BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

2022
ANNUAL REPORTBERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
2022 ANNUAL REPORTTABLE OF CONTENTS

Berkshire’s Performance vs. the S&P 500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

Chairman’s Letter* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Form 10-K –Business Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-1
Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-25
Description of Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-28
Management’s Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-33
Management’s Report on Internal Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-66
Independent Auditor’s Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-67
Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-70
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-75
Appendices –Shareholder Event and Meeting Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Property/Casualty Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
Operating Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Stock Transfer Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4
Directors and Officers of the Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inside Back Cover*Copyright© 2023 By Warren E. Buffett
All Rights Reserved1Berkshire’s Performance vs. the S&P 500
Annual Percentage ChangeYear1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compounded Annual Gain – 1965-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overall Gain – 1964-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

in Per-Share
Market Value ofBerkshirein S&P 500
with Dividends
Included

49.5
(3.4)
13.3
77.8
19.4
(4.6)
80.5
8.1
(2.5)
(48.7)
2.5
129.3
46.8
14.5
102.5
32.8
31.8
38.4
69.0
(2.7)
93.7
14.2
4.6
59.3
84.6
(23.1)
35.6
29.8
38.9
25.0
57.4
6.2
34.9
52.2
(19.9)
26.6
6.5
(3.8)
15.8
4.3
0.8
24.1
28.7
(31.8)
2.7
21.4
(4.7)
16.8
32.7
27.0
(12.5)
23.4
21.9
2.8
11.0
2.4
29.6
4.0
19.8%
3,787,464%

10.0(11.7)
30.9
11.0
(8.4)
3.9
14.6
18.9
(14.8)(26.4)
37.2
23.6
(7.4)
6.4
18.2
32.3
(5.0)
21.4
22.4
6.1
31.6
18.6
5.1
16.6
31.7
(3.1)
30.5
7.6
10.1
1.3
37.6
23.0
33.4
28.6
21.0
(9.1)
(11.9)(22.1)
28.7
10.9
4.9
15.8
5.5
(37.0)
26.5
15.1
2.1
16.0
32.4
13.7
1.4
12.0
21.8
(4.4)
31.5
18.4
28.7
(18.1)
9.9%
24,708%

Note: Data are for calendar years with these exceptions: 1965 and 1966, year ended 9/30; 1967, 15 months ended 12/31.

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BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

To the Shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.:
Charlie Munger, my long-time partner, and I have the job of managing the savings of agreat number of individuals. We are grateful for their enduring trust, a relationship that often spansmuch of their adult lifetime. It is those dedicated savers that are forefront in my mind as I write
this letter.
A common belief is that people choose to save when young, expecting thereby to maintaintheir living standards after retirement. Any assets that remain at death, this theory says, will usually
be left to their families or, possibly, to friends and philanthropy.
Our experience has differed. We believe Berkshire’s individual holders largely to be of theonce-a-saver, always-a-saver variety. Though these people live well, they eventually dispense
most of their funds to philanthropic organizations. These, in turn, redistribute the funds byexpenditures intended to improve the lives of a great many people who are unrelated to the original
benefactor. Sometimes, the results have been spectacular.
The disposition of money unmasks humans. Charlie and I watch with pleasure the vast flowof Berkshire-generated funds to public needs and, alongside, the infrequency with which ourshareholders opt for look-at-me assets and dynasty-building.
Who wouldn’t enjoy working for shareholders like ours?
What We Do
Charlie and I allocate your savings at Berkshire between two related forms of ownership.
First, we invest in businesses that we control, usually buying 100% of each. Berkshire directs
capital allocation at these subsidiaries and selects the CEOs who make day-by-day operating
decisions. When large enterprises are being managed, both trust and rules are essential. Berkshireemphasizes the former to an unusual – some would say extreme – degree. Disappointments areinevitable. We are understanding about business mistakes; our tolerance for personal misconduct
is zero.
In our second category of ownership, we buy publicly-traded stocks through which we
passively own pieces of businesses. Holding these investments, we have no say in management.

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Our goal in both forms of ownership is to make meaningful investments in businesses withboth long-lasting favorable economic characteristics and trustworthy managers. Please note
particularly that we own publicly-traded stocks based on our expectations about their long-termbusiness performance, not because we view them as vehicles for adroit purchases and sales. That
point is crucial: Charlie and I are not stock-pickers; we are business-pickers.
Over the years, I have made many mistakes. Consequently, our extensive collection ofbusinesses currently consists of a few enterprises that have truly extraordinary economics, many
that enjoy very good economic characteristics, and a large group that are marginal. Along the way,other businesses in which I have invested have died, their products unwanted by the public.
Capitalism has two sides: The system creates an ever-growing pile of losers while concurrently
delivering a gusher of improved goods and services. Schumpeter called this phenomenon “creative
destruction.”
One advantage of our publicly-traded segment is that – episodically – it becomes easy tobuy pieces of wonderful businesses at wonderful prices. It’s crucial to understand that stocks often
trade at truly foolish prices, both high and low. “Efficient” markets exist only in textbooks. In
truth, marketable stocks and bonds are baffling, their behavior usually understandable only inretrospect.
Controlled businesses are a different breed. They sometimes command ridiculously higher
prices than justified but are almost never available at bargain valuations. Unless under duress, theowner of a controlled business gives no thought to selling at a panic-type valuation.
************At this point, a report card from me is appropriate: In 58 years of Berkshire management,
most of my capital-allocation decisions have been no better than so-so. In some cases, also, badmoves by me have been rescued by very large doses of luck. (Remember our escapes fromnear-disasters at USAir and Salomon? I certainly do.)Our satisfactory results have been the product of about a dozen truly good decisions – thatwould be about one every five years – and a sometimes-forgotten advantage that favors long-term
investors such as Berkshire. Let’s take a peek behind the curtain.
The Secret Sauce
In August 1994 – yes, 1994 – Berkshire completed its seven-year purchase of the 400
million shares of Coca-Cola we now own. The total cost was $1.3 billion – then a very meaningful
sum at Berkshire.
The cash dividend we received from Coke in 1994 was $75 million. By 2022, the dividend
had increased to $704 million. Growth occurred every year, just as certain as birthdays. All Charlie
and I were required to do was cash Coke’s quarterly dividend checks. We expect that those checks
are highly likely to grow.

4American Express is much the same story. Berkshire’s purchases of Amex were essentiallycompleted in 1995 and, coincidentally, also cost $1.3 billion. Annual dividends received from thisinvestment have grown from $41 million to $302 million. Those checks, too, seem highly likely
to increase.
These dividend gains, though pleasing, are far from spectacular. But they bring with them
important gains in stock prices. At yearend, our Coke investment was valued at $25 billion while
Amex was recorded at $22 billion. Each holding now accounts for roughly 5% of Berkshire’s net
worth, akin to its weighting long ago.
Assume, for a moment, I had made a similarly-sized investment mistake in the 1990s, onethat flat-lined and simply retained its $1.3 billion value in 2022. (An example would be ahigh-grade 30-year bond.) That disappointing investment would now represent an insignificant
0.3% of Berkshire’s net worth and would be delivering to us an unchanged $80 million or so of
annual income.
The lesson for investors: The weeds wither away in significance as the flowers bloom.
Over time, it takes just a few winners to work wonders. And, yes, it helps to start early and live
into your 90s as well.
The Past Year in Brief
Berkshire had a good year in 2022. The company’s operating earnings – our term forincome calculated using Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), exclusive ofcapital gains or losses from equity holdings – set a record at $30.8 billion. Charlie and I focus on
this operational figure and urge you to do so as well. The GAAP figure, absent our adjustment,
fluctuates wildly and capriciously at every reporting date. Note its acrobatic behavior in 2022,
which is in no way unusual:2022 Quarter
1
2
3
4

Earnings in $ billions
GAAP Earnings We“Operating Earnings”
are Required to Report
7.0
9.3
7.8
6.7

5.5
(43.8)(2.7)
18.2

The GAAP earnings are 100% misleading when viewed quarterly or even annually. Capitalgains, to be sure, have been hugely important to Berkshire over past decades, and we expect them
to be meaningfully positive in future decades. But their quarter-by-quarter gyrations, regularly andmindlessly headlined by media, totally misinform investors.

