Safe handling Ⅲ(Actual RI handling)Rough classification ofradioisotopes
Sealed radioisotopes(sealed source)

Unsealed radioisotopes(unsealed source)
社団法人 日本アイソトープ協会放射線取扱主任者部会

Outline
The purpose ofradiation protection
External exposure
protection

Internal exposure
protection
Contamination
protection
How to handle
radioisotopes in thework room

The purpose of radiation protection
Preventing the occurrence of deterministic
effects from radiation
Example: Lymphocyte depletion, hair loss

Limit the occurrence of stochastic effects ofradiation to acceptable levels
Example: Cancer incidence

For whom?
Radiation users themselves and other radiation handlers
General public

Concept of radiation protection• Purpose and exposure restrictions– Justification of the act• Benefits brought by acts involving radiation exposure＞Detriment caused by radiation exposure• Examination of alternative means without radiation
exposure– Protective optimization• ALARA（as low as reasonably achievable）– Exposure doses, number of people exposed, and exposure
opportunities must be kept as low as reasonably achievable,
taking into account social and economic factors.
– Dose limit

Concept of radiation protection• 3 principles of safe handling– Contain：Limited use area
• Controlled area
• Use of the hood and glove box• Shield– Confine：bare minimum• Effectively use only the amount you need
– Control：Radiation control• Used in a state where it can be properly managed
and grasped

Radiation exposure

Gamma rays, β rays, X-rays andhighly radioactive sealed /
unsealed RIs become a problem.

Invasion through the mouth,
nose and wounds becomes aproblem.

Principles of Protection from External Exposure
The shorter the time, thesmaller the doseExposure dose

3 principles

TimeDoubling the distancefrom the source quarters
the radiation doseDistanceExposure doseTime

Use appropriate
shieldingShieldingExposure doseDistanceThickness
大学等放射線施設協議会

Time

Keep exposure
time short

Radiation dose increases in proportion to time.
– Make the working time as short as possible!
– Do a “Cold run” practice and understand the individual steps of eachprocedure.

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Distance

Stay as far away
as possible

Dose rate = K/ R2
K: constant
R: distance• The radiation dose decreases in inverse proportion tothe square of the distance from the radiation source.
– Keep as much distance between yourself and the radiation
source as possible!
– Don’t touch the radiation source directly.
– Use remote handling equipment such as tongs or forceps.
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Shield
α-ray
β-ray
γ-ray
Neutron ray
Paper

Acryl board/Thin
metal plate

Lead block/thick ironplate

Water /
paraffin

α-ray：Heavy particles with positive electricity. It stops after flying a few
centimeters in the air.
β-ray：Light particles (electrons) with negative electricity. It stops after
flying a few meters in the air.

γ-ray：Electromagnetic waves. Attenuates with lead plate and concrete.
Neutron ray：Particles without electricity. Attenuates with concrete andwater.

As near to the radiation
source as possible

ShieldingProtect witha shield

ShieldYou can protect yourself from radiation exposureby shielding the radiation source.
Radiation type

Shielding material

β -rayaluminum board (several mm)
plastic acryl board (several cm)

γ-ray

lead block, iron block, concrete block

neutronblock containing boron, water
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β-ray shielding(be careful of Bremsstrahlung)
The higher atomic number, the stronger Bremsstrahlungare generated.
Lead plate /metal plate

Acryl board

β source

β-ray

Weak braking
X-ray

β-ray

Strongbraking X-ray○β source×

Lead plate /metal plate

Acryl board

EfficientshieldingStrongbraking X-ray

Shielding
Shielding of β-ray

Shielding of γ-ray

Plastic or acryl board

lead blocklead glass(glass board containing lead)concrete

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Shielding for β-ray (32P, 5kBq)
Equipment

10000

ResultThickness ofacrilate (mm)Count rate(cpm)Count rate background010448

10424

15248

5224

31011

987

5603673410933

9Background240
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5000

002

46Thickness (mm)810

Shielding for γ-ray (60Co, 37MBq)
Equipment

ResultThickness ofshielding (cm)10000

Lead(cpm)

Acrylate(cpm)

09271

15226

23142

5630

Acrylic resin

9271
50007089
Lead

79
1004244553
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02468Thickness（cm）

10

Effective done：E（μSv・h-1）

E＝

ΓE×A
２r

Effective done constant：ΓE（μSv・m2・MBq-1・h-1）
Ex：60Co：0.305
131I：0.0545

99mTc：0.0181
137Cs：0.0779

Radioactivity of the source：A（MBq）、Confirm
safety beforeDistance from the source：r（m）
experiment
Example: Using 60Co (ΓE: 0.305) 10MBq at a distance of 0.5m for 100 hours ayear .. Estimated to be approximately 1220μSv / year.
Use a shield (lead, etc.) to reduce the exposure dose.
If it is necessary to reduce it further, adjust the usage amount, time, and distance.

