CREATED BY
DR. WES ROBERTSON
MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY@SCRIPTINGJAPANWESLEYCROBERTSON.WORDPRESS.COM

INTERMEDIATE JAPANESE UNIT BOOK
Created by Dr. Wesley C. Robertson, Japanese Sociolinguist @Macquarie University.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

TABLE OF CONTENTS・目次Intermediate Japanese Unit Book ........................................................................................................................................................... 1
About This Book・この教科書について.................................................................................................................................................. 4
How to Use This Text・使い方 ................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Chapter One・第一章 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Vocabulary・ごい................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Grammar・文法 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 1 Kanji・かんじ .................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 1 Workbook ・ ワークブック 1............................................................................................................................................ 17
Chapter 1 Workbook Answer Key・ 解答集 1 ................................................................................................................................... 23
Chapter Two・第二章............................................................................................................................................................................. 29
Vocabulary・ごい............................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Grammar・文法 .................................................................................................................................................................................30
Chapter 2 Kanji・かんじ.................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Chapter 2 Workbook ・ ワークブック 2........................................................................................................................................... 43
Chapter 2 Workbook Answer Key ・ 解答集 2 ................................................................................................................................. 49
Chapter Three・第二章 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Vocabulary・ごい............................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Grammar・文法 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 56
Chapter 3 Kanji・かんじ.................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Chapter 3 Workbook ・ ワークブック 3...........................................................................................................................................68
Chapter 3 Workbook Answer Key ・ 解答集 3.................................................................................................................................. 75
Chapter Four・第四章 ............................................................................................................................................................................82
Vocabulary・ごい...............................................................................................................................................................................82
Grammar・文法 .................................................................................................................................................................................83
Chapter 4 Kanji・かんじ....................................................................................................................................................................89
Chapter 4 Workbook ・ ワークブック 4........................................................................................................................................... 93
Chapter 4 Workbook Answer Key ・ 解答集 4 ................................................................................................................................. 99
Chapter Five・第五章 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 105
Vocabulary・ごい............................................................................................................................................................................. 105
Grammar・文法 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 106
Chapter 5 Kanji・かんじ...................................................................................................................................................................115
Chapter 5 Workbook ・ ワークブック 5..........................................................................................................................................119
Chapter 5 Workbook Answer Key ・ 解答集 5................................................................................................................................ 126
Chapter Six・第六章............................................................................................................................................................................. 133
Vocabulary・ごい............................................................................................................................................................................. 133
Grammar・文法 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 134
Chapter 6 Kanji・かんじ.................................................................................................................................................................. 147
Chapter 6 Workbook ・ ワークブック 6..........................................................................................................................................151
Chapter 6 Workbook Answer Key ・ 解答集 6 ............................................................................................................................... 158

Chapter Seven・第七章 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 165
Vocabulary・ごい............................................................................................................................................................................. 165
Grammar・文法 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 166
Chapter 7 Kanji・かんじ.................................................................................................................................................................. 177
Chapter 7 Workbook ・ ワークブック 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 181
Chapter 7 Workbook Answer Key ・解答集 7.................................................................................................................................188
Chapter Eight・第八章 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 195
Vocabulary・ごい............................................................................................................................................................................. 195
Grammar・文法 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 196
Chapter 8 Kanji・かんじ ................................................................................................................................................................. 217
Chapter 8 Workbook ・ ワークブック 8......................................................................................................................................... 221
Chapter 8 Workbook Answer Key・ 解答集 8 ................................................................................................................................230
Chapter Nine・第九章 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 239
Vocabulary・ごい............................................................................................................................................................................. 239
Grammar・文法 ...............................................................................................................................................................................240
Chapter 9 Kanji・かんじ.................................................................................................................................................................. 255
Chapter 9 Workbook・ ワークブック 9.......................................................................................................................................... 259
Chapter 9 Workbook Answer Key・ 解答集 9 ................................................................................................................................ 267
Chapter Ten・第十章............................................................................................................................................................................ 275
Vocabulary・ごい............................................................................................................................................................................. 275
Grammar・文法 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 276
Chapter 10 Kanji・かんじ................................................................................................................................................................287
Chapter 10 Workbook ・ ワークブック 10 ..................................................................................................................................... 291
Chapter 10 Workbook Answer Key・ 解答集 10............................................................................................................................. 299
Chapter Eleven・第十一章 ...................................................................................................................................................................307
Vocabulary・ごい.............................................................................................................................................................................307
Grammar・文法 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 308
Chapter 11 Kanji・かんじ ................................................................................................................................................................320
Chapter 11 Workbook ・ ワークブック 11....................................................................................................................................... 324
Chapter 11 Workbook Answer Key・ 解答集 11.............................................................................................................................. 334
Chapter Twelve・第十二章 .................................................................................................................................................................. 344
Vocabulary・ごい............................................................................................................................................................................. 344
Grammar・文法 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 345
Chapter 12 Kanji・かんじ ................................................................................................................................................................ 356
Chapter 12 Workbook ・ ワークブック 12......................................................................................................................................360
Chapter 12 Workbook Answer Key・ 解答集 12 ............................................................................................................................. 364
Grammar Index・ぶんぽうさくいん ..................................................................................................................................................368
So You’ve Finished・終わったね、よくできた .................................................................................................................................. 371

ABOUT THIS BOOK・ こ の 教 科 書 に つ い てThe textbook that you’re reading is the product of about two years of work. I completed itin small bursts: fifteen minutes here, a half hour there, an hour there, no time at all onother days. All after the end of my “real” work. While exhausting, I am certainly proud of
actually completing this project, and I hope it serves as a high-quality, open-accessresource that will assist many people with their Japanese study for years to come.
This version of the textbook is its first edition. Unlike my prior textbooks, this text is notpart of my formal work or intended for my university classes, which means that I did nothave a team of other teachers to work with, get ideas from, or ask questions to. For betteror for worse then (I mean… it’s for worse, certainly), I’ve had to do all the writing andediting myself. Despite my best efforts then, there will unquestionably be typos andimperfect phrasing throughout, and I sincerely apologize if by chance something nonfactual has slipped through. All I can do is ask your understanding that this is an unfunded
one man project, and so it will suffer from the inherent flaws of that process. The size of
this document also makes Microsoft Word groan and gasp, which means unintentional
glitches might appear. I’ve done my best to stamp them out, but every time I delete a few I
find that new ones sprout up somewhere, so it’s a bit of an endless war. Finally, while I’mbeing negative, unlike my other textbooks, this one has also not been “battle tested” in realclassrooms. Did I organize the grammar/vocab/kanji in the best order I could? Could someof my example sentences be a bit more “natural”? Is there a better way to explain some of
the grammar points? I will never know. The textbook is also missing things I want toinclude one day: minimally, model dialogues at the start of each chapter which use thechapter’s grammar/vocab, and culture/language notes. But this is all for the future. If I
keep expanding this textbook with the stuff that I want it to have in a perfect world, I don’tknow when I will be able to release it, so for now I’m pulling the trigger and sending it out
into the internet as-is. I’ll address any warts or missing bits in the future when my
motivation to return to this project comes back. Right now, I’m a bit tired. But one thing I
can promise is that I did my best here, edited the full thing multiple times, and put a lot ofwork into ensuring that this textbook covers everything needed for N4 (and/or Genki II
level courses) and a bit beyond in the clearest way I know how at this moment.
So enough about what this text isn’t or what it didn’t do then. What this project is is a sortof love letter to the early days of the internet that I grew up with , and what a few websites
here and there still attempt to do now. It’s a thank you to an older time where people
would put detailed guides, resources, and videos online without any real concern for
reward. Just for the fun of it, just to share knowledge, and just to do something good.
Indeed, this textbook is also in part an attempt to pay forward the assistance I received
from Japanese resources in the early days of the internet, and in doing so help people toachieve their own goals for their Japanese learning without placing any new financial
burdens on them. I believe firmly that education should be free, as we as a society haveboth a moral and practical imperative to invest in the dreams and goals of our youth. As I
am, however, just some guy, I don’t have the power to actually enact changes to education
policy. What I do have though is a good job which affords me enough of an income that I
can spend some time here and there on something that doesn’t have any real financial
motive behind it. I’ve certainly worked hard to get to that point, but I’d feel awful if I did
nothing with it.
That said, if you do feel like supporting this project and the other work I do on my blog
etc., it is welcome. I do have a Ko-Fi page (https://ko-fi.com/scriptingjapan) where I
accept and appreciate donations. But if not a single soul donates, this textbook will always
still be free. My primary hope is that people find it to be of extreme use, and the contents tobe of high quality. Nothing more. Personally, I am going to take a bit of a break from large
projects like this, and for the near future focus on less time consuming ventures like myblog/dictionary. But I’m sure the itch will come again. Not in an N3 textbook of this size or
formal structure I don’t think… but… something. Maybe. Until then, best of luck with yourstudies. I’m rooting for you.

HOW TO USE THIS TEXT・ 使 い 方This book is designed to build off the content of the Japanese 1 & 2 unit books available on
the Free Resources section of wesleycrobertson.wordpress.com. Please do read those first
if you aren’t familiar with “plain form” Japanese etc., and check out the website andsubscribe if you enjoy the book – there are other free language learning resources available
there as well! The current text broadly covers the content of textbooks like Genki II, and isdesigned to assist learners in moving from N5 level past N4 into the start of N3 . Do notethat you are reading version 1.0, so apologies for any errors/poor explanations.
The text is currently in a basic form, with each chapter containing the following sections :vocabulary, grammar, kanji, and workbook. Culture notes, model dialogues,
and a comprehensive review section may be added in the future.
The vocabulary section of each chapter lists terms that are useful with the grammar ofthat section, and words that will appear without any explanation in the text moving
forward. Words are generally divided by word type, and verbs are presented in their plain
forms. The grammar sections explain the major grammar points in each chapter, andprovides examples of their use.
The kanji section in each chapter lists 18 new kanji. Each kanji is presented with its
meaning(s), kun-yomi (“Japanese” reading), on-yomi (“Chinese” reading), and sample
uses. While I have tried to ensure that many of the sample uses of new kanji appear in eachchapter’s vocabulary list, I have not always been successful in doing so for various boringreasons. As a result, I do encourage you to treat the sample uses section as a sort ofsecondary vocabulary list; I have not included any sample uses that are not useful to know.
This is how the kanji should lookwhen you write it by hand.

一

The kanji’s meaning(s).

MeaningOne

Kun yomi

ひと(つ)On yomiいち、いっSampleuses

い っかい

い ちが つ

一回

一月

ひと

いち じ

一つ

一時

い っぷん

い ちねん せい一分

一年生

Sample uses of the kanji to represent vocabulary. Some examples
may include kanji that haven’t been introduced. You must be able
to read/write all of these by the end of the semester, but you don’t
have to be able to read/write them before their kanji are
introduced. Sample uses are written using the printed font.

Common readings of the kanji. Elements in ( ) should be
written in hiragana. You don’t need to memorize readings
absent from “sample uses”.

Finally, the workbook section in each week presents a number of exercises for practicing
the content of each week. You may want to check with a study buddy, as while the answer
keys are available, many “free answer” spaces will benefit from a second set of eyes.
All clip art in this textbook comes from the incredible www.irasutoya.com, and all kanji
stroke orders come from www.kakijun.com.
This textbook was created by Dr. Wesley C. Robertson of Macquarie University. It is open
access and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialNoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Under this liscence, sharing and using thistextbook is permitted if credit is given to the author, but alteration of the textbook is not
permitted, nor is reproduction/use of the textbook for profit.

CHAPTER ONE・ 第 一 章
VOCABULARY・ ご いう Verbs

Nouns
かぶstocksあやまる

to apologize

きんこうこうざbank accountおろす

to take down, towithdraw (money)げき

a play, a drama

おどる

to dance

こうこく

print advertisement

こぼす

to spill [trans]

こうどうbehavior

しはらう

to payこうほしゃ

a candidate

なおす

to fix [trans]

せいきゅうしょa bill, invoice

なおる

fixes, heals [intrans]

さいこう

great, the best

ひやす

to chill [trans]

さいご（に）

the last (lastly)

ふりこむ

to despoit money

さいしょ（に）the first (firstly)

しめきり

deadline

る Verbs

しゅうしょくjob hunting

あきらめる

to give up

じょうし

boss

こぼれる

to spill [intrans]

せんきょ

an election

しんじる

to believe

ばしょa place[~に]つとめる

to be employed

ぶんみゃく

context

ひえる

to chill [intrans]

めんせつ(job) interview

レポート

reportい Adjectives

Comp. Verbs
さくじょするto delete

ちょきんするto save money

あやしいsuspicious, sketchy

ていしゅつする

to submit (a file)

でかい

huge, large

てんそうするto forward (email)のぞましい

desired, preferable

とうひょうする

to vote

へんしゅうする

to editな Adjectives
ざつshoddy, poorly done

りっぱ

upstanding, excellent

りっぱではないよね…

Verb Phrases[placeに]しゅうしょくする
めんせつをうける

to get a job
to take an interview

GRAMMAR・ 文 法
Grammar Point 1.1: Asking/Giving permission via ~てもいいIn this chapter, our grammar points will focus on giving and asking for permission,
providing recommendations, and similar activities.
Our first stop is simply asking for/giving permission. To do this, we first need to use the ~て form. To review, we create the positive ~て form of…

…nouns and な adjectives by adding で to the word…
せんせい

➞

せんせいで

すき

➞

すきで

Remember that there are な adjectives that end in い likeきらい & きれい. Their て form is still +で (e.g., きれいで)…い adjectives by changing the final い to くて…
おもしろい ➞
かわいい➞

おもしろくて
かわいくて

Remember that いい conjugates as though it
was よい. The て form is therefore よくて.

…irregular verbs by memorizing them…

…る verbs by changing る to て…

する

➞

して

たべる

➞

たべて

くる

➞

きて

しめる

➞

しめて

… う verbs by altering the verb depending on its ending sound…

Final = う, つ, る

Final = む, ぶ, ぬchanges to ってchanges to んで

すう

➞

すって

もつ

➞

もって

ある

➞

あって

のむ

➞

のんで

あそぶ

➞

あそんで

しぬ

➞

しんで

Final = くchanges to いて

あるく

➞

あるいて

Final = ぐchanges to いで

およぐ

➞

およいで

Final = すchanges to して

はなす

➞

はなして

…and all word types in their negative plain form by turning ~ない ~なくてRemember that いく is an exception – it conjugates into いって for its て form.

PlainNegative てPlain negative

せんせい

➞

せんせいじゃない➞

せんせいじゃなくてしずか➞

しずかではない➞

しずかではなくて

あつい

➞

あつくない

➞

あつくなくて

する

➞

しない

➞

しなくて

くる

➞

こない

➞

こなくて

たべる

➞

たべない

➞

たべなくて

のむ

➞

のまない

➞

のまなくて

Let’s focus on verbs, because they are the most commonly used for asking permission. By
adding ~もいい（ですか） to a verb’s ~て form, you ask if it is okay to do the verb/activity.
ここでおさけを飲む。
[I will drink alcohol here.]
ここでおさけを飲んでもいい？
ここでおさけを飲んでもいいですか。
[Is it okay to drink alcohol here?]If you don’t end the sentence as a question, you instead give permission to do the verb.
「あ、きょうかしょをわすれた！」「わたしのをつかってもいいよ。」[Ah, I forgot my textbook!][It’s okay to use mine.]
今週はテストがありませんから、パーティーに行ってもいいですよ。
[There’s no tests this week so it is okay for you/us to go to the party.]
When the verb is conjugated into the negative ~て form, you instead use ~なくてもいい to
ask/give permission to not do the verb.
今日はかぜをひいたので、アルバイトに行かなくてもいい？
[I caught a cold so is it okay if I don’t go to work?]
いりませんから買わなくてもいいですよ。
[You/we don’t need it so it’s fine to not buy it.]
げんきんがたくさんあるから、今おろさなくてもいい。
[We have a lot of cash so you don’t need to withdraw any now.]
When trying to ask open-ended questions like “what may/should I do”
use the ~ば pattern from Grammar Point 6.4 instead.

We can also attach this pattern to the ~て form of adjectives and nouns, in which casethe ~もいい construction asks if the noun/adjective is acceptable.
「木曜日でもいいですか。」「あ、すみません、木曜日はだめです。」[“Is Thursday okay?”][Ah, sorry, Thursday doesn’t work.]
ばんごはんのよやくをいれているんだけど、たかいところでもいい？
[I’m making the dinner reservations, but is an expensive place okay?]
しんぱいしないでください！ちょっとからくても私はだいじょうぶですから。
[Please don’t worry! I’m fine even if it’s a little bit spicy.]
だいじょうぶ can also be used in place of いいGrammar Point 1.2: Forbidding via ~てはいけない
If someone asks our permission, there are a number of ways we’ve already learned for
replying in the negative. Each has differences in terms of how rough/polite/curt it sounds:「あなたのフライドポテトを一本食べてもいいですか。」「あ、すみませんが…」
The first three arepolite, implied
rejections. The「あ、それはちょっと…」
fourth is polite, but「私のフライドポテトをたべないでください。」 straightforward.
The last two are「いいえ、わたしのです。」
blunt or rude.
「あ、今日はあまり食べなかったんですが…」「いやだ。・だめだ。」

We can create an even more explicit form of rejection via the ~て form. To say someone“must not [verb]”, add ~はいけない to the ~て form of the verb. This form isn’t rude, but it
is quite strong, and translates something like “must not”.

This は isthe particle
は, so it ispronounced
like わ

ここでたばこをすってはいけません。
[You must not smoke here.]
あしたは早くおきるので、おそくまであそんではいけない。
[I have to wake up early tomorrow so I can’t hang out until late.]
このファイルは大せつなので来年までさくじょしてはいけません。
[This file is important so you must not delete it until next year.]As you saw, ~てはいけない sometimes translate as “cannot”, but only when something isforbidden, immoral, or a bad idea. We can’t use ~てはいけない to say “cannot” when it
can’t be replaced by “must not”. When you can’t do something because it is impossible or
you are physically unable, as in Sentence 4, ~てはいけない is inappropriate.
クラスがあるからビールを飲んではいけない。
[I have class so I can’t/must not drink beer.]
くすりを飲んでいるのでビールを飲んではいけません。
[I’m taking medicine, so I can/must not drink beer.]
私のビールではないので飲んではいけない。
[It isn’t my beer, so I cannot/mustn’t drink it.]
ビールがないからビールを飲んではいけない。
[I don’t have beer so I cannot/must not drink beer.]This final sentence doesn’t make sense, it should be 飲めない.
～てはいけない can’t be used for things that are literally impossible.
Grammar Point 1.3: Saying [verb] is necessary via ~なければ/~なくては
Our next grammar form will modify verbs to show that something must be done. Just likethe negative forms of nouns, this new form involves multiple choices and steps, but eachcombination means the same thing. It is fine to have a preference, but you need to know all
combinations as you will encounter them in Japanese speech and writing.
For our first step, we change our verb to its negative plain form. Then, change the final
ない to (1) なければ or (2) なくては. Just like では vs じゃ, there’s no real difference.
たべる

たべない

たべなければ

なおす

なおさない

なおさなくては

する

しない

しなければ

This は is the particle は, so
it is pronounced like わ

For the second and final step, add either (1) ならない or (2) いけない. In polite form, theserespectively become なりません and いけません.
とうひょうしない。
[I won’t vote.]

とうひょうしてはいけません。
[I must not vote.]

とうひょうしなくてはいけません。
とうひょうしなくてはなりません。
とうひょうしなければいけません。
とうひょうしなければなりません。
[I must vote/I have to vote.]～ないといけない
also works, but～ないとならない
does not.

The terms “must” and “have to” obviously can imply a level of responsibility or obligation,
so be careful telling people they have to do things too often or forcefully (unless, of course,
you intend to scold/order them around). However, the phrase can refer to your own
responsibilities or refer to matter-of-factual requirements without any complications.
あなたがわるかったから、かれにあやまらなければならないよ。
[You were bad, so you must apologize to him.]
よやくをあした入れなくてはなりませんから、はやくきめてください。
[I need to make the reservation tomorrow, so please decide soon.]
In casual speech, ~なくては・なければ sometimes become なきゃ・なくちゃ・ないと.
When this happens, the second half of the phrase is often dropped or changed to だめ.
あ！九時だ！行かなきゃ！
[Ah! It’s 9! I gotta go!]

さいごの電車にのらなくちゃだめだ。
[I better get on the last train.]

Grammar Point 1.4: Recommending with ~ほうがいい
To recommend that someone do something instead of saying it is okay/mandatory, attach~ほうがいい to the verb or verb phrase in it’s plain positive past form.
わしょくのレストランでおはしを使ったほうがいいです。
[It is best to use chopsticks at a Japanese restaurant.]
テストをうける前に、いっしょうけんめいべんきょうしたほうがいいよ。
[Before taking a test, it is best to study as much as you can.]You can replace いい with other adjectives to say that doing a verb is [more adjective]. If
you want to compare actions, you can add a plain present form verb + より too.
自分で朝ごはんを作ったほうが（買うより）安くてけんこうです。
[Making breakfast yourself is cheaper and healthier (than buying it).]
コンピューターでやったほうが（手でやるより）かんたんだね。
[Doing it via a computer is easier (than doing it by hand), isn’t it.]To recommend that someone not do something instead, attach a verb in the plain
negative present form to ~ほうがいい directly.
今日は行かないほうがいいですよ。
[It’s best to not go today.]

くさいものを食べないほうがいい。
[You really shouldn’t eat smelly things.]

Just like with ~たほうが, you can replace the いい in this negative version with any
adjective that makes sense. For example, 行かないほうが安い would mean “it is cheaper to
not go” rather than “best to not go”.

Grammar Point 1.5: Using ために to say “for” or “in order to”
The phrase ~ために has two distinct but very useful applications. The first is to say you aregoing to do a verb for a noun, which you do by attaching ~ために to that noun via の.
かのじょのためにとてもきれいな花を十本買いました。
[I bought ten beautiful flowers for my girlfriend.]
あしたのパーティーのためにアパートをそうじしている。
[I’m cleaning the apartment for tomorrow’s party.]
You can also create the meaning of “in order to verb” by atteching ~ために to a verb in it’splain present positive or potential (“can do”, see Grammar Point 3.1) forms.
テストにごうかくするために毎日れんしゅうしています。
[In order to pass the test, I’m practicing every day.]
つよくなるために、うんどうしたほうがいい。
[In order to become stronger, it is best if you exercise.]
ひやすために、飲みものをれいぞうこに入れてください。
[Please put the drinks in the fridge in order to chill them.]
Grammar Point 1.6: Creating different “shoulds” with べき and はず
Finally, Japanese has different ways to say “should” depending on if “should” = strong
obligation or “should “ = likely to occur. For the obligation “should”, attach a plain
present positive verb to ~べき. Note that ~する becomes ~すべき not ~するべき.
学生は毎日べんきょうすべきだよ。
[Students should study every day.]
あなたがこわしましたから、あなたがなおすべきです。
[You broke it, so you should fix it.]To create “(obligation) shouldn’t”, negate ~べき rather than the verb that attaches to it.
子どもはこうじょうではたらくべきではない。
[Children shouldn’t work in factories.]

You can negate the verb to create “should[not verb]” instead of “shouldn’t [verb]”.

For the “should” that means “likely”, instead attach any plain form verb to はず（だ）.
あしたは、雨がふらないはずだ。
[It should not rain tomorrow.]

Unlike べき, these are things thatare likely or you believe should
しゃしんをとったはずですが、カメラにありません。 happen based on what you know.
[I’m sure I took the picture, but it’s not in my camera. はず is the “probably” should,
not the “must” should.

CHAPTER 1 KANJI・ か ん じThis week, we will learn 18 kanji that fill in gaps from Books ½, or represent simple terms.
Meaning曜
Remember! Don’t
draw the dangly
bits the computersshow you wheneverthey draw a 口

国
仕
事

Day

Kun yomi
On yomiよう
き んよ う び

な んよ う び

Sample
uses

金曜日

何曜日

げ つよ う びに ちよ う び

月曜日

日曜日

Meaning

Country

Kun yomi

くに

On yomiこく・ごく
くに

せ ん ご くじ だいSample
uses

国

戦国時代

ち ゅうご く

か んこく

中国

韓国

Meaning

To attend to, official

Kun yomi

つか（える）

On yomiし・じつか

仕える (to serve)

Sampleuses

仕事

Meaning

A thing (abstract), a matter

Kun yomi

ことOn yomiじ・ずSample
uses

し ごと

し ぐさ

仕草 (gesture)ことこ うつ う じ

こ

事

交通事故

し ごと

じ

仕事

事務室 (office)

む しつ

長
短
映

画
猫

MeaningLong

Kun yomi

なが（い）On yomiちょうSampleuses

ながし ゃち ょう

長い社長

Meaning

Short

Kun yomi

みじか（い）

On yomiたん

Sampleuses

み じか

Meaning

Reflection

Kun yomi

うつ（る）On yomiえい

Sample
uses

えい が

うつ

映画

映る (to reflect)

Meaning

Picture, Image

Kun yomi

えが（く）On yomiが・かく短い

漫画 is often written as
マンガ in katakana

えい が

まん が

Sample
uses

映画

漫画

け いか くが ぞう

計画 (a plan)

画像 (an image)

MeaningCat

Kun yomi

ねこ

On yomiびょう

Sampleuses

ねこ

あ いびょ うか猫

愛猫家 (a cat lover)

虫
石
竹
糸
紙

MeaningInsectKun yomi

むしOn yomiちゅう

Sample
uses

むし

む しば

虫

虫歯 (cavity)

Meaning

Stone

Kun yomi

いしOn yomiせきSampleuses

いしMeaning

BambooKun yomi

たけOn yomiちく

Sampleuses

たけMeaning

ThreadKun yomi

いとOn yomiけい

Sampleuses

いとMeaning

Paper

Kun yomi

かみ

On yomiし石い っせ き に ち ょう

一石二 鳥
(two birds, one stone)

竹

糸

かみ

Sample
uses

紙

わ

て がみ

和紙 (Japanese paper)

手紙

し

魚
鳥

馬
物

MeaningFish

Kun yomi

さかな

On yomiぎょき んぎ ょSampleuses

さ かな

金魚 (goldfish)魚に んぎ ょMeaning

Bird

Kun yomi

とりOn yomiちょうSample
uses

とり

鳥肉

鳥

と りにく

MeaningHorse

Kun yomi

うまOn yomiば

Sampleuses

うまMeaning

Thing (tangible)

Kun yomi

ものOn yomiぶつ

人魚 (mermaid)と りにくSampleuses

Both of these are used
to write “chicken meat”

鶏肉

馬

もの

の

物

飲み物

き もの

ど うぶつ

着物

動物

た

もの

た てもの

食べ物

建物

あやしい物だ!

ものCHAPTER 1 WORKBOOK ・ ワ ー ク ブ ッ ク 1
Exercise 1.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 曜
曜
Stroke order

2. 国
国
Stroke order

3. 仕仕Stroke order

4. 事
事
Stroke order

5. 長
長Stroke order

6. 短
短Stroke order7. 映
映Stroke order

8. 画
画
Stroke order

9. 虫
虫
Stroke order

10. 猫
猫
Stroke order

11. 石
石Stroke order

12. 竹
竹Stroke order13. 糸糸Stroke order

14. 紙
紙
Stroke order

15. 魚
魚Stroke order

16. 鳥
鳥Stroke order

17. 馬
馬Stroke order

18. 物
物
Stroke order

Exercise 1.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. いととあそんでいるねこにさかなをわたしてもいいですか。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. どようびとにちようびにしごとをしなくてもいいよ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. にほんからじぶんのくにまでとりやむしをもってかえってはいけません。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
4. そのうまはあしがながいのではしるのがはやいはずだ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. じかんがあまりないのでみじかいえいがをみたほうがいい。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. いしをなげるべきではないよ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
7. たけからかみをつくることができる。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________

Exercise 1.3
List one thing you must and must not do at each location, as per the example.
EXAMPLE: 日本語のクラスでは、日本語で話さなければなりません。
ねてはいけません。
1.

おんせんでは、__________________________________________________________________________________

2.

どうぶつえんでは、____________________________________________________________________________

3.

電車にのってい時に、____________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 1.4
Create three different endings for each sentence by listing advice using each of thegrammar patterns listed.
1. 日本に行く前に、(～たほうがいい) _____________________________________________(～なくてもいい) ____________________________________________(～ないほうがいい) ___________________________________________
2. おふろに入っている時に、(～てはいけない) ____________________________________________(～なくてはならない) _________________________________________(～べき) __________________________________________________
3. うんどうした後で、(～べきではない) ____________________________________________(～はず) __________________________________________________(～なければいけない) _________________________________________

Exercise 1.5
Fill in the second half of each sentence with something that makes sense given the prompt.
1. つよくなるために、___________________________________________
2. 先生になるために、___________________________________________
3. 自分の車を買うために、________________________________________
4. あしたのパーティーのために、____________________________________

Exercise 1.6
Fill in the blank to make the English and the Japanese match.
1. He should (=is likely to) come tomorrow.
かれはあした来る______________________。
2. You don’t need to apologize, but you can’t give up.
あやま___________________が、あきらめ_____________________。
3. It’s best if you aren’t late, so it’s best to leave early.
おくれ____________________ので、はやく出かけ_________________。
4. I need to sleep properly. I shouldn’t always plays games until midnight…
ちゃんとね___________________。いつも十二時まで_______________。
5. It’s best to save your money, but buying nice things is more fun.
お金を_________________が、すてきな物を買____________________。
6. I need to do my best for my family.
かぞく_________________がんば_____________________________。
7. May I forward this email to our boss?
____________にこの E メールを_____________________________。

CHAPTER 1 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ 解 答 集 1
Exercise 1.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 曜
曜
Stroke order

2. 国
国
Stroke order

3. 仕仕Stroke order

4. 事
事
Stroke order

5. 長
長Stroke order

6. 短
短Stroke order

Check to make sure you filled in
the kanji carefully, following
stroke order and retaining ageneral size balance across eachof the 10 free-hand attempts.

7. 映
映
Stroke order

8. 画
画
Stroke order

9. 虫
虫
Stroke order

10. 猫
猫
Stroke order

11. 石
石Stroke order

12. 竹
竹Stroke order13. 糸糸Stroke order

14. 紙
紙
Stroke order

15. 魚
魚Stroke order

16. 鳥
鳥Stroke order

17. 馬
馬Stroke order

18. 物
物
Stroke order

Exercise 1.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. いととあそんでいるねこにさかなをわたしてもいいですか。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
糸とあそんでいる猫に魚をわたしてもいいですか。

May I pass a fish to the cat playing with thread?
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. どようびとにちようびにしごとをしなくてもいいよ。

土曜日と日曜日に仕事をしなくてもいいよ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
It’s okay to not work on Saturday and Sunday.
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. にほんからじぶんのくにまでとりやむしをもってかえってはいけません。

日本から自分の国まで鳥や虫を持ってかえってはいけません。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________You must not bring birds, bugs, etc. back to your own country from Japan.

Translate: ________________________________________________
4. そのうまはあしがながいのではしるのがはやいはずだ。

その馬は足が長いので走るのがはやいはずだ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
horse has long legs so it should run fast.
Translate:That________________________________________________
5. じかんがあまりないのでみじかいえいがをみたほうがいい。

時間があまりないので短い映画を見たほうがいい。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
We don’t have much time so we should watch a short movie.
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. いしをなげるべきではないよ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
石をなげるべきではないよ。

shouldn’t throw rocks.
Translate:You________________________________________________
7. たけからかみをつくることができる。

竹から紙を作ることができる。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
You can make paper from bamboo.

Translate: ________________________________________________

The answers in questions
Exercise 1.3
1.3-5 are all samples.
List one thing you must and must not do at each location, as per the example.
Your answers should
EXAMPLE: 日本語のクラスでは、日本語で話さなければなりません。
differ. Check carefully forspelling/grammar errors.
ねてはいけません。

休まなければなりません。
1. おんせんでは、_________________________________________
ビールを飲んではいけません。
_________________________________________
2.

どうぶつを見なければなりません。
どうぶつえんでは、______________________________________
どうぶつを食べてはだめです。
______________________________________

3.

自分のバッグを持たなければなりません。
電車にのっている時に、_____________________________________
電話を使ってはいけません。
_____________________________________

Exercise 1.4
Create three different endings for each sentence by listing advice using each of thegrammar patterns listed.
1. 日本に行く前に、

日本語をべんきょうしたほうがいいです。
(～たほうがいい) _____________________________________________
漢字を３０００字おぼえなくてもいいです。
(～なくてもいい) ____________________________________________
ビザをわすれないほうがいいです。
(～ないほうがいい) ___________________________________________
ビザ, not ピザ

2. おふろに入っている時に、ふくをきてはいけない。
(～てはいけない) ____________________________________________
体をあらわなくてはならない。
(～なくてはならない) _________________________________________
休むべきだ。
(～べき) __________________________________________________

3. うんどうした後で、ジムでねるべきではない。

(～べきではない) ____________________________________________

体が気持ちよくなるはすだ。

(～はず) __________________________________________________

何か食べなければいけない。
(～なければいけない) _________________________________________

Exercise 1.5
Fill in the second half of each sentence with something that makes sense given the prompt.

毎日スポーツをしている。

1. つよくなるために、___________________________________________
education

大学できょういく をべんきょうしている。

2. 先生になるために、___________________________________________

アルバイトをはじめた。

3. 自分の車を買うために、________________________________________

ビールやおやつをたくさん買った。
4. あしたのパーティーのために、____________________________________
Exercise 1.6
Fill in the blank to make the English and the Japanese match.
1. He should (=is likely to) come tomorrow.

はずだ
かれはあした来る______________________。

来るべき would mean
“should” as in “has an
obligation to”

2. You don’t need to apologize, but you can’t give up.

You don’t haveto use plain or
らなくてもいいですてはいけません
あやま___________________が、あきらめ_____________________。
polite to answer
these questions,
3. It’s best if you aren’t late, so it’s best to leave early.
it’s your choice.

ないほうがいいたほうがいいおくれ____________________ので、はやく出かけ_________________。
4. I need to sleep properly. I shouldn’t always plays games until midnight…

なければいけない
ゲームをすべきではない
ちゃんとね___________________。いつも十二時まで_______________。
ゲームをしないほうがいい
5. It’s best to save your money, but buying nice things is more fun.

ちょきんしたほうがいいです

ったほうがたのしいです

お金を_________________が、すてきな物を買____________________。
6. I need to do my best for my family.

のためにらなければなりません
かぞく_________________がんば_____________________________。
7. May I forward this email to our boss?

じょうし
てんそうしてもいいですか____________にこのE メールを_____________________________。

CHAPTER TWO・ 第 二 章
VOCABULARY・ ご いう VerbsNouns

あto rise up [intras]

いけん

opinion上がる

かいぎ

work meeting言う

to sayかこ

the pastうむ

to give birth

かんがえ

an idea

うまれるto be born [intrans]

きぼうwish, desire

えらぶ

to choose

きょうしteacher

おちつく

to calm down

せつめい

explanation

おこる

to become angry

しょうらい(nearer) future

おもうto think [opinion]

an experiment

さ

じっけん

下がる

to go down [intrans]

てつがく

philosophy

さそう

to inviteとうろん

a debate

たたかう

to fight

はつおん

pronunciation

ふやす

to increase [trans]

はつめいinvention

へらす

to decrease [trans]

はっぴょう

a presentation

へる

to decrease [intrans]

ニュース

the news

まちがう

to be incorrectの飲み会

drinking party

まよう

to be lost [intrans]

まちがいa mistake

みらい(farther away) future

る Verbs

ろんぶんthesis

たずねる

to visit, to inquire

ゆめ

dream

ふえる

to increase [intrans]

ようやく

a summaryかいいCompound Verbs
い Adjectives

けんとうするto debate

あさいshallow

はつめいするto invent

こわいscary, scared

はっぴょうする

to present

したしいclose [relationship]

ふかい

deep

な Adjectives
がんこstubbornらく

easy, simple

楽Adverbs
もっと

more

また

again

GRAMMAR・ 文 法
Grammar Point 2.1: The verbs for “to say” and “to think”
In Japanese, to talk about people’s statements and opinions/thoughts, including your own,
いおもwe need to use the plain form along with the verbs 言う (to say), and 思う (to think).
When talking about your own speech or things often said, end the statement in the plain
form and then add と言う, conjugating 言う as necessary. In non-casual speech, だ isrequired before と when quoted speech ends in a positive present noun or な-adjective.
父はよくタバコをすうけど、すわないほうがいいと言う。
[My father often smokes, but he says it’s best to not smoke.]
私はダメだったと言わなかったよ。
[I didn’t say it wasn’t acceptable.]positive present
な adjective needs だ

かれはいつもなっとうがとてもけんこうてきだと言っている。
[He is always saying natto is very healthy.]
When reporting/paraphrasing an utterance someone else made, rather than just stating
they say something often (as above), it is standard to use the（だ）と言っていた form
instead of （だ）と言う unless you weren’t there (e.g., you’re quoting a dead person). This
isn’t required when 言う is part of a longer sentence, but it’s best to do in all other cases.
かれは行かないと言っていた。でも、多分来る。
[He said (lit: was saying) he won’t go. But he’ll probably come.]
子どもが来月うまれると中川さんが言っていた。
[Nakagawa said the(ir) child will be born next month.]
Since someone’s statement may involve a topic of its own, you might end up with two usesof は when reporting speech. This is fine, but be sure place the speaker-topic in front.
先生は、テストはあしただと言っていました。
[The teacher said the test is tomorrow.]
マイクさんは、のぶさんはたけしさんが好きだと言っていた。
[Mike said that Nobu likes Takeshi.]However, when using quote marks don’t add だ after the quote. Just attach と言っている.
彼は「てつがくがきらいです！」と言っていた。
[He said “I hate philosophy!”.]Since this is my direct quote, you can also use p olite
form before 言う if I used polite form when speaking.

Finally, in casual speech と言う can become って言う instead. You can even drop 言う andend a sentence with just って, but this is best avoided outside of very casual contexts.
あ、まりちゃんは来ないよ。今日八時まではたらくことになったって言っていた。
[Oh, Mari won’t be coming. She said she ended up having to work until 8 today.]
うるさいって言ったよ！ちゃんと聞いている？
[I said you’re being loud! Are you listening properly?]
かれがとてもおこっているって。
[(Someone) said he’s super angry.]
To talk about thoughts, you instead use the verb おもう (思う in kanji). Just like with 言う,
we construct the thought in the plain form and then attach it to 思う via the particle(s)（だ）と, and use（だ）と思っている when discussing someone else’s thoughts.
「そうおもう」and「そうだとおもう」
are both used.

猫だと思ったが、犬だった。
[I thought it was a cat, but it was a dog.]
私はかっこいいと思いますが、かれしはそう思っていません。
[I think it’s cool, but my boyfriend doesn’t think so.]Thoughts can have their own topics too, so it is also fine if these sentences use は twice.
かれはしんじさんは来ないと思った。
[He thought Shinji wouldn’t come.]You’ve had the thought for a while,
so っていた is best here eventhough it’s your thought.

私は、兄はさしみがきらいだと思っていましたが、きのうたくさん食べました。
[I thought my older bother hated sashimi, but he ate a whole bunch yesterday.]
Normally, we would
drop 私 here.

田中さんは、川田さんはすずきさんが好きだと思っていた。
[Tanaka thought that Kawada liked Suzuki.]

We can even combine 言う and 思う together in the rare occasions where it is necessary.
You aren’t reporting
行かないと言ったと思っていたが、私はまちがっていた。
speech, so 言った is fine[I thought (someone) said they wouldn’t go but I was wrong.]
だれも何も言わないと思ったが、長くてつまらないとうろんがはじまった。
[I thought no one would say anything, but a long, boring debate began.]Don’t forget that the verb for “thinking” as in “considering” or in “thinking about [X]” is
かんがえる. So if you are thinking about something say かんがえている not おもっている.

Finally, おもう can be used with Chapter 1’s grammar forms to hedge or weaken thepressure of your recommendations. This can help your advice sound less blunt or forceful.
あしたあやまりに行ったほうがいいと思います。
[I think it’s best if you go apologize tomorrow.]
かれに言ってはいけないと思うよ。
[I think you shouldn’t say that to him.]
Grammar Point 2.2: Using ~かた to express “way/how to”
By attaching ~かた (written in kanji as 方) to the stem of a verb, we create a noun meaning“way of doing [verb]”. To review, the stem of a verb is the verb’s polite form without ~ます.
Plain Form

Polite Form

Stem

食べる

食べます

食べ

飲む

飲みます

飲み

する
作る

します
作ります

し
作り

言う

言います

言い

So by adding 方 to 食べ, for example, we create a noun meaning “way of eating”.
一ばんかんたんなやり方をおしえてください！
[Please teach me the easiest way of doing it.]
それはちょっとしつれいな言い方ですよ。
[That’s a bit of a rude way of speaking.]
とてもすてきなはじまり方だった。
[It was a very wonderful way to begin.]
かんがえ方をかえなければならないとおもいます。
[I think (I/you/someone) needs to change their way of thinking.]
Importantly, the ~方 form can also translate as “how to [verb]” rather than “way of[verb]ing”. In context, the “way of/how to” versions are unlikely to be confused.
このコンピューターのつかい方を学校でまなびました。
[I learned how to use this computer at school.]
時々プラスチックのパッケージの正しいあけ方が分からない。
[Sometimes, I don’t understand the right way to open plastic packaging.]

Grammar Point 2.3: もう~まだ
もう and まだ are adverbs whose meaning changes significantly depending on if they areused in negative or positive sentences, and/or if they are near a ~ている form verb.
When もう is used in a positive sentence, it translates as “already”. This is commonly
paired with the ～ている form to show that something is “already happening”.
もうはじまっているよ。いそいで！
[It’s already started. Hurry!]

Remember: Japanese often uses the ~ている
form of intransitive verbs in places where
English would use past tense.

もう食べているのですか。私がかえるまで待てませんでしたか。
[You’re already eating? You couldn’t wait until I got home?]That said, you can also use this “already もう” with positive nouns, adjectives, and verbs
in other forms. For instance, while もう食べている is “we’re already eating”, もう食べる isfine for “we’re already going to eat” – a warning that the person better join you quick.
五月なのにもうあつくなりましたね。
[It’s only May but it’s already become hot.]
もう十時ですか。いそがなければなりません！
[Is it already 10? I’ve got to hurry.]
何もしなくてもいいと思いますよ。もうとてもきれいです。
[I think you don’t need to do anything. You’re already very pretty.]
There’s one last specific phrase worth noting: もういい（です）works like “that’s enough”
in English, as it can be a positive or negative statement depending on context and/or tone.
あ、もういいですよ！ほんとうにがんばりましたね！
[Ah, that’s all you need to do! You really did a great job.]「そしてね、あなたは。。。」「もういいよ！うるさい。」[“And another thing, you…”“That’s enough! Shut up!”]
When もう is used in a negative sentence, the meaning changes from “already” to“anymore” in most cases, creating “no longer doing (anymore)” in the ~ていない form.
今日からもうタバコをすわない。
かのじょはもう五年間すってない。
[From today, I won’t smoke anymore.] [She’s already smoke-free for 5 years.]
もうあなたの友だちではないよ。
[(Someone is/I am) not your friend anymore.]In contrast, the adverb まだ is used in positive sentences to mean “still”. Just like もう,this is commonly used with verbs in the ~ている form.
まだ大学で日本語をべんきょうしていますか。
[Are you still studying Japanese at university?]
あの子はまだねているのですか？
[Is that child still sleeping?]
But again, you can also use the term with other words types and in other conjugations.
もう十年間べんきょうしたけど、かれはまだ大学生だ。
[He’s already studied for 10 years but he’s still a university student.]
かれのことがあまり好きではなかったがこれからまだ会うと思う。
[I didn’t really like him but I think I’ll still meet him after this.]

We use 食べる here
over 食べている asthey are notcurrently eating.
They will eat more;
it’s the future tense.

「ピザがもうないの？」「ううん、まだあるはずだ。まだ食べるの？」[“Is the pizza already gone?” “No, there still should be some. You’re still hungry?”When まだ is used in a negative sentence, however, it changes to mean “not yet”.
まだかのじょとけっこんしていない。
[I’m not married to her yet.]
仕事がまだはじまっていないので、私はまだほんとうの先生じゃない。
[The job hasn’t started yet, so I’m not a real teacher yet.]
まだ金曜日ではないのですか。わぁ、もうとてもつかれていますけど。
[It’s not Friday yet? Augh, I’m already so exhausted.]
To summarize, もう and まだ are useful adverbs with a total of four uses, as their meanings
change based on whether they appear in positive or negative sentences:

も
う

ま
だ

Positive

Negativealready(not)anymorestill(not) yetGrammar Point 2.4: Different probabilities of plans
Up until now, we’ve just used adverbs like たいてい, 多分, and あまり to discuss frequency
and probability. However, we can also show the likelihood that someone will do something
via attaching various forms to the end of Japanese sentences.
To express that something will maybe occur, put a sentence’s final word in plain form
and attach かもしれない directly. Connectors like な・だ are not used (but ~だった is).
あした、雨がふるかもしれないよ。
[It might rain tomorrow.]
まだ分からないけど、いい人かもしれません。
[I don’t know for sure yet, but they could be a good person.]
たのしいかもしれない。
[It may be fun.]
Most of the time, かもしれない is in the present tense. If you want to say that somethingmight have happened, it’s usually best to conjugate the word connected to かもしれない.
かれはおこっていたかもしれません。
[He may have been angry.]
木曜日に行ったと思うが、金曜日だったかもしれない。
[I think I went on Thursday, but it may have been Friday.]In casual speech, かもしれない is often shortened to かも.
あ、ごめんね。あした行くことができないかも。
[A, sorry. I might not be able to go tomorrow.]
To express more a firm plan, attach つもり to a sentence-final verb in the present plain
form (positive verb for “intend” but negative for “do not intent”). Unlike かもしれない,
つもり must express someone/something’s (lack of) intent rather than just probability.
来週ろんぶんをていしゅつするつもりだ。
[I intend to submit my thesis next week.]
かのじょにあやまらないつもりです。
[I plan on not apologizing to her.]
これから毎日うんどうするつもりだが、とても大きくならないつもりだ。
[I plan on exercising every day from now, but I intend to not become really big.]You can also negate つもり by using では・じゃない or the phrase つもりはない. If wecompare the two, ～ないつもり feels more like “intend not to” whereas つもり（で）はない is more like “had/have no intent to”, and therefore often sounds harsher/more curt.
言わないつもりでしたが、言いました。
[I intended to not say it, but I said it.]
行かないつもりだ。いや、ちがう。行くつもりはない。
[I’m not planning to go. No, that’s not it. I have no intent of going.]
For the past tense, conjugate つもり rather than the verb it attaches to.
行くつもりだったが、夜までねた。
[I intended to go, but I slept until evening.]
映画を見ないつもりでした。
[I was set on not watching the movie.]

Both ~だったつもりand ~じゃなかったつもり
are rarely used, ignore for now.

To add even more intentionality, you can replace つもり with よてい. The word “plan”
might work as an English translation of either, but よてい shows a strong confirmation ofplan/action while つもり just shows some level of intent.
金曜日に出かけるよていですが、土曜日には出かけないよていです。
[I plan on going out on Friday but I don’t plan on going out Saturday.]
あしたから、東京にいないよていだ。
[From tomorrow, I plan to not be in Tokyo.]
あなたにせつめいするよていがない。
[I have no plans to explain it to you.]
Grammar point 2.5: Expressing desire via ~たい, ~たがるIn the last textbook, we learned how to use the い adjective ほしい in the [X]は[Y]が[Z]patten to indicate that someone wants a noun.
くるまがほしいです。でも、中古のくるまはほしくありません。
[I want a car. But I don’t want a second-hand car.][Lit: As for me, a car is desirable. But a second-hand car is not desirable.]
To indicate that someone instead wants to do a verb, attach ~たい to the verb’s stem. To
review, the stem of the verb is the ~ます form with ~ます removed.
食べます (to eat)

食べ (stem)

食べたい (want to eat)Importantly, once we attach ~たい to a verb, the verb now begins functioning like an い
adjective. This is important to remember for two reasons: 1) we now conjugate the final いrather than the whole verb, and 2) we often mark what someone wants to [verb] with が,just with nouns when using ほしい. You can still use を, and there isn’t enough of adifference between the two that it’s easy or valuable to explain, but you should expect が.
ピザを作る[To make pizza.]
I’ll be usingthe ~が~たい
patternthroughout
this textbook
to get you
used to it.

ピザが作りたい。
[I want to make pizza.]

ピザを作りたくない。
[I don’t want to make pizza.]

ピザを作りたかった。
[I wanted to make pizza.]

ピザがつくりたくなかった。
[I didn’t want to make pizza.]

ピザが作りたい人は手を上げてください。
[People who want to make pizza, raise your hands please!]
You don’t change any particles other than を to が though under any circumstances.
かん国や中国に行きたくなりました。
[I developed a desire to go to Korea and China (lit: became want to go).]
三十分ぐらいベッドでねたいです。
[I want to sleep in my bed for about 30 minutes.]
However, when stating what someone else’s desires are in Japanese, you shouldn’t use the~たい ending as-is. You may be understood, but it can come off as quite odd. Rather, if you
heard a person state a desire, use ~たいと言っていました to show it’s reported speech.
In contrast, if you aren’t quoting someone, replace ~たい with ~たいみたい or ~をたがっている. The ~たいみたい form indicates “seems like they want to”, while the ~たがる verb
(which keeps を) indicates someone is indicating or clearly showing (but not being quoted)that they want to do the verb. We’ll discuss both ~みたい and ~がる more in Chapter 4.
川田さんはあしたクラスではっぴょうをしたいと言っていました。
[Kawada was saying/said that she wants to present in class tomorrow.]
山田さんはあたらしいふくを買いたがっている・買いたいみたい。
[Yamada (seems as though he ) is keen to buy new clothes.]
Don’t over analyze this difference between Japanese and English ! Ultimately, this is just away of framing and/or clarifying (known) “self-wants” against others’ (potential) desires.

That said, it is absolutely appropriate to use ～たい when speculating about otherpeople’s desires or asking about them (see also the final pizza example above).
田中さんはたたかいたくないかもしれません。
[Tanaka probably doesn’t want to fight.]
今日はあついね。お茶を飲みたい？
[It’s hot today isn’t it. Wanna drink some tea?]

Since we are using ～たいrather than ～たがっている,
both を and が work here

Grammar Point 2.6: Listing activities via ~たり、~たりUp until now, we’ve used the ~て form to connect verbs. The ~たり form is similar, exceptthat unlike the ~て form it does not imply a set order of events. Instead, ~たり is instead
used to give examples of activities one will do.
To create the ～たり form, simply add り to the end of a verb’s plain positive past form.
You may string as many verbs together as you like, including just one, but you have to end
the full chain of verbs with some conjugation of する.
ねる前に、はをみがいたり、パジャマを着たりする。
[Before going to sleep, I do stuff like brush my teeth, put on pajamas, etc.]
ひまな時に、たいていゲームをしたりしました。
[When I had free time, I used to do things like play video games.]
The ~たり form always uses the verb’s plain past tense as its base. So if you want toconjugate the sentence, modify the する at the end (as in the second example above). You
can also make more complex sentences by using the final する with other grammar points:
きっさてんで本を読んだり、コーヒーを飲んだり、休んだりするのが好きだ。
[I like to do stuff at cafes like read a book, drink coffee, and relax.]
おんせんでおよいだり、大きいこえで話したりしないでください。
[Please don’t swim, speak in a loud voice, etc., in the onsen.]Grammar Point 2.7: A new “but” via のにFinally, のに attaches to the end of a sentence to mean “but/although”. It attaches directly
to verbs and い-adjectives in all conjugations, but to positive nouns/な-adjectives via な.
もういそがしいのに仕事が毎日ふえている。
[Even though I’m already busy, my jobs keep increasing every day.]
かれは先生なのにせつめいするのがとても下手です。
[Despite being a teacher he’s really bad at explaining things.]

CHAPTER 2 KANJI・ か ん じThis week, we will learn 18 kanji for useful verbs/words, colours, and this week’s grammar.

方
思
勉
強
弱

Meaning

Direction

Kun yomi

かたOn yomiほうSampleusesの方がいい

Meaning

Thoughts

Kun yomi

おも（う）

On yomi

し

ほう

ほ うこう

方向 (direction)

ほ うほう

方法 (method)かた

あの方 (that person (polite))

おもSample
uses

思う

し そう

おも

思想 (a thought)

Meaning

Exertion

Kun yomi

つと（める）

On yomiべん

Sampleuses

べ んきょ うMeaning

StrongKun yomi

つよ（い）On yomiきょう

Sampleuses

つよ

べ んきょ う強い勉強

Meaning

Weak

Kun yomi

よわ（い）On yomiじゃく

Sampleuses

よわ

思い (a thought)

勉強

弱い

使
新
明
暗
説

MeaningUse

Kun yomi

つか（う）

On yomiしSampleuses

つか

たい し かん使う

大使館 (embassy)

MeaningNew

Kun yomi

あたら（しい）On yomiしんSampleuses

あ たら

し んぶ ん

新 しい

新聞

Meaning

BrightKun yomi

あか（るい）

On yomiめい
あかSample
uses

明るい

あ した

せ つめ い明日

Meaning

Dark

Kun yomi

くら（い）On yomiあんSampleuses

くらMeaning

Explain, Convince

Kun yomiと（く）On yomiせつSampleuses

せ つめ いせ つめい しょ説明説明書 (instruction book)

説明

暗い

色
赤
青
黄
緑

Meaning

ColourKun yomi

いろOn yomiしょく

Sample
uses

いろ

い ろいろ

色

色々

MeaningRed

Kun yomi

あか（い）On yomiせきSample
uses

あか

あか

赤

赤い

Meaning

Blue, Green, YouthKun yomi

あお（い）On yomiせい
あお

Sampleuses

青

せ いし ゅん きあお

青 春 期 (puberty)

Meaning

Yellow

Kun yomiきOn yomiおう

Sample
uses

き いろ

き いろ

黄色

黄色い

MeaningGreen

Kun yomi

みどり

On yomiりょく

Sampleuses

み どり

り ょくち ゃ

緑

緑茶

青い

帰
音
楽

Meaning

Blue, Green, YouthKun yomi

あお（い）On yomiせい
あお

Sampleuses

青

せ いし ゅん きあお

青 春 期 (puberty)

MeaningSound

Kun yomi

おとOn yomiおんSampleuses

音Meaning

Fun

Kun yomi

たの（しい）・たの（しむ）

On yomiがく・らくSample
uses

青い

音楽

たの

お んが く

楽しい

音楽

たの

よ うが く楽しむ

洋楽 (western music)

CHAPTER 2 WORKBOOK ・ ワ ー ク ブ ッ ク 2
Exercise 2.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 方
方
Stroke order

2. 思
思Stroke order

3. 勉
勉
Stroke order

4. 強
強Stroke order

5. 弱
弱Stroke order

6. 使
使
Stroke order7. 新新Stroke order

8. 明
明Stroke order

9. 暗
暗Stroke order

10. 説
説
Stroke order

11. 色
色
Stroke order

12. 赤
赤Stroke order13. 青青Stroke order

14. 黄
黄Stroke order

15. 緑
緑
Stroke order

16. 帰
帰Stroke order

17. 音
音Stroke order

18. 楽
楽
Stroke order

Exercise 2.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. にほんのおんがくのほうがいいとおもう。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. しんぶんをあかるくて、みどりのへやでよむ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. どうしてあかのチームのほうがあおのチームよりつよいの？ せつめいして！
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
4. わたしはちょっとよわくて、スポーツがへたですが、べんぎょうがじょうずです。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. パーティーはとてもたのしいのであしたまでかえらないとおもう。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. いちばんすきないろはきいろなのできいろいふくをよくきる。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
Exercise 2.3
Match each kanji with the correct colour. You might need to look up kanji you don’t know.
黒

緑

BLACK

赤

BROWN

RED

黄色
青

YELLOW
GREEN

WHITE

BLUE

白
茶色

PURPLE紫Exercise 2.3
Circle the correct option from each （）to translate each sentence.

1. I already ate, so I don’t want to eat now.
（もう・まだ）食べましたから、今食べ（たくありません・たがっていません）。
2. He hasn’t eaten yet, so he wants to eat.
かれは（もう・まだ）食べ（ていない・ない）ので食べ（たい・たがっている）。
3. We don’t drink anymore so we don’t plan on going to the bar.
（もう・まだ）飲まないのでバーに行（かないつもりだ・かないかもしれない）。
4. I’m already studying so I have no plans to study in the evening.
（もう・まだ）勉強しているので、夜に勉強する（よてい・つもり）はない。
5. I said I won’t go but she said “please”, so despite having no intent to go I went.
私は「行かない」（と言った・と言っていた）がかのじょは「おねがい！」（と言った・と言っていた）ので、行く（つもり・よてい）はなかった（ので・のに・なので・なのに）行った。
Exercise 2.4
Using ～たり, list a variety (at least 3) things you might do at each location.
1. きっさてん_______________________________________________________
2. こうえん_______________________________________________________
3. えいがかん_______________________________________________________
4. コンビニ_______________________________________________________

Exercise 2.5
Translate each sentence, slowly increasing in difficulty.
1.1

Tanaka is stubborn. ________________________________________

1.2

I think Tanaka is stubborn. ____________________________________

1.3

I said Tanaka is stubborn. ____________________________________

1.4

I might have said Tanaka is stubborn.
_______________________________________________________

1.5

I think she said Tanaka is stubborn.
_______________________________________________________

1.6

I don’t think she said “Tanaka is stubborn”, but it seemed like she wanted to.
_______________________________________________________

2.

That way of thinking is shallow.
_______________________________________________________

2.1

He might have said “that way of thinking is shallow”.
_______________________________________________________

2.2

He said “that way of thinking might have been shallow”.
_______________________________________________________

2.3

Even though he said “that was of thinking is shallow”, he often said the samethings in the past.
_______________________________________________________

3.

I said I want to go. But I don’t think he wants to go, even though he also said hewants to go.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 2 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY ・ 解 答 集 2
Exercise 2.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 方
方
Stroke order

2. 思
思Stroke order

3. 勉
勉
Stroke order

4. 強
強Stroke order

5. 弱
弱Stroke order

6. 使
使
Stroke order

Check to make sure you filled in
the kanji carefully, following
stroke order and retaining ageneral size balance across eachof the 10 free-hand attempts.

7. 新
新Stroke order

8. 明
明Stroke order

9. 暗
暗Stroke order

10. 説
説
Stroke order

11. 色
色
Stroke order

12. 赤
赤Stroke order13. 青青Stroke order

14. 黄
黄Stroke order

15. 緑
緑
Stroke order

16. 帰
帰Stroke order

17. 音
音Stroke order

18. 楽
楽
Stroke order

Exercise 2.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. にほんのおんがくのほうがいいとおもう。

日本の音楽の方がいいと思う。

Rewrite: _________________________________________________

I think Japanese music is better.

