2004

Asiatic Herpetological ResearchVol. 10, pp. 247-279

Species Diversity and Checklist of the Herpetofauna of Pulau Tioman,
Peninsular Malaysia, With a Preliminary Overview of Habitat Utilization
JESSE L. GRISMER1, L. LEE GRISMER1, INDRANEIL DAS2, NORSHAM S. YAAKOB3,
LIM BOO LIAT4, TZI MING LEONG5, TIMOTHY M. YOUMANS1, AND HINRICH KAISER1
1Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, CA 92515-8247,USA
2Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak,

94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
3Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
4Taman Negara (PERHILITAN), Km 10 Jalan Cheras, 50664 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
5Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260

Abstract. - The environmental diversity of Pulau Tioman, a 48 km2 island off the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia,
supports a remarkably diverse herpetofauna (97 species) with 22 frogs, one caecilian, one non-marine turtle, 34
lizards, and 39 snakes. The majority of this herpetofauna (74%) occurs in lowland dipterocarp forests. Fifteen newisland records and eight newly described, or as yet undescribed, species are reported, bringing the number of endemic species to at least 11.
Key words. - Pulau Tioman, Malaysia, herpetofauna, habitat diversity, checklist.

Introduction
Pulau Tioman (Tioman Island) is centrally located on the
Sunda Shelf 38 km off the southeast coast of Peninsular
Malaysia in the South China Sea (Fig. 1). Despite its
small size of approximately 48 km2, it supports a diverse
array of habitats. The island's coastline and low-lying
periphery is dominated by mangrove and coastal vegetative communities whereas inland areas support lowland
dipterocarp forest on the alluvial foothills and hill dipterocarp forest at upper elevations (Latiff et al. 1999).
Topographically, Pulau Tioman is characterized by steep
mountainous terrain reaching 1,035 m in elevation.
Exposed granitic outcroppings consisting of large boulders define much of the island's rugged interior and its
slopes are cut by several fast-flowing, boulder-strewn
streams. As discussed below, this environmental diversity contributes to the island's remarkable herpetologicaldiversity with 23 amphibians, one non-marine turtle, 33
lizards, and 39 snakes now confirmed as present on theisland (Table 1). This is in contrast to the relative depauperate herpetofauna of the surrounding islands of Tulai(Grismer et al., 2001b), Aur (Escobar et al., 2002a;
Grismer et al., 2001a), Dayang (Wood et al., 2003),
Pemanggil (Youmans et al., 2002), Sembilan and
Seribuat (Wood et al. in prep), Sibu and Besar (Wood etal., 2004a,b) and Tinggi (Escobar et al., 2002b).
Prior to Hendrickson (1966a,b), no herpetofaunalsurvey had been undertaken on Pulau Tioman and only

© 2004 by Asiatic Herpetological Research

Figure 1. Location of Pulau Tioman, West Malaysia, in
the South China Sea.

limited accounts on particular taxa existed (i.e.,
Boulenger, 1912; Smith, 1930; de Haas, 1949).
However, despite the thoroughness of Hendrickson(1966a,b) and subsequent efforts by Day (1990), Lim
and Lim (1999), Hien et al. (2001), and Grismer et al.
(2002a), the herpetofauna of this small island stillVol. 10, p. 248

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2004

Figure 3. Mangrove swamp at Kampung Paya.

Vegetation Zones

Figure 2. Distribution of vegetation zones on Pulau
Tioman. Modified from Latiff et al. (1999).

remains incompletely known. This is evidenced by the
13 new island records since Grismer et al. (2002a) and
Hien et al. (2001) and eight newly described and undescribed species reported herein. Additionally, there has
been no attempt to establish the distribution or habitat
use of each species on Pulau Tioman. Therefore, theintent of this paper is to report the results of the latest
herpetofaunal surveys which not only list new additions
to the island but new island localities of species known
to be present. The latter will serve as the basis for a preliminary categorization of habitat use for each species
based on its presence in different vegetation zones.

Vegetation zones generally serve to highlight broad categorical differences between habitats across sizable geographic areas. On Pulau Tioman, as elsewhere, thesecategorical differences lack well-defined geographic
boundaries (Ashton, 1995) and with the exception ofmangrove communities, each zone transitions smoothly
and continuously into another along an altitudinal transect. We use five different vegetation zones (Fig. 2),
modified after Latiff et al. (1999), to characterize habitat differences on Pulau Tioman.
Mangroves (0 m; Fig. 3). - Mangrove swamps are disjunctly distributed along the island's coastline.
Characteristic plant species include Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiear gymnorhiza, Excoecaria agallocha, andAvicennia alba, which in some localities are unusuallytall with large girth, attesting to the old age of the grove.
Coastal vegetation (0-80 m; Fig. 4). - Coastal vegetation forms a relatively narrow zone between the mangrove swamps (when present) and the lower reaches ofthe lowland dipterocarp forest. It is characterized by2004

Asiatic Herpetological ResearchVol. 10, p. 249

Vol. 10, p. 250

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2004

Figure 8. Collecting localities on Pulau Tioman. G. = Gunung (mountain); Kg. = Kampung (village); S. = Sungai(river); Tk. = Telok (bay); U. = Ulu (headwater).

palms, such as Pandanus dubius, and moderately-sizedtrees such as Scaevola taccada, Calophyllum inophyllum, and Vitex trifolia. Dipterocarp trees are noticeably
absent.

carp forest is dominated throughout by large species of
Shorea and Dipterocarpus.
Ridge forest (hill top summits between 950-1035 m;
Fig. 7). - Ridge forest occurs on summits where mosses,
ferns, lichens, and bryophytes predominate. Due toincreased exposure to sun and wind, trees are relatively
short. At this altitude, species such as Garcinia penangiana, Licuala tiomanensis, and Scleria sumatrensis
dominate and presumably have adapted to live in thedamp wind-blown environment typical of ridge forests.

Lowland dipterocarp forest (80-300 m; Fig. 5). Lowland dipterocarp forest occurs on the alluvial slopes
between coastal vegetation and hill dipterocarp forest
and is usually dominated by large non-dipterocarp trees
such as Arenga pinnata, Caryota mitis, and Nenga
macrocarpa. A few large dipterocarp species such as
Anisoptera curtisii and Neobalanocarpus heimii exist as
emergents.

Materials and Methods

Hill dipterocarp forest (300-950 m; Fig. 6). - This
zone is situated immediately above and adjacent to thelowland dipterocarp forest with which it is continuous.
The transition from lowland dipterocarp forest to hill
dipterocarp forest at approximately 300 m is essentiallyimperceptible and many plant species common to thelowland dipterocarp forest occur at lower elevations in
the hill dipterocarp forest, a pattern paralleled by somespecies of amphibians and reptiles. To illustrate this we
use the term low hill dipterocarp forest (300-500 m) andhigh hill dipterocarp forest (500-950 m). Hill diptero-

Our data were collected from various localities (Fig. 8)
on five trips; 12-24 March and 7-16 July, 2001 and 1927 March, 13-21 July, and 6-19 August, 2002 unlessindicated otherwise. Individuals sighted but not collected or photographed are listed but considered to beunconfirmed records. Collecting was done during the
day by hand and blowpipes and at night by torch light.
During July 2001 and 2002, three pitfall trap arrays withthree 15-m drift fence sections at each array were stationed in lowland dipterocarp forest at 142 m and 241 m
along the Tekek-Juara trail. A third array was estab-Megophryidae
Leptolalax kajangensis*
Megophrys nasuta
Bufonidae
Ansonia tiomanica*
Bufo asper
Bufo melanostictus
Bufo parvus
Pelophryne brevipes
Microhylidae
Chaperina fusca
Kalophrynus pleurostigma
Kaloula baleata
Kaloula pulchra
RanidaeFejervarya cancrivora
Limnonectes blythii
Limnonectes hascheanus
Rana chalconota
Rana erythraea
Rana hosii
Rana picturata
Rhacophoridae
Nyctixalus pictus
Philautus petersi
Polypedates leucomystax
Theloderma horridum
Ichthyophiidae
Ichthyophis sp.
Trionychidae
Dogania subplana
AgamidaeAcanthosaura armata
X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X
X

X

X
X

X

X

X
X

X

X
X

LHD

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

HHD

X

X

X

X

RF

Asiatic Herpetological Research

X

X

X
X

X

X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X

X
X

X
X
X
X

X

LD

X
X
X

CV

X

M

Table 1. Species checklist and vegetation zone utilization of the amphibians and reptiles of Pulau Tioman. Data are derived from Hendrickson(1966a,b), Day (1990), Lim and Lim (1999), Grismer et al. (2002a) and this report. M = Mangrove; CV = Coastal vegetation; LD = Lowland dipterocarp
forest; LHD = Low hill dipterocarp forest; HHD = High hill dipterocarp forest; and RF = Ridge forest; * = Species is endemic.

