Armed Conflict Dataset
1
CodebookHåvard Strand,
Lars Wilhelmsen,& Nils Petter Gleditsch
International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO)
in collaboration withPeter Wallensteen,
Margareta Sollenberg,
Mikael Eriksson& Lotta Harbom
Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University
andHalvard Buhaug& Jan Ketil Rød
Department of Sociology and Political Science/Department of Geography,
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Version 3.02, 20 December 2004

1

The first codebook to the Armed Conflict Dataset was prepared at PRIO in 2002 in close collaboration with researchers at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University and theDepartments of Sociology and Political Science and Geomatics at the Norwegian University of Scienceand Technology (NTNU). For a description of the division of labor in creating the database, see thefirst footnote in Gleditsch, Wallensteen, Sollenberg, Eriksson & Strand (2002: 615). This footnote also
lists the financial sources of support for the entire project and credits for comments and advice received
along the way.
This is Version 3.0 of the codebook and associated documents. We are grateful to several colleagues
and external users for constructive comments. For our policy on new versions, see Section 4.23 below,
and for a complete history of earlier versions see the document called Version History. For further
comments and suggestions on the data and the codebook, please communicate both to project leader
Lotta Harbom (lotta.harbom@pcr.uu.se) and to jpr@prio.no.
When using the data, please cite the published article and (when appropriate) this codebook. Always
include the Version number in analyses using the dataset.
2This version incorporates some linguistic changes relative to the 7 December release.

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Contents

1
2

Introduction............................................................................................................3
Definition of conflict..............................................................................................3
2.1
Armed conflict ...............................................................................................3
2.2
Distinguishing between different phases of conflict: The Conflict ID and the
Sub-Conflict ID..........................................................................................................5
2.3
Definition of obserbations..............................................................................5
2.4
Missing data problems ...................................................................................63
Definition of variables ...........................................................................................7
3.1
Primkey ..........................................................................................................8
3.2
ID ...................................................................................................................8
3.3
SubID .............................................................................................................8
3.4
Location .........................................................................................................8
3.5
Side_A............................................................................................................9
3.6
Side_B............................................................................................................9
3.7
Incompatibility.............................................................................................10
3.8
Territory .......................................................................................................10
3.9
Year..............................................................................................................10
3.10 Intensity........................................................................................................10
3.11 Type .............................................................................................................11
3.12 Startdate .......................................................................................................11
3.13 Startprecision ...............................................................................................11
3.14 Startdate2 .....................................................................................................12
3.15 Startprecision2 .............................................................................................12
3.16 COW_A .......................................................................................................12
3.17 COW_B........................................................................................................12
3.18 COW_location .............................................................................................12
3.19 Region ..........................................................................................................13
3.20 Lat ................................................................................................................13
3.21 Lon ...............................................................................................................14
3.22 Radius ..........................................................................................................14
3.23 Version .........................................................................................................14
4
Monadic dataset ...................................................................................................15
4.1
Variables ......................................................................................................15
5
Dyadic dataset ......................................................................................................15
5.1
Definition of variables .................................................................................15
5.2
Variables ......................................................................................................16
5.3
Notes ............................................................................................................17
6
Technical information ..........................................................................................17
6.1
Database .......................................................................................................17
6.2
Text files ......................................................................................................19
6.3
SPSS files.....................................................................................................19
6.4
Stata files......................................................................................................19
6.5
Excel file ......................................................................................................19
7
System membership description ..........................................................................198
References............................................................................................................242

Armed Conflict Dataset

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1 Introduction
This document describes the Armed Conflict Dataset, a joint project between the Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, Uppsala University and the Centre for the
Study of Civil War at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO). The
dataset was first presented in Gleditsch, Wallensteen, Eriksson, Sollenberg & Strand(2002), and is available for download from http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/.
The project is part of the larger Uppsala Conflict Data Project, which is thoroughly
described at http://www.ucdp.uu.se.
Version 3.0 is updated in partial accordance to the changes listed in Eriksson &Wallensteen, (2004). The 2003 conflicts have been added to the database, and a number of small changes have been made in the existing data for 1989–2002. After the2004 manuscript was submitted for publication, a number of further updates weremade to the database. Version 3.0 reflects these changes as well as those listed in
Eriksson & Wallensteen (2004)
We refer the reader to our Version History document for details of these andother changes. The dataset will continue to be updated with new data annually.

2 Definition of conflict
The main unit in this database is an ‘Armed Conflict’, as defined by the Armed Conflict Data Project. This definition is presented unabridged in Section 2.1. Each conflictas defined by this rule is listed in the database and given a unique ID code. The temporal aspect of a conflict is not addressed by this definition, and it is therefore neccesarry for us to operationalize this further. Section 2.2 describes under what conditions
an armed conflict can be seen as a sequence of several conflicts phases.
The dataset was originally published in a Word document, with a flexible data
structure, corresponding to the definition presented below in Section 2.1. The current
document describes a fixed data structure, which at times is incompatible with theflexible structure of the original list of conflicts. We have been as loyal to the original
document as possible, and we will try to clarify how each variable relates to the original dataset3. The major difference between the two is the notion of a sub-conflict,which is described below.

2.1 Armed conflict
The Armed Conflict Data project at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at
the University of Uppsala has written the following definition: An armed conflict is acontested incompatibility that concerns government and/or territory where the use ofarmed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state,
results in at least 25 battle-related deaths.
The separate elements of the definition are operationalized as follows:(1) Use of armed force: use of arms in order to promote the parties’ general positionin the conflict, resulting in deaths.
(1.1) Arms: any material means, e.g. manufactured weapons but also sticks,
stones, fire, water, etc.
3

The complete list of conflicts (1946–2003) is available at:
http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/current/conflict_list_1946-2003.pdf.

