February 1992

Asiatic Herpetological ResearchVol. 4, pp.

\Al\

Two New Species of the Worm-like Lizard Dibamus (Sauria, Dibamidae),with Remarks on the Distribution and Ecology of Dibamus

ILYA S. DAREVSKY

in

Vietnam

1^Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia

Abstract. -Within Vietnam and the southern part of China there dwell 5 species of worm-like lizards ofthe genus Dibamus, two of them (D. greeri sp. nov. and D. bogadeki sp. nov.) are new to science. Some

new data on the distribution, ecology, morphology, coloration, as well as the structure of hemipenes andthe autotomy and regeneration of the tail is given for the species studied. The specific peculiarities of the
body and tail coloration in some dibamids may apparently draw the attention of birds of prey, and inconnection with this are regarded as the manifestation of attractive coloration and as Batesian mimicry.

Key words:

Reptilia, Sauria, Dibamidae, Dibamus, China, Vietnam, ecology, taxonomy.

Introduction
According to the current data, the genus
of worm-like lizards Dibamus Dumeril et
Bibron, 1839 includes 9 species widelydistributedon the mainland and onaVietnamese-Soviet zoological expeditions
from 1982 to 1988. Different species of
the genus from other parts of its range werealso
examined for comparison.
Measurements of snout-vent length (SVL)

and

tail

length(TL)

were made by

number of big and small islands inSoutheast Asia. As to the mainland part

adpressing the animals against a plastic rule
taped horizontally to a bench top. All

proper of this vast area, registered here
were only 4 species of which D. alfredi is
known mainly from the Malay Peninsula,and the three others (D. bourreti, D.
montanus, and D. smithi) occur only withindrawings were made under an "Opton"
stereomicroscope with a camera lucida
attachment. X-ray photos were taken with
the Japanese apparatus "Softes". In the

Vietnam (Greer, 1985). Dibamus bourreti
was earlier reported from southern China(Liu and Hu, 1962) and recently was foundin Hong Kong (Lazell and Lu, 1990).

From 1982 to 1988, while conducting

description of the elements of scuttelation, I
mainly applied the terminology used byGreer (1985).

The following acronyms were used:
ZIN- Zoological Institute, Russian

Academyof Sciences,

St.

Petersburg

fieldherpetological investigations indifferent regions of mainland and insular
Vietnam, the author collected some new(Leningrad); BM- British Museum Natural
History; MNHP- Museum Natural History,
Paris; IEMEM- Institute of Animal

material which considerably expands the

Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology,
Moscow; MCZ- Museum of Comparative

former views on the distribution as well as
the morphological characters and ecologyof the genus Dibamus within that country.
The results of the treatment of the material
and the description of the new species are
given below.

Methods

ZMMU- Zoological Museum,
Moscow State University; CAS- California

Zoology;

Academy of Sciences.
SpeciesDibamus bourreti AngelFigs.

All in all, 12 individuals of the genus
Dibamus were studied, mainly from
Vietnam. They were taken by the author

and his colleagues in the course of several© 1992 by Asiatic Herpetological Research

Accounts

1, 3,

4, 5,

and 11.

This species was described by Angel(1935) who had one specimen available
from Tamdao, Vinhphu Province, northern

Asiatic Herpetological ResearchVol. 4, p. 2

February 1992

IM

102

106

108

l

FIG. 1. Head in dorsal, lateral and ventral view of
A- Dibamus bourreti (ZIN 20012); B- Dibamus
bogadeki (holotype,

MCZ 172041); sutures; r-

rostral; n- nasal; 1- labial; fn- frontonasal; f- frontal;i-interparietal;o-ocular; po- postocular;

*-i

m-

Oi

ft-3

»-4

0-5

-(•

mental; if- infralabial.

Vietnam. The same type specimen (MNHP
35417) was reexamined by A. Greer in his
revision of the family Dibamidae (Greer,1985). Earlier, Liu and Hu (1962), having

FIG. 2. Distribution of the known localities ofDibamus species in Vietnam and southern China:
1- Dibamus bourreti; 2- Dibamus bogadeki; 3Dibamus greeri; 4- Dibamus sp.; 5- Dibamus
montanus; 6- Dibamus smithi.

three specimens at their disposal, were thefirst toindicate this lizard for

Kwangsi

Province (= Guangxi Province) in southern
China. Recently a specimen was found inHong Kong (Lazell and Lu,1990).