2004
Vol. 10, p. 251

Agamidae
Aphaniotis fusca
Bronchocela cristatella
Draco fimbriatus
Draco haematopogon
Draco melanopogon
Draco sumatranus
Gonocephalus chamaeleontinus
Gonocephalus grandis
Gekkonidae
Cnemaspis kendallii
Cnemaspis limi
Cosymbotus craspedotus
Cosymbotus platyurus
Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus
Cyrtodactylus tiomanensis*
Gehyra mutilata
Gekko monarchus
Gekko smithii
Hemidactylus frenatus
Lepidodactylus lugubris
Ptychozoon kuhli
Scincidae
Dasia olivacea
Emoia atrocostata
Eutropis longicaudata
Eutropis multifasciata
Larutia seribuatensis*
Lipinia surda
Lipinia vittigera
Lygosoma bowringii
Sphenomorphus scotophilus
Sphenomorphus sp.*
Varanidae
Varanus nebulosus
Varanus salvator
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X

X

X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

X

X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X

Table 1. Continued
LD
LHD

X
X

X
X

CV

X
X

X

X

X
X

X

X

X
X

HHD

X
X

X

RF

Asiatic Herpetological Research

X

X

X

M

Vol. 10, p. 252
2004

Dibamidae
Dibamus tiomanensis*
Typhlopidae
Ramphotyphlops albiceps
Ramphotyphlops braminus
Pythonidae
Python reticulatus
Colubridae
Ahaetulla prasina
Boiga cynodon
Boiga drapiezii
Boiga nigriceps
Calamaria ingeri*
Calamaria lumbricoidea
Calamaria pavimentata
Cerberus rynchops
Chrysopelea pelias
Dendrelaphis caudolineatus
Dendrelaphis cyanochloris
Dendrelaphis pictus
Denderlaphis striatus
Dryocalamus subannulatus
Dryophiops rubescens
Elaphe flavolineata
Elaphae taeniura
Enhydris enhydris
Enhydris plumbea
Fordonia leucobalia
Gongylosoma mukutense*
Gonyosoma oxycephalum
Lepturophis albofuscus
Liopeltis tricolor
Oligodon purpurascens
Oligodon booliati*
Pareas vertebralis
Psammodynastes pulverulentus
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X

X
X
X
X

X

X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X

X

X
X
X

X

X

X
X

X

LHD

X
X
X
X
X

X

X

HHD

X

X

RF

Asiatic Herpetological Research

X

X

X
X
X

X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X

X

X

X
X

X

X

Table 1. Continued
LD

X

CV

X

M

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Vol. 10, p. 253

Asiatic Herpetological Research

X

X

X

X

X

2004

lished on the beach near boulders in coastal vegetation 1
km south of Kampung Tekek. Collecting site elevations
were estimated with the aid of a hand-held global positioning satellite unit. Distribution data for species notaddressed in the accounts below but listed in Table 1
were taken from Lim and Lim (1999).
Representatives of all species collected were photographed, tissued for liver, preserved, and deposited in
the Department of Wildlife (PERHILITAN; JAM cat.
nos.), Kulala Lumpur, Malaysia; Forest ResearchInstitute of Malaysia (FRIM), Kulala Lumpur, Malaysia;
the Zoological Reference Collection (ZRC) of the
Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research at the
National University of Singapore; and the La Sierra
University Herpetological Collection (LSUHC),
Riverside, California, USA. Material from
Hendrickson's (1966a,b) collection deposited in the
Bishop Museum (BPBM), Honolulu, Hawai’i and Day's(1990) collection (uncatalogued in the British Museumof Natural History, London) was also examined. All tissues have been deposited at La Sierra University.
Photographs are catalogued in the La Sierra University
Photographic Collection (LSUPC) in the herpetology
laboratory of L. Lee Grismer. The taxonomy of ranid
genera follows Inger and Voris (2001).

X
X

X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X

Annotated Checklist

Colubridae
Ptyas carinatus
Rhabdophis chrysargos
Sibynophis melanocephalus
Elapidae
Bungarus flaviceps
Calliophis intestinalis
Ophiophagus hannah
Viperidae
Trimeresurus sp.*
Unconfirmed Species
Chrysopelea paradisi
Naja sumatrana

M

CV

Table 1. Continued
LD
LHD

HHD

RF

Vol. 10, p. 254

Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Megophryidae
Leptolalax kajangensis Grismer, Grismer, andYoumans, 2004
(Fig. 9)Localities. - Larvae collected from 400 m on
Gunung Kajang were reported by Lim and Lim (1999).
Day (1990) reported larvae from a pool at Gua Tengkuk
Air at 845 m. On 19 March 2001, we collected two
adults (ZRC 1.7714-15) from Gua Tengkuk Air sitting
on boulders approximately 2 m from the water 10 m
below the surface of the cave floor. On 23 March, 2001,
a specimen (LSUHC 4431) was collected from a cave at
the summit of Gunung Kajang at 1035 m. On 10 August,2002 and adult female (LSUPC-F1497) was observed at
210 m elevation along the Tekek-Juara trail. This species
occurs from lowland dipterocarp to ridge forests. This
species was originally known only from tadpoles andwas reported as Leptobrachium sp. (Day, 1990) and
Leptolalax gracilis (Lim and Lim, 1999). Examinationof the adults indicated they belonged to the new species
Leptolalax kajangensis (Grismer et al., 2004).

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Family: Bufonidae
Ansonia tiomanica Hendrickson, 1966
(Fig. 10)
Localities. - Gua Sinah at Ulu Lalang (800 m;
Hendrickson, 1966b).
New localities. - On 3 November, 2000, a specimen(LSUPC-F439-45) was photographed sitting on the vertical surface of a rock near the top of the Tekek-Juara
trail at 220 m. On 19-21 March, 2001, we observed
approximately 10 specimens in Gua Tengkuk Air at 845
m on Gunung Kajang. All were climbing on large boulders both in and outside of the cave. This species ranges
from lowland dipterocarp to high hill dipterocarp forest
in association with boulders in the vicinity of water.
Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829
Localities. - Sungai Nipah (80-200 m; Day, 1990).
New localities. - On 21 March 2001, we observed a
specimen (LSUPC-F380-81) along the Sungai
Mentawak (ca. 195 m) along the water's edge on a
downward sloping face of a boulder. On 23 March,
2002, we observed 11 specimens during the day andnight sitting on rocks at the edge of and within the
Sungai Mentawak of which three (LSUHC 4443, 444748) were collected. This species occurs in coastal vegetation and lowland dipterocarp forest.
Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799
Localities. - Kampung Tekek (Lim and Lim, 1999).
New localities. - On 7 July, 2001, we collected
specimens from Kampung Mukut (ca. 10 m) and on 9
July additional specimens (LSUHC 3754; ZRC 1.824849) were collected from the beginning of the TekekJuara trail (ca. 80 m) on the forest floor. On 9 July,
2001, a specimen (LSUHC 3814) was collected beneatha board at Kampung Paya (ca. 15 m). This species
ranges from coastal vegetation to lowland dipterocarp
forest.
Bufo parvus Boulenger, 1877
Localities. - Sungai Paya; Kampung Juara; andSungai Keliling (Lim and Lim, 1999).
New localities. - Two specimens (JAM 1860-61)
from Kampung Tekek were collected on 6 November,1997. Additional specimens (LSUHC 3969-71, 397677, 3981; ZRC 1.8269) were collected on 11-17 July
2001 from the Tekek-Juara trail pitfall traps (142 m) andfrom Telok Dungun (ca. 25 m; ZRC 1.8263) on 12 July,
2001. This species ranges from coastal vegetation toVol. 10, p. 255

lowland dipterocarp forest.