Sealed radiation source irradiation facility,automatic display device, interlock

Source
格納場所

lead glass
Doorway

In useControl panel

If the doorway is open, theradiation source do not come out.

Precautions when entering the irradiation area

２．Make sure the source is stored
Moorage

３．Enter the roomwith a survey meterlead glass
Doorway

StoppedControl panel
１．Make sure it is stopped

Points for safety handling
Sealed ＲＩ
Considered only external exposure

社団法人 日本アイソトープ協会放射線取扱主任者部会

Time, Distance, Shield（Small sealed）
Lost
Damaged coating（Irradiation facility）
Safety confirmation before driving (no peoplein the irradiation room)
Safety confirmation after stop (radioactivesource is stored)Points for safe handling
Sealed ＲＩ（ Irradiation facility ）Do not overconfident in safety devicessuch as interlocks and area monitors.
参考：日立アロカ社製

Accidents due to safety device failures arealso possible.
Remember the location of the switch that
opens the door, the intercom, and theemergency stop button!
Bring a survey meter or pocket dosimeterwith an alarm when entering the room

Points for safe handling
Unsealed ＲＩ

Pay attention to ；External exposure
Internal exposure
contamination

Plan and Preparation
・First to know

Don’t beoverly afraid

Don’t panic

・ Necessity of using RI・ Use of less dangerous nuclides
・ Confirmation of the amountrequired for the experiment
Don’t take things
too lightly
・ Estimation of exposure dose

社団法人 日本アイソトープ協会放射線取扱主任者部会

Consider in advance what kind of danger (exposure, contamination, etc.) exists fromthe nature of RI (energy, line type, etc.), amount used, and experimental content.
・ Prepare necessary items

・Clean up unnecessary items

・Preliminary experiment without
using RI (Cold run)
Cold run・ Reconfirmation of procedures,
mastery of work

・Take measures

・Accident prevention measures,
efficient work
社団法人 日本アイソトープ協会放射線取扱主任者部会

Rehearsal before RI experiment・Production
・Reduction of work time・Reduction of exposurePrevention ofinternal exposure• Prevention of inhalation– Operate the exhaust equipment andhandle it in the hood
– Do not place your head in the hood
– Wear a mask.
– No smoking• Prevention of ingestion– Use of safety pipettor and dispenser.
– Prohibition of eating and drinking.

• Prevention of skin ingestion– Prevents skin exposure.

• Wear the prescribed lab coat.
• Wear gloves. (Pinhole check)• Check for trauma ⇒ Prohibition of work

Entry into thecontrolled area

Use special protective slippers and protectiveclothing.

Working clothes

Strictly distinguish it from slippers and lab coin the living area and do not share it.

Do not bring anything that is not necessary fo
the experiment (general lab coat, bag, coat,

Hand-foot-cloth
monitoroutside of controlled area
(uncontrolled area)
Access record

Survey meter
Controlled area

Wear a personal dosimeter

DecontaminationequipmentPersonal dosimeters

Luxel badge

Glass badge

Pocket dosimeter

Personal dosimeter
Personal dosimeterfor females

for males
Put on the chest formales

Put on the abdomen for females
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Safety handling of unsealed RIDraft

Bat

Prevent the experimen
from inhaling RI
contaminated air

Polyethylene filterpaper
Filter paper

Do not expose the sk

Coating bypolyethylene

rubberglove

Dedicated slippePlace the protection shield, the wrapped tray
and the plastic bags for radioactive wastes
in the hood.

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Protective equipment forexternal radiation

Acryl board

Acryl board
containing Lead

Lead brock
Working clothes
containing Lead

Exposure protection

Exposure protection

Ex)Exposure reduction method for other radiation
handlers

Check for pinholes.