5

A second positive development for Berkshire last year was our purchase of AlleghanyCorporation, a property-casualty insurer captained by Joe Brandon. I’ve worked with Joe in thepast, and he understands both Berkshire and insurance. Alleghany delivers special value tous because Berkshire’s unmatched financial strength allows its insurance subsidiaries to follow
valuable and enduring investment strategies unavailable to virtually all competitors.
Aided by Alleghany, our insurance float increased during 2022 from $147 billion to $164
billion. With disciplined underwriting, these funds have a decent chance of being cost-free overtime. Since purchasing our first property-casualty insurer in 1967, Berkshire’s float has increased
8,000-fold through acquisitions, operations and innovations. Though not recognized in our
financial statements, this float has been an extraordinary asset for Berkshire. New shareholders
can get an understanding of its value by reading our annually updated explanation of float on
page A-2.
************A very minor gain in per-share intrinsic value took place in 2022 through Berkshire share
repurchases as well as similar moves at Apple and American Express, both significant investeesof ours. At Berkshire, we directly increased your interest in our unique collection of businesses by
repurchasing 1.2% of the company’s outstanding shares. At Apple and Amex, repurchases
increased Berkshire’s ownership a bit without any cost to us.
The math isn’t complicated: When the share count goes down, your interest in our manybusinesses goes up. Every small bit helps if repurchases are made at value-accretive prices. Just
as surely, when a company overpays for repurchases, the continuing shareholders lose. At suchtimes, gains flow only to the selling shareholders and to the friendly, but expensive, investmentbanker who recommended the foolish purchases.
Gains from value-accretive repurchases, it should be emphasized, benefit all owners – inevery respect. Imagine, if you will, three fully-informed shareholders of a local auto dealership,
one of whom manages the business. Imagine, further, that one of the passive owners wishes to sell
his interest back to the company at a price attractive to the two continuing shareholders. Whencompleted, has this transaction harmed anyone? Is the manager somehow favored over thecontinuing passive owners? Has the public been hurt?
When you are told that all repurchases are harmful to shareholders or to the country, or
particularly beneficial to CEOs, you are listening to either an economic illiterate or asilver-tongued demagogue (characters that are not mutually exclusive).

6

Almost endless details of Berkshire’s 2022 operations are laid out on pages K-33 – K-66.
Charlie and I, along with many Berkshire shareholders, enjoy poring over the many facts andfigures laid out in that section. These pages are not, however, required reading. There are many
Berkshire centimillionaires and, yes, billionaires who have never studied our financial figures.
They simply know that Charlie and I – along with our families and close friends – continue to havevery significant investments in Berkshire, and they trust us to treat their money as we do our own.
And that is a promise we can make.
************
Finally, an important warning: Even the operating earnings figure that we favor can easily
be manipulated by managers who wish to do so. Such tampering is often thought of as sophisticatedby CEOs, directors and their advisors. Reporters and analysts embrace its existence as well.
Beating “expectations” is heralded as a managerial triumph.
That activity is disgusting. It requires no talent to manipulate numbers: Only a deep desire
to deceive is required. “Bold imaginative accounting,” as a CEO once described his deception tome, has become one of the shames of capitalism.
58 Years – and a Few Figures
In 1965, Berkshire was a one-trick pony, the owner of a venerable – but doomed – New
England textile operation. With that business on a death march, Berkshire needed an immediate
fresh start. Looking back, I was slow to recognize the severity of its problems.
And then came a stroke of good luck: National Indemnity became available in 1967, andwe shifted our resources toward insurance and other non-textile operations.
Thus began our journey to 2023, a bumpy road involving a combination of continuous
savings by our owners (that is, by their retaining earnings), the power of compounding, ouravoidance of major mistakes and – most important of all – the American Tailwind. America would
have done fine without Berkshire. The reverse is not true.
Berkshire now enjoys major ownership in an unmatched collection of huge and diversified
businesses. Let’s first look at the 5,000 or so publicly-held companies that trade daily on
NASDAQ, the NYSE and related venues. Within this group is housed the members of the S&P
500 Index, an elite collection of large and well-known American companies.
In aggregate, the 500 earned $1.8 trillion in 2021. I don’t yet have the final results for 2022.
Using, therefore, the 2021 figures, only 128 of the 500 (including Berkshire itself) earned $3 billion
or more. Indeed, 23 lost money.

7

At yearend 2022, Berkshire was the largest owner of eight of these giants: American
Express, Bank of America, Chevron, Coca-Cola, HP Inc., Moody’s, Occidental Petroleum andParamount Global.
In addition to those eight investees, Berkshire owns 100% of BNSF and 92% of BH
Energy, each with earnings that exceed the $3 billion mark noted above ($5.9 billion at BNSF and$4.3 billion at BHE). Were these companies publicly-owned, they would replace two present
members of the 500. All told, our ten controlled and non-controlled behemoths leave Berkshire
more broadly aligned with the country’s economic future than is the case at any other U.S.
company. (This calculation leaves aside “fiduciary” operations such as pension funds andinvestment companies.) In addition, Berkshire’s insurance operation, though conducted throughmany individually-managed subsidiaries, has a value comparable to BNSF or BHE.
As for the future, Berkshire will always hold a boatload of cash and U.S. Treasury bills
along with a wide array of businesses. We will also avoid behavior that could result in any
uncomfortable cash needs at inconvenient times, including financial panics and unprecedented
insurance losses. Our CEO will always be the Chief Risk Officer – a task it is irresponsible todelegate. Additionally, our future CEOs will have a significant part of their net worth in Berkshire
shares, bought with their own money. And yes, our shareholders will continue to save and prosper
by retaining earnings.
At Berkshire, there will be no finish line.
Some Surprising Facts About Federal Taxes
During the decade ending in 2021, the United States Treasury received about $32.3 trillion
in taxes while it spent $43.9 trillion.
Though economists, politicians and many of the public have opinions about theconsequences of that huge imbalance, Charlie and I plead ignorance and firmly believe thatnear-term economic and market forecasts are worse than useless. Our job is to manage Berkshire’s
operations and finances in a manner that will achieve an acceptable result over time and that will
preserve the company’s unmatched staying power when financial panics or severe worldwide
recessions occur. Berkshire also offers some modest protection from runaway inflation, but this
attribute is far from perfect. Huge and entrenched fiscal deficits have consequences.
The $32 trillion of revenue was garnered by the Treasury through individual income taxes(48%), social security and related receipts (34 1⁄ 2%), corporate income tax payments (8 1⁄ 2%) and awide variety of lesser levies. Berkshire’s contribution via the corporate income tax was $32 billion
during the decade, almost exactly a tenth of 1% of all money that the Treasury collected.