Family: Microhylidae
Chaperina fusca Mocquard, 1892
Localities. - Sungai Air Besar; Teluk Penut; andbetween Kampung Tekek and Kampung Lalang (Denzer
et al., 1989: 27).
New localities. - On 10 July, 2001, a specimen(LSUHC 3833) was collected from Telok Nipah (ca. 20m) under a flat rock at the edge of a narrow stream. At
Telok Penut, tadpoles were also collected from deepholes in rocks located along the shore of a dried-up
stream bed on 9 July, 2001 and were observed along the
Tekek-Juara Trail in root holes, tree cavities, and pitfall
traps from 200-245 m elevation. On 7 July, 2002 adults(LSUHC 4667-71) and tadpoles were found in water
catchments within fallen palm fronds along the Sungai
Mentawak at 195 m. This species ranges from coastal
vegetation to low hill dipterocarp forest.
Kalophrynus pleurostigma Tschudi, 1838
(Fig. 11)
Localities. - Gunung Kajang trail at 245 m in elevation (Escobar et al., 2003).
New localities. - On 17 July, 2002, a specimen(LSUHC 4682) was collected at 200 m elevation along
the Tekek-Juara trail. On 9 August, 2002, a specimen(LSUHC 5024) was collected at night on Gunung
Kajang at 813 m as it was ascending the vertical surface
of a small rock. This species ranges from lowland
dipterpcarp to high hill dipterocarp forests.

Family: Ranidae
Fejervarya cancrivora Gravenhorst, 1829
Localities. - Kampung Lalang and Kampung Tekek(Hendrickson, 1966b).
New localities. - On 12 July, 2001, a specimen wascollected at Telok Dalam (ca. 10 m) and released. The
individual was sitting approximately 1 m from the edgeof the water. When approached another specimen
jumped into the water and buried itself in leaf liter at thebottom of the stream. This species occurs in mangrovesand coastal vegetation.
Limnonectes blythii Boulenger, 1920
Localities. - Sedagong; Sungai Air Raja at
Kampung Genting; Sungai Durian Kallang at Kampung
Paya; Sungai Besar waterfall along Tekek-Juara trail;
Sungai Pasal; Sungai Keliling; Sungai Paya; Sungai

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Baharu; and Tekek-Juara trail (Lim and Lim, 1999).
New localities. - We add an additional specimen(LSUHC 3832) from Sungai Raya (ca. 100 m) collected
on 10 July, 2001 and from the Sungai Mentawak(LSUHC 4642; 195 m) collected on 19 July, 2002. Bothspecimens were sitting near the water's edge on a large
rock at night. Additonal speciemens (LSUHC 4646-47)
were collected from a small stream at the back of Telok
Monkey (ca. 3 m) on 19 July, 2002. This species occurs
in coastal vegetation and lowland dipterocarp forest.
Limnonectes hascheanus Stoliczka, 1870
Localities. - Sungai Paya (Leong, 2000); TekekJuara Trail, Ulu Lalang (Hendrickson, 1966b).
New localities. - On 11 July, 2001, three specimens(LSUHC 3856, 3864, 3868) were collected from theSungai Besar waterfall on the Tekek-Juara trail (220 m)
while sitting near the base of the waterfall on a rocky
slope. On 13 July, 2001, a specimen of L. hascheanus
was observed but not collected at Telok Dalam. On 12
July, 2001 a specimen (LSUHC 3887) was collectedfrom Sungai Dungun (ca.10 m). Hendrickson (1966b)
reported two specimens of this species as "Rana(Discodeles/Platymantis) sp." Upon examination of hismaterial (BPBM 14200-2001) we find them to be L.
hascheanus. This species occurs in lowland dipterocarp
forest.
Rana chalconota Schlegel, 1837-1844
Localities. - Tekek-Juara trail; Kampung Tekek;
Sungai Keliling; Sungai Mentawak; and Sedagong (Limand Lim, 1999).
New localities. - On 21 March, 2001, a juvenile(LSUPC-F285) was observed sitting on a leaf approximately 0.5 m above the ground behind a house in
Kampung Juara (5 m). On 9 July 2001, three specimens(LSUHC 3803-05; ZRC 1.8255) were collected from
Sungai Nipah (10 m). All were found inside large boulder caves situated within the stream. On 12 July, 2001,
three specimens (LSUHC 3886, 3909-10) were collected from Telok Dungun (15 m). This species ranges fromcoastal vegetation to low hill dipterocarp forest.
Rana erythraea Schlegel, 1837-1844
Localities. - Kampung Tekek (Hendrickson,
1966b).
New localities - On 9 July, 2001, a specimen(LSUHC 3815) was collected at sea level from
Kampung Paya from along a large pond just behind thebeach. On 21 March, 2002, one specimen was foundduring the day sitting on the branch of a mangrove tree

2004

1 m above the water at Air Batang (ca. 5 m). This
species occurs in mangrove and coastal vegetation.
Rana hosii Boulenger, 1891
Localities. - Tekek-Juara trail; Kampung Paya;
Sungai Kalang; and Sungai Ayer Besar waterfall on the
Tekek-Juara trail (Lim and Lim, 1999).
New localities. - On 13 July, 2001, a specimen wasobserved along Sungai Dungun, but not collected. On
11 July, 2001, a specimen (LSUHC 3819) was collectedalong Sungai Raya (ca. 50 m). On the evening of 19
July, 2002, three specimens (LSUHC 4625-26) werecollected along the Sungai Mentawak at 195 m in elevation while sitting on vegetation. This species occurs inlowland dipterocarp and low hill dipterocarp forest.
Rana picturata Boulenger, 1920
(Fig. 12)
Localities. - Tributary of Sungai Mentawak (Day,1990).
New localities. - Day (1990) reported a specimen
Rana signata from a tributary of the Sungai Mentawak
at 300 m. We have examined that specimen (uncatalogued in the British Museum of Natural History) andfind it to be R. picturata. We report additional specimens of R. picturata from the Sungai Mentawak at 195
m collected on 24 March, 2002 (LSUHC 4435-41) and
19 July, 2002 (LSUHC 4636-40). All were foundperched on rocks or vegetation along the water's edge
during the evening. This species is found in coastal andlowland dipterocarp forest.

Family: Rhacophoridae
Nyctixalus pictus Peters, 1871
(Fig. 13)
Localities. - A single specimen (ZRC 1.8268) wascollected from the Tekek-Juara trail (ca. 240 m) on thenight of 16 July, 2001 (Leong and Crane, 2002). It differs from other populations of N. pictus in that its bodyand limbs are yellow in coloration instead of orange orbrownish. Another specimen was heard calling on 14
July, 2001 along a small stream on the Tekek-Juara trail(ca. 100 m) by LBL and NSY. This specimen constitutes
a new record for Pulau Tioman. This species occurs inlowland dipterocarp forest.
Polypedates leucomystax Boie, 1829
Localities. - Kampung Tekek and Kampung Juara(Lim and Lim, 1999).

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New localities. - On 7 July, 2001, a specimen(LSUHC 3770) was collected on the Tekek-Juara trail(241 m) while sitting on a leaf approximately 1 m above
the ground. On 11 July, 2001, a specimen was observedin the Sungai Dungun (ca. 10 m) but not collected. This
species ranges from coastal vegetation to low hill dipterocarp forest.
Theloderma horridum Boulenger, 1903
(Fig. 14)Vol. 10, p. 257

collected from Telok Dalam off the same tree, facing
head up approximately 1.5 m above the ground at 20 m.
On 9 July, 2001, a sighting was made at Sungai Benuang
at 15 m. On 9 July, 2001, an individual (LSUHC 3818)
was collected from a tree in Kampung Mukut and another (ZRC 2.5131) from a sapling approximately 0.5 m
above the ground at Telok Nipah at 20 m. This species
ranges from lowland dipterocarp to low hill dipterocarp
forest.
Bronchocela cristatella Kuhl, 1820

Localities. - On the evening of 22 March, 2002, one
specimen of Theloderma horridum was found on theside of a large tree (ca. 1 m in diameter) near the TekekJuara trail at 245 m in elevation (Grismer et al. 2003a).
On 14 July, 2002, another specimen was found on the
Tekek-Juara trail at 140 m elevation. This species isfound in lowland dipterocarp forest.

Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Family: Agamidae
Acanthosaura armata Hardwicke and Gray, 1827
Localities. - Tekek-Juara trail (Hendrickson,
1966b).
New localities. - On 13 July, 2001, a specimen(LSUHC 3873) was collected in primary forest south of
Kampung Salang (ca.80 m). On 18 March, 2001 two
specimens were observed at Gua Tengkuk Air on
Gunung Kajang at 845 m. One was photographed(LSUPC-L7070-71). The latter specimens had patterns
that were considerably darker than those of specimensfrom lowland forests which appears to be a function ofsubstrate matching. On 17 July, 2002, two specimens
were collected at Telok Monkey (ca. 40 m). One(LSUHC 4598) was 1 m above ground level on a small(ca. 10 cm in diameter) tree facing head-up. The other(LSUHC 4599) was observed sitting on a hollow log
that was lying on the forest floor. When approached, it
ran into the hollow of the log in an attempt to escape.
This species ranges from coastal vegetation to high hill
dipterocarp forest.
Aphaniotis fusca Peters, 1864
Localities. - Sedagong; Tekek-Juara trail; Kampung
Asah (Lim and Lim, 1999).
New localities. - On 18 March, 2001, an individual
was photographed (LSUPC-L5931-36) and released on
Gunung Kajang at 320 m in elevation. On 12 July, 2001,
a male and female (LSUHC 3897; ZRC 2.5147) were

Localities. - Tekek-Juara trail near Kampung Juara;
Kampung Juara; Kampung Tekek; and Kampung Mukut(Lim an Lim, 1999).
New localities. - On 19 July, 2000, a specimen was
photographed (LSUPC-L762) at Kampung Air Batang at
15 m. On 13 July, 2001, a specimen was observed fromprimary forest in Telok Dalam at 15 m. On 18 July,
2002, one specimen (LSUHC 4613) was observed on atree in coastal forest at Telok Monkey (ca. 20 m). On 11
August, 2002, a specimen (LSUHC 5046) was collectedfrom 15 m above ground level on a branch at the base of
Gunung Kajang at 291 m in elevation. This species
occurs from coastal vegetation to low hill dipterocarp
forest.
Draco fimbriatus Kuhl, 1820
(Fig. 15)
Localities. - On 8 July, 2001, a specimen (ZRC
2.5130) was collected from a large dipterocarp tree
approximately 6 m above the ground at 160 m on the
Tekek-Juara trail. On 9 July, 2001, a second specimen(LSUHC 3823) was collected approximately 4 m above
the ground at 142 m on the same trail. On 17 July, 2002,
a male and female were observed 20 m above groundlevel on the side of a tree in coastal vegetation at Telok
Monkey (ca. 20 m). The male (LSUHC 4601) was collected. These specimens constitute new island records.
This species occurs in coastal vegetation and lowland
dipterocarp forest.
Draco haematopogon Boie, 1831
(Fig. 16)
Localities. - On 20 March, 2001, an adult male
(SVL 106 mm) and female (SVL 100 mm) were collected, photographed (LSUPC-L7072-78), and released
from near Gua Tengkuk Air on Gunung Kajang at 845
m. The male had a yellow dewlap with a black spot atbase surrounded by orange and the female had anorangish dewlap with a yellow fringe. Both were foundon a large dipterocarp tree facing head up approximate-Vol. 10, p. 258

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Figure 31. Trimeresurus sp. (male) from Tekek-Juara trail.

ly 6 m above the ground. These specimens constitute a
new island record. This species occurs in high hill dipterocarp forest.

from Sungai Raya on 9 July, 2001 at 40 m. One specimen (LSUHC 5021) was collected on Gunung Kajang at
813 m on 8 August, 2002. This species ranges fromcoastal vegetation to high hill dipterocarp.

Draco melanopogon Boulenger, 1887
Draco sumatranus Schlegel, 1844
Localities. -Tekek-Juara trail; Sedagong; Kampung
Asah; Kampung Paya; and Gunung Kajang at 800 m(Lim an Lim, 1999).
New localities. - On 9 and 11 March, 2001, respectively, a specimen (LSUHC 3809) was colleted from
Telok Nipah (10 m) and Sungai Nipah (LSUHC 3869) at
20 m. Day (1990) reported an unidentified species ofDraco at Telok Nipah based on his sighting of two individuals with pinkish dewlaps displaying at one another.
We observed individuals with pinkish dewlaps at Telok
Nipah and elsewhere to be female D. melanopogon. On
13 July, 2001, a specimen (LSUHC 3908) was collected
at Telok Dalam in primary forest at 20 m. On 12 July,
2001, several specimens were observed at Telok Dungun
at 10-35 m. On 13 July, 2001, a specimen (LSUHC3903) was collected at Kampung Salang at 10-15 m.
Two specimens (LSUHC 3798, 3809) were collectedfrom Sungai Benuang (10 m) and one (LSUHC 3822)

Localities. - Kampung Tekek; Sungai Mukut at
Kampung Mukut; and Kampung Air Batang (Lim andLim, 1999).
New localities. - On 9 March, 2001, a male with ablue head was collected from Sungai Nipah at approximately 20 m. On 8 July, 2001, two specimens (LSUHC
3777; ZRC 2.5121) were collected from the Tekek-Juara
trail in lowland forest at 80-150 m. On 12 July, 2001 an
individual (LSUHC 3899) from Telok Dalam was foundduring mid-day in the mangroves approximately 3 m
above ground. On 13 July, 2001, a specimen (LSUPCL3103-04) was photographed at Telok Dungun at an elevation of 15 m. On 13 July, 2001, an individual wasobserved in coastal vegetation at Kampung Salang at
approximately 10 m in elevation. All lizards were foundfacing head-up on trees. This species ranges from mangrove to lowland dipterocarp forest.

Vol. 10, p. 270

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Gonocephalus chamaeleontinus Laurenti, 1768
Localities. - Tekek-Juara trail, Kampung Paya
along the trail to Gunung Kajang (Lim and Lim, 1999).
New localities. - On 9 July, 2001 an individual wasobserved on Sungai Benuang at 15 m. On 10 July, 2001,
a specimen (LSUHC 3881) was found at Telok Dungun
in primary forest at 20 m. On 13 July, 2001, a specimen
was observed from Kampung Salang in primary forest at
10 m. On 19 July, 2002, two specimens (LSUHC 462324) were observed at night sleeping on vegetation ca. 5
m above ground level along the Sungai Mentawak at
195 m. On 10 August, 2002, a specimen was observed
on a small tree at Gua Tengkuk Air on Gunung Kajang
at 845 m. All were found 2-5 m above the ground on theside of trees facing head-up. This species occurs fromlowland dipterocarp to high hill dipterocarp forest.
Gonocephalus grandis Gray, 1845
Localities. - Sungai Asah; Sungai Nipah;
Sedagong; and Sungai Air Besar (Lim and Lim, 1999).
New localities. - On 11 July, 2001, a male and ajuvenile were sighted on trees along the Sungai Raya but
not collected. On 15 July, 2001, a adult male was collected from a trail behind and leading out of Kampung
Tekek. On 19 July, 2002, four specimens (LSUHC
4619-22) were observed on trees near the edge of Sungai
Mentawak at 195 m. Additional specimens wereobserved on trees along a small stream at 291 m at thebase of Gunung Kajang. This species ranges throughlowland dipterocarp to low hill dipterocarp forests primarily in association with streams.