Translate: ________________________________________________
2. しんぶんをあかるくて、みどりのへやでよむ。

新聞を明るくて、緑のへやで読む。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________(Someone) reads the newspaper in the bright, green room.
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. どうしてあかのチームのほうがあおのチームよりつよいの？ せつめいして！

どうして赤のチームの方が青のチームより強いの？せつめいして！
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate:Why________________________________________________
is the red team stronger than the blue? Explain!
4. わたしはちょっとよわくて、スポーツがへたですが、べんぎょうがじょうずです。

私はちょっと弱くて、スポーツが下手で勉強が上手です。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
I’m a bit weak, bad at sports, and good at studying.
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. パーティーはとてもたのしいのであしたまでかえらないとおもう。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
パーティーはとても楽しいので明日まで帰らないと思う。
party is lots of fun so I think I won’t go home until tomorrow.
Translate:The________________________________________________
6. いちばんすきないろはきいろなのできいろいふくをよくきる。

一ばん好きな色は黄色なので黄色いふくをよく着る。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
My favorite color is yellow so I often wear yellow clothes.

Translate: ________________________________________________

Exercise 2.3
Match each kanji with the correct colour. You might need to look up kanji you don’t know.
黒

緑

BLACK

赤

BROWN

RED

黄色
青

YELLOW
GREEN

WHITE

BLUE

白
茶色

PURPLE紫Exercise 2.3
Circle the correct option from each （）to translate each sentence.

1. I already ate, so I don’t want to eat now.
（もう・まだ）食べましたから、今食べ（たくありません・たがっていません）。
2. He hasn’t eaten yet, so he wants to eat.
かれは（もう・まだ）食べ（ていない・ない）ので食べ（たい・たがっている）。
3. We don’t drink anymore so we don’t plan on going to the bar.
（もう・まだ）飲まないのでバーに行（かないつもりだ・かないかもしれない）。
4. I’m already studying so I have no plans to study in the evening.
（もう・まだ）勉強しているので、夜に勉強する（よてい・つもり）はない。
5. I said I won’t go but she said “please”, so despite having no intent to go I went.
私は「行かない」（と言った・と言っていた）がかのじょは「おねがい！」（と言った・と言っていた）ので、行く（つもり・よてい）はなかった（ので・のに・なので・なのに）行った。

The difference between と 言 っ た and と 言 っ て い た here is thedifference between your own speech and reported speech.

Exercise 2.4
Using ～たり, list a variety (at least 3) things you might do at each location.
1. きっさてん

The answers here are all samples.
Your answers should differ. Check
お茶を飲んだり、友だちと話したり、休んだりする。
_______________________________________________________
carefully for spelling/grammar
errors, and don’t forget to end
with a variant of ~する!

2. こうえん

歩いたり、新聞を読んだり、ピクニックをしりします。
_______________________________________________________
3. えいがかん

チケットを買ったり、えいがを見たり、ポップコーンを食べたりする。
_______________________________________________________
4. コンビニ

食べ物を買ったり、マンガを読んだり、お金をATM からとったりします。
_______________________________________________________

Exercise 2.5
Translate each sentence, slowly increasing in difficulty.

I used plain form here, but you
could use polite form. Or try both!

1.1

田中さんはがんこだ。
Tanaka is stubborn. ________________________________________

1.2

I think Tanaka is stubborn. 田中さんはがんこだと思う。
____________________________________

1.3

田中さんはがんこだと言った。
I said Tanaka is stubborn. ____________________________________

1.4

I might have said Tanaka is stubborn.

田中さんはがんこだと言ったかもしれない。
_______________________________________________________
1.5

I think she said Tanaka is stubborn.

（私は）かのじょが「田中さんはがんこだ」と言ったと思う。
_______________________________________________________
1.6

I don’t think she said “Tanaka is stubborn”, but it seemed like she wanted to.

（私は）かのじょが「田中さんはがんこだ」と言ったと思わないが、言いたがっていた。
_______________________________________________________
2That way of thinking is shallow.

そのかんがえ方があさい。

_______________________________________________________
2.1

He might have said “that way of thinking is shallow”.

かれは「そのかんがえ方があさい」と言ったかもしれない。
_______________________________________________________
2.2

He said “that way of thinking might have been shallow”.

かれは「そのかんがえ方があさかったかもしれない」と言った。

_______________________________________________________
2.3

Even though he said “that was of thinking is shallow”, he often said the same
よく言った should be fine too.
things in the past.

かれは「そのかんがえ方があさい」と言ったのに、むかし同じことをよく言っていた。
_______________________________________________________
3.

I said I want to go. But I don’t think he wants to go, even though he also said hewants to go.

私は「行きたい」と言った。でも、かれも「行きたい」と言っていたのに、_______________________________________________________（私はかれが）行きたくないと思う。
_______________________________________________________You don’t use ~たがる here as you are stating
your opinion, not an “observation” of want.

CHAPTER THREE・ 第 二 章
VOCABULARY・ ご いう Verbs

Nouns
おしり

butt

かつ

to winおなか

stomachこがす

to burn (food) (trans)

おまたcrotchそる

to shave

かお

face

たく

to cook rice

かかとheel (of foot)はくto vomit

キッチン

kitchenまかすto beat (in a game)

neck

み

くび

to find (intrans)

せなかback (of a person)

見つかる
むすぶ

しょくたく

dining tableやくto fry, to bake

じょうほう

information

すいはんき

automatic rice cooker

る Verbs

だいところ

kitchenいためるto stir-fry

ちしきknowledge

いためる

to injure, to hurtてのひらpalm (of hand)えるto get, to obtainにおいa smell[X]がこげる[food] burns

ひげmoustache, beard[X]がきこえる[X] can be heard

ひざ

knee

まける

to loseみto find (trans)

ひじ

elbow

むね

chest, breasts

見つける
にる

to tie (e.g., laces)

While spelled thesame, both いためる
have different kanji:
炒める vs 痛める

to cook via boiling

Like みえる, き
こえる is used
to show thatsomething canbe heard. The
verb 聞ける(see grammar
point 3.1) isinstead “able tolisten to”

Phrases

い Adjectives
あつい

thick

おなかがいっぱい

I’m full/full stomach

うすいthin, watery, pale

おゆをわかすto boil water

かたい

hard

いびきをかくto snoreこいthick, dark, strong

おなかがつくbecome hungry

ふといthick, fat

せきをするto cough

ほそいthin, slender, fine

とりあえずfor now, for the moment

やわらかい

soft

はなみずが出るto have a runny nose

はらがへる

become hungry

あつい is used to refer to thickness of materials, like fabric or a wall.
こい is used to refer to thickness/heaviness of density, like paint, flavors, or colours.
ふとい is used for thickness of width/radius, like a leg or a tree trunk.
ほそい is used for small, thin things, like legs or bodies . It’s the opposite of ふとい.
うすい is thin density or thickness. It’s the opposite of あつい and こい.

GRAMMAR・ 文 法
Grammar Point 3.1: The potential (“can do”) forms of verbs
In the previous textbook, we learned that we can attach ~ことができる to a present plain
form verb to state that someone can do the verb.
私はおはしを使う。
[I use chopsticks.]

私はおはしを使うことができる。
[I am able to use chopsticks.]

However, there is another way to say “can(not) verb” in Japanese, which involves
conjugating the verb itself into it’s potential form – that is, rather than adding “can”, theverb’s form itself is modified. As always, our method of conjugation requires us to first split
our verbs between the three major categories: irregular verbs, る verbs, and う verbs.
For irregular verbs, there is no pattern to the potential form. You just have to memorize it.
PolitePlain

Potential

します

する

できる

きます

くる

こられる

できる can be written
as 出来る in kanji, but
is usually in hiragana.
こられる in kanji isjust 来られる.

For る verbs, making the potential form involves two easy steps: remove the verb’s final~る, then replace it with ~られる. You can then conjugate further using this new final ~る.
食べる
られる
食べられる

見つける
られる
見つけられる

しめる
られる
しめられる

着る
られる
着られる

Before learning how to make the potential form of う verbs, let’s cover two importantfeatures of using all potential form verbs. First, what a “normal” verb would treat as adirect object is commonly marked as a subjects (i.e., を becomes が). This used to be taught
as a strong rule, but you’ll now hear/see both particles used in contemporary Japan(ese).
I’ll only use が with potential verbs across this textbook so you can get used to the pattern.
私はなっとうを食べる。
[I eat natto.]

私はなっとうが食べられる。
[I can eat natto.]

かれはボールをはやくなげる。
[He throws a ball fast.]

かれはボールがはやくなげられる。
[He can throw a ball fast.]

かれはくるまをうんてんする。
[He drives a car.]

かれはくるまがうんてんできる。
[He can drive a car.]

ドアをあけない。
[(Someone) won’t open the door.]

ドアがあけられない。
[(Someone) can’t open the door.]

Secondly, Japanese often uses negative intransitive verbs (e.g., “[X] doesn’t [verb]”) where
English prefers negative potential verbs (e.g., “[X] cannot [verb]”). Japanese people do, ofcourse, use negative potential verbs, especially when stressing responsibility and limits.
However, be aware of this tendency, as you will hear/see it (and should use it too!) often.
Compare:English: I can’t find it(Lit: 見つけられない)Japanese: 見つからない(Lit: It’s not found)

English: I can’t open it.
Japanese: あかない

(Lit: あけられない)(Lit: It doesn’t open)

English: I can’t finish it.
Japanese: おわらない(Lit: おえられない)(Lit: It doesn’t end)

Let’s return to the potential form of う verbs. First change the verb’s final sound from[consonant + sound ending in う] to [consonant + sound ending in え], then attach る.
の

む
め

あそ

ぶ

ま

ば

み

び

べ

む

のめる

め
も

う

はら

あ

え

ぶ

あそべる

べ
ぼ

い
う

はらえる

え
お

Once any verb is in the potential form, it conjugates like a る verb. Don’t forget this whenchanging う verbs into the negative, past, and/or polite versions of their potential forms.
私はビールが飲めるが、ワインが飲めない。
[I can drink beer, but I can’t drink wine.]
たんじょうびパーティーに行けませんでしたが、ギフトをおくれました。
[I couldn’t go to the birthday party, but I was able to send a gift.]
えぇ！？ だれもはらえないの？？
[What!? No one can pay??]

Remember: in the ~も~ない form
the ending has to be negative.
This is opposite to English.

いっしょうけんめいがんばったのに、ぜんぜんかてなかった。
[Despite doing all that we could, we weren’t able to win at all.]
かれと一時間ぐらい話せました。
[I was able to speak with him for about an hour.]
できたよ！たいへんだったが、できた！
[I was able to do it! It was hard, but I was able to do it!]Japanese often uses できた whe re English
would just use “I did it!”.
「やった！」is sometimes used similarly(neve r 「した！」), but it generally
functions as more a general “Yay!”

Grammar Point 3.2: Attempting things for the first time with ~てみる
If we attach ~みる to a verb in its ~て form, ~みる changes the verb’s meaning to “try to[verb] for the first time”. Be careful: unlike the English “try” which can mean “make efforts
to do”, as in “I’m trying!”, this ~てみる form only means “try = first attempt”.
明日パンをやいてみます。
[I’m going to try making bread (for the first time) tomorrow.]
バーで新しいビールを飲んでみたが、あまりおいしくなかった。
[I tried out a new beer at the bar, but it wasn’t very delicious.]
As みる is itself a る verb, you can conjugate it to create more complicated patterns.
今年ほっかいどうに行ってみたい！
[I want to go to Hokkaido this year for the first time.]
そのゲームを少しやってみてもいいですか。
[Is it okay if I try out that game (I’m not familiar with) for a bit?]
これを食べてみてください。
[Please give this food (that you haven’t had before) a shot.]In the ~てみる form, みる is always written in hiragana. If you write the word in kanji, it isvery likely to create misunderstandings (i.e., “[verb], then look”). In general, verbs that
attach to other verbs to change their meaning are not written in kanji.
読んでみます！
[I’ll give it a read!]

読んで見ます。
[I’ll read it, and then look at it/something.]

Grammar Point 3.3: Plain forms of ましょう・ませんか
So how do we say “I’ll try” as in “I’ll make efforts to do”? Well, the last textbook alreadyintroduced one way: the ~ことにしている form. There’s another way though, but it
requires us to first learn the plain form version of the volitional form (~ましょう), so
let’s do that next!
In the first textbook, we covered the forms ~ましょう and ~ませんか as ways of inviting
people to and/or suggesting activities. These forms are also possible in plain form, but lookslightly different. For ~ましょう, the plain form depends on the verb type. As always,
irregular verbs must be memorized.

Verb

Polite

Plain

する

しましょう

しよう

くる

きましょう

こよう

朝までいっしょにゲームをしよう！
[Let’s play games together until morning!]

For る verbs, we create the plain version of ~ましょう by replacing the verb’s final ~る with~よう (or, by attaching ~よう to the verb’s stem, however you want to think of it).
出かけようよ！
[Let’s get going!]

おなかがすいた。何か食べよう。
[I’m hungry. Let’s eat something.]

もう十時だ。ねよう。
[It’s already 10. Let’s sleep.]

もういい。あきれめよう。
[Enough already. Let’s give up.]

All examples so
far are in casualforms because
the plain~ましょう
is notappropriate informal speech.

For う verbs, change the verb’s final sound from [consonant + う] to [consonant + お] andthen add another う to extend the vowel sound. For instance, かく becomes かこう, and い
そぐ becomes いそごう. Verbs ending in ~う just change to ~おう, as in うたおう.
の

あそ

む

ぶ

はら

ま

も

み

ば

ぼ

め

あ

お

び

む

のもう

う

ぶ

あおぼう

う

はらおう

べ

も

ぼ

かれらをまかそうよ！
[Let’s beat them!]いえお時間があるからおよごう。
[We’ve got time, so let’s swim.]

もうつかれた。帰ろう。
[I’m already exhausted. Let’s go home.]
とても安くなったので今買おうね。
[It became really cheap, so let’s buy it right now.]
Unlike most times when you ask questions using plain form , you can attach か to the endof the plain ~ましょう form to ask “shall we” (a suggestion) or “shall I” (an offer).
てつだおうか。
[Shall I help?]

来週もあそぼうか。
[Shall we hang out next week too?]

いっしょに勉強しようか。
[Shall we study together?]

ごはんをたこうか。
[Shall I/Shall we make some rice?]This plain volitional form is not just useful for casual suggestions, however. It is also an
important grammar point in its own right, serving as the basis for a few patterns.
First, when we attach ~と思っている to a plain volitional form, we indicate intent.
Unlike the plain volitional itself, the final ~と思っている can be turned into polite form.
私は日本に勉強しに行こうと思っています。
[I’m intending to go to Japan to study.]

The standard ~と思う can also be used with volitional forms. The difference is that ~と思っている suggests an intent that’s pre-established, whereas ~と思う is made on the spot.
来年アメリカに帰ろうと思っている。
[I’m planning on going home to the USA next year, and I’ve had this plan for a bit.]
じゃ、もうビールも食べ物もないから家に帰ろうと思う。
[Well since there’s no more food or beer, I think I’ll go home.]
Second, by attaching forms of ~とする to a plain volitional form, we indicate that someone
is trying (as in “making efforts” rather than “attempting for the first time”) to do the verb.
This contrasts directly with the ~てみる form, as in the second sentence below.
たばこをやめる。
[I will quit smoking.]
たばこをやめてみる。
[I will give quitting smoking a shot.]
たばこをやめようとする。
[I will make efforts to quit smoking.]
The ~ようとしている form is quite similar

たばこをやめようとするつもりはない。
in meaning to the ~ことにしている form
we learned in the last textbook.
[I have no intent of making efforts to quit smoking.]
たばこをやめようとしている。
[I’m trying to quit smoking.]

たばこをやめることにしている。
[I’m making efforts to quit smoking.]

たばこをやめようとしたが、できなかった。
[I worked hard to quit smoking, but I couldn’t.]
たばこをやめようとしましたが、できませんでした。
[I put effort into trying to quit smoking, but I couldn’t (polite).]So what about the casual version of ~ませんか? Fortunately that’s quite easy. Just end theverb in the negative plain form, but add a question mark or rising intonation.
私とデートしない。
[You won’t date me.]

私とデートしない？
[Won’t you go out with me?]

飲まない。
[(Someone) won’t drink.]

飲まない？
[Won’t you drink some?]

Grammar Point 3.4: Question words marked by か make “some”
By attaching か to some question words, you create the word’s “some” version. We learned“something” as a stand-alone word in the last book, but other forms are possible:
いつか行きたい。
どこかに行った。
だれかとけっこんした。
[I want to go sometime.] [They went somewhere.] [They married someone.
いくつか is a useful phrase that turns“how many” into “some amount of”.

Grammar Point 3.5: Turning adjectives into nouns
In Japanese, the suffix ~さ works like ~ness (e.g., thick+ness) in English to turn adjectives
into nouns. The way you use ~さ differs slightly though depending on the adjective type.
For い adjectives, ~さ replaces the final ~い of the adjective.
おおきい
[big]

おおきさ
[size]

あかい
[red]

あかさ
[redness]

ひろい[wide]

ひろさ[width]かわいい[cute]

かわいさ[cuteness]

かたい[hard]

かたさ[hardness]

むずかしい[difficult]

むずかしさ[difficulty]

Once we attach ~さ, the adjectives become nouns, so we can mark them with particles.
このまくらのやわからさはすごくいい。
[The softness of this pillow is incredibly good.]
テストのむずかしさをふやした方がいいと思いますか。
[Do you think we should increase the test’s difficulty?]

While rarer, this can be donewith negative adjectives too.
For instance, おもしろくなさ
is “not-interesting-ness”

一ばんだいじなことは、おいしさだ。
[The most important thing is the deliciousness/quality of the flavor.]
せなかのかたさがしんぱいで、マッサージがほしい。
[I’m worried about the stiffness of my back, so I want a massage.]
こたつのあたたかさが大好きだ。
[I love the warmth of the kotatsu.]
Don’t forget that いい always conjugates as though it were よい.
自分のよさをみせるのがたいせつだ。
[It’s important to show them your goodness (how good you are).]For な adjectives, ~さ instead attaches directly to the adjective.
男の人もかじのだいじさとたいへんさを知るべきです。
[Men should know the importance and difficulty of housework too.]
もんだいは、ゲームのかんたんさにあると思います。
[The problem is in simplicity of the game, I think.]
かのじょはかれのがんこさがあまり分かっていないね。
[She doesn’t really understand his stubbornness, does she.]
その言い方のていねいさに問だいがないけどやさしさがないよ。
[There’s no problem with the politeness of that phrasing but it lacks kindness.]
Be careful, because not all adjectives work well with ~さ. For instance, 好きさ is odd.

Grammar Point 3.6: Expressing “too much” via ~すぎる
The suffix ~すぎる is a る-verb that can be attached to adjectives and verbs to state thatsomething is “too [adjective]” or “[verbs] too much”. The rules for attaching ~すぎる
depend on the word type, but further conjugation always happens to ~すぎる as though theentire adjective was now a る verb.
For い adjectives, ~すぎる replaces the final ~い of the adjective.
このカレーはからすぎると思う。
[I think this curry is too spicy.]
あのレストランのパンはいつもかたすぎます。古いかもしれません。
[That restaurant’s bread is always too hard. Maybe it’s old.]
ううん、そのシャーツはぜんぜん大きすぎないよ！
[No, that shirt isn’t too big at all!]
For な adjectives, ~すぎる attaches to the adjective directly.
ここはしずかだ。しずかすぎる。
[This place is quiet. Too quiet.]
かれはきれいすぎて、話しに行くのがむずかしい。
[He’s too pretty, and so going to talk to him is difficult.]ていねいすぎる話し方は、時々しつれいな話し方になります。
[A way of speaking that is too polite can sometimes become a rude way of speaking.]
For positive verbs, just attach ~すぎる to the verb’s stem (~ます form minus ~ます).
うわぁ、食べすぎました！飲みすぎました！おなかがいたすぎてつらいです！
[Waaa, I ate too much! I drank too much! My stomach hurts so much it’s awful!]
いそがしい時に、はたらきすぎないでください。
[When you are busy, please don’t work too much.]~すぎる can be used for exaggerationand emphasis like this too.

ちょっとうんどうしすぎたので、明日は休む。
[I exercised a bit too much, so I’ll take tomorrow off (from exercising).]
ううん、まだ行きすぎていないよ。
[No, you haven’t gone too far yet.]

Tense changes in English effectthe base verb, but in Japanese
they effect the attached ~すぎる.

The ~すぎる suffix can also attach to a verb or adjective’s plain negative form by
replacing the final ~い in ~ない with ~さすぎる to mean “too little [verb/adjective]”.
お金がなさすぎて、しごともおもしろくなさすぎて、たいへんだ。
[I have too little money, my job is extremely uninteresting too, it’s rough.]Grammar Point 3.7: Connecting explanations via しUp until now, we’ve used から or ので at the end of a sentence or clause to express reasons.
However, から and ので only express one reason. When you need/want to give multiple
reasons, you can instead connect statements together via attaching し to the end of eachexplanation. Like や or ~たり, this form often has the implication that the reasons you are
giving are just a few of many examples.
While using し, each reason you give must end in the plain form, but in any tense or
positivity. For reasons that end in nouns or な-adjectives in the plain positive present,
this means that you must attach だ to the noun or adjective before adding し.
おいしいし、シェフがしんせつだし、家に近いし、このレストランは大好きです。
[It’s delicious, the chef is friendly, it’s near home… that’s why I love this restaurant.]
あつかったし、足もいためたし、きのうはほんとうにつらかった。
[Because it was hot, I hurt my leg, etc., I just really had a bad time yesterday.]「どうしてお金がないのですか。」「さいきんあたらしいふくを買ったし、友だちと飲みに行ったし、やちんも上がっ
たし、これからもっとちょきんしないと。」[“Why don’t you have any money?”][“Recently I bought new clothes, went drinking with friends, rent went up too…
those are the reasons and from here on out I really need to save more.”]As you can see from the examples above, explanations marked with し often just “hang” infront of a complete sentence, and may contain their own topics, subjects, etc. The sentencethat follows the last し is also often less blatantly connected to the reasons than when we
use words like から・ので, so there is often a lot of freedom in translating the sentence.
You can also invert the order, using し to provide explanations for what you’ve just said. In
this case, you can end the explanation list with し. This is not inherently casual.
いい先生ですよ。説明がいいし、メールのへんじを書くのがはやいし。
[They’re a good teacher. Their explanations are good, they reply to emails fast…]
大きらいだった。ばかだったし、レージだったし、しつれいなことも言ったし。
[I hated them. They were dumb, lazy, said rude things… these and more are why.]
Finally, you can also just list one reason with し. Again, the difference from から・のでhere is that when you use し other explanations are implied.
あたらしいのを買いたい！今とても安いし。
[I want to buy a new one! They are cheap now (which, among other things, is why).]
おなかがいたいし、今日はもう食べません。
[My stomach hurts, and for that among other reasons I won’t eat more today.]

CHAPTER 3 KANJI・ か ん じThis week, we will learn 18 kanji, focusing on body parts and useful verbs.

頭顔首Meaning

Head

Kun yomi

あたま

On yomiとう・ずSample
uses

あ たま

ず つう

頭

頭痛

MeaningFace

Kun yomi

かおOn yomiがんSampleuses

かお

Meaning

Neck

Kun yomi

くびOn yomiしゅ

顔くびSample
uses

首

し ゅと

て くび

首都 (metropolis)

手首 (wrist)

し ゅしょ うあ しく び首 相 (Prime Minister)足首 (ankle)

毛Meaning

Hair

Kun yomi

けOn yomiもうかみSample
uses

け

む なげ

髪の毛

胸毛 (chest hair)

け ぶか

も うふ

毛深い (hairy)

毛布 (blanket)

Meaning

肉
胸
腕
腹
痛

Meat, flesh

Kun yomi
On yomiにくにくぎ ゅうに くSampleuses

肉

牛肉

ぶ たに くき んに く豚肉

筋肉 (muscle)

Meaning

Chest

Kun yomi

むね

On yomiきょう

The radicle that looks like
月 is actually 肉 squishedinto a corner. This radicle
indicates the kanji deals
with the body.

むねSampleuses

胸だ いきょ うきん

む なげ

大 胸 筋 (pectoral muscles)

MeaningArm

Kun yomi

うでOn yomi

わん

胸毛

うで

Sampleuses

腕

じ ょうわ んにと うきん

ち ゃわん

上腕二頭筋 (biceps)

Meaning

StomachKun yomi

はら・なかOn yomiふくSample
uses

お腹

ふ っきん

はら

腹筋

MeaningPain

Kun yomi

いた（い）・いた（む）・いた（める）On yomiつう

茶碗 (rice bowl)

なか

腹がへた

いた

Sample
uses

痛い

ず つう

いた

頭痛

痛める

教
起
寝
切
払

Meaning

Teach, education

Kun yomi

おし（える）・おそ（わる）On yomiきょう

Sampleuses

教える

Meaning

Wake

Kun yomi

おき（る）On yomiきSampleuses

起きる

Meaning

Sleep

Kun yomi

ね（る）On yomiしんSampleuses

ね

し んし つ寝る

寝室 (bedroom)

MeaningCut

Kun yomiき（る）On yomi

せつ

教育

お

き

し んせつ

Sample
uses

切る

親切

き っぷ

せ っぷく

切符

切腹

MeaningPay, dispose of

Kun yomi

はら（う）

On yomiひつ・ふつはらSample
uses

払う
し はら

支払う

ぱら

酔っ払う

太
痩
取
泳

MeaningFat, thickKun yomi

ふと（る）・ふと（い）On yomiたいふとた いよ うSample
uses

太る

太陽

ふと

たい こ

太い

太鼓

MeaningThin

Kun yomi

や（せる）On yomiしゅう・そうSample
uses

や

痩せる

MeaningTake

Kun yomiと（る）On yomiしゅSampleusesと取る

Meaning

Swim

Kun yomi

およ（ぐ）On yomiえい

Sampleuses

およ

す いえ い泳ぐ

水泳 (swimming)

泳いでいるよCHAPTER 3 WORKBOOK ・ ワ ー ク ブ ッ ク 3
Exercise 3.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 頭頭
Stroke order

2. 顔
顔Stroke order

3. 首
首
Stroke order

4. 毛
毛
Stroke order

5. 肉
肉Stroke order

6. 胸
胸Stroke order7. 腕
腕Stroke order

8. 腹腹Stroke order

9. 痛
痛Stroke order

10. 教
教
Stroke order

11. 起
起Stroke order

12. 寝
寝Stroke order13. 切切Stroke order

14. 払
払Stroke order

15. 太
太
Stroke order

16. 痩
痩Stroke order

17. 取
取Stroke order

18. 泳
泳Stroke order

Exercise 3.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. かみのけがこすぎて、きれなかった。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. おきたあとでおなかがすいたので、にくをたべた。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. ジムでうんどうしすぎました。やせましたが、むねもうでもいためました。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
4. あたまがいいし、おしえるのがじょうずだし、とてもいいせんせいだ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. およぐまえにはらおう。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. ワニはくびがふとくて、しっぽがながい。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
7. かおもあたまもあたらしいせっけんであらってみた。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
Exercise 3.3
On the next page, fill in the tables to conjugate each verb into the various forms. The “plain
too” form refers to Grammar Point 3.6.

1. しますPlain Pos.

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

2. きますPlain Pos.

Plain “Too”

3. まけますPlain Pos.

4. あらいます
Plain Pos.

5. かちますPlain Pos.

6. あやまります
Plain Pos.

7. むすびます
Plain Pos.

8. うみますPlain Pos.

9. やきますPlain Pos.

10.いそぎます
Plain Pos.

11.こがしますPlain Pos.

Exercise 3.4
Translate each sentence. Each uses two or more grammar points from this week.
1. I can’t made bread well. But tomorrow, I will try a new way of making bread.
________________________________________________________
2. I’m trying to win, but it’s too difficult.
________________________________________________________
3. I’m really busy, I can’t sleep recently, I’m tired… I’m considering quitting the job.
________________________________________________________
4. The thickness of my beard is too horrible, so I’m going to try shaving it.
________________________________________________________
5. No one can change the length of their legs.
________________________________________________________
6. Let’s try reading it together (write in casual speech)!
________________________________________________________
Exercise 3.5
Using the adjectives in the box as a base, translate each word into Japanese.

ひろい

おおきい
とおい

たいへん

くさい
Length: ____________
Difficulty: ____________

Size: ____________

Intelligence: ____________

Spaciousness: ____________

Distance: __________

Thickness (liquid): ____________ Thickness (solid): ____________
Interestingness: ____________
Beauty: ____________
Kindness: ____________

Amount of Trouble: ____________

Stink: ____________

Stubbornness: ____________

Expense: ____________

Oldness: ____________

Exercise 3.6
Select the correct option from each set to create a sentence that makes sense.
1. ズボンは長｛すぎる・く・さ・い｝ので、長｛すぎる・く・さ・い｝をかえてくだ
さい。今は｛きない・きられない・きれない・はかない・はけない・はかれない｝
ので、新しいのも買｛える・わない・う・おう・えない｝と思っています。
2. ｛どこか・だれか・どこ｝でお茶を飲｛もう・まない・み・られる｝よ。
3. 今年は日本へ行｛く・けない・ける・こう・かない・って｝が、｛だれか・いつか・だれ・いつ｝行｛く・けない・ける・こう・かない・ってみ｝たいです。
4. 多分｛こられる・こられない・くられる・くられない・これる・これない・
くれる・くれない｝と思うが少なくても何かをおく｛る・り・れ・っている｝。
5. 食べ｛られた・すぎた・てみた・た｝が、まず｛さで・すぎて・くなくて・いし｝
あまり食べ｛られなかった・すぎた・てみた・た｝。
6. クラスにきょうみがな｛くてみて・さすぎて・さ｝べんきょうが｛できない・できられる・しられる・せる｝。
7. お、あのきっさてんはすてきだ！入｛ってみるし・ってみよう・ってみもう｝。
8. 本のむずかし｛さ・すぎる・くなさすぎる｝がひどくて、読｛られ・め・も・ま｝
ない。おもしろく｛なさすぎる・ないし・なさ｝、高か｛かったし・すぎた・
さ｝、｛なにか・どこか・だれか｝ですてたい。
9. コーヒーを飲｛もうと思った・めた・みすぎた・まなさすぎた｝し、ストレスもあるし、寝｛ようと思っていた・られた・すぎて・られなかった・たし｝。
10. りょうりが上手になりたいので、さいきん毎日ばんごはんを作｛ろうとしている・ってみる・れる｝。でもまだ上手に作｛ろうとしてない・ってみない・れない｝。
11. この店はいつもにぎやか｛すぎた・すぎて・すぎる・すぎるし・すぎない｝が、いちばんいやなのは、食べものの｛やすさ・やすすぎ・たかさ・たかすぎ｝だね。
12. よく｛さ・すぎた・し・できた｝。少し休｛める・もう・まれる・みすぎる｝！

CHAPTER 3 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY ・ 解 答 集 3
Exercise 3.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 頭頭
Stroke order

2. 顔
顔Stroke order

3. 首
首
Stroke order

4. 毛
毛
Stroke order

5. 肉
肉Stroke order

6. 胸
胸Stroke order

Check to make sure you filled in
the kanji carefully, following
stroke order and retaining ageneral size balance across eachof the 10 free-hand attempts.

7. 腕
腕
Stroke order

8. 腹腹Stroke order

9. 痛
痛Stroke order

10. 教
教
Stroke order

11. 起
起Stroke order

12. 寝
寝Stroke order13. 切切Stroke order

14. 払
払Stroke order

15. 太
太
Stroke order

16. 痩
痩Stroke order

17. 取
取Stroke order

18. 泳
泳Stroke order

Exercise 3.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. かみのけがこすぎて、きれなかった。

かみの毛がこすぎて、切れなかった。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________The hair was too thick, (and) so I couldn’t cut it.

Translate: ________________________________________________
2. おきたあとでおなかがすいたので、にくをたべた。

起きた後でお腹がすいたので、肉を食べた。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
was hungry after I woke up, so I ate meat.
Translate: I________________________________________________
3. ジムでうんどうしすぎました。やせましたが、むねもうでもいためました。

ジムでうんどうしすぎました。痩せましたが胸も腕も痛めました。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
I worked out too much at the gym. I’ve lost weight, but I hurt my chest and arm.

Translate: ________________________________________________
4. あたまがいいし、おしえるのがじょうずだし、とてもいいせんせいだ。

頭がいいし、教えるのが上手だし、とてもいい先生だ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
are smart, good at teaching… just a great teacher.
Translate:They________________________________________________
5. およぐまえにはらおう。

泳ぐ前に払おう。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
pay before swimming.
Translate:Let’s________________________________________________
6. ワニはくびがふとくて、しっぽがながい。

ワニは首が太くて、しっぽが長い。

Rewrite: _________________________________________________

Crocodiles have thick necks and long tails.

Translate: ________________________________________________
7. かおもあたまもあたらしいせっけんであらってみた。

顔も頭もあたらしいせっけんで洗ってみた。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
tried washing my face and head with new soap.
Translate: I________________________________________________
Exercise 3.3
On the next page, fill in the tables to conjugate each verb into the various forms. The “plain
too” form refers to Grammar Point 3.6.

1. しますPlain Pos.

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

する

できる

できない

しよう

しすぎる

Plain Pos.

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Too”

くる

こられる

こられない

きすぎる

Plain Pos.

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

まける

まけられる

まけられない

まけよう

まけすぎる

Plain Pos.

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

あらう

あらえる

あらえない

あらおう

あらいすぎる

Plain Pos.

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

かつ

かてる

かてない

かとう

かちすぎる

Plain Pos.

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

あやまる

あやまれる

あやまれないあやまろう

あやまりすぎる

Plain Pos.

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

むすぶ

むすべる

むすべない

むすぼう

むすびすぎる

Plain Pos.

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

うむ

うめる

うめない

うもう

うみすぎる

Plain Pos.

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

やく

やける

やけない

やこう

やきすぎる

Plain Pos.

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

いそぐ

いそげる

いそげない

いそごう

いそぎすぎる

Plain Pos.

Plain “Can”

Plain “Can’ｔ”

Plain “Let’s”

Plain “Too”

こがす

こがせる

こがせない

こがそう

こがしすぎる2. きます3. まけます4. あらいます

5. かちます6. あやまります

7. むすびます

8. うみます9. やきます10.いそぎます

11.こがしますExercise 3.4
Translate each sentence. Each uses two or more grammar points from this week.
1. I can’t made bread well. But tomorrow, I will try a new way of making bread.

パンをあまり上手に作れない（やけない）。でも、明日あたらしい作り方をやってみる。
________________________________________________________
2. I’m trying to win, but it’s too difficult.

かとうとしているが、むずかしすぎる。
________________________________________________________
3. I’m really busy, I can’t sleep recently, I’m tired… I’m considering quitting the job.
とてもいそがしいし、さいきんねられないし、つかれているし、仕事をやめると思っている。

________________________________________________________
4. The thickness of my beard is too horrible, so I’m going to try shaving it.

ひげの太さがひどすぎるので、そってみる。
________________________________________________________
5. No one can change the length of their legs.

だれも足の長さをかえられない。（足の長さをかえられる人がいない。）________________________________________________________
6. Let’s try reading it together (write in casual speech)!

いっしょに読んでみよう！
________________________________________________________
Exercise 3.5
Using the adjectives in the box as a base, translate each word into Japanese.

ひろい

おおきい
とおい

たいへん

くさい
Length: ながさ____________

むずかしさ
Difficulty: ____________

Size: おおきさ____________

あたまのよさIntelligence: ____________

ひろさ
Spaciousness: ____________

とおさ
Distance: __________こさ
あつさ
Thickness (liquid): ____________
Thickness (solid): ____________
おもしろさ
Interestingness: ____________
うつくしさ
Beauty: ____________
やさしさ
Kindness: ____________

めんどうくささAmount of Trouble: ____________

くささ
Stink: ____________

Stubbornness:がんこさ____________

Expense: たかさ____________

ふるさ
Oldness: ____________

Exercise 3.6
Select the correct option from each set to create a sentence that makes sense.
今 は は か な い might be okay
but it’s not as good.

1. ズボンは長｛すぎる・く・さ・い｝ので、長｛すぎる・く・さ・い｝をかえてくだ
さい。今は｛きない・きられない・きれない・はかない・はけない・はかれない｝
ので、新しいのも買｛える・わない・う・おう・えない｝と思っています。
The pants are too long so please change their length. Since I can’t wear them right now, I’m thinking of buying new ones.

2. ｛どこか・だれか・どこ｝でお茶を飲｛もう・まない・み・られる｝よ。
Let’s drink some tea somewhere.

3. 今年は日本へ行｛く・けない・ける・こう・かない・って｝が、｛だれか・いつか・だれ・いつ｝行｛く・けない・ける・こう・かない・ってみ｝たいです。
I can’t go to Japan this year but I want to go sometime.

I can see an argument for

こられない・くる・こない
4. 多分｛こられる・こられない・くられる・くられない・これる・これない・
here too to be honest.
くれる・くれない｝と思うが少なくても何かをおく｛る・り・れ・っている｝。
I think I can probably come but at the very minimum I can send something.

5. 食べ｛られた・すぎた・てみた・た｝が、まず｛さで・すぎて・くなくて・いし｝
あまり食べ｛られなかった・すぎた・てみた・た｝。
I had a bite but it was too gross, and so I wasn’t able to eat it really.

6. クラスにきょうみがな｛くてみて・さすぎて・さ｝べんきょうが｛できない・できられる・しられる・せる｝。
I am so uninterested in class that I can’t study.

7. お、あのきっさてんはすてきだ！入｛ってみるし・ってみよう・ってみもう｝。
Oh, that cafe is really nice! Let’s have a look inside!

8. 本のむずかし｛さ・すぎる・くなさすぎる｝がひどくて、読｛られ・め・も・ま｝
ない。おもしろく｛なさすぎる・ないし・なさ｝、高か｛かったし・すぎた・
さ｝、｛なにか・どこか・だれか｝ですてたい。
The book’s difficulty is too much, I can’t read it. It’s not interesting, it was expensive.. I just want to throw it away somewhere.

9. コーヒーを飲｛もうと思った・めた・みすぎた・まなさすぎた｝し、ストレスもあるし、寝｛ようと思っていた・られた・すぎて・られなかった・たし｝。
I drank too much coffee, I’m stressed, and therefore I couldn’t sleep.

10. りょうりが上手になりたいので、さいきん毎日ばんごはんを作｛ろうとしている・ってみる・れる｝。でもまだ上手に作｛ろうとしてない・ってみない・れない｝。
I want to become good at cooking so recently I’m trying to cook dinner every night. But I can’t make it well yet.

11. この店はいつもにぎやか｛すぎた・すぎて・すぎる・すぎるし・すぎない｝が、いちばんいやなのは、食べものの｛やすさ・やすすぎ・たかさ・たかすぎ｝だね。
This restaurant is always too busy, but the worst thing is the price of the food.

12. よく｛さ・すぎた・し・できた｝。少し休｛める・もう・まれる・みすぎる｝！
Great job! Let’s take a break!

CHAPTER FOUR・ 第 四 章
VOCABULARY・ ご いう Verbs

Nouns

おも

だ

思い出す

to remember

souvineer

かうto raise/have a pet

かんこうきゃくtourists, sightseers

きまる

to be set [intrans]

きっぷ

ticketさがす

to look for, to search

こんいろdeep blue[じかんを]すごす

to spend [time doing]

さいきん

recently[に]とまるto stay (in hotel etc.)

さいていthe worst

みつかる

to be found [intrans]

じゅんび

preparations

せびろsuit (older word)

る Verbs

ぜいきん

tax

きめる

to decided [trans]

てぶくろ

glovesみつけるto find [trans]

ぶどうgrapesのうりょく

ability/talent

Compound Verbs

みかん

mandarin

いんさつするto print

むらさき

purple

かくにんする

to confirm

もっと

more

かんこうする

to sightsee

りょかんJapanese inn

きんちょうする

to get nervous

ろてんぶろ

outdoor bath

こうかんする

to exchange

しょうかいする

to introduce

じゅんびするto prepare

ぼしゅうする

to recruit (job etc.)

うでどけいwrist watch

おみやげ

い Adjectives
あぶないdangerous

うらやましいto study abroad[と]なかがいいjealous
りゅうがくする
upstanding, remarkable,
having social status
on good terms w/ [人]な Adjectives

めずらしい

rare

いっぱんてきgeneral, normal

ちゃちcheap, shoddy

ごうかgorgeous, extravagant

えらいPhrases
たい

大した[noun]significant, important

どのぐらいかかる

about how much/longdoes it take

はじめて[verb][verb] for the first time

GRAMMAR・ 文 法
Grammar Point 4.1: Giving & receiving items
In Japanese, there are two verbs that work like “to give” in English: あげる and くれる.
Both are る verbs, and both indicate that someone gives something (direct object + を) toanother person (target of action + に), but each verb is used a two distinct situations.
The verb あげる is used when the act of “giving” moves outwards from your in-group. So if
you give something to your father, use あげる. If your father gives something to their boss,use あげる. But if your father’s boss gives something to your father, you can’t use あげる.

Friends

You Family
Co-workers

私は父に新しい手ぶくろをあげた。
[I gave new gloves to my father.] Here the give r is closer to you
than Tanaka OR
the y and Tanaka are both
高山さんにビールをあげますか。 out-group to a similar extent.

Strangers[Will you give Tanaka a beer?]
先生は私に本をあげますか。
あげる moves outwards[Gibberish]

You are your closest in-group. If
the teache r is giving something
to you, that always move s
inwards, so あげる can’t be used.

s

In contrast, くれる is used when the act of “giving” moves into your personal circle. So if
your father gives you something, use くれる. If your father’s boss gives him something,also use くれる. But if your friend gives your teacher something? You need to use あげる.

Friends

You Family
Co-workers

あ、それを一本くれない？
[Won’t you give me one of those?]

Strangers

先生が私たちにおみやげをくれました。
[The teacher gave us all souvineers.]
お父さん、みかんをひとつくれるよ。
[Gibberish]
くれる moves inwards

The verb やる (to do) can be used
to give things to non-humans.
犬に水をやった。
[I gave the dog some water.]Your father is outside of your in group compared to you,so if you give him something you use あげる.
As it stands, it sounds like a very odd demand(“Father, you will give me one mikan”).

To say “receive” or “get”, instead use the う verb もらう. The person who gets the object ismarked with は (or が, as appropriate), and the person who they got it from is marked byeither に or から. There is no real difference between the two.
If talking about acts of giving that
English can drop
“to” from “gaveto”, but we can’t
drop に.

doesn’t involve you, always take theperspective of the person you aretalking to.

先生が私に本をくれた。
私は先生から本をもらった。
For instance, to inquire if someone
gave Tom a book, you would ask Tom[A teacher gave (inwards) me a book.] [I got a book from the teacher.] 「トムさんにくれた？」, but ask thegiver 「トムさんにあげた？」

かれにプレゼントをあげました。
[I gave (outwards) a present to him.]

かれにプレゼントをもらいました。
[(Someone) recieved a present from him.]

父にあげに行く。

父にもらいに行く。

[I’ll go to give it to my dad.][(Someone) will go to get it from my dad.]

父にあげた。

父にくれた。

父にもらった。

[I gave it to my dad.][They gave it to my dad.] [??? got it from my dad.]

Because of the two giving verbs, we can tell who gave the present to the speaker’s dad even without astated topic. In contrast, who received the present in sentence 3 is not 100% clear.

Grammar Point 4.2: Giving & receiving actions
We can also attach the giving/receiving verbs we just learned to the ~て form of verbs toindicate that someone does [verb] for someone else, emphasizing that the act was done asa favor or help. To clarify how this grammar point works, I’ve used English translations
which may read oddly. However, note that they do not sound odd in Japanese! Althoughnatural English translations often drop explicit reference to the ~てあげる・くれる form,
dropping them from Japanese would often obscure the sentences’ meaning.
Just like with “to give”, ~てあげる describes actions done by someone who is closer to you
than the person they help. The “giver” is still marked by は, and the “target” by に.
私は母にばんごはんを作ってあげた。
[I made dinner for my mom (as a gift/favor).]
友だちが先生にせつめいしてあげました。
[My friend explained it to the teacher (to help them).]
ジェフは車いすをなおしてあげると言っていた。
[Jeff said he will fix the wheelchair (to help someone who isn’t me, probably you).]
行ってあげられなかった。
[I was unable to go (as a favor to someone).]

Using ~てあげる when talking to the person you will help/helped can sound arrogant , so
you should usually avoid it. It’s best to stick with ~ましょうか for offering assistance.
てつだってあげます！
[I will help as a favor!](Can sound arrogant)

てつだうよ！
[I’ll help!](Fine, but casual/blunt)

てつだいましょうか。
[Shall I assist you?](Polite, no problems)

Of course, if you intend to stress that you went out of your way for some reason, such as forclarity and/or while making a complaint, you can easily use ~てあげる to emphasize this.
きのう買ってあげたのにもうこわしたのですか？
[I bought it for you (as a kindness, you know) yesterday but you broke it already?]
In contrast, ~てくれる indicates that someone [verbs] for the benefit of someone who iscloser to you then the [verber]. If someone does something for you, always use ~てくれる.
今日あそんでくれて、ほんとうにありがとう！
[Thanks so much for (doing the favor of) hanging out with me today!]
父のボスが私たちをさそってくれました。
[My dad’s boss (did us the kind favor of) inviting us.]

While the literal translations
might sound overpolite inEnglish, adding ~てくれる here isquite natural in Japanese.

だれも分からなかったので、先生がもういっかいせつめいしてくれた。
[No one understood, so the teacher helped us all out by explaining again.]
兄がみせてくれなかった。
[My older brother didn’t show it to me (which would have assisted me).]Because sentence elements are regularly dropped in Japanese, the proper use of these twoforms can often be key to understanding a sentence or even interpersonal relationships.
もう田中さんに作ってあげたよ。
[(Someone, probably me) already made it for Tanaka (who is outside this group).]
もう田中さんに作ってくれたよ。
[(Someone, not me) already made it for Tanaka (who is closer to us than the giver).]
Don’t overanalyse this as “Japanese people are always polite”. These features arenormal, and polite speech is inherently more than normal. Often times, these verbs arebasically just used to show the direction of actions (which is especially necessary when
pronouns are dropped), rather than express deep thanks.

The form ~てやる can also mean “give (outwards)”, but it is almost always rude (or very
casual and close), as it usually indicates actions “given” as punishment or from contempt.
分からないの？ じゃ、（あなたに）おしえてやる！
More natural English might read[You don’t get it? Well then, I’ll teach you (a lesson)!] something like “As if I’d ever lendmoney to a jerk like you” in context.
きらいな人にお金を返してやらないよ。
[I wouldn’t lower myself to do the favor of lending money to someone I don’t like.]
The ~てもらう form is then used to show that someone received a beneficial act. Just likewith ~をもらう, the person they receive the act from is marked with に or から. Compared
to ~てあげる・くれる, ~てもらう therefore emphasizes the receiver rather than the giver.
私はこれを母に作ってもらった。
[My mom made this for me/I received the favor of making this from my mom.]
先生に教えてもらおう。
[Let’s get the teacher to explain it to us.]

A natural sounding translation may
invert the “doer” or even change theverb from “get” to “give”. That’s fine!
But don’t forget what the actual
sentence is saying in Japanese.

聞いてみたが、何も言ってもらわなかった。
[Lit: I tried asking, but I didn’t get the favor of them saying anything.][Natural: I tried asking, but they didn’t let me in on anything.]

When used in the wrong contexts, ~てもらう in the present/future tense can soundthreatening, so be careful.
じゃ、せつめいしてもらうよ。
[Well, in that case, I’ll receive the favor of explaining it from you.]
To finish this off, let’s compare sentences using each major version of these ~て+ forms.
父は山口さんに本をかしてあげました。
[My dad gave Yamaguchi the favor of lending them a book.]
父は私に本をかしてくれました。
[My dad gave me the favor of lending me a book.]

In more natural English:
My dad loaned Yamaguchi a book.
My dad loaned me a book.
I borrowed a book from my dad.

私は父に本をかしてもらいました。
[I received the favor from my dad of being lent a book.]

Grammar Point 4.3: Saying “for” with ために and にとってIn the prior grammar point, a lot of the translations used “for”. However, there actuallywas no explicit use of “for” in any of the earlier sentences; the “for” was just implied via theverbs and through using に to mark direction of action.
To say “for” explicitly in Japanese, you first have to decide which English meaning of “for”
you want. To express the word for “for” as in “do it for me” use ために. When used withnouns, as in [do it for noun], ために attaches to the noun via の.
明日のテストのために六時間勉強しました。
[I studied six hours for tomorrow’s test.]
私はかぞくのためにはたらくんだ。しごとがあまり好きじゃない。
[I work for my family. I don’t really like my job that much.]
私のためになおしてくれたの？ありがとう！
[You (did me a favor and) fixed it for me? Thank you!]

It’s okay to mix ために and the~て forms earlier. It comes off asemphatic rather than redundant.

毎日かんこうきゃくのためにりょかんをそうじしなければいけません。
[We have to clean the inn every day for the sightseers.]
When using ために to mean [for doing verb], attach it directly to the verb’s plain
present polite form. This may translate more like “in order to verb” in many cases.
早く起きるために早く寝るのがいい。
[Sleeping early is good for waking up early.]
来年日本に行くために今色々なじゅんびをしている。
[I’m currently doing various prepartions in order to go to Japan next year.]
エネルギーをふやすためにコーヒーを飲んだ。
[I drank coffee for the purpose of increasing my energy.]

Do not use this form for“in order to be able to do”.
See Chapter 10.4.

To instead say “for” as in “when it comes to”, use にとって. This only attaches to nouns.
私にとって、ねこのほうが犬よりかわいい。だからねこをかっている。
[For me, cat’s are cuter than dogs. That’s why I own cats.]
かのじょにとって日本語はとてもむずかしい言語だ。
[For her, Japanese is a very difficult language.]“For” meaning “surprisingly”, as in“Today is hot for January” uses
neither form. See Chapter 11.7.

Grammar Point 4.4: Doing things in advance with ~ておくWe have two more patterns involving the ~て form this chapter. The first is the ~ておく
form, which is used in context to note that something is done in advance, or in preparation.
明日のピクニックのためにランチを作っておいたよ。
[I made lunch in advance for tomorrow’s picnic.]
雨がふるのでまどを閉めておきましょう。
[It will rain so let’s shut the windows beforehand.]寝る前にスーツを出しておいた方がいいかもしれません。
[Before going to sleep, it might be best to take out the suit so its ready.]
A note of caution for ~て[verb] forms, often called auxillary verbs: many can’t be
combined. Something like 書いてみておいた is strange and won’t make sense.
Grammar Point 4.5: Requesting with ~てくれませんか
We close this chapter with one more ~て form construction. By combining the ~てくれる
form with the ~ませんか form, we create a polite way of asking someone for a favor.
あれをわたしてくれませんか。
[Would you mind passing me that?]
だいじな話があるんですが、ちょっと聞いてくれませんか。
[I have something important to talk about, could you listen for a bit?]
We can also use ~てもらえませんか in this way too. This is awkward to translate literally
in English, but works just like ~てもらう, as the receiver is the topic and the giver ismarked by に . The ~てもらえませんか form can become more polite via ~いただけません
か, as we’ll discuss more in Chapter 8.2, and becomes ~くれない in casual speech.
今日は（あなたに）行ってもらえませんか。
[Would you mind going today? (Lit: Could I receive the favor of going from you?)]
The あ な た に is rarely actually said, I’m justincluding it so you can see the grammar.
つごうのよい時に教えていただけませんか。
[Lit: When convenient for you, could I recieve you teaching me?][Natural: When convenient, could you please teach me?]

ちょっとてづたってくれない？
[Can you help a bit?]~てくれる？ with rising intonation is just “willyou/are going to (do for me)?”, which is one step lesspolite than ~くれない but still a semi-polite request.

CHAPTER 4 KANJI・ か ん じThis week, we will learn 18 kanji, focusing on compounds used to write common words.
Meaning部
屋両
You parents arewatching you (見)stand (立) on topof a tree (木)親酒

Bureau, part

Kun yomi へ・べ
On yomiぶ
ぶ ぶん

Sampleuses

部屋

Meaning

Shop, house, dealer

へや

部分 (a part)
ぶ ちょう

部長 (department head)

Kun yomi やOn yomiおくへやい ざか や

Sampleuses

部屋

居酒屋 (izakaya)

お くが いや屋外 (outdoors)

八百屋 (greengrocer)

Meaning

Both

お

や

Kun yomi ふたつ
On yomiりょう

Sampleuses

り ょうし んり ょうほ う両親

両方

Meaning

Parents, kindness

Kun yomi おや・した（しい）On yomi

しん
おや

し んせつ

Sampleuses

親親切

り ょうし んした両親

親しい (emotionally close)

Meaning

Alcohol

Kun yomi さけ
On yomiSampleuses

しゅ
さけにほ んしゅお酒

日本酒

Meaning

最
低
初
良
悪

Most

Kun yomi もっと（も）On yomiSampleuses

Meaning

さい
さ いきん

さ いご

最近

最後

さ いこう

さ いしょ

最高

最初

さ いてい

さ いあく

最低

最悪

Low

Kun yomi ひく（い）On yomiていSample
uses

ひく

さ いてい

低い

最低

Meaning

To begin, to start

Kun yomi はじ（め）On yomiしょSample
uses

はじ

さ いしょ

初めて

最初

MeaningGood

Kun yomi よ（い）On yomiりょう

Sample
uses

よ

良かった

Meaning

Bad

Kun yomi わる（い）On yomiあく
さ いあく

Sampleuses

わる

最悪 (awful/evil)

悪い

わ るもの

悪者 (a bad person)

街
市
村
雑
誌

Meaning

Town

Kun yomi まち
On yomiがいSample
uses

まち

ま ちなか

街

街中

Meaning

City

Kun yomi いち
On yomiしSampleusesと うきょ うしMeaningVillage

東京市

Kun yomi むらOn yomiそん

Sampleuses

むらMeaningRough, sloppy, crude

村

Kun yomi まじ（る）On yomi

ざつSample
uses

ざつ

ざ っし

雑な

雑誌

MeaningDocuments

Kun yomi
On yomiしSample
uses

雑誌

ざ っし

Meaning

飛機院

Fly, jump

Kun yomi と（ぶ）On yomiひSampleusesとひ こ う き飛ぶ飛行機

Meaning

MachineKun yomi はた
On yomiきき かいSampleuses

機械 (machine)

ひ こ う きき かい

飛行機

Meaning

Temple, institution

機会 (chance)

Kun yomi
On yomiSampleuses

いん
び ょうい ん

じ いん

病院

寺院 (temple)

だ いがく いん

びよ ういん

大学院

美容院

CHAPTER 4 WORKBOOK ・ ワ ー ク ブ ッ ク 4
Exercise 4.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 部
部
Stroke order

2. 屋
屋
Stroke order

3. 両
両Stroke order

4. 親親Stroke order

5. 酒
酒
Stroke order

6. 最最Stroke order7. 低低Stroke order

8. 初
初Stroke order

9. 良
良Stroke order

10. 悪
悪Stroke order

11. 街
街
Stroke order

12. 市
市
Stroke order13. 村
村
Stroke order

14. 雑
雑Stroke order

15. 誌
誌
Stroke order

16. 飛飛Stroke order

17. 機
機
Stroke order

18. 院
院
Stroke order

Exercise 4.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. りょうしんがくるので、へやをかたづけておく。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. かいものをするために、おおきいまちまでいかなければなりません。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. かれはめがわるいので、びょういんでまっているあいだにざっしをよんであげた。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
4. さいしょはよかったですが、さいごのぶぶんはさいあくだったとおもいます。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. こどもがパイロットにひこうきのコックピットをみせてもらいました。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. わたしにとって、いろいろなむらにいって、そのむらのおさけをのんでみるのがさいこうのたびだ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
7. このしには、ひくいたてものがおおい。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________

Exercise 4.3:
For each sentence, fill in the 「」with the correct particles, and place あげる, くれる,or もらう in the correct conjugation in each _________, given the translation.
1. I gave him some grapes.
私「

」かれ「

」ぶどう「

」＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。

2. He gave me a mikan.
かれ「

」私「

」みかんをいっこ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。

3. We got the tickets from her dad.
きっぷ「」かのじょのお父さん「」＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。

4. The teacher gave me a book, so I gave them a present.
先生「

」私「

プレゼント「」本「」＿＿＿＿＿＿＿から、先生「」」＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。

5. Let’s help Mariko out and look for it.
まりこさん「」さがして＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。

6. He’s the one who introduced my wife to me.
かれ「

」つま「

」私「

」しょうかいして＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿人です。

7. I was introduced to my husband by him.
私「

」かれ「

」だんな「

」しょうかいして＿＿＿＿＿＿。

8. Yamada is the person who found the box my father made for his friend.
山田さん「

」父「

」友だち「

」作って_________はこ「」みつけて＿＿＿＿＿＿＿人です。
9. You will be explaining this to me. Because I won’t kill you (if you do).
あなた「」せつめいして_______よ。ころして＿＿＿＿＿＿＿から。

Exercise 4.4
Select the correct option for each 「」to create a grammatically correct sentence.

1. 私「のために・にとって」おもしろかった。
2. 学生が来る「まえ・あと」に「よてい・やくそく」をかくにんして「おきましょう・くれましょう・やりましょう」。
3. だれ「のために・にとって」やったの？
4. 雨がこれから「ふる・ふった・ふっている」からまどを「しまって・しめて」「おいて・あげて・もらって」「くれませんか・あげませんか」。
5. 田中さん「のために・にとって」、知らない人「のために・にとって」食べ物を作って「あげる・くれる・もらう」のがとてもたのしいです。
6. ビールを「飲む・飲まない」人「のために・にとって」れいぞうこにジュースも「入れて・入って」「にて・やいて・ひやして・こがして」「おく・くれる」ね。
Exercise 4.5
Translate the sentences as they get progressively more complicated.
1. Tanaka bought it for me.
_________________________________________________________
2. My dad cleaned Tanaka’s apartment for him.
_________________________________________________________
3. That person is the Tanaka who received the favor of my dad cleaning his apartment.
_________________________________________________________
4. Tanaka, who received the favor of my dad cleaning his apartment, bought gloves forme that Sam made for Eric.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 4 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY ・ 解 答 集 4
Exercise 4.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 部
部
Stroke order

2. 屋
屋
Stroke order

3. 両
両Stroke order

4. 親親Stroke order

5. 酒
酒
Stroke order

6. 最最Stroke order

Check to make sure you filled in
the kanji carefully, following
stroke order and retaining ageneral size balance across eachof the 10 free-hand attempts.

7. 低低Stroke order

8. 初
初Stroke order

9. 良
良Stroke order

10. 悪
悪Stroke order

11. 街
街
Stroke order

12. 市
市
Stroke order13. 村
村
Stroke order

14. 雑
雑Stroke order

15. 誌
誌
Stroke order

16. 飛飛Stroke order

17. 機
機
Stroke order

18. 院
院
Stroke order

Exercise 4.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. りょうしんがくるので、へやをかたづけておく。

両親が来るので部屋をかたづけておく。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
parents are coming so I’ll clean my room (in advance).
Translate: My________________________________________________
2. かいものをするために、おおきいまちまでいかなければなりません。

買い物をするために、大きい街まで行かなければなりません。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
need to go to a big city to shop.
Translate: I________________________________________________
3. かれはめがわるいので、びょういんでまっているあいだにざっしをよんであげた。

かれは目が悪いので病院で待っている間に雑誌を読んであげた。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
His eyes are bad, so while we waited at the hospital I read a magazine to him.

