作者簡介
張晶晶，1982 年生，台灣彰化人，現居台北。國立政治大學中文系學士，中文研究所碩士。現就讀於國立台灣大學中文研究所博士班。

提要

司馬光的哲學在中國思想史與哲學史上，由於其思想性格與日後宋明理學的主流不符，再加上其史學與政治成就過於顯赫的緣故，其意義與地位向來未受人重視。但若跳脫以程朱陸王
理學為主流的研究觀點，以另一承自先秦、衍至明清的哲學理路來重新檢視司馬光的哲學，便可重新發現其在思想史與哲學史上的重大意義。此一哲學理路即是過去在哲學史上隱而未顯，在儒學陣營中與孟學並為兩大哲學思想典範的荀學理路。荀學在孟學取得獨尊地位後，其發展彷彿中斷，但明中葉後興起的一股以王廷相、吳廷翰、顧炎武、戴震為主要代表思想家的「自然氣本論」思潮，其所主張的「有限價值的本體觀」，極有可能與荀學一脈相承，證明荀學並未絕後。但由於荀學從先秦到明清之間的發展軌跡未明，這使得荀學與自然氣本論一脈相承的說
法，尚欠缺有力的證明。司馬光哲學的發現，正可補足此一思想史上的空窗。司馬光處於北宋中葉，時值學術史上漢學與宋學的典範轉移期，其在程朱理學尚未取得主流地位之前，以荀學
的理路進入理學時代的氛圍中，建構起一荀學色彩濃厚的哲學。其一面表現了荀子哲學的特徵，另一面也同時表現出明清自然氣本論的初步雛型，這兩種哲學表現在司馬光哲學架構中的貫通，正是荀學與自然氣本論理路相承的最佳證明。司馬光哲學亦表現出在宋學建構初期，各種哲學
理路百花齊放的歷史真實景象，在學術史與哲學史上極富時代意義。

目

目
次第一章 緒 論 ···························································· 1
第一節 研究動機與研究目標 ··································· 1
第二節 前人研究成果 ·············································· 3一、司馬光與理學的關係 ·································· 4二、司馬光與荀學的關係 ·································· 6三、司馬光與氣本論 ·········································· 8
第三節 研究進路 ····················································· 9
第四節 司馬光生平與著作 ···································· 14
一、生平··························································· 14
二、重要哲學著作············································ 15
第二章 本體論與宇宙論··········································· 23
第一節 以氣為本的宇宙論 ···································· 23
一、潛藏宇宙發展脈絡的氣····························· 23
二、氣的開展與完成：宇宙的化生過程 ·········· 28
三、氣的聚散：宇宙的循環與創造 ················· 36
第二節 氣潛藏的內在原則：中 ····························· 40
一、「陰陽之間必有中和」：以「中」為中心的宇宙觀 ··················································· 40
二、氣的終極規律與價值傾向：中 ················· 44
三、「徐徐自復」的中和之氣：隱藏的調和
機制與毀滅機制 ········································ 47
第三節 氣本論下的天人關係：合中有分 ·············· 51
一、常與變：天的有限性與人的有限性 ·········· 51
二、天人有分式的被動自勉：修道以俟命 ······ 56
三、天人感應式的主動探尋：對占卜的肯定·································································· 61
小 結 ······································································ 71
第三章 心性論 ·························································· 73
第一節 「體」與「性」：對「人」的定義 ············ 73
一、體：先天的外在條件 ································ 73
二、性：先天的內在條件 ································ 77
三、「體」「性」架構下的人性論特色·············· 81
第二節 性善惡混論下隱藏的弱性善觀 ·················· 85
一、司馬光性善惡混論與荀子性惡論的殊途
同歸 ·························································· 85
二、對孟、荀、揚雄人性論的批評與繼承 ······ 90

次司馬光哲學研究──以荀學與自然氣本論為進路

三、人各有性分，各自成性：照顧現實個別
差異的人性論 ··········································· 96
第三節 心的認識能力與道德價值的根源 ············ 103
一、心的性質 ················································· 103
二、心的能力 ················································· 107
三、心與道德價值的產生 ······························ 112
小 結 ···································································· 121
第四章 工夫論 ························································ 125
第一節 從虛壹而靜的「正心」到以平天下為目
的的「修身」 ·········································· 125
一、神戰於玄：心與欲望的交戰 ··················· 125
二、執一應萬：虛壹而靜的正心工夫············ 130
三、人生的任務：窮理盡性以至於命············ 137
四、內聖的目的：外王理想的實現 ··············· 143
第二節 治心養氣──以保養為重的身體觀與工
夫論 ························································· 148
一、荀學脈絡下的「治心養氣」工夫············ 148
二、以保養為重的荀學身體觀與工夫論 ········ 154
三、對佛道工夫論的批評 ······························ 159
第三節 以禮為日常生活的實踐與綱領 ················ 164
一、禮的來源 ················································· 164
二、禮的具體實踐及其功用··························· 170
小 結 ···································································· 176
第五章 結論：司馬光哲學的定位──荀學與自然氣本論的綰結關鍵 ·································· 179
第一節 作為荀學典範的司馬光哲學 ··················· 179
一、以氣為本體的弱性本體與合中有分的天人關係 ····················································· 180
二、性善惡混論與性惡論 ······························ 183
三、保養為重的身體觀與以禮為實踐的工夫
論 ···························································· 186
第二節 司馬光哲學在思想史上的意義 ················ 189
一、明清自然氣本論的前奏··························· 189
二、荀學與自然氣本論理路的一脈相承 ········ 193
總 結 ···································································· 197
附 錄 《潛虛》諸圖 ············································ 199

參考書目 ···································································· 205