Family Gekkonidae
Cnemaspis kendallii Gray, 1845
Localities. - Tekek-Juara trail (Lim and Lim, 1999).
New localities. - On 18 March, 2001, individuals
were observed at the base of Gunung Kajang and along
the Sungai Mentawak (80-200 m). Additional specimens (LSUHC 3797) were collected at Sungai Benuang(9 July, 2001; LSUHC 3797; ca. 20 m), Kampung Paya
(9 July, 2001; LSUHC 3811; ca. 15 m), Sungai Raya (11July, 2001; LSUHC 3820; ca. 12 m), Kampung Salang(12 July, 2001; LSUHC 3878; ca. 10 m), and Telok
Dalam (12 July, 2001; observed only). Additional specimens were found at Mukut (15 July, 2002; LSUHC
4566; ca. 50 m) and Telok Monkey (18 and 29 July,
2002; ca. 35 m; LSUHC 4615 and 4666, respectively).
All were found on rocks or trees during both day andnight. This species ranges from coastal vegetation to
low hill dipterocarp forest.

2004

Cnemaspis limi Das and Grismer, 2003
(Fig. 17)
Localities. - Tekek-Juara trail; Gunung Rokam;
Gunung Kajang at 950 m (Lim and Lim, 1999).
New localities. - On 19 March, 2001, specimens(LSUPC-L3662-65) were photographed at Gua Tengkuk
Air on Gunung Kajang at 845 m and from the summit at1035 m. On 10 July, 2001, three specimens (LSUHC
3888, 3902; ZRC 2.5149) were collected in primary forest at Kampung Salang at 20 m. On 11 July, 2001, a
specimen was observed at Telok Dungun at 100 m. On
9 July, 2001, a specimen was observed at the Sungai
Raya at 25 m. On 17 and 18 July, 2002, two specimens(LSUHC 4596, 4616) were collected off rocks at Telok
Monkey (ca. 20 m). On 19 July, 2002, one specimen(LSUHC 4629) was collected from the Sungai
Mentawak at 195 m. The Pulau Tioman population was
originally reported as C. nigridia (Hendrickson, 1966a)
but was described as a new species (Das and Grismer,2003) All specimens were observed on steep faces oflarge boulders in shaded areas or within deep rockcrevices. This species occurs from coastal vegetation toridge forest.
Cosymbotus craspedotus Mocquard, 1890
Localities. - On 9 November, 1997, a single specimen (JAM 1834) was collected from the palm groves in
Kampung Tekek at the base of the Tekek-Juara trail at 50
m while facing head down approximately 3 m above theground. This constitutes a new island record. This
species occurs in coastal vegetation.
Cosymbotus platyurus Schneider, 1792
Localities. - Kampung Tekek (Grismer et al.,2002a).
New localities. - On 13 July, 2001, a juvenile (ZRC
2.5146) was collected in a restaurant on the beach at
Kampung Salang. This species occurs in coastal vegetation.
Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus Taylor, 1962
Localities. - No locality data provided (Manthey
and Grossmann, 1997:228).
New localities. - On 2 November, 2000, a specimen
was observed and photographed (LSUPC-L3313) while
sitting on a leaf approximately 1.5 m above the groundalong the Tekek-Juara trail at 190 m. On 19 2001 March,a single specimen was observed at Gua Tengkuk Air on
Gunung Kajang at 845 m. One specimen (LSUHC 5622)
was collected off vegetation along the Sungai Mentawak

2004

Asiatic Herpetological Researchat 195 m on 7 August, 2002. This species ranges fromlowland dipterocarp to high hill dipterocarp forest.
Cyrtodactylus tiomanensis Das and Lim, 2000
(Fig. 18)
Localities. - Tekek-Juara trail; Gunung Kajang at
400 m and 750 m (Lim and Lim, 1999).
New localities. - On 12 March, 2001, several specimens were observed on large boulders within andaround Gua Tengkuk Air on Gunung Kajang at 845 m.
On 20-22 March, 2001, several specimens wereobserved (LSUPC-L7002-09) on boulders, trees, andleaf-litter at the forest's edge on the beach 1 km south of
Kampung Tekek. One specimen (LSUHC 4597) wascollected from Telok Monkey (ca. 20 m) on 17 July,
2002. This species ranges from coastal vegetation tohigh hill dipterocarp forest.
Gehyra mutilata Wiegmann, 1834
Localities. - Kampung Tekek and Kampung Mukut(Hendrickson, 1966a).
New localities. - On 16 March, 2001, a specimen(LSUPC-L6080-84) was photographed during theevening on the Tekek-Juara trail at approximately 200
m. This species occurs in lowland dipterocarp forest andin disturbed habitat.
Gekko monarchus Duméril and Bibron, 1836
Localities. -Sungai Keliling (Hendrickson, 1966a).
New localities. - On 22 March, 2001, specimens(LSUPC-L7044-45) were photographed from the TekekJuara trail, on boulders, trees or short vegetation from
50-100 m. On 23 March, 2001, specimens (LSUPCL7046-49) were photographed on rocks from the boulder caves on the beach 1 km south of Kampung Tekek.
This species occurs in coastal vegetation and lowland
dipterocarp forest.
Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril and Bibron, 1836
Localities. - Kampung Tekek (Hendrickson,
1966a).
New localities. - On 9 July, 2001, two specimens(LSUHC 3807-08) were collected at Telok Nipah at 5 m
beneath the wood of an abandoned shack. On 22 March,
2001, a specimen was collected and released at
Kampung Juara. This species occurs in coastal vegetation usually near human habitations.

Vol. 10, p. 271

Ptychozoon kuhli Stejneger, 1902
Localities. - On 16 March, 2001, a specimen(LSUPC-L7010-26) was photographed along the TekekJuara trail approximately 3 m above the ground on alarge strangler fig at approximately 200 m. On 18 March
2001, an individual was found on the Tekek-Juara trail
facing head down on a large dipterocarp tree approximately 6 m above the ground at 250 m. On 10 July,
2001, a single specimen (LSUHC 3835) was found on
the Tekek-Juara trail on a large metal pole approximately 3 m above the ground at 142 m. On 16 July, 2001, a
specimen was sighted in a coconut palm grove in
Kampung Tekek at the base of the Tekek-Juara trail at 80
m. One specimen (LSUHC 5042) was collected from 20m above ground level on the side of a tree along theSungai Mentawak at 195 m on 11 August, 2002. These
specimens confirm this species' presence on Pulau
Tioman, first reported as an unconfirmed sighting by
Grismer et al. (2002a). This species ranges from coastal
vegetation to lowland dipterocarp forest.

Family: Scincidae
Dasia olivacea Gray, 1839
Localities. - Kampung Tekek; Kampung Paya;
Sungai Asah (Hendrickson, 1966a).
New localities. - On 16 March, 2001, a specimen
was observed on the Tekek-Juara trail at 200 m in elevation in primary forest. Another was seen on a large
dipterocarp tree approximately 2.5 m above the groundat 80 m. On 10 July, 2001, an individual (LSUHC 3863)
was collected from Kampung Mukut at 5 m. On 12 July,
2001, a sighting of a D. olivacea was recorded at
Kampung Salang at 10 m. This species occurs fromcoastal vegetation to low hill dipterocarp forest.
Emoia atrocostata Lesson, 1830
Localities. - On 11 July, 2001, an individual wassighted at Kampung Salang at 10 m on a wooden bridge
near the coast. On the same day a specimen was collected from intertidal rocks on neighboring Pulau Tulai(Grismer et al., 2001b). This species occurs in the mangroves and along rocky shorelines (see Hendrickson,
1966a) but remains unconfirmed for Pulau Tioman.
Eutropis multifasciata Kuhl, 1820
Localities. - Sedagong; Sungai Pasal; Tekek-Juara
trail; and Kampung Paya (Lim and Lim, 1999).
New localities. - On 11 July, 2001, several specimens were sighted at Telok Dungun and Telok Dalam(10-35 m). On 12 July, 2001, specimens were observed

