-3 times a week

80.00%

1 time or less a week

60.00%

Strongly Agree
Agree

60.00%Neither Agree Nor Disagree
Disagree40.00%
Never (Available but I don't
use it)20.00%

Not AvailableStrongly Disagree

40.00%
20.00%

0.00%
How Often do You
Charge at work L1

How Often do You
Charge at work L2

0.00%
Toyota Plug-In Prius

Chevy Volt

Nissan Leaf

Charging for Charging Work120.00%120.00%Free Workplace Charging

100.00%Workplace Same Price As Home Electricity

100.00%80.00%

80.00%
more than 5 times a week

more than 5 times a week

4-5 times a week
60.00%

2-3 times a week

4-5 times a week
60.00%

2-3 times a week

1 time or less a week
40.00%

Never

20.00%

Never

20.00%

0.00%

0.00%
Toyota Plug-In Prius

120.00%

1 time or less a week
40.00%

Chevy Volt

Nissan Leaf

Toyota Plug-In Prius

Chevy Volt

Nissan Leaf

Workplace Double Price As Home Electricity

100.00%350

Plug-in Prius Price Sensitivity

300
80.00%

60.00%

more than 5 times a week250

more than 5 times a week

4-5 times a week200

4-5 times a week

2-3 times a week150

2-3 times a week100

1 time or less a week

50

Never

1 time or less a week
40.00%

Never

020.00%Free
Workplace
Charging

0.00%
Toyota Plug-In Prius

Chevy Volt

Nissan Leaf

WorkplaceWorkplace
Price Same as Price Double
HomeHome

Survey Results (What do people want?)More than 1000 Leaf household responses
 Charging is wanted 72% of chargers suggested were quick chargers
 65% of people suggested charger locations
 Median distance home-QC was 44 miles (71 km)

1-2 quick charges per day is the limit of normalusage
 Workplace Charging
 Majority of workplace charging is free
 People don’t want to pay for charging
 Low power charging is unacceptable to 30% of users

Modeling
What people should wantModeling - Our Data Set: Caltrans Travel Survey 2001. 31,898
Persons. Can Gasoline Travel be Done in an EV?
22130 Mile Tour

130 Mile Tour

130 Mile Tour

Timing and Demand for QC
Dublin, CA Location Detail. 30,000 Veh.
Number of DC Fast Charge Events

87654Total Events = 40

32
101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hour of Day

Point of Diminishing Returns Reached at 200Locations (246 chargers @ 30,000 veh)

Number of DC Charge Events Statewide

DC Charging Peaks at 4-6 PM, L2 Reduces the DC Peak

30,000 Vehicle Case, 80 mi Range, 200 Locations(246 Chargers@15/charger)
250
80 mi range,
No Public L2200

150
80 mi Range,Public L2 at
3h Stops

100

50

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hour of the Day

More Charger Estimations: 1,000,000 Vehicles
1 charger every 250-500 cars

Number of Chargers

How Many Chargers for 1,000,000 Vehicles?
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0Thresholdin Charges
Per Day5101520100

200300
Geographic Extent (Number of Charger Areas)

Example:19 charges at location per day = 4chargers at a 5 charge/day threshold

What Return do we Get for Infrastructure
Investment? (Vehicle Miles Traveled/GHG)
Home Charging VMT 60 Mile Veh. = 59%
 80 Mile Veh. = 71%
 100 Mile Veh. = 79%

What Return do we Get for Infrastructure
Investment? (VMT/GHG) (UC Davis Model)Home Charging VMT 60 Mile Veh. = 59%
 80 Mile Veh. = 71%
 100 Mile Veh. = 79%

What Return do we Get for Infrastructure
Investment? (VMT/GHG) (UC Davis Model)
Home Charging VMT 60 Mile Veh. = 59%
 80 Mile Veh. = 71%
 100 Mile Veh. = 79%