Translate: ________________________________________________
4. さいしょはよかったですが、さいごのぶぶんはさいあくだったとおもいます。

最初は良かったですが、最後の部分は最悪だったと思います。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________was good at first, but I think the last bit was horrible.
Translate: It________________________________________________
5. こどもがパイロットにひこうきのコックピットをみせてもらいました。

子どもがパイロットに飛行機のコックピットを見せてもらいました。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
child was shown the cockpit by the pilot.
Translate:The________________________________________________
6. わたしにとって、いろいろなむらにいって、そのむらのおさけをのんでみるのがさいこうのたびだ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
私にとって色々な村に行ってその村のお酒を飲んでみるのが最高のたびだ。
For me, going to a bunch of villages and trying their booze is the best type of trip.

Translate: ________________________________________________
7. このしには、ひくいたてものがおおい。

この市には、低いたてものが多い。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
are lots of low buildings in this city.
Translate:There________________________________________________

Exercise 4.3:
For each sentence, fill in the 「」with the correct particles, and place あげる, くれる,or もらう in the correct conjugation in each _________, given
theplaintranslation.
I use
form endings here, butpolite form endings are also fine.
1. I gave him some grapes.

あげた
私「 は 」かれ「 に 」ぶどう「 を 」＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
2. He gave me a mikan.

くれたかれ「 が 」私「 に 」みかんをいっこ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。

は could work here too,
but が often feels betterwith no context.

3. We got the tickets from her dad.

に・から
もらった
きっぷ「 を 」かのじょのお父さん「」＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
4. The teacher gave me a book, so I gave them a present.

くれたに」
先生「 が 」私「 に 」本「 を 」＿＿＿＿＿＿＿から、先生「プレゼント「 を 」＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
あげたFor some of these, it is possible tocreate other correct versions by
5. Let’s help Mariko out and look for it.
drastically re-arranging things so
the English and Japanese
あげましょうまりこさん「 に 」さがして＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
translations don’t match but themeanings do, but the answers you
は is OK here, but が is better
without context since
it
makes
the
6. He’s the one who introduced my wife to me.
see here are most straightforward.

entire phrase a clause modifying 人

くれたかれ「 が 」つま「 を 」私「 に 」しょうかいして＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿人です。
7. I was introduced to my husband by him.

もらった
私「 は 」かれ「 に 」だんな「を 」しょうかいして＿＿＿＿＿＿。
8. Yamada is the person who found the box my father made for his friend.
山田さん「 は 」父「 が 」友だち「 に 」作って_________はこ「
あげた
を」

くれた
みつけて＿＿＿＿＿＿＿人です。
9. You will be explaining this to me. Because I won’t kill you (if you do).
あなた「に 」せつめいして_______よ。ころして＿＿＿＿＿＿＿から。
もらう
やらない

Exercise 4.4
Select the correct option for each 「」to create a grammatically correct sentence.

1. 私「のために・にとって」おもしろかった。
It was interesting for me.

I suppose that, in theory, this could be ~あ
2. 学生が来る「まえ・あと」に「よてい・やくそく」をかくにんして「おきましょう・くれましょう・やりましょう」。
Let’s confirm the plan in advance before the student’s come.

3. だれ「のために・にとって」やったの？

げませんか, but that’s creates a bit of an odd
scenario where you are asking someone toclose the window for someone else as arequest. It’s not impossible though.

Who did you do it for?

4. 雨がこれから「ふる・ふった・ふっている」からまどを「しまって・しめて」「おいて・あげて・もらって」「くれませんか・あげませんか」。
It will rain after this, so could you please shut the windows in advance for me?

5. 田中さん「のために・にとって」、知らない人「のために・にとって」食べ物を作って「あげる・くれる・もらう」のがとてもたのしいです。
For Tanaka, making food for people he doesn’t know is very fun.

6. ビールを「飲む・飲まない」人「のために・にとって」れいぞうこにジュースも「入れて・入って」「にて・やいて・ひやして・こがして」「おく・くれる」ね。
Exercise 4.5

I’ll also chill some juice in the fridge for people who don’t drink beer, yeah?

Translate the sentences as they get progressively more complicated.
Both は and が could be used after the
first noun phrase in these sentences, but
the context of these implies heavily that
田中さんが私に買ってくれた。
_________________________________________________________
you’re introducing a new person/concept
to someone, so が is preferred.

1. Tanaka bought it for me.

2. My dad cleaned Tanaka’s apartment for him.

父が田中さんのアパートを（田中さんに）そうじしてあげた。
_________________________________________________________
3. That person is the Tanaka who received the favor of my dad cleaning his apartment.

あの人が・は父にアパートをそうじしてもらった田中さんです。
_________________________________________________________
4. Tanaka, who received the favor of my dad cleaning his apartment, bought gloves forme that Sam made for Eric.

父にアパートをそうじしてもらった田中さんがサムさんが_________________________________________________________The Tanaka who received apartment cleaning from my dad GA

Sam GA

エリックさんに作ってあげた手ぶくろを私に買ってくれた。
_________________________________________________________
Eric (target) make-gave gloves (direct object)

Bought for me.

From サム to を is one clause.
Sam is the “doer” of the verb in the clauseso he’s the clause’s topic. But を marks
everything from “Sam” to “gloves” as
the direct object, which Tanaka
then buys for “me”.

CHAPTER FIVE・ 第 五 章
VOCABULARY・ ご いう Verbs

Nouns
あらし

storm

あたたまる

to warm up [intrans]

アナウンサーannouncer

おとす

to drop [trans]

おんど

temperatureかかる

to hang [intrans]

かんそうきclothes dryer

かれる

to wither (plants)

きこう

climateかわかす

to dry [intrans]

きり

mist

かわく

to dry [trans]

こおり

ice

かわる

to change [trans]

じゅうたい

traffic jam

こおる

to freeze [intrans]

せんたく

laundry

つづく

to continue [trans]

せんたっき

washing mashine

ぬらす

to wet [trans]

たいおんbody temperature

ほすto hang (to dry)

タオル

towel

もやす

to burn [trans]

てんきようほうweather forcast

でん し

電子レンジ

microwave oven

る Verbs

つゆ (梅雨)the rainy season

あたためるto heat up [trans]

つゆ (露)dew

おちる

to fall [intrans]

マフラー

muffler, scarf

かえる

to change [trans]

はれclear skies

かけるto hang (up) [trans]

ばんぐみ

program (on TV)

つづける

to continue [trans]

ひょう

hail

はれる

to clear (sky) [int]へんかa change

ぬれるto get wet [intrans]

もえる

to burn [intrans]

のどがかわく(throat dries)
means “thirsty”

い Adjectives
ぬるいlukewarm, tepid

な Adjectives

Compound Verbs[に]さんかする

to participate in

せんたくをする

to do laundry
to contact someone

かわいそう

pitful, sympathy inducing れんらくする

ざんねん

unfortunate

よやくを入れる

to make areservation

とくべつ

special, specific

ようやくする

to summarize

ひつようnecessary

ふよう

unnecessaryいGRAMMAR・ 文 法
Grammar Point 5.1: Asking “Have you ever…?”
In Japanese, we can use the positive plain past tense of verbs to talk about things
people have done. If you take any verb phrase in this tense and attach it to ~ことがある,
we get a construction that means “has done verb”. Let’s look at some simple examples:
私は日本に行ったことがあります。
[I have been to Japan.]
日本でばさしを食べたことがありますか。
[Have you had/eaten raw horse in Japan?]
もう十かいぐらいかれに言ったことがあると思う。
[I think I’ve already said it to him around ten times.]
To explain what is going on, the verb (phrase) before ことがある is a relative clause which
modifies こと. Literally then, this grammar point means something like “[Person] has thething/experience (= ことがある) of having done [verb]”.
As mentioned, the verb that attaches to こと must be in the positive plain past tense.
Any further conjugation to change the meaning of the sentence happens to ある instead.
おミーラさんはスマホを落としたことがないと言っていた。
[Meera was saying that she’s never dropped her smart phone.]
三十さいになるまで、ビールを飲んだことがありませんでした。

~たことがありました
is not impossible,
but it is quite rare.

[I had never drunk a beer until I turned 30.
The “have never” use of this grammar point can be emphasized by including [1 + a counter+ も] before the verb. Obviously, the counter must be appropriate to the direct object. For
activities, use the counter ~かい, as in the second example below.
日本語の本を一さつも読んだことがありませんが、いつか読んでみたいです。
[I haven’t even read a single book in Japanese, but I want to try someday.]いっ

かれは自分でせんたくを一かいもやったことがないって。しんじられない。
[He said he hasn’t done his own laundry even once. Unbelievable.]Grammar Point 5.2: Using によると for “According to”
Our next two grammar points are focused on new ways to report speech that work welltogether, and also help compliment the reporting patterns we learned in Chapter 2.
Our first of these new grammar points is ~によると. This simple phrase attaches to anoun to express that what comes after is “according to” the attached noun. For example:て ん き よほ う

天気予報によると、明日は雨がふりますよ。かさをわすれないでください。
[According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow. Don’t forget an umbrella!]
かのじょによると、三十分ぐらいかかるはずだ。
[According to her, it should take about 30 minutes.]
However, as mentioned in Chapter 2, it’s often best to note when something isn’t your own
knowledge/comment in Japanese. Let’s look at a new way to do this in Grammar Point 5.3.
Grammar Point 5.3: Reporting speech/hearsay with そうです & みたいです
Our first new way of reporting speech is そうです. This ending attaches to a sentence in theplain form to show that you are presenting second-hand information or hearsay. Whenfollowing a noun or な adjective, だ is required before そうです.
天気予報によると、明日は雨がふるそうです。

The “it seems like” he re is
to make the[According to the weather forecast, it seems like it will rain tomorrow.] translated
grammar obvious. Youmight not include it whe ntranslating in real life.
まこと

誠 先生のむすこさんは悪い学生だそうです。
[I heard that Prof. Makoto’s son is a bad student.]
Importantly, そうです never conjugates into anything other than positive present form.
If you want other tenses, change the ending of the plain form sentence before そうです.
誠先生はとても悪い学生だったそうです。
[I heard that Prof. Makoto was a very bad student.]
パティさんによるとパーティーにだれもこなかったそうだ。まずかったね。
[According to Patty, it seems like no one came to the party. Awful, right?]
おいしくないそうです。
[Word on the street is it’s not tasty.]We need to be careful though, because another use of そうです exists with a slightly
different meaning and grammatical ruleset. We can use this other そうです to indicate thatsomething seems like or appears to be (based on vision/smell etc., not what you heard).
When used with adjectives in their positive forms, this second そうです swallows up thefinal い or だ that would normally appear at the end of their plain form. Let’s compare how
this looks against the first そうです with each adjective type:
Experience based

Hearsay based

それはとてもおいしそうですよ！

それはおいしいそうですよ！

[That looks so tasty!][Apparently, that’s really tasty!]

かれはげんきそうだ。よかったね。

かれはげんきだそうだ。よかったね。

[He seems well to me. That’s good.][They’re saying he’s well. Thankfully.]

There is one exception though: when you want to say something looks “good”, いい andそうです combine into よさそうです rather than よそうです.
こんがっきのせいせきはよさそうです。
[Their grades seem like they’ll be good this semester from what I can tell.]
You can also attach the “experience” そうです to adjectives in their negative plain form. To
so do, take the final ない and change it to なさそうです.
ぜんぜんたのしくなさそうだけど？
[I mean, it looks/seems like it’s not any fun at all?]
このかもくは人気がないそうです。かんたんじゃなさそうですから？
[This subject apparently isn’t popular. Maybe because it looks not easy?]
You can also use an entire [adjective+そう] phrase as a な adjective to modify a noun.
それはとてもたのしそうなゲームだ。
[That’s a very fun-looking game!]“I thought the y looked like the y’d be good at
cooking” would probably be a more natural
English translation, but it deletes the grammar.

りょうりが上手そうな人だと最初に思いましが、とても下手です。
[I thought they looked like a good-at-cooking person at first, but they’re awful.]Verbs can also be attached to this second そうです form, and the attachment pattern also
depends on the verb’s positivity. For positive verbs, attach そうです directly to the stem.
雨がふるそうです。

雨がふりそうです。

[Word on the street is it will rain today.][Looks like rain.]
だいじょうぶ「落ちそう？」「ううん、落ちそうではない。大丈夫だよ。」[Does it look like it’s going to fall?] [No, doesn’t look like that. You’re good.]
ここには食べられそうなものがあまりないんです。
[There’s nothing I feel like I can eat here.]

The ve rb can conjugate before connecting to
そう, as in the use of the potential form he re. But
the basic rule doesn’t change. Be sure the statement
is still based on your impression or vision.

These constructions can also indicate personal feelings, as in なきそう (feel like crying) or
はきそう (feel like you’ll vomit).
For negative verbs, change the verb’s final ~ない to ~なさ (like with negative adjectives)
before adding ~そうです.
雪がふらないそうです。

雪がふらなさそうです。

[I heard it won’t snow.][Looks to me like snow won’t fall.]

わぁ、ラッキーだ！ 今日はじゅうたいがなさそうだ！
[Oh yeah, what luck! Seems like no traffic jams today!]This sentence would be said while looking at
traffic conditions yourself.
じゅうたいがないそうだ
would instead be said before you can see theissue, such as after hearing a traffic report.

Unlike the first “reporting” そうです, we can conjugate this “seems like” そうです into
other tenses. Do pay attention to if its best to conjugate そうです itself or the adjective (asabove), although in some cases there isn’t much difference between the two.
ぜんぜん悪そうではなかったよ。いつか買おう？
[It didn’t seem bad to me at all. Shall we buy one sometime?]
かんたんそうでしたが、ほんとうにむずかしかったです。
[It looked simple, but it was really difficult.]
かいがい

お金があまりないので、来年海外に行けそうではない。
[We don’t have much money, so it’s not looking like we can go abroad next year.]Importantly, for all ~そうです constructions indicating observations and feelings, wenever use them with adjectives that subjectively describe aesthetic properties. For
instance, きれい is never used in the construction きれいそう even though we say “it looks
pretty” in English. If something is pretty, just say so in Japanese! Likewise, if something
looks cute, you don’t say かわいそう. Just call it かわいい. In fact, かわいそう is anadjective in and of itself! So if you call a cute-looking cat かわいそう instead of かわいい,
you’ve called it “pitiful” rather than “cute”. And that would be very かわいそう.
Moving on, you may have noticed that we didn’t use the “seems like” そうです with nouns.
This is because we can’t! To say a noun resembles another item, mark the second item withみたい instead. Note that みたい is not an い adjective, but instead works grammaticallylike a な adjective. So if something looked like something else end with だった・でした.
あの男の人は体が大きいし、けぶかいし、ゴリラみたいです。
[That man over there is big, hairy… all in all looks like a gorilla.]
きのうのひょうは石みたいだったね。痛かった。
[Yesterday’s hail was like rocks, eh? It hurt.]
This みたい can, like the “seems like” そう, be used as a な adjective too.
うそみたいな話だ。しんじられない。
[That’s a story that seems like a lie. I can’t believe it.]
The word みたい has a second use though, which brings us back to our initial grammar
point: we can also use みたい after plain form verbs and adjectives to express thatsomething seems to be the case. This can overlap with our first use of そうです, but more
implies something you think from seeing/feeling/gossip rather than trusted speech, andaren’t 100% willing to commit to.

Like the “reporting” そうです, this

木村さんはきのうあまりねられなかったみたいです。

“reporting” みたいです does not conjugate
out of the present positive.

[It appears as though Kimura wasn’t able to sleep well last night.]
オーストラリアのどうぶつはあぶないみたいだ。
[Word is that Australian animals are dangerous.]
Phew, that’s a lot! On the next page let’s compare all of these forms that we’ve covered:あついです。

あついそうです。

あつそうです。

あついみたいです。

[It is hot, fact.][I heard it is hot.][It looks hot.][Seems hot.]

あつくないそうです。

あつくなさそうです。

あつくないみたいです。

[Word is that it isn’t hot.] [Doesn’t look hot.][Seems like it’s not hot.]

The difference between these two sentences would be that ~なさそうです is based off observationof the item or trustworthy info. You might say it after looking at a bowl of soup that has no steam,or while staring out the window to judge the weather. The second is more based off reading whats
going on. You might say it after seeing someone gobble down soup without any signs of pain , ortalking about something you’ve heard from rumors. But both are interchangeable in many cases.

雨がふる。

雨がふるそうです。

[It will rain.] [They said it’ll rain.]
パンダだった。
[It was a panda].

雨がふりそうです。

雨がふるみたいです。

[Looks like rain.][Seems like it’ll rain.]

パンダだったそうだ。
パンダみたいだった。
[They’re saying it was a panda.] [Looked like a panda.]
LOOKED like a panda, but WAS NOT a panda.
パンダだったみたい would be “gossip says it’s a panda”

Grammar Point 5.4: Hard/easy to [verb]
Since Grammar Point 5.3 was a bit long, let’s move onto something that is a bit more おぼ
えやすい. To say that something is “easy to [verb]”, just attach ~やすい to the verb’s stem.
最近のスマホはとても使いやすいと思います。
[I think recent smart phones are very easy to use.]

Remember: a verb’s
stem is just it’s ~ますform without ~ます手で食べられるから食べやすいね。
[It’s easy to eat because you can eat it with your hands.]

In contrast, to say that something is difficult to do, attach ~にくい to the verb’s stem.
漢字はおぼえにくいと思いますか。
[Do you think kanji are difficult to memorize?]
しんじさんによると、今さがしにくいそうです。

May imply inconvenience for Shinji[According to Shinji, it seems like it’s a bit hard to search now.]
In either case, the new construction becomes an い adjective and can modify nouns.
りょうりしたことがないので、もう少し作りやすいレシピを選んだほうがいいよ。
[You’ve never cooked before, so you should choose a bit easier-to-make recipe.]

This status as an い adjective also affects any further conjugation.
飲みにくくないけど飲みやすくもない。
[It’s not hard to drink, but it’s not easy to drink either.]
毎日れんしゅうしましたから、やりやすくなりました。
[I practiced every day, so it became easier to do.]
ページがぬれていたのでも読みにくかった。
[The pages were soaked so it was hard to read.]
Generally speaking, both ~やすい and ~にくい imply a mental or personal limit rather
than a objective, broad, and/or physical one. For the later cases, it is better to use
constructions like ~[verb]のが[easy/hard]. However, in some cases both forms do overlap.
オタクのグッズは買いにくい。
[It’s hard to buy otaku stuff (implication: because its embarrassing).]
オタクのグッズを買うのがむずかしい。
[It’s hard to buy otaku stuff (implication: due to low stock or similar external limit).]
このベッドは寝やすい。
[This bed is easy to sleep in (for me, personally, it helps me go to sleep quickly).]
このベッドで寝るのが大変だ。
[This bed is hard to sleep in (for everyone, because its made of rocks or something).]
Grammar Point 5.5: Three big ifs
Our final grammar point for this chapter compares distinct ways of saying “if”. The first is
the “generic if”, which is usable in most (but not all!) situations. To create this form add ~ら to the plain past form of nouns, adjectives, and/or verbs, making ~たら or ~だら.
行ったら

泳いだら

作ったら

(If [someone] goes)(If [someone] swims)(If [someone] makes)

暑かったら(If it’s hot)

先生だったら(If [they are] a teacher)

しずかだったら(If it’s quiet)

The most straightforward use of the ~たら form is to express that if the first half of thestatement is/becomes true, the second half will (or will probably) occur/also be true.
少し寝たら気持ちよくなると思います。
~たら is can be followed by どうする

[I think I’ll feel better if I sleep for a bit.]to mean “what would [人] do if?”

[If it’s/you’re hot, it’s best to turn on the AC.]For instance:
かぜをひいたらどうする？
[What will you do if you catch a cold?]

日本人だったら、きっとなっとうが好きだ。

来なかったらどうしましょうか？
[What shall we do if they don’t come?]

暑かったら、エアコンをつけたほうがいい。

[If they are Japanese, surely they like natto.]
ひまだったら明日買い物をしに行こうよ。
[If I’m/your/we’re free let’s go shopping tomorrow.]
私たちがつきあったら、ディズニーランドまでつれて行ってくれる？
[If we were dating, would you take me to Disneyland?]However, one major conditional of ~たら is that the second half of the sentence must occur
after the first half. You may not state “If A, then B would have happened” via ~たら.
If you want to say the second

明日雨がふったら、予定をキャンセルしないといけない。 sentence, you need to use a different[If it will rain tomorrow, we’ll have to cancel our plans.]
if/phrasing, because preparing theumbrellas happens before it rains.

明日雨がふったら、今夜かさをじゅんびしておいたほうがいい。
[If it will rain tomorrow, we should prepare umbrellas this evening and also review
our Japanese grammar because this sentence is wrong .]When the first condition is very likely to occur, ~たら can also function like “when”. In
contrast, when the second half of this kind of sentence is in the past tense, ~たら implies“when” along with some amount of surprise or shock.
日本に帰ったらすぐれんらくするね。
[When I get home to Japan, I’ll contact you immediately.]

The first sentence could be “if” in adifferent context, such as if said bysomeone who doesn’t know if/when
they’ll ever return.

へやに入ったらベッドにぶたがいました。
[When I entered my room, there was a pig on the bed (unexpected)!]The second form of “if” is created by attaching と to a word’s plain present form toindicate that if the first condition is met, the second will absolutely occur. This form ismostly attached to verbs, but can be attached to other word types too when it makes sense.
As you can see, this “if” is commonly usedwith cause-and-effect changes in state. It cantherefore translate as “when” in some cases.

このボタンをおすと、ドアがあく。
[If you push this button, the doors open.]
寒いと is also
okay here!

寒くなると、温かいスープを食べたくなる。
[When it gets cold, I inevitably start wanting to eat hot soup.]This form can also be used to warn/caution
people about “certain” results.

仕事をしないとお金がなくなるよ。

[If you don’t work, your money will for sure disappear.]
大学の先生だと、とてもいそがしいです。
[If they are a university teacher, they’ll certainly be very busy.]
Remember: the form that connects to ~と is always in the plain present, even if the restof the sentence is in a different tense.
小学生の時、夏になるとかぞくでりょこうしました。
[In elementary school, whenever it became summer we’d go on a trip as a family.]Compared to other Japanese “if”s, ~と is the most restricted by far. Do not use it for habits,
hypotheticals, or any other “if” forms that do not stress “If A then B absolutely occurs”.
Our final way of saying “if” is then なら, which attaches directly to plain forms but without
だ. This version stresses that the first part of the sentence is a (hypothetical) condition. It isalso the only “if” where what happens first can come after the word “if” (see final example).
かれが行くなら私は行かない。
[If he goes, I won’t.]

There are many cases where ~たら, ~と, and/or ~なら are interchangeable with only minor differencesin nuance. If you are unsure, default to ~たら.

車の話なら、みちこさんと話したほうがいいです。車がよく分かります。
[If it’s a discussion about cars, talk to Michiko. She’s really good with cars.]
日本に行くならふねで行こう。
[If we go to Japan, let’s go by boat]
Since we would get on a boat before goingto Japan, 行ったら doesn’t work here.

なら can also attach to nouns to focus theconversation on that noun. As in ひらがななら読めます for “I can read, if it’s hiragana.”This can work like “When it comes to”.

CHAPTER 5 KANJI・ か ん じThis week, we will learn 18 kanji, focusing on kanji relating to temperature & weather.
Meaning

体
空
予
報
落

Body

Kun yomi からだ
On yomi

たい
か らだ

だ いたい

Sample
uses

体

大体

た いおん

た いじゅ う体温

体 重 (body weight)

MeaningSky, Open, Empty

Kun yomi そら・から
On yomi

くう
そら

く うこう

Sampleuses

空空港 (airport)

MeaningPrevious

から

はこ

空の箱

あ おぞら

青空 (blue sky)

Kun yomi あらかじ（め）On yomiよSampleuses

よ ていて んき よほ う

予定

天気予報

Meaning

Reward, report

Kun yomi もく（いる）
On yomiほうSampleuses

じ ょうほ うて んき よほ う

情報

天気予報

Meaning

Fall

Kun yomi お（ちる）・お（とす）
On yomiらく
おSample
uses

落とす

お

お

落ち着く

落ちる

つ

Meaning

変
決
季
節
温

ChangeKun yomi か（わる）・か（える）
On yomi

へん
か

へ んか

Sample
uses

変わる

変化

か

た いへん

変える

大変な

Meaning

DecideKun yomi き（める）・き（まる）On yomi

てい
き

か くてい

Sample
uses

決める

確定

き

け ってい

決まる

決定

Meaning

SeasonKun yomi
On yomiきSample
uses

き せつ

季節

Meaning

Joint, verse, period, melody

Kun yomi ふし
On yomiせつ・せちSample
uses

き せつ

季節

MeaningWarm

Kun yomi あたた（かい）・あたた（まる・める）
On yomiSample
uses

おん
あ たた

た いおん

温 かい

体温

あ たた

お んど

温 める

温度

温かい is the “general”
kanji for “warm”.

暖かい is more
specifically for climate

暖
寒
冷
暑
熱

MeaningWarm

Kun yomi あたた（かい）・あたた（める・まる）
On yomiだん
あ たた

Sampleuses
Meaning

暖 かいの れん

暖簾 (store curtain)

ち きゅ うおん だんか

地球温暖化(global warming)

Cold

Kun yomi さむ（い）On yomiかん

Sampleuses

さむ

MeaningCool

悪寒 (a chill)

寒い

Kun yomi つめ（たい）・ひ（やす）・ひ（える）
On yomiれいつめひSample
uses

冷たい

冷やす

MeaningHot

れい ぞうこ

ひ

冷蔵庫

冷える

Kun yomi あつ（い）On yomi

しょ
あつ
ざ んしょ

Sampleuses

暑いMeaningHot, fever

む

残暑
あつ

蒸し暑い

(lingering summer heat)

Kun yomi あつ（い）On yomiねつSample
uses

あつ

ねつ

熱い

熱

暑い is preferred forclimate, working likethe opposite of 寒い
while 熱い is more for“heat”, working likethe opposite of 冷たい

厚
窓黒Meaning

Thick

Kun yomi

あつ（い）On yomiこうSample
uses

あつ

の うこう

厚い

濃厚 (thick)

Meaning

Window

Kun yomi

まど

On yomiそうSampleuses

まどMeaningBlack

Kun yomi

くろ・くろ（い）On yomiこくSampleuses

窓

ど うそう せい同窓生
(alumni of the same year)

くろ

こ くじん

黒い

黒人

くろ

こ くばん

黒

黒板 (blackboard)CHAPTER 5 WORKBOOK ・ ワ ー ク ブ ッ ク 5
Exercise 5.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 体
体
Stroke order

2. 空
空Stroke order

3. 予
予
Stroke order

4. 報
報Stroke order

5. 落
落
Stroke order

6. 変
変
Stroke order7. 決
決Stroke order

8. 季
季Stroke order

9. 節
節
Stroke order

10. 温
温Stroke order

11. 暖
暖Stroke order

12. 寒
寒Stroke order13. 冷冷Stroke order

14. 暑
暑Stroke order

15. 熱
熱Stroke order

16. 厚
厚Stroke order

17. 窓
窓
Stroke order

18. 黒
黒Stroke order

Exercise 5.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. あついスープをゆかにおとしたことがありますか。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. てんきよほうによると、あしたはとてもさむくなるそうです。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. ちょっとたいへんで、わかりにくかったみたいだ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
4. くろいまどがあいているならしめてください。そとはあついですから。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. からだをはやくあたためたほうがいい。シャワーをあびたらどう？
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. ふゆになると、かぜがつめたくなって、ゆきがそらからふります。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
7. そのあついジャケットをかうことをきめたそうだ。まだたかすぎるとおもうけど。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________

Exercise 5.3
Fill in the blanks to report the gossip from Michiko (left) and Ichiro (right).
みちこ

Takeshi has been to France. Shimako had never seen hail until yesterday.
Arina is a tourist. Nobuyuki liked Takeshi.

いちろう

Tomorrow, it will rain. Emi has never heated up ramen in a microwave.
Abe has dried his clothes in a drier, but prefers hanging them outside.

1. _____________、たけしさんは________に________________そうです。
2. _____________、しまこさんはきのう____ひょう___________________。
3. _____________、ありなさんは________________________________。
4. ____________________________________が________________。
5. ____________、明日は_____________________________そうです。
6. ____________、えみさんは________________________でラーメン________________________________________________。
7. ____________、あべさんは__________________________がありますが________________________ほうが___________________そうです。
Exercise 5.4
Change each word into its various translations by adding nothing other than
conjugation and そう・みたい (as appropriate)
1. だいじょうぶ____________________(I heard it’s fine)____________________ (Seems fine to my eyes)____________________ (I suppose this means it was fine)____________________
2. もえ__________________________(I heard it was okay)(Word is that it burnt)____________________ (Doesn’t look like it will burn)____________________ (They said it was easy to burn)3. ゆき__________________________ (Evidence indicates it snowed)_______________________ (They said it snowed)_______________________ (Looks like it’s going to snow)_______________________ (Looked like it was going to snow)_______________________ (It’s like snow (but it isn’t)!)
4. さむ__________________________ (Word is that it’s cold)_______________________ (Word is that it was cold)_______________________ (Looks cold)_______________________ (Looked cold)_______________________ (Apparently it’s cold)_______________________ (A cold-looking apartment)_______________________ (It’s like a cold-looking apartment)
5. 先生__________________________ (They are a teacher, apparently)_______________________ (They remind me of a teacher)_______________________ (They don’t look to be a teacher)_______________________ (Seems like it wasn’t a teacher actually)_______________________ (They said it wasn’t a teacher)
Exercise 5.5
Match the sentences on the left and the right to create constructions that make sense.
1. こどもにとって

A. 飲みにくくなった。

2. 字がとても小さいので

B. 肉が食べにくいです。

3. もう二十年間勉強したので、C. つぎの日に起きにくくなるね。

4. お酒をたくさん飲むとD. 漢字が読みやすいです。

ひ5. コーヒーが冷えたのでE. 読みにくい。

1. ここに学生がたくさんひっこしたので

A. かたい肉も切りやすいよ。

2. いけんがだいてい同じだから

B. あまり使いやすくないんです。

3. このナイフを使ったら、C. せんたくがやりにくくなった。

4. とても高かったのに

D. 聞こえやすくなる。

5. ボリュームを上げるとE. よいアパートがみつけにくい。

6. せんたっきがこわれたらF. 私にとって話しやすい人

Exercise 5.6
Select the best “if” form in each blank.
1. 何も食べな（いと・ないなら・なかったら）しぬよ。
2. おふろに入（いると・いるなら・はいったら）魚がいました。
3. 冬にな（ると・なるなら・なったら）寒くなる。
4. 来週行（くと・くなら・ったら）今週じゅうびをしておいたほうがいいです。
5. かれが来（ると・るなら・たら）私は帰る。
6. あやま（ると・るなら・ったら）だいじょうぶだ。
7. 日本語の先生（だと・なら・だったら）日本語が読めるはずだ。
8. お酒の話（だと・なら・だったら）私はきょうみがぜんぜんありません。
9. かのじょがほんとうに買いた（いと・いなら・かったら）もう買ったと思う。
10. 私はいつもビールを飲（むと・むなら・んだら）ねむくなります。
Exercise 5.7
Translate the English in Japanese.
1. Has baseball-like hail ever fallen here?
_________________________________________________________
2. According to Mio, you can hang your wet scarf outside tonight. It won’t freeze.
_________________________________________________________
3. It looks cool (=temperature), but apparently it’s already warm.

_________________________________________________________
4. This kanji is easy to read but hard to write.
_________________________________________________________
5. If I go to Japan, what do I need to do first?
_________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 5 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY ・ 解 答 集 5
Exercise 5.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 体
体
Stroke order

2. 空
空Stroke order

3. 予
予
Stroke order

4. 報
報Stroke order

5. 落
落
Stroke order

6. 変
変
Stroke order

Check to make sure you filled in
the kanji carefully, following
stroke order and retaining ageneral size balance across eachof the 10 free-hand attempts.

7. 決
決Stroke order

8. 季
季Stroke order

9. 節
節
Stroke order

10. 温
温Stroke order

11. 暖
暖Stroke order

12. 寒
寒Stroke order13. 冷冷Stroke order

14. 暑
暑Stroke order

15. 熱
熱Stroke order

16. 厚
厚Stroke order

17. 窓
窓
Stroke order

18. 黒
黒Stroke order

Exercise 5.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined
elements,
and thentranslate.
Because暑い refers
to climate/weather,
1. あついスープをゆかにおとしたことがありますか。

it doesn’t work for soup.

熱いスープをゆかに落としたことがありますか。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________Have you ever dropped hot soup on the floor?
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. てんきよほうによると、あしたはとてもさむくなるそうです。

天気予報によると、明日はとても寒くなるそうです。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
to the weather report, it will be very cold tomorrow.
Translate:According________________________________________________
3. ちょっとたいへんで、わかりにくかったみたいだ。

ちょっと大変で分かりにくかったみたいだ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
like it was a little troublesome & hard to understand.
Translate:Seems________________________________________________
4. くろいまどがあいているならしめてください。そとはあついですから。

黒い窓があいているならしめてください。外は暑いですから。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
the black window is open, please close it. Because it’s hot out.
Translate:If________________________________________________
暖める is for weather/room temp, not
5. からだをはやくあたためたほうがいい。シャワーをあびたらどう？
bodies/items/things etc.

体をはやく温めたほうがいい。シャワーをあびたらどう？
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
should warm your body fast. How about a shower?
Translate: You________________________________________________
6. ふゆになると、かぜがつめたくなって、ゆきがそらからふります。

冬になると、かぜが冷たくなって、雪が空からふります。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
When it becomes winter, the wind gets cold and snow falls from the sky.

Translate: ________________________________________________

7. そのあついジャケットをかうことをきめたそうだ。まだたかすぎるとおもうけど。

その厚いジャケットを買うことを決めたそうだ。まだ高すぎると思うけど。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Seems like they decided on buying that thick jacket. I still

Translate: ________________________________________________

think it’s too expensive but…

Exercise 5.3
Fill in the blanks to report the gossip from Michiko (left) and Ichiro (right).
みちこ

Takeshi has been to France. Shimako had never seen hail until yesterday.
Arina is a tourist. Nobuyuki liked Takeshi.

いちろう

Tomorrow, it will rain. Emi has never heated up ramen in a microwave.
Abe has dried his clothes in a drier, but prefers hanging them outside.

フランス
行ったことがある
1. みちこさんによると_____________、たけしさんは________に________________そうです。
まで・の前にみちこさんによるとを見たことがなかったそうです
2. _____________、しまこさんはきのう____ひょう___________________。
みちこさんによると
かんこうきゃくだそうです
3. _____________、ありなさんは________________________________。
みちこさんによると、のぶゆきさんはたけしさん
すきだったそうです
4. ____________________________________が________________。
いちろさんによると
雨がふる
5. ____________、明日は_____________________________そうです。
いちろさんによると
電子レンジ
6. ____________、えみさんは________________________でを温めたことがないそうです。
ラーメン________________________________________________。
いちろさんによると
かんそうきでふくをかわしたこと
7. ____________、あべさんは__________________________がありますが
外でほした
好きだ
________________________ほうが___________________そうです。
I’ve done my best here to use English in a way thatmakes “hearsay” そうです and “vibes”
Change each word into its various translations
byaddingnothingdistinct
other than
conjugation
みたいですreportingbut ifthere are partsand そう・みたい (as appropriate)that you found confusing, I’m sorry. It’s hard.
Exercise 5.4

だそうです。
1. だいじょうぶ____________________(I heard it’s fine)
そうです。
____________________(Seems fine to my eyes)
だったみたい。
____________________(I suppose this means it was fine)だったそうです。
____________________
たそうです。
2. もえ__________________________
If you used ~られ for“can’t” that’s okay.

(I heard it was okay)(Word is that it burnt)（られ）なさそうです。
____________________(Doesn’t look like it will burn)
やすいそうです。
____________________(They said it was easy to burn)3. ゆきがふったみたいです。
_______________________(Evidence indicates it snowed)
がふったそうです。
_______________________(They said it snowed)
がふりそうです。
_______________________(Looks like it’s going to snow)がふりそうでした。
_______________________(Looked like it was going to snow)
みたいです。
_______________________(It’s like snow (but it isn’t)!)

いそうです。
4. さむ__________________________(Word is that it’s cold)
かったそうです。
_______________________(Word is that it was cold)
そうです。
_______________________(Looks cold)
そうでした。
_______________________(Looked cold)
みたいです。
_______________________(Apparently it’s cold)
そうなアパートです。
_______________________(A cold-looking apartment)
そうなアパートみたいです。
_______________________(It’s like a cold-looking apartment)
だそうです。
5. 先生__________________________(They are a teacher, apparently)
みたいです。
_______________________(They remind me of a teacher)
じゃなさそうです。
_______________________(They don’t look to be a teacher)じゃなかったみたいです。
_______________________(Seems like it wasn’t a teacher actually)
じゃなかったそうです。
_______________________(They said it wasn’t a teacher)
Exercise 5.5
Match the sentences on the left and the right to create constructions that make sense.
1. こどもにとって

A. 飲みにくくなった。

2. 字がとても小さいので

B. 肉が食べにくいです。

3. もう二十年間勉強したので、C. つぎの日に起きにくくなるね。

4. お酒をたくさん飲むとD. 漢字が読みやすいです。

ひ5. コーヒーが冷えたのでE. 読みにくい。

1. ここに学生がたくさんひっこしたので

A. かたい肉も切りやすいよ。

2. いけんがだいてい同じだから

B. あまり使いやすくないんです。

3. このナイフを使ったら、C. せんたくがやりにくくなった。

4. とても高かったのに

D. 聞こえやすくなる。

5. ボリュームを上げるとE. よいアパートがみつけにくい。

6. せんたっきがこわれたらF. 私にとって話しやすい人

Exercise 5.6~たら can be used formost of these, but it’s notalways the best. For some,
1. 何も食べな（いと・ないなら・なかったら）しぬよ。
like #4/#8 though, you
can’t use ~たら.
2. おふろに入（いると・いるなら・はいったら）魚がいました。

Select the best “if” form in each blank.

3. 冬にな（ると・なるなら・なったら）寒くなる。
4. 来週行（くと・くなら・ったら）今週じゅうびをしておいたほうがいいです。
5. かれが来（ると・るなら・たら）私は帰る。
6. あやま（ると・るなら・ったら）だいじょうぶだ。
7. 日本語の先生（だと・なら・だったら）日本語が読めるはずだ。
8. お酒の話（だと・なら・だったら）私はきょうみがぜんぜんありません。
9. かのじょがほんとうに買いた（いと・いなら・かったら）もう買ったと思う。
10. 私はいつもビールを飲（むと・むなら・んだら）ねむくなります。
Exercise 5.7
Translate the English in Japanese.
1. Has baseball-like hail ever fallen here?

ここにやきゅうのボールみたいなひょうはふったことがある？
_________________________________________________________
2. According to Mio, you can hang your wet scarf outside tonight. It won’t freeze.
みおさんによると、ぬれているマフラーを外でほしてもいいそうだ。こおらない（そうだ）。
_________________________________________________________
3. It looks cool (=temperature), but apparently it’s already warm.

すずしそうだが、もうあたたかいみたい。
_________________________________________________________
4. This kanji is easy to read but hard to write.

この漢字は読みやすいが書きにくい。
_________________________________________________________
5. If I go to Japan, what do I need to do first?

日本に行くなら、最初に何をしたほうがいい？

_________________________________________________________

CHAPTER SIX・ 第 六 章
VOCABULARY・ ご いう Verbs

Nouns
いるかdolphinうごく

to move [int.]

えさfood for animals

かう

to keep as a pet

おとな

大人

adult

かく

to scratch

おすmale animal

かじる

to nibble

かmosquito

かむ

to bite

が

moth

かる

to hunt

けだもの

beast

くばる

to hand out

くじら

whale

なく

to cry

くま

bear

なく

(an animal) sings,
howls, cries out

ことば

word

たたく

to hit, to knock

きつね

fox

つかまる

to be caught [int.]

きりん

giraffeつるto (catch) fishさいrhinoserous

とぶto fly, to jumpさる

monkeyゆるす

to forgive

しか

deer

しゅっちょうbusiness trip

る Verbs

じゅういveterinarian[Xに]あきる

to get bored with X

せいかく

personality

つかまえる

to catch [tra.]

せいそくち

habitatなでる

to pet, to strokeぞう

elephant

なめる

to lick

たいじゅう

体重body weight

ちず

map

Adverbs

とうくつ

cave

すぐに

immediately, ASAP

みずうみ

lake

ちょくせつにdirectly

めす

female animal

ほかの

an other

りょうしperson who fishes

ほんとうにreally, truly

好きなだけで

as much as you want

While spelled thesame, each なく hasdifferent kanji:
泣くvs 鳴く

Compound Verbs
とうみんする

to hibernate

い Adjectives

ひるねをするto nap

けぶかい

hairy

びっくりする

to be surprised

ひとなつこいfriendly, sociable

GRAMMAR・ 文 法
Grammar Point 6.1: Two versions of “only”
In Japanese, there are two says to say “only”. The first is だけ. This is the most “general”
version, as it has no extra implied meanings. However, it does have a bunch of useful
applications with minor grammatical differences.
In the “XはYです” pattern, だけ follows a noun used for Y to mean “only Y”.
はん

ばんご飯はこれだけですか。
[Is this all that’s for dinner?]「あ、びっくりした！」「ごめん！わたしだけだった。」[“I was so frightened!” “Ah, sorry! It was only me.”]This [Noun]だけ form can also be used as an entire noun phrase that can be marked withparticles in relative clauses, or attached to other nouns via の as a modifier.
一週間だけの休みは足りません。
[A vacation that’s only one-week-long just isn’t enough.]
私だけが使える車が欲しい。
[I want a car only I can use.]
Outside of the XはYです pattern, だけ can either go in front of or replace the particle を insentences using a non-copular verb (i.e., a verb other than です) at the end.
え？今日はおかしだけ食べたの？
[What? You ate only candy today?]
自分のビールだけ買ったらだいじょうぶだと思う。もういっぱいあるから。
[I think it will be fine if you just buy your beer only. ‘Cuz we have a lot already.]
ボールだけをなげてください。
[Throw only the ball please.]
When using a counter, だけ follows the counter rather than replaces を.
カラオケでうたを二つだけうたいました。
[I sang only two songs at karaoke.]
どうぶつえんにさるが三びきだけいました。
[There were only three monkeys at the zoo.]

だけ can also replace or combine with は・が, although usually は changes to だけが.
私だけが日本に行った。
[Only I went to Japan.]
家に入ったら、姉だけいなかった。ほかの人がみんないた。
[When I went inside, only my older sister was gone. Everyone else was there.]
五百円だけがほしい。
[I want just 500 yen.]

だけ can also appear at the end of plain form sentences to stress that something
isn’t a big deal or is quite limited. For instance, 五百円がほしいだけ would
stress that your need, in your mind, isn’t that huge. We won’t tackle thisgrammar point until X.X, but the basics are quite easy to understand.

And だけ combines with に, で, and と to create だけに, だけで, and だけと.
「今日ぎんこうに行った？」「ううん、時間がなくて、スーパーだけに行った。」[“Did you go to the bank today?” “Nah, I had no time and went to the market only.]
これはとくべつな店だけで買えるバージョンです。
[This is a version that you can buy at special stores only.]
五人で行くつもりだったが、まりさんだけと行くことになった。
[We planned to go as 5, but I ended up going with just Mari.]
Finally, we can also add だけで to the end of a verb phrase ending in the plain positive
present form to mean “just by doing [verb]”.
Using a plain form ve rb before
たけ to create a noun phrase isalso fine! For example:

これを買うだけで、あなたの人生がとても楽になりますよ！
[Just by buying this, your life will become very carefree!]
きのう、二つのビールを飲むだけでよった。弱くなったかも。

およいだだけだと思う
means “I think the y only swam”.

[Yesterday, I got drunk after only drinking two beers. Maybe I’ve lost tolerance.]
一かいやってみるだけで人生がかわるよ。
[Just by trying it once, your life will change.]
ゲームをやるのが一ばん楽しいけど、見るだけでも楽しい。
[Playing games is the most fun, but just watching is fun as well.]The second version of “only” uses the word しか. This version of “only” often has a negative
meaning. It is used in complaints, and/or to stress that something is less than desired orideal. Unlike だけ, しか is not used before です. Instead, it replaces を, が, and は, andmust be used with a negative ending… but this doesn’t create a negative meaning.
To show how this works, let’s contrast sentences using だけ and しか. In terms of literalmeaning, the sentences are more or less the same despite their constrating conjugations.
But しか always expresses a more negative feel.
一万円だけあげる。

一万円しかあげない。

[I’ll only give you 10,000 yen (neutral).][I’ll give you 10,000 yen and that’s IT.]としょかんだけあった。

としょかんしかなかった。

[There only was a library (neutral).][There only was a library unfortunately.]

知らない人だけいた。

知らない人しかいなかった。

[I didn’t know anyone there (neutral).] [Only strangers were there (awkward).]Both are more literally “Only people I didn’t know were there”

As you can see, the negative ending of the ~しか form doesn’t create a double negative.
Like ~あまり or ~ぜんぜん, it’s just required as part of how Japanese works. As a result ~だけない and ~しかない are very different, and there is no “don’t” form of しか. See below.
私だけが好きじゃない。

私しか好きじゃない。」[I’m the only one they don’t like.][They only like me (complaint).]

The しか “only” can also be used with に, で, and と. However, opposite of だけ, theseparticles come before しか, creating にしか, でしか, and としか.
一つのお寺にしか行けなかった。
[I could only go to one temple (but I wanted to go to more).]自分の部屋でしか勉強できない。

This second sentence could also be“Only I like it”, as we don’t know if
は or が is replaced by しか.
By adding dropped elements
though, we can make things clear.
かれらは私しか好きじゃない
would be 100% “The y only like me(and this is bad for some reason)”[I/they can only study in my/their room which is frustrating.]
マイクさんとしか話なさなかったのでつまらなかった。
[I only talked with Mike so it was really boring as I wanted to chat with others too.]Grammar Point 6.2: Using ~てから for “right after”
The ~てから form is in many cases synonymous with the ~た後で form, in that ~てからshows that what follows a verb will happen after the action ~てから is connected to. Inmany cases, both forms are fairly interchangeable.
そつぎょうしてから日本へひっこした。
そつぎょうした後で日本へひっこした。
[After I graduated, I moved to Japan.]
おゆをわかした後でストーブをつけてください。
おゆをわかしてからストーブをつけてください。
[Please turn on the stove after you boil the water.]
However, compared to ~た後で, ~てから implies a sense of immediacy. While the twoforms can both express that something happened soon after something else , ~てからalways has this feel to it and therefore is not appropriate when there is a long time gap. So
if we were to forcibly separate the two, it might look something like this:
そつぎょうしてから日本へひっこした。
[After I graduated, I went to Japan in a pretty short time frame.]

Again, I am forcibly
separating the two he re.
The re are contexts whe re
the ir meanings are identical.

そつぎょうした後で日本へひっこした。
[I went to Japan after I graduated, but there may have been years inbetween, you
can’t be sure without further context, all you know is that I graduated first.]
食べてからおさらをあらおう。
[After eating, let’s wash the dishes as the next major thing we do.]
食べた後でおさらをあらおう。
[Let’s wash the dishes after eating, rather than the other way around, but no hurry.]
As a result, this next sentence would be inappropriate if you got home at 5 and then went
to bed around 10 or 11. There is an implication you slept soon after which ~た後で lacks.
ごぜん五時にサッカーしあいから帰ってから寝た。
[After I got home from the soccer match at 5 AM I went to bed (quickly).]~てから can also mean “since[ve rb] happened”, which we will
discuss in GP 11.10.

Grammar Point 6.3: Simultaneous actions (~ながら、あいだ、and ついでに)Up until now, we’ve used the ~ている時に form to say that someone does two things at asimilar time. For instance, if someone was eating while watching TV we might say…
彼はテレビを見ている時に食べていた。
[He was eating when he was watching TV.]
There’s nothing wrong with this phrasing, but the ~ながら verb suffix allows us to stressthat two actions are simultaneous, rather than just that one occurs at some point within
the time frame the other does.
To use ~ながら, simply attach it to the stem of a verb. To review, the stem of a verb is theverb’s positive polite form without ~ます.
stem

polite form

dictionary form
たべる

➞

たべます

➞

たべ

のむ

➞

のみます

➞

のみ

する

➞

します

➞

し

Once ~ながら is attached to a verb, it produces the meaning of “while [verb]ing” or “at thesame time as [doing verb]”. The thing that comes after ~ながら is done while the first verb
is being enacted/occurring, and is the main focus of the sentence.
彼は料理をしながら音楽を聞くのが大好きみたいです。
[It seems he loves listening to music while cooking.]
勉強しながらスマホでゲームをすべきではない。
[You shouldn’t play games on your phone while studying.]
とり can also
さえずる, or“chirp”.

鳥はとびながらないたりするの？
[Do birds sing and stuff like that while they fly?]

There are two small caveats to using ~ながら. First, the same person must do both actions.
So we can use ~ながら to say “He was eating while watching TV” like above. But thesentence on the next page could not be created using ~ながら:彼がテレビを見ている時に私は食べていた。
[While he was watching TV I was eating.]
あいだThe position noun 間 can be used instead of 時 for a similar purpose though. There’s often
no real difference, except that 時 emphasizes time while 間 emphasizes an interim period.
あかちゃんが寝ている間にちょっと休もうよ。
[Let’s take a bit of a rest while the baby is sleeping.]

This sentence involve s
different actors on each side!

Secondly, if two things don’t happen exactly at the same time, but rather one occurs inside
the other (often as a side task or even detour), we have to use ついでに instead. By
attaching ついでに to a plain positive present verb (directly) or a noun (via +の) thatrefers to an activity, you indicate “while this action is occurring but before it finishes”.
Opposite to ~ながら, the main action therefore occurs in front of ~ついでに.
帰るついでにまきこさんの新しい家を見に行った。
[On the way home, I went to look at Makiko’s new house.]
買い物のついでにこの本をとしょかんにかえしてくれない？
[While you’re out shopping, won’t you return this book to the library for me?]As you can see, like with ~ながら the doer of the verb marked by ~ついでに also has to do
the verb that comes after. The verbs aren’t done at the same time, however, as rather one isaccomplished during the other (often disrupting the other briefly). Let’s compare:
大学に行きながらふくしゅうする学生はえらいね。
[Students who review while on their way to uni are amazing, don’t you think?]
大学に行くついでにきっさてんに入ったけど、時間がかかりすぎたのでおくれた。
[On the way to uni I went inside a cafe, but because it took too long I was late.]
We can also use ついでに at the start of a sentence in some contexts, as below:
明日、となりのまちまで行くよね？ついでにこれを父の家に持って行ける？
[Tomorrow you’re going to the next town right? While you’re at it, could you takethis to my dad’s place (implied to be on the way or in that town)?]

Grammar Point 6.4: ~ば and related “if” forms
In Chapter 5.5, we learned a number of ways to say “if”. The ~ば form is yet another “if”,
with its own implications. More importantly though, like the ~て form it serves as the basis
for a number of grammar patterns. We actually learned one of these back in Chapter 1.3!
Like ~たら, the ~ば form creates a fairly general conditional. It is considered the mostformal of the various “ifs”, and appears more in writing than in speech. If we compare ~たら and ~ば, ~たら focuses more on the outcome of the “if” while ~ば more expresses that
“if this condition is met, what comes after ~ば will follow”. Some people call ~ば the“hypothetical if” for this reason, as you cannot use it when expressing possibilities you
have control over like “if I go to work tomorrow” (but “if I can go” is fine).
Before we look at some examples, let’s establish how to make the ~ば form. As usual, ourrules are divided between nouns & な adjectives, い adjectives, and verbs. To create the ~ばform of a noun or な adjective, just attach ~であれば to the word.
先生だ

先生であれば

大変だ

大変であればis a teacher

if is a teacher

is hard

if is hard

新しいアパートであれば、何もこわれていないはずだ。
[If it’s a new apartment, nothing should be broken.]This sounds quite critical, as inexpressing shock someone can’tread, whe reas はず is more anassumption or probability.

日本語の先生であれば、日本語が読めるべきだ。

[If they are a Japanese teacher, they should be able to read Japanese!]
私がお金持ちであればたくさんりょこうしたいです。
[If I was rich, I’d want to travel a lot.]~ば is especially appropriate for
imaginary hypothe ticals like this.

In all the above sentences, ~なら or ~だったら would be preferred in speech in most cases.
The ~であれば form specifically feels older, literary, stiff and/or formal. I would therefore
recommend that you avoiding it when talking, but you will absolutely see it in writing.
For a negative noun or な adjective, just change ~じゃ・ではない to ~じゃ・ではなければ先生ではない先生じゃなければ大変じゃない大変ではなければ

The negative ~なければ form does not have the same formal feel as the ~であれば form,and can be used in more casual conversations without hesitation.
日本語の先生じゃなければどうして日本語が読めますか。
[If you aren’t a Japanese teacher, why can you read Japanese?]
大変ではなければちょっとてつだってくれない？
[If it’s not troublesome, could you help me a bit?]
For い adjectives, we do the same thing as the negative form of nouns and な adjectives:
take the final ~い of the word’s present plain form and change it to ~ければ. This rule
applies to both positive and negative い adjectives.
あつい

たのしい
あつければ

おもい

たのしければ

おもければ

さむい

くろい

あたたかい

さむくない

くろくない

あたたかくない

さむくなければ

くろくなければ

あたたかくなければしめ

寒ければ、ドアと窓を閉めたほうがいいですよ。
[If you’re cold, it’s best to shut the windows and doors.]
今いそがしければ、明日も来られます。
[If you are busy now, I can come tomorrow too.]
十ドルしかなければここで何も買えないと思う。
[If we only have 10 dollars I don’t think we can buy anything here.]
安くなければ買えません。しかし、高くなければ買いたくありません。
[If it’s not cheap, I can’t buy it. But if it’s not expensive, I don’t want to buy it.]
食べたくなければ食べなくてもいいけど、これからもう作ってあげないよ。
[If you don’t want to eat it you don’t have to, but I won’t make it again for you.]Finally, for verbs of all types, the positive ~ば form is made by taking the final -u soundand replacing the -u with -eba, keeping the consonant before -u as-is (if there is one). The
negative is then, the verb’s plain negative form with ~ない changed to ~なければ (justlike other words). If this is all tricky to visualize, our two irregular verbs look like this…

Plain Form

~ば Form~ば Form Neg.

~たら Form

する

すれば

しなければ

したら

くる

くれば

こなければ

きたら

…and all positive る verbs just end up with their final ~る becoming ~れば. That is, since
we change the final –(x)u sound to –(x)eba, -ru becomes -reba.

おちる

いる

おちれば

いれば

(if it falls)(if it exists)

Here are some more conjugated る verbs, compared with their ~たら forms:

Plain Form

~ば Form~ば Form Neg.

~たら Form

たべる

たべれば

たべなれば

たべたら

できる

できれば

できなれば

できたら

あたためる

あたためれば

あたためなればあたためたら

しらべる

しらべれば

しらべなればしらべたら

For all う verbs, our “final –(x)u sound to –(x)eba” pattern also works: just change theending sound to the ~え kana with the same starting consonant with ~ば attached after.

かう

あ
い

かえば

う
え+ば
お

はしる
はしれば

ら
り
る
れ +ば
ろ

ころぶ
ころべば

メモを取れば
ば
び
ぶ
べ +ば
ぼ

おぼえられる!

Here are conjugated う verbs of each possible ending, compared with their ~たら forms:
Plain Form

~ば Form~ば Form Neg.

~たら Form

うたう

うたえば

うたわなければ

うたったら

たつ

たてば

たたなければ

たったら

しまる

しまれば

しまらなければ

しまったら

あそぶ

あそべば

あそばなければ

あそんだら

のむ

のめば

のまなければ

のんだら

しぬ

しねば

しななければ

しんだら

あるく

あるけば

あるかなければ

あるいたら

およぐ

およげば

およがなければ

およいだら

はなす

はなせば

はなさなければはなしたらThe negative ~ば form of all verbs is then just their negative positive plain form with ~ない changed to ~なければ. Let’s look at some examples of all the verb types below:
明日まで出せば多分だ丈夫です。
[If you turn it in by tomorrow it’s probably fine.]
いみがまだ分からなければたぶんむりだね。
[If we still don’t understand the meaning it’s probably impossible for us.]
勉強すればごうかくする。勉強しなければごうかくしない。かんたんな話だ。
[If you study, you’ll pass. If you don’t study, you won’t. It’s a simple story.]
However, there is one important condition: because ~ば emphasizes a hypothetical, it is
not appropriate for giving statements of intent, making requests, expressing desires, orproviding recommendations. So these four sentences have no ~ば version:

As always,~たら isthe safest
option.

窓があくなら、しめてください。

早く出られるなら、来てください。

[If the window opens, please close it.][If you can leave early, please come.]

お酒を飲んだらうんてんするのがだめだ。

田中さんに会ったらわたしてね。

[If you are going to drink you must not drive.] [If you meet Tanaka give it to him.]

There are two exceptions to this condition though! You may use ~ば for orders etc. in longsentences where the subject of each sentence half is different…
かのじょが「はい」と言ってくれれば、けっこんするつもりです。
[If she says yes, I plan to marry her.]
かれが来週まであやまらなければ、私はクレームすると思う。

You may keep the subject ofeach half the same if a ve rb is
conjugated into a non-ve rb
form. For instance, three pages
ago the ~ 食べたくなければexample kept the same subject.
This is okay because the ~ たいform works like an adjective .

[If he doesn’t apologize by next week, I think I’ll make a complaint.]…and when the verb conjugated into ~ば represents a state. What is a “state”? Well, whentalking about verbs, a “state” is most commonly いる or ある.
来年お金があれば猫をかいたい。
[Next year, if I have money, I want a cat as a pet.]

Something like ちょきんできれば (“if I can savemoney”) or たくさんかせげば (“if I earn a lot”)
wouldn’t allow us to end with 猫をかいたい.

しつもんがあればじゅぎょうがおわる前に聞いてくださいね。
[If you have questions, ask them before class is over, yeah?]
However, as traits are “constant states”, you can generally follow ~ば with requests,
demands, statements forbidding actions, etc., when you are using ~ば with an adjective.
おいしければたくさん買います！
[If it is delicious I’ll buy a lot!]
れいぞうこには食べ物が少なければ、何も食べないでください。
[If there’s not much food in the fridge, please don’t eat anything.]
暑ければ走らないほうがいいよ。
[If it’s hot, it’s best to not run.]
And lastly, the ~ば form also works with どうする to ask what someone should do:
とうすればいいですか。だれが行けばいいですか。何も分からなくてつらいです。
[What should I/we do? Who should go? I don’t understand anything and it’s hard.]
おつかれさま! That was a long grammar point. I definitely recommend going back and reading it again before
moving on. Also, don’t forget! If you are in a situation whe re you forget the minute rules of each “if” in Japanese or
are just confused about which form is best, ~ たら is always the safest ve rsion of “if” in Japanese.