In

Vietnam, according to the literature, D.
bourreti is also known from Ninhbinh,
Hanamninh Province (Tran et al., 1982)
and from the reserve Kukfiong, Hasonbinh
Province (Darevsky and Sang, 1983). We
also found this lizard in Tamdao, An Lac
Shon Dong, Habac Province and on the

Vietnam inshore island Katba, Haiphong
Province (Darevsky, 1990), (Fig. 2).

The data on

themorphology of all

specimens we examined are given in Table

These data considerably expand themorphological characteristics of D. bourreti
1.

described by Greer (1985). Already in his

first description,

Angel (1935) noticed thetypical white coloration on the back part of
the tail in the specimen available. Lui andHu(1962) also pointed to thesamepeculiarity of this species, for individuals

from Guangxi Province, China.

from

This

other
representatives of the genus Dibamus andthe specimen reported from Hong Kong byLazell and Lu (1990). I noted the brightmilk white coloration on the end part of thetail in individuals from Katba Island, but
specimens from Tamdao and Kukfiong
lacked it, possibly because their tails were
regenerated. Attention is also drawn to thefact that the coloration of the tail and theback part of the body in specimens from
Katba Island and Hong Kong is notdistinguishes

uniform.

It is

it

to be

all

accounted for by theFebruary 1992

te

B

u
E

s

E
tO
E

o
CO

6

I
S
-O.

2
S3

ao
'5b

o
o
E

1
300
ea

09

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c

w
m
<

Asiatic Herpetological ResearchVol. 4, p. 3

Asiatic Herpetological ResearchVol. 4, p. 4

CM

l

2

February 1992

4

3mm *^*0Hr

FIG. 3.

Two autotomic tails with regenerated tipsof Dibamus bourreti (upper, ZIN 20014a); (lower,

ZIN 20014b).
location of the pigment on every single
scale. It is concentrated more compactly inits front part and is poorly marked at therear (Fig. 3). Greer (1985) mentions thepresence of four preanal pores on each sideof the anal opening in the only female heIn thisexamined (MNHP 35417).
these
be
noted
that
it
shouldconnection
the
5
in
of
were
not
observedanypores
I examined (3 males and 2
specimens
females). This character is apparently not
constant in D. bourreti.

Field Notes.

— All

B
FIG. 4.

X-ray photograph of the two autotomic

tails with regenerated tips of

the

D.

bourreti

specimens currently known were caught
under stones or wood debris on the groundvertebrae.

of a tropical forest at an elevation of 450900 m. Liu and Hu (1962) found two
specimens in China on the surface of theraises its tailground in a hilly forest.
In discussing the milky white colorationon the end part of the tail in D. bourreti, it
should be observed that this species canalso be characterized as having acomparatively very long tail, its length
reaching 40% or more of the SVL in bothmales and females (in other representativesof the genus the length of the tail does notexceed 20-25% of the SVL). The long tailwith a bright coloration at its end
contrasting sharply with the dark
unicolored body of the animal may qualify
as a good example of attractive coloration.
My observations show that in case of
danger (when the stone under which theanimal hides is lifted) a Dibamus abruptly

Dibamus bourreti A-(ZIN 20014a); B- (ZIN 20014b). The arrow points
to place of the fracture between two neighboring

upwards which apparently

immediately attracts the attention of a birdof prey, such as ground foraging birds likejungle or pea fowls rummaging about in theforest litter in search of food. Caught by abird, the fragile tail easily breaks off, andthe animal has time to hide itself under the
ground. Here it may be noted that out ofspecimens examined, 4 had aregenerate tail to some degree. This is seen
the5

in the X-ray photo (Fig. 4).

—

Comment. As Greer (1985) noted, thescales on the regenerate tail in Dibamus
almost does not differ from the original.
But the new tail may be distinguished by
the arrangement of the scales
While a normal tail is
part.

on its end

somewhatend and its point is covered
sharpwith concentric rows of scales gradually
becoming smaller, the regenerate tail ends
at theFebruary 1992

Asiatic Herpetological ResearchVol. 4, p. 5

study is needed to settle this question.
With respect to this it may be noted that theisolated tracts of forest of theTamdaomountain ridge show marked endemics

among reptiles, as well as some othergroups of animals.