8And that means – brace yourself – had there been roughly 1,000 taxpayers in the U.S.
matching Berkshire’s payments, no other businesses nor any of the country’s 131 million
households would have needed to pay any taxes to the federal government. Not a dime.
************
Millions, billions, trillions – we all know the words, but the sums involved are almost
impossible to comprehend. Let’s put physical dimensions to the numbers:• If you convert $1 million into newly-printed $100 bills, you will have a stack that reaches
your chest.
• Perform the same exercise with $1 billion – this is getting exciting! – and the stack reaches
about 3⁄ 4 of a mile into the sky.
• Finally, imagine piling up $32 billion, the total of Berkshire’s 2012-21 federal income tax
payments. Now the stack grows to more than 21 miles in height, about three times the levelat which commercial airplanes usually cruise.
When it comes to federal taxes, individuals who own Berkshire can unequivocally state “Igave at the office.”************At Berkshire we hope and expect to pay much more in taxes during the next decade. We
owe the country no less: America’s dynamism has made a huge contribution to whatever success
Berkshire has achieved – a contribution Berkshire will always need. We count on the American
Tailwind and, though it has been becalmed from time to time, its propelling force has always
returned.
I have been investing for 80 years – more than one-third of our country’s lifetime. Despite
our citizens’ penchant – almost enthusiasm – for self-criticism and self-doubt, I have yet to see atime when it made sense to make a long-term bet against America. And I doubt very much thatany reader of this letter will have a different experience in the future.
Nothing Beats Having a Great Partner
Charlie and I think pretty much alike. But what it takes me a page to explain, he sums up
in a sentence. His version, moreover, is always more clearly reasoned and also more
artfully – some might add bluntly – stated.
Here are a few of his thoughts, many lifted from a very recent podcast:• The world is full of foolish gamblers, and they will not do as well as the patient investor.
• If you don’t see the world the way it is, it’s like judging something through a distorted lens.
• All I want to know is where I’m going to die, so I’ll never go there. And a related thought:
Early on, write your desired obituary – and then behave accordingly.
• If you don’t care whether you are rational or not, you won’t work on it. Then you will stayirrational and get lousy results.

9• Patience can be learned. Having a long attention span and the ability to concentrate on one
thing for a long time is a huge advantage.
• You can learn a lot from dead people. Read of the deceased you admire and detest.
• Don’t bail away in a sinking boat if you can swim to one that is seaworthy.
• A great company keeps working after you are not; a mediocre company won’t do that.
• Warren and I don’t focus on the froth of the market. We seek out good long-term
investments and stubbornly hold them for a long time.
• Ben Graham said, “Day to day, the stock market is a voting machine; in the long term it’sa weighing machine.” If you keep making something more valuable, then some wise person
is going to notice it and start buying.
• There is no such thing as a 100% sure thing when investing. Thus, the use of leverage isdangerous. A string of wonderful numbers times zero will always equal zero. Don’t counton getting rich twice.
• You don’t, however, need to own a lot of things in order to get rich.
• You have to keep learning if you want to become a great investor. When the world changes,
you must change.
• Warren and I hated railroad stocks for decades, but the world changed and finally thecountry had four huge railroads of vital importance to the American economy. We wereslow to recognize the change, but better late than never.
• Finally, I will add two short sentences by Charlie that have been his decision-clinchers for
decades: “Warren, think more about it. You’re smart and I’m right.”
And so it goes. I never have a phone call with Charlie without learning something. And,
while he makes me think, he also makes me laugh.
************
I will add to Charlie’s list a rule of my own: Find a very smart high-grade
partner – preferably slightly older than you – and then listen very carefully to what he says.
A Family Gathering in Omaha
Charlie and I are shameless. Last year, at our first shareholder get-together in three years,
we greeted you with our usual commercial hustle.
From the opening bell, we went straight for your wallet. In short order, our See’s kiosk
sold you eleven tons of nourishing peanut brittle and chocolates. In our P.T. Barnum pitch, we
promised you longevity. After all, what else but candy from See’s could account for Charlie andme making it to 99 and 92?
I know you can’t wait to hear the specifics of last year’s hustle.
On Friday, the doors were open from noon until 5 p.m., and our candy counters rang up
2,690 individual sales. On Saturday, See’s registered an additional 3,931 transactions between
7 a.m. and 4:30 p.m., despite the fact that 6 1⁄ 2 of the 9 1⁄ 2 operating hours occurred while our movie
and the question-and-answer session were limiting commercial traffic.
10

Do the math: See’s rang up about 10 sales per minute during its prime operating time(racking up $400,309 of volume during the two days), with all the goods purchased at a single
location selling products that haven’t been materially altered in 101 years. What worked for See’s
in the days of Henry Ford’s model T works now.
************Charlie, I, and the entire Berkshire bunch look forward to seeing you in Omaha on
May 5-6. We will have a good time and so will you.

February 25, 2023

Warren E. Buffett
Chairman of the Board

11

UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF
1934
For the transition period fromtoCommission file number 001-14905

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

Delaware(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

47-0813844

State or other jurisdiction ofincorporation or organization(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

(Address of principal executive office)(Zip Code)3555 Farnam Street, Omaha, Nebraska

68131

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (402) 346-1400
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbols

Class A Common Stock
BRK.A
Class B Common Stock
BRK.B
0.750% Senior Notes due 2023
BRK23
1.300% Senior Notes due 2024
BRK24
0.000% Senior Notes due 2025
BRK25
1.125% Senior Notes due 2027
BRK27
2.150% Senior Notes due 2028
BRK28
1.500% Senior Notes due 2030
BRK30
2.000% Senior Notes due 2034
BRK34
1.625% Senior Notes due 2035
BRK35
2.375% Senior Notes due 2039
BRK39
0.500% Senior Notes due 2041
BRK41
2.625% Senior Notes due 2059
BRK59
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: NONE

Name of each exchange on which registered
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☑

No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been
subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant toRule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was
required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting
company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,”and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☑ Accelerated filer ☐Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying
with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its
internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public
accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant
included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based
compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive oﬃcers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
State the aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 2022: $500,000,000,000
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the Registrant’s classes of common stock:
February 13, 2023—Class A common stock, $5 par value
590,835 shares
February 13, 2023—Class B common stock, $0.0033 par value
1,301,100,243 shares
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the Proxy Statement for the Registrant’s Annual Meeting to be held May 6, 2023 are incorporated in Part III.

Table of Contents
Page No.

Part I
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 1B.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.

Business Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Risk Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Description of Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

K-1
K-25
K-28
K-28
K-30
K-30

Part II
Item 5.
Item 6.
Item 7.
Item 7A.
Item 8.

Item 9.
Item 9A.
Item 9B.

Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Security Holder Matters and Issuer
Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[Reserved] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . .
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consolidated Balance Sheets— December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consolidated Statements of Earnings—
Years Ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income—Years Ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity—
Years Ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—
Years Ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . .
Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

K-31
K-32
K-33
K-66
K-67
K-70
K-72
K-73
K-73
K-74
K-75
K-114
K-114
K-114

Part III
Item 10.
Item 11.
Item 12.
Item 13.
Item 14.