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Version 3.0(2) 25 deaths: A minimum of 25 battle-related deaths per year and per incompatibility.
(3) Party: A government of a state or any opposition organization or alliance of opposition organizations.
(3.1) Government: The party controlling the capital of the state.
(3.2) Opposition organization: Any non-governmental group of people having
announced a name for their group and using armed force.
(4) State: A state is:(4.1) an internationally recognized sovereign government controlling a specified
territory, or(4.2) an internationally unrecognized government controlling a specified territory whose sovereignty is not disputed by another internationally recognized sovereign government previously controlling the same territory.
(5) Incompatibility concerning government and/or territory: The incompatibility, as
stated by the parties, must concern government and/or territory.
(5.1) Incompatibility: the stated generally incompatible positions.
(5.2) Incompatibility concerning government: Incompatibility concerning typeof political system, the replacement of the central government, or thechange of its composition.
(5.3) Incompatibility concerning territory: Incompatibility concerning the statusof a territory, e.g. the change of the state in control of a certain territory(interstate conflict), secession, or autonomy (internal conflict).
The conflicts are grouped into five geographical regions:
•
•
•
•
•

Europe: Geographic definition, including the states in the Caucasus.
Middle East: Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey,
and the states of the Arabian Peninsula.
Asia: Geographic definition, including Oceania, Australia, and New Zealand.
Africa: Geographic definition, excluding states in the Middle East (see above).
Americas: Geographic definition, including states in the Caribbean.

Location refers to the governmental party; opposition organizations include allorganizations recorded as being in armed conflict with the government.
Subsets of armed conflicts are defined as follows:4• Minor Armed Conflict: At least 25 battle-related deaths per year and fewer
than 1,000 battle-related deaths during the course of the conflict.
• Intermediate Armed Conflict: At least 25 battle-related deaths per year and an
accumulated total of at least 1,000 deaths, but fewer than 1,000 per year.
• War: At least 1,000 battle-related deaths per year.
In the case of an interstate armed conflict, both (or all) countries are given as alocation in the original conflict list, with a dash between the warring sides. In the caseof a colonial conflict, the territory at issue is listed as the location whereas the actors,
including the colonial power, are presented as opposition organizations. In the data4

The term Major Armed Conflict has been used in earlier presentations of these data and is still used in
the annual presentations in the SIPRI Yearbook (most recently Eriksson & Wallensteen (2004) It denotes the sum of the two most severe levels of conflict, i.e. intermediate armed conflict plus war.

4

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base, one country in an interstate conflict is given as location in the database, while
the other state actors are presented as opposition organizations. If several countries arelisted, the first country is the location.
Names of the opposition organizations are given in the local language, if available, and in English.

2.2 Distinguishing between different phases of conflict: The
Conflict ID and the Sub-Conflict ID
For some purposes there is a need to distinguish between different phases of a war. To
facilitate this, we have added a Sub-Conflict ID field that identifies distinct phases of
the conflict. The first year(s) of a conflict is always coded with Sub-Conflict ID = 0.
We code a subsequent year of conflict as a new sub-conflict if it satisfies either of thefollowing criteria:
1. It follows ten consecutive years with less than 25 battle-related deaths per year
2. It is the year of a conflict that is coded as changing from ‘internal conflict’ to‘internationalized internal conflict’ or vice versa
3. It is coded with a complete change in the list of opposition organizations
In all other cases, a conflict year is coded as continuation of the previous sub-conflict.
The definition of a Sub-Conflict ID has consequences for coding criterions regarding
temporal issues. Start Dates are coded with respect to Sub-Conflict ID, so that each
new Sub-Conflict has an independent start date. However, it is important to note thatsince not all Sub-Conflicts are defined based on the temporal criterion, these startdates must not be confused with a definition of conflict onset. There is, at the time ofwriting, no definition of conflict onset in this database.

2.3 Definition of obserbations
The observation (or unit) in the database is a conflict-year. Each conflict is listed
every year it is found to be above the threshold. This is in contrast to Version 2.1 (andearlier versions) of the dataset.5
The calendar year is the basic unit of every observation. If a conflict during theperiod June–September results in 30 casualties, that year will be recorded as a year of
conflict. If the same number of casualties occurred in the period November–February
and that the conflict failed to reach the threshold of 25 battle-related deaths in either
calendar year, both years would be recorded as being at peace. This has a number ofconsequences that will be discussed below. Start dates will very often be recorded
prior to the first calendar year of a conflict, as the start of a conflict might be in a yearwith less than 25 casualties. Small conflicts might not be included. Certain observations might be based on a single event, such as the Omagh bombing in Northern Ireland in 1997, which exceeded the minimum threshold for armed conflict.

5

The previous formulation read ‘The observation (or unit) in the database is a conflict-year, a subconflict, or a subset of either over a period of time where no element in the definition described in Section 2 is changed. Each conflict is likely to include several observations’. This definition of the primary
unit made sense in the text lists that preceded this dataset, where space was an important issue. The
data structure was kept in order to stay compatible with previous versions. But while this might beadvantageous to old users, it has confused a number of new users. The new annual data structure therefore replaced the old structure in Version 3.0.

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Different observations have a different number of actors, both government andopposition groups. For most purposes, the database has to be converted into a data
structure more suitable for analysis, such as a monadic, dyadic, or duration structure6.

2.4 Missing data problems
This dataset does not include any missing data codes. This should not lead anyone toassume there are no such problems. A number of conflicts have been identified as potentially in accordance with the criteria for inclusion. Similarly, additional years might
have been listed for those conflicts that are included, although so far we have failed tofind sufficient evidence for inclusion. These observations are currently coded as absence of conflict.
The information also varies with regard to the level of precision. For the start datevariables, the precision level is recorded in a separate variable. Apart from that, ourtake is that if we only record and provide information when we are quite confident
that it is correct. The bias produced by this approach is against the inclusion of conflicts in the earlier decades and in the less-developed world. An armed conflict in adeveloped country in the 1990s is more likely to be recorded than a conflict in a lessdeveloped country in the 1950s.
The data coders have made a decision whether there was an active conflict according to the definition for all countries for all years they are independent after 1945.
This does not mean there are no uncertainties regarding the codings.

