ITARDA

Institute for Traffic Accident
Research and Data Analysis（財）交通事故総合分析センター
ITARDA INFORMATION

90

No.
0

2011

SEPTEMBER
Number of fatalities

1,000

2,000

4,000

5,000

10km/h or less 1,402

00009720

10
0

3,000

100

20

00009720

03000009720

0

100

100

20km/h or less 2,321

30km/h or less 1,613

40km/h or less

40

3,419

00009720

0

100

R

0

50

50km/h or less

4,676

60km/h or less

3,592

70
00009720

000009720

000009720

90
0

100

00009720

00009720

100

100

100

0

100

60

70km/h or less 1,475

80km/h or less 1,124

90km/h or less 390
0

0

80

100

00009720

100km/h or less 699

00009720

0100

Deaths in accidents
caused by cars travelingin the mid-speed range

55(30–60 km/h):

approx.

%(11,687)

Over 100km/h 357

Number of fatalities in accidents caused by cars, by speed
Special feature

Fatal accidents are caused
more frequently in the midspeed range—by drivers being inattentive or distracted—

Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis

ITARDA
INFORMATION

90

財団法人 交通事故総合分析センター

イタルダ・インフォメーション

2011 SEPTEMBER No.

死者数（人）

0

1,000

2,000

4,000

100

20

00009720

03000009720

0

100

100

20km/h以下 2,321人
4000009720

0

100

50

50km/h以下 4,676人
60km/h以下 3,592人
7000009720

00009720

000009720

90
0

100

00009720

0

100

100

70km/h以下 1,475人

80km/h以下 1,124人

90km/h以下 390人
000009720

80
100

100

— by drivers being inattentive
or distracted —

5,000

30km/h以下 1,613人

40km/h以下 3,419人

0Driving in the mid-speed
range causes more fatal
accidents

10km/h以下 1,402人

00009720

10
0

3,000

Special feature

100km/h以下 699人

100km/h超 357人

00009720

0

100

60
00009720

0100

1当四輪事故による死者数のうち中速域の占める割合は

55（30〜60km/h）

約%（11,687人）

1当四輪車事故の1当速度別死者数

The annual death toll of all traffic accidents inJapan (those who died within 24 hours
following the accident) has fallen by morethan half over the last 10 years, with 4,863
deaths in 2010. However, this downward trend
has slowed in the last few years, and as manyas 896,208 people were still injured in thatyear. Accidents are mainly caused by fourwheeled vehicles (hereafter “cars”) involving
pedestrians or other cars and are also causedon their own. It is therefore important to takemeasures to fur ther reduce car-related
accidents.
One of the major factors in car-related
accidents is speed. It may seem that higher
car speeds would increase the risk andseverity of accidents, but this is not always
the case. For this issue of ITARDA Information,
we explored the characteristics of traf fic
accidents focusing on car speeds, and foundthat fatal accidents were most often caused at
speeds between 30 and 60 km/h (hereafter“mid-speed range”). We also found that many
drivers were inattentive or distracted at thetime of the accident. Here, we look at why
d r i ve r s te n d to b e c o m e i n a t te n t i ve o r
distracted more easily while driving in the
mid-speed range.

CONTENTS

1 Fatal car accidents in terms of traveling speed
2 Characteristics of fatal accidents caused
when driving in the mid-speed range

3 Characteristics of fatal accidents caused due
to inattentive/distracted driving

4 Causative factors in inattentive/distracted
driving

5 Examples of accidents
6 Conclusion
2

ITARDA INFORMATION 90

中速域走行時に多い死亡事故

特集－事故要因は漫然・脇見運転－

CTION
SE

1

Fatal car accidents in terms oftraveling speed(1) High number of fatalities in accidents involving
cars traveling in the mid-speed range
Table 1 and Figure 1 show the number offatalities involved in accidents in which theprimary party was a car (including primary party
deaths) according to the primary party’s danger
recognition speed and the victim’s means oftransportation. (Each figure is the total of suchfatalities recorded between 2006 and 2010.)
The danger recognition speed refers to the
speed at which the driver noticed anothervehicle, a pedestrian, or other objects andrecognized the impending danger. It is used as
the traveling speed of the car in this analysis.
Many of these fatalities, or about 60%, werecaused when the car as the primary party wastraveling in the mid-speed range (30 to 60 km/h). Specifically, two categories, i.e., those killed
while “walking” and “riding in a car” make upa large proportion, or about 80% collectively,
followed by those killed while “riding a bicycle”
accounting for about 10%.