. . . .Executive. . . . . . . . .Officers. . . . . . .and
. . . .Corporate. . . . . . . . .Governance..........................................
Directors,. .n.s.at. i.on.............................................................
Executive Compe
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related
Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Principal Accountant Fees and Services

K-114
K-114
K-114
K-114
K-114

Part IV
Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

K-114

Exhibit Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

K-118
K-120

Item 15.

Part I
Item 1. Business Description
Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (“Berkshire,” “Company” or “Registrant”) is a holding company owning subsidiaries engaged
in numerous diverse business activities. The most important of these are insurance businesses conducted on both a primarybasis and a reinsurance basis, a freight rail transportation business and a group of utility and energy generation and distribution
businesses. Berkshire also owns and operates numerous other businesses engaged in a variety of manufacturing, services,
retailing and other activities. Berkshire is domiciled in the state of Delaware, and its corporate headquarters is in Omaha,
Nebraska.
Berkshire’s operating businesses are managed on an unusually decentralized basis. There are few centralized or
integrated business functions. Berkshire’s corporate senior management team participates in and is ultimately responsible forsignificant capital allocation decisions, investment activities and the selection of the Chief Executive to head each of theoperating businesses.
Berkshire’s senior management is also responsible for establishing and monitoring Berkshire’s corporate governancepractices, including monitoring governance efforts, including those at the operating businesses, and participating in the
resolution of governance-related issues as needed. Berkshire’s Board of Directors is responsible for assuring an appropriate
successor to the Chief Executive Officer. The Berkshire Code of Business Conduct and Ethics emphasizes, among other things,
the commitment to ethics and compliance with government laws and regulations and provides basic standards for ethical andlegal behavior of its employees.
Human capital and resources are an integral and essential component of Berkshire’s businesses. Berkshire and its
consolidated subsidiaries employed approximately 383,000 people worldwide at the end of 2022, of which approximately 78%
were in the United States (“U.S.”) and 20% were represented by unions. Employees engage in a wide variety of occupations.
Consistent with Berkshire’s decentralized management philosophy, Berkshire’s operating businesses individually establish
specific policies and practices concerning the attraction and retention of personnel within their organizations. Given the wide
variations in the nature and size of business activities, specific policies and practices may vary widely among Berkshire’s
operating subsidiaries. Policies and practices commonly address, among other things: maintaining a safe work environment
and minimizing or eliminating workplace injuries; offering competitive compensation, which includes various health insurance
and retirement benefits, as well as incentives to recognize and reward performance; wellness programs; training, learning andcareer advancement opportunities; and hiring practices intended to identify qualified candidates and promote diversity andinclusion in the workforce. Berkshire’s consolidated U.S. workforce demographics, based on U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission guidelines, are available on its website (https://www.berkshirehathaway.com), under sustainability.
Insurance and Reinsurance Businesses
Berkshire’s insurance and reinsurance business activities are conducted through numerous domestic and foreign-based
insurance subsidiaries. Berkshire’s insurance subsidiaries provide insurance and reinsurance of property and casualty risks andreinsurance of life and health risks worldwide. Berkshire’s insurance subsidiaries employed approximately 50,000 people atthe end of 2022. For purposes of this discussion, entities that provide insurance or reinsurance are referred to as insurers.
In direct or primary insurance activities, the insurer assumes the risk of loss from persons or organizations that are directly
subject to the risks. Such risks may relate to property, casualty (or liability), life, accident, health, financial or other perils that
may arise from an insurable event. In reinsurance activities, the insurer assumes defined portions of risks that other direct
insurers or reinsurers assumed in their own insuring activities.
Reinsurance contracts are normally classified as treaty or facultative contracts. Treaty reinsurance refers to reinsurance
coverage for all or a portion of a specified group or class of risks ceded by a direct insurer or reinsurer, while facultativereinsurance involves coverage of specific individual underlying risks. Reinsurance contracts are further classified as quotashare or excess. Under quota-share (proportional or pro-rata) reinsurance, the reinsurer shares proportionally in the original
premiums and losses of the direct insurer or reinsurer. Excess (or non-proportional) reinsurance provides for theindemnification of the direct insurer or reinsurer for all or a portion of the loss in excess of an agreed upon amount or“retention.” Both quota-share and excess reinsurance contracts may provide for aggregate limits of indemnification.
Insurance and reinsurance are generally subject to regulatory oversight throughout the world. Except for regulatory
considerations, there are virtually no barriers to entry into the insurance and reinsurance industry. Competitors may be domestic
or foreign, as well as licensed or unlicensed. The number of competitors within the industry is not known. Insurers compete on
the basis of reliability, financial strength and stability, financial ratings, underwriting consistency, service, business ethics,
price, performance, capacity, policy terms and coverage conditions.

K-1

Insurers based in the U.S. are subject to regulation by their states of domicile and by those states in which they arelicensed to write policies on an admitted basis. The primary focus of regulation is to assure that insurers are financially solvent
and that policyholder interests are otherwise protected. States establish minimum capital levels for insurance companies andestablish guidelines for permissible business and investment activities. States have the authority to suspend or revoke acompany’s authority to do business as conditions warrant. States regulate the payment of dividends by insurance companies totheir shareholders and other transactions with affiliates. Dividends, capital distributions and other transactions of extraordinary
amounts are subject to prior regulatory approval.
Insurers may market, sell and service insurance policies in the states where they are licensed. These insurers are referred
to as admitted insurers. Admitted insurers are generally required to obtain regulatory approval of their policy forms andpremium rates. Non-admitted insurance markets have developed to provide insurance that is otherwise unavailable throughadmitted insurers. Non-admitted insurance, often referred to as “excess and surplus” lines, is procured by either state-licensed
surplus lines brokers who place risks with insurers not licensed in that state or by the insured party’s direct procurement from
non-admitted insurers. Non-admitted insurance is subject to considerably less regulation with respect to policy rates and forms.
Reinsurers are normally not required to obtain regulatory approval of premium rates or reinsurance contracts.
The insurance regulators of every state participate in the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”).
The NAIC adopts forms, instructions and accounting procedures for use by U.S. insurers in preparing and filing annual statutoryfinancial statements. However, an insurer’s state of domicile has ultimate authority over these matters. In addition to its
activities relating to the annual statement, the NAIC develops or adopts statutory accounting principles, model laws, regulations
and programs for use by its members. Such matters deal with regulatory oversight of solvency, risk management, compliancewith financial regulation standards and risk-based capital reporting requirements.
U.S. states, through the NAIC, and international insurance regulators through the International Association of Insurance
Supervisors (“IAIS”) have been developing standards and best practices focused on establishing a common set of principles(“Insurance Core Principles”) and framework (“ComFrame”) for the regulation of large multi-national insurance groups. The
IAIS is developing capital standards for internationally active insurance groups (the “Insurance Capital Standard”) based on aconsolidated group approach and is also evaluating a potentially comparable group capital standard based on the aggregationof regulated entities and their underlying local capital requirements (the “Aggregation Method”). The IAIS standards addressa variety of topics regarding supervision, coordination of regulators, insurance capital standards, risk management andgovernance. While the IAIS standards do not have legal effect, U.S. state insurance departments and the NAIC are
implementing various group supervision regulatory tools and mandates that are responsive to certain IAIS standards. U.S. state
regulators have formed supervisory colleges intended to promote communication and cooperation amongst the various
domestic and international insurance regulators. The Nebraska Department of Insurance acts as the lead supervisor for ourgroup of insurance companies and chairs the Berkshire supervisory college. U.S. state regulators require insurance groups tofile an annual report and an Own Risk Solvency Assessment or ORSA, with the group’s lead supervisor. The NAIC recently
adopted a group capital calculation based on methodology similar to the Aggregation Method, which leverages the NAIC’s
existing Risk Based Capital standards. The NAIC’s group capital calculation is a tool designed to help the lead supervisor
understand the capital adequacy across an insurance group. The NAIC is also developing further tools, including various
liquidity assessments, that will likely be imposed on insurance groups in the future.
Berkshire’s insurance companies maintain capital strength at exceptionally high levels, which differentiates them fromtheir competitors. The combined statutory surplus of Berkshire’s U.S.-based insurers was approximately $272 billion at
December 31, 2022. Berkshire’s major insurance subsidiaries are rated AA+ by Standard & Poor’s and A++ (superior) by A.M.
Best with respect to their financial condition and claims paying ability.
The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 established within the Department of the Treasury a Terrorism Insurance
Program (“Program”) for commercial property and casualty insurers by providing federal reinsurance of insured terrorism
losses. The Program currently extends to December 31, 2027 through other Acts, most recently the Terrorism Risk Insurance
Program Reauthorization Act of 2019. Hereinafter these Acts are collectively referred to as TRIA. Under TRIA, the Departmentof the Treasury is charged with certifying “acts of terrorism.” Coverage under TRIA occurs if the industry insured loss forcertified events occurring during the calendar year exceeds $200 million in any calendar year.
To be eligible for federal reinsurance, insurers must make available insurance coverage for acts of terrorism, by providing
policyholders with clear and conspicuous notice of the amount of premium that will be charged for this coverage and of thefederal share of any insured losses resulting from any act of terrorism. Assumed reinsurance is specifically excluded from TRIA
participation. TRIA currently also excludes certain forms of direct insurance (such as personal and commercial auto, burglary,theft, surety and certain professional liability lines). Reinsurers are not required to offer terrorism coverage and are not eligible
for federal reinsurance of terrorism losses.