6

By monadic we refer to a data structure where a country is the main unit of analysis. Dyadic refers toa data structure where a pair of countries is the main unit of analysis. In duration analyses the conflict,from start to end, is the main unit of analysis.

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3 Definition of variables
Table 1. Definition of Variables in the Main Conflict Table

7

No
1
2
3

Variable
Primkey
ID
SubID

Label
Primary key
Conflict identifier
Sub-conflict identifier

4

Location

Country name(s)5Side_ACountry name(s)6Side_BCountry name(s) or Opposition actors

7
8

Incompatibility
Territory

Conflict incompatibility
Name of territory

9
10

Year
Intensity

Year of observation
Intensity level

11

Type

Conflict type12

Startdate

Date of conflict initiation

13
14

Startprecision
Startdate2

Precision of Startdate
Date of conflict initiation

15

Startprecision2

Precision of Startdate2

16

COW_A

7

COW numbers of Side A

17

COW_B

COW numbers of Side B

18

COW_location

19

Region

COW numbers of Location
Region of Location

20

Lat

Latitude of conflict centre

21

Lon

22

RadiusLongitude of conflict center
Radius of conflict area

COW: Correlates of War project.

7

Description
The unique identifier of all observations
The unique identifier of all conflicts
Identifying sub-conflicts within a defined conflict
The name(s) of the country/countries
whose government(s) have a primary
claim to the object in dispute.
Identifying the country/countries of side
A in a conflict. Always the governmentside in civil wars
Identifying the names and/or country/countries of side B in a conflict. In a
civil conflict, this includes military opposition organizations.
A general coding of the conflict issue
The name of the territory over which
the conflict is fought, provided that theincompatibility is territorial
A two + one level assessment of thenumber of battle-related casualties per
year in the conflict period covered by
the observation, plus a special levelindicating conflict history in lowintensity conflicts
Four different types of conflict (interstate, extrastate, internal, internationalized internal)
The date, as precise as possible, of thefirst violent action of the conflict resulting in death
The level of precision for the initial date
Similar to Start_date, but truncated sothat there are no dates earlier than thefirst year of 25 battle-related deaths
The level of precision for the truncatedinitial date
COW numbers of all countries in SideA, separated by semicolons
COW numbers of all countries in SideB, separated by semicolons
COW numbers of all location countries,
separated by semicolons
See Section 4.19 for the definition of
the different regions.
First component of the geographic coordinates of center of the conflict
Second component of the geographic
coordinates of center of the conflict
Assuming that all conflict areas arecircles, the radius of the conflict area

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Variable
VersionVersion 3.0
Label
Version number

Description
The current version of the dataset. See
Section 4.23.

3.1 Primkey
The Primkey variable is the primary key in the dataset, and each observation has aunique primary key. This variable is useful for merging the dataset with other datasets. It is constructed from three components: The first four digits are the conflict ID.
The fifth digit is the sub-conflict ID. The last four digits are the first year of the observation period. Key = ( ID *100000 ) + ( SubID *10000 ) + Begin . There are 1776 observations in the dataset.

3.2 ID
Every conflict, as defined in Section 2.1, has its own ID. We have chosen a four-digit
Conflict ID, ranging from 1010 to 3320. There are 228 different conflicts included in
the current version. Based on new evidence, earlier coding decisions have and willcontiniue to be revised. Thus, the conflict ID variable can also be subject to changes
from version to version.

3.3 SubID
Every sub-conflict is identified by the SubID variable. The default value is 0, andevery new sub-conflict has a new number. Thus, a conflict with two sub-conflicts is inreality divided into three conflict periods with their individual start dates. Most conflicts do not have sub-conflicts, but 65 of the 228 conflicts have been split up into different sub-conflicts. There is a total of 323 uniqe sub-conflict IDs
Table 2. Frequency Table for SubID Variable
Number of sub-conflicts

Count

1

163

2
3
4
5

42
19
1
3

This frequency table shows the distribution of number of sub-conflicts per conflict. The four conflicts that are divided into four or more different conflict periods areconflicts over government in Zaire/DRC, Afghanistan, Uganda, and Cambodia.

3.4 Location
Location is defined as the government side of a conflict, and should not be interpreted
as the geographical location of the conflict. See Section 4.20–22 for more informationon the geographic localization of a conflict.
•

For internal and internationalized internal conflicts, only one country name islisted. This is the country whose government or territory is disputed. For certain conflicts, such as Kurdistan, the disputed territory is divided between different countries. Following our definition, we have coded individual conflicts
for each country.

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For interstate conflict, governments with a claim over the territory in disputeare listed in the Location field. Even if several governments are involved in
the conflict, only the primary parties are listed. This normally means that two
countries are listed, but there are two notable exceptions: In the Arab-Israeli
war of 1948–49 as well as the Suez war of 1956, there are more than two primary parties to the conflict. In the Arab-Israeli war of 1948–49 five states,
Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Transjordan, made an equal claim against Israel to the Israeli/Palestinian territory. In the case of the Suez war of 1956, Israel, United Kingdom, and France share an equal claim to the Suez territory
against Egypt. Thus, the parties cannot be separated into primary and secondary parties with regard to the incompatibility.
For extra-state conflicts, Location is set to be the disputed area, not the government of the colonial power. This is a rather difficult problem, as the Location by default is not a member of the international system, and hence it is incompatible with the definition presented in Section 2.

Location is a string variable, listing the names of the countries involved. Thesemight be fighting together or against each other. The string is split in two ways, hyphen (‘-‘) splits the different sides in an interstate war, and comma (‘,’) splits different
countries fighting together on the same side.

