〈冒頭部、Abstract、謝辞、例文〉

Gradual Parametric Change?
Revisiting the Loss of Non-Nominative Experiencers of Like
タイトル末尾に謝辞の存在を示すアステリスクは不要↑
提出原稿の段階では著者名は記入しない
This paper investigates the replacement of dative/accusative Experiencers of like bynominative ones in the history of English. The literature on this issue has traditionally
supposed that this change was caused by the decline of the dative case ending. However, …

・Abstract

・(150 語以内)

・To reconcile this paradox, I put forth an analysis that makes use of two parameters,
maintaining that the emergence of nominative Experiencers was enabled by the decline of
the morphological dative, while the loss of non-nominative Experiencers stemmed fromthe loss of verb second. This analysis can also account for residual non-nominative
Experiencers in Modern English.

1. Introduction
Studies in historical syntax within the generative framework generally assume thatgrammatical changes result from the resetting of parametric values that are innately
built into human language. Since generative grammar makes a strong claim thatparameter setting is a once-and-for-all process, carried out when children acquire theirmother tongue, it is predicted that grammatical changes also take place catastrophically.
This expectation, however, is often betrayed by the historical data recorded in theliterature. This is the case when a syntactic property X changes into another property Y
through an intermediate stage where X and Y are both allowed. Given that X and Y arephenotypes of a relevant parameter P, the discrepancy between the presumed
parametric change and the actual data change can be illustrated as in (1).
本文と例文の間は、それぞれ 1 行空ける

(1) a.

parametric change: P(x) → P(y)b.

actual data change: X → X/Y → Y
1

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This situation presents a serious challenge to the generative approach to grammaticalchanges, particularly in cases where a single speaker (with a single parametric value)equally accepts both X and Y. …

〈語句注釈付の例文〉(4) a.

Experiencer-Themehuhim

how him-Datsesige

gelicade

the-Nom

victory-Nomliked‘how the victory had pleased him’b.

(Or 84.32 / Denison (1993: 72))

Theme-Experiencer
genoldongode

lician on

you-Nom

not-would God-Dat likein

godum ingehyde
goodunderstanding‘You would not please God with good understanding.’(ÆCHom II, 44 332.160 / Allen (1995: 146-147))〈本文中の注番号〉
Interestingly enough, we can also find non-nominative Experiencers in Chaucer’s
writings such as the following:1 …

〈表〉
Table 2. Frequency of Preyen and Bisechen
Chaucer

Gower

Langlandpreyen169

38

7bisechen

26

1722

〈図〉
900

1000

1100

1200

1300 1400

1500

1600

Dative Case Ending
Non-Nom EX with NP TH
Non-Nom EX with CL TH
Nominative EXStage IStage IIStage IIIFigure 1. The Chronological Relation between the Loss of the Dative Case Ending and(Non-)Nominative Experiencers of Like

〈樹形図〉
(18)

CPC[utopic]
EPPTPTVP[uφ]PPP∅V´EXDatVNP-THlician

図表、樹形図については、バックナンバーも参照のこと

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〈本文末尾、語注、謝辞、注、参考文献〉
6. Conclusion
I have argued in this paper that the shift of case-marking on the Experiencer of likeresulted from the interaction between the availability of inherent dative Case and thebehavior of the EPP feature. Specifically, I have demonstrated that the loss of thedative case ending opened up the possibility for the Experiencer to be marked asnominative, but this change did not immediately prohibit the option of non-nominative
Experiencers, which were later lost in the NP-TH construction due to the shift of theEPP feature from C to T. Thus, unlike previous attempts, I have successfully accounted
for the intermediate stage, where both old and new forms were allowed, in a mannerthat is consistent with the core hypothesis of generative grammar that parameter(re)setting is a sudden process.
ABBREVIATIONS
CL

ClausalDat

DativeEPP

Extended Projection Principle

TH

Theme・・・NOTES
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1.

Unless otherwise indicated, examples are cited from the Penn-Helsinki ParsedCorpus of Middle English, 2nd edition (Kroch and Taylor (2000)) and from thePenn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English (Kroch, Santorini andDiertani (2004)). The final line in each example gives an abbreviated filename forthe source text followed by the sentence ID from the corpus file.