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In the event of a certified act of terrorism, the federal government will reimburse insurers (conditioned on theirsatisfaction of policyholder notification requirements) for 80% of their insured losses in excess of an insurance group’s
deductible. Under the Program, the deductible is 20% of the aggregate direct subject earned premium for relevant commerciallines of business in the immediately preceding calendar year. The aggregate deductible in 2023 for Berkshire’s insurance groupis expected to approximate $2.25 billion. There is also an aggregate program limit of $100 billion on the amount of the federal
government coverage for each TRIA year.
The extent of insurance regulation varies significantly among the countries in which our non-U.S. operations conductbusiness. While each country imposes licensing, solvency, auditing and financial reporting requirements, the type and extent
of the requirements differ substantially. For example:•

in some countries, insurers are required to prepare and file monthly and/or quarterly financial reports, andin others, only annual reports;•some regulators require intermediaries to be involved in the sale of insurance products, whereas otherregulators permit direct sales contact between the insurer and the customer;•

the extent of restrictions imposed upon an insurer’s use of local and offshore reinsurance vary;•

policy form filing and rate regulation vary by country;•

the frequency of contact and periodic on-site examinations by insurance authorities differ by country;•

the scope and prescriptive requirements of an insurer’s risk management and governance framework varysignificantly by country; and•regulatory requirements relating to insurer dividend policies vary by country.

Significant variations can also be found in the size, structure and resources of the local regulatory departments thatoversee insurance activities. Certain regulators prefer close relationships with all subject insurers and others operate a riskbased approach.
Berkshire’s insurance group operates in some countries through subsidiaries and in some countries through branches ofsubsidiaries. Berkshire insurance subsidiaries are located in several countries, including Germany, the United Kingdom(“U.K.”), Ireland, Australia and South Africa, and also maintain branches in several other countries. Most of these foreign
jurisdictions impose local capital requirements. Other legal requirements include discretionary licensing procedures, local
retention of funds and records, and data privacy and protection program requirements. Berkshire’s international insurancecompanies are also subject to multinational application of certain U.S. laws.
There are various regulatory bodies and initiatives that impact Berkshire in multiple international jurisdictions and thepotential for significant effect on the Berkshire insurance group could be heightened as a result of recent industry and economic
developments. In 2016, the U.K. voted in a national referendum to withdraw from the European Union (“EU”) (“Brexit”),
which resulted in the U.K.’s withdrawal from the EU on January 31, 2020. In anticipation of the U.K. leaving the EU, Berkshire
Hathaway European Insurance DAC in Ireland was established to permit property and casualty insurance and reinsurance
businesses to continue to operate in the EU. Berkshire also continues to maintain a substantial presence in London following
Brexit.
Alleghany Corporation (“Alleghany”), based in New York, New York, was acquired by Berkshire on October 19, 2022.
Alleghany’s operating subsidiaries include property and casualty reinsurance and insurance, as well as a portfolio of nonfinancial businesses. Information regarding Alleghany’s primary insurance and reinsurance activities is provided in theBerkshire Hathaway Primary Group and Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group sections and its non-insurance businesses areincluded in the manufacturing and services sections.
Berkshire’s insurance underwriting operations include the following groups: (1) GEICO, (2) Berkshire Hathaway
Primary Group and (3) Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group. Except for retroactive reinsurance and periodic payment
annuity products, which generate significant amounts of up-front premiums along with estimated claims expected to be paid
over long time periods (creating “float,” see Investments section), Berkshire expects to achieve an underwriting profit overtime and that its managers will reject inadequately priced risks. Underwriting profit is defined as earned premiums lessassociated incurred losses, loss adjustment expenses and underwriting and policy acquisition expenses. Underwriting profit
does not include income earned from investments. Additional information related to each of Berkshire’s underwriting groups
follows.