Vol. 10, p. 272

Asiatic Herpetological Researchfrom Kampung Salang (10 m) and from rock cracks inthe waterfall in the Sungai Raya at 80 m. One individual observed at the waterfall jumped off a rocky face
into the water approximately 2 m below to escape.
Many other specimens were observed along the Sungai
Mentawak on 19-22 July, 2002. Juveniles were foundon rocks within the stream and would jump into thewater to escape. Some would dive below the surface
and cling to the edge of rocks for several minutes. Manyothers were observed along the Gunung Kajang trail
from 195-245 m in elevation. This species ranges fromcoastal vegetation to low hill dipterocarp forest.
Larutia seribuatensis Grismer, Leong, and Yaakob,
2003
Localities. - On 20 August, 2002, an individual(LSUPC-L182) was observed abroad on the forest floor
in high hill dipterocarp forest at ca. 400 m immediately
following a rain shower. This species is also known
from coastal vegetation on Pulau Tulai (Grismer et al.,2003). This species ranges from coastal vegetation tohigh hill dipterocarp forest. It is currently being
described as a new species endemic to Pulau Tulai andPula Tioman (Grismer et al., 2003).
Lipinia vittigera Boulenger, 1894
(Fig. 19)
Localities. - Unconfirmed sighting at Kampung
Asah (Lim and Lim, 1999).
New localities. - From 10-16 July, 2001, specimens
were sighted at Sungai Raya (40 m), Tekek-Juara trail(210 m), the base of the Tekek-Juara trail (45 m; a juvenile with a bright orange tail), Telok Nipah (25 m), andTelok Dungun (30 m). One specimen (ZRC 2.5151) wascollected in primary forest at Kampung Salang at 40 m.
One specimen was cited on a tree at the base of Gunung
Kajang at 291 m on 24 March, 2002. All were observed
foraging on the sides of large trees 3-5 m above theground. A hatchling (LSUHC 4814) was collected inflotsam and coral at the water's edge in Telok Monkey.
These specimens confirm this species' presence on Pulau
Tioman. This species ranges from coastal vegetation to
low hill dipterocarp forest.
Lygosoma bowringii Günther, 1864
Localities. - On 15 March, 2001, a specimen wascollected beneath a trash can in Kampung Tekek, photographed (LSUPC-L6058-66), and released. On 18
March, 2001, a specimen was observed at Kampung
Juara at 5 m. On 8 July, 2001, a specimen was collect-

2004

ed from the Tekek-Juara trail at 140 m. On 9 July, 2001,
a specimen was sighted in Kampung Paya at sea level.
This species ranges from coastal vegetation to lowland
dipterocarp forest.
Sphenomorphus scotophilus Boulenger, 1900
Localities. - Gunung Kajang at 845 m and the
Tekek-Juara trail (Lim and Lim, 1999).
New localities. - On 19 March, 2001, two specimens (LSUPC-L3286-87) were observed and photographed from the summit of Gunung Kajang at 1035
m and at Gua Tengkuk Air at 845 m. On 9 July, 2001, a
specimen (LSUHC 3806) was collected at Sungai
Benuang at 20 m. On 9 July, 2001, a specimen (ZRC
2.5135) was collected from the rocks in the Sungai Raya
at 45 m. Several were seen on rocks along the trail southof Salang on 13 July, 2001. Additional specimens werecollected from Telok Nipah (9 July, 2001; LSUHC3806), Mukut (9 July, 2001; LSUHC 3821), and Telok
Monkey (17 July, 2001; LSUHC 4595 between 10 m
and 20 m). This species ranges from coastal vegetation
to ridge forest.
Sphenomorphus sp.
(Fig. 20)
New localities. - On 22 March, 2002, a specimen(LSUHC 4429) of a new species of Sphenomorphus wascollected along the Gunung Kajang Trail at 510 m in elevation. On 8 August, 2002, a hatchling of the same
species (LSUHC 5031) was collected on the summit of
Gunug Kajang at 1035 m. Many other specimens wereobserved in the leaf litter of the forest floor between
300-1035 m on Gunung Kajang. This species ranges
from low hill dipterocarp to ridge forest. It is currently
being described (Grismer, in prep.).

Family: Varanidae
Varanus nebulosus Gray 1831
Localities. - Sedagong; Kampung Air Batang;
Kampung Salang; and Kampung Tekek (Lim and Lim,
1999).
New localities. - On 18 March, 2001, several individuals were observed in Kampung Juara basking on
coconut palms 1-6 m above the ground. On 17 March,
2001, a juvenile and adult were observed along the
Tekek-Juara trail (100 m and 275 m). Varanus nebulosus were also seen at Telok Dalam, Telok Dungun,
Kampung Paya, Kampung Mukut, and Telok Nipah (080 m). This species ranges from coastal vegetation tolowland dipterocarp forest.

2004

Asiatic Herpetological Research
Varanus salvator Laurenti, 1768

Localities. - Sedagong; Kampung Salang;
Kampung Asah; Kampung Tekek (Lim and Lim, 1999).
New localities. - On 9 July, 2001, a sighting of a
Varanus salvator approximately 1.5 m in SVL was madein Kampung Paya at 5 m. On 16 March a sighting of a
specimen was recorded in Telok Nipah. On 19 March,
2002, two specimens were observed along the banks of
the Sungai Mentawak at 195 m 2 km inland from thecoast. This species occurs in mangroves, coastal vegetation, and lowland dipterocarp forest provided there arewaterways serving as dispersal corridors.

Family: Dibamidae
Dibamus tiomanensis Diaz, Leong, Grismer andYaakob, 2004
Localities. - Kampung Paya (Lim and Lim, 1999);
Tekek-Juara trail at 80 m (Diaz et al. 2004).
New localities. - Lim and Lim (1999) reported thispopulation as D. cf. alfredi based on the only known
specimen (ZRC 2.3410). On 14 August, 2002 a specimen was found beneath a log at Air Batang at sea level.
This species is found from mangrove to lowland dipterocarp forest.

Family: Typhlopidae
Ramphotyphlops albiceps Boulenger, 1898
(Fig. 21)
Localities. - On 8 July, 2001, a specimen (ZRC
2.5125) was collected from the Tekek-Juara trail, at 241
m in elevation. It was unearthed 0.3 m below the surface of the ground in rocky soil while placing pit falltraps. This constitutes a new island record. This species
occurs in low hill dipterocarp forest.
Ramphotyphlops braminus Daudin, 1803
Localities. - Kampung Juara (Day, 1990).
New localities. - On 21 March, 2001, a specimen(LSUPC-S2814) was found beneath a large piece ofwood in Kampung Tekek (ca. 10 m) and photographed.
On 9 July, 2001, an individual (ZRC 2.5134) was collected at Kampung Paya at 5 m. This species occurs inmangrove and coastal vegetation.

Family: Pythonidae
Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801
Localities. - Kampung Tekek and north of Telok

Vol. 10, p. 273

Dungun (Hendrickson, 1966a).
New localities. - On 6 August, 2001, K. P. Lim(pers. comm.) informed LLG of a specimen measuring
approximately 5 m SVL he observed in Kampung Payaon 17 July, 2001. Several specimens have been
observed by JLG, LLG, and TMY at Air Batang,
Berjaya, Kampung Juara, and Telok Nipah from 0-15 m.
This species ranges from mangrove to lowland dipterocarp forest.