3.5 Side_A
Side A is the government side of all internal conflicts, one of the sides in an interstate
conflict, and the colonial state in extra-state conflicts. By definition, a nongovernmental group cannot be part of an armed conflict on this side. For all interstate
conflicts, we only list governments, and for all extrastate or internal conflicts, every
conflict involving a non-governmental actor on the governments side versus anothernon-governmental actor can be broken up into two conflicts; the government vs. theopposition and the pro-government group vs. the opposition. The latter is a conflictwith no government actor and falls outside our definition. Hence, Side A will only list
governments. In some interstate conflicts, Side A includes more countries than arelisted in the Location field. All governments involved in an interstate conflict arelisted on Side A or Side B, but only the primary parties with a claim over the territory
in dispute are listed in the Location field. (Note the explanation in the previous sections concerning two conflicts where we cannot separate between primary and secondary actors.)
Side A is a string variable, where the different country names are separated by acomma (‘,’).

3.6 Side_B
Side B is the opposition side of all internal and extra-state conflicts and the secondside in an interstate conflict. Side B can include both countries and non-governmental
opposition groups. There might be conflicts where different opposition groups fighteach other as well as the government, but this will not be evident from the coding ofSide B. Governments listed in Side B can support one or more of the oppositiongroups, but neither this nor the precise name of all opposition groups can be read outof this column. We refer to the conflict list8 for more information on oppositiongroups.
8

See footnote 2.

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Side B is a string variable, where the different country names are separated by acomma (‘,’).

3.7 Incompatibility
As one country can experience several conflicts, we need a way to differentiate between them. Incompatibility can be either over Government or Territory. There can be
only one incompatibility over Government in a given year, but there can be several
territorial conflicts involving both opposition organizations and other governments ineither internal or interstate conflicts.
Table 3. Frequency Table for Incompatibility
Incompatibility

Count

Territory: 1

133

Government: 2

95

Extrastate conflicts are by definition territorial, since the government side isfighting to retain control of a territory outside the state system. Insterstate conflicts arealso more likely to concern territory than government. The exceptions are invasions
aimed at a change of government, such as the US invasions of Grenada (1983) andPanama (1989), and the Soviet invasion of Hungary (1956).

3.8 Territory
If the incompatibility is Territory, this variable will name that territory.

3.9 Year
The first year of the observation period as defined in Section 3.

3.10 Intensity
The intensity variable is coded in three categories:
1. Minor: More than 25 battle-related deaths per year for every year in the period.
2. Intermediate: More than 25 battle-related deaths per year and a total conflicthistory of more than 1000 battle-related deaths.
3. War: More than 1000 battle-related deaths per year for every year in the period
This variable is not ordinal. The intermediate category is not necessarily more intense than the minor category, but it adds an element of history that is not coded in the
categories ‘minor’ or ‘war’. Some users may prefer to recode this variable as a dichotomy (minor conflict/war) and use the historical information (cumulative deaths
exceeds 1000: yes/no) as a separate variable.
The intensity coding raises a problem with regard to the definition of subconflicts. The ‘total conflict history’ category is reset if there are more 10 continuous
years with fewer than 25 battle-related deaths per year or if there is a complete change
in the opposition side. It is, however, not reset if the sub-conflict coding is due to anintervention in an ongoing internal war (or the retraction of foreign troops). This is nota coherent coding procedure. Researchers who find this problematic can disregard the‘intermediate’ category and rather merge it with the ‘minor’ category.

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3.11 TypeWe define four types of conflict:
1. Extrasystemic armed conflict occurs between a state and a non-state group outside its own territory. (In the COW project, extrasystemic war is subdivided
between colonial war and imperial war, but this division is not used here.)
2. Interstate armed conflict occurs between two or more states.
3. Internal armed conflict occurs between the government of a state and internal
opposition groups without intervention from other states.
4. Internationalized internal armed conflict occurs between the government of astate and internal opposition groups with intervention from other states.
See also Figure 1 in Eriksson & Wallensteen (2004: 627).

3.12 Startdate
The start date is coded as the initial fatality of the armed conflict. In several conflicts,
this event is more or less temporally isolated, and the year in question does therefore
not result in 25 battle related fatalities. The start date can therefore be recorded in acountry that isn’t recorded as being involved in an armed conflict. This is neither selfcontradictory nor unfortunate. As described in Sections 2 and 3, the threshold of 25
battle-related deaths per year produces an effective platform for comparing for instance the level of conflict in the world at two different points in time. However, it isless well suited at identifying events of special interest, such as the onset of an armed
conflict. When the start date is coded prior to the first year recorded as being in armed
conflict, this is an indication of the onset being isolated to the extent that the sum of
all events for that year did not meet our threshold of 25 fatalities.
The definition of the start date as the initial event involving a fatality is not selfevident. Two important alternatives were discussed. The initial statement of the political incompatibility could for some researchers be just as interesting. Another alternative would be the event that brought the body count for that year up to 25. Both ofthese were however rejected.

3.13 Startprecision
For certain conflicts, we can pinpoint the start of the armed conflict down to a single
event, taking place on a given day. For other conflicts, this is not possible, due to operational difficulties or missing information.
Some conflicts have a sliding period of escalation, where it can be difficult topoint to a single event being the initial event. In such cases, we have to make a subjective judgment. When the information we have gathered does yield any basis for a decision, we also have to set a date. Both of these problems are reflected in the coding of
the Start date precision.
1. Both day and month are precisely coded, based on operational criterions andgood information
2. Day is assigned, month and year is precisely coded. This can be due to bothkinds of problem discussed above. The assigned date can either be one of several events that can be classified as the first event, or it can be an event thatdifferent sources claim occur on different dates.
3. Month and year are precisely coded, day is unknown. The exact day is known
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4. Month is assigned, year is coded precisely. Similar to item 2 in this list, there
is uncertainty regarding the month, not only the day. Month and day assigned
based on subjective judgment.
5. Both day and month missing; only year is known and coded precisely. The
start date is assigned to 1 January of that year.
6. Year is assigned. Similar to item 2 and item 4, there is wide disagreement between different sources, so that not even year can be coded precisely. The startdate is then assigned based on subjective judgment.
7. Year is missing. No information on the start date is available; the start date is
set to 1 January of the first year recorded in conflict.