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GEICO—GEICO is headquartered in Chevy Chase, Maryland. GEICO’s insurance subsidiaries consist of Government
Employees Insurance Company, GEICO General Insurance Company, GEICO Indemnity Company, GEICO Casualty
Company, GEICO Advantage Insurance Company, GEICO Choice Insurance Company, GEICO Secure Insurance Company,
GEICO County Mutual Insurance Company, GEICO Texas County Mutual Insurance Company and GEICO Marine Insurance
Company. The GEICO companies primarily offer private passenger automobile insurance to individuals in all 50 states and theDistrict of Columbia. GEICO also provides insurance for motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles, recreational vehicles, boats andsmall commercial fleets and acts as an agent for other insurers who offer homeowners, renters, life and identity management
insurance to individuals desiring insurance coverages other than those offered by GEICO.
GEICO’s marketing is primarily through direct response methods in which applications for insurance are submitted
directly to the companies via the Internet or by telephone, and to a lesser extent, through captive agents. GEICO conducts
business through regional service centers and claims adjustment and other facilities in 39 states.
The automobile insurance business is highly competitive in the areas of price and service. GEICO competes for private
passenger automobile insurance customers in the preferred, standard and non-standard risk markets with other companies thatsell directly to the customer and with companies that use agency sales forces, including State Farm, Allstate, Progressive and
USAA. GEICO’s advertising campaigns and competitive rates contributed to a cumulative increase in voluntary policies-inforce of approximately 4.0% over the past five years. During 2022, GEICO experienced a reduction of 1.7 million voluntarypolicies-in-force after flat year-over-year growth from 2020 to 2021. According to the most recently published A.M. Best datafor 2021, the five largest automobile insurers had a combined market share in 2021 of approximately 60.5% based on written
premiums, with GEICO’s market share being the second largest at approximately 14.4%. GEICO’s management estimates its
current market share is approximately 13.9%. The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent supply chain disruptions affecting
automobile manufacturers have impacted GEICO’s business and underwriting results in 2020 and thereafter. Seasonalvariations in GEICO’s insurance business are not significant. However, extraordinary weather conditions or other factors may
have a significant effect upon the frequency or severity of automobile claims.
State insurance departments stringently regulate private passenger auto insurance. As a result, it is difficult for insurancecompanies to differentiate their products. Competition for private passenger automobile insurance tends to focus on price andlevel of customer service provided. GEICO’s cost-efficient direct response marketing methods and emphasis on customer
satisfaction enable it to offer competitive rates and value to its customers. GEICO primarily uses its own claims staff to manage
and settle claims. The name and reputation of GEICO are material assets and management protects those and other service
marks through appropriate registrations.
Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group—The Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group (“BH Primary”) is a collection of
independently managed insurers that provide a wide variety of insurance coverages to policyholders located principally in the
U.S. These various operations are discussed below.
National Indemnity Company (“NICO”), domiciled in Nebraska, and certain affiliates (“NICO Primary”) underwrite
commercial motor vehicle and general liability insurance on an admitted basis and on an excess and surplus basis. Insurance
coverages are offered nationwide primarily through insurance agents and brokers.
The Berkshire Hathaway Homestate Companies (“BHHC”) is a group of insurers offering workers’ compensation,commercial automobile and commercial property coverages to a diverse client base. BHHC has a national reach, with the ability
to provide first-dollar and small to large deductible workers’ compensation coverage to employers in all states, except thosewhere coverage is available only through state-operated workers’ compensation funds. NICO Primary and BHHC are eachbased in Omaha, Nebraska.
Berkshire Hathaway Specialty Insurance (“BH Specialty”) offers commercial property, casualty, healthcare professional
liability, executive and professional, surety, travel, medical stop loss and homeowner’s insurance through Berkshire Hathaway
Specialty Insurance Company and other Berkshire insurance affiliates. BH Specialty writes primary and excess and surplus
policies on an admitted and non-admitted basis in the U.S., and on a local or foreign non-admitted basis outside the U.S. BH
Specialty is based in Boston, Massachusetts, with regional offices in several U.S. cities. BH Specialty also maintains
international offices and branches located in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and several countries in Asia, Europe and the
Middle East. BH Specialty writes business through wholesale and retail insurance brokers, as well as managing general agents.
Alleghany’s property and casualty insurance business is conducted in the U.S. on both an admitted and non-admitted
basis through RSUI Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“RSUI”) and CapSpecialty, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“CapSpecialty”).
RSUI and CapSpecialty primarily write specialty insurance in the property, umbrella/excess liability, professional liability,
directors’ and officers’ liability, and general liability lines of business. Insurance is written through independent wholesale
insurance brokers, retail agents and managing general agents.