Dibamus greeri sp. nov.
Figs. 6,7,8, 11 and Plate

1.

Holotype.—Zm 20011; Kontarang,
Gilai-Contum Province, Vietnam; 850 m; I.
S. Darevsky; 21 June 1983; male.
Paratypes.—Zm 20016; Tram-Lap,
Gilai-Contum Province, Vietnam; 800 m;
A. Gorochov; 12 December 1988; female.
IEMEM 101; Buoenloy, Gilai-Contum
Province, Vietnam; 750 m; December 1981;

Scales on the top of original (A) andAregenerated (B, C) tails of Dibamus bourreti;

FIG. 5.

(ZIN 20014a); B- (ZIN 20014b).
bluntly by a plane oval platform occupied
by some relatively big irregularly arranged
scales (Fig. 5).
X-ray photographing
occur
clearly shows the fracture which can
tail
of
the
vertebra, as it
not only across oneonthe borderbutis in most other lizards,

S. Smirnoff; female.

between two neighboring vertebrae as well.

postocular; two supralabials; frontal

The new tail is longer owing to the fact that

and—Diagnosis. Differs from all otherspecies of dibamids in the following
combination of characters: medial rostraland nasal sutures incomplete; onemuchthe bright white coloration described above

than
of
the
infraparietal; posteromedial edge
andnarrowone
infralabials bordered bylong scale; 20 mid-body scale rows; 97-1 1 1
presacral vertebrae; 29-31 post sacralvertebrae (number of vertebrae is less than(Fig. 3).

in all other Dibamus species).

largerthe connective tissues spread out both inlength and width (Fig. 4). At the sametime, a peculiar tail "blade" up to 1 cm longcovered with scales is formed, acquiring

Judging from the collection material
examined and the literature data, D. bourretiischaracterized by a distinct intraspecificvariability.

Angel (1935) and Greer (1985)

noted the complete absence of labial suturesin the only specimen from Tamdao(MNHP

35417) they studied. The specimen caught
by the author in Tamdao (ZIN 20011) isalso deprived of labial sutures. In all otherexamined individuals from Vietnam, as
well as from Guangxi Privince, China (Liuand Hu, 1962), this suture is well

Within wider limits, D
developed.
variations also in mid-bodyshowsbourreti
scale rows (from 20-24). Some colorationdifferences in various individuals werediscussed above. It is possible that the
lizards from the type locality (Tamdao) may
be isolated in a separate nominate
subspecies D. b. bourreti Angel. Further.

thanfrontonasal—

Description of Holotype. Medial
rostral and nasal sutures incomplete andbarely extending to anterior edge of rostralpad; the labial suture well developed;
frontonasal wider than long; frontal very
thanbig, approximately four times bigger
frontonasal; interparietal divided into two,each part bigger than adjacent nuchal scales(in paratype intraparietal not divided); twosupralabials posterior to rostral pad; only
one narrow scale located along thewithposteromedial edge of the infralabial
small
three
bordering posteromedially by

between the second
secondandinfralabial; 20
postmental
97
54
subcaudals;
midbody scales;32
vertebrae;postsacral
presacral vertebrae;
SVL 82 mm; TL 23 mm; preanal pores
scalessituated

absent; hind limbs very short, 1.4

SVL.

% of

Asiatic Herpetological ResearchVol. 4, p. 6

February 1992

FIG. 6. X-ray photograph ol Dibamus greeri (holotype, ZIN 2001 1).

Comment.

— Greer (1985) notedaconsiderable morphological resemblance
between the species of Anelytropsis andDibamus and in particular he singled out the
species D. bourreti which is most close to

Anelytropsis papillosus in having acomplete rostral suture passing through thenostril, a complete nasal suture, and insome other features. As to D. greeri, thisspecies resembles A. papillosus in thepresense of one narrow and long scalebordering on the posteromedial edge of theinfralabials (Fig. 7).

Coloration.

—Living animals (Holotype)they lacked the blue rings.