Grammar Point 6.5: Regret and longing, via ～ばよかった and ~のにWhen using ~ば, you can express that it would have been good if something had been doneby placing ~よかった immediately after a word’s positive or negative present ~ば form.
In this form, the
きのうお酒を飲まなければよかった。頭がいたい。
matter under[It would have been better if I didn’t drink booze yesterday. My head hurts.] discussion
always

私にもっと早くおしえてくれればよった！もうばんごはんを作ったよ。
[If would have been good if you told me earlier! I already made dinner.]
子どもの時、もっとりょこうすればよかったです。
[It would have been nice to have traveled more when I was a child.]

has to becompleted as thesentence ends inthe past tense.
Howeve r, this does
not change the useof the present ~ばconditional.

Another way to accomplish this affect is to add ~のに to the end of your sentence. The
word のに mostly expresses “but” just like けど or が, but implies a reversal of expectations
that makes it well suited to complaints, critiques, and expressions of shock and/or
surprise. In some cases, it best translates like “even though” rather than “but”.
Nouns and な
adjective s
connect to
のに via な

雨なのにかれは外であそんでいる。
[He’s playing outside even though it’s raining (implied: he shouldn’t).]
何かいも言ったのにわすれたの？
[You forgot despite me telling you many, many times?]
きのう買ってあげましたのにもうこわしました。
[I only got it for them yesterday and despite this they’ve broken it already.]

While often critical,
のに can becomplimentarywhen expressing
extreme surprise

ぜん ぶ

一時間だけ読んだのにもう全部おぼえたんですか。すごいですね。
[You only read for an hour but you’ve already memorized it all? Amazing.]

When のに appears at the end of a ~ば hypothetical, it expresses a similarly critical “ifonly” meaning. The form generally is associated with casual, rather than formal, language.
かれがはやく帰ってくれればいいのにね。
[It would be nice if he’d go home soon, yeah?]

Unlike ~ ばよかった, the~ば~のに pair doesn’t
require past tense.

その時、ちゃんと「大好きだ」と言えばふらなかったのに。

Regret that thisdidn’t happen isstrongly implied.

[If you had just properly said “I love you” back then, I wouldn’t have dumped you.

Grammar Point 6.6: “The more X, the more Y” via ~ば・ほど
By changing a word into it’s ~ば form and then repeating the word and adding ~ほど, wemake a construction that means “the more [word] something is, the more…”. For verbs andい adjectives, the word in front of ほど is always in the polite present plain form:
おすしは高ければ高いほどおいしいです。
[The more expensive the sushi is, the tastier it is.]
がんばればがんばるほどかんたんになるよ。
[The more effort you put in, the easier it gets.]
いそがしければいそがしいほど人生がたのしくなくなると思います。
[I think the busier you are, the less fun life becomes.]
Nouns and な-adjectives instead repeat the entire noun phrase/adjective with +である infront of ~ほど. For brevity, you can reduce this to ~あるほど, but nowhere in-between.
もりはしずかであればしずかであるほどこわいです。
[Forests are scarier the quieter they are.]

You can also use[ な adjective ] なら[same adjective ] なほど
whe n using な adjectives.

えらい仕事であればあるほど、せきにんがある。
[The more upstanding the work, the more responsibility that comes with it.]Grammar Point 6.7: The sentence-final かな and かしら
The ending ~かな can be attached to a sentence to mean “I wonder”. The ~かしら variant
works similarly, but is associated more with women’s speech (sometimes specifically older
women). Both forms are mostly applied only to the ends of plain form sentences.
明日だれが来るかな。
[I wonder who will come tomorrow.]
毎日食べれば好きになれるかな。
[I wonder if I can grow to like if I eat it every day.]
何を言ったかしら。
[What could it be that they said?]

CHAPTER 6 KANJI・ か ん じThis week, we will learn 18 kanji filling in some important gaps in common vocabulary.
Meaning料理Material, charge, fee

Kun yomi
On yomiりょう
り ょうり

ざ いりょ うSampleuses

料理

材 料 (ingredients)

り ょうき んき ゅうり ょう

Meaning

Justice, reason, logic

料 金 (a fare)

Kun yomi ことわり
On yomiり
り ょうり

Sampleuses

り料理

Meaning

そ う り だ いじ ん

総理大臣

港

り ゆう

理由 (a reason)

Food, meal

Kun yomi めし
On yomiSampleuses

Meaningか

理科 (science)(prime minister)飯

給 料 (salary)

The ご can be written as
御, but こ is preferred

はん
めし

あさ

飯

朝ご飯

あ さめし まえ

朝飯前ひる

(very easy)

はん

はん

昼ご飯

すい はんきばん

炊飯器 (rice cooker)

晩ご飯

はん

Port

Kun yomi みなと
On yomiこうSample
uses

み なと

く うこう

港

空港

Literally a “sky port”

Meaning

運

Progress, luck, carry

Kun yomi はこ（ぶ）On yomiうん
う んてん

Sample
uses

はこ

運転

運ぶ

う んどう

うん

運動

運がいい (lucky)

こ うどう

行動
Meaning動
彼風牛Movement

Kun yomi うご（く）・うご（かす）On yomi

どう
うご

う んどう

Sample
uses

動く

運動

うご

ど うぶつ

動かす

動物

MeaningHe, boyfriend

Kun yomi かれ・かのOn yomi

ひ
かれ

か のじょ

Sample
uses

彼

彼女

か れし

かれ

彼氏

彼ら

MeaningWind

Kun yomi かぜ
On yomiふうかぜ

た いふ うSampleuses

風

台風 (typhoon)

MeaningCow

か みか ぜ神風かぜ

風邪 (illness)

Kun yomi うし
On yomiぎゅう
ぎ ゅうに くSample
uses

うし

牛肉

牛

ぎ ゅうど ん

牛丼

当
死
開
閉
全

Meaning

Appropriate, hit

Kun yomi あ（たる）・あ（てる）・まさOn yomiとう

Sample
uses

ほ んとう

あ

本当

当たり前 (obvious)

MeaningDeath

まえ

Kun yomi し（ぬ）
On yomiしSample
uses

し

し たい

死ぬ

死体 (corpse)

MeaningOpen

Kun yomi あ（ける）・あ（く）・ひら（く）On yomiかいあひらSample
uses

開ける

開く

あ

かい し

開く

開始する (to begin)

Meaning

Close

Kun yomi し（める）・し（まる）・と（じる）On yomi

へい
し

へ いてん

Sampleuses

閉める

閉店する (close shop)

しじ へ いし ょう

閉まる

自閉 症 (autism)

MeaningAll

Kun yomi まった（く）・すべ（て）On yomi

ぜん
ぜ んぶ

ぜ んぜん

Sample
uses

全部

全然

あ んぜん

すべ

安全

全て

駅
始
終
才
The “correct” kanji for“years old” is 歳, but 才
is often used instead.

MeaningFirst

Kun yomi
On yomiえき

Sample
uses

はじ

さ いしょ

初めて

最初
初 is used for はじめ
る meaning “(for the)MeaningStart

Kun yomi

はじ（める）・はじ（まる）On yomiしfirst time”, 始 is used
for “to begin”

はじし ゅう しSampleuses始める

終 始 (start to end)

はじし じ ゅう始まる

始 終 (continuously)

MeaningEnd

Kun yomi

お（わる）・お（える）

On yomiじゅう
おSampleuses

終わる

さ いしゅ うお

最終

Meaning

Aptitude, age

終える

Kun yomi
On yomiさい
さ いのうSampleuses

じ ゅうご さい才能 (talent for)

十五才

て んさい

天才 (genius)

CHAPTER 6 WORKBOOK ・ ワ ー ク ブ ッ ク 6
Exercise 6.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 料
料
Stroke order

2. 理
理Stroke order

3. 飯
飯Stroke order

4. 港
港
Stroke order

5. 運
運Stroke order

6. 動
動Stroke order7. 彼
彼
Stroke order

8. 風
風Stroke order

9. 牛
牛Stroke order

10. 当
当
Stroke order

11. 死
死
Stroke order

12. 開
開Stroke order13. 閉
閉
Stroke order

14. 全
全Stroke order

15. 駅
駅
Stroke order

16. 始
始Stroke order

17. 終
終Stroke order

18. 才
才
Stroke order

Exercise 6.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. りょうりをすればするほどじょうずになるよ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. あさごはんがもっとはやくおわればよかった。テストがはじまるまえにつくかな。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. カフェがしまっているがもうごぜんろくじだ。あくまでまとうか？かぜもないし。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
4. わたしはちょっとよわくて、スポーツがへたですが、べんぎょうがじょうずです。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. かれはさんじゅうさいになってからうんどうがだいすきになりました。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. ぎゅうにくをたべながらビールをのむのがほんとうにすばらしいことだ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
7. しごとがぜんぶおわったら、くうこうにいく。おくれないからあんしんしてね。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________

Exercise 6.3
Match each sentence in each group with the best translation from the options provided.
1. あなただけがいい。

A. All I need is just you.

2. あなただけだ。

B. You’re the only good one.

3. あなただけでいい。

C. It’s just you.

1. ひとつしか買えない。

A. I can only afford one. This is sad.

2. ひとつだけ買える。

B. Only one can buy.

3. ひとつだけ買えない。

C. I can only buy one. Just a fact.

4. ひとつだけで買える。

D. You can buy it with just one.

5. ひとりだけが買える。

E. There’s only one I can’t buy.

1. 行きながらコーヒーを飲む。

A. I will drink coffee after I go.

2. 行くついでにコーヒーを飲む。

B. I will drink coffee before I go.

3. 行ってからコーヒーを飲む。

C. On the way, I’ll stop for coffee.

4. 行く前にコーヒーを飲む。

D. I’ll drink coffee as I go.

5. 行っている間にコーヒーを飲む。

E. I’ll drink coffee while he’s going.

Exercise 6.4
Find the error(s) in each sentence, fix and explain it/them, and then translate the sentence.
1. うんてんするついでにビールを飲んではいけません。飲めば家で飲んでください。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________
2. 知っている人が一人だけいかなかったので、行かないければよかったかな。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________
3. 仕事をはやくおわれられれば、パーティーに行くつもりだ。着きながら電話する。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________

Exercise 6.5
Change the various words in the chart into their ~ば forms.
Word~ば Form

Word

せんせい

きれい

だいがく

とくべつ

あつい

かわいい

けぶかい

あぶない

かたい

こい

する

くる

たべる

あたためる

あきる

なでる

すう

たつ

帰る

しまる

あそぶ

のむ

しぬ

いく

きく

およぐ

はなす

わかる

いる
(to be)いる(to need)

いいない~ば Form

Exercise 6.6
Match each first half of a sentence in each group with the most logical second half.
1.

おいしければ…

A. 私が買うよ。

2.

熱れば…

B. 全部食べてもいいよ。

3.

高ければ…

C. すぐ飲まなくてもいいよ。

1.

おいしければおいしいほど

A. おいしいと思う。

2.

温めれば温めるほど

B. たいてい人気がある。

3.

とおければとおいほど

C. 上手になる。

4.

勉強すればするほど

D. 食べたくなるね。

5.

きれいであればあるほど

E. りょこうするのが高くて大変だ。

1.

明日は早く起きなければならないので A. きのう、お酒を飲まなければよかった。

2.

やせすぎた！

B. ちゃんと勉強すればよかった。

3.

何もおぼえていない。

C. 夜までゲームしなければよかった。

4.

え？八時までつづくの？

D. 始まる前にトイレに行けばよかった。

5.

頭がとてもいたい。

E. もっと食べればよかった。

Exercise 6.7
Using the ~れば form, create a sentence which begins with each prompt but continues it on
to make a logical sentence. Be sure to review the rules across pages 107-111.
1. “If I was pretty…”
私が__________________________________________________________
2. “If the coffee is too hot…”
コーヒーが______________________________________________________
3. “If you don’t tell the teacher…”
先生に_________________________________________________________
4. “If you can’t eat meat…”
肉が___________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY ・ 解 答 集 6
Exercise 6.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 料
料
Stroke order

2. 理
理Stroke order

3. 飯
飯Stroke order

4. 港
港
Stroke order

5. 運
運Stroke order

6. 動
動Stroke order

Check to make sure you filled in
the kanji carefully, following
stroke order and retaining ageneral size balance across eachof the 10 free-hand attempts.

7. 彼
彼
Stroke order

8. 風
風Stroke order

9. 牛
牛Stroke order

10. 当
当
Stroke order

11. 死
死
Stroke order

12. 開
開Stroke order13. 閉
閉
Stroke order

14. 全
全Stroke order

15. 駅
駅
Stroke order

16. 始
始Stroke order

17. 終
終Stroke order

18. 才
才
Stroke order

Exercise 6.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. りょうりをすればするほどじょうずになるよ。

料理をすればするほど上手になるよ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________The more you cook the better you’ll get at it.
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. あさごはんがもっとはやくおわればよかった。テストがはじまるまえにつくかな。

朝ご飯がもっと早く終われればよかった。テストが始まる前に着くかな。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
It would have been good if breakfast finished earlier. I

Translate: ________________________________________________

wonder if I’ll arrive before the test starts.

3. カフェがしまっているがもうごぜんろくじだ。あくまでまとうか？かぜもないし。

カフェが閉まっているけどもう午前六時だ。開くまで待とうか？風もないし。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
The cafe’s shut but it’s already 6AM. Shall we wait until it opens?
Translate: ________________________________________________
There’s no wind or anything.
4. わたしはちょっとよわくて、スポーツがへたですが、べんぎょうがじょうずです。

私はちょっと弱くて、スポーツが下手ですが、勉強が上手です。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
I’m a little weak and bad at sports, but good at studying.
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. かれはさんじゅうさいになってからうんどうがだいすきになりました。

彼は三十才になってから運動が大好きになりました。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
After he became 30, he fell in love with exercising.
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. ぎゅうにくをたべながらビールをのむのがほんとうにすばらしいことだ。

牛肉を食べながらビールを飲むのが本当にすばらしいことだ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Drinking beer while eating beef is a truly wonderful thing.
Translate: ________________________________________________
7. しごとがぜんぶおわったら、くうこうにいく。おくれないからあんしんしてね。

仕事が全部終わったら空港に行く。おくれないから安心してね。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
I’ll go to the airport after work is all done.

Translate: ________________________________________________

I won’t be late, so relax/don’t worry.

Exercise 6.3
Match each sentence in each group with the best translation from the options provided.
1. あなただけがいい。

A. All I need is just you.

2. あなただけだ。

B. You’re the only good one.

3. あなただけでいい。

C. It’s just you.

1. ひとつしか買えない。

A. I can only afford one. This is sad.

2. ひとつだけ買える。

B. Only one can buy.

3. ひとつだけ買えない。

C. I can only buy one. Just a fact.

4. ひとつだけで買える。

D. You can buy it with just one.

5. ひとりだけが買える。

E. There’s only one I can’t buy.

1. 行きながらコーヒーを飲む。

A. I will drink coffee after I go.

2. 行くついでにコーヒーを飲む。

B. I will drink coffee before I go.

3. 行ってからコーヒーを飲む。

C. On the way, I’ll stop for coffee.

4. 行く前にコーヒーを飲む。

D. I’ll drink coffee as I go.

5. 行っている間にコーヒーを飲む。

E. I’ll drink coffee while he’s going.

Exercise 6.4
Find the error(s) in each sentence, fix and explain it/them, and then translate the sentence.

しながら
1. うんてんするついでにビールを飲んではいけません。飲めば家で飲んでください。

ついでに should be しながら
Error(s):________________________________________________You shouldn’t drink and drive. If you drink, do it at home.

Translation: _____________________________________________

しか2. 知っている人が一人だけいかなかったので、行かないければよかったかな。
だけ should be しか. As it stands, it means “only one person I know wasn’t there”.

Error(s):________________________________________________

I only knew one person there. I wonder if it would be better to have not gone.

Translation: _____________________________________________

おえられれば着くまえに

3. 仕事をはやくおわれられれば、パーティーに行くつもりだ。着きながら電話する。
をおわる + potential (~られ)doesn’t work. It should be transative おえる + られ (おえられれば),or go full intransitive, as in 仕事がはやくおわれれば. 着きながら should be 着く前に or 行きながら, etc.
Error(s):________________________________________________

I can finish work early, I plan to go to the party.
Translation:If_____________________________________________
I’ll call you before I arrive.

Exercise 6.5
Change the various words in the chart into their ~ば forms.
Word~ば Form

Word~ば Form

せんせい

せんせんであればきれい

きれいであればだいがく

だいがくであればとくべつとくべつであれば

あつい

あつければ

かわいい

かわいければ

けぶかい

けぶかければ

あぶない

あぶなければ

かたい

かたければ

こい

こければ

する

すれば

くる

くれば

たべる

たべれば

あたためる

あたためれば

あきる

あきれば

なでる

なでれば

すう

すえば

たつ

たてば

帰る

かえれば

しまる

しまれば

あそぶ

あそべば

のむ

のめば

しぬ

しねば

いく

いけば

きく

きけば

およぐ

およげば

はなす

はなせば

わかる

わかれば

いる
(to be)いればいる(to need)

いれば

いい

よければ

ない

なければ

Exercise 6.6
Match each first half of a sentence in each group with the most logical second half.
1.

おいしければ…

A. 私が買うよ。

2.

熱ければ…

B. 全部食べてもいいよ。

3.

高ければ…

C. すぐ飲まなくてもいいよ。

1.

おいしければおいしいほど

A. おいしいと思う。

2.

温めれば温めるほど

B. たいてい人気がある。

3.

とおければとおいほど

C. 上手になる。

4.

勉強すればするほど

D. 食べたくなるね。

5.

きれいであればあるほど

E. りょこうするのが高くて大変だ。

1.

明日は早く起きなければならないので A. きのう、お酒を飲まなければよかった。

2.

やせすぎた！

B. ちゃんと勉強すればよかった。

3.

何もおぼえていない。

C. 夜までゲームしなければよかった。

4.

え？八時までつづくの？

D. 始まる前にトイレに行けばよかった。

5.

頭がとてもいたい。

E. もっと食べればよかった。

Exercise 6.7
Using the ~れば form, create a sentence which begins with each prompt but continues it on
to make a logical sentence. Be sure to review the rules across pages 107-111.
1. “If I was pretty…”

These are just examples, be sure tocheck your own for grammar errors etc.

きれいであればつきあってくれる？

私が__________________________________________________________
2. “If the coffee is too hot…”

熱すぎればれいぞうこに少し入れられるよ。

コーヒーが______________________________________________________
3. “If you don’t tell the teacher…”

言わなければ、いじめがつづくと思う。
先生に_________________________________________________________
4. “If you can’t eat meat…”
食べられなければ自分の食べ物をじゅんびしておいたほうがいいかもしれません。
肉が___________________________________________________________

CHAPTER SEVEN・ 第 七 章
VOCABULARY・ ご いう Verbs

Nouns
いと

そそ

注ぐ

to pourwill, intent

そる

to shave

可能性

possibility

たのむ

to request, ask for

きゅうりょうsalaryとかす

to comb

きょ かpermission

ねむる

to sleep

construction

間に合うthread

糸いと意図
か のうせい

許可
こうじ

工事
こうじょう

工場
げんだい

現代
じ しん

factory

ま

あ

もち

用いる

to be on time, meet adeadline, not missto usethese days, modern
confidence

る Verbs

earthquake

にげる

to run away

自身

the self, oneself[~に]のりおくれる

to miss getting on aform of transport

すいせんじょう

letter ofrecommendation

自信
じ しん

地震
じ しん

ち

ず

もち

用いる

to use, make use of

地図

map

でんとう

tradition

な Adjectives

ぶんしょう

sentence (writing)

意図的intentional

ほうほう

methodけちstingy, cheap

じょうひん

上品

elegant

goal, aim

ふしぎmysterious, strange

complaint

ふてきせつ

inappropriate

用事

errand, taskてきせつ

appropriate

りょうdormitory

方法
ね

ぶ そく

寝不足
もくてき

目的
もんく

文句
よう じ

not enough sleep

い

と てき

Compound Verbs
ねぼうする

to oversleep

soon

しょうしんする

to be promoted

mainlyりこんする

to divorce

Adverbs
まもなく
おも

主に

GRAMMAR・ 文 法
Grammar Point 7.1: Expressing “even if” via ~てもIn Chapter 1, we learned how to say “is it okay to [verb]” via attaching ~もいい to a word’sて form. In this chapter, we’ll do something similar: by changing a word to its ~ても form
and then adding something other than いい, you express “even if [someone] [is/does] X…”:
まもなく閉まるので、今すぐ行っても間にあわないと思う。
[It shuts soon, so even if you go right away, I don’t think you’ll make it.]
雨がふってもえいがを見に行こうよ。
[Even if it rains, let’s go see a movie.]~てもいい is therefore
literally “even if[verb], is it okay?”

こんかい、かれにたのまなくてもできるかな。
[This time, I wonder if we can do it even if we don’t ask him for help.]
毎日勉強すれうばあなたでも日本が上手になれるよ。
[If you study daily, even you can become good at Japanese.][noun]であってもis also common.

カレーがとてもからくても私はおなかがいたくなりません！
[Even if the curry is super spicy, my stomach won’t hurt!]
If you put a question word before a ~ても verb and then end the sentence in the negative,
you can express “no matter if [verb]”. This is often used with [何 + counter] combinations:
何かいあやまってもゆるさないよ。
[No matter how many times you apologize, I won’t forgive you.]
ピザを何まい食べてもあきません。
No matter how many pizzas I eat, I don’t get tired of them.
何をやってもむりだ。
[No matter what you do it’s futile.]
どこへ行こうとしても、人が多かった。
[No matter where we tried to go to, there were a lot of people.]Grammar Point 7.2: Conveying difficulty via なかなか~ないIn a positive sentence, なかなか emphasizes the adjective or verb that comes after.
Sometimes なかなか conveys slight surprise here, so careful using it as a pure compliment.
あなたはなかなかいい物を作ったね。
[You made something really good, eh!]
なかなかおいしかったです。
[It was quite tasty.]
かのじょはなかなかできました。
[She did quite the good job.]
なかなかむずかしかったよね。
[Pretty hard, wasn’t it?]
The word なかかな can also connect to nouns and noun phrases via の. In this case, rather
than emphasizing the noun なかなか creates the meaning of “(pretty) good [noun]”.
それはなかなかのかんがえだ。
[That’s one heck of an idea!]
なかなかの腕がありますね。
[You are quite skilled.]

In Japanese, 腕(arm) is often used
as a synonym for“skill” or “ability”.

In contrast, when placed before a negative verb, なかなか stresses that the verb is difficult
or taking a long time, often despite the speaker’s effort.
Remember: Japaneseoften uses intransitive
このドアがなかなか開かない。
verbs where English
would
prefer transitive[This door just won’t open/I am having trouble opening this door.]
ones or potential(“can”) verbs.

もう何分待った？ バスがなかなか来ないね。
[How long have we waited already? The bus just isn’t coming, is it?]
何回勉強してもなかなか分かりません。
[No matter how many times I study it, I’m just not getting it.]

Importantly though, in the negative past tense なかなか can mean that something wasvery difficult, annoying, or frustrating but nevertheless still accomplished to some extent.
きのうはなかなかねむれませんでした。
[Yesterday, I wasn’t able to sleep very much (but I did finally sleep.)]
さとうさんがずっと話したので、かいぎがなかなかおわらなかった。
[Because Satou spoke continuously, the meeting took forever to end (but it did).]
なかなか帰ってくれなかった。午前一時までいたよ。
[He just would not go home (but he did eventually)! He was there until 1 AM!]
Grammar Point 7.3: Emphasis via こんなに・そんなに・あんなに・どんなにThe phrases こんなに, そんなに, and あんなに are used to show that something [isadjective] or [does verb] to a given extent. The “extent” is set through context, and thecontext is pointed at via the same こ・そ・あ difference in words like これ・それ・あれ.
Let’s look at these froms in action by starting with adjectives. When こ・そ・あんなに areplaced in front of an adjective, they indicate “as [adjective] as [this/that near you/that overthere]”. For instance, when talking about the extent of [adjective] of something near you,
you would use こんなに:コーヒーがこんなにあつくなると、だれも飲めない。
[If coffee gets as hot as this (coffee near me’s temperature), no one can drink it.]
こんなにいそがしくなることは今まであまりなかった。
[Becoming this busy (this being a state of being which is metaphorically nearme) is something I haven’t experienced much before today.]
The そんなに version is then used to refer to a state of something near the person being
spoken to, or the quality of actions that are done by them.
そんなにきたないふくを着るつもりですか。
[You’re going to wear clothing as dirty as those (near you/that you have on)?]
いいえ、いいえ、私はそんなに上手じゃないよ。
[No, no, I’m not that (which is as good as you said) good.]

While the speaker isskilled, the commentcomes from the otherperson, so it is“located” with them.

Finally, あんに points to a context that is not near either person in the conversation.
We know that the person who
left late is not involved in the[If they left that late, I don’t think they’ll make it in time.] conversation due to あんな

あんなにおそく出かけたら間にあわないと思う。

かれはあんなにしつれいなことを本当にかのじょに言ったんですか。
[Did he really say things as rude as that to her?]
When used with verbs, these three forms indicate that something [verbs] to a given extent.
今日までこんなに走ったことがなかった。
[I’ve never run this (amount of running, located in my behavior) much before.]
そんなにがんばったら仕事がまもなくおわるよ。
[If you’re working like that (a behavior located with you), you’ll be done very soon.]
かのじょがあんなに寝ているのにいつも「ねむい、ねむい」と言っています。
[Despite sleeping that much, she’s always saying “I’m sleepy, I’m sleepy”.]
The あんなに version can also be used in reference to your own experiences in the past, inwhich case it has a reflexive or nostalgic implication , as that past is “over there”.
大学で漢字をあんなにれんしゅうしたのに、今なかなかおぼえられない。
[Despite all the kanji practice I did in uni, I can’t really remember them at all now.]
あんなに大変でしたね。わすれました。
[I suppose it was that hard. I’d forgotten.]
The question form どんなに is then often used with the ~ても form we learned in the priorsection to indicate “no matter how much”. This pattern can be used with any word type.
All ~んなに forms can be used
どんなに寒い天気であっても、私はアイスを食べたいです。 with nouns, when the nouns
are modified by an adjective[No matter how cold the weather is, I want to eat ice cream.]and followed by である.

どんなにがんばってもかてないよ。
[No matter how hard you try, you can’t win/beat me.]Grammar Point 7.4: Blame and credit with せいで and おかげで
The terms せいで and おかげで are respectively used to show blame and give credit. While
opposing in meaning, both terms operate under the same grammatical patterns.
When discussing a noun or な adjective in the positive present tense, せいで and おかげ
で attach via ~の and ~な.
かれのせいでおくれました。
[It’s his fault I was late.]
あたなのおかげで最後までできました。
[Because of you(r help), I was able to do everything all the way to the end.]
しごとがたいへんなせいでだれもはたらきたくない。
[Because the job is awful, no one wants to work.]
さき

先飲んだコーヒーのおかげでエネルギーがいっぱいある。
[I owe all this energy to the coffee I just drank.]
The words attach to directly to any other words in any other tenses.
天気が暑かったせいで外でなかなかうんどうできなかった。
[Due to the heat, I couldn’t really exercise outside.]
シャワーをあまりあびないせいでいつもくさいです。
[Because they don’t shower much, they’re always stinky.]
あなたがいっしょだったおかげでとても楽しいたびだった。
[Thanks to you being with me, it was a super fun trip.]
私に行き方を教えてくれたおかげですぐ見つけられました。
[As a result of you showing me how to go, I was able to find it immediately.]
かれに手つだってもらったおかげで、一日で終えられた。
[All due to receiving his help, I was able to finish in a day.]In a neutral situation, you can use せいで but not おかげで. In other words, せいで works
with anything from a “bad” cause to an “okay” cause, whereas おかけで is always positive.
However, don’t forget that ~から and ~ので are “safer”, having no extra implications.
食べすぎたせいで、ちょっとねむくなりました。
[Because I ate too much, I’m a little sleepy now.]
きのう朝から夜まであそんだせいで午後二時まで寝た。

Being sleepy or sleeping till 2
PM aren’t positive things, butthey aren’t exactly horrible
either (assuming you didn’t
oversleep I suppose!)[Because I played from morning to evening yesterday, I slept till 2 PM.]You can also use [noun]を[person]のせいにする to mean “call [X] [person’s] fault”.
あなたのミスを私のせいにしないでください。
[Don’t blame your mistakes on me.]
田中さんはクラスにおくれたことを山田さんのせいにしようとした。
[Tanaka attempted to place the blame for being late to class on Yamada.]
Grammar Point 7.5: Saying “without [verbing]” via ~ないで and ~ずにIn the last textbook, we covered the ~ないでください form used to mean “please don’t”.
Using the same plain negative ~ないで ending followed by another verb phrase, we canalso create forms meaning “without [verb]ing”, as in these examples:
テストのために朝まで一時間も休まないで勉強した。
[For the test, (someone) studied until morning without relaxing for even an hour.]
ばんごはんを食べないで寝るのがあまりけんこうなことではない。
[Going to bed without eating dinner isn’t a very healthy thing to do.]
うごかないで待ってください。
[Please wait without moving.]
一かいもすわらないではたらいていたせいでつかれた。
[I’m tired because I worked without even sitting once.]In more formal contexts, the ~ずに ending can replace ~ないで. The literal meaning is thesame, as the ~ず ending of a verb is just an older negative ending which is mostly obsolete(it was replaced by ~ない) but remains fossilized in a few grammar forms and phrases. But
as ~ずにis associated with formalish writing, it is uncommon in speech. The way we createthe ~ず ending depends on the verb we use. As always, irregular verbs follow no pattern,
and must be memorized.

Plain

Plain Neg.

~ず Neg.

する

しない

せず

来ずに isくる

くる

こず

rarely seen.

こ

今アパートをそうじせずにいられない。
[I can’t exist now without cleaning the apartment/I must clean the apartment now.]
べんきょうせずにごうかくした。
[I passed without studying.]

This ~ずにいられない form is acommon set pattern that showsthat you can’t not [verb].

For る verbs, just replace the final ~る with ~ずに instead of ~ないで.
食べずに待ってくれたのですか。
[You waited for me without eating/without starting to eat?]

All of the sentenceson this page could(ormaybe should)
ねぼうしたが、バスにのりおくれずにアルバイトまで行けた。
use the ~ないで
[I overslept, but I made it to work without missing the bus.]
form instead. A few
rare uses of ~ずに
For う verbs, replace the final ~ない in their plain negative form with ~ずに. are fine in speech,
but if you use it all
the time you will
何も言わずに帰った。
sound quite odd orold-fashioned.

[They went home without saying anything.]

子どもを起こさずにしずかにオフィスでゲームをした。
[Without waking my kids, I played games in my office quietly.]
わらわずにいられなかった。
[I couldn’t stop myself from laughing/Literally: I couldn’t exist without laughing.]

Finally, you can attach ~すむ to the ~ないで or ~ずに forms of verbs to show that someone
is able to (or manages to) get by without [verb]ing. This form has a sense of finality that
isn’t present in ~ないで on its own, as it indicates that something will end (or did end)
without [verb] being done. This form is generally used in a positive sense.
友だちがかしてくれるなら、買わないですむ。
[If a friend lends me it, I’ll get out of buying it.]
家にある物でばんごはんを作れたからざいりょうを買いに行かないですんだ。
[I was able to cook with stuff in the house, so I avoided going to buy ingredients.]
今日のクラスにきょうかしょがいらなかった。もっとはやく知ったらりょうまで取りに帰らずにすんだのに。。。
[Today, we didn’t need the textbook in class. If I had known that earlier, I would
have been able to avoid going all the way home to my dorm to get it.]
あなたのおかげで最後まできんしょうしないですんだ。
[Thanks to you, I was able to make it to the end without getting nervous.]
Grammar Point 7.6: The suffix ~的The kanji 的, read as てき, is used to change nouns into な adjectives. In English we use
multiple suffixes for this purpose, so what 的 translates as will depend on where you use it,
but the suffixes -ism, -ical, and -ic are similar. This week’s vocab list contains a few words
that always use 的, but let’s look at some common words (some we haven’t formally
introduced) with and without 的 to see how it works.

げ ん だいげ ん だ いて き

現代には、インターネットがひつようです。
[In our modern age, the internet is a requirement.]

現代

現代的

modern(noun)

modern(adjective)

これはとても現代的なほうほうです。

せい じ

せいじてき

政治にきょうみがあまりない。

政治

政治的

[I have little interest in politics.]

politics(noun)

political(adjective)

それは政治的なかんがえ方ですね。

[This is a very modern method.][That’s a political way of thinking for sure.]

きせ き

きせきてき

奇跡じゃないかもしれませんが…

奇跡

奇跡的

[It may not be a miracle...]miracle(noun)

miraculous(adjective)…奇跡的なことだと思います。

けいざい

けいざいてき経済

経済的economy/economics(noun)

economic(adjective)

こじ ん

こじんてき

社会は個人でできています。

個人

個人的

[Society is made up of individuals.]

individual(noun)

individual(adjective)

個人的な話なのでどこかへ行ってくれない。

[…but I think it is a miraculous thing.]

日本の経済は最近ちょっと弱くなった。
[Japan’s economy has become a bit weak lately.]
そのせいで経済的なダメージをうけた。
[We took economic damage because of that.][This is a personal chat so won’t you please go elsewhere?]

Since 的 creates な adjectives, you can attach に after 的 to turn nouns into adverbs.
個人的に問だいがない。でも、ちょっとげき的にやっていると思う。
[Personally, I have no problem. But I think you’re doing things a bit dramatically.]
意図が大事ですよ。意図です。意図的にがんばってください。
[Intent is what it important. Intent. Move forward intently/with intent.]
ばんごはんをもっとけんこう的に作りましょう。
[Let’s make dinner in a more healthy way.]
自動ドアだよ。だから自動的にあくんだ。
[It’s an automatic door, dude. That’s why it opens automatically.]
でんとうは大事だ。はい。でも、でんとう的にかんがえてはいけない時もある。
[Tradition is important. Yes. But there are times when we can’t think traditionally.]
Don’t attach 的 to everything! It only works with some words. But hopefully now you get asense of how to figure out what it means when you see it on a word you already know.

Grammar Point 7.7: A fistful of counters
In the last textbook, we introduced common counters used in Japanese. To review, there
are two key grammar patterns used to count in Japanese. The first is:[Noun phrase][Particle]#

Counter

Verb

にほんじん

が

三

にん

います

Note how the number
and counter don’t takethe particle. If you drop
the thing you’re counting(what comes before を・が), don’t move theparticle to after thecounter. Drop it too.

There are three (humans of) Japanese people.

This pattern creates a complete sentence, but only allows the particles を and が. So while
you can use it to say something like “there are three people” or “I drank two coffees”, you
can’t use it for sentences like “I went to two stores” or “I drank at five cafes”. To makesentences like this, we have to create a noun phrase using the second pattern:#

Counterの[Noun phrase]

Rest of the sentence

二

つ

の

きっさてん

に行きましたwent toTwo (generic objects of) cafes

This chapter, we will learn four new counters. Our first is used for machines (including
vehicles, especially cars), legged furniture, and appliances (including phones!). The second
is used for counting buildings. Note a few irregular readings for the building counter.

#

Counter for Machines(だい・台)

Reading

Counter for Buildings(けん・軒)

Reading

1

一台

いちだい

一軒

いっけん

2

二台

にだい

二軒

にけん

3

三台

さんだい

三軒

さんけん

4

四台

よんだい

四軒

よんけん

5

五台

ごだい

五軒

ごけん

6

六台

ろくだい

六軒

ろっけん

7

七台

ななだい

七軒

ななけん

8

八台

はちだい

八軒

はっけん

9

九台

きゅうだい

九軒

きゅうけん

10 十台

じゅうだい

十軒

じゅっけん

?

なんだい

何軒

なんけん

何台

スマホを一台買う？
二台買う？

三軒 and 何軒 are sometimes respectively
pronounced as さんげん and なんげん.

新しい車を一台買いました。
[I bought one (machine of) new car.]
Remember,
we canattach 目 toa counter to
get “the Xth[noun]”

三軒目のたてものに入ってください。
[Please go into the third building.]
四軒の家を見に行ったが、キッチンにれいぞうこが二台あるのもあった。
[We went to look at four houses, and one that had two fridges in the kitchen!]

Our next two counters are used to count large animals. In the last textbook, we learned thecounter ~匹 (ひき) for counting small animals. The counter とう, written using the kanji
for “head” (頭), is used for larger animals – there’s no exact “size” line, but とう ispreferred over ひき when an animal is too big to carry and/or large enough to ride. The
counter わ, written using the kanji for “wing” (羽), is then for birds… but can also be used
for rabbits. Rabbits can, of course, still be counted with ひき.

#Counter for Big Animals(とう・頭)

Reading

Counter for Birds(わ・羽)Reading

1

一頭

いっとう

一羽

いちわ

2

二頭

にとう

二羽

にわ

3

三頭

さんとう

三羽

さんわ

4

四頭

よんとう

四羽

よんわ

5

五頭

ごとう

五羽

ごわ

6

六頭

ろくとう

六羽

ろくわ

7

七頭

ななとう

七羽

ななわ

8

八頭

はちとう

八羽

はちわ

9

九頭

きゅうとう

九羽

きゅうわ

10 十頭

じゅうとう

十羽

じゅうわ

?

なんとう

何羽

なんわ

何頭

あの三頭のうしの上にとりが六羽いる。
[There are six (wings of) birds on top of those three (heads of) cows over there.]
私たちは二頭のうまにのって、もりへ行った。鳥を三十羽ぐらい見た。
[We got on two horses, and went into the forest. We saw about 30 birds.]

CHAPTER 7 KANJI・ か ん じThis week, we will learn 18 simple, common kanji to balance out the tricky grammar!

的不可Meaning

TargetSee Grammar Point 7.6!

Kun yomi まと
On yomiてきSample
uses

まと

も くてき

的

目的

Meaning

Not, Un-

Kun yomi
On yomiふ・ぶ
ふ て きせ つふSample
uses

不適切

不可能

ね

ふ

MeaningCan, Possible, Shouldn’t

ぶ そく

寝不足

か のう

し

不思議

Kun yomi べきOn yomiぎか

かわいい and かわいそう
are both most commonly
written in hiragana only.

か の うせ い

か わ いそ う

Sample
uses

可能性

可哀想

Meaning

Sentence, style, literature

きょ か

か わい

許可

可愛い

Kun yomi ふみ文

On yomiSampleuses

ぶん・もの
ぶ んし ょう

ち ゅうも ん文章

注文

さ くぶ ん

もん く

作文

文句

ぶ んが くて んも んが く

文学

天文学 (astronomy)

ぶん か

も ん ぶ し ょう

文化

文部 省 (MEXT)MEXT is Japan’s Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

Meaning

法
品
海
重
工
工

Method, law

Kun yomi
On yomi

ほう
ほ うほう

ぶ んぽう

Sample
uses

方法

文法

ほ うりつ

ほ うこう

法律 (law)

方向 (direction)

Meaning

Product, goods

Kun yomi しな
On yomi

ひん
し なもの

し んぴん

Sampleuses

品物

新品 (new item)

さ くひん

じ ょうひ ん

作品

上品

Meaning

Ocean, sea

Kun yomi うみ
On yomiSampleuses
Meaningかいうみ

ほ っかい どう

海

北海道

か いがい

海外

か いすい

(overseas)

海水 (seawater)

Heavy

Kun yomi おも（い）On yomiじゅう

Sampleuses

おもた いじゅ う重い

体重Meaning

Construction, craft

Kun yomi
On yomiこう・くこ うじ

じ んこ うSampleuses

工事

人工 (man-made, artificial)

こ うじょ うこ うが く工場

工学 (engineering)Meaning

地
図
用
主
注

Ground, land

Kun yomi
On yomi

ち・じ
ち

ず

ち きゅう

Sampleuses

地図

地球 (the planet earth)

と

ち

じ しん

土地

地震

Meaning

Map

Kun yomi はか（る）On yomiず・とちず

Sampleuses

地図

いと し ょか ん

意図的Meaning

Errand, Use

と てき

図書館

Kun yomi もち（いる）
On yomiようもちSample
uses

用いる

よう と

よ うじ

用途 (a use)

Meaning

Main, master

用事

Kun yomi ぬし・おもOn yomiす・しゅう・しゅおも

し ゅじん さまSample
uses

主に

ご主人様

せ んぎ ょう し ゅ ふ

し ゅぎ

Meaning

Pour, concentrate

専 業 主婦 (housewife) 主義 (-ism)

Kun yomi そそ（ぐ）・つ（ぐ）On yomiSample
uses

ちゅう
そそ

ち ゅうし ゃ注ぐ

注 射 (a medical shot)

ち ゅうも んち ゅうい

注文注意 (caution)

代
世
台
公

MeaningAge, fee, generation

Kun yomi

か（わる）・か（える）・しろOn yomi

たい・だい
じ だい

げ んだ いSample
uses

時代

現代（的）

せ だい

げ んだ い世代 (generation)

現代（的）Meaning

Society, generation, world

Kun yomi

よOn yomi

せ・せい
せ かい

せい き

Sample
uses

世界

世紀

せ だい

せ

世代

お世話

Meaning

A stand, vehicle, machine

Kun yomi

われ・うてな・つかさ

On yomi

たい・だい

てき

てき

わ

た いふ うぶ たい

Sampleuses

台風

舞台 (stage)

Meaning

PublicKun yomi

おおやけ

On yomiこうSampleuses

だ いど ころだい台所

アイロン台 (ironing board)

こ うえ んこ うかい

公園

公開 (release publicaly)

こ うし きこ うがい

公式

公害 (public nuisance)
In contrast with 公, 私 is often
used to mean “private”,
as in 私立学校 (しりつがっこう) vs
公立学校 (こうりつがっこう)
for “private/public school”

CHAPTER 7 WORKBOOK ・ ワ ー ク ブ ッ ク 7
Exercise 7.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 的的
Stroke order

2. 不不Stroke order

3. 可可Stroke order

4. 文
文
Stroke order

5. 法
法
Stroke order

6. 品
品
Stroke order7. 海
海Stroke order

8. 重
重Stroke order

9. 工
工Stroke order

10. 地
地
Stroke order

11. 図
図Stroke order

12. 用
用
Stroke order13. 主主Stroke order

14. 注
注
Stroke order

15. 代
代
Stroke order

16. 世
世
Stroke order

17. 台
台Stroke order

18. 公
公
Stroke order

Exercise 7.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. どのちずをよんでも、こうえんがなかなかみつからない。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. らくなほうほうがなくても、ふかのうであっても、やってみたいとおもう。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. こんなにおもいぶんしょうをかいたことがいままでない。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
4. かれはじょうひんなくるまをなんだいもデザインしたよ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. うみにおそくついたせいで、ビーチのちかくにあるレストランがぜんぶしまっていてなにもちゅうもんすることができませんでした。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. このじだいにはいえをいっけんもかえないひとがおおくなっている。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
7. おもにカジュアルなイベントなのでスーツをきないですんだ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________

Exercise 7.3
Fill in each blank with the ~ても form from the word bank which makes the most sense.

のりおくれても
おえなくても1.

雨のせいで、時間が＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿行けない。

2. どんなに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿英語がなかなか覚えられない。
3. コーヒーのおかげでエネルギーが＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿仕事ができる。
4. わぁ、くすりを＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿かぜがなおりません。
5.

上手___________________________うたってもいいよ。カラオケだから。

6. このしょるいをはやく＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿一時間かかると思う。
きょうじゅう7.

今日中＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿少なくても半分ぐらいやってください。

8. どこに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿マナーが大事ですよ。
9. タクシーに_____________________間にあいません。
10. 電車に＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿タクシーが使えるからしんぱいしないで。
Exercise 7.4
Place せいで or おかげで in each blank, as appropriate.
1. あなたの＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿このプロジェクトがダメになった。
2. くらくなった＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、何も見せません。
3. お金をかしてくれた＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、ひどいところからにげられた。
4. 友だちと十時間あそんだ＿＿＿＿＿＿、朝になかなか起きられなかった。
5. いろいろな仕事をやってみた＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、今の仕事が一番好きだと分かる。
6. お酒の＿＿＿＿きのうはたのしかった。でも、お酒の＿＿＿＿＿＿今日は大変だ。

Exercise 7.5
Match each first half of a sentence with the second half that makes the most sense.
こんなにすてきなものをどこでかいましたか。

そんなにむずかしくなっても日本語が好きだ。

あんなに古いふくを着るつもりはないよ。

どんなにとおいところまで行きたくないです。

このなっとうが好きだ！なっとうが

こんなにおいしいと思わなかった！

え？まりさんが大学をやめたの？

そんなに高かったのですか。

なっとうがきらいだ。

あんなにがんばったのに。

あなたが買ったジャケットはどんなに食べても好きにならない。

こんなに食べたらおなかがいたくなりますよ。

そんなにあやまってもゆるしてあげません。

あんなに飲んだのによっていない。かれはすごい。

どんなにおいしい物を今まで食べたことがない。

手をあらわないで

海外りょこうをするのがあぶない。

かれは何も言わないで六時まではたらいた。

一回もすわらないで食べるのがダメです。

何もしらべないで帰った。

時間がなかったから走らずにやせた。

よく休んだので、ばんごはんを食べずに帰った。

ダイエットのおかげで日本語で話さずにいられない。

日本に行ったらくすりを飲まずにかぜがなおった。

Exercise 7.6
Change each verb into it’s ~ずに form, or vice-versa.
そうじする

うたう
行かずに

しめずに
とかさずに

なおる

Exercise 7.7
Using hiragana, write the correct number+counter for the items you see.

Exercise 7.8
Using a dictionary, look up 5 new words that use 的. In the blanks, try to use both theoriginal word and the 的 form in one sentence or sentence pair (see GP7.6 for examples).
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________

CHAPTER 7 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY ・ 解 答 集 7
Exercise 7.1
to makesure you filled inPractice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention toCheckthe strokeorder.
the kanji carefully, following
1. 的
stroke order and retaining ageneral size balance across eachof the 10 free-hand attempts.
的Stroke order

2. 不不Stroke order

3. 可可Stroke order

4. 文
文
Stroke order

5. 法
法
Stroke order

6. 品
品
Stroke order7. 海
海Stroke order

8. 重
重Stroke order

9. 工
工Stroke order

10. 地
地
Stroke order

11. 図
図Stroke order

12. 用
用
Stroke order13. 主主Stroke order

14. 注
注
Stroke order

15. 代
代
Stroke order

16. 世
世
Stroke order

17. 台
台Stroke order

18. 公
公
Stroke order

Exercise 7.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. どのちずをよんでも、こうえんがなかなかみつからない。

どの地図を読んでも、公えんなかなか見つからない。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
matter what map I read, I can’t find the park.
Translate:No________________________________________________
2. らくなほうほうがなくても、ふかのうであっても、やってみたいとおもう。
ふ か の う楽な方法がなうても、不可能 であっても、やってみたいと思う。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Even if there’s no easy way, even if it’s impossible, I want to try.
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. こんなにおもいぶんしょうをかいたことがいままでない。

こんなに重い文章を書いたことが今までない。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
have never, until now, written a sentence as heavy as this.
Translate:I________________________________________________
4. かれはじょうひんなくるまをなんだいもデザインしたよ。

彼は上品な車を何台もデザインしたよ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________He has designed a large number of elegant cars.
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. うみにおそくついたせいで、ビーチのちかくにあるレストランがぜんぶしまっていてなにもちゅうもんすることができませんでした。
海におそく着いたせいで、ビーチの近くにあるレストランが全部閉まっていて、
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
何も注文することができませんでした。
we arrived at the ocean late, the restaurants near the beachTranslate:Because________________________________________________
were all shut and we couldn’t order anything.
6. このじだいにはいえをいっけんもかえないひとがおおくなっている。

この時代には家を一けんも買えない人が多くなっている。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
the current era, more and more people can’t even buy one house.
Translate: In________________________________________________
7. おもにカジュアルなイベントなのでスーツをきないですんだ。

主にカジュアルなイベントなのでスーツを着ないですんだ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
mostly a casual event, so I got by without wearing a suit.
Translate:It’s________________________________________________

Exercise 7.3
Fill in each blank with the ~ても form from the word bank which makes the most sense.

のりおくれても
おえなくてもあっても
1. 雨のせいで、時間が＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿行けない。
Because of the rain, even if I have time I can’t go.

勉強しても
2. どんなに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿英語がなかなか覚えられない。
No matter how much I study, I just can’t memorize English.

なくても
3. コーヒーのおかげでエネルギーが＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿仕事ができる。
Thanks to coffee, even if I have no energy I can do my job.

飲んでも4. わぁ、くすりを＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿かぜがなおりません。

Ugh, even though I take medicine my cold doesn’t get better.

じゃなくても5. 上手____________________________うたってもいいよ。カラオケだから。
Even if you’re not good it’s okay to sing. It’s karaoke, after all.

書いても6. このしょるいをはやく＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿一時間かかると思う。
Even if you write these documents quickly, it will take an hour I think.
じゅう

おえなくても7. 今日 中 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿少なくても半分ぐらいやってください。
Even if you don’t finish today, at least do around half please.

行っても

8. どこに＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿マナーが大事ですよ。

No matter where you go, manners are important.

のっても
9. タクシーに_____________________間にあいません。
Even if we take a taxi, we won’t make it in time.

のりおくれても
10. 電車に＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿タクシーが使えるからしんぱいしないで。
Even if we miss the train, we can use a taxi so don’t worry.

Exercise 7.4
Place せいで or おかげで in each blank, as appropriate.

せいで
1. あなたの＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿このプロジェクトがダメになった。
It’s your fault this project went belly up.

I suppose this could be おかげ if

せいで
2. くらくなった＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、何も見せません。
the darkness prevented you from
Because it’s dark、 I can’t see a thing.

seeing something gross.

おかげで
3. お金をかしてくれた＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、ひどいところからにげられた。
Thanks to you lending me some cash, I was able to escape a horrible place.

せいで
4. 友だちと十時間あそんだ＿＿＿＿＿＿、朝になかなか起きられなかった。
Because I played with my friends for 10 hours, I had trouble getting up this morning.

おかげで
5. いろいろな仕事をやってみた＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、今の仕事が一番好きだと分かる。
Because I’ve tried a lot of jobs, I know my current job is the one I like the most.

おかげで

せいで

6. お酒の＿＿＿＿きのうはたのしかった。でも、お酒の＿＿＿＿＿＿今日は大変だ。
Thanks to booze, yesterday was fun. And it’s booze’s fault that today is rough.

I think the combinations below make the most sense acrossall four choices. Some prompts may match multiple
Exercise 7.5 answers, but would block other options if you do so. If you
Match each first foundhalf ofanothera sentence
combination
with the second
that works,
half that
sorry
makes
that theI didn’tmost sense.
catch it.

The first
sentence
makes sense if
you’re eating
the food now,
so konna, but
the second
you arecautioning
someone, so
the act ofeating is“near” them.
The third talks
about a drunk
third party, soaway from
both, and thenthe last has
the “no matter
how much”
meaning so
we use donna.

You will be
wearing theclothes, so they
are near you, but
you are asking
about the “nicething” so they arenear the person
you’re speaking to.
The place is thenfar away, while
only “how hard itgets” works with“to any extent”.

こんなにすてきなものをどこでかいましたか。

そんなにむずかしくなっても日本語が好きだ。

あんなに古いふくを着るつもりはないよ。

どんなにとおいところまで行きたくないです。

このなっとうが好きだ！なっとうが

こんなにおいしいと思わなかった！

え？まりさんが大学をやめたの？

そんなに高かったのですか。

なっとうがきらいだ。

あんなにがんばったのに。

あなたが買ったジャケットはどんなに食べても好きにならない。

こんなに食べたらおなかがいたくなりますよ。

そんなにあやまってもゆるしてあげません。

あんなに飲んだのによっていない。かれはすごい。

どんなにおいしい物を今まで食べたことがない。

手をあらわないで

海外りょこうをするのがあぶない。

かれは何も言わないで六時まではたらいた。

一回もすわらないで食べるのがダメです。

何もしらべないで帰った。

時間がなかったから走らずにやせた。

よく休んだので、ばんごはんを食べずに帰った。

ダイエットのおかげで日本語で話さずにいられない。

日本に行ったらくすりを飲まずにかぜがなおった。

You are enjoying
the natto, so it’snear you, but Mari
isn’t you or thelistener, so her
thing is far away.
In contrast, thelistener bought
the jacket (andprobably said theprice), so sonna,
while “no matter
how much I eat I
don’t like it”
matches “I hatenatto” only.

Don’t eat withoutwashing yourhands. He went
home without
saying anything. I
worked until 6
without sitting,and it’s dangerous
to travel abroad
without looking
anything up.

I had no time, so I
went home
without eating
dinner. I rested a
lot so I got better
without medicine.
I dieted so I lost
weight without
running. And if
you go to Japan,
you must speaksome Japanese.

Exercise 7.6
Change each verb into it’s ~ずに form, or vice-versa.
そうじする

そうじせずに

うたう

うたわずに

しめる

しめずに

行く

行かずに

とかす

とかさずに

なおる

なおらずに

Exercise 7.7
Using hiragana, write the correct number+counter for the items you see.

よんだい

さんけん

ごわ

さんびき

ろくとう

にほん

はっさつ

よんまい

いっとう

いっぴき or いちわ

にだい

じゅっぱい
These are just models, your answers should differ.

Don’t copy them, but do use them as inspiration
Exercise 7.8
though if you’re struggling with the basic concept.
Using a dictionary, look up 5 new words that use 的. In the blanks,
try touse theboth
I recommend
keeping
basicthesentences simple, but
don’t be shy using a dictionary to get the verbs/nouns
original word and the 的 form in one sentence or sentence pair (see GP7.6that
foryouexamples).
need.

しょうらい的な話をしょうらいになってからやろう。

1. _________________________________________________________
Let’s talk about future things once it becomes the future.

すべての社会には社会的な問題がある。
2. _________________________________________________________
Every society has it’s own social problems.

けんこうになりたいのでけんこう的な生かつをはじめようとしている。
3. _________________________________________________________
I want to get healthy so I’m starting a healthy life(style).

一時から四時までこの一時的なたいさくをやってみよう。
4. _________________________________________________________
Let’s try this temporary measure from 1 until 4.

げき的なげきだった。
5. ___________________________________________________
It was a dramatic play.

CHAPTER EIGHT・ 第 八 章
VOCABULARY・ ご いPhrases

Nouns

うけつけ

obvious,commonsense
reception

おれい

expression of thanks

う Verbs

おん社

your company (polite)

to occur, to happen

かいぎ

こまる

to be troubled [intra]

すすむ

to advance [intrans]

なくす

to lose (an item)

しゅっちょうwork meeting(a store’s) sign,
billboard
failurecompany president,
directorbusiness trip

起こる
おもいだす

まねく

to invite

しょくば

workplace

しょるい

documents

る Verbs

じむしつ

officeすすめる

to advance [trans]

しりょうmaterials, documents

よける

to dodge

せいこう

successふつう

normal, ordinary

Adverbs

ぶ

one's subordinates

具体的に

あたりまえ

かんばん
しっぱい
しゃちょう

社長

か

部下

くびにする

お

ぐ た いて き

to fire (from job)

to remember, recall

concretely, tangibly,in specific detailabsolutely

へい社

section head, section
ぜったいに
director
our company (humble) たしかに

りゅう学生

study abroad student

somehow

ぶちょう

部長

なんとなく

certainly

な adjectives

Compound verbs
えんりょする

to refrain from doing

いほう

illegal

かいこする

to fire (from job)

こうへい

fair

しじする

to order, instruct

せいじつ

honest, sincere

してきする

to point out

だいひょうてきrepresentative

しっぱいするto fail

びんぼう

poor (financially)

しょうたいする

to invite

ふこうへい

unfair

せいこうする

to succeed
to represent (e.g., anation or group)

むこう

invalid (pass, etc.)

ゆうこう

valid (pass, etc.)

だいひょうする

GRAMMAR・ 文 法
Grammar Point 8.0: A note about politenessIn this chapter, we are going to introduce the speech styles known as 尊敬語 (そんけいご)
and 謙譲語 (けんじょうご). These two words are often respectively translated as“honorific” and “humble” language. There is some truth to these labels. However, it isimportant to remember that the labels we give styles of speech are not absolute. Consider
vulgarity in English. Do some people use vulgarity to be vulgar? Certainly. Is the use ofvulgarity considered vulgar? Often, yes. But does “a desire to be vulgar” or “inherent
vulgarness” explain the totality of reasons why people swear? Of course not.
So yes, “honorific” language is often used to honor, and “humble” language is often used toexpress one’s lower status. But “honorific” language can also convey distance, coldness,threats, or insincere flattery. And there’s always a chance that what one person sees as“honorific” another sees as pretention designed to make the speaker, not the person they
are speaking to, look honorable. Sarcastic use of honorifics is also well studied andrecognized in basically every language that has them. “Humble” language can then also be
used sarcastically, perfunctorily, or to show off one’s mastery of the style (and therefore
with little actual humility). Too much “humble” language can also be viewed as servile orpassive aggressive, even if not the intent. And finally, a lot of people just use these terms
unthinkingly as part of their job, with no actual polite or humble intention, andunderstandings of what “honorific”/“humble” language look like change rapidly over time.
Throughout this chapter, I will the terms like “honorific”, “respect” and “humble” asthough they were not problematic for convenience’s sake. But please do not forget thatthese labels are just labels. Knowing 尊敬語 and 謙譲語 using them properly is important,and can really smooth relationships when used well. Even a little bit, especially as a non native speaker, goes a long way. But over-use can feel just as awkward or inappropriate as
excess casualness. In other words, an email with the right amount of 尊敬語 and 謙譲語
use feels impressive, official, and formal; an email with too much feels terrifying,
impersonal, and cold. A conversation with your friends at a bar filled with 尊敬語 and 謙譲
語 then just feels bizarre, and no one will leave thinking you were incredibly polite or
humble. Likewise, if you see a character in your favorite anime or manga who always uses
尊敬語, remember that there is no such thing as a speech style with one universal meaning.
The author may be intending to showcase the character as polite… but they could also wantthem to appear cold and hauty, or even contemptuous, bitingly sarcastic, or cruel.
In closing, I’d like to note that I have seen discourse online saying that 尊敬語 and 謙譲語
are “not necessary” or “a waste of time”. To this, I would heartily disagree. Proper use ofboth styles in the right contexts never fails to impress, and you must learn these if you everwish to work at a Japanese company. I’m sure most people who learn Japanese do so totalk with friends and engage with media, and therefore are most keen on the casual forms.
But every Japanese speech style opens more doors. You can’t whip out a メッチャやばいぞand get along in every situation, unfortunately; limiting yourself to casual forms will limit
the interactions you can do.