Family: Colubridae
Ahaetulla prasina Boie, 1827
Localities. - Tekek-Juara trail at the Sungai Air
Besar crossing (Hendrickson, 1966a).
New localities. - On 20 March, 2001, a specimen
was observed and photographed (LSUPC-S2892-99) at
Gua Tengkuk Air at 845 m. On 13 July, 2001, an adultspecimen (LSUHC 3914) was collected in lowland forest at Telok Dungun. Two specimens (LSUHC 4687-88)
were collected from the Tekek waterfall trail at ca. 100
m on 18 July, 2002. This species occurs from coastal
vegetation to high hill dipterocarp forest.
Boiga drapiezii (Boie, 1827)
Localities. - Tekek-Juara trail at 213 m in elevation. One specimen (LSUPC-S3797) was collected on
14 July 2003 2 m above the ground as it was crawling
down the side of a palm tree. This species represents a
new record for P. Tioman.
Boiga nigriceps Günther, 1863
Localities. - Kampung Juara at 100 m (Hien et al.
2001).
New localities. - On 26 March, 2002, an adult(LSUHC 4494) was found on the Tekek-Juara trail atnight at ca.175 m as it was crawling across the trail. On
16 July, 2002, and juvenile (LSUHC 4591) was found atnight 2 m above the ground in a small tree at the damnon the Tekek-Juara trail at 220 m. On 18 July, 2002, anadult (LSUHC 4686) was found crawling through brushon the Tekek waterfall trail at 185 m. This species
ranges from coastal vegetation to lowland dipterocarp.
Calamaria ingeri Grismer, Kaiser, and Yaakob, 2004
(Fig. 22)
Localities. - On 22 July, 2002, a specimen of
Calamaria (LSUHC 4716) was found within a trap in
the lower pitfall trap array. On 23 July, 2002, anotherspecimen (LSUHC 4800) was found in the same trap.

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These specimens resemble C. lovii gimletti in coloration
but lack the enlarged second supralabial of all C. lovii
and have unique combinations of characters that set
them apart from all other Calamaria (Inger and Marx,
1965). This population was described as C. ingeri(Grismer et al.,2004a). This species is found in lowland
dipterocarp forest.
Chrysopelea pelias Linnaeus, 1758
(Fig. 23)
Localities. - Kampung Juara (Day, 1990).
New localities. - On 19 March, 2001, a specimen(LSUPC-S2793-2801) was observed and photographedon a large dipterocarp approximately 4 m above theground on the Tekek-Juara trail at 195 m. We collected
this snake two hours after we had collected a Ptychzoon
kuhli from the same tree. The snake was facing head
down and rapidly tongue flicking the spot where we previously collected the P. kuhli. We suspect it may havebeen scent trailing the gecko. On 11 July 2001, a specimen (ZRC 2.5145) was collected from the Tekek-Juara
trail at 140 m crawling across a large boulder. This
species occurs in lowland dipterocarp forest.
Dendrelaphis cyanochloris Wall, 1921
Localities. - Tekek-Juara trail and Kampung Juara(Hien et al., 2001).
New localities. - On 17 July 2001, one specimen(LSUHC 4611) was found at night sleeping in brush
along the Tekek waterfall trail at 100 m. This species
occurs in lowland dipterocarp forest.
Dendrelaphis pictus Gmelin, 1789
Localities. - Tekek-Juara trail (Grismer et al.,2002a).
New localities. - On 6 August 2001, K. P. Lim(pers. com., 2001) informed LLG of an observation of
D. pictus in Kampung Juara on 21 July 2001. This
species ranges from coastal vegetation to low hill dipterocarp forest.
Dendrelaphis striatus Cohn, 1906
(Fig. 24)
Localities. - Kampung Juara (Wood et al., 2003).
New localities. - On 21 July, 2001, one specimen(LSUHC 4792) was observed sleeping 2 m above
ground level on a trail in Telok Monkey at 80 m. This
species is found in coastal and lowland dipterocarp forest and constitutes a new record for this island.

2004

Dryocalamus subannulatus Duméril, Bibron andDuméril, 1854
Localities. - On beach 1 km south of Kampung
Tekek (Grismer et al., 2002a).
New localities. - On 14 August, 2002, one specimen(LSUHC 5051) was observed at night crawling throughthe branches of a tree 2 m above ground level at the bottom of the Tekek-Juara trail near the Mosque at 80 m.
This species is found in coastal and lowland dipterocarp
forest.
Elaphe flavolineata Schlegel, 1837
Localities. - Kampung Tekek (Wood et al. 2004)
New localities. - On xx March, 2003, one juvenile
specimen (LSUHC- S3752) was found dead on the roadin Kampung Tekek at 10 m in elevation. This species isfound in coastal vegetation.
Elaphe taeniura Cope, 1861
Localities. - 100 m behind last house at Kampung
Juara (Hien et al., 2001).
New localities. - On 19 July, 2002, one specimen(LSUHC 4675) was observed 2 m above ground levelcrawling on the top of a large boulder on a trail in Telok
Monkey at 40 m immediately following an afternoon
rainshower. This species is found in coastal and lowland
dipterocarp forest.
Enhydris plumbea Boie, 1827
Localities. - Sungai Raya (Lim and Lim, 1999).
New localities. - On 9 November, 1997, two specimens (at PERHILITAN uncatalogued) were collectedfrom the Sungai Besar in Kampung Tekek. On 9 July,
2001, a specimen (LSUHC 3817) was collected frombeneath a log at Kampung Paya at sea level. This
species occurs in mangroves and coastal vegetation.
Fordonia leucobalia Schlegel, 1837
(Fig. 25)
Localities. - On 15 July, 2001, a specimen(LSUPC-S3253) was collected from the drainage canals
at Persona Island Resort in Kampung Tekek at 5 m andis currently maintained as a living specimen at the
Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research at the
National University of Singapore. This constitutes a
new island record. This species occurs in the mangroves.

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Gongylosoma mukutense Grismer, Das, Leong, 2003
(Fig. 26)
Localities. - On 10 July, 2001, a specimen (ZRC
2.5141) was found at 20 m in coastal vegetation on the
trail that leads from Kampung Mukut to Sungai Raya.
The specimen was being eaten by a juvenile Ptyas carinatus. An additional specimen (LSUHC 4680) was collected from 190 m in elevation along the Tekek-Juara
trail on 16 July, 2002. This species occurs in coastal vegetation and lowland dipterocarp forest.
Gonyosoma oxycephalum Boie, 1827
(Fig. 27)
Localities. - A sight record from Nipah was reported by Day (1990).
New localities. - A specimen was found resting ona branch 10 m above the surface of a small river in
Kampung Juara. It was collected and photographed by
Pauli Hien. A photo of that specimen is deposited at La
Sierra University (LSUPC-S3633). This specimen constitutes a new island record. This species occurs incoastal forest.
Lepturophis albofuscus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril,1854

Vol. 10, p. 275

New localities. - On 9 July, 2001, a shed skin
(LSUHC 3988) with a pattern matching that of Oligodon
purpurascens was found at Telok Dungun within a rotting log at 15 m. On 11 August, 2002, an adult was
found crawling across the forest floor during the day at
320 m on the Gunung Kajang trail. The Pulau Tioman
population is unlike all others in that the snakes arebright red-orange in dorsal color and have smooth as
opposed to irregular dorsal band margins. This population is under further investigation. This species ranges
from lowland dipterocarp forest to high hill dipterocarp
forest.
Oligodon booliati Leong and Grismer, 2004
Localities. - Ulu Lalang (Hendrickson1966a).
New localities. - On 16 July, 2001 a specimen (ZRC
2.5153) was collected from the Tekek-Juara trail atapproximately 150 m in elevation. It differs from allother Oligodon by its bright red coloration and extremely faint banding pattern. Its scale counts fall within therange of those of O. signatus (Leong and Grismer,2004). Hendrickson (1966a) reported O. signatus at Ulu
Lalang in high hill dipterocarp forest. Upon examination of that specimen (BPBM 13933) we find that it conforms to the new species (ZRC 2.5153) reported above.
This species ranges from lowland dipterocarp forest tohigh hill dipterocarp forest.

Localities. - Sungai Nipah (Day, 1990).
New localities. - Two specimens (LSUHC 4588-89)
were collected at night along the Tekek-Juara trail at 180
m and 220 m, respectively, on 16 July, 2002. An additional juvenile specimen (ZRC 2.5144) with a black andwhite banding pattern was collected from the TekekJuara trail at 200 m on 11 July, 2001. An additional
specimen (LSUHC 4411) was collected along theSungai Mentawak at 195 m on 16 July, 2002. This
species occurs in lowland dipterocarp forest.