3.14 Startdate2
Due to the incompatibility of the calendar-year observation unit and the event-based
coding of start date, a number of conflicts start before the first year recorded as having
conflict. This is unfortunate for some applications, and we include a variable where allthese start dates have been set to 1 January of the first year recorded in conflict.

3.15 Startprecision2
The precision coding for Start date 2 differs only from Start date precision on the startdates that have been changed, and these are given the value 11.

3.16 COW_A
To facilitate analytical use of the dataset, we have coded the Correlates of War(COW) number for all participating countries/governments for that observation. We
have split this into a Side A and a Side B. For interstate conflict, Side A and Side B
are assigned arbitrarily, but for the three other categories of conflict some additional
explanation is necessary: All countries fighting together on the government side arelisted on Side A and all countries aiding opposition groups are listed on Side B. We
may safely assume that all countries listed under Side A are fighting together, but thisassumption is more problematic for Side B. There might be conflicts where several
governments support different opposition groups, which might fight separately against
the government or even fight each other. We have not recorded which governments
support which opposition groups.
COW_A is a string variable, where the list of numbers are separated by comma(‘,’).

3.17 COW_B
See COW_A.

3.18 COW_location(See Section 4.4). This field holds the COW numbers of all governments listed in the
Location variable. These actors are the primary actors in the conflict, with a claim in
the object of dispute. It does not, as stated before, necessarily imply that there is conflict on the territories controlled by the listed actors.
COW_location is a string variable, where the numbers are separated by a comma(‘,’).

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3.19 Region
The conflict definition specifies a region variable, with the following five regions:
1. Europe: Geographic definition, including the states in the Caucasus, corresponding to the COW numbers [200,395]
2. Middle East: Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey,
and the states of the Arabian Peninsula, corresponding to the COW numbers[630,698]
3. Asia: Geographic definition, including Oceania, Australia, and New Zealand,and excluding states in the Middle East, corresponding to the COW numbers[700,990]
4. Africa: Geographic definition, excluding states in the Middle East (see above),corresponding to the COW numbers [400,625]
5. Americas: Geographic definition, including states in the Caribbean, corresponding to the COW numbers [2,165]
Figure 1. Number of Armed Conflicts by Region, 1946–2003

3.20 Lat
In order to specify the geographic location of each conflict, every observation is assigned a conflict center point by its geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude).
The conflict center is fixed, so as to represent the geographic mid-point of all significant battle-zones during the conflict, including territory occupied by the opposition
actors. The latitude and longitude variables are represented by decimal degrees on a
180˚ scale10. Southern latitudes and western longitudes have negative values.
10

Clionadh Raleigh has coded a new variable which identifies in which country the conflict centre(Lon, Lat) is located. We call this the conflict site. This variable will eventually be integrated into thedataset. For the moment it will be made available for download as a separate variable at
http://www.prio.no/cpw/armedconflicts/ by early January 2005.

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3.21 Lon
See Lat.

3.22 Radius
The radius variable indicates the largest geographic extent of the conflict zone fromthe center point during the course of conflict. The radius variable is measured in 50kilometer intervals. For conflicts that took place within a single spot (city, militarybase), the radius variable is set at 50 km. Users should be aware of the limitations of
this variable. At a given point in time, the actual conflict zone might be more constrained than the maximum size that is recorded here. Furthermore, we define a circular zone of conflict whereas the actual shape is more likely to follow the contours ofinternational boundaries, mountains, rivers, etc. In fact, the circular conflict zone
might also cover territory not directly affected by the conflict, and even the territoryof a neighboring country. Work is in progress to refine this variable by introducing
polygon-shaped conflict zones, and these data will be added to the database eventually.
Figure 2. Geographic Location of all Armed Conflicts, 1989–2003

Plotted by the ViewConflicts program (Rød, Gleditsch & Buhaug, 2002) on the basis of Version 3.0 of this database.

3.23 Version
The most recent version of the dataset is Version 3.0. For every new release, substantive changes will be documented in a separate document.11 This should be helpful toresearchers trying to replicate a particular study. We recommend that whenever thisdataset is used, the version number should be cited.

11

http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/version_history.pdf

14Armed Conflict Dataset

Version 3.0

The version number consists of a major and minor indicator. A change in the major indicator implies that new data have been added, while a change in the minor indicator is made when errors have been corrected.

4 Monadic dataset
We have prepared a monadic (or country-year) dataset based on the database. Most
analyses of civil conflict are made with this data structure. As there are four different
types of conflicts in the database, we have included an extensive set of variables in themonadic file. These variables should, combined, cover most possible uses of the dataset, but they will rarely all be used in the same study.
Since some countries can experience simultaneous conflicts, we report the highest
intensity level for each conflict type.
The monadic dataset is available in a number of formats, SPSS, Stata 7, Excel,
semi-colon separated text file.

4.1 Variables
Table 4. Definition of Variables in the Monadic Table
No.
1
2
3

Variable
Year
cow
Type1

4

Type2

5

Type3

6

Type4

7

Location

8

Count

9

VersionDescriptionYear
COW country code
0: No extra-state conflict
1: Extra-state minor armed conflict
2: Extra-state intermediate armed conflict
3: Extra-state war
0: No interstate conflict
1: Interstate minor armed conflict
2: Interstate intermediate armed conflict
3: Interstate war
0: No internal conflict
1: Internal minor armed conflict
2: Internal intermediate armed conflict
3: Internal war
0: No Internationalized internal conflict
1: Internationalized internal minor armed conflict
2: Internationalized internal intermediate armed conflict
3: Internationalized internal war
0: Country is not listed as location of a conflict
1: Country is listed as location of a minor armed conflict
2: Country is listed as location of an intermediate armed conflict
3: Country is listed as location of a war (see Sec. 4.4; 4.19)
The number of conflicts in which the government of the country is involved in
Version information

5 Dyadic dataset
The dyadic dataset contains a total of 15,354 dyads and 539,038 dyad-years.

5.1 Definition of variables
The descriptions for the variables in the dyadic dataset reference some of the variablesin the parent dataset. These variables are listed below. Please also refer to the complete variable descriptions in Section 4 of this document.