Table 1: Number of fatalities by speed and means of transportation in accidents
involving cars as the primary party [Total between 2006 and 2010]

5,000

Car’s danger
recognition speed

Riding in a car-0km/h-20km/h-30km/h-40km/h-50km/h-60km/h-70km/h-80km/h-90km/h-100km/hOver 100km/h
Total

278
539
520
1,166
1,802
1,603
766
809
300
606
335
8,724

n=21,068

Walking

Riding a bicycle

538
789
611
1,625
2,134
1,456
501
214
60
52
17
7,997

197
393
256
434
543
388
141
72
16
14
1
2,455

Total

389
600
226
194
197
145
67
29
14
27
4
1,892

1,402
2,321
1,613
3,419
4,676
3,592
1,475
1,124
390
699
357
21,068(Including primary party deaths and 905 deaths on freeways)

4,500

Mid-speed range(30–60 km/h)
n = 11,687 (55%)

4,000

Number of fatalities

Riding a
motorcycle

3,500■ Riding a motorcycle■ Riding a bicycle■ Walking■ Riding in a car

3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100

Over 100Danger recognition speed (km/h)

Fig. 1: Number of fatalities by speed and means of transportation in accidents involving
cars as the primary party [Total between 2006 and 2010](Including primary party deaths and 905 deaths on freeways)

90 ITARDA INFORMATION

3

特集

中速域走行時に多い死亡事故－事故要因は漫然・脇見運転－(2) Higher speeds significantly increase thefatality rates
By how much do higher speeds increase the riskof fatal accidents? Figure 2 shows the fatality
rate according to the primary party’s car speed
and by the victim’s means of transportation.
The fatality rate refers to the proportion of thosekilled in traffic accidents in relation to the total
number of casualties, defined by the following
formula:Number of
fatalities
Fatality rate =× 100 (%)
Number ofcasualties
The higher the car speed, the higher the fatality
rate of traffic accidents regardless of the meansof transportation, indicating a relationshipbetween a faster car speed and a greaterrisk of death. Among the several means oftransportation, “walking” has the highest fatality
rate, followed by bicycles. These two rates
in particular show a rapid rise as the primary
party’s car speed exceeds 30 km/h. Thus, cars
traveling even in the mid-speed range cankill a pedestrian or bicyclist more easily than
expected.
The fatality rate for car drivers is shown
separately for those who were wearing aseat belt and those who were not. Unbelted
drivers have a 4 to 5 times higher risk of death
compared to belted drivers, and this difference
becomes even wider at higher car speed. This
clearly shows the importance of wearing a seatbelt while in a car for reducing the damage in an
accident.

50
Walking
Riding a bicycle
Riding in a car, unbelted■ Riding a motorcycle■ Riding in a car, belted■■

Fatality rate (%)

40

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30

- 40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100

Over 100Danger recognition speed (km/h)* Excluding the rates for pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcycle riders for car speeds over 80 km/h because of a small number of casualties* Excluding drivers whose use of a seat belt is not known

Fig. 2: Fatality rate by primary party’s car speed and by means of transportation[Calculated based on the total between 2006 and 2010]

CTION
SE

2

Characteristics of fatal accidents caused
when driving in the mid-speed range

In traffic accidents involving cars, the previous
section showed that the fatality rates rise withhigher car speed, but the number of fatalities
itself is highest for accidents caused by cars
traveling in the mid-speed range. What kindsof accidents are typically caused and why dothey occur more frequently in this speed range?
4

ITARDA INFORMATION 90

Let’s examine the accident data more closely
by looking at car-to-car, single-car and car-topedestrian accidents, being major categories
with a large number of fatalities, and car-tobicycle accidents, a category with a somewhat
different tendency.