*—

Hemipenis. Everted hemipenes arequite smooth conic formations tapering to
the apex with a small hollow near the tip(Fig. 8). The length of the organ is 1.1
mm, and the width is 0.4 mm. No
accounts about hemipenes in the family
Dibamidae have been given prior to thisaccount (Greer, 1985).
Distribution. All three known specimens
were taken in the central part of the GilaiContum Province in southern Vietnam
It can be assumed that this(Fig. 2).

uniformly purplish-brown above and below
with three distinct brightly blue rings, 6-9

body scale rows wide, two on the body andone on the tail. Shortly after capture, oneof the rings on the body disappeared andthe two others remained (Plate 1). The twoother known individuals (females) had thesame coloration as the holotype in life, butt

1 observed
whitish-gray rings on the body andthe tail in some preserved Dibamus novaeguineae

specimens from the Philippine Islands (CAS26647, 26678, 27538, 140218, and others). It isvery possible that in living animals the rings were
blue as in D. greeri.

February 1992

Asiatic Herpetological ResearchVol. 4, p. 7

1mh

BFIG. 7. Dorsal, lateral and ventral view of the head of A- Dibamus greeri (holotype, ZIN 20011); BDibamus greeri (paratype, ZIN 20016); C- Dibamus smithi (ZMMU R-6567). For abbreviations see Fig.
1.

species widely occurs within the Pleicu
Plateau occupying the central part of GilaiContum Province.

Etymology.

— NamedforAllen E.

Greer, the author of numerous works in thefield of taxonomy of various groups oflizards, including the fundamental study ofthe family Dibamidae.

Field Notes.

foundFIG. 8.

Everted hemipenes of Dibamus greeri(holotype, ZIN 20011). A- Front view; B- Side
view.

—The type specimen was

in a big lump of the so-called"suspected" soil. The lump, which pierced
through with plant roots of epiphytes, hadfallen down from a tree at a height of about

Asiatic Herpetological ResearchVol. 4, p. 8

was torn to pieces by theThetrunk of the tree was twisted with liana up
to three meters height and it was thickly
overgrown with moss. The animal seems
to have worked its way up under the cover
three meters.

It

author right after it fell to the ground.

of the moss.

After capture the lizard

behaved very aggressively, struggled tobreak loose, and opened its mouth to bite.
The two other specimens were discoveredin theforest.

wood litter under the cover of theSpecimens of two new species oflizards, Sphenomorphus rufocaudatus andOphisaurus sokolovi (Darevsky and Sang,
1983) were found at the same locality.

The bright blue coloration in the form of
separate spots, stripes or ocelli is known tooccur in many species of diurnal lizards. It
is usually regarded as one of the features ofsexual coloration. But it is evident that theblue rings in worm-like lizards which livein the soil and are practically blind cannot
play this role. Some other explanationmust be found for it. Hence, it is ofinterest to note that the bright blue rings on
the body of Dibamus greeri make theanimal outwardly resemble some tropicalmotley colored earth worms of theMegascolicidae family living in the forest
litter.
If such worms are not edible orvenomous, it may be assumed that thisrepresents a peculiar case of Batesian
mimicry. The ground-foraging birds, suchas jungle fowl, spur fowl and pea fowl may
have been important selective agents in theevolution of such a memetic resemblance as
was shown for some species of uropeltid
snakes (Gans, 1987). This assumption,

however,must

besupported

experimentally, especially because the blueandrings are capable of appearing
disappearing, and were found by the author
only in one male. They were absent infemales and have never been observed inother species of the genus Dibamus.

February 1992

Chau, ca. 10 km southwest of Victoria,
Hong Kong; A. Bogadek; 1 April 1987
(Fig. 10).

Diagnosis.

— Differs from

all

other

Dibamus in the following combination ofcharacters: medial rostral suture absent;
nasal sutures not complete; labial sutures
present; interparietal large; one postocular;
two supralaibals; 23 midbody scale rows.

—

Nasal suture
Description of Holotype.
notfromlip to nostril
present
incomplete;and extending from nostril to the ocular
only; the labial sutures well developed;
frontonasal wider than long; fontal
approximately 3 times bigger thanfrontonasal; interparietal larger thanfrontonasal; 2 supralabials posterior to

one postocular; two scales
bordering posterior edge of the first
infralabial, one of them wider than theother; 23 midbody scales; 51+ subcaudals;
134 presacral vertebrae; 25 postsacral
rostral pad;vertebrae in incomplete tail; SVL 177 mm;
TL 40 mm; preanal pores absent; hindlimbs%

well developed, 2.7
of SVL. According
to Lazell and Lu (1990) and the description
by Dr. J. D. Lazell (pers. comm.) the living

animalwaslilac or lavender-gray,mottledlighter and darker, at
irregularly

darkest, light plumbeous.