15

Armed Conflict Dataset

Version 3.0

Table 5. Coding Descriptions for the Dyadic Table
Intensity

Incompatibility
Type

0: No conflict
1–3: See Section 3.10

A state may be involved in more than one conflict ofany type in a given year. The intensity of the highestlevel conflict is recorded.
0: No conflict
1–2: See Section 3.7
3: Both 1 and 2
See Section 3.11

5.2 Variables
Table 6. Definition of Variables in the Dyadic Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Variable
A_COW
B_COW
Year
Civ_A
Civ_A_Inc
Civ_B
Civ_B_Inc
War_A
War_A_Inc
War_B
War_B_Inc
War_AB

13
14

War_AB_Inc
War_Ally

15
16

War_Ally_Inc
Typ4L_A

17
18

Typ4L_A_Inc
Typ4L_B

19
20

Typ4L_B_Inc
Typ4I_A

21
22

Typ4I_A_Inc
Typ4I_B

23
24

Typ4I_B_Inc
Typ4_AB25
26

Typ4_AB_Inc
Typ4_Ally

27
28

Typ4_Ally_Inc
Typ1_A29
30

Typ1_A_Inc
Typ1_B31

Typ1_B_Inc

Description
Correlates of War ID for State A
Correlates of War ID for State B
Current dyad-year
State A’s involvement internal conflict type 3 (Intensity)
Incompatibility of the above conflict(s)State B’s involvement internal conflict type 3 (Intensity)
Incompatibility of the above conflict(s)State A’s involvement internal conflict type 2 (Intensity)
Incompatibility of the above conflict(s)State B’s involvement internal conflict type 2 (Intensity)
Incompatibility of the above conflict(s)States A-B is involved on opposite sides in an interstate conflicttype 2 (Intensity)
Incompatibility of the above conflict(s)States A-B is involved on the same side in an interstate conflicttype 2 (Intensity)
Incompatibility of the above conflict(s)State A is the location of one or more internal w/foreign intervention conflict type 4 (Intensity)
Incompatibility of the above conflict(s)State B is the location of one or more internal w/foreign intervention conflict type 4 (Intensity)
Incompatibility of the above conflict(s)State A is involved as an intervening state in one or more internal w/foreign intervention conflict type 4 (Intensity)
Incompatibility of the above conflict(s)State B is involved as an intervening state in one or more internal w/foreign intervention conflict type 4 (Intensity)
Incompatibility of the above conflict(s)States A-B is involved on opposite sides in an internal w/foreignintervention conflict type 4 (Intensity)
Incompatibility of the above conflict(s)States A-B is involved on the same side in an internal w/foreignintervention conflict type 4 (Intensity) See Section 6.3.2.
Incompatibility of the above conflict(s)State A is involved in one or more extra-state conflict type 1 (Intensity)
Incompatibility of the above conflict(s)State B is involved in one or more extra-state conflict type 1 (Intensity)
Incompatibility of the above conflict(s)16Armed Conflict Dataset

32
33
34

Variable
NumConflicts_A
NumConflicts_B
Key_A

35

Key_B

Version 3.0
Description
Number of conflicts recorded for state A in the current year
Number of conflicts recorded for state B in the current year
Comma [,] separated references to the variable Primkey in theparent dataset for each conflict state A is involved in the current
year. See Section 4.1
Comma [,] separated references to the variable Primkey in theparent dataset for each conflict state B is involved in the current
year. See Section 4.1

5.3 Notes
All countries fighting together on the government side are listed on side A and all
countries aiding opposition groups are listed on side B. We may safely assume that all
countries listed under side A are fighting together, but the same assumption is more
problematic for side B. (See Section 4.17.)

6 Technical information
6.1 Database
The database is stored in a Microsoft Access 2000 database. The main table [Armed
Conflict Database] is defined with the following data types:
Table 7. Technical Spesification of Main Conflict Table

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Variable
PrimkeyID
SubID
Location
Side_A
Side_B
Incompatibility
Territory
Begin
End
Intensity
Type
Startdate
Startprecision
Startdate2
Startprecision2
COW_A
COW_B
COW_location
RegionLat
Lon
RadiusVersionDefinition
LONG INTEGERINTEGER
BYTE
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
BYTE
TEXT
INTEGERINTEGER
BYTE
BYTE
DATE/TIME
BYTE
DATE/TIME
BYTE
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
BYTE
DOUBLEDOUBLEINTEGERDOUBLE

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Armed Conflict Dataset

Version 3.0

The monadic file is stored in the table [Monadic] with the following definition:
Table 8. Technical Spesification of the Monadic Table

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Variable
Year
COW
Type1
Type2
Type3
Type4
LocationCount
VersionDefinition
INTEGERINTEGER
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
DOUBLEThe dyadic file is stored in the table [Dyadic] with the following definition:
Table 9. Technical Spesification of the Dyadic Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

Variable
A_COW_ID
B_COW_ID
Year
Civ_A
Civ_A_Inc
Civ_B
Civ_B_Inc
War_A
War_A_Inc
War_B
War_B_Inc
War_AB
War_AB_Inc
War_Ally
War_Ally_Inc
Typ4L_A
Typ4L_A_Inc
Typ4L_B
Typ4L_B_Inc
Typ4I_A
Typ4I_A_Inc
Typ4I_B
Typ4I_B_Inc
Typ4_AB
Typ4_AB_Inc
Typ4_Ally
Typ4_Ally_Inc
Typ1_A
Typ1_A_Inc
Typ1_B
Typ1_B_Inc
NumConflicts_A
NumConflicts_B
Key_A
Key_B
VersionDefinition
INTEGERINTEGERINTEGER
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
TEXT
TEXT
DOUBLE

18

Armed Conflict Dataset

Version 3.0

6.2 Text files
The text files are exported from the database with semi-colon (‘;’) as the field separator and in the Western European (Windows) / ISO-8859-1 code page.