What Return do we Get for Infrastructure
Investment? (VMT/GHG) (UC Davis Model)
Home Charging VMT 60 Mile Veh. = 59%
 80 Mile Veh. = 71%
 100 Mile Veh. = 79%• L1 Work Charging issufficient for ~5%• L2 Work Charging isneeded for ~2%

What Return do we Get for Infrastructure
Investment? (VMT/GHG) (UC Davis Model)
Home Charging VMT 60 Mile Veh. = 59%
 80 Mile Veh. = 71%
 100 Mile Veh. = 79%• L1 Work Charging issufficient for ~5%• L2 Work Charging isneeded for ~2%

Max level 2

What Return do we Get for Infrastructure
Investment? (VMT/GHG) (UC Davis Model)
Home Charging VMT 60 Mile Veh. = 59%
 80 Mile Veh. = 71%
 100 Mile Veh. = 79%• L1 Work Charging issufficient for ~5%• L2 Work Charging isneeded for ~2%

What Return do we Get for Infrastructure
Investment? (VMT/GHG) (UC Davis Model)
Home Charging VMT 60 Mile Veh. = 59%
 80 Mile Veh. = 71%
 100 Mile Veh. = 79%• L1 Work Charging issufficient for ~5%• L2 Work Charging isneeded for ~2%• QC accommodates
up to 10%
additional

What Return do we Get for Infrastructure
Investment? (VMT/GHG) (UC Davis Model)
Home Charging VMT 60 Mile Veh. = 59%
 80 Mile Veh. = 71%
 100 Mile Veh. = 79%• L1 Work Charging issufficient for ~5%• L2 Work Charging isneeded for ~2%• QC accommodates
up to an additional
10% EV miles

eVMT Projections W/Home Charging and Work
Charging for PHEVs .
1.00
0.90

Percent of Miles Electric38

Benefit of Workplace Charging for
PHEVs

0.80

eVMT if everyone
had work charging

0.700.600.50

Projected eVMTw/home charging

0.400.30

Percent of total
miles attributed towork charging. Only
needed energy.

0.20
0.100.00
PHEV PHEV PHEV PHEV PHEV PHEV PHEV PHEV PHEV PHEV
102030405060708090100

Battery Range of PHEVWe Can Look at Grid Impacts vs Charging
Speed For PHEVs (UC Davis Model)
8000

Kilowatt Hours

7000

Level 1 Work. 15k Households.

PHEV 10PHEV 206000

PHEV 305000

PHEV 404000

PHEV 503000PHEV 60

2000

PHEV 70

1000

PHEV 800

PHEV 90
PHEV 1008000

Kilowatt Hours

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
10000Level 2 Work. 15k Households.

PHEV 10PHEV 20PHEV 30
PHEV 40
PHEV 50
PHEV 60
PHEV 70
PHEV 80
PHEV 90
PHEV 100

Charging Behavior. Price Matters!
12000

Level 1 Work. 15k Households.

Kilowatt Hours

10000
8000

It’sFree!
lazy toI rushI’m
totoo
unplugat the1-8kWh/HH
unplug my car.
right moment
1.2kW 40mi Max

6000

1.2kW 40mi Need
Stay Plugged

4000

1.2kW 40mi Need
But Unplug

2000012000

Level 2 Work. 15k Households.

Kilowatt Hours

10000
8000

5.7kW 40mi Max

6000
4000
2000
0

5.7kW 40mi Need
Stay Plugged
5.7kW 40mi Need
But Unplug

Modeling Results
200 quick charging locations for beginning (246chargers, growing to 1 charger for every 250-500vehicles) For BEV, workplace charging is sufficient for 7%
additional travel
 For BEV, QC is sufficient for 12% additional travel(130km BEV) after maximum level 2
 For PHEV, workplace charging is sufficient for 10%
additional EV travel for 20 mi (32km)
 Free workplace charging causes a shift from home toworkplace charging