Tail ash-white;head flecked with ash-white, but not asmuch as tail. As in D. bourreti, the whitecoloration of the back part of the tailapparently demonstrates a characteristic
case of attractive coloration.
Distribution.

—

It is known only from the
The only finding of thistype locality.
species during all the research history of theHong Kong herpetofauna indicates that it
occurs very rarely on this island (Fig. 2).
According to J. D. Lazell (pers. comm.) the

following reptiles are known from the type
locality of Dibamus bogadeki, Hei Ling

Hemidactylus bowringi, Gekko
Typhlops braminus, Pareas
margaritophorus, Python molurus, Ptyas
corros, Trimeresurus albolabres, Naja hajaand other snake species.
Chau:

Dibamus bogadeki sp. no v.
Figs.

1,9 and 10.

Dibamus cf. bourreti Lazell and Lu,

chinensis,

1990

Holotype. — MCZ 172041; Hei Ling

Etymology.
its

first

—The species

collector Fr.

is named for
Anthony Bogadek,

February 1992

Asiatic Herpetological ResearchVol. 4, p. 9

FIG. 9. X-ray photograph of Dibamus bogadeki (holotype, MCZ 172041).

Comment. — Onanumberofcharacteristics, coloration included, thisinsular species is most close to D. bourreti,

which drew the attention of Lazell and Lu(1990). At the same time, there is a clearcut difference between D. bogadeki and D.
bourreti, such as the important character of
It is also
an incomplete nasal suture.

characterized by a large size of SVL 177
and by a markedly greater number ofpresacral vertebrae (136). See also Tablemm
1.

Dibamus montanus Smith

FlG.

10.

(holotype,

Photograph of Dibamus

bogadeki

MCZ 172041).

biologist at the St. Louis School, Victoria,
Hong Kong, and coauthor of the book,

Hong Kong Amphibians and(Urban Council, 1986).

ReptilesSmith (1921) described this species
having at his disposal a few specimensfrom the Langbian Plateau in the present
Lamdong Province in southern Vietnam.
All the type series has been recently
reexamined by Greer (1985) who singled
out the Lectotype (BMNH 1946.8.3.2) out
of two specimens from Le Bosquet.

Asiatic Herpetological ResearchVol. 4, p. 10

February 1992

m

1mm

1mm

1mM

FIG. 11. Anal area with the male's hindlimbs of three Dibamus species: A- Dibamus smithi (ZMMU R6567); B- Dibamus bourreti (ZIN 20278); C- Dibamus greeri (holotype, ZIN 2001 1).

Two specimens of D. montanus were
captured by the author in April, 1987 at anin a tropical forest
elevation of about 500m

Condaoon

Condore)Island(formerly

Pulof

Province, Vietnam.

Comment.

— Dibamus

smithi, as well as

the closely related species D. montanus,
has a non-uniform body coloration. On

each of the body scales the dark pigment is

Dibamus smithi Greer
Figs. 7 and 11.

Smith (1921) was the first to notice thedifferences between a part of the specimensfrom the Langbian Plateau he had at his
disposal and the typical individuals ofDibamus montanus. Greer (1985) studied

located more compactly in its front part
forming a peculiar reticulate pattern (Fig.
On the whole, both of these
11, A).
species differ from the other representativesof the genus Dibamus in having a more
slender body (see Table 1).