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MedPro Group (“MedPro”) is a leading provider of healthcare liability (“HCL”) insurance based on premiums written.
MedPro provides customized HCL insurance, claims, patient safety and risk solutions to physicians, surgeons, dentists andother healthcare professionals, as well as hospitals, senior care and other healthcare facilities. Additionally, MedPro provides
HCL insurance solutions to international markets through other Berkshire insurance affiliates, delivers liability insurance toother professionals, and offers specialized accident and health insurance solutions to colleges and other customers through its
subsidiaries and other Berkshire insurance affiliates. MedPro is based in Fort Wayne, Indiana.
U.S. Liability Insurance Company (“USLI”) includes a group of five specialty insurers that underwrite commercial,professional and personal lines of insurance on an admitted basis, as well as on an excess and surplus basis. USLI markets
policies in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Canada through wholesale and retail insurance agents. USLI companies
also underwrite and market a wide variety of specialty insurance products. USLI is based in Wayne, Pennsylvania. Berkshire
Hathaway GUARD Insurance Companies (“GUARD”) is a group of five insurance companies that provide a full suite ofcommercial insurance products, as well as homeowners policies to over 350,000 small to mid-sized businesses andhomeowners. These offerings are made through independent agents and retail and wholesale brokers. GUARD is based in
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.
Berkshire Hathaway Direct Insurance Company and its affiliates (“BH Direct”) offer commercial insurance products(including workers’ compensation, property, auto, general and professional liability) to small business customers. BH Direct’s
products are primarily sold through two internet-based distribution platforms, biBERK.com and Threeinsurance.com. BH
Direct writes policies on an admitted basis and is based in Stamford, Connecticut. MLMIC Insurance Company (“MLMIC”)
is a leading writer of medical professional liability insurance in New York State. MLMIC distributes the majority of its policies
on a direct basis to medical and dental professionals, health care providers and hospitals.
Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group—Berkshire’s combined global reinsurance business, referred to as theBerkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (“BHRG”), offers a wide range of coverages on property, casualty, life and healthrisks to insurers and reinsurers worldwide. BHRG conducts business activities in 27 countries. Reinsurance business is written
through NICO and several other Berkshire insurance subsidiaries (“NICO Group”), General Re Corporation, and its
subsidiaries (“General Re Group”) and Alleghany’s Transatlantic Reinsurance Company and affiliates (“TransRe Group”). The
NICO Group and Gen Re Group underwriting operations in the U.S. are based in Stamford, Connecticut and the TransRe Groupis based in New York, New York.
The type and volume of business written is dependent on market conditions, including prevailing premium rates andcoverage terms. The level of underwriting activities often fluctuates significantly from year to year depending on the perceived
level of price adequacy in specific insurance and reinsurance markets as well as from the timing of particularly large reinsurance
transactions.
Property/casualty
The NICO Group offers traditional property/casualty reinsurance on both an excess-of-loss and a quota-share basis,
catastrophe excess-of-loss treaty and facultative reinsurance, and primary insurance on an excess-of-loss basis for large or
unusual risks. The type and volume of business written by the NICO Group may vary significantly from period to period
resulting from changes in perceived premium rate adequacy and from unique or large transactions. A significant portion of
NICO Group’s annual reinsurance premium volume currently derives from a 20% quota-share agreement with Insurance
Australia Group Limited (“IAG”) that incepted in 2015. The agreement was renewed, and extended, effective January 1, 2023,
with an expiration of December 31, 2029. IAG is a multi-line insurer in Australia, New Zealand and other Asia-Pacificcountries.
The General Re Group conducts a global property and casualty reinsurance business. Reinsurance contracts are written
on both a quota-share and excess basis for multiple lines of business. Contracts are primarily in the form of treaties, and to alesser degree, on a facultative basis. General Re Group conducts business in North America, primarily marketed on a direct
basis through General Reinsurance Corporation (“GRC”), which is licensed in the District of Columbia and all states, except
Hawaii, where it is an accredited reinsurer. GRC also conducts operations in North America through 11 branch offices in the
U.S. and Canada.
In North America, the General Re Group includes General Star National Insurance Company, General Star Indemnity
Company and Genesis Insurance Company, which offer a broad array of specialty and surplus lines and property, casualty andprofessional liability coverages. Such business is marketed through a select group of wholesale brokers, managing general
underwriters and program administrators, and offers solutions for the unique needs of public entity, commercial and captive
customers.
General Re Group’s international reinsurance business is conducted on a direct basis through General Reinsurance AG,
based in Cologne, Germany, and through subsidiaries and branches in numerous other countries. International business is also
written through brokers, including Faraday Underwriting Limited (“Faraday”), a subsidiary. Faraday owns the managing agentof Syndicate 435 at Lloyd’s of London and provides capacity and participates in 100% of the results of Syndicate 435.
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The TransRe Group provides pro-rata and excess-of-loss reinsurance across various property and casualty lines ofbusiness. Contracts are written on both a treaty and facultative basis to insurance and other reinsurance companies in the U.S.
and in foreign markets through subsidiaries and branches in numerous countries. Business is written primarily through brokers,
and to a lesser extent on a direct basis.
Life/health
The General Re Group conducts a global life and health reinsurance business. In the U.S. and internationally, the General
Re Group writes life, disability, supplemental health, critical illness and long-term care coverages. The life/health business ismarketed on a direct basis. Life/health net premiums written by the General Re Group in 2022 were primarily in the Asia
Pacific, U.S. and Western Europe.
Berkshire Hathaway Life Insurance Company of Nebraska (“BHLN”) and its affiliates write reinsurance coveringvarious forms of traditional life insurance exposures. BHLN and affiliates are parties to contracts that reinsure certain
guaranteed minimum death, income and similar benefit risks on closed-blocks of variable annuity risks under reinsurance
contracts, with the most recent contract incepting in 2014.
Retroactive reinsurance
NICO also occasionally writes retroactive reinsurance contracts. Retroactive reinsurance contracts indemnify cedingcompanies against the adverse development of claims arising from loss events that have already occurred under property andcasualty policies issued in prior years. Premiums from such contracts may be exceptionally large in amount. Coverages undersuch contracts are provided on an excess basis (above a stated retention) or for losses payable after the inception of the contract
with no additional ceding company retention. Contracts are normally subject to aggregate limits of indemnification, which canbe exceptionally large in amount. Significant amounts of asbestos, environmental and latent injury claims may arise under thesecontracts.
The concept of time-value-of-money is an important element in establishing retroactive reinsurance contract prices andterms since loss payments may occur over decades. Normally, expected ultimate losses payable under these policies are
expected to exceed premiums, thus producing underwriting losses. Nevertheless, this business is written, in part, because of
the large amounts of policyholder funds generated for investment, the economic benefit of which will be reflected throughinvestment results in future periods.
Periodic payment annuity
BHLN writes periodic payment annuity insurance policies and reinsures annuity-like obligations. Under these policies,
BHLN receives upfront consideration and agrees in the future to make periodic payments that often extend for decades. These
policies generally relate to the settlement of underlying personal injury or workers’ compensation claims of other insurers,
known as structured settlements. Consistent with retroactive reinsurance contracts, time-value-of-money is an important factor
in establishing annuity premiums, and underwriting losses are expected from the periodic accretion of time-value discounted
liabilities.
Investments of insurance businesses—Berkshire’s insurance subsidiaries hold significant levels of invested assets.
Investment portfolios are managed by Berkshire’s Chief Executive Officer and Berkshire’s other investment managers.
Investments include a very large portfolio of publicly traded equity securities, which is unusually concentrated in relatively
few issuers, as well as fixed maturity securities and cash and short-term investments. Generally, there are no targeted allocations
by investment type or attempts to match investment asset and insurance liability durations. However, investment portfolios
have historically included a much greater proportion of equity securities than is customary in the insurance industry.
Invested assets derive from shareholder capital as well as funds provided from policyholders through insurance andreinsurance business (“float”). Float is an approximation of the net policyholder funds generated through underwriting activities
that is held for investment. The major components of float are unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, life, annuity andhealth benefit liabilities, unearned premiums and other policyholder liabilities less premium and reinsurance receivables,
deferred policy acquisition costs and deferred charges on assumed retroactive reinsurance contracts. On a consolidated basis,
float has grown from approximately $114 billion at the end of 2017 to approximately $164 billion at the end of 2022. The costof float can be measured as the net pre-tax underwriting loss as a percentage of average float. The cost of float was nominal in
2022, reflecting a small underwriting loss. In 2021 and 2020, the cost of float was negative, reflecting underwriting earnings
in each of those years.
Railroad Business—Burlington Northern Santa Fe
Burlington Northern Santa Fe, LLC (“BNSF”) is based in Fort Worth, Texas, and through BNSF Railway Company(“BNSF Railway”) operates one of the largest railroad systems in North America. BNSF Railway had approximately 36,000
employees at the end of 2022, of whom approximately 31,000 were members of a labor union. BNSF also operates a relatively
smaller third-party logistics services business.
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In serving the Midwest, Pacific Northwest, Western, Southwestern and Southeastern regions and ports of the U.S., BNSF
transports a range of products and commodities derived from manufacturing, agricultural and natural resource industries.