Correctexample

Put gloves onthe cuffs.

Hang the cuff strap
on your thumb.

Bad example

Exposing the arm

Measures against contamination

Only ＨＯＴThe tip of the pipetteis easily contaminatedwith RI

Only ＣＯＬＤ

Proper use of pollution pipettor and noncontamination pipettor

Measures against contamination

Limit places andthings to becontaminated

ろ紙を敷いたバット

Easy tohandle whencontaminated!

Measures against contamination

use a tray

use a cart

use a bucket

To avoid accidents, use of a tray, a cart and a bucket is recommended.
The surface of a tray and a cart should be covered with polyethylenecoated paper sheets.

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Measures against contamination(Measurement of the place used for the experiment)

Handling with bare hands

Handling while wearing gloves

Check the work area for contamination
before and after use.
Hands, work clothes, equipment, utensils, drafts,
workbenches, floors, sinks for RI, and their vicinity areinspected for contamination at each work break.
If the slippers are contaminated, the entire room will becontaminated.

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Measures against contamination(Treatment when contamination is found)①Determine therange of RI
contamination②Cut out the filter
paper from thecontaminated area

Cutting out contaminatedfilter paper③Paste thefilter paper
from above

Repair of cutouts

Places where pollution is likely
to occur• When I took the RI out of the source container, I dropped the tip of the•micropipetter.
I dropped the plastic instrument containing the RI solution.

Contaminated place = place where
it fell + place where droplets flew
droplets
droplets
Fall point

Fall point
参考資料：ＲＩの逆襲（秀潤社）

Places where pollution is likely
to occur• I centrifuged the microtubes without noticing that they were
contaminated.

– When inserting RI into the microtube with a pipettor, the tip of the tip
touched the lid.
– The lid became contaminated as the cap was repeatedly opened andclosed.
– There was too much internal solution and it was contaminated withpressure when the cap was closed.

contamination

If you centrifuge it while it iscontaminated ...

The entire inner wall of the rotor andcentrifuge is contaminated.
Decontamination after disassemblyPlaces where pollution is likely
to occur• No hoods or drafts were used when dealing with highly volatile RIs.
• I handled my lab notebook and lab equipment without noticing that mygloves were contaminated.

Do not touch anything that should not be
contaminated with gloves on. Check gloves forcontamination after each work and replace them
immediately if they may be contaminated.
参考資料：ＲＩの逆襲（秀潤社）

Places where pollution is likely
to occur• When stirring the solution with avortex mixer, cover it while
holding the center of the test
tube so that the solution does notrise to the top of the test tube.
* If you hold the upper side, theliquid will rise and the lid will becontaminated.

参考資料：ＲＩの逆襲（秀潤社）

３Ｈ、１４Ｃ、３５Ｓ

handling• Contamination cannot be measured

with a survey meter for 3H, 14C, and35S.
• To experiment smoothly without
spreading pollution ...
– Change gloves and wash your hands(be careful of "drops" when washingyour hands)– Put on rubber gloves on the surgicalgloves and change only the rubber
gloves frequently.
– If you double the gloves, you don't haveto worry about sudden damage to thegloves.

３Ｈ、１４Ｃ、３５Ｓ

handling• To experiment smoothly without spreading
pollution ...

– Use of polyethylene filter paper that changes
color when liquid adheres– After using a pipette or tip, liquid remains, soabsorb it with a paper towel to remove them.
(Prevention of flying due to bubble burst)

参考資料：ＲＩの逆襲（秀潤社）

How to use the sink/water faucet• Do not contaminate the faucet lever (operate with elbow)• Prevent splashes and drops from falling to the floor

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Cases of contamination by unsealed RI
１．Contamination of trousers and shirts... Wearing working clothes
２．Contamination of the cuffs of the working clothes... Cuff squeezing
３． Finger contamination... Wearing gloves, checking pinholes
４．Contamination of laboratory tables, etc... Use of filter paper and bats, fall prevention
５．Contamination of laboratory equipment and floors...Use of hoods and glove boxes,
Check for contamination of gloves,
Use of transport containers (bats, buckets, etc.)
６．Corridor contamination... Be careful of slipper contamination(do not drop droplet)To avoid exposure to otherradiation handlers
By attaching a sign such as a radioactivity mark,the type, quantity, and location of RI can be
known to other people.
Put a label on the one with radioactive isotopes
attached.
Do not label or peel off that do not have radioactive
isotopes attached.