そんけいごGrammar Point 8.1: The “honorific” register 尊敬語
While all forms of keigo are often described as difficult, the fundamental concept is quite
simple: use one word/pattern instead of another. Our first grammar point is an overview of
how to use 尊敬語, or the “honorific” register, which replaces words to show respect.
尊敬語 are honorifics used to refer to actions made by people who are “above” you in social
status, and/or who you wish to show respect to. However, just like the words for family
members, you must always use 尊敬語 outwards. So while it’s fine to use 尊敬語 to talk to
your boss about their actions, or when talking about your boss’s actions respectfully tosomeone in your company, you should not use 尊敬語 to talk about your boss’s actions toan employee of a different company. In this case, your boss would be your in-group, andyou should be using 尊敬語 to refer to the actions of people in the other company instead.
In many cases, using 尊敬語 just involves changing the verb you use into another verb. For
instance, when speaking politely, the verbs いる (to be), 行く, and 来る all become いらっしゃる. This verb conjugates into polite form irregularly as いらっしゃいます.

Plain Form

尊敬語 (Plain)

尊敬語 (Polite)

いらっしゃるいらっしゃいますいる行く来る

When speaking in honorifics, you
should always end your sentences inpolite form. However, the plain formof 尊敬語 can appear within polite
sentences, as plain form is simply
necessary for some grammar points(see example 3 below).

Let’s look at some sentences showing this verb in action. Note how the translations showthat in many cases, without any surrounding context, the meaning can be ambiguous.
部長はいらっしゃいましたか。
[Has the head of department arrived/left?・Was the head of department there?]
私は五時に行くのですが、何時にいらっしゃいますか。
[I’m planning on going at 5, but when will you go・you come・you be there?]
社長はおくれていらっしゃるそうです。
[It seems as though the president of our company will come/be late.]
先生しかいらっしゃいませんでした。
[Only the teacher was there・Only the teacher went/came.]

Note how the ~いるin the ~ている form
conjugates into
~いらっしゃる.
This sentence would
be said to co-workers,
NOT customers or
people from adifferent company.

The verbs in this table are similarly replaced by other words in the same way:
Plain Form

Sonkeigo (Plain)

Sonkeigo (Polite)

なさる also

する

なさる

なさいます

replaces する for allcompound verbs.

食べる
めしあがる

めしあがります見る

ごらんになる

ごらんになります

言う

おっしゃる

いっしゃいますくれる

くださる

くださります寝る

お休みになる

おやすみになりますいる

いらっしゃるいらっしゃいます

しぬ

おなくなる

おなくなります着るおめしになる

おめしになります

すわる

おかけになる

おかけになります

知っている

ごぞんじだ

ごぞんじです

飲む

These three verbs
are う verbs, but
conjugate into
the polite form
irregulary.
This does noteffect their otherconjugations, likethe plain past or~て forms.

This is the only
form which
utilizes です.

To illustrate these differences, let’s contrast “normal” verbs against their honorific form s.
To explicitly
illustratehonorifics as
a grammar
point, I haveover-literallytranslated
the 尊敬語
throughout
this chapter.
Do not do
this if you
become atranslator.

今日は何をなさいますか。私は多分日本語を勉強します。
[What will you honorably do? I’ll probably do Japanese study.]
昨日めしあがったおすしはおいしかったですか。私もいつか食べてみたいです。
[Was the sushi you honorably ate yesterday good? I want to try it too sometime.]
ごぞんじですか。先生がそうおっしゃいましたとケビンさんは言いました。
[Do you honorably know? Kevin said that you (= the teacher) honorably said that.]
すいせんじょうを書いてくださって、本当にありがとうございました。
[Thank you for honorably doing me the favor of writing a recommendation letter.]
昨日はよくお休みになりましたか。私は雨のせいでなかなか寝られませんでした。
[Did you honorably sleep well yesterday? I couldn’t really sleep due to the rain.]
あ、私は知りません。先生はごぞんじですか。
[Oh, I don’t know. Do you honorably know, sensei?]For most verbs that are not listed on the prior tables, a simple conjugation pattern applies:
reduce the verb down to it’s stem, and then add お~ in front and ~になる after. Further
conjugation is added to ~になる.

読みます
add になる

書きます

帰ります

お読みになる

お書きになる

add になる

add になる

お帰りになる

Let’s compare some “normal” verbs vs. their 尊敬語 forms created with this pattern:
This pattern
can be used forwords on theprior page
( 食べになる,for instance),
but is notrecommend.
Some, such as
しぬ, would
sound ve ry odd.
People may
think you madean error.

私は本を書きました。

先生は本をお書きになりました。

[I wrote a book.][The teacher honorably wrote a book.]

これは私が書いた本です。

これは先生がお書きになった本です。

[This is the book I wrote.][This is the book the teacher honorably wrote.]

これをいつ使いますか。

これをいつお使いになりますか。

[When will you use this?][When will you honorably use this?]

For these kinds of verbs that don’t have a different 尊敬語 word, their honorific ~ている
form can be made through using the “normal” verb in its ~ている ending but conjugating
the final ~いる as ~いらっしゃる, changing the ~お[verb stem]になる form to ~になっている, or a combination of both.
Out of these three options, the ~になっている version is considered a little more formal
and/or polite than the ~ていらっしゃる form, and the combined ~になっていらっしゃる
form is significantly more polite than the rest (but can therefore often be “too much”).
まだ使っていらっしゃいますのでちょっと待ってください。
[They (who are above us in status) are still honorably using it so please wait a bit.]
先生は本をお書きになっているのですか。
[Teacher, are you honorably writing a book?]
社長が今レポートをお読みになっていらっしゃいます。

The combined form is actually believed
to be wrong by many people (it’s not)because it looks like “double keigo (seelater in this section)”. I the refore often
recommend not using it, as not only is
it often “too” formal, people might
think you’re making a mistake.

[The company president is currently honorably read-(honorably)-ing the report.

In contrast, for verbs that have their own 尊敬語 form, that special 尊敬語 form ispreferred over the ~ていらっしゃる form for “honorably [verb]ing”. However, both forms
are possible, and can be combined (with the same potential to be “too much” as before).
先生は何を勉強なさっていますか。

先生は何を勉強していらっしゃいますか。

[Teacher, what are you studying?][Same sentence but slightly less preferred.]

先生は何を勉強なさっていらっしゃいますか。
[Same sentence as above but potentially too polite, appearing like an error.]
めしあがっているので待ってください。
[Someone (above both of us in status) is currently honorably eating, so please wait.]
めしあがっていらっしゃるので待ってください。
[Same sentence as above but potentially too polite, appearing like an error.]
ごぞんじですか。あ、しつれいしました。ごぞんじでいらっしいますか。
[Do you know (polite)? Ah, sorry that was rude. Do you know (polite polite)?]I’m being a bit silly he re to stress the difference. Pretend
the speaker is talking to someone who gets really mad if
the y aren’t shown the absolute upmost linguistic respect.
ごぞんじです itself is not rude at all, and far morenormal/common than ごぞんじでいらっしゃる.

Another form of honorifics then involves distinct
conjugations of any “normal” verb. Let’s call thisthe 尊敬語 Pattern 2 for simplicity’s sake. As always, the conjugation depends on verb
types, and our two irregular verbs have patterns which have to be memorized:

Plain

尊敬語 Special Word

尊敬語 Pattern 2

する

なさる

される

くる

いらっしゃる

こられる

For all る verbs, just take the final ~る and replace it with ~られる. This looks the exact
same as the potential (“able to”) form we learned in Grammar Point 3.1.
尊敬語 1

尊敬語 2

めしあがる
食べる
られる
食べられる

お見つけになる
見つける
られる
見つけられる

おしめになる
しめる
られる
しめられる

おめしになる
着るられる
着られるThis also
looks justlike thepassive ,see GP9.1.

Finally, for う verbs, change their final sound to the ~あ sound with the same starting
consonant (just like you are about to negate them, including the ~あ to ~わ change), andthen add ~れる.
の

む
まれ

のまれ+る

あそ

はら

ぶ
ばれ

ま+れ

び

む

ぶ

め

あそばれ＋る

べ

も

われ

ば+れ

み

う
わ+れ
い

はらわれ＋るぼうえおThe 尊敬語 Pattern 2 turns all verbs into る verbs for further conjugation. The 尊敬語
Pattern 2 can be conjugated into the ~ている form, but should not be combined with 尊敬語 Pattern 1, as in 食べられていらっしゃる (食べられている is correct; see the firstexample below). The 尊敬語 Pattern 2 is also sometimes less preferred as (1) it is slightly
less polite than 尊敬語 Pattern 1, and (2) it can sometimes be confused with the Potential
Form (for る Verbs, see GP3.1) or the Passive Form (for all verbs, see GP9.1).
おもしろそうなほんですね。何を読まれているのですか。
[That’s a interesting looking book. What are you honorably reading?]
あれは田中部長が買われた新しいカバンじゃないですか。
[Isn’t that the bag that Department Head Tanaka honorably bought?]
明日は何をされますか。
[What will you honorably do tomorrow?]にじゅうけいごYou also must not use both 尊敬語 patterns within one verb. This is known as 二重敬語 or“double keigo” and is a common but very incorrect error both Japanese learners andnatives make.
今は何をお読みになられますか。
[What are you honorably reading?
By the way, I’m not good at keigo.]

The ve rb お読みになる is already polite, as it uses 尊敬語 Pattern 1.
Going furthe r and changing the なる into a “polite” form via 尊敬語
Pattern 2 is wrong. Do one keigo pattern once, and the n move on.
This is why the 読まれています form created by Pattern 2 shouldneve r be followed by Pattern 1 to create 読まれていらっしゃいます。

The only exception here is おなくなる, as this is actually a euphemistic replacement for
しぬ rather than 尊敬語, strictly speaking. So you can use おなくなりになる or おなくなれました to speak more politely, as odd as they may sound, but not both (as in おなくなりになれる, as that does combine the two patterns).

Finally, 尊敬語 Pattern 2 does not allow you to attach verbs other than ~ている to the end.
So do not use 尊敬語 Pattern 2 with verbs like ~くれる・くださる・ください. It would be
extremely inappropriate to say 買われてくれました for “bought for me” or 買われてくださ
い for “please buy”. To show thanks for an action, use [normal verb in て form]くださる.
See GP8.3!

Grammar Point 8.1.1: “Honorific” requests
Our final trick for using 尊敬語 is how to make super-polite requests. The ~てください
form you’ve learned earlier is, of course, far from impolite. And you can absolutely use itwith the 尊敬語 “replacement” verbs you learned earlier to make requests politer.
どうぞ、めし上がってください。
[Please, go ahead and honorably eat.]
お疲れになっていますか。ぜひ、ここでお休みになってください。
[Are you tired? By all means, please honorably rest here.]

ごらんください isalso used.

このしょるいをじゅんびしましたが、時間がある時にごらんになってください。
[I’ve prepared these documents, so please honorably look when you have time.]
For verbs which don’t have their own special尊敬語 version, we create polite requests witha simple pattern that works for all verbs besides compound verbs (verbs like 勉強する
which are made via adding +する to a noun). The pattern mirrors 尊敬語 Pattern 1: reducethe verb down to it’s stem, and then add お in front and ください after.

読みます

書きます

お読みくださいadd ください

お書きくださいadd ください

Let’s look at a few examples of this request form:
お気をつけてお帰りください。
[Please take care on your honorable way home!]
今日はお帰りになる前に小林さんとお話しください。

It is best not to use the ~お[ve rb stem] になるfrom Pattern 1 with ~ください. Forms like
お休みになってください are correct, but this isbecause the ir ~ になる comes from a special
尊敬語 form, not through 尊敬語 Pattern 1.
Pattern 2 should NEVER be used with ください.
これを書かれてください is 100% out.

[Before you go home today, please honorably speak with Kobayashi.]For compound verbs created via attaching +する to a noun, there are two 尊敬語 request
forms. In the first, you attach お~ to the front of the verb, change する to なさる, and thenconjugate into the ~てください form. This pattern is mostly used for native Japanese
nouns, but also is applied to some kango loans like そうじ as you can see here:
どうぞ、ゆっくりお買い物なさってください。
[By all means, please honorably do shopping at your own pace.]
じゃ、楽しくおそうじなさってください。
[Well then, do enjoy honorably doing your cleaning!]
In contrast, for most kango you instead must (you can’t choose) add ご in front and くださ
い after. We do not use なさる here. There are a small number of nouns which use thispattern with お though, with お電話ください being the most common by far.
いつか、ここまでいらっしゃったらごれんらくください。
[If you ever honorably make it to here, please honorably contact me.]
何かがあったらお電話ください。
[If anything comes up, please honorably call me.]
たいせつなしょるいをわたしましたのでごかくにんください。
[I’ve attached some important documents so please honorably confirm.]
Note that these forms are different from ~くださる, the 尊敬語 of the verb ~くれる. This
verb shows respect to the person giving you something or doing something for you. You
may attach ~くださる to a normal verb in the ~て form or via the [お+verb stem+ください] pattern, but adding it to something that’s already keigo is generally seen as too much.
教えてくださってありがとうございました。
[Thank you for honorably doing me the favor of teaching me.]
お教えくださってありがとうございました。
[Same as above, perhaps a bit more formal/stuffy.]

As always, our rules in Japaneseare consistent, but we can’t mix
the m up. Something like
お教えてくださってis wrong, as it doesn’t match
eithe r pattern. Instead, it
attempts to jam the m togethe r.

お教えになってくださってありがとうございました。[Way too much keigo.]けんじょうご

Grammar Point 8.2: The “humble” register 謙譲語
A key point about the “honorific” 尊敬語 forms we just learned is that you must use themto refer to the actions of other people. One common error many learners of Japanese – andindeed many Japanese people – make is using 尊敬語 to talk about themselves or their ingroup. Compare the two sentences below. The first is great ! The second is… not.
今日は何をお教えになりましたか。
[What did you honorably teach today?]
今日、私は日本語をお教えになりました。
[Today, I honorably taught Japanese. I’m amazing, and honoring myself.]
In contrast, when using honorifics to speak politely about your own actions or the actionsof your in-group, you need to switch to what are called the “humble” 謙譲語 forms. Just
like how you use 父 or つま to refer to your own family members but not someone else’s, 謙
譲語 should not be used to people above you in status.
Just like 尊敬語, some verbs change into new verbs when you are speaking humbly. Let’s
start with いただく. This verb, like いらっしゃる, stands in for many “normal” verbs.
Plain Form

謙譲語 (Plain)

謙譲語 (Polite)

いただく

いただきます食べる
飲むもらう

As with 尊敬語, you should generally
end your sentences in polite form
when speaking humbly. However,the plain form of 謙譲語 verbs canappear within polite sentences, as
plain form is simply necessary forsome grammar points.

There is one other key point about 謙譲語 which we should discuss before looking at someexamples. While you can almost always show respect to someone else’s actions, you should
only use humble speech when the act you do benefits, relates to, or was enabled by the
person you’re speaking to. Compare the two sentences below. The first is great, as thecoffee will be given to you. The second is not, as the act of you eating a sandwhich has no
relationship to your boss, nor are you showing respect and thanks to an outside group.
社長がいつもめし上がっているコーヒーはとてもおいしそうです。 The け is not a typo, it’s
the potential (“can”) form.
いつか少しいただけますか。
[President, the coffee you are always honorably drinking looks really delicious.
Could I humbly drink/receive some sometime?]
部長は今日何をめし上がりますか。私はサンドイッチをいただきます。
[What will you honorably eat today director? I’ll humbly eat a sandwich anduse kenjougo at a time when it is not necessary to.]食べます is correct here.

Here’s a list of other verbs which have a unique 謙譲語 form.

Using ~さしあげる
with て form verbs tomean “humbly do foryou” is actually often
seen as impolite as it
sounds arrogant or
self-praising. Just
saying “I will(humbly) verb” ispreferred instead.

Plain Form

謙譲語 (Plain)

謙譲語 (Polite)

する

いたす

いたします

まいる

まいります

おる

おります

もうす

もうします

もうし上げるもうし上げます会う

お目にかかる

お目にかかります見る

はいけんするはいけんします

借りる

はいしゃくする

はいしゃくする分かる

しょうちする

しょうちします

あげる

さしあげる

さしあげますうかがう

うかがいます

知っている

ぞんじる

ぞんじます

読む

はいどくするはいどくします帰る

おいとまする

おいとまします

思う

ぞんじる

ぞんじる

行く
来る
いる
言う

聞く

私は「NAME」ともうします
is a common polite
introduction.

You can change
the するattached tothese forms to
いたす without
creating “double
keigo”. It can beseen as “toopolite” though.

たずねる

しつれいするalso works for“I’m leaving”

Again, I need to stress that these verbs should only be used to describe your actions or theactions of your in-group (which changes based on context). Compare the sentences below:
私これからはおん社へまいりますので少しお待ちください。
[I will humbly go soon to your honorable business, so please honorably wait.]
田中部長がこれからはおん社へまいりますので少しお待ちください。
[Tanaka, who is my boss but my in-group right now since I’m talking to someone in
another company, will humbly go soon to your honorable business, so pleasehonorably wait.]
田中部長、いつあの会社へまいりますか。

いらっしゃいますか or 行かれますか is correct
he re (even if the outside party was present, as you
aren’t talking to the m). Eve n 行きますか is better.

[Director Tanaka, when will you humbly go to that company? Also, I’m fired, right?]

To change other verbs into their 謙譲語 forms, we have another simple pattern. Add お~ tothe front of the verb, cut off ~ます to create the stem, and then add +する.

さがします

書きます

おさがしするadd する

お書きする
add する

Like before,
する canbecome いたす
for extra
politeness, but
it’s notmandatory.

I’m a broken record now, but only use 謙譲語 for actions directed at someone above you in
status or done for them. So out of this pair of sentences, only the first one is correct.
先生がなくしたさいふをおさがしします。
[I will humbly look for the wallet you lost, sensei.]
私のさいふが見つかりません。ちょっとおさがしします。

Don’t forget that Japanese often
uses intransitive verbs where
English would use “can” verbs.
を見つけられません is okay here,
but が見つかりません is common.

[I can’t find my wallet. I’ll humbly look for a bit, and I should review my keigo too.]Let’s look at some 謙譲語 examples, taken from both the chart and the conjugation pattern.
私はけいごの使い方がぜんぜんそんじておりません。ごぞんじですか。
[I humbly don’t know how to use keigo at all. Do you honorably know?]

Okay, sure,technically“existing” is not
d i r e c t o rdone for or at
きのう、かんとくがお作りになった映画をはいけんしました。
someone but[Yesterday, I humbly watched the movie you honorably made, director.] don’t worry
about it. You
humbly exist.

すみません。今日は会社におりませんが明日まいります。

[My apologies. I’m not humbly at the company today but I’ll humbly go tomorrow.]~ている
becomes~ておる. If
the verb isalready in
謙譲語 this
is notrequired,butsomething
like いただ
いておる
isn’t wrong
either.

きのうはいしゃくした本をあしたおかえしするつもりですがだいじょうぶですか。
[I’ll humbly return the book I humbly borrowed from you tomorrow, is that okay?]
六日にうかがってもいいですか。お話ししたいことがいくつありますので。
[May I humbly visit you o the 6th ? There are a few things I want to humbly discuss.]
今じゅんびしておりますのですぐおおくりします。
[I’m humbly preparing them now so I’ll humbly send them soon.]

You can also make compound verbs into 謙譲語 by attaching either ご or お to the front,
depending on the noun, and then adding ~する or ~いたす. It would be impossible to list
all compound nouns here, so the best strategy to know if you need ご or お is to keep yourear open. Generally, kango take ご, and wago take お but there are exceptions, such as お電話する. These often occur when the noun in the compound verb is very commonplace.
はい、しょうちしました。明日までごかくにんいたします。
[Yes, I humbly understand. I will humbly confirm by tomorrow.]
まもなくお電話しますので、ちょっとお待ちください。
[(Someone lower than you) will humbly call soon, so please honorably wait.]
来週の前にごれんらくいたします。その時ごせつめいいたします。
[I will humbly contact you before next week. At that time I’ll humbly explain.]
Grammar Point 8.3: Avoiding common mistakes with honorifics
Now that we have covered 尊敬語 and 謙譲語, it’s time to go over a few mistakes that both
beginner learners and Japanese people often make. This list is not exhaustive, but it will
hopefully help you avoid the most common pitfalls.
The first issue was already mentioned: “double keigo”. To review, we have three distinct
forms for making a尊敬語 honorific, divided between two major strategies:••

Change a “normal” word into it’s special “honorific” version. Such as:▪

食べます ➡ めしあがります▪

言います ➡ おっしゃいます▪

思います ➡ ごぞんじです

When there is no “honorific” version, use one of two patterns instead:
1. Add お to the verb’s stem, and then add になる, as in:▪

話す➡ お話になる▪

書く➡ お書きになる

2. Change the verb’s final sound via the [~areru] pattern.
▪

話す➡ 話される▪

書く➡ 書かれる~になる~られる

These patterns are all ways of using language politely, with the first two being somewhat
more polite than the third. But none of them should be mixed together within a single verb.
Doing so creates “double keigo” which is incorrect and therefore potentially impolite.

The following are examples of double-keigo mistakes:
Adding Pattern 1 or 2 to a “special word”:
何をおめしあがりになりましたか。

[Wrong. Applies Pattern 1 to an honorific]

何をめしあがりましたか。

[Correct. Uses the special 尊敬語 for 食べる]

いつおっしゃられましたか。

[Wrong. Applies Pattern 2 to a 尊敬語 word]

いつおっしゃいましたか。

[Correct. Uses the special 尊敬語 for 言う]

Adding Pattern 2 to the ~なる at the end of Pattern 1, or vice versa:
先生がお書きになられた本です。

[Wrong. Applies Pattern 2 to Pattern 1]

先生がお書かれになった本です。

[Wrong. Applies Pattern 1 to Pattern 2]

先生がお書きになった本です。

[Correct. Uses Pattern 1 only for 書く]

先生が書かれた本です。

[Correct. Uses Pattern 2 only for 書く]

Also, don’t use Pattern 1 instead of a special word when one is available. Some guides
might stress that it isn’t formally “wrong”, but it almost always sounds quite odd. In
contrast, using Pattern 2 over a special word sounds okay but is less polite.
どこにいらっしゃいますか。[Best form of “where are you honorably going?”]
どこに行かれますか。

[Less polite but still polite form , not horrible]

どこにお行きになりますか。[Not technically wrong but super rare and bad vibes]
Another source of errors is people using 謙譲語 with 尊敬語 Pattern 1 or Pattern 2 to try to
make “humble” terms “honorific”. This is wrong, and worse than just using polite form.
あしたいらっしゃいますか。

[Correct honorific for “will you go tomorrow?”]

あしたまいります。

[Correct humble form for “I will go tomorrow.”]

あした行きますか。

[If you forgot your keigo, just use this]

あしたまいりますか。

[Impolite, don’t ask “will you humbly go?”]

あしたおまいりになりますか。

[Adding 尊敬語 to 謙譲語 doesn’t make it 尊敬語]

あしたまいられますか。

[Neither does adding 尊敬語 Pattern 2]

今はいらっしゃっておりますか。[Adding 謙譲語 to 尊敬語 is very bad too]The same issues are present with 謙譲語. Do not combine special words with the patternfor other words. Additionally, unlike 尊敬語, using the 謙譲語 pattern for special words isgenerally considered absolutely wrong rather than just very weird and uncomfortable.
私はそうもうしあげました。

[Correct humble form for “I said so.”]

私はそうおもうしあげしました。[Incorrect “double humble” form]
私はそうお言いしました。

[Use the special word, not the pattern]

There are a few small exceptions. The verb 会う is often seen as お会いする despite having
the 謙譲語 special form お目にかかる. The お会いする version can sound softer, but is notwrong. The same is true for the verbs 借りる, 聞く, たずねる, and 読む.
お目にかかるのを楽しみにしています。[I’m excited to humbly meet you]

います could be おります
here. This isn’t double
keigo because you areadding keigo to ~いる, not

お会いできるのを楽しみにしています。[I’m excited I can humbly meet you] the other verb. It may be“too polite” though.

You may see/hear the verb うかがう is mixed with the お～する pattern to create forms
like おうかがいします or even おうかがいいたします. This is formally incorrect, and I
don’t recommend it as it is clearly double keigo, but it may become normalized one day.
はい、うかがいます。
Don’t do this!
But don’t be
shock ed if you
see/hear it.

[Yes, I’ll humbly ask. I also won’t over-use 謙譲語.]

はい、おうかがいします。[Yes, I’ll ask and misuse 謙譲語… just like many others.]

Also, be sure to avoid using 謙譲語 when your action doesn’t benefit the person you’re
speaking to, or isn’t done to them or something of theirs. For instance, the first sentence
here isn’t correct unless you are doing the act of reading as a favor or obligation (e.g., abook reading) to a third party also above you in status (e.g., the teacher’s kid?), or unlessthe teacher wrote the book they gave you. In other contexts, just use 読む. Telling yourteacher you “humbly read” an email they “honorably sent” you, however, would be fine .
先生がくださった本を拝読いたしました。
[I humbly read the book the teacher honorably gave me (to others as a favor).]
先生がくださった本を読みました。
[I read the book the teacher honorably gave me (to myself only)]
Finally, one reason people struggle with keigo is they try to apply it to every verb in a
sentence. Yes, めしあげっていらっしゃる is impressive, but めしあがっている is arguably
better often. Don’t stress if you just altered one verb. Often, that’s all you needed to do.

Grammar Point 8.4: Using ~てくれる・あげる・もらう with keigo
As you saw, the Japanese verbs for “give” and “receive” we introduced in Chapter 4 havetheir own keigo versions. The “outwards giving” verb あげる has the 謙譲語 form さしあげる, the “inwards giving” verb くれる has the 尊敬語 form くださる, and the “receiving”
verb もらう has the 謙譲語 form いただく.
私は社長にプレゼントをさしあげました。
[I humbly gave a present to the head of the company.]
社長が私にプレゼントをくださりました。
[The head of the company honorably gave me a present.]
私は社長からプレゼントをいただきました。
[I humbly received a present from the head of the company.]

Re-read Chapter 4
to refresh yourmemory on how
to use the threegiving/receiving
verbs in Japanese.

These verbs can also be used in the ~て form to indicate that an action is done
humbly/respectfuly to someone else. The same in-group out-group rules apply as for the
regular verbs, so don’t use ~てさしあげる to show giving that happens “inwards”.
However, while ~てさしあげる is theoretically polite, it is often seen as presumptuous or
arrogant, as a common viewpoint is that there is no humble way to state that you did anaction for someone else’s benefit. As a result, I recommended you avoid it. It is much safer
to rephrase the sentence to avoid the “humble giving” verb, as you can see here:
部長、このしょるいを部長のプレゼンのためにいんさつしてさしあげました。
[Chief! I humbly did the favor of printing these documents for your presentation.]
部長、プレゼンのしょるいをいんさついたしました。プレゼンでお使いください。
[Chief! I humbly printed the presentation documents. Please honorably use them.]
The ~てくださる and ~ていただく forms are instead both common, and each indicatesthat you (or your in group) benefited from an action. As with ~てくれる, ~てくださる
focuses on the person “giving” the action inwards (~「人」に). While you can use ~てくだ
さる with 尊敬語 verbs, it is far more normal to attach it to “normal” verbs.
きのう、ばんごはんを作ってくださって、ありがとうございました。
[Thanks for honorably doing me the favor of making dinner.]
田中さんが私にサインを書いてくださりました。
[Tanaka honorably did me the favor of writing their autograph.]
You wouldn’t actually say this to Tanaka. But it could
be something said out of joy to oneself (andlove/respect/admiration to Tanaka) in front of Tanaka.

The ~てくださる form is sometimes used with the adverb わざわざ, which means “to goout of one’s way”. The adverb doesn’t require ~てくれる・くださる, but works well with it.
わざわざここまで持って来てくださって、本当にすみませんね！
[You’ve done so much to bring it all the way here, truly sorry for the trouble!]
せつめいするためにわざわざ時間を作ってくださって、ありがとうございます。
[Thank you for going out of your way to do me the favor of making time to explain.]
なんでわざわざあぶないことをやろうとしているの？
[Why are you always going out of your way try to do dangerous things?]
In contrast, the ~ていただく form focuses on the receiver (you/your in-group) as the topic.
Like when you receive an item, mark the person you receive an action from with に or から.
私は田中さんにサインを書いていただきました。
[I humbly received the favor of writing an autograph from Tanaka.]
林先生に漢字の読み方を教えていただきました。
[I humbly received being taught how to read kanji from Prof. Hayashi.]
These forms can all also be used in requests, just like with their non-keigo forms (seeGP4.2). For ~てくださる, just change it to the ~ませんか form.
今日先生にこれをわたしに行ってくださいませんか。
[Today, won’t you honorably do me the favor of going to pass this to the teacher?]For ~いただく, there are multiple versions which gradually increase in politeness orassumption the person won’t do the favor, all using the potential (“can”) form of いただく.
Formal

書いていただけますか。

[Can I humbly receive the favor of you writing?]

書いていただけませんか。 [Can’t I humbly receive the favor of you writing?]
書いていただけないでしょうか。
More formal[Can’t I humbly receive the favor of you writing I wonder?]These forms can also replace ください in the お+[verb stem]ください pattern to create
super-polite requests. This is considered better than お+[verb stem]+になっていただく.
六時までここでお待ちいただけませんか。
[Can’t I humbly receive you honorably waiting here until six?]

These are great when there’s
a potential chance of rejection(e.g., someone is angry!), but
can be too formal for“normal” polite requests.

この紙にひつようなじょうほうをお書きいただけないでしょうか。
[Can’t I humbly receive you honorably writing the necessary info on this paper?]Lighter versions,

See Grammar Point 9.1.2 for more on how to use these verbs in polite requests. like もらってもいいですか, also exist.

Grammar Point 8.5: Polite language
Beyond 尊敬語 and 謙譲語, there are a number of little things you can do in Japanese toincrease the politeness of your speech. These shouldn’t be used in otherwise casual speech,or sometimes even “normal polite” です・ます speech, but work well with keigo.
The first technique is actually 尊敬語, but I’m going to introduce it here to contrast withanother form that isn’t quite 尊敬語 or 謙譲語. For this 尊敬語, you replace the です・だending with でいらっしゃる, but only when referring to an outgroup person or describing
them via an adjective. So these first three sentences are great, but the fourth is wrong.
Remember, いらっしゃる also
replaces いる, and conjugates
into いらっしゃいます!

あなたは小川さんでいらっしゃいますか。
[Honorably are you Kogawa?]「おくさまはお元気でいらっしゃいますか。」「はい、つまはげんきです。」[“Honorably is your honorable wife well?”“Yes, she’s well.”]

だんなさまはいつもおしゃれでいらっしゃいます。
[Your husband always honorably is pulled together.]
部長のスーツはきれいでいらっしゃいますね。
[Chief, your suit honorably is pretty, unlike my keigo, which is wrong.]
In contrast, the ending ~でございます can replace だ・です or ある・あります toreference anything other than an out-group person. It isn’t quite 尊敬語 or 謙譲語 as you
can use it in reference to yourself and other people’s things! But you can’t use it for outgroup people or adjectives that describe them, as in the fourth example on the next page.

私はサムでございます。イギリス人でございます。
[I politely am Sam. I politely am British.]すみません！これはおきゃくさまのチケットでございますか。
[Excuse me, politely is this your (= the honorable customer’s) ticket?]
時間がございましたらぜひいらっしゃってください。
[If you politely have time by all means please honorably come.]
Should be でいらっしゃいますか！

田中さんでございますか。[Politely are you Tanaka? I hope not; I’ve insulted you.]
There are also a number of polite variants for common words. You’ve already seen thetechnique of replacing ~さん with ~さま when talking about other people and/or theirfamily members, but there are a number of special vocabulary as well. Just like with ~でいらっしゃる, you should only use these when speaking outwards.

RegularSon

DaughterParents

Children

むすこ

むすめ

りょうしん

子ども

ごりょうしん

お子さま

おじょうさん
Honorific

ごしそく

おじょうさまごそくじょ
ごれいしょうごしそくは何さいですか・ごしそくは何さいでいらっしゃいますか。
[How old is your honorable son? ・ How honorably old is your honorable son?]
ごりょうしんはお元気でいらっしゃいますか。
[Honorably are your honorable parents honorably well?]Another thing you can do to be more polite is alter the ~たら “if’ form, replacing the final~す of a ~ます verb with ~したら rather than conjugating into ~たら via plain form.
いらっしゃいましたら、お知らせください。
[Politely if you/they honorably come, please honorably inform me.]

Additionally, all of the こ・そ・あ・ど phrases can be replaced by こちら・そちら・あちら・どちら. These terms can refer to people, and are polite when aimed both in and out.
あちらでございます。
[Politely it’s politely that/over there.]

あちらはい、明日こちらからお電話をおかけします。
[Okay, politely I (=from “this/here”) will humbly call you tomorrow.]
どちらからいらっしゃいましたか。
[Politely where did you honorably come from?]
こ・そ・あのbecome
こ・そ・
あちらのそちらのジャケットはおしゃれですね。
[That jacket politely near you/that you’re wearing is very nice.]

There are also a number of general terms you can use which increase the politeness of yourspeech. This list is incomplete, but contains many common and useful variants:

As in “is it okay?”
not “is it good?”

NormalPolite

ですか

でしょうか

どれ・だれ

どちら・どちらさま

どうですか

いかがですかごめんなさいもうしわけありません

トイレ

お手あらい

いいですか

よろしいですか少し

しょうしょう人かた少 々Attaching to otherpolite sentences isfine to increase
politeness. As in
いかがでしょうか。

ありません can still
become ございません

This is especiallyused in the pattern
少々お待ちください方

こちらはあちらの方からのワインでございます。
[This is wine from that person over there; I’m being polite, but not using 尊敬語.]
もうしわけございませんが、来週でもよろしいでしょうか。
[My very polite apologies, but would next week be politely alright?]

Finally, you can also attach お~ or ご~ to certain words to make them more polite.
Generally speaking, お~ is attached to words of Japanese origin, and words of Chineseorigin that are extremely common. Here’s a very non-exhaustive list of everyday examples:

EnglishMost adjectives work
just like this, but you
can’t apply お to all
adjectives, so be careful.
For instance,
おあつい is okay if theperson you’re talking tolooks hot, but
おあたたかい is not
used. A good technique
is to look out forJapanese people using
specific forms, and thenuse those ones.

Japanese

Polite

Reply

へんじ

おへんじ

Nearby近く

お近く（に）

Cooking

料理

お料理

Skilled

上手

お上手

Car

車

お車

A meal

しょくじ

おしょくじ

Cleaning

そうじ

おそうじ

Phone

電話

お電話

Makeup

けしょう

おけしょう

A talk話お話

As with most polite phrases, these variants should be used to refer to (the actions of) a
person in your outgroup, or to actions you do for people in your outgroup. For instance,「お電話します」 is fine for a polite version of “I’ll call you”, but you never say 「これは私のお電話です。」, because your phone existing isn’t a favor or benefit to someone else.
Likewise, do not use おいそがしい to refer to your own schedule, and don’t use any ofthese in the negative form (for instance, お上手じゃないです sounds mocking, not polite).
おいそがしい時にすみませんね。
[Sorry for doing this when you’re busy (+ politeness)].
英語がお上手ですね。何年間べんきょうされましたか。
[You’re very good (+ politeness) at English. How long did you honorably study?]
お手紙をおおくりします。
[I will humbly send a letter (+ politeness).]

お手紙 is okay here because it’s
written for a benefit. Your car does
not exist for the teacher’s benefit.

あちらは先生のお車ですか。こちらは私のお… すみません、私の車です。
[Is that your car (+ politeness) teacher? This is my o-… sorry, no, just my car.]

The ご~ prefix is then instead mostly attached to words of Chinese origin, but there areagain exceptions. Here’s another table of some common uses you’ll likely see:
Generally speaking,neither お nor ご
should be attached towords borrowed fromnon-Chinese languages(and therefore written
in katakana). Somepeople make exceptions
for some words, but not
everyone agrees on
which ones, so thesafest thing is to justnot do it at all.

EnglishJapanese

PoliteOpinionいけん

ごいけんContact

れんらく

ごれんらく

Slowly

ゆっくり

ごゆっくり

Familyかぞく

ごかぞく

Understanding

りかい

ごりかい

Hard efforts

くろう

ごくろう

ごいけんをうかがってもよろしいですか。
[Is it politely okay if I humbly inquire to your opinion (+polite)?]Because the explanation isdone outwards to assist, ご
説明 can be used to refer toyour own action too. In
contrast, you can never talkabout your own ごいけん,
because it’s for you only.

おんしゃからのご説明をいただきましたが、これからへいしゃの考え方をご説明したいとも思っております。
[We have humbly received the explanation (+polite) from your honorable company,
but from here I humbly want to explain (+polite) our humble company’s thinking.]
ごりかいをいたたければたすかります。
[It would be a great help if we could humbly receive your understanding (+polite).]While odd that it is used
“downwards”, this set phrase
includes the ~ご prefix.
[Polite thanks for your hard work, person below me in status!]

ごくろうさま！

Both お~ and ご~ are also sometimes used as what’s called a “beautification prefix”. This issometimes almost mandatory, as in words like お茶 or おふろ, which sound rude without
お. Even words like おいしい have an origin in this practice! But you might see terms like
お花 or お水 used when there’s no clear “outwards” direction. For instance, a お花のコース
might be used as a name for a flower-related class to make it sound a bit more elegant.
There are also some very rare polite forms used only in particular contexts: the term おひや is a common example, being used almost only by waitstaff to refer to water when talking
to customers. Finally, お~ is sometimes attached to words in speech towards children orother cute things without “polite” intention. A parent might say 「おうちに帰りましょう」
to their child, and a pet owner might ask their dog for it’s お手. These are cute, but notpolite; do not ask your boss to see their お手.

CHAPTER 8 KANJI・ か ん じThis week, we will learn 18 kanji usable for words you already know quite well!
Meaning

歌
借
貸

Song

Kun yomi うた（う）・うた
On yomiかうた

Sample
uses

歌

か しゅ

うた

歌手

Meaning

Borrow

歌う

Kun yomi か（りる）
On yomiしゃく

Sampleuses

かし ゃっき ん

借りる

借金

Meaning

Lend, loan

Kun yomi か（す）On yomiたい
かし やSampleuses

貸す

貸家 (home for let)
た いし ゃく

貸 借 (lend and borrow)
Meaning

返Return, repay

Kun yomi かえ（す）・かえ（る）On yomiへん
かえSample
uses

へん じ

返す
く

返事
かえ

繰り返す (repeat)

う らがえ

裏返す (flip ove r)

Meaning

質

Kun yomi たち
On yomiSampleuses
Meaning

答

Quality, question

しつ・しち・ち
しつ

ひ んしつ

質がいい

品質 (product quality)

し つも んひ とじち質問

人質 (hostage )AnswerKun yomi こた（え）・こた（える）
On yomiへん
こたSample
uses

答える

へ んとう

こた

返答 (a reply)

答え
Meaning問
題

Ask, problem

Kun yomi と（う）・と（い）On yomiもん
も んだい

Sample
uses

と

問題

問う

し つもん

Meaning

Topic, subject

質問

Kun yomi
On yomiだい
も んだい

Sample
uses

問題
わ だい

話題
Meaning宿

し ゅくだ い宿題
だ いめい

題名 (title)Inn, lodging

Kun yomi やど・やど（る）On yomi

しゅく
やど

Sample
uses

宿
やど

宿る

み んしゅ く民 宿 (private lodging)
し ゅくだ い宿題Meaning

服

Clothing

Kun yomi
On yomiふくふくSample
uses

せ いふく

服

制服
よ うふく

わ ふく

洋服

和服
Meaning

旅

Kun yomi たび
On yomiSampleuses
Meaning館

Travel

りょ
たび

り ょこう

旅

旅行

た びだ

り ょかん

旅立つ

旅館

Building, mansion

Kun yomi やかた・たてOn yomiかんとし ょかんSampleuses

は くぶつ かん図書館

博物館 (museum)
えい がかん

り ょかん

映画館

旅館
Meaning

銀SilverKun yomi しろがね
On yomiぎんぎんSample
uses

銀
ぎん め

ぎ んこう
だ

る

銀行

銀メダル
Meaning

考

Thinking

Kun yomi かんが（え）・かんが（える）
On yomiSample
uses

こう
か んが

し こう

考え

思考 (thought)

か んが

こう こ がく考 える

考古学 (arche ology)

Meaning

味

Taste, flavor

Kun yomi あじ・あじ（わう）
On yomiみいSample
uses

み

ぎん

意味

銀

き ょう み

ぎん め

だ

る

銀メダル

興味
しゅ み

趣味

室
研
究

MeaningRoom, chamber

Kun yomi むろ
On yomiしつSampleuses

き ょうし つけ んきゅ うしつ教室

研究室

Meaning

SharpenKun yomi と（ぐ）On yomiけん

Sampleusesとけ んきゅ う研ぐ

研究

Meaning

Study, investigate

Kun yomi きわ（める）On yomiきゅう

Sampleuses

け んきゅ うけ んきゅ うしゃ

研究

研究者

CHAPTER 8 WORKBOOK ・ ワ ー ク ブ ッ ク 8
Exercise 8.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 歌
歌
Stroke order

2. 借
借Stroke order

3. 貸
貸Stroke order

4. 返
返Stroke order

5. 質
質
Stroke order

6. 答
答
Stroke order

7. 問
問
Stroke order

8. 題
題
Stroke order

9. 宿
宿Stroke order

10. 服
服
Stroke order

11. 旅
旅
Stroke order

12. 館
館
Stroke order13. 銀銀Stroke order

14. 考
考Stroke order

15. 味
味
Stroke order

16. 室
室
Stroke order

17. 研
研Stroke order

18. 究
究
Stroke order

Exercise 8.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. せんせいのけんきゅうについてごしつもんさせていただけないでしょうか。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. りょかんへいくまえにぎんこうからおかねをすこしかりました。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. クラスにこなかったがくせいにしゅくだいをかえしてあげられなかった。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
4. あしたのたびのためにほしいんだから、かしたふくをきょうかえしてください。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. 「どんなあじがいい？」「わからない。ちょっとかんがえてからこたえる。」
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. このうたがしゃかいもんだいだとおもうひとがすくなくないようです。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
7. たんじょうびにしつのよいふくをちちにかってあげた。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________

Exercise 8.3
Find the error(s) in each sentence, fix and explain it/them, and then translate the sentence.
1. 先生、これからどちらへまいりますか。お車で送ってさしあげますよ。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________
2. お茶を入れられましたが、お飲みしますか。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________
3. 私からのお手紙をごらんになられましたか。昨日の五時ごろお送りされました。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________
4. あ、部長！昨日部長からくださった本を父にさしあげました。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________
5. おきゃくさまがここで少しお待ちしてくださいませんか。
田中さんがまもなくいらっしゃいますので。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________
t h a n k s

6. おれんらくをいただいて、かんしゃをおっしゃいます。
きのうお借りしたお本をあした返しになりましたら問題はいらっしゃいません。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________

7. 田中さん、私にいただいたチョコレートはとてもおいしかったです。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________
8. 社長、きのう社長の夫と話されました。とてもおしゃれでございますね。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________
9. 先生！先週日本にまいりました。友だちにおみやげもたくさんお買いしました。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________
10. まきさんが私にプレゼントをさしあげたので、あしたこれをくださると思う。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________
11. おんしゃの社長がいついらっしゃうといっしゃいましたか。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________
12. 六時ごろにお目にかかられてもよろしいでしょうか。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________
13. 先生がいらっしゃらないので私がまいる。着いたらすぐごれんらくいたす。
Error(s):________________________________________________
Translation: _____________________________________________

Exercise 8.4
Translate each sentence pair using 尊敬語 and 謙譲語 appropriately, showing respectoutwards and humbling inwards (where appropriate!).
1. Your son said so last week.
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
My son said so last week.
謙譲語: ________________________________________________
2. Would you please go there at five?
尊敬語: ________________________________________________May I go at five?
謙譲語: ________________________________________________
3. Is that the dinner you made for your family? It’s very healthy.
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
I made dinner for my family. It’s very healthy.
謙譲語: ________________________________________________
4. Please send the documents to our company today.
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
I will send the documents to your company today.
謙譲語: ________________________________________________
5. You gave me the present your husband bought.
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
I gave the teacher the present my husband bought.
謙譲語: ________________________________________________

6. Please read this to me.
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
Shall I read this to you?
謙譲語: ________________________________________________
7. Your son is very handsome.
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
My son is a university student.
謙譲語: ________________________________________________
8. Is that car over there yours? May I look at it?
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
This is my car. Please get in.
謙譲語: ________________________________________________
9. If you have time, please read the documents.
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
When I have time, I will read the documents.
謙譲語: ________________________________________________
10. If you have questions, please ask.
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
I have a few questions, may I ask them?
謙譲語: ________________________________________________

Exercise 8.5
Handa is talking to their boss, Shimizu. Make the conversation as polite as possible bychoosing the correct option from each set.
あ、しみずさん、今は（いそがしい・おいそがしい）ですか。
あしたのミーティングについて（話します・話したい・お話ししたい・お話になりたい）んですが…
（いい・おいい）（ですよ・でございますよ・でいらっしゃいますよ）。
今はあまり（いそがしくない・おいそがしくない）です。
えっと、しみずさんがもう色々なしょるいを（おじゅんびしました・じゅんびになりました・じゅんびなさいました・
じゅんびいたしました）と（聞きました・うかがいました・お聞きになりました・聞かれました）が、（これ・こちら・この）もミーティングで（出して・お出しして・お出しになって）も（いい・よろしい）ですか。

どんなしょるいですか。
きのうかぞくと東京に（行きました・まいりました・いらっしゃいました）が、そこで友だちからこのざっしを（もらいました・あげました・いただきました・くださいました）。
ざっしによると来年からかんこうきゃくが日本にたくさん（来る・まいる・いらっしゃる）そうです。
だから、（わたしたち・おんしゃ・へいしゃ）はツアーを（アップデート・おアップデート）（した・なさった・いたした）方がいいと（ごぞんじで・ぞんじて・お思いして・お思いになって）このプランを（作りました・お作りしました・お作りになりました）。
いつか（ごらん・はいけん・ごらんして・はいけんして）ください。
分かりました。とてもいいプランだと思いますよ。これから読んで、あしたまでフィードバックを（あげます・さしあげます・おあげします）。
ところで、話が変わりますが、東京はどう（でしたか・でございましたか・でいらっしゃいました）。
あ、（聞いて・うかがって・聞かれて・お聞きになって）くださって、ありがとうございます。とてもよかったです。
あ、（わすれました・おわすれしました）！
（これ・こちら・この）はしみずさんのためのおみやげ（です・でございます・でいらっしゃいます）。
わぁ、ありがとうございます！
これからおいしく（食べます・めしあがります・いただきます）ね。

CHAPTER 8 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ 解 答 集 8
Exercise 8.1
Check to make sure you filled inPractice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to thethestroke
kanji order.
carefully, following

1. 歌

歌
Stroke order

2. 借
借Stroke order

3. 貸
貸Stroke order

4. 返
返Stroke order

5. 質
質
Stroke order

6. 答
答
Stroke orderstroke order and retaining ageneral size balance across eachof the 10 free-hand attempts.

7. 問
問
Stroke order

8. 題
題
Stroke order

9. 宿
宿Stroke order

10. 服
服
Stroke order

11. 旅
旅
Stroke order

12. 館
館
Stroke order13. 銀銀Stroke order

14. 考
考Stroke order

15. 味
味
Stroke order

16. 室
室
Stroke order

17. 研
研Stroke order

18. 究
究
Stroke order

Exercise 8.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. せんせいのけんきゅうについてごしつもんさせていただけないでしょうか。

先生の研究についての質問をさせていただけないでしょうか。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Teacher, may I (be allowed to) ask you a question about your research?

Translate: ________________________________________________
2. りょかんへいくまえにぎんこうからおかねをすこしかりました。

旅館へ行く前に銀行からお金を少し借りました。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Before I went to the ryokan, I borrowed some money from the bank.

Translate: ________________________________________________
3. クラスにこなかったがくせいにしゅくだいをかえしてあげられなかった。

クラスに来なかった学生に宿題を返してあげられなかった。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
I couldn’t give the homework back to the student who didn’t come to class.

Translate: ________________________________________________

4. あしたのたびのためにほしいんだから、かしたふくをきょうかえしてください。

あしたの旅のためにほしいんだから、貸した服を今日返してください。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
I want it for tomorrow’s trip, so today please return the clothes I lent you.

Translate: ________________________________________________
5. 「どんなあじがいい？」「わからない。ちょっとかんがえてからこたえる。」「どんな味がいい？」「分からない。ちょっと考えてから答える。」
Rewrite: _________________________________________________“What flavor do you want?” “I don’t know. I’ll answer after thinking a bit.”

Translate: ________________________________________________
6. このうたがしゃかいもんだいだとおもうひとがすくなくないようです。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
この歌がしゃかい問題だと思う人が少なくないようです。

It seems more than a few people think this song is a social problem.

Translate: ________________________________________________
7. たんじょうびにしつのよいふくをちちにかってあげた。

たんじょう日に質のよい服を父に買ってあげた。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
I bought my dad some quality clothes for his birthday.

Translate: ________________________________________________

Exercise 8.3
Find the error(s) in each sentence, fix and explain it/them, and then translate the sentence.
いらっしゃいますか。

送りましょうか。・お送りしましょうか。

1. 先生、これからどちらへまいりますか。お車で送ってさしあげますよ。
まいる is used to refer to your own actions, and you shouldn ’t use ~てあげる to offer actions.
Error(s):________________________________________________
where are you going? Shall I take you there by car?
Translation: Teacher,_____________________________________________
お入れしましたが、めしあがりますか。

2. お茶を入れられましたが、お飲みしますか。
The first verb uses sonkeigo pattern 2 to refer to your actions, and the second uses kenjogo to refer to someone elses’s.
Error(s):________________________________________________

I’ve made some tea, do you want any?
Translation: _____________________________________________
ごらんになりましたか。 OR 見られましたか。

お送りしました

3. 私からのお手紙をごらんになられましたか。昨日の五時ごろお送りされました。
YOUR tegami doesn’t need “o”, the first verb uses 2 sonkeigo patterns together, and the 3 rd shouldn’t use a sonkeigo pattern to refer to you.

Error(s):________________________________________________Have you seen/read my letter? I sent it yesterday around 5.
Translation: _____________________________________________
いただいた

あげました OR わたしました。

4. あ、部長！昨日部長からくださった本を父にさしあげました。
Since you got the book, it should be いただく (receive) rather than give, and you shouldn’t show respect to your dad (in group) in this context.
Error(s):________________________________________________

Ah, chief! I gave the book I received from you to my dad yesterday.
Translation: _____________________________________________
こちら

少々お待ちください・お待ちいただけないでしょうか etc.

5. おきゃくさまがここで少しお待ちしてくださいませんか。
田中さんがまもなくいらっしゃいますので。まいりますので。
ここ could be こちら and 少し could be 少々. More importantly, the request includes a humble form which is wrong.
Finally, the person coming is likely a member of the speaker ’s company, so should get a humble verb.
Error(s):________________________________________________Can you please wait here a bit? Tanaka will arrive shortly.

Translation: _____________________________________________
ごれんらくをくださってt h a n k s

もうしあげます。

6. おれんらくをいただいて、かんしゃをおっしゃいます。
きのうお借りしたお本をあした返しになりましたら問題はいらっしゃいません。
お借りになった

お返しになりましたらございません。

ごれんらく is correct, and the sentence needs to be “thanks for giving me advice” not receiving.

In the second sentence, the first verb ends incorrectly, and the second is missing お. The third should be ございます because it’s not describing the other person.
Error(s):________________________________________________

Thanks for contacting us. As long as you return the book you borrowed
Translation: _____________________________________________
yesterday to us tomorrow, there is no problem.

くださった7. 田中さん、私にいただいたチョコレートはとてもおいしかったです。
Since Tanaka gave it to the speaker, they should use くださった. Note that 私がいただいた would be grammatically okay,
but sounds
like you got the chocolate from a third party.
Error(s):________________________________________________

the chocolate you gave me was very delicious.
Translation:Tanaka,_____________________________________________
だんなさまとお話しました。

いらっしゃいますね。

8. 社長、きのう社長の夫と話されました。とてもおしゃれでございますね。
夫 is humble, not polite, and 話される should also be made politer (it sounds like the passive). ございます isn’t okay here
Error(s):________________________________________________
either as you are describing an out-group person’s trait, so we need いらっしゃる.

I spoke with your husband yesterday. They were very pulled together.
Translation:Boss,_____________________________________________
行きました。

買いました。

9. 先生！先週日本にまいりました。友だちにおみやげもたくさんお買いしました。
Nothing the speaker did was for or benefited the teacher, so they shouldn ’t be using honorifics at all.
Error(s):________________________________________________

Teacher, I went to Japan last week. I bought lots of souvenirs for my friends.
Translation: _____________________________________________
くれた

あげる

10. まきさんが私にプレゼントをさしあげたので、あしたこれをくださると思う。
Give/receive are mixed up. Also you probably don’t need honorifics, as you are not talking to Maki. If Maki is in theError(s):________________________________________________

person you’re speaking too’s in-group, くださりました・さしあげる could work , but you need to make 思う polite too then.

gave me this present so tomorrow I think I’ll give her this.
Translation:Maki_____________________________________________

11. おんしゃの社長がいついらっしゃうといっしゃいましたか。
While いらっしゃる becomes いらっしゃいます, its plain form is not いらっしゃう. おっしゃる is also misspelled.
Error(s):________________________________________________

When did the head of your company say they would come?
Translation: _____________________________________________っても12. 六時ごろにお目にかかられてもよろしいでしょうか。
Don’t add respectful patterns onto humble phrases.
Error(s):________________________________________________May I visit you around 6?
Translation: _____________________________________________
ります

します

13. 先生がいらっしゃらないので私がまいる。着いたらすぐごれんらくいたす。
When speaking in keigo, you shouldn’t end your sentences in plain form. If 先生 is in your in group, also change いらっしゃら
Error(s):________________________________________________ない to おらない. When I wrote this example though, I imagined the person was talking to the teacher.

since you aren’t going I will go. When I arrive, I will contact you.
Translation: Teacher,_____________________________________________

Exercise 8.4
Translate each sentence pair using 尊敬語 and 謙譲語 appropriately, showing respectoutwards and humbling inwards (where appropriate!).
11. Your son said so last week.

先週ごしそくがそうおっしゃいました。
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
My son said so last week.

先週むすこがそう言いました（or もうしあげました in some contexts）。
謙譲語: ________________________________________________
12. Would you please go there at five?

五時にいらっしゃってくださいませんか。
尊敬語: ________________________________________________May I go at five?

五時にまいってもよろしいでしょうか。・行かせていただけますか。

謙譲語: ________________________________________________
13. Is that the dinner you made for your family? It’s very healthy.

そちらはごかぞくのためにお作りになったばんごはんですか。とてもけんこう的でございます。

尊敬語: ________________________________________________As this doesn’t benefit orrelate to the person
you’re talking to, you
かぞくのためにばんごはんを作りました。とてもけんこう的です。
謙譲語: ________________________________________________
don’t use kenjougo here.

I made dinner for my family. It’s very healthy.

14. Please send the documents to our company today.

今日しょるいをへい社にお送りください。

尊敬語: ________________________________________________
I will send the documents to your company today.

今日しょるいをおん社にお送りします。

謙譲語: ________________________________________________
15. You gave me the present your husband bought.

（Name さまは）だんなさまがお買いになったプレゼントをくださいました。
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
I gave the teacher the present my husband bought.

As this doesn’t benefit orrelate to the person
おっとが買ったプレゼントを先生にあげました。
you’re talking to, you
謙譲語: ________________________________________________
don’t use kenjougo here.

16. Please read this to me.
Remember:

これを私にお読みください。
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
読んでさし上げます
Shall I read this to you?

often comes off as pushy
and self-praising.

これをはいどくしましょうか・はいどくいたしましょうか。
謙譲語: ________________________________________________
17. Your son is very handsome.

ごしそくはとてもハンサムでいらっしゃいます。
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
My son is a university student.

むすこは大学生でございます。
謙譲語: ________________________________________________
18. Is that car over there yours? May I look at it?

あちらの車はあなたのお車ですか。はいけんしてもよろしいでしょうか。
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
This is my car. Please get in.

これは私の車でございます。どうぞ、お入りください。
謙譲語: ________________________________________________
19. If you have time, please read the documents.

お読みになってください
is fine too.

お時間がございましたら、しょるいをお読みください。
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
When I have time, I will read the documents.

時間がございましたら、しょるいを拝読いたします。
謙譲語: ________________________________________________
20. If you have questions, please ask.

ご質問がございましたら、お聞きださい・お聞きになってください。
尊敬語: ________________________________________________
I have a few questions, may I ask them?

質問がいくつかございますが、うかがってもよろしいでしょうか。

謙譲語: ________________________________________________

Exercise 8.5
Handa is talking to their boss, Shimizu. Make the conversation as polite as possible bychoosing the correct option from each set.
あ、しみずさん、今は（いそがしい・おいそがしい）ですか。
あしたのミーティングについて（話します・話したい・お話ししたい・お話になりたい）んですが…
As honorifics in part designate differences in（いい・おいい）（ですよ・でございますよ・でいらっしゃいますよ）。
social position, the person who uses honorifics
今はあまり（いそがしくない・おいそがしくない）です。
should not expect honorifics in response.

えっと、しみずさんがもう色々なしょるいを（おじゅんびしました・じゅんびになりました・じゅんびなさいました・
じゅんびいたしました）と（聞きました・うかがいました・お聞きになりました・聞かれました）が、（これ・こちら・この）もミーティングで（出して・お出しして・お出しになって）も（いい・よろしい）ですか。
出してもよろしいですか is fairly

どんなしょるいですか。
polite, and would also be okay here.
きのうかぞくと東京に（行きました・まいりました・いらっしゃいました）
Don’t use keigo for things that haveが、そこで友だちからこのざっしを
no relevance to your boss, or honor（もらいました・あげました・いただきました・くださいました）。
your friend (in group). You may
ざっしによると来年からかんこうきゃくが日本にたくさん
honor
the かんこうきゃく or not.
Loan words（来る・まいる・いらっしゃる）そうです。
don’t get お,だから、（わたしたち・おんしゃ・へいしゃ）はツアーを
usually.
The update is framed as（アップデート・おアップデート）（した・なさった・いたした）方がdone by the company not
いいと（ごぞんじで・ぞんじて・お思いして・お思いになって）
the speaker so don’t use a
このプランを（作りました・お作りしました・お作りになりました）。
humble “to do”.
いつか（ごらん・はいけん・ごらんして・はいけんして）ください。
分かりました。とてもいいプランだと思いますよ。これから読んで、あしたまでフィードバックを（あげます・さしあげます・おあげします）。
お聞きになってくださって is okay
ところで、話が変わりますが、東京はどう（でしたか・でございましたか・でいらっしゃいました）。 but probably too polite.
あ、（聞いて・うかがって・聞かれて・お聞きになって）くださって、ありがとうございます。とてもよかったです。
Forgetting is not
あ、（わすれました・おわすれしました）！
done for anyone, it（これ・こちら・この）はしみずさんのためのおみやげ
shouldn’t be（です・でございます・でいらっしゃいます）。
humble.
わぁ、ありがとうございます！
これからおいしく（食べます・めしあがります・いただきます）ね。
食べます is okay here, but the boss would likely use humble honorifics
here to show politeness/gratitude in this case, as they are receiving a gift.