Localities. - Gua Tengkok Air at 810 m (Youmans
et al., 2003).
New localities. - On xx March, 2003 an adult specimen (LSUPC S3696-4000) was observed crawling
throught he lower branches of a small tree approximately 1.5 m above the ground. This species is known only
from high hill dipterocarp forest.

Liopeltis tricolor Schlegel, 1837

Psammodynastes pulvurulentus Boie, 1827

Localities. - Top of Tekek-Juara trail at 245 m(Hendrickson, 1966a).
New localities. - A single adult (LSUHC 5037) wascollected during the day along the Gunung Kajang trail
at 618 m while resting on a small branch 2 m above
ground level. This species ranges from lowland dipterocarp to high hill dipterocarp forest.

Localities. - Summit of Gunung Kajang at 1035 m(Day, 1990).
New localities. - On 17 July, 2002 a juvenile specimen (LSUHC 4684) was collected along the TekekJuara trail while sleeping on a leaf at 230 m. Anotherspecimen was collected and photographed (LSUPCS3631) from Air Batang near sea level by Johan van
Rooijen. This species ranges from coastal vegetation toridge forest.

Oligodon purpurascens Schlegel, 1837
(Fig. 28)
Localities. - Ulu Lalang and the Tekek-Juara trail(Hendrickson, 1966a; Day, 1990).

Pareas vertebralis Boulenger, 1900

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Asiatic Herpetological Research

Ptyas carinatus Günther, 1858
Localities. - Tekek-Juara trail (Grismer et al.,2002a).
New localities. - On 3 November, 2000, a large
adult (LSUPC-S2774-80) was photographed on the
Tekek-Juara trail at 240 m in elevation. On 10 July
2001, a juvenile (ZRC 2.5142) was found on the trailthat leads from Kampung Mukut to the Sungai Raya at
20 m. The latter specimen was found eating a
Gongylosoma mukutense. On 20 July, 2002, an adultwas found crawling during the day on the Tekek waterfall trail at 100 m. This species ranges from coastal vegetation to lowland dipterocarp forest.
Rhabdophis chrysargos Schlegel, 1837
(Fig. 29)
Localities. - Forest behing Kampung Juara(Henrickson, 1966a).
New localities. - Hien et al. (2001) report thisspecies from the Sungai Mentawak at 150 m, at themouth of the Sungai Mentawak at sea level, and at
Tanjung Pisang Kera and Tanjung Batu Pulau at sea
level. We found a specimen (LSUHC 4791) at 80 m on
the Tekek-Juara trail near the Mosque. Hien et al.
(2001) report this population as Amphiesma sp. All
specimens we examined are within the variation reported for Rhabdophis chrysargos except for coloration.
Specimens from the Pulau Tioman differ from others inthat adults are red anteriorly and juveniles are redorange throughout. Also, the white nuchal line is faint toabsent. This species occurs from mangroves to lowland
dipterocarp forest.
Sibynophis melanocephalus Gray, 1834
(Fig. 30)
Localities. - On 18 July 2002, an adult (LSUHC4683) was found crawling through the grass in
Kampung Juara (Grismer et al., 2003). During capture,
it voluntarily broke off two sections of its tail in defense.
This specimen constitutes a new record for Pulau
Tioman. This species occurs in coastal vegetation.

Family Elapidae
Calliophis intestinalis Laurenti, 1768
Localities. - Telok Nipah and the Tekek-Juara trail(Day, 1990).
New localities. - On 19 March, 2001, a specimen(LSUPC-S1038-40) was photographed on the trail to

2004

Gunung Kajang at approximately 100 m in elevationnear the Sungai Mentawak. On 19 July, 2002, one specimen (LSUHC 4617) was taken from a pitfall trap fromthe upper array at 241 m. On 10 August, 2002, a specimen (LSUHC 5047) was collected crawling through theleaf litter at Gua Tenguk Air at 845 m on Gunug Kajang.
This species occurs from lowland dipterocarp to highhill dipterocarp forest.
Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836
New localities. - A large adult (ca. 3.5 m) was photographed by Johan van Roojen in March, 2002 at Air
Batang at sea level (Van Rooijen and Van Rooijen,
2002). On Pulau Tioman this species is known only
from coastal vegetation but local people say it occurs
throughout the island (Hendrickson, 1966a). This
species occurs in mangrove and coastal vegetation.

Family: Viperidae
Trimeresurus sp.
(Fig. 31)
Localities. - Gunung Kajang at 400 m (Lim andLim, 1999); Gua Tenguk Air at 845 m (Day, 1990).
New localities. - On the evening 21 July, 2002, amale was collected while sitting 7 m above ground levelon the end of a branch along the Tekek-Juara trail at 210
m. Lim and Lim (1999) referred to this species as
Trimeresurus cf. popeiorum. Its specific status is currently being investigated. This species ranges from lowland to high hill dipterocarp forest.

Results and Discussion
The amphibians and reptiles of Pulau Tioman have varying patterns of distribution (Table 1). Some species (i.e.,
Cyrtodactylus tiomanensis and Psammodynastes pulverulentus) range throughout many different vegetation
zones from coastal vegetation to ridge forest whereas
others, such as Philautus petersi, Draco haematopogon
and Pareas vertebralis are restricted to only high elevations in high hill dipterocarp and/or ridge forest (Table1). The majority of the species, however, are found inlowland dipterocarp forest (Table 1). This region supports 74% of the amphibians, 76% of the lizards, and
74% of snakes, totaling 74% of the island's species composition. The high species diversity in this vegetativezone is due largely to its varied habitat and microhabitat
composition. Here, the terrain is characterized by manylarge boulder outcrops and fast flowing, boulder-strewn
streams. The crevices, exfoliations, and shaded refugia
offered by the boulders, along with the additional microhabitats these features provide along a water course, add

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Asiatic Herpetological Research

greatly to the microhabitat diversity of this forest. Suchmicrohabitat diversity allows many species to specialize
into narrow environmental zones. In fact, species whichrange throughout all the vegetative zones (i.e.,
Sphenomorphus scotophilus and Cyrtodactylus tiomanensis) do so because of their association with themicrohabitats offered by boulders. There are more
restricted species such as Ansonia tiomanica which
occur only in habitats with large boulders in the vicinityof water at elevations above 220 m. Whereas others(i.e., Rana hosii, Ichthyophis sp., Dogania subplana,
Gonocephalus grandis) are confined to riparian habitats.
The species composition of the distribution patterns
will undoubtedly change with the acquisition of additional specimens. Many of the species reported from
Pulau Tioman are known from a limited number of individuals and thus, appear to exist in a limited range of
habitats. These species range throughout a far greaternumber of habitats on peninsular Malaysia and so it islikely they do so as well on Pulau Tioman. However,even with the acquisition of new material the generalityof the observed trends in habitat use are not likely tochange significantly.
There are two sightings of unconfirmed species on
Pulau Tioman listed in an unpublished report by Day(1990). Day's sightings range from specimens he actually observed to second hand reports he received fromlocals, vacationers, and friends. Species he personallyobserved (i.e., Chrysopelea paradisi; see Lim and Lim,
1990 for discussion) are considered as potentially present. The others, Leiolepis belliana and Elaphe porphyracea are not considered noteworthy herein. Day(1990) also reported Rana doriae from a small tributaryof the Sungai Mentawak at 290 m. Examination of these
specimens (uncatalogued in the British Museum of
Natural History) show them to be Limnonectes blythii.
Hien et al. (2001) report that the Lycodon effraenis
reported by Manthey and Grossman (1997) was a juvenile Lepturophis albofuscus.

Acknowledgments
We thank Mr. Sahir bin Othman, Director of Wildlife,
PERHILITAN, for permission to conduct field work in
the Seribuat Archipelago and Peter Ng, Chang Man
Yang and Kelvin Kok Peng Lim (ZRC) and Carla H.
Kishinami (BPBM) for permitting us to examine material under their care. We also thank all the Malaysain andAmerican students of the Tropical Field Biology classes
BIOL 487F and G of 2001 and 2002, respectively for
their help in the field. For comments on the manuscript
we thank J. McGuire and R. Brown.

Vol. 10, p. 277

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