(1) Fatal car-to-car and single-car accidents■ Head-on collisions are more likely to occur
in the daytime
Figure 3 shows the number of fatalities in carto-car and single-car accidents according to thetype of accident, represented separately in two
graphs to compare the characteristics between
those occurring in the daytime and those atnighttime. We can see that fatal accidents
generally occur more frequently in the daytime
and when the car is traveling in the mid-speed
range, especially head-on collisions with anothercar. At nighttime, a noticeably high percentage
of drivers are killed by crashing into roadsidestructures at high speed.

(Note)- Inattentive driving (intrinsic factor):
One factor in the failure to look ahead carefully that is intrinsic to thedriver (lowered concentration), including dozing- Distracted driving (extrinsic factor):
One factor in the failure to look ahead carefully that is extrinsic to thedriver (any behavior or operation unrelated to driving)

Daytimen=5,009

1,800■ Others■ Roadside structure■ Right/left turn
■ Crossing collision■ Rear-end collision■ Head-on collision

1,600
Number of fatalities

causes of accidents in the mid-speed range
What factors cause head-on collisions in thedaytime while driving in the mid-speed range?
Human errors committed by the primary parties
that led to accidents are broken down in Fig. 4
by car speed. It is clear that inattentive driving
and distracted driving are dominant for the midspeed range of 30 to 60 km/h.

1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600

1,200
1,000
800
600
400

200

200
-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

■ Others■ Roadside structure■ Right/left turn
■ Crossing collision■ Rear-end collision■ Head-on collision

1,400

400

0

Nighttime

n=3,715

1,600
Number of fatalities

1,800■ Inattentive/distracted driving are the major

0-100 Over 100

-10

-20

-30

Danger recognition speed (km/h)

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100 Over 100

Danger recognition speed (km/h)

Fig. 3: Number of car driver fatalities by type of accident [Total between 2006 and 2010]100

n=1,679■ Unknown■ Loss of control■ Traffic
environment■ Erroneousprediction■ Failure to pay
attention■ Failure to confirm
safety■ Distracted driving(extrinsic)■ Distracted driving(intrinsic)

90

Percentage (%)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-100

Over 100Danger recognition speed (km/h)

Fig. 4: Human errors in accidents involving cars, by primary party’s car speed(head-on collisions in the daytime) [Calculated based on the total between 2006 and 2010]

90 ITARDA INFORMATION

5

特集

中速域走行時に多い死亡事故－事故要因は漫然・脇見運転－(2) Fatal car-to-pedestrian accidents■ Accidents occur more frequently atnighttime while crossing a road
Figure 5 shows the number of pedestrians
killed in traffic accidents caused by cars as theprimary party according to the pedestrian’s
behavior. Pedestrians are clearly exposed to ahigher risk of fatal accidents at nighttime caused
by cars traveling in the mid-speed range, nearlyfour times greater than in the daytime. Most ofthese pedestrians were crossing the road at thetime of the accident.

Daytimen=2,613

1,800■ Others■ On the road
■ Crossing the road
■ Walking parallel to the car

1,600
Number of fatalities

the major causes of nighttime accidents
involving pedestrians
Figure 6 shows human errors committed by the
primary parties that led to nighttime accidents
involving pedestrians who were crossing theroad, for different car speeds. It is clear thatinattentive driving and distracted driving occupy
a large part in the mid-speed range of 30 to
60 km/h. In accidents involving pedestrians,
distracted driving constitutes a slightly larger
portion than in the case of car-to-car and singlecar accidents.

1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600

1,200
1,000
800
600
400

200

200
-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

■ Others■ On the road
■ Crossing the road
■ Walking parallel to the car

1,400

400

0

Nighttime

n=5,384

1,600
Number of fatalities

1,800■ Inattentive/distracted driving are also

0-100 Over 100

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100 Over 100

Danger recognition speed (km/h)

Danger recognition speed (km/h)

Fig. 5: Number of fatalities in accidents involving cars and pedestrians, by pedestrian behavior[Total between 2006 and 2010]100

n=3,861■ Unknown■ Loss of control■ Traffic
environment■ Erroneousprediction■ Failure to pay
attention■ Failure to confirm
safety■ Distracted driving(extrinsic)■ Distracted driving(intrinsic)

90

Percentage (%)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-100

Over 100Danger recognition speed (km/h)

Fig. 6: Human errors in accidents involving pedestrians, by primary party’s car speed(crossing the road at nighttime) [Calculated based on the total between 2006 and 2010]