CHAPTER NINE・ 第 九 章
VOCABULARY・ ご い
Nouns
あいさつ
いしき
い

と

Compound Verbs
greetings
conciouness意図will, intent

かんしゃ

gratitude

しんじつ

かいけつする
しゅうちゅう

集 中 する
しゅっぱつ

出 発 するちゅうい

to solve
to concentrate
to depart

注意する

to warn, to admonish

真実

truth

てんそうするto forward (an email)しょうこ

proof, evidence

てんぷする

to attach (a file)

たいし

大使
た い しか ん

ambassador

大使館

embassyていあんa proposal, plan

ど りょく

努力
はくぶつかん博物館
べつeffortmuseum

へんぴん

返品する

to return an item

むしする

to ignoreThis is 無視, not 虫.
If you ignore a bug, that is
虫を無視する though, yes.

う Verbs
あつ集まる

to gather [intrans]

別の[X]a different [X]あらわす

to express

ないよう

contents

かわす

to exchange (words)

human

ける

to kickfree

ころす

to killさわる

to touch

にんげん

人間
むりょう

無料

ため

な Adjectives
きんきゅう
ぶ

じ

urgent試す

to try, to attempt

ふるto dump, break up w/

無事

unharmed, ends up ok なぐる

ゆたか

abundant, plentiful

むだuseless

る Verbs
あつAdverbs
い と て きto punch, to hit

集める

to collect [trans]

あらわれる

to appear [intrans]

意図的に

willfully, intentionally みとめる

to recognize (as)

けっきょくにin the end, all in all

もとめる

to request, to demand

not especiallyなでる

to pet, to caress

とく

特に…ない
べつべつ

別々に

separately

わか(と)別れるto break up with

GRAMMAR・ 文 法
Grammar Point 9.1.1: The passive form (受け身・受動態)
The passive form refers to verbs conjugated to express that an action was done to thesubject/topic of a sentence rather than by it/them. In English, the passive form is usually
made by adding ~ed just like the past tense, but there are many exceptions.
Present
Past
Passive

I play soccer on the field.
I played soccer on the field.
Soccer was played on the field.

Present
Past
Passive

I eat food.
I ate food.
Food was eaten by me.

Present
Past
Passive

He drinks wine.
He drank wine.
Wine was drunk.

Present
Past
Passive

She hit the ball.
She hit the ball.
The balls were hit.

Present
Past
Passive

We sing a song.
We sang a song.
Songs are sung every holiday.

In Japanese, the passive form of verbs is consistent, but changes across the three verb
types. As always, irregular verbs do not follow a pattern, and must be memorized as -is.
Polite positive
form

Plain positive
form

Plain passive
form

します

する

される

きます

くる

こられる

You will rarely
see or use
来られる

For ~る verbs, simply delete the final ~る and replace it with ~られる.

Plain

食べ

Passive

Plain

る
られる

開け

Passive

る
られる
る

食べられた！

(It was eaten!)

開けられた！
Plain present positive to plain passive positive(It was opened!)

As a result, the passive form of ~る verbs looks exactly like their potential form and one of
their 尊敬語 patterns. Context will usually help, but be sure not to mix them up.
Teacher was able to eat it.
[先生が食べられた。]

Teacher honorably ate it.
Teacher was eaten.

Finally, for all ~う verbs change the final sound to ~[x]a as though you are making theplain negative form, but then add ~れる after instead of ~ない.
の

む

ころ
ま＋れる

まれる

される

す

め

せ

ころされる

わ ＋れる

われる

し

む
も

う

さ＋れる

み

のまれる

はら

す

そ

い
う

はらわれる

え
お

Regardless of the verb type, just like with the potential form, once a verb is in passive form
any further conjugation occurs as a ~る verb.
[Coffee is drunk (plain).][Coffee is drunk (polite).][Coffee was drunk.]

コーヒーが飲まれる
飲まれます
飲まれた
飲まれない

[Coffee is not drunk.]

飲まれなかった
飲まれている[Coffee was not drunk.][Coffee is being drunk.]

飲まれていた[Coffee was being drunk.]
飲まれていなかった [Coffee was not being drunk.]
In Japanese sentences that use passive verbs, the particle は or が marks who/what theverb is done to. In contrast, the particle に marks who/what the verb is done by.
私のケーキが猫になめられた。
[My cake was licked by a cat.]
毎日カラオケでこの歌がたくさんの人に歌われている。
[This song is (being) sung at karaoke every day by many people.]
なん「だれが食べた！？！」「え、何の話？何が食べられた？」[“Who ate it!?!”“Huh, what are you talking about? What was eaten?”]

だれにも見られていないので少し安心してもいいよ。
[You’re not being watched by anyone, so you can relax a bit.]
またおくれたら部長に注意されるよ。
[If you are late again you’ll be cautioned by the boss.]Grammar Point 9.1.2: The causative form (使役動詞)
In Japanese, the causative form is a verb conjugation pattern that has two uses. The first is
to indicate that someone forces someone to do something. The second is to indicate thatsomeone allows someone to do something. While in English we usually expres s these
meanings via respectively putting “made” or “let” before the verb, in Japanese the verb
itself conjugates to express both potential meanings.
Before looking at how to differentiate meanings, let’s begin with the conjugation patternitself. Once again, irregular verbs must be memorized as-is, as they follow no pattern.

Polite positive
form

Plain positive
form

Plain passive
form

Plain causative
form

します

する

される

させる

きます

くる

こられる

こさせる

For ~る verbs, just remove the final る and replace it with ~させる.

Plain

食べ

Causative

Plain

る
させる

開け

Causative

る
させる

勉強させないで！！！
(Don’t make me study!!!)

ドアを開けさせないで!!!

Plain present positive to plain causative positive(Don’t make me open the door!!!)Finally, for ~う verbs, just like with passive verbs, start by changing the final sound to~[x]a as though you were making the plain negative form. Afterwards, just add ~せる.

の

む

ませる

ころ
ま＋せる
み

させる

む

のませる

め
も

す

はら
さ＋せる
し

わせる

す

ころさせる

せ
そ

う
わ ＋せる
い
う

はらわせる

え
お

As with passive verbs, once a verb becomes a causative verb it conjugates further as a ~る
verb. So while 飲ませる is “to make/let drink”, 飲ませた is “made/let drink”, 飲ませている
is “making/letting drink”, 飲ませなかった is “didn’t make/let drink”, etc.

When using a causative verb in a sentence, the person who makes/lets someone orsomething [verb] is the topic or subject. The person who will make/allow the topic/subject
to do the verb is instead marked by に in most cases.
先生が私に日本語を勉強させた。
[The teacher made/allowed me to study Japanese.]
私はボールをけらせました。
[I forced/let someone, established via context but not in the sentence, kick the ball.]私にボールをけらせました。
[Someone established via context but not in the sentence made/let me kick the ball.]
わか

親が私にパートナーと別れさせようとしている。
[My parents are trying to make me break up with my partner]
The one exception is when someone forces/allows someone to go somewhere. In that case,the destination is marked by に, and the person being forced/let go is marked by を.
ボスが私たちをとてもつまらないはくぶつかんに行かせた。
[Our boss made us go to a realy boring museum.]p e t t i n g

z o o

親が子どもをふれあい動物園に動物をさわりに行かせた。
[The parents let their child go to the petting zoo to touch animals.]
As you can see from the examples above, some uses of the causative form are clearly“make” or “allow” based on context. In other cases though, the meaning can be ambiguous.
One way to make the “forced” meaning clear is through attaching adverbs which mean “byforce”, such as きょうせい的に or むりやり.
かれは私にケーキを五つむりやり食べさせた。
[He forced me against my will to eat five cakes.]

Here 人を is used because “people” are thedirect object, with the causative formchanging an intransitive verb into atransitive one. People are now what is being
forced to work. If you marked someone withに, they would be doing the forcing.

illegal

人をきょうせい的にはたらかせるのはいほうです。
[Making people work by force is against the law.]

This doesn’t work with transitive verbs like
食べる, because they already have an
established direct object. If you write
人を食べさせる that means making
something/someone eat people… which
hopefully isn’t a sentence you’ll ever need.

In contrast, connecting ~させる to a giving or receiving verb via the ~て form makes it
clear that the verb means letting/allowing. When you use ~てあげる or the politer ~てさせあげる, it indicates that you (or someone in your in group) allows someone else to dosomething. Remember though: stating ~てさしあげる to the person you are doing
something for often sounds pretentious rather than polite, so another way of saying things(such as ~てもいいです) is usually best.
かれは子どもにケーキを五つ食べさせてあげた！
[He gave the children the favor of allowing them to eat five cakes!]
犬に外であそばせてあげるね。
[I’ll let the dog play outside a bit, okay?]
As with other verbs, ~させてくれる・くださる indicate that the sentence topic allows
the verb to be done by you (or someone in your in group), while ~させてもらう・いただ
く indicate that the sentence topic/subject receives permission to do the verb. Let’s
compare some examples, paying attention to the use of は (or が), に, and the verb.

With normal
causative
sentences, thetopic is theforcer/allower.
Howeve r, in the~させてもらう
construction,
the topic
receives
permission,and the allower
is marked by に.

タニヤ先生が私にクラスでおかしを食べさせてくれた。
[Ms. Tanya did me the favor of letting me eat snacks in class.]
私はタニヤ先生にクラスでおかしを食べさせてもらった。
[I received the favor of being allowed to eat snacks in class from Ms. Tanya.]
父のボスが父に一週間休ませてくださったので家族で旅しました。
[My dad’s boss honorably did him the favor of letting him take a week off, so wewent on a trip as a family.]
父はボスに一週間休ませていただいたので家族で旅しました。
[My dad humbly received the favor of being allowed to take a week off, from his
boss so we went on a trip as a family.]

In real life though, the “giver” and/or “receiver” are often dropped as they are clear fromcontext. This is especially true when talking to the person who gave you permission.
今日行かせてもらって is also fine

今日行かせてくれてありがごう！
[Thank you for doing me the favor of allowing me to go!]for showing appreciation, but you
wouldn’t follow with “thanks” as
YOU are the topic. Something like
“I’m ve ry thankful” would be fine
to follow with instead as it keeps
you as the topic he re.

By attaching the ~ませんか patterns we discussed in GP8.4, you can also use either
version of ~させて[verb] to request permission. Just be sure that if you include a topic,
subject, or target of action, etc., you use the right particles.
使わせてくれませんか。

[Won’t you let me use it?]

使わせてくださいませんか。

[Won’t you let me use it, but I’m more polite?]

私に使わせてくださいませんか。 [Same as above, but specifying let ME?]
使わせてもらえませんか。

[Can I receive the favor of using it?]

あなたに使わせてもらえませんか。[Same as above, but specifying from YOU?]
使わせていただけますか。

[Same as above, but more polite?]

使わせていただけないでしょうか。[Same as above, but even politer?]

Actually adding“you” in a sentence
like this would soundquite odd.

Be sure not to mix these up with their “normal” uses for non -causative verbs.
かれを待ってくれませんか。
[Won’t you do me the favor of waiting for him please?]
かれを待たせてくれませんか。
[Could you do me the favor of making him wait?]
この映画を見ていただけないでしょうか。
[Can I humbly receive the favor of you watching this movie?]
この映画を見させていただけないでしょうか。
[Can I humbly receive the favor of being allowed to watch this movie?]
One final issue to discuss: the causative form turns intransitive verbs into transitive ones.
For instance, none of the verbs below are transitive normally, but they are in the examples.

Whe n thisoccurs, thething made or
allowed tove rb ismarked by を
instead of に親が子どもをいすにすわらせた。
[The parent made the child sit in the chair.]
かれはいつも私をこまらせている。
[He’s always making trouble for me (lit: causing me to be troubled).]どうして私をこんなになかせているの？
[Why are you making me cry like this?]However, when a verb has a transitive/intransitive pair (like 閉める・閉まる), you
generally don’t use the causative form of the intransitive version. For instance, it is difficult
to think of a context where 閉まらせる (“to make something shut itself”) works. So evenwhen using the causative form of an intransitive version of a pair is possible, you need toremember that the intransitive version keeps the “by itself” meaning inherent to the verb.
Intransitive

田中さんが起きました。まりこさんも起きました。
[Tanaka woke up. Mariko woke up too.]Transitive

田中さんがまりこさんを起こしました。
[Tanaka woke up Mariko.]

Intransitive
causative

田中さんはまりこさんを自分で起きさせている。
[Tanaka lets/makes Mariko wake up by herself.]

Transitive
causative

田中さんはまりこ さんに子どもを起こさせた。
[Tanaka made/let Mariko wake up the/their child/children.]A simple thing to keep in mind to prevent mis-use of the causative form is that manytransitive verbs already imply “make”. For instance, 寝かす is “put to bed”, so if you “force”
someone to sleep, you may still just use 寝かす. You might use 寝させる for emphasis, but
the transitive causative 寝かさせる would rarely be used (it means “let/make put tosleep”). For another example, the verb せっとくする means “to convince”, so if you “makesomeone believe you” you just say せっとくする. The せっとくさせる from would be
forcing someone to convince someone else, which is a bit odd. To wrap this all up, don’t use
the causative form just because the English equivalent used “forced” or “made”; sometimes
that meaning is just already in the Japanese verb.
田中さんは寝た。まりこさんも寝た。
[Tanaka went to sleep. Mariko slept too.]
田中さんはまりこさんを寝かした。
[Tanaka put Mariko to bed.]
田中さんはまりこさんをむりやり寝かした。
[Tanaka put Mariko to bed even though she didn’t want to.]Intransitive
causative

もうおそかったが、田中さんはまりこさんを寝させてあげた。
[It was already late, but Tanaka let Mariko sleep.]Transitive
causative

田中さんはまりこさんに子どもを寝かさせた。
[Tanaka made/let Mariko put the/their kid to sleep.]

Grammar Point 9.1.3: The causative-passive form (使役受動態)
The causative-passive form is a conjuncation pattern that indicates that the topic/subjectof a sentence was forced to do something by someone else.
To create the causative-passive form of any verb, change it into its causative form and then
add the passive ~られる. Hence, the name causative-passive.
Irregular Verbs

する
Plain

させる
させられる
Causative
Caus-Pass

くる
Plain

こさせる

こさせられるCausative
Caus-Pass

る Verbs

来る is rarely
conjugated into
the causative or
the causative
passive , but thisis how you do it.

食べる
食べさせる
食べさせられる

Plain
Causative

Caus-Pass

う Verbs

会う
Plain

会わさせる
会わさせられる
Causative
Caus-Pass

飲む
飲ませる
Plain

飲ませられるCausative
Caus-Pass

行く
行かせる

行かせられる

Plain
Causative

Caus-Pass
Longer ve rbs like はたらく follow the same pattern,
obviously, becoming はたらかせられる, etc.
I just didn’t have space to use the m in the image.

Super funpractice tip!
Think ofve rbs andconjugate
the m out
loud into
each form
until yourbrain breaks!

In a sentence that uses the causative-passive form, whatever is marked by は・が is the
person subjected to the verb. Whatever is marked by に instead forces the action. Let’s
compare the causative, passive, and causative-passive of 食べる across simple sentences:
私はケーキを食べた。
[I ate cake.]
私は子どもにケーキを食べさせた。
[I let the kids eat cake.]
ケーキは子どもに食べられた。
[The cake was eaten by the children.]
子どもは私にケーキを食べさせられた。
[The children were forced to eat cake by me.]
Unlike the causative, the causative-passive almost always implies “forced” rather than“allowed”. Let’s look at some more examples:
かのじょのすごさをみとめさせられた。
[I was forced to recognize her genius.]
仕事のパーティーでお酒をたくさん飲ませられて、朝まではきました。
[I was forced to drink a bunch of alcohol at a work party and vomited into morning.]
先生にクラスメートの前で話させられるのが本当にこわい。
[Being made to speak in front of the class by the teacher is truly terrifying.]
私は毎日夜まで仕事をさせられていやだ。
[I’m forced to do work until evening every day and it’s awful.]
Be careful, as the causative-passive form of る verbs looks exactly like their causative withthe potential (“can”~られる) form added to it.
聞かせられない話ですね。
[It’s a story I can’t allow you to hear (not a story you won’t be forced to hear).]When creating the causative-passive form of う-verbs, the ~[x]aせられる form is often
shortened to ~[x]aされる. That is, the middle 「~せら~」 becomes 「~さ~」. This is notpossible for verbs that end in ~す like 話す, but is often preferred over the “correct”
version. For instance, 行かされる is much more common to hear/see than 行かせられる.
飲ませられる。

行かせられる。

歌わせられた。

飲まされる。

行かされる。

歌わされた。

[Am forced to drink.][Am forced to go.][Was forced to sing.]

The ~[x]aされる
ve rsions cansound slightly
more casual.

Let’s look at some comparative examples of normal, passive, causative, and causative
passive verbs. Some sentences will be a bit silly, but this is to help our comparison s. Pay
close attention to how the topic of the sentences and use of particles changes.
私はサメを食べた。

私はお酒を飲んだ。

[I ate shark.][I drank alcohol.]

私はサメに食べられた。

お酒が私に飲まれた。

[I was eaten by a shark.][The booze was drunk by me.]

私はサメに食べさせた。

私はお酒を飲ませた。

[I made/let a shark eat something.][I let/made someone drink alcohol.]

かれはサメを食べさせた。

私にお酒を飲ませた。

[He made/let someone eat shark.][Someone let/made me drink alcohol.]

私はかれにサメを食べさせられた。

私はかれにお酒を飲ませられた。

[I was forced to eat a shark by him.][I was forced to drink alcohol by him.]

サメに食べられたくないのでいっしょに泳ぐ前に魚をたくさん食べさせる。
[I don’t want to be eaten by the shark, so I make it eat fish before I swim w/ it.]
私に魚を食べさせられたサメがもっと大きいサメに食べられた。
[The shark that was forced by me to eat fish was eaten by a bigger shark.]
ぜん

お酒を飲ませてもらうこととお酒を飲ませられることは全然ちがう。
[Being allowed to drink alcohol and being forced to drink it are totally different.]Grammar Point 9.1.4: Passive/causative/causative-passive particle review
Before moving on, let’s double check our particles for these forms. In a passive sentence,
the topic/subject is affected by the verb. What is marked by に does the verb.
私はライオンに食べられた。

ライオンは私に食べられた。

[I was eaten by a lion.][A lion was eaten by me.]

In a causative sentence, the topic/subject lets/allows whatever is marked by に to verb,
unless the verb is a movement verb or causative-intransitive verb, in which case you use を.
先生は私にピザを食べさせた。
[The teacher let/made me eat pizza.]

If you translated this as[I was made/allowed to eat pizza by the teache r]that woud be fine ! Japanese and English might
say the same thing different ways. But it would
not reflect the grammar.

先生は私を家に帰らせた。
[The teacher let/made me go home to my house.]
When a causative verb is used with a giving/receiving verb, the use of particles matches thenormal pattern for that verb. So with ~させてくれる, the topic gives permission
inward to what is marked by に, and with ~させてあげる the topic gives permission
outward to what is marked by に (both are the same as the causative pattern above), butwith ~させてもらう the topic/subject receives permission inward from what ismarked by に (inverse to the causative pattern above).
先生は私にあそばせてくれた。
[The teacher did me the inward-favor of letting me play.]
私は父に休ませてあげた。
[I did my dad the outward-favor of letting him rest.]
私は父に休ませてもらった。
[I received the favor of being allowed to rest from my dad.]
For causative-passive verbs, the topic/subject is forced to do some kind of action bywhat is marked by に.
私はきびしい先生に本を十さつ読ませられた。
[I was forced to read ten books by the strict teacher.]Grammar Point 9.2: Requesting actions with ~てほしい・~てもらいたい
In Japanese, attaching ~ほしい or ~もらいたい to a verb’s て form expresses a desire forsomeone (marked by に) to do that verb. This is less direct than simplying saying “please”,
but more flexible, as it can be used to talk about things you want to receive from third
parties. In some contexts these forms can sound demanding, especially if used to people
above you in status, but are generally seen as semi-polite to polite in other situations.
Whe n talking tosomeone, if atarget of action(~ に) is absent,
the y are theassumed target.

きょうじゅう

今日中にこの部屋をそうじしてほしいです。
[I want you to clean (want to receive cleaning from you) this room today.]
かれにかれしをはやくふってもらいたい。
[I want him to dump his boyfriend for me quickly.]
明日までファイルをてんそうしてもらいたいですが。。。
[I’d like you to forward me the file by tomorrow…]
じゃ、あんたにやってもらうよ。
[Well, I’ll have you do it for me then.]

The present tense ~ てもらう without ~ たい, unlike ~ てほしい, almost always sounds like a threat or demand.

The politeness of this phrase can be increased by changing もらう into the potential form
and/or いただく, and/or by adding a conditional “if” afterwards.
四月にプロジェクトを始めていただきたいとぞんじますがよろしいでしょうか。
[I’d like to receive you starting this project before April, but is that possible?]
今日ばんごはんを作っていただけたらとてもうれしいです。
[I’d be delighted if I could receive you making dinner tonight.]
This “if” can also just be followed with “I think” to create a request. The ~たら, ~と, and ~れば “ifs” all see use here with minimal difference between them .
もうおそいとしょうちしていますがこれを返品させていただければとそんじます。
[I humbly know I’m already late, but I was thinking if I could humbly receive being
allowed to return this…]
行ってもらえたらと思いますが…

[It would be great if could have you go for me.]Grammar Point 9.3: The ~てしまう ending
The use of ~しまう after a verb’s ~て form creates two potential implications. The first isthat an act is completed, or done all the way through.
もうにげてしまった。
[They’ve already run all the way away.]
きのうはとてもはやく寝てしまいました。
[I went completely to sleep quite quickly yesterday and that action is done.]
In other cases, the ~てしまう form conveys a sense of regret, especially when the sentence
it is used in is referring to a negative outcome.
ふられてしまった。
[I was dumped. It’s over and done, and regrettable.]
話している時にかれの名前をわすれてしまいました。
[I unfortunately forgot his name while we are talking.]
あ、ごめん！あなたのカップケーキを食べてしまったかも。
[Oh, sorry! I might have eaten your cupcake. Oops, it’s gone.]
Obviously, there are many cases where context is required to tell the difference between
these two meanings. The grammar form itself provides no clues, but tone of voice,surrounding commentary, etc., can help you figure out what is meant.
読んでしまった。
[I finished reading it or I read it and regret doing so.]
ひどい本だと分かっていたのに最後まで読んでしまった。
[Even though I knew it was a terrible book, I wasted time reading it to the end.]
家にある本を全部読んでしまったので新しいのを買いに行かないと。
[I’ve completely read all the books in my house, so I need to go buy new ones.]

Grammar Point 9.4: Words using 以
The kanji list for this chapter includes the kanji 以. This kanji is rarely used on its own, but
is combined with a number of other kanji to indicate an extent. For instance:

い ら い

以来
い

か

以下

since
below,
less

い こ う

以降
い じ ょう以上

after,
onwardabove,
more

い ぜん

以前
い ない

以内

prior
to
withinThese 以 words can stand on their own, but often attach directly to the noun. When the 似word connects to a noun like this, they can be followed by の, turning them into a modifier,or by に, making them work like an adverb. Sometimes though, に is dropped.
十六才以下の子どもはこのライドにのってはいけません。
[Children under 16 must not ride this ride.]
三十分以上かかると思うよ。でも、二時間以内にできるはずだ。
[I think it will take more than 30 minutes. But it should be possible within 2 hours.]
以前はだいじょうぶだったが、くらくなったから八時以降出かけてはいかない。
[It was fine earlier, but because it got dark, you can’t go out after 8.]
その日以来、会わなかった。
[I didn’t meet them since that day.]以来 rarely combines with に,unless its part of a clause.

The 以来 construction can be used like から with ~て form verbs to indicate “after verb”,
and the 以下 form can also be used with verbs like 思う to show expectations.
工事が始まって以来、家のまわりがとてもうるさくなった。
[Since the construction began, it’s become quite noisy around my house.]
思った以上(に)大変だった。
[It was harder than I thought it would be.]Grammar Point 9.5: Requests via ~なさい
The ~なさい form is a version of “please” which can have implications of an authorative oreven demanding request (think of a request that does not expect and/or actually allow forrefusal). A prototypical use case would be a parent talking to their child, or on an official
form. While not rude by any means, it should not be used to people above you in status,and can function like a demand in angry tones of voice.
The construction of ~なさい forms are simple: just attach ~なさい to the verb’s stem.
Remember: the ver b stem of all verbs is the ~ます form with ~ます deleted.
いちろうくん、朝ごはんをはやく食べなさい。
[Ichiro, (as your parent I’m ordering you to) eat your breakfast quickly.]
名前とじゅうしょをここで書きなさい。
[Please write your name and address here (its part a form, you have no choice).]
私にバカなことを言うのをやめなさい。
[Stop telling me stupid things (I’m quite frustrated with you).]
Grammar Point 9.6: までに as a deadline
In the last textbook, we learned まで as “until”. The phrase までに functions the exact
same way as まで grammatically, but instead means “by/before”. That is, it sets a harddeadline that something must be accomplished by, rather than indicates how long or far
something goes to until.
明日までに送らないとこまります。
[If you don’t send it by tomorrow it will be a problem.]
かのじょが来るまでに部屋をかたづけなさい。
[Clean up your room before she comes.]
何時までにひつようですか。
[What time do you need it until?]
あなたが日本に来るまでに英語をもっと勉強しないといけない。
[I need to study a lot more English before you come to Japan.]

までに and 前に
can sometimes beinterchangeable,
but までに cannot
mean “before” in asense without adeadline, as in “I’ll
go before class.”

CHAPTER 9 KANJI・ か ん じ
Wow! You are just one week away from knowing all the kanji on JLPT N4… plus extras!
Meaning

発

Kun yomi はな（つ）・おこ（る）・た（つ）
On yomiSampleuses

Meaning

表Emit, depart, discharge

はつ・ほつは っぴ ょう

か いはつ

発表

開発

は った つし ゅっぱ つ発達

出発は つば い

は っけん

発売

発見

Representative, model

Kun yomi あらわ（す）・あらわ（れる）・おもて
On yomiSampleuses

ひょうは っぴ ょう

だ いひ ょう

発表

代表

ひ ょう しひ ょうげ ん

表紙

表現

お もて

族
試

Meaning

Both あ ら わ す and あ ら わ れ る

うらひ ょうじ ょう

表 と裏

表 情

can have the first three あ ら わ
written as 表 or 現 .
Using 表 implies an expression,
as in showing thanks, joy, or
something via words. 現 is amore general appearance, as in a
literal object showing up.

Family, tribe

Kun yomi
On yomiぞく

Sample
uses

か ぞく

み んぞく

家族

民族

Meaning

Test, attempt

Kun yomi ため（し）・ため（す）・こころ（みる）
On yomiSample
uses

し
ため

し けん

試し

試験

ため

し あい

試す

試合

こ ころ

し こ うさ く ご

試 みる

試行錯誤 (trial and error)

Meaning験
写真集

Verification, effectKun yomi ため（す）・あかし・しるし
On yomi

けん・げん
し けん

た いけ んSample
uses

試験

体験

け いけ ん

じ っけ んし つ

経験

実験室

Meaning

Describe, copy

Kun yomi うつ（す）・うつ（る）On yomi

しゃ
うつ

し ゃしん

Sample
uses

写す

写真

うつ

び ょうし ゃ

写る

描 写 する

Meaning

Truth

Kun yomi まこと・まOn yomiしん
し ゃしん

し んじ つSample
uses

写真

真実

し んけん

ま

真剣に

真ん中

Meaning

Collect, gather

なか

Kun yomi あつ（める）・あつ（まる）On yomiしゅう
し ゃしん しゅうSample
uses

あつ

写真集

集める

し ゅうち ゅうあつ

集 中 する

集まる

ぼ しゅう

募集する
Meaning

特SpecialKun yomi
On yomiSampleuses

とくとくど くと く

特に

独特

と くべつ

と っき ゅうれ っし ゃ

特別

特 急 列車Meaning

別急Seperate

Kun yomi わか（れる）・わ（ける）
On yomi

べつ
わ

と くべつ

Sample
uses

別ける

特別

わか

べ つべつ

別れる

別々

Meaning

Hurry

Kun yomi いそ（ぐ）On yomi

きゅう
いそ

き ゅう

Sample
uses

急ぐ

急に

き んきゅ うと っきゅ うれっ しゃ

緊急

特急列車

Meaning

Because, due to

Kun yomi もって以

On yomiSampleuses

Meaningいい ぜん

い じ ょう

以前

以上

い

い

ご

か

以後

以下

い こう

い がい

以降

以外

い ない

い らい

以内

以来

Field, rustic

Kun yomi の野On yomiSample
uses

しょ・や
や きゅう

や さい

野球

野菜

ぶ んや

の ら い ぬ分野

野良犬・野良猫

や せ い どう ぶつ

なが の けん野生動物

長野県 (Nagano prefecture)の ら ね こや しん

やば んじん野心

野蛮人 (barbarian)

有
無
意
昼
夕

MeaningHave, exists

Kun yomi

あ（る）On yomi

ゆう
あ

ゆ うこう

Sample
uses

有る

有効

ゆ うめい

ゆ うりょ う有名

有料

MeaningNone, not, no

Kun yomiな（い）On yomiむ、ぶむ

だむ り ょうSample
uses

無駄

無料

む

ぶ

MeaningIdea, desire, mind

り

無理

じ

無事

Kun yomi
On yomiいいSample
uses

み

い しき

意味

意識

い けん

い

意見

意図的

い

し

ち ゅう い意思注意

Meaning

Afternoon

Kun yomi

ひる

On yomi

ちゅう

と てき

ひる

ち ゅうし ょく

Sample
uses

昼

昼 食

Meaning

Evening

Kun yomi

ゆうOn yomiせきSample
uses

ひる

はん

ひる ね

昼ご飯

昼寝

ゆ うし ょく

た なばた

夕食

七夕

ゆ うが たゆ うだ ち夕方

夕立

CHAPTER 9 WORKBOOK・ ワ ー ク ブ ッ ク 9
Exercise 9.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 発
発
Stroke order

2. 表
表
Stroke order

3. 族
族
Stroke order

4. 試
試
Stroke order

5. 験験
Stroke order

6. 写
写
Stroke order7. 真真Stroke order

8. 集
集
Stroke order

9. 特
特Stroke order

10. 別
別Stroke order

11. 急
急Stroke order

12. 以
以Stroke order13. 野野Stroke order

14. 有有Stroke order

15. 無
無Stroke order

16. 意
意Stroke order

17. 昼
昼
Stroke order

18. 夕
夕Stroke order

Exercise 9.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. しけんのまえにせんせいにはっぴょうさせられた。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. とくべつなひるごはんだったからしゃしんをとらせてもらった。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. ゆいめいじんにあうために、ファンがあつまっているところまでいそいでいった。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
4. ゆうしょくのためのやさいがないのでいちじかんいないにかいにいきなさい。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. いちにちににじゅうじかんいじょうはたらくのがむりだ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. かぞくがかえるまでにおもちゃをすべてかたづけてしまわないといけない。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
7. いかでじぶんのごいけんをさんびゃくもじいないにかきなさい。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________

Exercise 9.3
Choose the right word from each （） so that the Japanese and English matchin meaning (don’t be tricked by trying to match the English grammar or vocabulary 100%).
1. I had no choice but to go.
私は（行かれた・行かせた・行かせられた）。
2. They let her say her opinion.
かのじょは意見を（言わせてもらった・言わせてくれた・言わされてもらった）。
3. I’ve been asked that many times.
何回も（聞かれた・聞かせた・聞かせられた）よ。
4. The teacher let him play at the park.
えん

かれは先生に公園で（あそんでくれた・あそばせてくれた・あそばせてもらった・
あそんでもらった）。
5. They aren’t allowed to sing, it’s our rule.
私たちはかれらを（歌って・歌われて・歌わせて・歌わせられて）（あげない・
くれない）。
6. A dog bit me. Well, I mean, I let it bite me though.
犬に（かんだ・かまれた・かませた・かませられた）。まぁ、私が（かんだ・かまれた・かませた・かませられた）けど。
7. I was allowed to use the computer by my dad. He also got me a game!
父がコンピューターを（使って・使われて・使わせて・使わせられて）（くれた・あげた・もらった）。かれにゲームも買って（くれた・あげた・もらった）。
8. They won’t make it for me. I’ve got no choice but to make it.
私に（作って・作られて・作らせて・作らせられて）（くれない・あげない・
もらわない）。だから、（作られている・作らせている・作らせられている）。
9. I don’t think he’s going to let me.
私はかれに（やって・やられて・やらせて・やらせられて）（あげない・
くれない・もらわない）と思う。
10. You can’t look at this.
私は（見せて・見られて・見させて・見させられて）（あげない・くれない）よ。
11. Ha! You thought I’d just go home and let you win? The fight’s not over yet!
あなたは（帰って・帰られて・帰らせて・帰らせられて）（あげる・くれる・
たたかもらう）と思ったの？ 戦 いがまだまだだよ。

Exercise 9.4
Translate each similar sentence in each set into Japanese as literally as possible, using thepassive, causative, or causative passive as appropriate. Pay close attention to particles.

1. He was eaten by a lion ___________________________________He let a lion eat fish ____________________________________
He was forced to eat a lion ________________________________
2. She made me cry _______________________________________She allowed me to cry ____________________________________I was allowed to cry by her _________________________________I was cried at by her _____________________________________
3. I touched the alien (うちゅうじん) ___________________________I was touched by the alien __________________________________I was allowed to touch the alien’s hand by the alien ____________________________________________________________________
The alien allowed me to touch its hand ___________________________________________________________________________
The alien forced me to touch its hand ________________________________________________________________________________I was forced to touch the alien ________________________________

Exercise 9.5
Write the correct particles to make the English sentence match each potential Japanesetranslation in terms of meaning (not literal grammar). Use “X” for “no particle”.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Tanaka let Mariko play his guitar.
田中さん（）真理子さん（）自分のギター（

田中さん（）真理子さん（）ギター（）ひかせてあげた。

）ひかせてもらった。

We ate it.
私たち（）食べました。

私たち（）食べられました。

They made the boy cry.
かれら（

）男の子（

かれら（

）せい（

）なかせた。
）男の子（

）ないた。

Send it to me before tomorrow.
明日（

）前（

）送りなさい。

明日（）まで（）送りなさい。

They should arrive within a week.
一週間（

）以内（

）着く（

）はずだ。

Exercise 9.6
For each blank, choose 以来, 以降, 以前, 以下, 以上, or 以内 to create a sentence that makes(the most) sense.
1. けっきょくに四週間（
2. 多分十分（）かかってしまった。

）にできると思いますので少々お待ちください。
pede st ria ns

3. 来月（）ここに車が通れなくなる。歩行者のための道になる。
m u s c l e

4. 毎日ジムできんにくを作ろうとしているけど、体重がまだ６０キロ（
5. （）でサインをする前に、（読んでください。サインして（
6. 思った（）だ。

）のじょうほうをもう一回ちゃんと）一年間キャンセルできないから。

）においしかった。
むずか

7. インターネット（はたち

8. 二十歳（9. （）の時代に別の国の友だちを作るのが 難 しかった。
）の方にアルコールを売ってはいけない。

）からここに住んでみたかったよ。

Exercise 9.7
For each image, think up some commands which might make sense to say to someone
using ~なさい to fix the problem.
1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
3.

______________________________________

1. ______________________________________

2. ______________________________________

3. ______________________________________
1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
3. ______________________________________

Exercise 9.7
Using までに, try writing about five real-world deadlines you have coming up, or things
you want to accomplish by a certain time!

1. _____________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________

CHAPTER 9 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ 解 答 集 9
Exercise 9.1
Check
to makeyou filled inPractice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention
to thestrokesureorder.
the kanji carefully, following
1. 発
stroke order and retaining ageneral size balance across each発of the 10 free-hand attempts.
Stroke order

2. 表
表
Stroke order

3. 族
族
Stroke order

4. 試
試
Stroke order

5. 験験
Stroke order

6. 写
写
Stroke order7. 真真Stroke order

8. 集
集
Stroke order

9. 特
特Stroke order

10. 別
別Stroke order

11. 急
急Stroke order

12. 以
以Stroke order13. 野野Stroke order

14. 有有Stroke order

15. 無
無Stroke order

16. 意
意Stroke order

17. 昼
昼
Stroke order

18. 夕
夕Stroke order

Exercise 9.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. しけんのまえにせんせいにはっぴょうさせられた。

試験の前に先生に発表させられた。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________I was made to present by the teacher before the test.
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. とくべつなひるごはんだったからしゃしんをとらせてもらった。

特別な昼ご飯だったから写真をとらせてもらった。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Because it was a special lunch, I received permission to take a photo.
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. ゆいめいじんにあうために、ファンがあつまっているところまでいそいでいった。

有名人に会うために、ファンが集まっているところまで急いで行った。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________In order to meet a/the famous person, I rushed to where the fans gathered.

Translate: ________________________________________________
4. ゆうしょくのためのやさいがないのでいちじかんいないにかいにいきなさい。

夕食のための野さいがないので一時間以内に買いに行きなさい。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
We don’t have any veggies for dinner so please go buy some within an
Translate: ________________________________________________
hour.
5. いちにちににじゅうじかんいじょうはたらくのがむりだ。

一日に二十時間以上はたらくのが無理だ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Working more than 20 hours in one day is impossible.
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. かぞくがかえるまでにおもちゃをすべてかたづけてしまわないといけない。

家族が帰るまでにおもちゃを全てかたづけてしまわないといけない。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________I must completely clean up all the toys before my family

Translate: ________________________________________________

comes home.

7. いかでじぶんのごいけんをさんびゃくもじいないにかきなさい。

以下で自分のご意見を三百文字以内に書きなさい。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Please write your opinion below in 300 characters or less.

Translate: ________________________________________________

Exercise 9.3
Choose the right word from each （） so that the Japanese and English matchin meaning (don’t be tricked by trying to match the English grammar or vocabulary 100%).
1. I had no choice but to go.
私は（行かれた・行かせた・行かせられた）。
2. They let her say her opinion.
かのじょは意見を（言わせてもらった・言わせてくれた・言わされてもらった）。
3. I’ve been asked that many times.
何回も（聞かれた・聞かせた・聞かせられた）よ。
4. The teacher let him play at the park.
えん

かれは先生に公園で（あそんでくれた・あそばせてくれた・あそばせてもらった・
あそんでもらった）。

あ そ ん で も ら っ た here would be “had the teacher playwith/for him”. It loses the “allowed” meaning.

5. They aren’t allowed to sing, it’s our rule.
私たちはかれらを（歌って・歌われて・歌わせて・歌わせられて）（あげない・
くれない）。
6. A dog bit me. Well, I mean, I let it bite me though.
犬に（かんだ・かまれた・かませた・かませられた）。まぁ、私が（かんだ・かまれた・かませた・かませられた）けど。
7. I was allowed to use the computer by my dad. He also got me a game!
父がコンピューターを（使って・使われて・使わせて・使わせられて）（くれた・あげた・もらった）。かれにゲームも買って（くれた・あげた・もらった）。
8. They won’t make it for me. I’ve got no choice but to make it.
私に（作って・作られて・作らせて・作らせられて）（くれない・あげない・
もらわない）。だから、（作られている・作らせている・作らせられている）。
9. I don’t think he’s going to let me.
私はかれに（やって・やられて・やらせて・やらせられて）（あげない・
くれない・もらわない）と思う。
10. You can’t look at this.

～ や ら せ て く れ な い requires you to be the target ofaction here, as the “giver” needs to be the topic.

私は（見せて・見られて・見させて・見させられて）（あげない・くれない）よ。
11. Ha! You thought I’d just go home and let you win? The fight’s not over yet!
あなたは（帰って・帰られて・帰らせて・帰らせられて）（あげる・くれる・
たたかもらう）と思ったの？ 戦 いがまだまだだよ。

Exercise 9.4

You are of course welcome toanswer these in polite form.

Translate each similar sentence in each set into Japanese as literally as possible, using thepassive, causative, or causative passive as appropriate. Pay close attention to particles.

かれはライオンに食べられた.
1. He was eaten by a lion ___________________________________～させてあげた is OK too.

.
He let a lion eat fish かれはライオンに魚を食べさせた____________________________________
He was forced to eat a lionかれはライオンを食べさせられた。
________________________________

かのじょが私をなかせた。
2. She made me cry _______________________________________
かのじょが私をなかせてくれた。
She allowed me to cry ____________________________________
私はかのじょになかせてもらった。

I was allowed to cry by her _________________________________

私はかのじょになかれた。
I was cried at by her _____________________________________
うちゅうじんをさわった。
3. I touched the alien (うちゅうじん) ___________________________I was touched by the alienうちゅうじんにさわられた。
__________________________________

うちゅうじんの手を

I was allowed to touch the alien’s hand by the alien _________________（その）うちゅうじんにさわらせてもらった。
___________________________________________________
うちゅうじんが私に

The alien allowed me to touch its hand ________________________

手をさわらせてくれた。
___________________________________________________
うちゅうじんが私に

The alien forced me to touch its hand ___________________________

手を（むりやりに・きょうせいてきに）さわらせた。
_____________________________________________________
私はうちゅうじんをさわらせられた。
I was forced to touch the alien ________________________________
さわらせた also works.

が could be は in all cases

Exercise 9.5

Write the correct particles to make the English sentence match each potential Japanesetranslation in terms of meaning (not literal grammar). Use “X” for “no particle”.
1.

Tanaka let Mariko play his guitar.
田中さん（ が ）真理子さん（ に ）自分のギター（ を ）ひかせてあげた。
田中さん（ に ）真理子さん（ が ）ギター（ を ）ひかせてもらった。

2.

We ate it.
私たち（ が ）食べました。
私たち（ に ）食べられました。

3.

“It was eaten by us” still means “we ate it”

They made the boy cry.
かれら（ が ）男の子（ を ）なかせた。
かれら（ の ）せい（ で ）男の子（ が ）ないた。

4.

Send it to me before tomorrow.
明日（ の ）前（ に ）送りなさい。
明日（ X ）まで（ に ）送りなさい。

5.

They should arrive within a week.
一週間（ X ）以内（ に ）着く（ X ）はずだ。

Exercise 9.6
For each blank, choose 以来, 以降, 以前, 以下, 以上, or 以内 to create a sentence that makes(the most) sense.
1. けっきょくに四週間（ 以上 ）かかってしまった。
2. 多分十分（ 以内 ）にできると思いますので少々お待ちください。
pede st ria ns

3. 来月（ 以来 ）ここに車が通れなくなる。歩行者のための道になる。
m u s c l e

4. 毎日ジムできんにくを作ろうとしているけど、体重がまだ６０キロ（以下）だ。
5. （ 以下 ）でサインをする前に、（ 以上 ）のじょうほうをもう一回ちゃんと読んでください。サインして（ 以来 ）一年間キャンセルできないから。
6. 思った（ 以上 ）においしかった。
むずか

7. インターネット（ 以前 ）の時代に別の国の友だちを作るのが 難 しかった。
はたち

8. 二十歳（ 以下 ）の方にアルコールを売ってはいけない。 Don’t forget that か方た is a
9. （ 以前）からここに住んでみたかったよ。

polite word for “person”

Exercise 9.7
Thesetoare
For each image, think up some commands which might make sense
sayjustto examples,
someone youranswers may/should differ.

using ~なさい to fix the problem.

しずかになりなさい。
1. ______________________________________
お家へ帰りなさい。
2. ______________________________________
3.

バーに行きなさい。
______________________________________

少し休みなさい。
1. ______________________________________
外でちょっと歩きなさい。
2. ______________________________________
め ぐす り

目薬を使いなさい。

3. ______________________________________

もっと勉強しなさい。
1. ______________________________________
先生と話しなさい。
2. ______________________________________
cram school

じ ゅ く へ行きなさい。

3. ______________________________________
Exercise 9.7

These are just examples, yourUsing までに, try writing about five real-world deadlines you havecomingup, or things
answers
may/should
differ.
you want to accomplish by a certain time!

七時までにばんごはんを食べなければなりません。
1. _____________________________________________________
朝に午前六時までにシャワーをあびないと仕事におくれる。
2. _____________________________________________________
来年までに新しい仕事を見つけたいです。
3. _____________________________________________________かJLPT をうけるまでにこの教科書を最後まで読むつもりだ。
4. _____________________________________________________
六月までに体重を五キロへらすよていです。

5. _____________________________________________________

CHAPTER TEN・ 第 十 章
VOCABULARY・ ご いう Verbs

Nouns
あいて

相手
い わ か ん違和感
うんてんしゅ運転手
おんどinterlocuter, other 人

だますto deceive

sense of oddness

つたわる

to be conveyed [intr.]

driverはかる

to measure

み おくtemperature

見送 る

to send off

会計士

accountant

なやむ

to worry

かんごし

nurse

かんきょう

environment

温度
か い けい しきゅうきゅうしゃ ambulance

計る = measure timeor amounts
測る = measure
distance

る Verbs
いじめる

to bullyarchitecture

せめるto blameveterinarian建てる

to build

tuitionつかまえる

to catch (a person)

奨学金

scholarship

つたえる

to convey, to express

しょうぼうしfire fighter

ほめるto compliment

しょうぼうしゃfire truck

まちがえる

to mistake

けんちく
じゅうい

獣医
じゅぎょうりょう授業料
しょうがくきん

しょくどう

た量る = measureweight or volume

食堂

cafeteria

どうりょう

co-worker

Compound Verbs

はんにん

criminal

がっかりする

to be dissapointed

平和

peace

がまんする

to put up withむかしa long time ago

むだづかい

wasteful use

な Adjectives

もんく

a complaint

さいわい

へいわ

けんせつてきPhrases
せMetaphorically, as in through receiving
favors or services, not literal debt.

わ

建設的

constructiveてきとう

appropriate, slapdash

お世話になるto owe someone a debt

つまりin other words

ようするに

to sum it up
たまたまI don’t need it, I’m fineてつやで
as-is, no thanks

けっこうですfortunate, blessed

Yes, the two meanings arecompletely opposite. It’s annoying.

Adverbsby chance

to do all night

GRAMMAR・ 文 法
Grammar Point 10.1: Questions within sentences
The ~かどうか form creates a “yes/no” question within a sentence, working like “whether(or not)” in English. It attaches to words or phrases that end in the plain form, although
any potential uses of ~だ are dropped. The use of particles connecting かどうか to the verb
that follows is optional, and they are often dropped.
かれがもう会計士に会いに行ったかどうか（が）分からない。
[I don’t know if he’s gone to see the accountant yet.]
All the questions in these examples can be
answered by “yes” or “no”.

エミさんのせいかどうか知らないけど、聞いてみる。
[I don’t know whether it was Emi’s fault, but I’ll ask.]“Did he go to the accountant yet?”“Yes, he did.” “No, he didn’t.”

今日は昼ご飯を家で食べるかどうかがまだ決まってない。
[I it’s not yet decided whether I’ll eat lunch at home.]

Therefore, ~ か ど う か is used.

明日暑くなるかどうか（を）チェックしてください。
[Please check if it will become hot tomorrow.]
Because ~かどうか turns any verb phrases its attached to into noun phrases, you can add
the particle ~の after it to create complex constructions.
平和になるかどうかの問題じゃなくて、平和になれるかどうかの問題だ。
[It’s not a problem of if peace will come, but one of if peace can come.]のうりょくがあるかどうかの話より、心が良いかどうかの話のほうが大事です。
[Talk of whether they have talent is less vital than that of if their heart is good.]
In contrast, ~か attaches to clauses ending in the plain form to create open ended
questions in a sentenence that cannot be answered by “yes” or “no”, as in these examples:
だれが行くか分からないし、いつ行くか分からないし。何も分からない、私。
[I don’t know who’s going. I don’t know when they’ll go. I don’t know anything.]
どうすればいいかまよっているんです。
[I’m at a loss about (the question of) what to do.]As you can see, Engilshtranslations of this grammar
point often don’t have an
equivalent of the 「か」 in them.

かれに何が食べたいかについて聞いてみてください。
[Try asking him about what he wants to eat.]
だれがやるべきかが分かる。しかし、その人がやるかどうかは分からない。
[I know who should do it. But I don’t now if that person will do it.]Grammar Point 10.2: Defining things via という
The phrase ~という[noun (phrase)] is placed after a word or phrase in the plain form
(dropping any potential ~だs) to begin definining it. The [noun (phrase)] that comes after~という places the [noun (phrase)] before ~という in a specific category.
The most straightforward use of this grammar form is to name and define specific items orindividuals. This is especially common when you assume the other person might not know
who or what you’re taking about, so they need more information than just the name.
このまちには、「クロ」という有名なネコがいました。
[In this town, there was a famous cat called “Kuro”.]
It is possible
for という todisappear in atranslation!

「マナちゃんの大ぼうけん」というマンガがごぞんじですか。
[Do you know the manga “Mana’s Grand Adventure”?]
これはなっとうという食べ物です。日本には人気があります。
[This is a food known as “natto”. It is popular in Japan.]

By adding more detail before or after ~という, you can then define concepts or items ingreat detail. In particular, by placing a verb phrase in front of ~という and then attaching~こと or ~の after, you create a phrase which describes an action, phenomenon, or conceptthat either doesn’t have a name or you don’t know the name for.
「食べすぎるということはよくない！」とよく父に言われた。
[I was often told by my dad that “(the thing of) eating too much is no good”.]
あやまるべきなのにあやまらないというのははずかしい行動だよ。
[(The act of) not apologizing when you should apologize is embarrassing behavior.]
自分の部屋を自分でかたづけたということはえらいよ。よくやったね。
[(Your action of) cleaning up your room by yourself is admirable. Great job.]
Finally, ~という can also be used to place something within a larger category, defining
specifically what about the thing you find to be important in a given context.
きょうしという仕事はとても大変だと思う。
[I believe that a teacher, as a profession, is quite a difficult one.]「私のせいではないのでてつだわなくてもいい」という考え方がきらいです。
[I hate the mindset of “since it’s not my fault, I don’t need to help”.]
私たちは先生だからいじめという社会問題についてふかく考えるべきだ。
[As we are teachers, we should think hard about the social problem of bullying.]

Grammar Point 10.3: The “As a noun” form として
By applying ~として to the end of a noun, we create the phrase 「as a [noun]」. Just likein English, this is a simple construction that can be used for three major purposes: 1) tostate the position, job, form, or identity someone/something [verbs] as….
今はきょうしとしてはたらいている。
[Right now, (someone is) working as a teacher.]りゅう

留 学生として日本に来たんです。
[(Someone) came to Japan as a study abroad student.]
せかいじゅううまい日本酒を作る町として世界中に知られている。
[It is known world over as a town that makes delicious sake.]…2) to indicate that something is used for a purpose that it normally is not…
かれはペンをおはしとして使った。
[He used pens as chopsticks.]
とりあえず私たちはこのソファをベッドとして使おう。
[For now, let’s use this sofa as a bed.]…or 3) to state someone’s position to frame a claim.
けいさつとしてほうりつのニュアンスを知っておくべきだ。
[As a police officer, you should be aware of the nuances of the law in advance.]
それはかんごしとしてやってはいけないことですよ。
[That is something that, as a nurse, you must not do.
Grammar Point 10.4.a: Metaphors via ~のようThe phrase ~のよう functions very similar to the ~みたい form from GP5.3, in that [NounA]のような[Noun B] and [Noun A]みたいな[Noun B] both mean “a B that is like A”.
しょうぼうしゃのような車が大好きだ・しょうぼうしゃみたいな車が大好きだ。
[I like vehicles similar to fire trucks.]「noun」と同じよう（な・に） is often used tostress exact (rather than general or metaphorical)
overlap or repetition.
かれはいつもピエロと同じのような服を着ている。 Use な to modify nouns, and に to create an adverb.

[He’s always dressed just like a clown.]

Or “odd feelings similar to this”
if you need visualize the grammar.

このようないわかんをかんじさせる映画をあまり見たくない。
[I don’t want to watch movies that make me feel this kind of odd feeling.]

Both ~[Noun A]のように and ~[Noun A]みたいに can also be followed by verbs to mean
“to [verb] like [Noun A]”. The form 「[Noun A]を[Noun B]のように[verb]」 seen in the
final two sentences below then means “to [verb] [A] as though it is [B]”.
あなたのように走れない・あなたみたいに走れない。はやすぎる。
[I can’t run like you (do). You’re too fast.]
prof ess or

beg intal ki ng

よってしまうと、かれはいつもはかせのように話しはじめる。
[He always begins talking like he’s some kind of professor when he gets drunk.]
しずかさんがお酒を水のように飲む。
[Shizuka drinks booze like it’s water.]
たからもの

あのオタクがレアカードを 宝 物のように大事にする。
[That otaku takes care of rare cards as though they were treasure.]
You can also follow ~のように・みたいに with adjectives to mean “as [adjective] as [A]”.
grav eya rd

その後で、パーティーがはかばのようにしずかだった。
[After that, the party was as silent as the grave.]
ゴリラのように強い動物だね。
[It’s an animal that’s a strong like a gorilla.]
Grammar Point 10.4.b: Verbs and ~ようにThe ~ように form (not ~のように) can be used after verbs, but the meaning is not often as
straight forward as with other word types. In the most simple cases, the use of [verb]ように can still create a metaphor via indicating “as though [verb]”, although this grammar
point often requires the verb in front of ~ように to be part of a larger relative clause.
the trick

歩いているようにおどるんですよ。それがこのダンスのコ ツ です。
[You dance as though you are walking. That’s the trick to this dance.]
兄が今やっているようにちゃんと勉強しなさい。
[Please attend to your studies, just as your older brother is doing right now.]
かん

多くの人に見られているように感じてしまった。
[I felt as though I was being watched by a lot of people.]
分かっていないのに分かっているように話している。
[They are talking like they understand despite that they don’t.]

In many cases, however, 「[verb A]ように[verb B]」 instead shows that both actions havea relationship, as in “do(n’t do) [verb B] so that [verb A] does(n’t) occur”.
虫が入らないように窓を閉めておいてください。
[Please close the windows so that bugs don’t get in.]
部屋が明るくなるように窓を全部開けました。
[I opened all the windows so that the room would get brighter.]
だまされないように気をつけてください。
[Be careful so that you aren’t deceived.]
よ明日がとても良い日になるように今日がんばりましょう。
[Let’s do our best today to make tomorrow an excellent day.]
The ~[verb]ようになる construction then indicates that a change has occurred.
おすしがどんどんアメリカで食べられるようになった。
[Sushi gradually became eaten in America.]
最近毎日使うようになった。
[Recently, I’ve begun using it every day.]

Remember to use ~見える and ~聞こえるfor “literally able to see/hear”

くもがなくなったら、山が見えるようになるはずだ。
[Once the clouds depart, the mountain should become visible.]
子どもをうんでから、四年間子どものとなりで寝るようになってしまった。
[After I had a kid, I ended up sleeping next to them for four years.]
Finally, when ~ように is used after the plain potential form of verbs (the “can do” form),the meaning changes to “so that [can verb]”.
ここで食べられるようにテーブルをかたづけなさい。
[Please clean up the table so that we can eat here.]「noun」がありますように can also be
used as a kind of hope or prayer, as in「これからも平和がありますように」

明日早く起きられるように今日は早く寝ます。
[I’m going to sleep early today in order to be able to wake up early tomorrow.]
たくさんの人がさんかできるように、チケットを無料でくばった。
[So that many people can participate, we handed out tickets for free.]
すぐ払えるようにクレジットカードを出しておいた。
[I took out my credit card ahead of time to ensure that I could pay ASAP.]

Grammar Point 10.5: 気 words
Japanese has a massive number of verb phrases which involve the use of 気. While it is
impossible to list all of them here, this section contains a large number of frequently used
forms, divided by the particle used after 気. Here are some common uses of 気を:
ここはとてもあぶないところですから気をつけましょう。
[This is a very dangerous area, so let’s be careful.]
かのじょはよく気を使うね。
[She’s good at paying attention to the needs of others.]
ダイエットしているので口に入れる物に気をくばっている。
[I’m dieting, so I’m keeping a strict eye on what I put in my mouth.]
飲みすぎて、バーの前で気をうしなった。
[They drank too much and lost consciousness in front of the bar.]
かれが好きな男性の気を引こうとした。
[He tried to get the attention of the guy he liked.]
一びょうだけ気をぬいてしまったが、その間にころされた。
[They only zoned out for a second, but in that moment they were killed.]
こん が っ き

今学期はすべてのクラスに落ちたが気を落とさないようにしている。
[I failed all my classes this semester, but I’m trying to not get discouraged.]
You can also combine 気 with に to create a number of other useful phrases:いいかれのことがとても気に入っている。でも、かれは私が気に入らないみたい。
[I’m really into him. But it seems like he’s not a fan of me.]
はやく犯人をつかまえるかどうかが気になっている。
[I’m concerned about/interested in whether they will catch the criminal quickly.]
そんなことを気にしないでください。ぜったいにだいじょうぶですよ。
[Don’t worry about that kind of stuff. It will be alright for sure.]
まきさんの言ったことがちょっと私の気にさわった。
[What Maki said offended me somewhat.]
みらいのことが気にかかっているようです。
[The future seems to be weighing on their mind.]

The most productive combination of 気 is probably 気が, as below. Note that many of these
forms require a relative clause before 気.
まだ気がついていないみたい。はやく行こう。
[It seems as if they haven’t noticed yet. Let’s get a move on.]
今日はねむいのであまり外であそぶ気がない。
[I’m sleepy today so I don’t really feel like going out.]
かれが変なことを考えている気がする。
[I have a feeling that he’s thinking about something odd.]
気がぬける前に飲んだほうがいいよ。
[It’s best to drink it before it goes flat.]r e g r e t

私は気がすむまでがんばらないと、死ぬまでこうかいすると思う。
[If I don’t do my best until I’m satisfied, I think I’ll regret it until the end.]
仕事をうしなってから気がくるったと言われた。
[I was told the they lost their mind after they lost their job.]
あかのじょと気がとても合うのでよくいっしょにあそぶのです。
[We hang out a lot because we I along together with her really well.]
かんごしなのに気が短い。多分その仕事に合わないね。
[They are a nurse, but have a short temper. Probably not well suited to the job.]
わかいので気がはやいというのはよくあることだけど、気がちりすぎている。
[Being rash is common when you’re young, but you are getting too distracted.]
気がむいたら私の家まであそびに来てください。
[If you feel like it, please come hang out at my house.]
ライオンのように気が強い人とネズミのように気が弱い人がいた。
[There was a person as strong-willed as a lion, and a person as timid as a mouse.]
なん

何よりも気がきく人とけっこんしたいと思う。
[More than anything, I think I want to marry someone who is considerate.]
やらなければならないと分かるのに、なかなか気がのらない。
[I know that I have to do it, but I just don’t feel motivated.]