Do not borrow other people's equipment
without permission.
If contamination is detected, notify the otherpeople. In addition, enclose the contaminatedarea with a permanent marker to prevent
others from touching it.

eaving the control area
Hand-foot-cloth
monitorAfter washing your hands, perform
a contamination inspection on theHFC monitor.

Make sure your hands and feet are clean.

Focus on areas that are easily
Working clothes contaminated, such as clothing (cuffs,abdomen, heels).
The items to be taken out are also
inspected for contamination.

outside of controlled area
(uncontrolled area)
Access record

Survey meter
Controlled area
When leaving the controlled area, remove working clothes, wash hands well,and check for personal contamination with a hand-foot-cloth monitor.

Decontaminationequipment

Points for safe handling
Unsealed ＲＩ
Pay attention to ；External exposure
Internal exposure
Contamination
pride and carelessness

Principle of unsealed RI handlingContainDecluttering

Cleanliness

Do notexperimentaloneFinally・・・
Radiation contributes significantly to medicalcare and research, but it can also cause
serious accidents due to carelessness.
If you do not understand something, do notjudge it by yourself, consult with the supervisor.
Not only you but others will be victims
Please carry out the experiment, keeping in
mind that it will cause a great deal of trouble toothers.

Accidents

If you encounter any accidents such as fire or earthquake.

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In case of accident• At first, think and act to save yourself.
– Escape to a safe place– Notify other workers in a loud voice– Push the emergency button• If time permits, take action to prevent expansion of
the accident.
– Bring the radioisotope back to the storage room
– Extinguish the fire at an early stage• Notify the radiation protection supervisor or radiation
protection staff members.
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For working safely in the controlled area

• Understand the law concerning prevention from radiation hazards
due to radioisotopes, etc.
• Understand the nature of radioisotopes and use them in an

appropriate manner• Understand the effects of radiation on humans and the environment• Handle radioactive substances appropriately to preventcontamination• Dispose of radioactive waste by authorized routes• Follow the emergency procedures in case of natural disaster or fire
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How to use
hand-foot-clothes (H-F-C) monitor• Before you leave
the radiationcontrolled area, youhave to confirm thatyou have noradioactive
contamination byusing a hand-footclothes monitor.
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How to use
hand-foot-clothes (H-F-C) monitor
1. Wash your hands carefully and dry yourhands with a paper towel.

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How to use
hand-foot-clothes (H-F-C) monitor
2. Step on the H-F-C
monitor with yourslippers.

大学等放射線施設協議会

How to use
hand-foot-clothes (H-F-C) monitor
3. Put your ID card into the card reader.

大学等放射線施設協議会

How to use
hand-foot-clothes (H-F-C) monitor
4. Put your hands into
the holes of thehand monitor. Yourhands should push
the switch on thebottom of each hole.

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How to use
hand-foot-clothes (H-F-C) monitor
5. Wait 20 seconds until the green lamp showsthat you have no radioactive contamination.

大学等放射線施設協議会

How to use
hand-foot-clothes (H-F-C) monitor
If there is any radioactive contamination, the redlamp will light up and sound an alarm. In thatcase, you have to inform the instructor or theradiation control office immediately.

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How to use
hand-foot-clothes (H-F-C) monitor
6. Step off the boardof the Foot monitor
and take the monitor
head of the clothes
monitor on the rightside of the H-F-C
monitor.
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How to use
hand-foot-clothes (H-F-C) monitor
7. Check your clothes
and all other items
for about 30
seconds. The labcoat is most likely
to show radioactive
contamination on
the sleeves,abdomen andpocket.

大学等放射線施設協議会

How to use
hand-foot-clothes (H-F-C) monitor
8. Put back the monitor head on the hook of theH-F-C monitor. A green lamp on the card
reader means that you have no radioactive
contamination.

大学等放射線施設協議会

How to use
hand-foot-clothes (H-F-C) monitor
If there is any radioactive contamination, the redlamp will light up and sound an alarm. In thatcase, you have to inform the instructor or theradiation control office immediately.

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