6

ITARDA INFORMATION 90

(3) Fatal car-to-bicycle accidents■ Crossing collisions are more common
Fatal accidents involving bicycles have asomewhat dif ferent tendency compared tothat of car-to-car accidents. Figure 7 shows
the number of fatalities in accidents involving
bicycles caused by cars as the primary party,
by accident t ype. These accidents occur
more frequently in the daytime for the midspeed range, with most of them being crossing
collisions.
In addition, bicyclists are most likely to be
killed by cars turning right/left at a speed under
20 km/h in the daytime. Other characteristics
include more frequent fatal rear-end collisions at
medium car speeds occurring at nighttime thanin the daytime.

major causes of crossing collisions withbicyclesFor crossing collisions with bicycles in the midspeed range occurring in the daytime, humanerrors committed by the primary parties are
examined for different car speeds, as broken
down in Fig. 8. “Failure to confirm safety” tends
to be the major factor for many of the speed
categories, probably because there are morecases of collisions at intersections than those
discussed in the previous section. In the midspeed range between 30 and 60 km/h, inattentive
driving and distracted driving represent highpercentages in crossing collisions with bicycles.

Daytimen=1,543

1,800■ Others■ Right/left turn
■ Crossing collision■ Rear-end collision■ Head-on collision

1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800

Number of fatalities

Number of fatalities

1,800■ Inattentive/distracted driving are also the

1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600

400

400

200

200
-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

■ Others■ Right/left turn
■ Crossing collision■ Rear-end collision■ Head-on collision

1,600

600

0

0

-100 Over 100

Nighttime

n=912

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100 Over100

Danger recognition speed (km/h)

Danger recognition speed (km/h)

Fig. 7: Number of fatalities in accidents involving cars and bicyclists, by type of accident[Total between 2006 and 2010]
100

n=782
■ Unknown■ Loss of control■ Traffic
environment■ Erroneousprediction■ Failure to pay
attention■ Failure to confirm
safety■ Distracted driving(extrinsic)■ Distracted driving(intrinsic)

90

Percentage (%)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-100

Over 100Danger recognition speed (km/h)

Fig. 8: Human errors in accidents involving bicyclists, by primary party’s car speed(crossing collisions in the daytime) [Calculated based on the total between 2006 and 2010]

90 ITARDA INFORMATION

7

特集

中速域走行時に多い死亡事故－事故要因は漫然・脇見運転－

Characteristics of fatal accidents caused
due to inattentive/distracted driving

CTION
SE

3

From the analysis in the preceding sections,
inattentive driving and distracted driving are
the common major causes of fatal accidents
caused by cars traveling in the mid-speed range
between 30 and 60 km/h, regardless of theaccident type. In what situations do car drivers
tend to become inattentive or distracted? Let’s
explore the characteristics of fatal accidents
caused as a result of drivers being inattentive or
distracted.

sunset. There is another peak at 4 to 6 a.m., thetime when there is no such peak for accidents
caused by other human factors. This may be
due to reduced visibility at dawn/dusk combinedwith inattentive/distracted driving.
(2) Straight road with no intersections
Figure 10 compares fatal accidents caused
by inattentiveness or distraction and thosecaused by other human errors in terms of roadtype. Inattentive/distracted driving occurs more
frequently on straight stretches of road with nointersections, compared to the case of otherhuman factors. Driving on a straight sectionof road where there are no intersections isrelatively simple and requires minimum driving
operations, which decreases the driver’s
concentration and possibly leads to inattentive
or distracted driving, which may result in an
accident due to a delay in noticing another car,pedestrian or object.