While there are plenty more phrases using 気, what you have seen so far cover a large
number of the key ones. To summarize, here’s a table listing all the phrases:

気を Phrase

Translation

気に Phrase

Translation[nounに]気をつける

to be careful[nounが]気に入る

to like[nounに]気をつかう

to be mindful of,
to attend to[nounが]気になる

to worry about, or to
become enfatuated[nounに]気をくばる

to pay attention to[nounを]気にする

to care/worry about

気をうしなうto lose consciousness[人の]気にさわる

to offend[人の]気を引く

to grab attention[人の]気にかかる

to weigh on one’s
mind

気をぬく

to zone out

気を落とす

to get discouraged

い気が Phrase

Translation[nounに]気がつく

to notice[verb]気がある

motivated to [verb], feeling like [verb]ing[verb]気がする

feel as though [verb] is true/will occur

気がぬくa drink etc. goes flat

気がすむ

to be satisfied

気がくるう

to go mad, to lose one’s mind

あ[人と]気が合う

to get along well with

気が短い

short-tempered

気がはやいrash, (too) quick to act

気がちる

to be distracted[nounに]気がむく

to feel inclined to do something

気が強いtough, strong-willed

気が弱い

weak-willed, timid

気がきくthinks of others, considerate[nounに]気がのる

気to be motivated to doGrammar Point 10.6: Using ~ていく・てくる to show the start/end of actions
The verbs 行く and 来る can be attached to a verb’s ~て form to show whether a motion isheading away from you or towards you.
鳥が空へ飛んで行った。
[The birds flew away into the sky.]
かれがここまで歩いて来たのでつめたいお茶でもあげよう。
[He walked all the way to here so let’s give him some cool tea at least.]
Both forms can also refer to your own movements too.
じゃ、買って行く。

じゃ、買って来るね。

[Okay, I’ll buy it and then go.]

[I’ll buy it and be back.]More metaphorically, ~ていく and ~てくる can also note that an action is beginning or has
run up to the current time, respectively. In this use, the verbs serve as auxillary verbs, andtherefore like ~てみる etc. usually do not receive kanji.
今日から毎日れんしゅうしていきます。
[From today, I’m going to start the new behavior of practicing daily.]
これから予定を決めていくつもりだ。
[We plan to set the plans going forward after this.]
日本語を六年間以上勉強してきた。だから、少し分かってきた。

The translation of “now” isa bit forced, but the pointis that the event or feelinghas fully arrived, whereas
with ~ていく it’s going tobegin and continue on.

[I’ve studied Japanese for over six years up to now. So I now get it a bit.]
雨がふってきたし、おなかがすいてきたし、いやだ。
[Rain’s coming down now. My stomach is now growling. This is awful.]
The ~てくる form can also be used to indicate that you are finally beginning to sense
something (e.g., see, smell, hear). This use does not work with ~ていく.
左を見てね。ふじ山がまもなく見えてくるよ。
[Look to your left. Mount Fuji will soon come into view.]

Grammar Point 10.7: Desiring positive futures via ~といい
By attaching ~といい to a clause ending in the plain form, you note that it would be good ifthat thing did/did not occur. When attaching to a noun or な adjective, だ is required. Thispattern has two main uses: in the first, which is used to speak about someone else’s future
or a shared desire, ~ね usually follows at the end.
明日はれるといいですね。そうじゃないとピクニックができません。
[I hope it will be sunny tomorrow. If not, we won’t be able to have a picnic.]
え、明日デートがあるの？ やさしい人だといいね！
[Oh, you’ve got a date tomorrow? Hopefully they’ll be a kind person.]The ~ね ending is dropped in the second use, which is for talking about your own desires.
However, in this context the phrase generally implies some hesitation or doubt that theoutcome will happen. You cannot use this phrase when you have total control over theoutcome; when referring to your own actions, be sure to use the potential (“can”) form
instead.
かれがパーティーに来るといいんだけど、多分来ないよね。
[I’d love it if he came to the party, but he probably won’t will he?]
パパが私におこらないといいんですが…
[It would be nice if dad wasn’t upset at me but (I bet he will be)…]
しょうらい日本に住めるといいと思う。
[I think it would be great if I could live in Japan in the future.]
Grammar Point 10.8: Expressing regret via ~てすみませんでした
The ~てすみませんでした form is used to apologize and show regret for an action you
performed. This can be attached to positive and negative ~て forms; in the latter case, it
shows your regret for not accomplishing an action.
しめきりまでにレポートを終わらせられなくてすみませんでした。
[I’m terribly sorry I couldn’t complete the report before the deadline.]
ピザを全部一人で食べてしまってすみませんでした。
[I’m sorry that I ate the entire pizza all by myself.]Grammar Point 10.9: Using たびに to mean “every time”
The phrase たびに, which can be written in kanji as 度に, is used after verbs in their plain
positive polite present form to mean “every time [verb]” or “whenever [verb]”.
じゅうい

私の犬を獣医につれて行くたびにかまれてしまう。
[Every time I take my dog to the vet I get bitten.]
だまされる度に自分のことをせめる。
[Whenever I/they get tricked I/they blame myself/themself.]
Just like [verb]前に, the verb before たびに is in the present form even if the sentence
itself ends in the past tense, which creates a clear difference to English.
上手に説明できないけど、かれにほめられるたびにいやな気分になった。
[I can’t explain well, but every time I was complimented by him I felt awful.]
子どもの時、学校に行く度にいじめらたのできらいだった。

Both ほめられる
and 行く are inpresent tense, but
the translations of“complimented”
and “went” are not.

[When I was a kid, I was bullied whenever I went to school so I didn’t enjoy it.]Grammar Point 10.10: Seeking confirmation via negative endings
In casual Japanese, ~じゃ・ではない（か） can be used in questions with a risingintonation to seek confirmation or agreement – often similar to the use of ね. This attaches
to the end of any word in any plain form conjuation, but attaches to nouns and な
adjectives in their present plain positive form without だ.
がまんしないのが悪いけど、がまんしすぎるのもダメじゃないか。
[Impatience is bad, yes, but isn’t putting up with too much also bad?]
これはとてもおいしいじゃん？

In very casual speech, かis sometimes dropped,and じゃない sometimes
becomes じゃん, as in
ダメじゃない？ or
ダメじゃん？

[This is delicious, don’t you think (rising intonation)?]In polite speech, ~じゃ・ではないですか and ~じゃ・ではないでしょうか work in thesame way. The second form has a feeling of emphasis or even incredulity at times.
しょうがくきんせいせきがとてもいいのでよい奨 学 金 をもらえるじゃないでしょうか。
[As (person)’s grades are good, they should be able to get a good scholarship, right?]

CHAPTER 10 KANJI・ か ん じCongratulations! After this chapter you now know all the N4 kanji, plus a few dozen extra.

場
所

Meaning

Place, location

Kun yomi

ばOn yomi

しょう・ちょうSampleuses

ば しょ

し じ ょう

場所

市場

ば あい

か いじ ょう

場合

会場

たち ば

と うじ ょう立場

登 場 するし ょく ばと うじょ うじん ぶつ

職場

登場人物

Meaning

Place

Kun yomi

ところ・どころ・とこ

On yomiしょば しょSample
uses

と ころ

場所

所

じ

だ いと ころ事務所

台所

じ ゅうし ょ

む しょ

住所

度
町

Meaning

Times, degrees

Kun yomi

たび

On yomiと・ど・たくSample
uses

なん ど

せい ど

何度も

制度

おん ど

こん ど

温度

今度

し たく

てい ど

支度

程度

MeaningVillage, street, block

Kun yomi

まち

On yomiちょうSample
uses

まち

町

去
医
洋

Meaning

Leave, pass, last

Kun yomi

さ（る）On yomiこ・きょ
き ょね ん去年

Sampleuses

去る

Meaning

Doctor, medicine

Kun yomi

くすし・い（やす）

On yomi

い

さ

か

こ

過去

い しゃ

い がく

Sample
uses

医者

医学

い

し

じ ゅう い医師

獣医

MeaningWestern, ocean

Kun yomi
On yomiようよ うふ くSampleuses

洋服た いせ いよ う

よ うふ う大西洋 (Atlantic Ocean)

洋風

た いへ いよ う

せ いよ う太平洋 (Pacific Ocean)

西洋

和
業

Meaning

Japan, harmony, peace

Kun yomi

やわ（らげる）・なご（む）・なご（やか）On yomiわ・か・おわ し ょくへい わSample
uses

和食

平和

わ ふう

い

和風

違和感

Meaning

Vocation, performance, skill

Kun yomi

わざ

On yomiごう・ぎょうき ぎ ょうそ つぎ ょうSampleuses

企業

卒 業 （式）じ ゅぎ ょう

じ ゅうぎ ょうい ん

授業

従 業員

わ かん

しき

Meaning

界
送
計
習
身

World

Kun yomi
On yomi

かい
せ かい

だい に

Sampleuses

世界

第二次世界大戦

せ か いか ん

げ んか い世界観

限界

Meaning

Send

Kun yomi

おく（る）On yomiそうおくほ うそ うSample
uses

送る

放送

み おく

ゆ うそ う

見送る

郵送

MeaningCalculate, measure, plot

Kun yomi

はか（る）On yomiけい

Sampleuses

はか

け いか く計る

計画

か いけ い しけ いさ ん

会計士

計算と うけ いが く

と けい

統計学

時計

Meaning

Learn

Kun yomi

なら（う）・なら（い）On yomiしゅう・じゅじ

れ んし ゅう

Sample
uses

なら

練習

習う

し ゅうか ん

MeaningBody, self, meat, contents

Kun yomi

みOn yomiしんSample
uses

習慣

なか み

じ しん

中身

自身

さし み

し ゅっし ん

刺身出身

せ か いた いせ ん

堂
員
建
転

Meaning

Hall, chamber

Kun yomi
On yomiどう

Sampleuses

し ょくど うMeaning

Member, employee

食堂

Kun yomi
On yomiいんて んい ん

じ ゅうぎ ょうい ん

Sample
uses

店員

従 業員

ぜ んい んこ っか い ぎ い ん

全員

国会議員

Meaning

Build

Kun yomi

た（てる）・た（つ）

On yomi

こん・けん
たけ んち くSample
uses

建てる

建築

た ても のけ んせ つ て き

建物

建設的

Meaning

Rotate, change, revolve, fall down

Kun yomi

ころ（ぶ）・ころ（がす）On yomiてん
う んて んSample
uses

ころ

転ぶ

運転
じ て んし ゃ

自転車

わぁ、 自転車で転んだ！

CHAPTER 10 WORKBOOK ・ ワ ー ク ブ ッ ク 10
Exercise 10.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 場
場
Stroke order

2. 所
所Stroke order

3. 度
度
Stroke order

4. 町
町
Stroke order

5. 去去Stroke order

6. 医
医Stroke order7. 洋洋Stroke order

8. 和
和Stroke order

9. 業
業
Stroke order

10. 界
界
Stroke order

11. 送
送Stroke order

12. 計
計
Stroke order13. 習習Stroke order

14. 身
身
Stroke order

15. 堂
堂
Stroke order

16. 員
員
Stroke order

17. 建
建
Stroke order

18. 転
転Stroke order

Exercise 10.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. このまちに「アルマビルディング」というたてものがあるかどうかきいてみよう。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. いしゃへいくたびにきがよわくなってしまう。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. ぜんいんがしょくどうでパーティーのけいかくについてはなしてきたが、まだどのばしょでやるかがきまっていない。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
4. ころばないようにじてんしゃのつかいかたをちゃんとならっていく。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. きょねんとおなじようにようふうのスーツをプレゼントとしておくるつもり？
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. どのだいがくから卒ぎょうするかわからないけど、わふうの卒ぎょう式だといい。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
7. わしょくというのは、せかいでとてもにんきのあるりょうりになってきた。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________

Exercise 10.3
In each blank, place a verb phrase followed by either か or かどうか to translate each of thesentence pairs.
1.

I don’t know how many children I’ll have.
子どもを何人＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿分かりません。
I don’t know if I’ll have kids.
子どもを_________________分かりません。

2.

Please explain how I should go.
どうやって_______________________説明してください。
Please explain if I should go.
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿説明してください。

3.

I will check to see if someone will speak.
だれかが＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿をかくにんします。
I will check where he will speak.
かれが＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿をかくにんします。

4.

The problem is if it might be eaten by the dog.
犬に＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿がもんだいだね。
The problem is whether I can make the dog eat it.
犬に_____________________________がもんだいだね。

5.

I was asked where I’m going tomorrow.
明日＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿聞かれた。
I was asked how I’ll be going tomorrow.
明日＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿聞かれた。

Exercise 10.4
Choose either か, かどうか, という, or として from each （） to create agrammatically correct sentence that makes sense. Then, translate the sentence.
1. 今先生（か・かどうか・という・として）話しているので、こんなことを言うべき（か・かどうか・という・どして）分かりませんが…
_________________________________________________________
2. 日本人（か・かどうか・という・として）の意見があるが、どうやって言うべき（か・かどうか・という・として）まよっている。
_________________________________________________________
3. かれをほめる（か・かどうか・という・として）じゃなくて、かれをどうやって上手にほめられる（か・かどうか・という・として）（か・かどうか・という・とじょうしして）質問について考えたほうがいい。上司（か・かどうか・という・として）毎
日部下をほめるべきだ。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. 日本（か・かどうか・という・として）国では、明日の食べ物のためのお金がある
しんぱい（か・かどうか・という・として）を心配している人がふえていると思う？
_________________________________________________________
5. だれがやる（か・かどうか・という・として）（か・かどうか・という・として）のを聞かないで、「自分がやるよ」と自分で言う人がりっぱだね。
_________________________________________________________
6. たしかに食べ物（か・かどうか・という・として）おいしいが、カリフォルニアロ
ール（か・かどうか・という・として）おすしが和食（か・かどうか・という・として）（か・かどうか・という・として）質問に答えられない。
_________________________________________________________＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿

Exercise 10.5
From each group, match each metaphor to its translation.
1. A dog like a cat

A. 猫のような犬

2. A cat like a dog

B. 猫のように飲む犬

3. A dog that drinks like a cat

C. 犬のような猫

4. A cat that drinks like a dog

D. 犬のように飲む猫

1. 見られているように話す

A. Sleeping like a corpse

2. こわれているように見える

B. Talking as though you know things

3. 知っているように話す

C. Speaking like you’re being watched

4. 死んでいるように寝る

D. Looks as though it’s broken

1. Can eat it like it a soup

A. 食べられるように飲む

2. Eat like you’re drinking

B. 食べなくてもいいように飲んでおく

3. Drink it so you can eat

C. スープのように飲める

4. Drink it so you don’t have to eat

D. 飲んでいるように食べる

Exercise 10.6
Fill in the blanks to create functional sentences:
1. お金がなくならないように＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ほうがいい。
2. だまされないように＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ください。
3. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ようにアパートをかたづておこう。
4. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ようにかさを持ってください。
5. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ように＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿年間勉強してきた。
6. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿として＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ように何をすればいいですか。
7. マイクさんは＿＿＿＿のように＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿かどうか分かりません。
8. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿できるように＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。

Exercise 10.7
Use the right verbs and particles after each 気 to translate the sentences.
1. 彼が気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ように気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿かどうかが気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
“I’m concerned about if we can grab his attention so he doesn’t lose consciousness.”
2. 気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿けど気＿＿＿＿＿＿人だから気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ようにがんばる。
“We don’t get along, but they are a caring type so I try not to offend them.”
3. 気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿と思うが、私は気＿＿＿＿＿＿漢字が気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
“I don’t imagine you noticed, but I don’t like the kanji for 気.”
4. ちょっと気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿しまって、気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿人にちゅういされた。
“I zone out a bit, and was cautioned by someone with a short temper.”
5. たいていやる気＿＿＿＿＿＿が、気＿＿＿＿＿時もあるので時々気＿＿＿＿＿＿。
“I’m usually motivated but there are times when I’m not, so I sometimes get
discouraged.”
6. あの気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿子どもに気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
“We must keep an eye on that crazy kid.”
7. あなたが気_____________気＿＿＿＿＿。どうして気＿＿＿＿＿＿んですか。
“I feel like you weren’t being careful. Why did you get distracted?”
8. 気____________ので終わらせるまで気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿と気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
“It’s weighing on my mind, so I’ve realized that I won’t be satisfied until I finish it.”
9. ビールは気____________が私は気_______人だから気____________。
“My beer has gone flat, but I’m quite tough so I’m not worrying about it.”
10. 気______________人とはたらくのにぜんぜん気____________。
“I’m not really inclined to work with a short-tempered individual.”
11. かれが私に気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿かどうかを気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。気のせいかな。
“I’m concerned as to whether they’re infatuated with me. Maybe it’s all in my head.”
12. よく気＿＿＿＿＿＿人だけど、時々気＿＿＿＿＿＿て、落ち着けない気＿＿＿＿。
“They are very mindful, but sometimes rash, and it makes me feel like they can’t
calm down”.

CHAPTER 10 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ 解 答 集 10
Exercise 10.1

Check to make sure you filled inPractice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.
the kanji carefully, following
stroke order and retaining a
1. 場
general size balance across eachof the 10 free-hand attempts.

場

Stroke order

2. 所
所Stroke order

3. 度
度
Stroke order

4. 町
町
Stroke order

5. 去去Stroke order

6. 医
医Stroke order7. 洋洋Stroke order

8. 和
和Stroke order

9. 業
業
Stroke order

10. 界
界
Stroke order

11. 送
送Stroke order

12. 計
計
Stroke order13. 習習Stroke order

14. 身
身
Stroke order

15. 堂
堂
Stroke order

16. 員
員
Stroke order

17. 建
建
Stroke order

18. 転
転Stroke order

Exercise 10.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. このまちに「アルマビルディング」というたてものがあるかどうかきいてみよう。
この町／街に「アルマビルディング」という建物があるかどうか聞いてみよう。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
ask if there is a building in this town called the “Arma building”
Translate: Let’s________________________________________________
2. いしゃへいくたびにきがよわくなってしまう。

医者へ行く度に気が弱くなってしまう。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
time I go to the doctor, I get nervous.
Translate:Every________________________________________________
3. ぜんいんがしょくどうでパーティーのけいかくについてはなしてきたが、まだどのばしょでやるかがきまっていない。
全員が食堂でペーティーの計画について話してきたが、まだどの 場所でやるかが決まってい ない。

Rewrite: _________________________________________________

one talked about the party plan at the cafeteria, but its not decided which place to hold it at yet.
Translate: Every________________________________________________

4. ころばないようにじてんしゃのつかいかたをちゃんとならっていく。

転ばないように自転車の使い方をちゃんと習っていく。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
I’m going to properly learn how to use a bike so I don’t fall.
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. きょねんとおなじようにようふうのスーツをプレゼントとしておくるつもり？

去年と同じように洋風のスーツをプレゼントとして送るつもり？
Rewrite: _________________________________________________Are you going to send a western suit as a present again like last year?
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. どのだいがくから卒ぎょうするかわからないけど、わふうの卒ぎょう式だといい。
Rewrite: どの大学から卒業するか分からないけど、和風の卒業式だといい。
_________________________________________________
I don’t know what uni I’ll graduate from, but I hope it’s a Japanese-style graduation ceremony.

Translate: ________________________________________________
L;ll?

7. わしょくというのは、せかいでとてもにんきのあるりょうりになってきた。

和食というのは、世界でとても人気のある料理になってきた。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Washoku has become an incredibly popular cuisine on the global scale.
Translate: ________________________________________________
L;ll?

Exercise 10.3
In each blank, place a verb phrase followed by either か or かどうか to translate each of thesentence pairs.
1. I don’t know how many children I’ll have.

作るか
子どもを何人＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿分かりません。
I don’t know if I’ll have kids.

作るかどうか子どもを_________________分かりません。
2. Please explain how I should go.

行くべきか（を）どうやって_______________________説明してください。
Please explain if I should go.

行くべきかどうか（を）＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿説明してください。
行った方がいいかどうか（を）3. I will check to see if someone will speak.

話すかどうか
だれかが＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿をかくにんします。
I will check where he will speak.

どこで話すか
かれが＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿をかくにんします。
4. The problem is if it might be eaten by the dog.

食べられるかどうか
犬に＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿がもんだいだね。
The problem is whether I can make the dog eat it.
Here 食べさせられる
isnotthe causative passive it’s
食べさせられるかどうか
犬に_____________________________がもんだいだね。
the causative plus the potential.

5. I was asked where I’m going tomorrow.

どこに行くか（を）
明日＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿聞かれた。
I was asked how I’ll be going tomorrow.

どうやって行くか（を）明日＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿聞かれた。
何で行くか（を）Exercise 10.4
Choose either か, かどうか, という, or として from each （） to create agrammatically correct sentence that makes sense. Then, translate the sentence.
1. 今先生（か・かどうか・という・として）話しているので、こんなことを言うべき（か・かどうか・という・どして）分かりませんが…
I’m currently speaking in my role as a teacher, so I don ’t know if I should say this but…
_________________________________________________________

2. 日本人（か・かどうか・という・として）の意見があるが、どうやって言うべき（か・かどうか・という・として）まよっている。
I have an opinion as a Japanese person, but I’m lost as to how to best express it.
_________________________________________________________

3. かれをほめる（か・かどうか・という・として）じゃなくて、かれをどうやって上手にほめられる（か・かどうか・という・として）（か・かどうか・という・とじょうしして）質問について考えたほうがいい。上司（か・かどうか・という・として）毎
日部下をほめるべきだ。
The question you should think about is not IF you should compliment him, but HOW should you_________________________________________________________
should compliment him. As a boss, you should compliment your staff daily.
_________________________________________________________

4. 日本（か・かどうか・という・として）国では、明日の食べ物のためのお金がある
しんぱい（か・かどうか・という・として）を心配している人がふえていると思う？
Do
you think that in the country of Japan, are the number of people who don ’t know if they have money_________________________________________________________
for tomorrow’s food increasing?

5. だれがやる（か・かどうか・という・として）（か・かどうか・という・として）のを聞かないで、「自分がやるよ」と自分で言う人がりっぱだね。
Peoplewho just say “I’ll do it” without asking “who will do it” are amazing.
_________________________________________________________

6. たしかに食べ物（か・かどうか・という・として）おいしいが、カリフォルニアロ
ール（か・かどうか・という・として）おすしが和食（か・かどうか・という・として）（か・かどうか・という・として）質問に答えられない。
Asa food, it’s certainly delicious, but I can’t answer the question of whether the sushi known as_________________________________________________________
a＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿“California Roll” is Japanese food.

Exercise 10.5
From each group, match each metaphor to its translation.
1. A dog like a cat

A. 猫のような犬

2. A cat like a dog

B. 猫のように飲む犬

3. A dog that drinks like a cat

C. 犬のような猫

4. A cat that drinks like a dog

D. 犬のように飲む猫

1. 見られているように話す

A. Sleeping like a corpse

2. こわれているように見える

B. Talking as though you know things

3. 知っているように話す

C. Speaking like you’re being watched

4. 死んでいるように寝る

D. Looks as though it’s broken

1. Can eat it like it’s a soup

A. 食べられるように飲む

2. Eat like you’re drinking

B. 食べなくてもいいように飲んでおく

3. Drink it so you can eat

C. スープのように飲める

4. Drink it so you don’t have to eat

D. 飲んでいるように食べる

Exercise 10.6
Fill in the blanks to create functional sentences:

These are just examples, youranswers may/should differ.

毎月お金をちょきんした
1. お金がなくならないように＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ほうがいい。
It’s good to save properly every month so that you don’t run out of money.

あやしい人の話を信じないで
2. だまされないように＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ください。
So that you aren’t deceived, don’t believe sketchy people’s stories.

人をアパートまでさそえる
3. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ようにアパートをかたづておこう。
Let’s clean the apartment (in advance) so that we can invite people to it.

雨でぬれない4. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ようにかさを持ってください。
Please take an umbrella so you don’t get wet from rain.

日本ではたらける
日本語を六
5. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ように＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿年間勉強してきた。
I studied Japanese for 6 years so that I could work in Japan.

子どもが元気にそだつ親
6. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿として＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ように何をすればいいですか。
What should I do as a parent so that my children grow up healthy?

くま
けぶかい人
7. マイクさんは＿＿＿＿のように＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿かどうか分かりません。
I don’t know if Mike is as hairy as a bear.

明日早く起きることが今すぐ寝ようよ。
8. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿できるように＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
Let’s sleep now so that we can wake up early tomorrow.

Exercise 10.7
Use the right verbs and particles after each 気 to translate the sentences.

をうしなわないをひけるになっている1. 彼が気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ように気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿かどうかが気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
“I’m concerned about if we can grab his attention so he doesn’t lose consciousness.”
があわない
がきく
にさわらない2. 気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿けど気＿＿＿＿＿＿人だから気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ようにがんばる。
“We don’t get along, but they are a caring type so I try not to offend them.”
いがついていないというに入らない
3. 気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿と思うが、私は気＿＿＿＿＿＿漢字が気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
“I don’t imagine you noticed, but I don’t like the kanji for 気.”がぬいてが短い
4. ちょっと気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿しまって、気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿人にちゅういされた。
“I zone out a bit, and was cautioned by someone with a short temper.”
がある
がのらない
を落とす
5. たいていやる気＿＿＿＿＿＿が、気＿＿＿＿＿時もあるので時々気＿＿＿＿＿＿。
“I’m usually motivated but there are times when I’m not, so I sometimes get
discouraged.”がくるったをはらなければならない
6. あの気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿子どもに気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
“We must keep an eye on that crazy kid.”
をつけなったがするがちった
7. あなたが気_____________気＿＿＿＿＿。どうして気＿＿＿＿＿＿んですか。
“I feel like you weren’t being careful. Why did you get distracted?”になっているがすすまないがついた
8. 気____________ので終わらせるまで気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿と気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
“It’s weighing on my mind, so I’ve realized that I won’t be satisfied until I finish it.”がぬけたが強いにしていない
9. ビールは気____________が私は気_______人だから気____________。
“My beer has gone flat, but I’m quite tough so I’m not worrying about it.”が短いがむいていない10. 気______________人とはたらくのにぜんぜん気____________。
“I’m not really inclined to work with a short-tempered individual.”になっているにしている
11. かれが私に気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿かどうかを気＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。気のせいかな。
“I’m concerned as to whether they’re infatuated with me. Maybe it’s all in my head.”
をつかう
がはやく
がする
12. よく気＿＿＿＿＿＿人だけど、時々気＿＿＿＿＿＿て、落ち着けない気＿＿＿＿。
“They are very mindful, but sometimes rash, and it makes me feel like they can’t
calm down”.

CHAPTER ELEVEN・ 第 十 一 章
VOCABULARY・ ご いCompound Verbs

Nouns
い

ち

はんたい

位置

position, status[に]反対する

to oppose

いやがらせharassment

ほぞんする

to save (a file, etc.)

うらback side, inverse

おうさま

ふんしつ

紛失する

王様

king

おせん

pollution

う Verbs

front side

押す

おもて

表
かがく

science

科学
かがく

chemistry

化学かたち

to misplace, to lose
ふ ん し つ means you don’t knowおto pushうしな

to lose, to miss失うつwhere something is, う し な う means
loss as in of a friend or chance.

あ

付き合う
ひ

to date, to accompany

shape

引く

to pull

result, outcome

ならぶ

to line up (intrans)

効果

effect[に]似合うコンセント

electrical outlet

間に合う

形
けっか

結果
こうか

ざいこ

に

ま

あ

あ

to look good on
to make it in timestock (in a store)

在庫
はい ち

layout, arrangement

配置
ばあいる Verbs
あcase, situation, context 合わせる場合

えい Adjectives

to put together得る

to get, to earn

かんじるto feelいやしいvulgar, vile

ばかばかしいridiculous, absurd

Adverbs

たのもしいreliable

あいかわらずsame as ever

えいえんに

healthy, soundかりにendlessly
just for fun,for no real reason
temporarily, for now

effective

せいぜいat most

け ん こ う is literally healthy,
け ん ぜ ん is healthy like a business, mind, or idea

な Adjectives
けんぜん
こ う かて き

効果的
さいあく

最悪
たいりつてき

対立的

おもしろ

面白半分に

awful, the worst
oppositional

つね

常に
ひじょう

非常に

alwaysextremely

GRAMMAR・ 文 法
Grammar Point 11.1: Depending on via によってBy attaching によって to a noun phrase, you create a new noun phrase meaning“depending on [noun phrase]”.
人によってやり方ちがうので、色々な方法をみとめるべきだ。
[Each person has their own way, so we should recognize many methods.]
In writing, thissometimes
becomes に よ り ,often followed by
a comma, and it
can end sentences
as に よ る .

明日の天気によってビーチに行くかどうかを決めよう。
[Let’s decide on if we go to the beach depending on tomorrow’s weather.]あ

先生によって教え方がちがうので、自分に合うのをさがしたほうがいい。
[Teaching styles depend on the teacher, so you should search for one that suits you.]
You can use によって after a verb phrase by placing the ~か or ~かどうか from Grammar
Point 10.1 between them. This allows you to say “depending on if/whether [verb]”.
まだ行くかどうか分からない。かれが来るかどうかによる。
[I don’t know if I will go yet. It depends on if he comes.]

The よ る in に よ る is a verb, so you canend sentences with it. The polite form isに よ り ま す as this is an う verb.

あの会社に電話してもむりだ。だれと話すかによって答えがいつもちがう。
[Calling that company is a waste of time. You always get a different answer
depending on who you talk to.]In some cases, however, によって can indicate that something is the cause of an outcome
or an event.
おおあめ

大雨によって帰るのに三時間以上かかってしまいました。
[Due to the heavy rains, it took me over three hours to get home.]
これは有名なアーティストによってかかれたえだよ。
[This is a painting drawn by a famous artist.]
Finally, this “causal/source” use can also be used to modify nouns via theによる form.
これは犬によくいるノミによる病気だ。
[This is a disease caused by fleas that are often found on dogs.]
あのいやなユーチューバーによるインタビューにさんかしたくない。
[I don’t want to participate in an interview from that annoying YouTuber.]Grammar Point 11.2: Contrasting expectations with くせに
The phrase くせに attaches to words to mean “despite” or “although”. That is, the term
begins with some kind of expectation set by the word attached to くせに, which is thencountered or inverted in the phrase that follows. In almost all cases, くせに is used incomplaints or negative comparisons – while it can mirror phrases like のに or けど, it isdistinct in creating an air of disapproval or disappointment.
When using くせに with い adjectives and plain form verbs, the word attaches directly.
ぜん

かのじょが全然勉強しないくせに、ごうかくできると思っている。
[Despite that she never studies, she thinks she can pass.]「使ってもいい」と一回も聞かなかったくせに毎日使っている。
[Despite never asking ‘may I use it?’ even once, they are using it daily.]
私よりわかいくせに「じゃ、教えてあげるよ」とよく言ってくる。
[Although they are younger then me, they often come and say ‘I’ll teach you!’.]When used with nouns, くせに instead attaches via の, and when used with な adjectives,
くせに attaches via な... assuming both are used in their positive present form. In otherconjugations, くせに attaches directly to the noun or adjective’s plain form.
日本人のくせに漢字が読めない。はずかしい。
[Despite being Japanese, they can’t read kanji. Disgraceful.]

While this could be read as a positive or
neutral statement in English, the use of
く せ に makes it clear the speaker is unhappy.

かいぎでとても対立的なくせに、仕事が終わったらいつも友だちになろうとする。
[Even though he’s confrontational in meetings, he tries to be my buddy after work.]
かつ

医者じゃないくせに私の食事生活についてよくコメントしている。
[Who does he think he is, commenting on my eating habits though he’s no doctor?]
子どもの時にとても親切だったくせに今最悪な人になった。
[They were so kind as a child, yet they’ve now become a truly horrible person.]
Note that the use of くせに after phrases relating to gender, age, etc., are often considered
stereotypical forms of harassment in contemporary Japan. The following sentences arecommon examples to be aware of – due to the disapproval implied by くせに theirimplications that a woman should be able to cook or that men shouldn’t cry makes themand grammatically similar phrases (aimed at any one) extremely rude.
女性のくせに料理ができないの？
[You can’t cook despite being a woman?]

ないているね。男のくせに。
[You’re crying. Not much of a man.]

Grammar Point 11.3: Subsidiary verbs
Many Japanese verbs can attach to the stems of other verbs to create what are called
ほ じ ょ どう し“subsidiary (or auxiliary/helper) verbs”, known as 補助動詞 in Japanese. These subsidiaryverbs modify the meaning of the verb they are attached to slightly – in most cases they
simply add specificity (like ~すぎる, which you learned in Grammar Point 3.6), but inother cases they alter the verb’s meaning heavily. It would be impossible here to list all
possible subsidiary verbs, but here’s some common ones with key examples of their use(note that it is not uncommon for the attached verb to be written in hiragana):こThe verb ~込む can be added to a verb to show that something is done to a “deeper” ormore complete extent than the verb its attached to would imply on its own.
じゃ、口に入っているくすりをちゃんと飲み込んでください。
[Okay then, please properly swallow the medicine in your mouth.]
見て見て。映画館におかしを持ち込んだよ。
[Look, look! I brought/snuck in candy to the movie theater.]
カエルがいけに飛び込んだ後で見えなくなった。
[I couldn’t see the frog after it jumped into the pond.]
名前をここで書き込んでください。
[Please write in your name here.]
The verb ~出す is instead used to indicate that something begins to act, happens suddenly,[verbs] with great energy, or that the verb moves outwards (often metaphorically).
馬が走り出した。
[The horses started off running.]
昨日ぜったい持って帰ったくせにどこにおいたか思い出せない。
[Despite that I brought it home yesterday for sure, I can’t remember where I put it.]
ポケットから何を取り出しましたか。
[What did you take out of your pocket?]
いやがらせにもうがまんできなくて、急になき出した。
[Unable to put up with the harassment anymore, I suddenly burst into tears.]
なお

The verb 直す simply indicates that something is done again, often to fix errors.
まちが間違っているところをやりなおしてください。
[Please re-do the incorrect parts.]

Although these verbs can attach to~やる (if appropriate), none ofthem can attach to ~する unless it
is part of a compound verb.

わすIn contrast, ~忘れる indicates that someone will forget/has forgotten to do the verb, orthat they [verb]ed an object and then (usually unintentionally) left it as-is.
あ、言い忘れたことがある。
[Ah, there’s something I forgot to mention.]
バスに私のスマホを置き忘れたようです。
[Seems like I left my smartphone behind on the bus.
The verb ~終わる is then used to mean that something is done to completion. Note that
although 終わる is an intransitive verb, when it attaches to a transitive verb the resultant
verb is always transitive, although it retains the う verb typing of 終わる.
すごいね。あんなに長いのにもう読み終わったの？
Subsidary verbs usually[Amazing… even though it’s that long you’ve already finished reading it?]keep
the transivity of theirfirst verb. So even though ~お

えっと、まだ言いたいことを言い終わっていないんですけど。
[Excuse me, I haven’t finished saying the things I want to say yet.]

わ る is intransitive, it doesn’t
affect the transivity here.

Unsurpringly, ~始める can then be used to mean “start [verb]ing”.
先に食べはじめてもいいですか。
[May I begin eating ahead of everyone?]
最近、色々ないやしいテレビばんぐみが出始めた気がする。
[I feel like a number of vulgar TV programs have started to show up lately.]
The ~続ける ending is one of the most directly useful, as it shows a continued action.
終わるまでやり続けなさい。
[Keep doing it until it’s done.]
去年のサンクスギビングに五時間ぐらい食べづづけた。
[We ate continuously for like 5 hours last Thanksgiving.]
Finally, ~上がる indicates that a verb is aimed up or towards completion. The intransitive
verb でき上がる meaning “to complete” is a especially common and useful example.
Subsidary verbs
usually keep thetransivity of theirfirst verb. So as で
き る is intransitive,
we can’t say 朝 ご 飯をできあがった.

はやく立ち上がったせいで目まいがした。
[Because I stood up quickly, I got dizzy.]
朝ご飯ができ上がったよ。
[Breakfast is ready!]As mentioned, this list of subsidiary verbs is incomplete. However, if you see a verb you
know with another verb attached to its stem, that’s a good sign that you are encountering a
new subsidiary verb. When you look it’s meaning up – if you even need to! – be sure tonote other verbs that use the same subsidiary verb, as it will help you see what kinds ofmeanings the verb adds. Indeed, all the subsidiary verbs you’ve seen here commonly attach
to far more verbs than what I was able to show you, so before m oving to the next grammar
point I encourage you to look up and memorize other common constructions which use thesubsidiary verbs you see here.
Do be careful making your own subsidiary verb compounds though; while some subsidiaryverbs like ~すぎる, ~つづける, and ~はじめる can attach to almost any verb, others like ~出す and ~上がる have more limited usage. For instance, while 勉強しすぎる, 勉強しつづける, and 勉強しはじめる all make sense, I’m not sure what 勉強しあがる could possibly
mean… and the fact that when I just searched for it via Google I got literally 0 hits indicatesthat Japanese people don’t either.
Grammar Point 11.4: A few counters more
In Grammar Point 7.7, we learned a handful of new counters. For our fourth grammar
point here, we’re going to learn a few more. Be sure to review 7.7 if you need a reminder of
how to use counters in sentences.
Our first counter set is used for the number of nights you stay somewhere. When listing alength of stay, use this counter first, then the number of days. This form can also be used asa verb, as you see in the final example on the right.
#

Counter for evenings(はく・泊)

Reading

1

一泊

いっぱく

2

二泊

にはく

3

三泊

さんはく・
さんぱく

4

四泊

よんはく

5

五泊

ごはく

6

六泊

ろっぱく

7

七泊

ななはく

8

八泊

はっぱく

9

九泊

きゅうはく

10 十泊

じゅっぱく

?

なんぱく

何泊

なんぱく

何泊ですか。
[How many nights will you be staying?]

み は くよ っ か と

三泊四日泊まりたいです。
[I want to stay for 3 nights and 4 days.]

いっぱく ふ つ か

一泊二日の旅にしよう。
[Let’s do an overnight (1 night 2 days) trip.]

りょかんに四泊した。
[I spent 4 nights at a ryokan.]

Another simple pair of counters is the polite pair for people, and the counter for dishes (aswell as plates of food). You are likely to encounter both at restaurants. Neither have anychanged readings, but do note that the first two “plates” counters use Japanese numbers.
#

Polite counter for people(めい・名)

Reading

Counter for plates(さら・皿)

Reading

1

一名

いちめい

一皿

ひとさら

2

二名

にめい

二皿

ふたさら

3

三名

さんめい

三皿

さんさら

4

四名

よんめい

四皿

よんさら

5

五名

ごめい

五皿

ごさら

6

六名

ろくめい

六皿

ろくさら

7

七名

ななめい

七皿

ななさら

8

八名

はちめい

八皿

はちさら・
はっさら

9

九名

きゅうめい

九皿

きゅうさら

10 十名

じゅうめい

十皿

じゅうさら

?

なんめい

何皿

なんさら

何名

なんめいさま「何名様ですか。」「三人います。」[“How many are in your party?” “There are three of us.”]Note how you just like you don’t
use sonkeigo to refer to yourown actions, you don’t use ~名to refer to your own group.

「おきゃくさんが八名入りました！」[“Eight (honorable people of) customers have come in!”]
じゃ、マグロとを六さらとブリを三さら食べましたね。千五十円です。
[Let’s see, you had 6 plates of tuna and 3 of yellowtail. That’s 1050 yen.]
When counting bites/sips, you use the counter 一口 (ひとくち), and for breaks, cups of tea,or cigarette puffs you use 一服（いっぷく）. These counters are rarely used above “one”.
ハンバーガーを一口食べさせてくれない？おいしそうで食べてみたい。
[Won’t you let me have a bite of your burger? It looks good and I want to try it.]
つぎの仕事の前に一服しよう。
[Let’s have a break/smoke before the next job.]
タバコを一服すってもいいですか。
[May I have a puff?]そく

Our next set of two counters are useful for talking about clothing. The counter ~足 is used
ちゃく

for pairs of socks, shoes, etc., while the counter ~ 着 is used for larger articles of clothing.

#Counter for pairs ofsocks/shoes(そく・足)

1

一足

いっそく

一着

いっちゃく

2

二足

にそく

二着

にちゃく

3

三足

さんそく

三着

さんちゃく

4

四足

よんそく

四着

よんちゃく

5

五足

ごそく

五着

ごちゃく

6

六足

ろくそく

六着

ろくちゃく

7

七足

ななそく

七着

ななちゃく

8

八足

はっそく・
はちそく

八着

はっちゃく

9

九足

きゅうそく

九着

きゅうちゃく

10 十足

じゅっそく

十着

じゅっちゃく

?

なんそく

何着

なんちゃく

何足

Reading

Counter for clothing(ちゃく・着)Reading

えっと、新しいくつを二足と T シャツを五着買いますね。
[Let’s see, so you’re buying two new pairs of shoes and five t-shirts, correct?]
昨日ジャケットを何着買ったの？
[How many (clothings worth of) jackets did you buy yesterday?]You can also use the kanji 度 the we learned in Chapter 10 to count temperature…
さんじゅうど天気予報によると来週気温が三十度まで上がるそうです。
[According to the forecast, the temperature will go up to 30C next week.]…and the kanji 発 from Chapter 9 can be used to count number of punches, hits, or shots.
Metaphorically, 一発 can also be used to mean “in one attempt/go”.
ろっぱつ

てきを六発なぐった。
[They punched their enemy six times.]
いっぱつ

えへへ、一発でごうかくしたよ。すごくない？
[Ehehe, I passed on my first try. Aren’t I amazing?]

一発

いっぱつ

二発

にはつ

三発
四発

さんぱつ
よんぱつ

五発

ごはつ

六発

ろっぱつ

七発

ななはつ

八発

はっぱつ

九発

きゅうはつ

十発

じゅっぱつ

Another two useful counters are then 巻 (かん), which is used to count volumes of a text,
manga, etc., and 通 (つう), which is used for pieces of correspondence. This originallymeant things like postcards or reports, but can now be used for emails etc. as well.
#Counter for
Volumes(かん・巻)Counter for
Correspondance(つう・通)

Reading

Reading

1

一巻

いっかん

一通

いっつう

2

二巻

にかん

二通

につう

3

三巻

さんかん

三通

さんつう

4

四巻

よんかん

四通

よんつう

5

五巻

ごかん

五通

ごつう

6

六巻

ろくかん

六通

ろくつう

7

七巻

ななかん

七通

ななつう

8

八巻

はちかん

八通

はっつう

9

九巻

きゅうかん

九通

きゅうつう

10 十巻

じゅうかん

十通

じゅっつう

?

なんかん

何通

なんけん

何巻

このマンガを何巻まで読んだ？
[Up to what volume of this manga have you read?]
毎日いらないメールを百通ぐらい消すと思います。
[I think I delete about 100 (correspondences of) unnecessary emails every day.]
しゅるい

Finally you can count types of things using 種類 (which on its own means “type”), with theだん

only irregular reading being いっしゅるい for “one type”, while 段 is used for steps or
かいだん

layers (a 段 is a layer; it appears in the word 階段, or “stairs”).
おもちゃが六しゅるいあるので好きなのを一こえらんでください。
[There are six types of toys, so choose one you like please.]
兄弟と三だんベッドで寝るんです。私は二段目で寝ます。
[I sleep with my brothers in a three-bunk bed. I sleep on the second bunk.]
There’s many more counters in Japanese, but you now know the majority of common ones!
The rest just learn as you go. The best resource I’ve seen for learning more is this list on
Tofugu.com. Do check it out if you want to learn more, as they even rank them by
usefulness/how commonly you will see and use them .

Grammar Point 11.5: Extent via ~ほどIn Grammar Point 6.6 we learned the ~ば~ほど pattern. We can also use ~ほど on its
own to list something as an extent or limit. With nouns, this ~ほど attaches directly to anoun which represents an extent, with what will (not) go to that extent following.
私はかれほどお金持ちではありませんが、このような物が問題なく買えますよ。
[I’m not as wealthy as him, but I can buy something like this without problems.]
The ほど form can also attach to adjectives as though it is a noun. So it attaches directly to
い adjectives but to な adjectives via ~な.
くすり

side

e ff e ct s

薬 が強いほどふくさようがひどい。

[The stronger the medicine is, the worse the side effects]
うまく行くと思ったが、ばかなほど対立的なミーティングになってしまった。
[I thought it would go well, but it became a ridiculously antagonistic meeting.]
男の話になると、服がきれいなほどしんじにくくなる。
[When it comes to men, the nicer their clothes are the less I trust them.]
Finally, ~ほど can also attach to verbs and verb phrases ending in the plain form. The
use of ~ほど after plain past tense verbs, however, is often restricted to verbs expressing
feelings, thoughts, or expectations (see Examples 2 & 3).
一時間以内に説明できないほどむずかしい話だった。
[It was a conversation so difficult that it can’t described in one hour.]
思ったほど高くなかった。
[I was not as expensive as I expected it would be.]しんぱい

心配したほど大変ではなかったが、大変だった。
[It wasn’t as bad as I worried, but it was still bad.]
がまんできないほど痛い。
[It hurts to the extent that I can’t bear it.]
いや、かのじょが言うほど大変ではないよ。
[No, it’s not as difficult as she says (it is).]
かんたん

だれでもできるほど簡単なこどではないんだけど、がんばったらできると思う。
[It’s not so easy that anyone can do it, but if you try I think you can.]In many cases, regardless of the word type it attaches to, ~ほど is used in statements which
involve metaphor, exaggeration, or poetic effect. The “extent” listed in a sentence using the~ほど pattern does not have to be literal.
泳いで帰れるほど雨がふった。
[It rained so much that I could swim home.]
まわ

目が回るほど意見がかわされていた。
[So many opinions were exchanged that my eyes spun around.]猫の手でも借りたいand 耳にタコができた
猫の手でも借りたいほどいそがしいです。
[I’m busy to the extent that I would even love assistance from a cat.] are both common
Japanese phrases.
I did not invent them.

その話をもう何回も聞いたよ。耳にタコができたほど聞いた。
[I’ve already heard that many times. So much that I have callouses on my ears.]Grammar Point 11.6: Saying “for” as in “given that”
The にしては form attaches to nouns or noun phrases to express a contrast to a given
limitation or expectation. In English, this often translates into “for a [noun]”, as used tomean “given that something is a [noun]”. Unlike ~くせに, this can be positive.
日本語を一年間しか勉強していない人にしてはとても上手に話せますね。
[They/you can speak Japanse quite well for someone who’s only studied for 1 year.]
冬にしては暖かい日なので、ちょっとさんぽしようか。
[Given that it’s a warm day for winter, shall we go for a stroll?]「コーヒーにしてはあまいよ」と言ってもにがい物はにがいよ。
[Even if you say “it’s sweet given that it’s coffee” bitter things are bitter.]
While somewhat less common, this grammar form can also attach to verb phrases ending
in the plain form.
初めてやったにしては、よくできたよ。
[For doing it your first time, you did quite well.]In sentences like this one, the formsound evaluative, so be careful – ateacher to a student or friend to friend
is fine, but I wouldn’t say it to my boss.

毎日れんしゅうしているにしては日本語がぜんぜん話せないようです。
[For studying every day it seems like they can’t speak Japanese at all.
The ~にしても form then means “even if/for”, noting something outside of expectations.
This form cannot be used in positive

これは日本人にしても読みにくい本だよ。
statements. Do not use it to say things[Even for Japanese people, this is a difficult book to read.] like “Even among professional chefs,
you’re really good at cooking!”

Grammar Point 11.7: Suggesting with ~たらどうIn GP5.5, we learned the “if” form ~たら. By adding ~どうですか to the end, this form
becomes equivalent to “how aboud doing [verb]?”, which can be used to give advice.
明日彼にちょくせつに話に行ったらどうですか。
[How about going to speak with him directly tomorrow?]
寝る前に映画でも見たらどう？
[How about a something like a movie before bed?]
やめたら？
[Why not just stop?/Cut it out!]

In very casual speech, ~どう
can be completely dropped.
In a use like this, the phrase
is often a sarcastic order.

Unlike other ways of giving advice we’ve covered, ~たらどう can imply frustration orcontempt towards the listener for not already having completed the action. This isespecially true when the advice is unsolicited, unwelcome, or stated in an unfriendly tone.
はい、はい、とりあえずしずかにしたら？大人が話しているもん。
[Right, right, listen, how about shutting your trap for the moment? Adults aretalking.]
Grammar Point 11.8: Two uses of ばかり
The word ばかり has a lot of uses in Japanese , but in this textbook we will just go over thetwo most common. First, ばかり attaches to nouns to mean “only”, usually implying thatthe noun exists or is being [verbed] to a problematic extent. It is therefore sometimes
synonymous with しか~ない from GP6.1, although ばかり is often used in a slightly
exaggerated sense (i.e., it’s usually “close to only” instead of “actually only”).
You can just follow ばかり with です or place a verb after it. When doing the latter, ばかりworks with particles just like も does: it replaces は・が・を, and attaches to に・で・と.
外は雪ばかりですね。家でのんびりしましょう。
[Outside there’s snow everywhere huh. Let’s just take it easy at home.]
ぱい

最近弟がおかしばかり食べているので母が心配している。
[Lately my little brother has been eating nothing but sweets, so my mom is worried.]
わかい女性の部下とばかり話しているじょうしはいやだね。
[Bosses who just talk with young female subordinates are icky.]
うそばかり言うとだれにも信じられなくなるよ。
[If all you do is tell lies, you’ll end up not believed by anyone.]

ばかり can also be used after a verb in the plain past positive form to mean “just[verb]ed”. This doesn’t have any of the negative implications common to [noun]ばかり.
クラスが終わったばかりだから、今すぐ行くよ。
[Class just ended, so I’m on my way now.]
やっとソファにすわったばかりなのにもうだれかに呼ばれている。
[I just now finally sat down on the couch, and I’m already being called by someone.]
Grammar Point 11.9: Saying “ever since” with ~てからは
In GP6.2 we learned about ~てから meaning “after [verb]”. The ~てからは form issimilar, but means “ever since”, and is often followed by a verb in the ~ている form.
けっこんしてからはかじなどをあまりやっていません。
[Ever since we/they got married, (someone) hasn’t been doing much housework.]
ものごころ

物 心 ついてから（は）、やったことがないんだよ。

物心（が）ついてから（は） is anice phrase meaning “since I firstbecame aware of the world” or“since my first memories of things”.

[I’ve never done it, at least since my first memories.]

Grammar Point 11.10: Two new uses of ~あるOur last grammar point involves new uses of ~ある. The first is the ~てある form, whichworks like the ~ている form except that it indicates that a transitive verb has been
completed and left in that state (in contrast to the ongoing action implied by ~ている).
あのかんばんに何が書いてあるのですか。あまり見えないんです。
[What is written on that sign? I can’t really see it.]
店にていねいに作ってあるいすがたくさんある。
[There are a lot of chairs made with care in the store.]

The ~ことがある form then resembles the ~たことがある form from GP5.1, but it
attaches to a word in the plain positive present form (positive or negative) to show thatsomething happens on certain occasions. It often sounds more passive than 時々.
温かくなると水が下から出ることがあるので、寒いところに置いてください。
[When it gets warm, water can leak out the bottom, so put it in a cold place please.]
この花はさいている時にくさいことがある。
Don’t mix this up with the generic ~こと =[This flower may sometimes stink while in bloom.] thing that you see in relative clauses. For
instance, やることがある is just “haveかれは話さないことがない。
[There are no times when he isn’t speaking.]

something to do”, while 言うことがない isnormally “don’t have things to say”, not“saying doesn’t happen”.

CHAPTER 11 KANJI・ か ん じThis week, we are learning 18 simple kanji that oddly appear on N3 instead of N4 or N5.
Meaning王玉森貝回Rule, kingKun yomi
On yomiおう
おう

お うさ まSample
uses

王

王様

お うじょ

お うこ く王女

王国

MeaningBall, jewel, sphere

Kun yomi たま・だま
On yomi

ぎょく
たま

め だま

Sampleuses

玉目玉

Meaning

Forest

と しだま

さ いたま

お年玉

埼玉

Kun yomi もり
On yomiしんSample
uses

もり

し んりん

森

森林

Meaning

Shell, shellfish

Kun yomi かい
On yomiばい

Sample
uses

かい

か いがら

貝

貝殻

Meaning

Times, occurrences

Kun yomi か（える）・まわ（す）・まわ（る）On yomiSample
uses

かい・え
い っかい

か いすう

一回

回数

な んかい

ま いかい

何回

毎回

Meaning

Match, unite, suit

Kun yomi あ（う）・あ（わせる）合On yomiSampleuses

Meaning

内
反

あ

はな

あ

合う

話し合う

あ

し

合わせる

知り合う

あ

ば あい

ま

場合

間に合う

わ りあい

に

割合

似合う

あ

あ

InsideKun yomi うち
On yomi

ない・だい
こ くない

な いよう

Sample
uses

国内

内容

な いぞう

い ない

内臓

以内

MeaningAnti

Kun yomi そ（らす）・そ（る）・かえ（す）On yomiSampleuses

Meaning対

がっ・ごう

はん・ほん・たん・ほ
そ

は んたい

反らす

反対

そ

い はん

反る

違反

はん

は んのう

反する

反応

Opposite, compare

Kun yomi こた（える）・なら（ぶ）・そろ（い）On yomiSample
uses

つい・たい
たい

は んた い対する反対ぜ った いた いお う絶対対応

た いし ょう

た いり つ対象

対立

Meaning

化

Kun yomi ば（かす）・ば（ける）
On yomiSampleuses

Meaning

失礼
声形

Changeか・け
ぶん か

け し ょう

文化

化粧

へん か

か がく

変化

化学

あっ か

ば

悪化

お化け

Lose, fault, error

Kun yomi うしな（う）・うせ（る）On yomi

しつ
し っぱ いSample
uses

う しな

失敗

失う

ふ んし つMeaningThanks, bow, renumeration

紛失

Kun yomi
On yomiれい・らい
し つれ いSample
uses

れい

失礼

お礼

れい ぎ

Meaning

Voice

礼儀

Kun yomi こえ
On yomiせい
せ いたいSample
uses

こえ

声帯

声

せ いゆう

声優

Meaning

Shape

Kun yomi

かたち・かた・がたOn yomiけい・ぎょうSample
uses

か たち

人形

形

けい

に んぎ ょう形ｓ光MeaningLight

Kun yomi

ひか（り）・ひか（る）On yomiこうか んこ うSample
uses

ひ かり

観光

光

か んこ うき ゃく

ひか

観光 客

光る

け いこ う

蛍光ペン

非
常
果

Meaning

Fault, error, non-Kun yomi

あら（ず）On yomiひSampleuses

ひ じ ょう非常

Meaning

Always, usual

Kun yomi

つね

On yomiじょう

Sample
uses

つね

常識

常に

ひ じ ょうMeaning

Fruit, reward

Kun yomi

は（てる）・は（たす）On yomiか

じ ょうし き非常

く だもの

Sample
uses

は

果物

果てる

けっ か

は

結果

果たす

こう か

効果

CHAPTER 11 WORKBOOK ・ ワ ー ク ブ ッ ク 11
Exercise 11.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 王
王
Stroke order

2. 玉
玉Stroke order

3. 森森Stroke order

4. 貝
貝
Stroke order

5. 回
回
Stroke order

6. 合合Stroke order

7. 内
内
Stroke order

8. 反
反Stroke order

9. 対
対
Stroke order

10. 化
化
Stroke order

11. 失失Stroke order

12. 礼
礼Stroke order13. 声声
Stroke order

14. 形
形
Stroke order

15. 光
光Stroke order

16. 非
非Stroke order

17. 常常Stroke order

18. 果
果Stroke order

Exercise 11.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. べつのくにからきたくせに、おうさまにひじょうにしつれいなことをいった。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. あそこのもりにくだものがたくさんありますよ。とりにいったらどうですか。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. からだのちいさいひとにしては、こえがおおきい。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
4. さんじゅうごふんいないにかいをどのぐらいたべられるとおもう？
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. どのへやからみるかによって、ひかりのかたちがちょっとへんかする。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. はんたいのいけんばかりいうと、ともだちをうしなうことがある。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
はたら

7. まいにち 働 いてもあのたまほどきれいなものをじんせいでいっかいもかえないかもしれない。ぶんぼうなせいかつがわたしにあわないのに。。。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________

Exercise 11.3
Choose the correct option from each (translate it into English.

) to create a sentence that makes sense, and then

1. 私はかれ（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）上手に料理が作れないんだけど、外食（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）していない。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
けっか2. たしかにだれがやるか（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）結果がちがう。でも心ぱい（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）すると、自分が本当にできる（ばかり・によって・くせに・ほど）一生気がつかないよ。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. もう何回も飲み（こんだ・わすれた・上がった・出した）（ばかり・によって・
くせに・ほど）まだ前の薬（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）楽ではない。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ほかのこと（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）考えていた（くせに・せいで・
だけで・ように）店で買ったものをカバンに入れ（こんだ・わすれた・上がった・出した）。買った（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）なのに！
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. 仕事をやめた（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）もうかれに「新しい仕事をみつけなさい」（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）言われているが、今はそれ（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）いやなことはない。
_________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 11.4
Fill in the blanks using grammar from this chapter so that the English and Japanese
sentences match.
1. あの（）雑誌をきのう（I left that open magazine over there out yesterday.
2. 最近肉（）。

）食べているので、今日は大きいサラダを（

）注文

（
）。
We’ve been eating nothing but meat recently, so today why don’t we order one big
dish of salad?
3. 化学が大好き（）このラボの仕事を（）

いやな思い（）ある。きゅうりょう（）大変過ぎる。
While I love science, ever since starting this new lab job there’s been nothing but
awful memories. It’s too hard given the pay.
4. できない（）「やるよ！」と（Despite not being able to do it, I let out “I’ll do it!”.
5. あそこに「くつを（）しまった。

）買ったらフリーシャッツを（）

もらうよ！」と（）。
Over there it’s written that “if you buy three pairs of shoes you’ll get a free shirt!”.
6. 大事なことを（）（）が、あなた（）悪くないよ。
I do forget to say important things from time to time, but I’m nowhere as bad asyou!
7. かれがおもしろ半分でやっている（）私はかれ（）

上手になれないのでいらやましい思い（）している。
Even though he’s only doing it for fun, I can’t become better than him, so I’m having
a whole bunch of jealous thoughts.
けっか8. 結果は（）か（）。だから、一生けんめい（）。
The result depends on whether or not you keep doing it. So why not do your best?
9. 高校のせいせきがとてもよかった（）大学に（）
色々が分からなくて、やめたくなる（）かなしい。
Although my high school grades were great in high school, after entering uni there’s
so much I don’t understand, and I’m so sad that I begin to feel like quitting.

Exercise 11.4
Using hiragana, write the correct number+counter for the items you see , using only
counters from this chapter.

