作者簡介
馬行誼，男，1969 年出生於台灣彰化，祖籍山東省青州市。國立台中教育大學語文教育學系學士、國民教育所碩士、國立中正大學中國文學研究所博士。歷任國立台中教育大學語文教育學系助教、講師、副教授，現為該系專任教授。著有《經典詮釋與應世之道――以王弼、阮籍的玄學思想為考察核心》、《聆聽教學的理論與實務》、《國小學童說明文寫作現象分析――班級小組討論教學法之個案研究》等書，以及學報期刊十餘篇。

提要

許衡是元初大儒，他成功地引進程朱理學，奠定了理學在元代的重要地位，此外，許衡積
極投身政治實踐之中，時刻以經世濟民為念，故為後世所推崇。在理論的建構上，他從「自然觀」到「心性論」的認識中，建立了其倫理道德價值觀的基礎，又聯繫到「格致論」與「知行觀」的部分，藉以全面性的醞釀此倫理道德的價值體系，這兩個部分完成之後，許衡的倫理道德價值體系已然成形。本文所架構的倫理道德價值體系中，許衡將「道德修養工夫」做為基礎，發展到「政治思想與實踐」與「教化的志業」兩方面，此即為其「內聖」到「外王」理想的具體展現。
本文先從歷來評論許衡的文獻開始探討，藉此提出了方法論的基本立場是：學術傳承與時
代影響合論；概念分析與系統架構兼具；歸納與演繹兩法並重。接下來就是概略地討論許衡的生平與經歷，並依次介紹其倫理道德價值體系的基礎、醞釀、建構、完成的發展順序。本文的論述過程中，廣泛地觸及前代對許衡諸如「仕隱」、「夷夏」、「易簡」、「粗跡」、「治生」、「科舉」、「心」的詮釋與「和會朱陸」等的兩極化論斷，並試圖從其倫理道德價值體系的發展中，給予公允的評述。本文的結論是許衡的倫理道德價值體系，乃是順承儒家的大傳統，並由兩宋理學家的啟發，所成立的一套因應時局的策略。

目

目
次上 冊
第一章 緒 論 ···························································· 1
第一節 文獻探討 ······················································ 3
一、前代有關許衡的評價 ··································· 4
二、近代的研究成果 ··········································· 7
第二節 問題提出 ···················································· 12
一、儒學傳承上的問題 ····································· 12
二、時代環境的影響 ········································· 19
第三節 方法論上的反省 ········································· 22
一、學術傳承與時代影響合論 ·························· 22
二、概念分析與系統架構兼具 ·························· 25
三、歸納與演繹兩法並重 ································· 27
第二章 許衡生平事蹟 ·············································· 31
第一節 生長經歷 ···················································· 31
第二節 思想發展 ···················································· 39
第三節 仕隱與貢獻 ················································ 46
第三章 許衡倫理道德價值觀的基礎──從自然觀到心性論······························· 57
第一節 「道」──理與氣的詮釋·························· 60－目 1－次許衡的倫理道德價值體系一、宇宙的根源 ················································ 60
二、萬物的生成變化 ········································· 63
三、天人關係 ···················································· 67
第二節 自然的法則 ················································ 69
一、理一分殊 ···················································· 69
二、無獨必有對 ················································ 73
三、當位居中趨時義 ········································· 77
第三節 天生人成 ···················································· 81
一、人的地位與價值 ········································· 82
二、義與命 ························································ 84
三、從天理到人性············································· 88
第四節 心與性 ························································ 91
一、心與性的關係············································· 91
二、心的作用 ···················································· 95
三、心性觀念的發揮 ········································· 98
第五節 小 結 ······················································ 101
第四章 許衡倫理道德價值觀的醞釀──從格致論到知行觀····························· 107
第一節 格物窮理 ·················································· 109
一、天理的追求 ·············································· 110
二、心的地位 ·················································· 113
三、格物的方法 ·············································· 116
第二節 格物與致知 ·············································· 119
一、物格而後知至··········································· 120
二、「知」的涵義 ············································ 123
三、本心知識的發用 ······································· 126
第三節 知行問題的思考機緣 ······························· 129
一、學派傳承 ·················································· 131
二、時局反思 ·················································· 134
第四節 知行關係的辯證 ······································· 138
一、知與行的關係··········································· 138
二、知與行的聯繫··········································· 142
三、知行觀念的應用 ······································· 145
第五節 小 結 ······················································ 149
－目 2－

目

下 冊
第五章

許衡倫理道德價值體系的建構（一）──道德修養的功夫································· 153
第一節 道德修養的目標 ······································· 156
一、上應天理 ·················································· 157
二、為善去惡 ·················································· 160
三、知行一致 ·················································· 163
第二節 道德修養的工夫 ······································· 165
一、正心、持敬 ·············································· 167
二、慎獨、中庸 ·············································· 172
三、真知力行 ·················································· 175
第三節 處事哲學 ·················································· 178
一、自我修養 ·················································· 180
二、群己關係 ·················································· 183
三、經世濟民 ·················································· 188
第六章 許衡倫理道德價值體系的建構（二）──政治思想與實踐································· 193
第一節 倫理觀念的延伸 ······································· 195
一、政治思想的形上依據 ······························· 196
二、倫理化的政治思維 ··································· 199
三、內聖而外王 ·············································· 202
第二節 道統與治統 ·············································· 205
一、理學家的訴求··········································· 206
二、德與力的辨證··········································· 208
三、世祖與儒臣們的互動 ······························· 211
第三節 君道與臣道 ·············································· 214
一、君 道 ······················································ 216二、臣 道 ······················································ 220
第四節 政治思想的制度化 ··································· 224
一、行漢法 ······················································ 226
二、定官制 ······················································ 229
三、興教化 ······················································ 234
第七章 許衡倫理道德價值體系的建構（三）──教化的志業········································· 237－目 3－次許衡的倫理道德價值體系第一節 教育的目標 ·············································· 239
一、明人倫 ······················································ 241
二、培養人才 ·················································· 243
三、內聖而外王 ·············································· 247
第二節 教育的內容 ·············································· 251
一、道德理性的喚醒 ······································· 252
二、經史的涉獵 ·············································· 255三、廣泛的學習 ·············································· 259
第三節 教學的策略 ·············································· 263
一、因材施教、啟發引導 ······························· 264
二、溫故知新、學以致用 ······························· 267
三、循序漸進、內外薰陶 ······························· 270
第四節 績效與影響 ·············································· 273
一、宣揚孔孟教化··········································· 274
二、延續程朱理學··········································· 276
三、教育的恢復與發展 ··································· 278
四、政治穩定與引發革新的力量 ···················· 280
第八章 許衡倫理道德價值體系的完成 ················· 283
第一節 思想系統的架構 ······································· 284
第二節 價值體系的形成 ······································· 287
第三節 價值體系的特色 ······································· 290
第九章 結 論 ························································ 295

參考書目 ···································································· 301－目 4－