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REFERENCES
Allen, Cynthia L. (1995) Case Marking and Reanalysis: Grammatical Relations fromOld to Early Modern English, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Belletti, Adrians and Luigi Rizzi (1988) “Psych-Verbs and-Theory,” Natural

Language and Linguistic Theory 6, 291-352.
・・・Ura, Hiroyuki (1993) “On Feature-Checking for Wh-Traces,” in Jonathan David
Bobaljik and Colin Phillips, eds., Papers on Case and Agreement I (MIT Working
Papers in Linguistics 18) , MITWPL, Cambridge, MA, 243-280.
(5,300 words)
提出原稿の段階では所属先、メールアドレスは記載せず、総語数/総字数を記入〈参考文献の表記方法〉―英語使用の場合―
REFERENCES
Allen, Cynthia L. (1995) Case Marking and Reanalysis: Grammatical Relations fromOld to Early Modern English, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Anagnostopoulou, Elena (1999) “On Experiencers,” in Artemis Alexiadou, Geoffrey
Horrocks and Melita Stavrou, eds., Studies in Greek Syntax, Kluwer, Dordrecht,
67-93.
Ando, Sadao (2002) Eigoshi Nyumon: Gendai Eibunpoo no Ruutsu wo Saguru [AShort History of English: An Explanation into the Roots of Modern English
Grammar], Kaitakusha, Tokyo.
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Belletti, Adriana and Luigi Rizzi (1988) “Psych-Verbs and θ-Theory,” Natural
Language and Linguistic Theory 6, 219-352.
Kawabata, Tomohiro (2006)“Fukushi-ku (just) in case no Hattatsu – Bunpo-ka noKanten kara” [On the Development of (Just) in Case ― from the Viewpoint ofGrammaticalization] ―” Kindai Eigo Kenkyu (Studies in Modern English) 22,25-46.
Kroch, Anthony and Ann Taylor (2000) Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle
English, 2nd ed. http://www.ling.upenn.edu./hist-corpora/
PPCME2-RELEASE-3/index.html.
Miyagawa, Shigeru (2005) “On the EPP,” in Martha McGinnis and Norvin Richards,
eds., Perspectives on Phases (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 49), MITWPL,Cambridge, MA, 201-235.
日本語書籍は、ローマ字表記に続いて英訳タイトルを記載する―日本語使用の場合―
参考文献
Allen, Cynthia L. (1995) Case Marking and Reanalysis: Grammatical Relations fromOld to Early Modern English, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Anagnostopoulou, Elena (1999) “On Experiencers,” in Artemis Alexiadou, Geoffrey
Horrocks and Melita Stavrou, eds., Studies in Greek Syntax, Kluwer, Dordrecht,
67-93.
安藤貞雄 (2002) 『英語史入門：現代英文法のルーツを探る』開拓社，東京．
Belletti, Adriana and Luigi Rizzi (1988) “Psych-Verbs and θ-Theory,” Natural
Language and Linguistic Theory 6, 219-352.
川端朋広 (2006) 「副詞句 (just) in case の発達―文法化の観点から―」『近代英語研究』第 22 号，25-46．
Kroch, Anthony and Ann Taylor (2000) Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle
English, 2nd ed. http://www.ling.upenn.edu./hist-corpora/
PPCME2-RELEASE-3/index.html.
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Miyagawa, Shigeru (2005) “On the EPP,” in Martha McGinnis and Norvin Richards,
eds., Perspectives on Phases (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 49), MITWPL,
Cambridge, MA, 201-235.
日本語書籍も、著者姓をアルファベットにした場合の降順で並べる―種類別記載例―
雑誌論文
Lombardi, Linda. (2002) “Coronal Epenthesis and Markedness,” Phonology 19,219-251.
日本語で書かれた論文（英語使用の場合）
Toyota, Masanori (1993) “The Structure and Function of Reporting Clauses,” in
Aspects of Modern English, Eichosha, Tokyo, 561-575. (In Japanese)
日本語で書かれた著書（英語使用の場合）
Araki, Kazuo and Masatomo Ukaji (1984) Eigo-shi III A [History of English III A](Outline of English Linguistics, Vol. 10), Taishukan, Tokyo.
博士論文
Pintzuk, Susan (1991) Phrase Structure in Competition: Variation and Change in Old
English Word Order, Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
[Published by Garland, New York, 1999.]
学会発表
Mair, Christian (2004) “Drift, Convergence, and Divergence: Corpus-based
Approaches to Grammatical Changes in 20th-century English,” Paper presented at
the 13th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Vienna,August 2004.
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著書・単著
Blake, Norman F. (2002) A Grammar of Shakespeare’s Language, Palgrave, NewYork.
著書・共著
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum (2002) The Cambridge Grammar of theEnglish Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
著書・高頻度
Visser, Frans Th. (1969) An Historical Syntax of the English Language, Part III, First
Half, E. J. Brill, Leiden.
著書・再版
Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth C. Traugott (2003 2 [1993]) Grammaticalization,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
論文集からDenison, David (1998) “Syntax,” in Suzanne Romaine, ed., The Cambridge History ofthe English Language, Vol. IV, 1776-1997, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, 92-329.
（電子）辞書類
Simpson, John A. and Edmund S. C. Weiner, prepared (1989) The Oxford English
Dictionary, Second Edition on CD-ROM Version 3.0 (2002), Clarendon Press,
Oxford.

[OED2]＊なお、この書式見本は英語使用版ですが、日本語使用の場合は、本文を適宜日本語に置き換えてご参照ください。

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