＃５！

Exercise 11.5
Try creating original sentences using each of ~にしては・も prompt, or use ~にしては・も
to fill in the first half of the sentence.
1. 暑い日にしては________________________________________。
2. ___________________________________________たのもしいんだ。
3. 分からないことがあるにしても________________________________。
けっか

4. ___________________________________________いい結果だった。

Exercise 11.6
Try creating original sentences in Japanese which use all the grammar forms listed in each
prompt (in any order).
1. Use によって and ~たらどうですか_________________________________________________________
2. Use two counters and くせに_________________________________________________________
3. Use ~てある and ~たらどうですか_________________________________________________________
4. Use three verbs including subsidiary verbs in a single sentence_________________________________________________________
5. Use ~てからは and ばかり_________________________________________________________
6. Use ばかり, ほど, and くせに_________________________________________________________
7. Use くせに and a verb including a subsidiary verb_________________________________________________________
8. Use ほど and にしては_________________________________________________________
9. Use によって and ことがある_________________________________________________________

Exercise 11.7
Look up a new combined verb using each of the subsidiary verbs listed, and try using it in a
sentence. The combined verb should not be introduced in this chapter.
1. ~こむVerb: ____________

Meaning: ________________________________________________________________________
2. ~出すVerb: ____________

Meaning: ________________________________________________________________________
3. ~なおすVerb: ____________

Meaning: ________________________________________________________________________
4. ~終わる

Verb: ____________

Meaning: ________________________________________________________________________
5. ~わすれる

Verb: ____________

Meaning: ________________________________________________________________________
つづ6. ~続ける

Verb: ____________

Meaning: ________________________________________________________________________
7. ~あがる

Verb: ____________

Meaning: ________________________________________________________________________
8. ~始める

Verb: ____________

Meaning: ________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 11.8
Use the prompts to create complete sentences:
1. 日本語を勉強し始めてからは___________________________________。
2. 大人になってからは_________________________________________。

Exercise 11.9
Using the same starting part of a sentence, create unique sentences given the grammar that
follows.
1. 今年日本…
a. …に行けないくせに_______________________________________
b. …に行けないほど________________________________________
c. …に行けるかどうかによって＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
d. …ばかりに行った________________________________________
けっか2. 今回の結果…
a. …によって_____________________________________________
b. …ほど________________________________________________
c. …ばかり_______________________________________________
d. …をこれからも出しつづけたら_______________________________
e. …が私たちにしては_______________________________________
3. 私にぜんぜん似合わない…
a. …服のくせに____________________________________________
b. …ほど________________________________________________
c. …スタイルにしては_______________________________________
d. …ドレスにしても________________________________________
e. …服を着始めてからは_____________________________________
f. …_______________________________________買うことがある。
g. …____________________________________自分で作りなおした。

CHAPTER 11 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ 解 答 集 11
Exercise 11.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention toCheckthe strokeorder.
to makesure you filled in

1. 王

王
Stroke order

2. 玉
玉Stroke order

3. 森森Stroke order

4. 貝
貝
Stroke order

5. 回
回
Stroke order

6. 合合Stroke orderthe kanji carefully, following
stroke order and retaining ageneral size balance across eachof the 10 free-hand attempts.

7. 内
内
Stroke order

8. 反
反Stroke order

9. 対
対
Stroke order

10. 化
化
Stroke order

11. 失失Stroke order

12. 礼
礼Stroke order13. 声声
Stroke order

14. 形
形
Stroke order

15. 光
光Stroke order

16. 非
非Stroke order

17. 常常Stroke order

18. 果
果Stroke order

Exercise 11.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. べつのくにからきたくせに、おうさまにひじょうにしつれいなことをいった。
別の国から来たくせに、王さまに非常に失礼なことを言った。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
coming from another country, they said a very rude thing to the king.
Translate:Despite________________________________________________

2. あそこのもりにくだものがたくさんありますよ。とりにいったらどうですか。
Rewrite: あそこの森に果物がたくさんありますよ。取に行ったらどうですか。
_________________________________________________
a lot of fruit in that forest over there. How about going to get some?
Translate:There’s________________________________________________

3. からだのちいさいひとにしては、こえがおおきい。
体の小さいい人にしては、声が大きい。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
someone with a small body (for a small person), they’ve got a loud voice.
Translate: For________________________________________________

4. さんじゅうごふんいないにかいをどのぐらいたべられるとおもう？
三十五分以内に貝をどのぐらい食べられると思う？
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
many shellfish do you think you can eat within 35 minutes?
Translate:How________________________________________________

5. どのへやからみるかによって、ひかりのかたちがちょっとへんかする。
どの部屋から見るかによって光の形がちょっと変化する。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
on which room you look at it from, the light’s shape changes a bit.
Translate:Depending________________________________________________

6. はんたいのいけんばかりいうと、ともだちをうしなうことがある。
反対の意見ばかり言うと、友だちを失うことがある。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
you only say opposing opinions, you can lose friends.
Translate:If________________________________________________
はたら

7. まいにち 働 いてもあのたまほどきれいなものをじんせいでいっかいもかえないかもしれない。ぶんぼうなせいかつがわたしにあわないのに。。。
毎日働いてもあの玉ほどきれいな物を人生で一回も買えないかもしれない。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
かつ
びんぼうな生活が私に合わないのに。
Translate: Even________________________________________________
if I work every day I might not be able to buy someone as pretty asthat gem even once in my life. A poor life doesn’t suit me though…

Exercise 11.3
Choose the correct option from each (translate it into English.

) to create a sentence that makes sense, and then

1. 私はかれ（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）上手に料理が作れないんだけど、外食（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）していない。
I’m
not as skilled at cooking as he is, but it’s not like I only eat out.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
けっか2. たしかにだれがやるか（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）結果がちがう。でも心ぱい（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）すると、自分が本当にできる（ばかり・によって・くせに・ほど）一生気がつかないよ。
Of course, the result changes depending on who does it. But if you only worry_________________________________________________________

you’llnever realize that you can do it even though you really can.
_________________________________________________________

3. もう何回も飲み（こんだ・わすれた・上がった・出した）（ばかり・によって・
くせに・ほど）まだ前の薬（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）楽ではない。
Even though I’ve swallowed it plenty of times now, it’s not as easy to do as_________________________________________________________
the prior medicine.
_________________________________________________________

4. ほかのこと（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）考えていた（くせに・せいで・
だけで・ように）店で買ったものをカバンに入れ（こんだ・わすれた・上がった・出した）。買った（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）なのに！
BecauseI was only thinking about other stuff, I forgot to put what I bought_________________________________________________________
atthe store into my bag. Even though I just bought it!
_________________________________________________________

5. 仕事をやめた（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）もうかれに「新しい仕事をみつけなさい」（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）言われているが、今はそれ（ばかり・によって・のくせに・ほど）いやなことはない。
Despite that I only just quit my job, he’s already telling me “finda new job”_____________________________________________________________________
all the time, but that’s the worst thing he could say right now.

_____________________________________________________________________

Exercise 11.4
Fill in the blanks using grammar from this chapter so that the English and Japanese
sentences match.
あけてある
おいてあった1. あの（）雑誌をきのう（I left that open magazine over there out yesterday.

2. 最近肉（ ばかり）。

）食べているので、今日は大きいサラダを（ 一皿）注文

したらどうですか（）。
We’ve been eating nothing but meat recently, so today why don’t we order one big
dish of salad?

3. 化学が大好き（なくせに）このラボの仕事を（始めてからは）いやな思い（ ばかり）ある。きゅうりょう（ にしては）大変過ぎる。
While I love science, ever since starting this new lab job there’s been nothing but
awful memories. It’s too hard given the pay.
くせに
言い出して
4. できない（）「やるよ！」と（Despite not being able to do it, I let out “I’ll do it!”.

5. あそこに「くつを（三足）しまった。

）買ったらフリーシャッツを（

一着 ）

書いてある
もらうよ！」と（）。
Over there it’s written that “if you buy three pairs of shoes you’ll get a free shirt!”.

6. 大事なことを（ 言いわすれる）（ ことがある）が、あなたほど（）悪くないよ。
I do forget to say important things from time to time, but I’m nowhere as bad asyou!
7. かれがおもしろ半分でやっている（くせに）私はかれ（ほど）ばかり上手になれないのでうらやましい思い（）している。
Even though he’s only doing it for fun, I can’t become better than him, so I’m having
a whole bunch of jealous thoughts.
けっか8. 結果は（やりつづける）か（による）。だから、一生けんめい

やったらどう（）。
The result depends on whether or not you keep doing it. So why not do your best?

9. 高校のせいせきがとてもよかった（ くせに ）大学に（に入ってからは）色々が分からなくて、やめたくなる（ ほど ）かなしい。
Although my high school grades were great in high school, after entering uni there’s
so much I don’t understand, and I’m so sad that I start to feel like quitting.

Exercise 11.4
Using hiragana, write the correct number+counter for the items you see, using only
counters from this chapter.

いっぷく

はちめい

さんつう

はちさら

にしゅるい

ごはく

Or any hightemperature,
really.

よんちゃく＃５！

ごかん（め）

ひゃくど

いっぷく

Each pair, not eachsock, is one 足.

よんそく

いっぱつ

Exercise 11.5
These are just examples, your
Try creating original sentences using each of ~にしては・も prompt, or use ~にしては・も
answers may/should differ.
to fill in the first half of the sentence.

天気がとても悪いです1. 暑い日にしては________________________________________。
とてもわかい人にしては

2. ___________________________________________たのもしいんだ。

あきらめるのが良くないよ3. 分からないことがあるにしても________________________________。
始めてやったことにしては

けっか

4. ___________________________________________いい結果だった。

Exercise 11.6
Try creating original sentences in Japanese which use all the grammar forms listed in each
These are just examples, yourprompt (in any order).
answers may/should differ.

1. Use によって and ~たらどうですか

その日の天気の良さによって決めたらどうですか。
_________________________________________________________
How about deciding based on the quality of the weather that day?

2. Use two counters and くせに
ハワイに八はくとまったくせにおみやとして安いシャツを一着しか買ってくれなかった。
_________________________________________________________
Despite staying in Hawaii for 8 nights they just bought me one cheap t-shirt as a souvineer.

3. Use ~てある and ~たらどうですか

あそこにおいてある服を着たらどうですか。
_________________________________________________________
How about wearing that clothing sitting over there?

4. Use three verbs including subsidiary verbs in a single sentence

寝こむ前に猫がなきはじめて、毛の玉をゆかにはき出した。
_________________________________________________________
Before falling asleep the cat started crying, and spit up a ball of hair onto the floor.

5. Use ~てからは and ばかり

仕事を失ったてからは、お酒ばかり飲んでいる。
_________________________________________________________
Since losing their job, they’ve been drinking nothing but booze.

6. Use ばかり, ほど, and くせに新しい車を買ったばかりだけど、高かったくせに前のほどうんてんしやすくない。
_________________________________________________________
I just bought a new car, but despite the price it’s not as easy to drive as my last one.

7. Use くせに and a verb including a subsidiary verb

人気のある仕事のくせに、何年やりつづけてもきゅうりょうが上がらない。
_________________________________________________________
Despite being a popular job, no matter how many years you keep doing it your pay doesn ’t go up..

8. Use ほど and にしてはかのじょほど有名な歌手にしては、とてもやさしい。
_________________________________________________________For a singer as famous as her, she’s very kind.

9. Use によって and ことがある

季節によって雨が毎日ふることがある。
_________________________________________________________
Depending on the season, there are times where it rains all day.

Exercise 11.7
These are just examples, yourLook up a new combined verb using each of the subsidiary verbs
listed, and try using it in aanswers may/should differ.
sentence. The combined verb should not be introduced in this chapter.
1. ~こむ

思いこむ

Verb: ____________To assume that

Meaning: ________________

かれがいつもこのへんに住むと思いこんだが、急にひっこした。

________________________________________________________（I assumed he’d always live around here, but he moved away suddenly.）

2. ~出すとび出す
Verb: ____________

To jump out
Meaning: ________________

子猫が自転車の前でとびだした。
________________________________________________________（A kitten jumped out in front of my bike.）

3. ~なおす

見なおす
Verb: ____________

look again
Meaning: To________________

その後で、かのじょを見なおした。じつはとてもやさしい人だと分かった。
________________________________________________________（After that, I looked at her in a new light. I realized she was actually a kind person.）

4. ~終わる

読み終わる
Verb: ____________

finish reading
Meaning: To________________

先週買ったばかりのにもう読み終わったの？
________________________________________________________（You already finished reading it even though you bought it just last week?）

5. ~わすれる

聞きわすれるVerb: ____________

To forget to ask
Meaning: ________________

先生に聞きわすれたのでいつまでにやらなければならないか分からなくてこまっている。
________________________________________________________（I forgot to ask the teacher so I don’t know when I have to do it by and I’m in trouble.）つづ6. ~続ける

乗りつづけるVerb: ____________

To keep riding
Meaning: ________________

家の前の駅でおりるつもりだったが、電車でねてしまって、CBDまで乗りつづけた。
________________________________________________________（I meant to get off at the station in front of my house, but I fell asleep on the train and rode it all the way to the CBD .）7. ~あがる

Verb: 起き上がる____________

get/wake up
Meaning:To________________

なかなか起き上がれないよ！
________________________________________________________（I’m having a lot of trouble getting out of bed!）

8. ~始める

出始める
Verb: ____________To start appearing
Meaning: ________________

公園のまわりに変な花が出始めた。
________________________________________________________（Strange flowers began to appear around the park.）

Exercise 11.8
Use the prompts to create complete sentences:

とても上手になってきた。
1. 日本語を勉強し始めてからは___________________________________。
ひまな時間がほとんどなくなってしまいました。
2. 大人になってからは_________________________________________。

These are just examples, youranswers may/should differ.

Exercise 11.9

Using the same starting part of a sentence, create unique sentences given the grammar that
follows.
1. 今年日本…

友だちがみんな行くつもりだ。
a. …に行けないくせに_______________________________________
Despite that I can’t go to Japan this year all my friends plan to go..

かなしいことはない。
b. …に行けないほど________________________________________
Nothing is sadder than not being able to go to Japan this year.

日本語を勉強し始める。
c. …に行けるかどうかによって＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
I’ll start to study Japanese depending on if I can go to Japan this year.

ので来年かん国や中国に行くと思う。
d. …ばかりに行った________________________________________
Because I basically only went to Japan this year I think I’ll go to Korea or China or
けっかsomething next year.

2. 今回の結果…

つぎのじっけんを決めよう。
a. …によって_____________________________________________
Let’s choose the next experiment based on this time’s result.

悪いのを見たことがない。
b. …ほど________________________________________________
I’ve never seen a result as bad as this time’s one.

考えるより、立ちなおってもう一回やってみるのがいいよ。
c. …ばかり_______________________________________________
Rather than thinking only about this time’s result, it’s better to dust yourself off and try again.

大変な目に会うよ。
d. …をこれからも出しつづけたら_______________________________
If you keep producing results like this one you’ll get in a lot of trouble.

とても良いのだと思う。
e. …が私たちにしては_______________________________________
I think this time’s result is a pretty good one, for us at least.

3. 私にぜんぜん似合わない…

母に着させられた。
a. …服のくせに____________________________________________
Despite that the clothes don’t suit me at all I was forced to wear them by my mom.

形と色が変だ。
b. …ほど________________________________________________The shape and color are so strange that it doesn’t suit me at all.

好きだけど、買いたくなるほどではない。
c. …スタイルにしては_______________________________________
I like it for a style that doesn’t suit me at all, but not so much that I want to buy it.

かなり気に入らない。
d. …ドレスにしても________________________________________
Even for a dress that doesn’t suit me, I really dislike it.

変な自信がちょっとついてきた。
e. …服を着始めてからは_____________________________________
Since I started wearing clothes that don’t suit me, I’ve developed a strange confidence.

ほどユニークな服を見つけると、時々
f. …_______________________________________買うことがある。
When I find clothing so unique that it doesn’t suit me at all, I sometimes buy it.

ズボンになってしまったので
g. …____________________________________自分で作りなおした。
The pants became ones that didn’t look good on me at all so I remade them by myself.

CHAPTER TWELVE・ 第 十 二 章
VOCABULARY・ ご いPhrasesNouns
あほmoron, idiot

ざま（を）みろ

serves you right

うそつき

liar

ちくしょう

damnit!

うわきcheating, affairs

ドンマイ

don't worry about it

がきyoung brat

くすり

drugs

う Verbs

くそshit, poopいく

to orgasm

けつbutt, ass

いちゃつく

to flirt, make out

たいまmarijuana

ウケる

to be amusing [intra]

くちかんmolester, pervert

食うto eat (rough)ドタキャン

sudden cancellation

ググる

to search online

ex-girl/boyfriend

サボる

to sluff/skip school

びびる

to be scared, shocked(に)はまる

to be obsessed w/

もと

元カノ・カレる Verbs
イケているhot, handsome, sexy(が)バレる(info etc.) leaks

てれる

to be embarrassed/shy

ムカつく

to be angry, pissed off

ふざけるto mess around, make out(と)ヤる

to have sex withなめる

to look down on

モテる

to be attractive

Both a generic and sexual
meaning are possible.

Compound Verbs
い Adjectives

カンニングする

to cheat (on tests etc.)

ウザいannoying, bothersome

じゃまする

to interrupt, interfere

いたいcringe, embarrassing

チンする

to microwave

えぐいamazing, awful

ナンパするto hit on, to pick up

キモいgross, ickyすごい

amazing, incredible

やばい

amazing, awful

な Adjectives

Adverbs
いったい一体[adds emphasis]

ガチvery, truly

ダメもとで

can't hurt to [do verb]

おろか・あほstupid, foolish

ほんまにhonestly, truly

ばかstupid, foolishまじ（で）truly, very, really

へんたい

sexual, perverted

GRAMMAR・ 文 法
Grammar Point 12.0: A Note About ImpolitenessIn many ways, this chapter is the opposite of Chapter 8. Rather than talking about forms
that are “politer” than ~です・ます, we are going to discuss forms that are “more casual”
than plain form: highly casual and even potentially offensive speech. Throughout thecurrent chapter, I’ll call the forms I introduce “casual” or “crude”. Just like “polite”,
however, these labels are not absolute. What is “crude” in one context maybe be just right,
hip, cool, or even friendly in another. In some cases, the use of forms here may simply
reflect differences in social power, rank, or status (e.g., “talking downwards”) rather than
any issues of politeness at all. But to make my explanations easier I will use “casual” and“crude” uncritically, and I will also divide their uses as follows: when I call something“casual”, the form or word is not inherently rude, but can be inappropriate in a polite
situation – or even a “casual” situation where plain form is normal. If I call something“crude”, it’s instead generally seen as distasteful, and brings about risk in any context.
The forms I discuss here are not, as far as I know, included in any mainstream textbooks.
There are good reasons for this, of course. Time is limited in any classroom, and it’s much
more important to learn fundamentals and inoffensive forms than potentially rude ones.
However, I also think there are bad reasons why textbooks overlook the kind of content
you’ll find here. Language learning is often focused on what is “proper” and “good”, andlikes to pretend everything else isn’t worth our attention. But to truly understand alanguage, we need to understand how it is used by everyone, as even if we agree not to use“bad” terms they might be used towards us, or in the media we consume. Additionally, byleaving these forms out of formal materials, we pass the responsibility of explaining them
onto guides to “rude Japanese”, and these are often both riddled with errors and written
more with the intent of having a laugh than seriously improving anyone’s language ability.
Yet while I embrace you learning the content of this chapter , I still recommend you takecare using what I introduce. While not all its contents are inherently or even usually
offensive, all can be in the wrong context. And knowing what is the right context is often
difficult. Consider how mastery of a word like “fuck” is a vital part of contemporary English
fluency, but acquiring this skill is harder than almost any “normal” grammar form. So
while the forms I will introduce here are common in Japan and Japanese media, and are
absolutely all ones I think you should know (this chapter won’t cover obscure slang,extremely abusive curses, or new terms/phrasing whose longevity is questionable ), they
are not forms you should use actively. And if you do use the content of this chapter in frontof your boss, teacher, or someone you’re trying to impress and consequently embarrass
yourself or even damage that relationship as a result, that’s your responsibility.
All in all, I hope you enjoy this chapter, and that it helps you understand styles of Japanese
language use that were closed off to you. But I also hope that learning about “improper”
forms helps you better understand which forms around you are proper. Always err towards
polite speech if you want to make a good impression with the largest number of people.

Grammar Point 12.1: The ~ちゃう version of ~てしまう
The ~ちゃう form is a casual version of the ~てしまう ending from GB9.3. There is little
difference between the two, although ~ちゃう can have a cutesy feel in some cases.
For irregular verbs and る verbs, the ~ちゃう form simply replaces ~てしまう. Think of the~ちゃ as a sound made by blending ~てしま together.
Note how を isdropped in bothsentences. Thisis ve ry common
in extremely
casual speech.

あ、ごめん！もうチンしちゃった。
[Oh sorry! I already microwaved it and this act can’t be undone.]
あら、リスがにげちゃった。ざんねん。なでたかったのに。
[Oh, the squirrel ran away completely. How sad. I wanted to pet it.]

For う verbs with a ~て form that ends in ~て, the same ~てしまう→ちゃう change occurs.
However, if the verb’s ~て form ends in ~で, the ending changes to ~じゃう instead.
かも is a casual
shortening of
かもしれないえ、でも、ばんごはん作っちゃったよ！
[Eh, but, I finished making dinner!]
うわぁ、はくかも。はいちゃうよ。ビールをたくさん飲んじゃったせい。
[Ugh, I might puke. I’m going to puke. ‘Cuz I drank a lot of beers.]

In casual or
rough speech
the お can be
droppedころ

父さんのせいでゲームで死んじゃったよ！殺されちゃったよ！まけちゃうぞ。
[Dad, because of you I died in the game! I was killed! We’re going to lose!]
ぬことば

Grammar Point 12.2: The ら抜き言葉 phenomenon
The term ら抜き言葉 refers to a solution to the problem of the potential form, passive
form, and one 尊敬語 pattern for る verbs all looking like ~られる: when making a る
verb’s potential (“can”) form, you can “remove (抜く)” the ら.
きのうはよく寝(ら)れた？
[Were you able to sleep well last night?]
なんでこのドアが閉め(ら)れないかな。
[I wonder why can’t I shut this door...]
サンクスギビングに食べすぎちゃったのでもうこの服着(ら)れない。
[I ate too much at Thanksgiving so now I can’t put these clothes on anymore.]
Out of the grammar in this chapter, ~ら抜き言葉 have one of the highest chances of
becoming “normal” Japanese. They are very common, and it wouldn’t be shocking to hearthem even in a workplace. But they are still not yet OK in formal contexts/writing.

Grammar Point 12.3: Saying “stuff like” with なんて
The phrase なんて attaches to nouns and noun phrases or plain form verb phrases toindicate “things like this”. It often – but not always – has a dismissive feel, or showscontempt or disbelief towards the word or words it is attached to. When following a noun
(phrase), なんて absorbs any particles that would normally appear after the noun (phrase).
お金なんてないよ。別の人に聞いてよ。
[I don’t have any damn money or anything else. Ask someone else.]
しん

うそをつくなんてしないよ。信じなさい。

ねんてね, sometimes
altered into なんちゃってis a way of saying “justkidding”, but it often
sounds old and/or lame.

[I don’t tell things like lies. Believe me.]
かれなんていやだ。そういう男なんてきょうみないよ。
[I can’t stand him (the jerk). I have no interest in men like that.]

This sentence is much more
complimentary than therest, but なんて still
expresses shock/disguist
towards an idea/possibility.

あなたのいない人生なんて考えたくないよ。
[I don’t want to even think about something like a world without you.]

Grammar Point 12.4: More sentence-final particles
The sentence-final particles (SFPs) ね, よ, and か are enough for most contexts. However,there are a large number of other SFPs common in Japan which are best not used in formal
situations. The endings ~ぞ and ~ぜ are both mostly, but not exclusively, used by men.
They most often express aggression, but can also produce a sort of cool, youthful solidarity.
これは・
それは・あれは
can be maderoughe r via
changing ~れは
to ~りゃ.

そりゃいけないぞ。もう一回やってみたら殺してやるぜ。
[Not a smart move dumba**. Try it again and I’ll f***ing kill you.]
飲もうぜ！飲もう！
[Let’s go drink! Let’s go drink! Also, we’re like, young and cool woooo!]

In contrast, the use of ~わ with a rising intonation is often associated with women’s
speech, and produces a mild assertive affect or a kind of delighted emphasis. This final ~わ
can also be combined with ~ね and ~よ, although these sometimes sound affected or old
fashioned. Characters in media tend to use ~わ more than people in real life.
行くわよ！はやくじゅんびをおわらせて！
[We’re going, and I’m being firm but not mean yet. Finish your prep fast!]
あら、かわいいわ！見して、見して！
[OMG it’s sooooo cute. Show it to me, let me see it!]

見して is acasual shorteningof 見せてThere are many more SFPs, but like pronouns (see GP12.7) they come and go, and often
are linked to certain groups or fads. Be careful using any besides the “standard” three.

Grammar Point 12.5: The ~え variants of い adjectives and ~ないIn crude speech, Japanese い adjectives which end in ~ai or ~oi can change their final
sound from ~い to ~え, often written as ~ぇ. When this happens, the [consonant+a] soundbefore ~いchanges to [consonant+え]… even if that sound “doesn’t exist”, as in hayee.
いたい

やばい

え

え

いてえ
たちつてと

はやい

え
はええ

やべえ
ばびぶべぼ

や YI ゆ YE よGenerally, when written this second [c+vowel] to [c+え] change is “hidden” by kanji, as
you can see in the renderings 痛ぇ, 弱ぇ, and 早ぇ below. But in some cases, an emphatic
small っ can appear before the ~[consonant+え] change, as in いてぇ becoming いってぇ.
うわ、痛っててててぇ。めっちゃくちゃ痛ぇ！
[Oh, owowowow. This f***ing hurts a lot!]
Remember, thisis closer to「yowee 」thanyowae, the kanji
just hides that.

なんか非常にかてぇよ、これ。ハンマーある？
[This damn thing is super hard for some reason. You got a hammer?]
やぁぁぁ、弱ぇ！あはは、ぜったいかてない。もうだめだ、もういい。
[Ahhh, you’re weak as s***! Ahahah, no way you can win. It’s too funny, stop.]
朝の三時なんて早ぇよ。無理無理無理。ぜったい起きられない。
[Three in the morning is too damn early. No way in hell can I wake up.]
どうやってやったの？おもしれぇ！ちょうかっけぇ！
[How did you do that? It’s so interesting! Super cool!]

かっこういいis special, as it sees
furthe r shortening
into かっけえ

For whatever reason, adjectives that don’t end in ~ai or ~oi cannot make this change. You
cannot, for instance, say “cold” in a rough way via 「さめぇ」, or “fun” via 「たのしぇ」.
No adjectives in this crude ~え form can conjugate into the past tense. However, allwords can replace the ~ない ending of their casual negative form with ~ねぇ.
聞かねぇよ、そんなばかばかしい話。つまんねぇ。
[I don’t listen to stupid stories like that. They’re boring as hell.]

つまらない is anothe r

special い adjective , as it
often becomes つまんねえ
instead of つまらねえ inits crude positive form.
かれと付き合いたくねぇ。親切じゃねぇし、おもしろくねぇし。
Similar adjective s like[I don’t want to date him at all. He’s not kind, and he’s not interesting.] すくない act normally,
becoming すくねえ etc.

おれにお金がねぇよ。っていうか、おれは銀行でもねぇぞ。
[I don’t have any f***ing money for you. And I’m not a g**d*** bank anyway.]
This crude phrase is used like“moreove r” or “more to the point”

めいれいけいGrammar Point 12.6: The command form (命令形)The command form is a blunt and unfriendly form of verbs used for ordering people to do
things. As always, the way to make the form is divided between the three verb types. You
can see the two irregular verbs below:
Plain positive

Command

する

せよ
しろ

くる

こい

今すぐ勉強しろ！
[Go study right now!]～せよ is mostly found in writing,and can feel a bit old fashioned .
～しろ is much more common.

In casual speech/writing, the い in ~ている is often dropped.
Likewise, ~ ているの often becomes ~ てんの.
こ

おい！なにしてんの？はやくこっちに来い！
[Hey! What do you think you’re doing? Get your a** over here NOW!
For る verbs, simply change the final ~る to ~ろ.
もっと大人らしく考えろ！
English doesn’t have a command form of ve rbs, so showing this[Think more like an adult! I’m mad at you!] form via translation is tricky. To give a gruff order, we often
instead place ve rbs in front of sentences (Go to the store!), use
tone of voice, and or literally state “I’m ordering you to [ve rb]”.

まどを閉めろ！
[Shut the d*** windows!]

Finally, for う verbs, change the final sound to the ~え sound from the same hiragana row.
ま

のむ

み

が

およぐ

ぎ

ら

あ

うたう

い

あつまる

り

む

ぐ

う

る

め

げ

え

れ

も

ご

お

ろ

すぐかのじょのところへ行ってあやまれ！
[Go to her and apologize right now d*** you!]ころ

もういいぞ、帰れ。殺される前に帰れよ。
[It’s too late, go home. Go home before you get killed.]
opponent

行けよ！てきを殺せ！がんばれ！
[Go! Kill your enemy! Fight!]
While the command form is generally quite gruff andunkind, in contexts like this it can be encouraging.

To order someone to not do something, instead place な at the end of a verb in the plain
positive present form. Unlike the politer ~ないでください, the verb does not negate.
これを飲むなよ！どくだよ、どく。
[Don’t you dare drink this! It’s poison. Poison.]
バカなことを言うな。私のところへ来るな。もう会いたくない。
[Don’t say stupid things. Don’t come near me. I don’t want to know you anymore.]
ここがまだぬれているので走るな。
[It’s still wet here so don’t run. I’m talking down to you a bit, or am higher socially.]
Grammar Point 12.7: Pronouns beyond わたし・あなた
Japanese has a lot of first, second, and third person pronouns, and the choice between
them is often difficult. In Japanese classes, we regularly teach 私 as the “best” pronoun
because it’s “safe”... and this is true! In most situations, 私 will get you through; at worst
it’s a bit boring. Still, there’s no question that 私 is overused by Japanese learners, to theextent that it is now associated with them. The correct “replacement” pronoun is difficult
to choose though, as arguably no two people feel the exact same about the same pronoun.
In traditional depictions of Japanese pronouns, there are five major first person pronouns
broken down by politeness and gendered use as follows:
Masculine
Hyper-Polite
PoliteSemi-Polite

ぼくInformalRoughFeminine
わたくし

わたし
ぼく

わたし
あたし

おれ

Under this chart, which is myth, everyone uses わたくし in hyper-polite situations, andわたし is always polite but seen as somewhat more formal when used by men. Men arethen the only users of ぼく, but switch to おれ when acting particularly rough. In contrast,
women might use あたし in casual situations, but have no “rough” speech.
There is value in knowing the chart above, as it does broadly explain some norms, andrepresents a common stereotype. But in reality, pronoun use in Japan is incredibly diverse,
and there is no one reason that all people use (or avoid) a given pronoun.

For the “masculine” pronouns, ぼく is a sort of “manly but polite” pronoun, although it canalso be seen as childish because young boys like it. The pronoun おれ is then seen as a bit
rough, cool, or manly, depending on the context. These two pronouns are more commonlyused by men than women, but the idea that only men use them is a complete fantasy. In
some dialects they are even non-gendered! The use of ぼく by women as a semi-polite
pronoun is normalized compared to おれ, although it can have a somewhat nerdy feel to it.
Women using おれ is – in standard Japanese – still quite noticable, and generally attempts
to portray a very “cool” and anti-authority vibe. Women’s use of ぼく・おれ can sometimes
be met with extreme disapproval, so do be aware of this before trying them out yourself.
よ「ぼく」を使う女性は時々「ぼくっ子」と呼ばれている。
[Women who use “boku” are sometimes called “bokukko”.]「私はなぐるぞ」なんて言えない。「おれがなぐるぞ」のほうがこわい。
[ “Watashi will punch you” feels odd to say. “Ore will punch you” sounds scarier”.]
In contrast, あたし is most commonly linked to casual/rough women’s speech or the
speech of older women. As a result, some younger women have taken to うち instead.
Some men do use あたし・うち though, with the most well known case being certain
groups of gay men. The “oneself” term 自分 also sees use as a “neutral” polite pronoun,
although it is somewhat preferred by men. Finally, some people just use their name (e.g.,
Mike would say “Mike likes it”), but this is seen as affected or annoying by others.
In short, it’s kind of true that
there is no choice of pronounthat someone won’t think is
weird for some reason.

自分は自分のことを「自分」と呼ぶ。
[I call myself “jibun”.]

ぶんみゃくによって変わるよね。オフィスで「自分」、友だちと「あたし」。
[It changes based on context. At the office I’m jibun, but with friends, I’m atashi.]Japanese also has a number of second person pronouns. These generally have more stable
meanings. The most “normal” is あなた, which can also be used to get a partner’s attention.
あなた、ちょっとこっちに来て。

あなたは would be very odd here.

[Darling, come here for a bit please.]
あ、すみません。これはあなたのさいふですか。
[Ah, excuse me. Is this your wallet?]Names/titles are always
preferred in Japanese oversecond person pronouns, but
this does not mean words like あ
なた are “rude”. But don’t yell
“あなた” at a stranger to gettheir attention, no. That would
imply they’re your partner.

The second person pronouns きみ and ぼく are then more casual than あなた, but also
generally not seen as impolite. The きみ pronoun generally implies you are close to the
speaker, although it can have gruff uses, while ぼく is mainly used towards young boys.
あ、きみのを使っちゃった？ごめん！
[Ah, did I use yours? My bad!]
ねぇ、ぼく！お母さんは今家にいるの？これをサインしてほしいんだけど。
[Hey there little dude! Is your mom home? I want her to sign this.]
The best way to refer to a friend though is usually their name. Calling someone by their
よすname as-is, known as 呼び捨て, often shows that you are very close or even in a
relationship, so it’s best to avoid it until they 呼び捨て you. The ~さん ending can be
replaced by ~くん, ~ちゃん, or ~たん to show affection in a safer way. Stereotypically, ~くん is used for men, while the others are used for women. Some people dislike beingreferred to by these suffixes though (for instance, not all young women are huge fans of oldmen making a one-sided decision to call them ~ちゃん), so be sure you’re relationship is
close enough before using them. A safe rule is that if they are calling you [name]+[suffix
other than さん], you can do the same back… unless they are above you in social status.
あ、まさみちゃん！おはよう！今日は何するの？
[Oh, good morning (my close friend) Masami! What are you doing today?]
Other second person pronouns generally risk implying contempt. The pronoun お前literally means “honorable in front of [me]” and at one time was polite. It is still used in a
not-always-crude sense to talk to people younger than you, and some husbands still use it
without any rude intent to refer to their wives, although this becoming a dated practice. So
if you see an 80 year old man call his wife お前, don’t assume they are fighting, but if you
call your partner お前 and it starts a fight, you have no one to blame but yourself. The form
あんた, a derivative of あなた, works similarly; it can be neutral or imply hostility. The
pronouns てめえ and きさま are then pretty much always rude. The one exception is as aterm of rough comradery, similar to insulting your close friends as a form of bonding.
おい、お前！なんでまたここにいるの？きのう戻るなって言ってたでしょう！
[Hey, a******! Why are you here again? I told you yesterday to never come back!]
なんで笑ってんの、てめえ。お前もまけたじゃん。もういい、行こうよ、行こう。
[You jerk, what’s so funny? You lost too bro. Whatever, let’s just get out of here.]
Remember, what is vulgar or rude in one context
may be treated as friendly and warm in another.

For third person pronouns, or references to third parties, the words やつ and こいつ are
generally seen as impolite. Both can be pluralized by adding ~ら. Names and/or nouns
referencing groups can also have ~め attached to show disrespect, and ~やろう can be
attached to この・その・あの and many animal words for a similar pejorative effect.
そういうやつらが大きらい。
[I hate sons of a b****es like that.]
きみのようなよっぱらいと話すつもりないぞ。出て行けブタめ。
[I don’t have any intention of talking to a drunk like you. Get out you f****ing pig!]
死ね、ねずみやろう！
The clip art is a joke. This would be said to a human. Probably.

[Die you rat f***.]

Ultimately, I highly recommend avoiding all potentially offensive pronouns, and sticking
with 私 as your first-person pronoun until you have spent time in Japan (not just engaging
with Japanese media) and seeing who uses what pronoun where. Exploring which pronoun
works best for you can be exciting and important, but breaking norms brings about risks –or even, because you’re a non-native speaker, the assumption that you’re just making a
mistake – and its important to understand how other people may feel about your pronoun
use. You may find that your favorite first-person pronoun is one you can only use aroundclose friends… but that’s totally normal! Using different pronouns in different contexts is ,probably more than anything, the true norm of pronoun use in Japan(ese).
Grammar Point 12.8: Casual adverbs
In casual speech, there are a number of synonyms for とても, as you can see below. Note
ぜんぜんthat 全然 is one of these. That said, while positive use of 全然 is becoming normalized, you
should still consider positive sentences using 全然 “wrong” in formal contexts.
うわ、今日はめっちゃ寒いよね。
[Oh my god, it’s so cold.]
ちょう美人じゃん？まじやばい。
[They are extremely beautiful aren’t they!? It’s too much.]
ぜん

気にしないでよ！全然だいじょうぶだ。ドンマイ。
[Don’t worry about it. It’s absolutely fine. Not a problem.]

ドンマイ comes from “don’tmind”, but means “don’t stressabout it” not “I don’t care”.

s h i t

In more vulgar speech, the word くそ can be attached to adjectives in a manner similar to
the English adverb f***ing.
さき先くそデカいゴキブリを見ちゃった。ひっこそう。
[I just saw a f***ing gigantic cockroach. Let’s move to a new house.]
なんでそのくそヤバいやつと時間をすごすの？
[Why do you spend time with that extremely sketchy dude?]Grammar Point 12.9: Expressing contempt for behavior via ~(て)やがる
The ~やがる form is vulgar suffix which express contempt towards the doer of anaction. That is, the speaker/writer feels contempt, but the topic/subject of the sentence
does the action. There are two methods to creating the ~やがる form. The first is just to
attach ~やがる to the verb’s stem. Often, sentences which do this just trail off in the ~てform when directly critiquing an action.
ぼくのフライドポテトを食べやがって！自分のを買いに行け。
[Hey, stop eating my g*****n fries! Go buy your own!]
As you can see from theseconjugations, やがる is an う verb.
[You love wasting my time by doing stupid conversation.] It would be nearly unthinkable toconjugate it into ~やがりますthough, as “polite contempt”
一体何言いやがったの？
doesn’t really work.

バカな会話をよくしやがるね。

[What the hell did you say?]

You can also place ~やがる after a verb’s ~て form. This is actually the ~ている form with
~やがる attached to ~いる, indicating contempt towards a habitual or continuing action.
However, in practice the ~い from ~いる is often dropped, creating ~てやがる.
わかいくせにもうお酒なんて飲んでやがる。
[Despite being young they’re already drinking booze (I think this is bad).]
何を言ってやがった？
[What stupid nonsense were you spouting off?]Grammar Point 12.10: Repeating yourself via ~ってばThe ending ~ってば can be attached to a sentence that ends in the plain form to stress thatyou’ve already said or explained something. This statement generally implies a high levelof frustration, and stresses that you are tired of repeating yourself.
違うってば！ちゃんと先生の話を聞きなさい！
[For the last time, you’re wrong! Listen to the teacher’s/my explanation properly!]「でもみほちゃんが大好きだよ。」「もう会いたくないってば！ここに来るな！」[“But Miho, I love you.” “I told you I don’t want to see you again! Don’t come here!”]The use of ~てば is always in response to a comment or context. You can’t, for instance, say
ばんごはんってば！ to frustratedly call people to dinner if it’s the first time you call them .
Grammar Point 12.11: The ~か・かい interrogative endings
In casual Japanese, questions are normally made via rising intonation and ~か is dropped.
Adding ~か back is possible, b ut creates three distinct meanings: either the question is 1)
self-reflexive (“I see…”), 2) normal, but a bit crude, or 3) aggressive and/or accusatory.
なるほど。私の仕事だったか。
[I see. Hmm… so it was my job… I misunderstood and will ruminate on this.]
じゃ、今行こうか？あるいは明日行くか？
[So shall we head out now? Or go tomorrow? Also, I’m like, way casual oooo.]「へぇ、お前がおれをたおすつまりか？いいか？無理だよ。」

知るかよ is a crude set[“Oh-ho, you’re going to defeat me? Listen up, not a chance.”]phrase which translates
well as “who gives a ****?”The ending ~かい similarly has either 1) an accusatory, crude impression or 2) andextremely casual feel as if talking to a child. Tone of voice matters in telling the two apart.
あんたがやるかい？笑わせるな。
Using かい or かto someone
higher in status
than you is a good
way to get in very
deep trouble.

[You’re going to do it? I’m incredulous. Don’t make me laugh.]
ねぇ、さとうくん。このおもちゃ欲しいかい？
[Hey Sato. You want this toy? Also, I’m way older than you.]

CHAPTER 12 KANJI・ か ん じThis week, we are learning 18 kanji used for common verbs you know.
Meaning感信

Kun yomi
On yomi押かん
かん

か んじ ょうSample
uses

感じる

感情

かん

ど うか ん感じ

同感

Meaning

BeliefKun yomi
On yomiSampleuses
Meaning引

Feelings

しん
しん

し んらい

信じる

信頼 (trust)

し んよう

し んこう

信用

(confidence in)

信仰 (belief)

Pull

Kun yomi ひ（く）On yomiいん
ひわ りび きSample
uses

引く

割引

Meaning

Push

ひ

だ

引き出す

さ くい ん索引

Kun yomi お（す）On yomiおうおSample
uses

お

押す

つ

押し付ける
お しい

押入れ

Meaning

込
受
呼
残
座

Crowded, entry, complex

Kun yomi こ（む）・こ（み）・こ（める）On yomiこみSample
uses

込む

見込み

Meaning

Accept, take, receive

の

こ

飲み込む

こ

お

こ

落ち込む

Kun yomi う（ける）・う（かる）On yomiじゅう

じ ゅけ んSample
uses

受ける

受験

う

じゅ わ

受かる

受話器

MeaningCallき

Kun yomi よ（ぶ）On yomiこ

Sampleuses

よし ん こ き ゅう

呼ぶ

深呼 吸

Meaning

Remain, leave overKun yomi のこ（る）・のこ（す）On yomiざんのこざ んね んSample
uses

残す

残念

のこ

ざ んだ か残る

残高

Meaning

Sit

Kun yomi すわ（る）On yomiSample
uses

ざ
すわ

おう ざ

座る

王座

ざ せき

ざ

座席

座布団

ゆ うせ んせ き

ぎ んこ うこ う ざ

優先席

銀行口座

ぶ とん

Meaning

戻消付

ReturnKun yomi もど（る）・もど（す）On yomiれい
もどとSample
uses

戻る

取り戻す

Meaning

Erase, delete, put out, turn off

もど

ま

戻す

巻き戻す

On yomiしょう
けし ょうぼ うし ゃ

Sample
uses

消す

消 防車

き

し ょう か消える

消化Meaning

Attach, turn on

Kun yomi つ（く）・つ（ける）
On yomiSample
uses

ふ
づ

き

付ける

寄付

つ

き

付く

気付く
あ

付き合う
Meaning得

もど

Kun yomi け（す）・き（える）

つ

守

もど

な

ふ

づ

づ

名付ける

Protect

Kun yomi まも（る）On yomiしゅ
まも

ほ し ゅて き

Sampleuses

守る

MeaningGet, earn

Kun yomi

え（る）On yomi

とく

まも

お守り

保守的
み まも

見守る

な っとく

Sample
uses

え

納得

得る

し ゅとく

取得

殺
置
違
笑

Meaning

Kill

Kun yomi

ころ（す）On yomiさつ

Sampleuses

ころ

さ つが い殺す殺害

さ つじ んそ うさ い

殺人

相殺する

じ さつ

あ んさ つ自殺

暗殺

MeaningPut, place down

Kun yomi

お（く）・お（ける）

On yomiちSample
uses

お

せっ ち

置く

設置

お

ば

位置

ほう ち

はい ち

放置

配置

Different, wrong

Kun yomi

ちが（う）

On yomi

い
ちが

ま ちが

違う

間違える

ま ちが

い ほう

間違う

違法

ま ちが

い

間違い

違和感

Meaning

Laugh

Kun yomi

わら（う）・わら（い）On yomiしょう

Sample
uses

ち

置き場

Meaning

Sample
uses

い

わ かん

わら

ば くしょ う

笑う

爆笑

わら

く しょう

笑い

苦笑

CHAPTER 12 WORKBOOK ・ ワ ー ク ブ ッ ク 12
Exercise 12.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 感
感
Stroke order

2. 信
信Stroke order

3. 引
引
Stroke order

4. 押
押Stroke order

5. 込
込
Stroke order

6. 受
受
Stroke order7. 呼呼Stroke order

8. 残
残Stroke order

9. 座
座
Stroke order

10. 戻
戻Stroke order

11. 消
消Stroke order

12. 付
付
Stroke order13. 守守Stroke order

14. 得
得Stroke order

15. 殺
殺Stroke order

16. 置
置
Stroke order

17. 違
違
Stroke order

18. 笑
笑Stroke order

Exercise 11.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. 「しんじてくれ」って？わらわせるな。きえろ！
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
2. にもつをうけつけにおいたらホテルにもどるまでまもってくれるよ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
3. ちがうってば！まちがっていることをもういっかいいうところしてやるぞ！
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
4. ひかなければならないドアをおしちゃって「ばか」とよばれた。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. どこにすわれる？ほとんどのイスにガムがついているんだけど。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
6. あたたかいおちゃをのみこむと、めっちゃきもちいいかんじがするぜ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
7. にほんごをべんきょうすることでなにをえるつもりかい？せつめいしろ！
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: ________________________________________________
This is a fairly short workbook, as I’m not sure I want people “practicing” the content of this chapter.
I may change my mind about this in the future, but for now, the workbook is just going to focus on the
kanji, working in a bit of grammar practice in these translations.

CHAPTER 12 WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY・ 解 答 集 12
Exercise 12.1
Practice writing this week’s kanji. Be sure to pay attention to the stroke order.

1. 感
感
Stroke order

2. 信
信Stroke order

3. 引
引
Stroke order

4. 押
押Stroke order

5. 込
込
Stroke order

6. 受
受
Stroke order

Check to make sure you filled in
the kanji carefully, following
stroke order and retaining ageneral size balance across eachof the 10 free-hand attempts.

7. 呼呼Stroke order

8. 残
残Stroke order

9. 座
座
Stroke order

10. 戻
戻Stroke order

11. 消
消Stroke order

12. 付
付
Stroke order13. 守守Stroke order

14. 得
得Stroke order

15. 殺
殺Stroke order

16. 置
置
Stroke order

17. 違
違
Stroke order

18. 笑
笑Stroke order

Exercise 11.2
Re-write each sentence to include kanji for the underlined elements, and then translate.
1. 「しんじてくれ」って？わらわせるな。きえろ！
「信じてくれ」って？笑わせるな。消えろ！
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
me?” Don’t make me laugh. Get the hell out of here!
Translate: “Trust________________________________________________
2. にもつをうけつけにおいたらホテルにもどるまでまもってくれるよ。
にもつを受付に置いたらホテルに戻るまで守ってくれるよ。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
you leave your luggage with the reception they’ll protect it until you return to the hotel.
Translate:If________________________________________________

3. ちがうってば！まちがっていることをもういっかいいうところしてやるぞ！
Rewrite:違うってば！間違っていることをもう一回言うと殺してやるぞ！
_________________________________________________
I said that’s wrong! Keep saying incorrect stuff and I’ll end you.
Translate: ________________________________________________
4. ひかなければならないドアをおしちゃった。 「ばか」とよばれた。
Rewrite: 引かなければならないドアを押しちゃって「ばか」と呼ばれた。
_________________________________________________
I pushed a door you have to pull and was called an idiot.
Translate: ________________________________________________
5. どこにすわれる？ほとんどのイスにガムがついているんだけど。
どこに座れる？ほとんどのイスにガムが付いているんだけど。
Rewrite: _________________________________________________
Translate: Where________________________________________________
can we/I sit? There’s gum on most of the seats…
6. あたたかいおちゃをのみこむと、めっちゃきもちいいかんじがするぜ。
Rewrite: 温かいお茶を飲み込むと、めっちゃ気持ちいい感じがするぜ。
_________________________________________________
you swallow warm tea, you feel super good.
Translate: When________________________________________________
7. にほんごをべんきょうすることでなにをえるつもりかい？せつめいしろ！
Rewrite: 日本語を勉強することで何を得るつもりかい？説明しろ！
_________________________________________________
What do you plan on getting out of studying Japanese? Explain!
Translate: ________________________________________________

GRAMMAR INDEX・ ぶ ん ぽ う さ く い ん
Note: You can use ctrl+left mouse to click on a grammar point and jump to it.

Chapter 1
1. Asking/Giving permission via ~てもいい…………………………….…..……………….……..7
2. Forbidding via ~てはいけない………………………………………………..…………….……….9
3. Saying [verb] is necessary via ~なければ/~なくては………………………………………10
4. Recommending with ~ほうがいい……………………………………………..……….…………11
5. Using ために to say “for” or “in order to”………………………………………….…………...12
6. Creating different “shoulds” with べき and はず……………………………………………..12
Chapter 2
1. The verb for “to say” and “to think”………………………………………………....……..…...30
2. Using ~かた to express “way/how to”…………………………………………………………...32
3. もう~まだ…………………………….……………………………….……………………..…………….33
4. Different probabilities of plans…………….…………………………………….…………………35
5. Expressing desire via ~たい, ~たがる…………………………………………………............36
6. Listing activities via ~たり、~たり……………………………………….……………..……….38
7. A new “but” via のに…………………………………………………………….……………..………38
Chapter 3
1. The potential (“can do”) from of verbs …………………….…………………………….….….56
2. Attempting things for the first time with ~てみる……………………………………….….58
3. Plain forms of ましょう・ませんか…….………….………………….………………...……….58
4. Question words marked by か make “some”………………………………….…………..…..60
5. Turning adjectives into nouns…………………………….…………………………………………61
6. Expressing “too much” via ~すぎる……………………………………..............................62
7. Connecting explanations via し………………….………………………………………………...63
Chapter 4
1. Giving & receiving items ….…………………………………………………..………………….….83
2. Giving & receiving actions……………………………….………………………………..…………84
3. Saying “for” with ために and にとって…….……………………………………………………87
4. Doing things in advance with ~ておく…………..……………………………………………..88
5. Requesting via ~てくれませんか…………..………..………………………..…..……………..88
Chapter 5
1. Asking “Have you ever?”……………………………………..…………….……….…..……..…..106
2. Using によると for “According to”…………………..………………………………..……..….107
3. Reporting speech/hearsay with そうです & みたいです…….………………..…….…..107
4. Hard/easy to verb…………………………………………….………………………………..……….111
5. Three big ifs….……………………………………………..………………………………………..…..112
Chapter 6
1. Two versions of “only”………………………………………..………….………….……………….134

2. Using ~てから for “right after”………………………………………………….…..….…………137
3. Simultaneous actions (~ながら、あいだ、and ついでに)………………..……………138
4. ~ば and related “if” forms ……………………………………..….…….………………..……….140
5. Regret and longing, via ～ばよかった and ~のに………………..………………..……….145
6. “The more X, the more Y” via ~ば・ほど…………………………………………...………..146
7. The sentence final かな and かしら……………………………………………………………..146
Chapter 7
1. Expressing “even if” via ~ても…………………………………………………..…..…..……….166
2. Conveying difficulty via なかな~ない……………………..…………………………..……….167
3. Emphasis via こんなに・そんなに・あんなに・どんなに……………………………..168
4. Blame and credit with せいで and おかげで………..…………………………….…...……170
5. Saying “without [verbing]” via ~ないで and ~ずに………………………………….…….171
6. The suffix ~的……………………………………………...………..…………………………….……173
7. A fistful of counters…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..……………………………..175
Chapter 8
0. A note about politeness………………………..….……………………………………..…..……..196
1. The “honorific” register 尊敬語……………………………………………………………….…..197
2. The “humble” register 謙譲語……………………………..……………………………………...204
3. Avoiding common mistakes with honorifics…………..……………………………..……..207
4. Using ~てくれる・あげる・もらう with keigo….…………………………………….……210
5. Polite language………………………………………………………………………………………....212
Chapter 9
1. The passive form (受け身・受動態)…………….………………………………….…………..240
2. The causative form (使役動詞)………………………………………………………..…..……..242
3. The causative-passive form (使役受動態)…………………….………………………………247
4. Passive/causative/causative-passive particle review……………………….…………….250
5. Requesting actions with ~てほしい・~てもらいたい…………………………………….251
6. The ~てしまう ending…………………………………………………………………………….….252
7. Words using 似………………………………………………………………………………………….253
8. Requests via ~なさい…………………………………………………………………………………254
9. までに as a deadline…………………………………………………………………………………..254
Chapter 10
1. Questions within sentences………………………………………………………………….….…276
2. Defining things via という………………………………………………………………….…..….277
3. The “As a noun” form として………………………………………………………………….….278
4. Metaphors via ~のよう……………………………………………………………………………...278
5. 気 words…………………………………………………………….............................................281
6. Using ~ていく・てくる to show the start/end of actions………………………………284
7. Desiring positive futures via ~といい……………………………………………….………….285
8. Expressing regret via ~てすみませんでした……………………………………….……..…285
9. Using たびに to mean “every time”……………………………………………………………..286
10. Seeking confirmation via negative endings……………………………………….……….…286

Chapter 11
1. Depending on via によって………………………………………………………………………..308
2. Contrasting expectations with くせに………………………………………………………….309
3. Subsidiary Verbs………………………………………………………………………………………..310
4. A few counters more…………………………………………………………………………………..312
5. Extent via ~ほど………………………………………………………………………………..………316
6. Saying “for” as in “given that”……………………………………………………………………..317
7. Suggesting via ~たらどう……………………………………………………………………………318
8. Two uses of ばかり…………………………………………………………………………………….318
9. Saying “ever since” with ~てからは……………………………………………………………..319
10. Two new uses of ある………………………………………………………………………………...319
Chapter 12
0. A note about impoliteness………………………………………………………………………….345
1. The ~ちゃう version of ~てしまう……………………………………………………………...346
2. The ら抜き言葉 phenomenon……………………………………………………………………..346
3. Saying “stuff like” with なんて………………………………………………………………….…347
4. More sentence-final particles………………………………………………………………..……347
5. The ~え variants of い adjectives and ~ない………………………………………………...348
6. The command form (命令形)……………………………………………………………………...349
7. Pronouns beyond わたし・あなた……………………………………………………………...350
8. Casual adverbs………………………………………………………………………………………..…353
9. Expressing contempt for behavior via ~(て)やがる………….….….…..…….………….354
10. Repeating yourself via ~ってば…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..…..……………..355
11. The ~か・かい interrogative endings……………………………………………………..……355

SO YOU’VE FINISHED・ 終 わ っ た ね 、 よ く で き たCongratulations! You’re done! I hope you feel more confident in your Japanese abilities, and that my
explanations helped you understand grammar points you ’ve been struggling with (or eased you through ones
you’d never seen!). Writing this textbook wasn’t easy, but I imagine getting through the whole thing was
harder. If you do challenge N4 and pass, drop me a message! I’d love to know my time was put to good use.
Moving forward to the next level of Japanese study is tricky – the more advanced you get, the more limited
the resources available to you become. Especially free ones. The number one thing I recommend is getting agood tutor – especially one with experience designing clear learning plans aimed at accomplishing concretegoals (such as passing a specific JLPT level). While this will cost you, moving into N3/2/1 level Japanese is,in my mind at least, nearly impossible without chances to interact with highly skilled speakers. Yes, you can
use Japanese media to improve your reading and listening, but practicing your skills in interacting, thinking
on your feet, listening carefully, and thinking critically in a new language really require another human being.
In addition to a teacher, I also recommend some kind of textbook or course. There are a number of excellent
grammar guides online, but many don’t really organize the grammar into any concrete study plan. They areuseful for reviewing specific points you’re struggling with, but not for making concrete steps forward. Moretroubling, most don’t really provide courses of vocabulary that help you move forward. Apps then can be fun,and are certainly better than nothing, but rarely bother to explain grammar to you. This isn’t necessarily acritique! These resources weren’t designed to do everything. But it does mean they can’t replace a welldesigned course. I personally have been impressed with the Tobira intermediate textbook, and the Kanzen
Master JLPT practice texts. These don’t replace a good teacher, but texts like them can be a great supplement
for a teacher, or even give you something to work through with a teacher to great effect.
Another simple strategy I recommend is to start learning 1 -2 new words a day. When I moved to Japan, I set
a daily goal of looking up 2 new words that I thought I would need (or learned IRL). For instance, before myfirst trip to a Japanese dentist, my 2 words a day for a few weeks were dental vocabulary – it’s not in most
textbooks, but I needed the words. As part of this daily learning process I would take a lined notebook, andfill in four lines: on the first line I would write the word in kanji, then in hiragana, then in English, and thenfill the line with the word in kanji. One the second line, I would then use the word in short sentences. Then, I
would repeat this on the next two lines for the second word. This had the benefit of turning memorization
into immediate use, and learning kanji as things used to write words rather than in the abstract. I then would
budget 30-60 minutes each weekend to reviewing everything I’ve learned, sometimes even starting new
notebooks filled with vocab I’d forgotten from the first, and then starting back at the beginning once I“caught up” to my current new vocab. Through this, I learned an extra (that is, on top of my normal study)
730 words a year (or so, I won’t pretend I never missed a day), and all the kanji that came with them. Plus,they were all words I wanted to know and use, not words someone told me would be important. Doingsomething similar will put you well ahead of the pack, and supplement whatever you ’re doing.
All in all though, the most important strategy is to just keep it up! Japanese is, in my opinion, not a “hard”
language. It’s a time consuming one, for sure. And if you struggle with it you shouldn ’t feel bad. Learning any
language involves struggles. But Japanese is a fairly consistent, logical language, and if you put the time inyou will get to where you want to be. The most important thing is not mystical innate talent, but just a regularstudy habit: a minimum of 30 minutes a day every day, including time to go back and review things you
already “know”, along with enough self-forgiveness to not beat yourself up when you miss a few days here or
there… with mild stress on the word few. As someone who had no background in learning a language, didn ’t
start learning Japanese till they were 18, and had absolutely no familiarity with Asian writing systems before
starting, I do think I’m qualified to say that if I can do it, you can too. Indeed, many of you are likely startingin much better positions than me due to how easy it is to engage with authentic Japanese materials now
compared to when I started, and therefore have every possib ility to quickly outstrip my meager talents. The
only real advice I have left to give is consequently real old-man stuff, so forgive me, but here it is: the bestthing you can do in your dedicated study time is turn off the screens (besides your dictionary), and commit touninterrupted Japanese work. If you can make that a habit, unfollow all these lame “kanji so hard” meme
accounts that exist only to sap motivation, and surround yourself with a community of engaged learners,
you’ll also wonder why people find Japanese to be a “hard” language too. Best of luck. I’m rooting for you.