6.3 SPSS files
Created with Stat/Transfer 7.0.02.

6.4 Stata files
Stata (Standard) Version 7. Created with Stat/Transfer 7.0.02.

6.5 Excel file
Exported out of the main database. Due to the size of the dyadic table, this file could
not be converted to Excel.

7 System membership description
The definition of a state is crucial to our conflict list. The conflict definition is based
upon participating governmental actors of independent states, and the classification ofa given conflict rests heavily upon the status of the different actors. A conflict between two recognized governments is an interstate war, while a conflict between arecognized government and a party soon to become a recognized government can beclassified as either internal war (i.e. Eritrea) or extra-state war (i.e. Laos) or if (4.2)
applies, interstate war. The definition of a state in the original conflict definition is asfollows:(4) State: A state is(4.1) an internationally recognized sovereign government controlling a specified territory, or(4.2) an internationally unrecognized government controlling a specified territory whose sovereignty is not disputed by another internationally recognized sovereign government previously controlling the same territory.
This is a very wide definition, which allows us a significant flexibility when it
comes to include small and short-lived governments and thereby classifying conflicts
precisely. However, this flexibility is costly when we want to compare conflicts overtime. If we want to answer the question ‘Is there more conflict now than during theCold War?’ we need to compare the ratio of states in conflict to states in peace at different points in time. To do that, we need a complete list of states over time.
By far the most widely used system membership definition is that of the Correlates of War project. The most recent update is Correlates of War 2 Project (2003).
The starting point for that list was Russett et al. (1968). Before 1920 the Russett et al.
definition includes countries with a population of more than 10,000 and diplomatic
relations with Britain and France. After 1920 countries are included if they have either
membership in the League of Nations or the UN, or a population of more than
500,000 and recognition from two major powers in the system. Gleditsch & Ward
have proposed an alternative operationalization of system membership. They include
countries with a population of more than 250.000 that have ‘a relatively autonomous
administration over some territory’, and is ‘considered a distinct entity by local actors
or the state it is dependent on’ (Gleditsch & Ward, 1999: 398).

19Armed Conflict Dataset

Version 3.0

The Gleditsch & Ward system definition is more flexible and addresses a numberof problematic aspects in the earlier Russett et al. definition, and it also fits our definition of state better. Lack of diplomatic recognition by a major power can be an indicator of conflict, and is therefore a problematic aspect of a system membership definition for our use.
However, countries with less than 250,000 inhabitants can also experience conflict, and we would ideally have chosen to include such countries as governmental
actors in our dataset. The only case where this is problematic is presented by thearmed conflict Hyderabad vs. India. Hyderabad declared itself independent in 1947. A
civil war broke out between the Indian government and a rebel movement, ending in
an invasion by India.
Most quantitative applications of this dataset will not be affected by this problem,as the lack of control variables most probably will leave this observation out of theanalysis. We have chosen, at this time, to build our monadic and dyadic time frameson the Gleditsch & Ward system membership data, so that there will be an observation (country-year or dyad-year) for the whole Gleditsch & Ward frame. Gleditsch &Ward use a slightly modified version of the COW numbering system. Table 10 presents the system membership table that we base our data tables on. These data are updated through 31 December 2003 by us, based on the assumption that no country hasentered or left the international system after the most recent version of the Gleditsch& Ward data.
Table 10. Gleditsch & Ward System Membership Table

State ID
2
20
31
40
41
42
51
52
53
70
80
90
91
92
93
94
95
100
101
110
115
130
135
140
145
150
155
160

Abbr.
USA
CAN
BHM
CUB
HAI
DOM
JAM
TRI
BAR
MEX
BLZ
GUA
HON
SAL
NIC
COS
PAN
COL
VEN
GUY
SUR
ECU
PER
BRA
BOL
PAR
CHL
ARG

State name
United States of America
CanadaBahamasCuba
Haiti
Dominican Republic
Jamaica
Trinidad and Tobago
Barbados
MexicoBelizeGuatemalaHonduras
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
PanamaColombia
Venezuela
GuyanaSurinamEcuador
Peru
BrazilBoliviaParaguay
Chile
Argentina

20

Start year
1946
1946
1973
1946
1946
1946
1962
1962
1966
1946
1981
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1966
1975
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946

End year
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003

Armed Conflict Dataset

State ID
165
200
205
210
211
212
220
225
230
235
260
265
290
305
310
315
316
317
325
338
339
343
344
345
346
349
350
352
355
359
360
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
375
380
385
390
395
402
404
411
420
432
433
434
435

Abbr.
URU
UK
IRE
NTH
BEL
LUX
FRN
SWZ
SPN
POR
GFR
GDR
POL
AUS
HUN
CZE
CZR
SLO
ITA
MLT
ALB
MAC
CRO
YUG
BOS
SLV
GRC
CYP
BUL
MLD
RUM
RUS
EST
LAT
LIT
UKR
BLR
ARM
GRG
AZE
FIN
SWD
NOR
DEN
ICE
CAP
GNB
EQG
GAM
MLI
SEN
BEN
MAA

Version 3.0

State nameUruguay
United Kingdom
IrelandNetherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
FranceSwitzerland
Spain
Portugal
German Federal Republic
German Democratic Republic
PolandAustria
Hungary
Czechoslovakia
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Italy (Sardinia)
Malta
Albania
Macedonia
Croatia
Yugoslavia (Serbia)
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Slovenia
GreeceCyprusBulgaria
Moldova
Rumania
Russia (Soviet Union)
Estonia
LatviaLithuania
UkraineBelarus
Armenia
Georgia
Azerbaijan
FinlandSwedenNorwayDenmark
IcelandCape Verde
Guinea-Bissau
Equatorial Guinea
GambiaMali
SenegalBenin
Mauritania