(1) Shortly before sunrise and shortly aftersunsetFor fatal accidents in which a car is theprimary party, the number of those caused byinattentiveness or distraction and the numberof those caused by other human errors arecompared in Fig. 9 according to the time when
the accident occurred. Accidents resulting from
inattentive or distracted driving occur mostfrequently between 6 and 8 p.m., shortly after

Number of fatal accidents

1,800■ Inattentive/
distracted driving
n = 9,366■ Other human errors
n=11,621

1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0

0 -2

2 -4

4-6

6-8

8 - 10

10 - 1212 - 14
Time of accident

14 - 16

16 - 18

18 - 20

20 - 22

22 - 24

Fig. 9: Number of fatal accidents caused due to inattentive/distracted driving, by time of occurrence(involving cars as the primary party) [Calculated based on the total between 2006 and 2010]

Accidents due to otherhuman errors
n = 11,621

30%

Accidents due to inattentive/
distracted driving
n = 9,366

17%

47%

0

20

87%7%

78%

40

14%

60
Percentage (%)

35%

11%
12%

13%

20%

19%

80

6%

■ Non-intersection
location (straight)■ Non-intersection
location (curved)■ Near anintersection■ At an intersection■ Others

100

Fig. 10: Type of road in accidents caused due to inattentive/distracted driving and other human errors(involving cars as the primary party) [Calculated based on the total between 2006 and 2010]

8

ITARDA INFORMATION 90

CTIONSE

4

Causative factors
in inattentive/distracted driving

W h at f ac to r s c oul d c au se in at te n t i ve o r
distracted driving seen frequently while drivingin the mid-speed range of 30 to 60 km/h? Let’s
explore the causative factors using ITARDA’s indepth study database.
From the 218 head-on collisions between two
cars on a section of road without intersections,which is a major type of fatal accident involving
cars, 24 cases were selected in which the car
was traveling in the mid-speed range and thecause of the accident was the driver being
inattentive or distracted, in order to extract
causative factors from the accident descriptions
and other relevant data. These factors are
summarized in Table 2.
Causative factors in inattentiveness, or lowered
concentration, include absentmindedness andthinking about something else.

Causative factors in distracted driving are
categorized as “operation or behavior unrelated
to driving”, “dealing with incidents in the car”
and “staring at something outside the car”. The
main cause is “operation or behavior unrelated
to driving”, with the driver often doing various
other things while knowing the danger of taking
their gaze off the road. Since looking elsewhere
even for just a brief moment can lead to an
accident, you should never do other things
until the car has stopped. Actions such as“taking out/putting back an item” and “sudden
movement of a bag” can be dealt with by, forexample, making sure that your bag and otheritems are firmly secured before starting to drive.
Other common distracting actions include
staring at a bicycle or motorcycle you are goingto overtake, which keeps your eyes away fromwhat is happening ahead.

Table 2: Number of head-on collisions by causative factors
in inattentive/distracted driving(based on ITARDA’s in-depth study database)Category
Inattentive
driving

Action/object

Number ofaccidents

Absentmindedness−−−

3

Thinking about something else−−−

2

Causative factor

Operation or behavior
unrelated to driving
Distracted
driving
Dealing with incidents in the car
Staring at something outside thecar

Adjusting the in-car stereo system

3

Taking out/lighting a cigarette

2

Taking out/putting back an item

2

Looking at maps

1

Looking at passengers

1

Sudden movement of a bag

3

Passengers (children in the rear seats)

1

Bicycle/motorcycle to be overtaken

5

Houses

1
Total

24

[Cases covered: Daytime, at a non-intersection location, primary party’s danger recognition speed or speed immediately before
accident being 30–60 km/h]

90 ITARDA INFORMATION

9

特集

中速域走行時に多い死亡事故－事故要因は漫然・脇見運転－

CTION
SE

5

Examples of accidents

Lastly, described below are two examples of accidents caused by cars traveling in the mid-speed
range, taken from our in-depth study database.
Case 1: Head-on collision caused due to distracted driving【Situation】
On a sunny day at around noon, a man in his
50s was driving a standard-sized car (A) atabout 50 to 60 km/h on his way home from thehospital on a straight section of a two-lane roadwhere overtaking is prohibited. He noticed that
his medicine was on the passenger seat, andhe wanted to put it in the glove compartment
as he usually did. Keeping his right hand on thewheel, he opened the glove compartment withhis left hand, holding the medicine at the sametime in order to put it in the glove compartment,
assuming that the road would continue straightahead.

Contrary to his assumption, however, the roadgently curved to the left. After looking aside for
only a moment, he noticed a large truck (B)just 2 to 3 meters ahead in the opposite lane.
He tried to slam on the brakes but ended up
colliding with the truck.
The man sustained severe injuries in this
accident. Remember that only a moment of
inattentiveness can lead to a serious accident.