Dibamussp.

these specimens again and showed that theyrefer to the new species Dibamus smithi hehad described. This species is known only
from the type locality (Daban, LamdongIalso had at myProvince, Vietnam).
disposal a specimen
captured in April,(ZMMU R-6467)

1985 by V. F.
Goncharov from Nhatrang, Phykhanh

I

had

at

my disposal one headlessspecimen (a female) from Buoneloy, Gilai-

Contum Province, Vietnam (IEMEM 102)
identified by Iordansky (1985) as D.
bourreti and used by him for studying thehead muscles. The absence of the head
prevents us from identifying the species of

specimen. But it should be noted that19 midbody scale rows clearly
distinguish it from its sympatric species, D.
greeri and the large number of postsacral
this

the

+

Earlier these specimens were mentioned for

Condao under the name D.
1990).

smithi(Dare v sky,vertebrae (49) makes it different from all

February 1992

Asiatic Herpetological Research

Vol.4, p. 11

other species in the genus Dibamus from
Vietnam. It is of interest to note that in thistospecimen, as was shown by
Iordansky (1985), some rudiments ofpostfrontal bones are preserved. Accordingof D. greeri examined by Iordansky, as
well as D. novaeguineae (Rieppel, 1984)
lack them.

headless

Greer (1985), Anelytropsis papillosus

also have such bones, while the specimen

Key to the species of Dibamus from Vietnam and southern China.
1(7).

Mid-body scale rows 20-24.

2 (8). Medial rostral suture absent or incomplete (barely extending to anterior edge ofthe rostral pad).

3 (4). Nasal suture complete and extending between the nostril and the posterior edge ofthe rostral pad
D. bourreti.

4(3). Nasal suture absent or incomplete (not extending to the posterior edge of therostral pad).
5 (6).

Nasal suture reduced; medial rostral suture present

D. greeri.

6 (5). Nasal suture present and extending from the nostril and ocular

D. bogadeki.

rows 18-19

D. smithi.

7

(1).

8 (2).

Mid-body

scaleMedial rostral suture complete extending to the tip of the snout

AcknowledgmentsI

D. montanus.

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco).

thank the following colleagues andLiterature Cited

friends for giving valuable consultation, forsending preserved collections of material
and help during field work in Vietnam: E.
R. Brygoo (Museum National d Histoire,
Paris); Carl Gans (University of Michigan,

Ann Arbor); Allen E. Greer (AustralianMuseum, Sydney); Marinus S. Hoogmoed(Naturhistorisch Museum, Leiden); A. V.
Gorochov (Zoological Institute, Academyof Sciences, St. Petersburg); James D.
Lazell (Conservation Agency, Rhode
Island); N. N. Iordansky (Institute ofMorphology Ecology,
Moscow); V. N. Orlova (ZoologicalMuseum, Moscow University); Jose P.
Rosado (Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge); Nguyen van Sung (National

Evolutionary

Center for Scientific Research of Vietnam,
Hanoi); S. V. Smirnov (Institute of
Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology,
Moscow); A. F. Stimson (British Museum,
Natural History); V. V. Yakushev (Instituteof Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology,
Moscow); and Jens V. Vindum (California

ANGEL, F.

1935.

des dibamides.

Un lezard noveuau de la famille
Bulletin du Musdum Nationald'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 2(7):354-356.

DAREVSKY, I. S., AND N. V. SANG.

1983.

New

and little known lizards species from Vietnam.
(In
Zoologitcheski Zhurnal 62:1827-1837.
Russian).

DAREVSKY,S.
1990. Notes on the reptilesofsomeoffshore islands along the(Squamata)coast of Vietnam. Pp. 125-129. In Peters, G.
I.

and R. Hutterer (eds.), Vertebrates in the tropics,
Bonn.

IORDANSKY, N. N.

1985. The jaw apparatus andthe problem of relationship between Dibamidae

and

Pygopodidae

Zoologitcheski

Squamata).
64:835-848.
(In(Reptilia,

ZhurnalRussian).

LAZELL, J., AND W. LU.
reptiles1990. Four remarkablefrom South China Sea islands, Hong

Kong territory. Asiatic Herpetological Research
3:64-66.

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LIU, C, AND S. HU. 1962. A herpetologicalreport of Kwangsi. Acta Zoologica Sinica 14,
Suppl.:73-106. (In Chinese).

RIEPPEL, O.

1984.

February 1992

The cranial morphology ofthe fossorial lizard genus Dibamus with aconsideration of its phylogenetic relationships.

Journal of Zoology, London 204:289-327.

GANS, C.

Automimicry and Batesian
mimicry in uropeltid snakes: pigment,
proportions, pattern, and behavior. Journal of
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1987.

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GREER, A. E.
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Ket qua" dieu tra co b£n bo sat - 6ch nhdi mien
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