21

Start year
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1949
1949
1946
1946
1946
1946
1993
1993
1946
1964
1946
1991
1991
1946
1992
1991
1946
1960
1946
1991
1946
1946
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1975
1974
1968
1965
1960
1960
1960
1960

End year
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
1990
2003
2003
2003
1992
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003

Armed Conflict Dataset

State ID
436
437
438
439
450
451
452
461
471
475
481
482
483
484
490
500
501
510
511
516
517
520
522
530
531
540
541
551
552
553
560
565
570
571
572
580
581
590
600
615
616
620
625
630
640
645
651
652
660
663
666
670
678

Abbr.
NIR
CDI
GUI
BFO
LBR
SIE
GHA
TOG
CAO
NIG
GAB
CEN
CHA
CON
DRC
UGA
KEN
TAZ
ZAN
BUI
RWA
SOM
DJI
ETH
ERI
ANG
MZM
ZAM
ZIM
MAW
SAF
NAM
LES
BOT
SWA
MAG
COM
MAS
MOR
ALG
TUN
LIB
SUD
IRN
TUR
IRQ
EGY
SYR
LEB
JOR
ISR
SAU
YEM

Version 3.0

State name
Niger
Cote D’Ivoire
GuineaBurkina Faso (Upper Volta)
Liberia
Sierra Leone
Ghana
Togo
Cameroon
Nigeria
Gabon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of (Zaire)
UgandaKenya
Tanzania (Tanganyika)
ZanzibarBurundiRwandaSomalia
Djibouti
Ethiopia
EritreaAngolaMozambiqueZambiaZimbabwe (Rhodesia)
MalawiSouth Africa
Namibia
LesothoBotswana
Swaziland
Madagascar (Malagasy)
Comoros
Mauritius
MoroccoAlgeria
Tunisia
Libya
Sudan
Iran
Turkey
Iraq
Egypt
Syria
LebanonJordanIsraelSaudi Arabia
Yemen (Arab Republic of Yemen)

22Start year
1960
1960
1958
1960
1946
1961
1957
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1962
1963
1961
1963
1962
1962
1960
1977
1946
1993
1975
1975
1964
1965
1964
1946
1990
1966
1966
1968
1960
1975
1968
1956
1962
1956
1951
1956
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1948
1946
1946

End year
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
1964
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003

Armed Conflict Dataset

State ID
680
690
692
694
696
698
700
701
702
703
704
705
710
711
712
713
731
732
740
750
760
770
771
775
780
781
790
800
811
812
816
817
820
830
835
840
850
860
900
910
920
940
950

Abbr.
YPR
KUW
BAH
QAT
UAE
OMA
AFG
TKM
TAJ
KYR
UZB
KZK
CHN
TBT
MON
TAW
PRK
ROK
JPN
IND
BHU
PAK
BNG
MYA
SRI
MAD
NEP
THI
CAM
LAO
DRV
RVN
MAL
SIN
BRU
PHI
INS
ETM
AUL
PNG
NEW
SOL
FJI

Version 3.0

State name
Yemen, People's Republic of
KuwaitBahrain
Qatar
United Arab Emirates
Oman
Afghanistan
Turkmenistan
Tajikistan
Kyrgyz Republic
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
China
Tibet
Mongolia
TaiwanKorea, People's Republic ofKorea, Republic of
Japan
India
BhutanPakistan
Bangladesh
Myanmar (Burma)
Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
Maldives
Nepal
ThailandCambodia (Kampuchea)
Laos
Vietnam, Democratic Republic ofVietnam, Republic of
Malaysia
Singapore
Brunei
Philippines
Indonesia
East Timor
Australia
Papua New Guinea
New Zealand
Solomon Islands
Fiji

23

Start year
1967
1961
1971
1971
1971
1946
1946
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1946
1946
1946
1949
1948
1948
1946
1947
1949
1947
1972
1948
1948
1965
1946
1946
1954
1954
1954
1954
1957
1965
1984
1946
1946
2002
1946
1975
1946
1978
1970

End year
1990
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
1950
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
1975
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003

Armed Conflict Dataset

Version 3.0

8 References
Correlates of War 2 Project. 2003. ‘State System Membership List, v2002.1’. Online,
http://cow2.la.psu.edu.
Eriksson, Mikael; & Peter Wallensteen, 2004. ‘Patterns of Major Armed Conflicts
1990–2003’, in SIPRI Yearbook 2004 Armaments, Disarmament and International
Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press (132–147).
Eriksson, Mikael, Margareta Sollenberg & Peter Wallensteen, 2003. ‘Armed Conflict
1989–2003’, Journal of Peace Research 40(5): 593–607.
Eriksson, Mikael & Peter Wallensteen, 2004. ‘Armed Conflict, 1989–2003’, Journalof Peace Research 41(5): 625–636.
Gleditsch, Kristian S. & Michael D. Ward, 1999. ‘A Revised List of Independent
States since the Congress of Vienna.’ International Interactions 25(4): 393–413.
(Data available at http://weber.ucsd.edu/~kgledits/statelist.html.)
Gleditsch, Nils Petter; Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg &Håvard Strand, 2002. ‘Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset’, Journal of Peace
Research 39(5): 615–637. (Data available at http:/www.prio.no/jpr/datasets.asp.)
Russett, Bruce M.; J. David Singer & Melvin Small, 1968. ‘National Political Units in
the Twentieth Century: A Standardized List.’ American Political Science Review
62(1): 932–951.
Rød, Jan Ketil; Nils Petter Gleditsch & Halvard Buhaug, 2002. ‘Kartografisk visualisering av konflikter’ [Cartographic Visualization of Conflicts], paper presented to theAnnual Mapping Days, Oslo, 13–15 March. (Map program available at
http://www.svt.ntnu.no/geo/forskning/konflikt/viewConflicts/)

24