Diagram of the crash

A3

B3

B2
2.8m

2.7m
B4

2.8m

A4

3.2m

A2
2.7m
2.9m
A1

B

A
Accident site seen from 50 meters away
The driver took his eyes off the road to put his medicine in the
glove compartment, assuming that the road would continue
straight ahead.

10

ITARDA INFORMATION 90

Accident site
The driver noticed an oncoming truck when the car entered
the opposite lane, but it was too late and the car crashedhead-on into the truck.

Case 2: Accident involving a pedestrian caused due to inattentive driving【Situation】
On a dark winter evening at around 6 p.m., a
man in his 30s was driving to work on the night
shift in a standard-sized car (A) on a straightcity road without a center line. This is the roadhe took almost every day to work. He became
inattentive while traveling at about 50 km/
h because he was familiar with the road andthere was little traffic around as usual, when hesuddenly noticed a pedestrian (B) crossing theroad from the right without using a crosswalk.
Just as he noticed the pedestrian, the car hit him
and threw him about 5 meters away.
The pedestrian suffered a serious head injury inthis accident, which could have been prevented
if the driver had kept his eyes firmly on the roadahead.

Diagram of the crash

B1
A3

Thrown 5 meters away

5.65m

A2

A1

B2

B
A
Accident site seen from 50 meters away
The driver inattentively drove a car on a straight section of theroad without a center line that he usually used to go to work,where there was almost no traffic on that day.

Accident site
The driver did not notice the pedestrian crossing the road fromthe right until just before the car struck him.

90 ITARDA INFORMATION

11

－事故要因は漫然・脇見運転－

CTION
SE

6

Conclusion

This study looked at traffic accidents in termsof car speed, and found the following.

To prevent accidents, and to reduce damage
if involved in an accident…
• Driving in the mid-speed range can oftencause the driver to become careless.
Always pay attention to what is happening
in front of you including the actions ofpedestrians and bicycles to avoid becoming
inattentive or distracted even for a shorttime.
• Many of the causes of distracted driving
can be dealt with before starting to drive,
such as firmly securing your bag or otheritems in the car.
• Do not drive too fast.
• Always wear a seat belt to ensure safety.
Make sure that everyone in the car has
fastened their seat belt properly and firmly.

2011

SEPTEMBER

90

No.

発 行 （財）交通事故総合分析センター
発行月 平成 年 月 〒102 0083 東京都千代田区麹町6 6 麹町東急ビル 階(2) Characteristics of fatal accidents caused
due to inattentive/distracted driving• Tend to occur in the early morning (4-6 a.m.)and in the evening (6-8 p.m.)• Occur more frequently on a straight sectionof road with no intersections that is relatively
simple and requires little driving operation• From our accident data, causes of inattentive
driving include “absentmindedness” and“thinking about something else”, and causesof distracted driving include “operation or
behavior unrelated to driving”, “dealing
with incidents in the car” and “staring at
something outside the car”.

イタルダ・インフォメーション(1) Characteristics of fatal accidents caused
by cars traveling in the mid-speed range(30–60 km/h)• Approximately 60% of all traffic accident
fatalities were involved in accidents caused
by cars as the primary party traveling in the
mid-speed range.
• In particular, pedestrians and car drivers/
passengers are more likely to be killed.
• Fatal accidents caused by cars traveling in
the mid-speed range are often attributed tothe driver being inattentive or distracted.

(3) Effects of different car speeds on damagein accidents• The faster the speed of a car, the greater
the risk of death.
• In particular, pedestrians and bicyclists are
more likely to be killed, especially when thetraveling speeds exceed 30 km/h.
• Seat belts are highly effective for protecting
car occupants and reducing the damage inan accident, especially in the high-speed
range.

Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis

中速域走行時に多い死亡事故

ITARDA INFORMATION

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事務局
〒102-0083 東京都千代田区麹町6-6 麹町東急ビル5階
TEL03-3515-2525 FAX03-3515-2519

つくば交通事故調査事務所
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ITARDA INFORMATION 90〒305-0831 茨城県つくば市西大橋6 41-1
（財）日本自動車研究所内
TEL029-855-9021 FAX029-855-9131