Freight revenues are covered by contractual agreements of varying durations or common carrier published prices or company
quotations. BNSF’s financial performance is influenced by, among other things, general and industry economic conditions at
the international, national and regional levels.
BNSF’s primary routes, including trackage rights, allow it to access major cities and ports in the western and southern
U.S. as well as parts of Canada and Mexico. In addition to major cities and ports, BNSF Railway efficiently serves manysmaller markets by working closely with approximately 200 shortline railroads. BNSF Railway has also entered into marketing
agreements with other rail carriers, expanding the marketing reach for each railroad and their customers. For the year ending
December 31, 2022, 38% of freight revenues were derived from consumer products, 23% from industrial products, 23% fromagricultural products and 16% from coal.
Regulatory Matters
BNSF is subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations generally applicable to its businesses. Rail operations are
subject to the regulatory jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board (“STB”), the Federal Railroad Administration of theUnited States Department of Transportation (“DOT”), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”), theEnvironmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), as well as other federal and state regulatory agencies and Canadian regulatory
agencies for operations in Canada. The STB has jurisdiction over disputes and complaints involving certain rates, routes andservices, the sale or abandonment of rail lines, applications for line extensions and construction, and the merger with or
acquisition of control of rail common carriers. The outcome of STB proceedings can affect the profitability of BNSF Railway’s
business.
The DOT, OSHA, and EPA have jurisdiction under several federal statutes over a number of safety, health, andenvironmental aspects of rail operations, including the transportation of hazardous materials. BNSF Railway is required totransport these materials to the extent of its common carrier obligation. State agencies regulate some health, safety, andenvironmental aspects of rail operations in areas not otherwise preempted by federal law.
Environmental Matters
BNSF’s rail operations, as well as those of its competitors, are also subject to extensive federal, state and local
environmental regulations covering discharges to the ground or waters, air emissions, toxic substances and the generation,
handling, storage, transportation and disposal of waste and hazardous materials. Such regulations effectively increase the costs
and liabilities associated with rail operations. Environmental risks are also inherent in rail operations, which frequently involve
transporting chemicals and other hazardous materials.
Many of BNSF’s land holdings are or have been used for industrial or transportation-related purposes or leased tocommercial or industrial companies whose activities may have resulted in discharges onto the property. Under federal (inparticular, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act) and state statutes, BNSF may beheld jointly and severally liable for cleanup and enforcement costs associated with a particular site without regard to fault or
the legality of the original conduct. BNSF may also be subject to claims by third parties for investigation, cleanup, restorationor other environmental costs under environmental statutes or common law with respect to properties they own that have been
impacted by BNSF operations.
Consumption of diesel fuel by locomotives accounted for approximately 80% of BNSF’s greenhouse gas (“GHG”)
emissions in its baseline year of 2018. BNSF management has committed to a broad sustainability model, applying sciencebased approaches, that will provide a 30% reduction in BNSF’s GHG-emissions by 2030 from its baseline year of 2018. BNSF
intends to continue improvements in fuel efficiency and increased utilization of renewable diesel fuel. Long-term solutions,such as battery-electric and hydrogen locomotives, are also being evaluated and field-tested.
Competition
The business environment in which BNSF operates is highly competitive. Depending on the specific market, deregulated
motor carriers and other railroads, as well as river barges, ships and pipelines, may exert pressure on price and service levels.
The presence of advanced, high service truck lines with expedited delivery, subsidized infrastructure and minimal empty
mileage continues to affect the market for non-bulk, time-sensitive freight. The potential expansion of longer combination
vehicles could further encroach upon markets traditionally served by railroads. In order to remain competitive, BNSF Railway
and other railroads seek to develop and implement operating efficiencies to improve productivity.
As railroads streamline, rationalize and otherwise enhance their franchises, competition among rail carriers intensifies.
BNSF Railway’s primary rail competitor in the Western region of the U.S. is the Union Pacific Railroad Company. Other ClassI railroads and numerous regional railroads and motor carriers also operate in parts of the same territories served by BNSF
Railway.
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Utilities and Energy Businesses—Berkshire Hathaway Energy
Berkshire currently holds a 92% ownership interest in Berkshire Hathaway Energy Company (“BHE”), based in Des
Moines, Iowa. BHE is a global energy company with subsidiaries and affiliates that generate, transmit, store, distribute andsupply energy. BHE’s domestic regulated energy interests are comprised of four regulated U.S. utility companies (collectively,“U.S. utilities”) serving approximately 5.2 million retail customers and five U.S. interstate natural gas pipeline companies withapproximately 21,200 miles of operated pipeline having a design capacity of approximately 21 billion cubic feet of natural gas
per day. Other energy businesses include electric transmission and distribution operations in Great Britain and Canada, adiversified portfolio of mostly renewable independent power projects and investments, and a liquefied natural gas export,
import and storage facility. BHE also owns a residential real estate brokerage firm in the U.S. and a large network of residential
real estate brokerage franchises in the U.S. BHE employs approximately 24,000 people in connection with its various
operations.
General Matters
BHE’s U.S. utilities include PacifiCorp, MidAmerican Energy Company (“MEC”) and NV Energy, Inc.’s (“NVEnergy”) two regulated utility subsidiaries, Nevada Power Company (“Nevada Power”) and Sierra Pacific Power Company(“Sierra Pacific”). PacifiCorp is a regulated electric utility company headquartered in Oregon, serving electric customers in
portions of Utah, Oregon, Wyoming, Washington, Idaho and California. The combined service territory’s diverse regional
economy ranges from rural, agricultural and mining areas to urban, manufacturing and government service centers. No single
segment of the economy dominates the combined service territory, which helps mitigate PacifiCorp’s exposure to economic
fluctuations. In addition to retail sales, PacifiCorp sells electricity on a wholesale basis.
MEC is a regulated electric and natural gas utility company headquartered in Iowa, serving electric and natural gas
customers primarily in Iowa and also in portions of Illinois, South Dakota and Nebraska. MEC has a diverse retail customer
base consisting of urban and rural residential customers and a variety of commercial and industrial customers. In addition toretail sales and natural gas transportation, MEC sells electricity and natural gas on a wholesale basis.
Nevada Power serves retail electric customers in southern Nevada and Sierra Pacific serves retail electric and natural gas
customers in northern Nevada. The combined Nevada Power/Sierra Pacific service territory economy includes gaming, mining,
recreation, warehousing, manufacturing and governmental services. In addition to retail sales and natural gas transportation,these utilities sell electricity and natural gas on a wholesale basis.
As vertically integrated utilities, BHE’s U.S. utilities collectively own approximately 29,500 net megawatts of generation
capacity in operation and under construction. The U.S. utilities’ business is subject to seasonal variations principally related tothe use of electricity for air conditioning and natural gas for heating. Typically, regulated electric revenues are higher in thesummer months, while regulated natural gas revenues are higher in the winter months.
The natural gas pipelines consist of BHE GT&S, LLC (“BHE GT&S”), Northern Natural Gas Company (“Northern
Natural”) and Kern River Gas Transmission Company (“Kern River”). BHE GT&S was acquired on November 1, 2020.
BHE GT&S, based in Virginia, operates three interstate natural gas pipeline systems that consist of approximately 5,400
miles of natural gas transmission, gathering and storage pipelines and operates seventeen underground natural gas storage fields
in the eastern region of the U.S. BHE GT&S’s large underground natural gas storage assets and pipeline systems are part of aninterconnected gas transmission network that provides transportation services to utilities and numerous other customers. BHE
GT&S is also an industry leader in liquefied natural gas solutions through its investments in and ownership of several liquefied
natural gas facilities located throughout the eastern region of the U.S.
Northern Natural, based in Nebraska, operates the largest interstate natural gas pipeline system in the U.S., as measuredby pipeline miles, reaching from west Texas to Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. Northern Natural’s pipeline system consists ofapproximately 14,400 miles of natural gas pipelines. Northern Natural’s extensive pipeline system, which is interconnectedwith many interstate and intrastate pipelines in the national grid system, has access to supplies from multiple major supply
basins and provides transportation services to utilities and numerous other customers. Northern Natural also operates three
underground natural gas storage facilities and two liquefied natural gas storage peaking units. Northern Natural’s pipeline
system experiences significant seasonal swings in demand and revenue, with the highest demand typically occurring during themonths of November through March.
Kern River, based in Utah, operates an interstate natural gas pipeline system that consists of approximately 1,400 miles
and extends from supply areas in the Rocky Mountains to consuming markets in Utah, Nevada and California. Kern Rivertransports natural gas for electric and natural gas distribution utilities, major oil and natural gas companies or affiliates of suchcompanies, electric generating companies, energy marketing and trading companies, and financial institutions.

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Other energy businesses include Northern Powergrid (Northeast) plc and Northern Powergrid (Yorkshire) plc, which
own a substantial electricity distribution network that delivers electricity to end-users in northeast England in an area covering
approximately 10,000 square miles. These distribution companies primarily charge supply companies regulated tariffs for theuse of their distribution systems and serve about 4.0 million electricity end-users. AltaLink L.P. (“AltaLink”) is a regulated
electric transmission-only utility company headquartered in Calgary, Alberta. AltaLink’s high voltage transmission lines andrelated facilities transmit electricity from generating facilities to major load centers, cities and large industrial plants throughout
its 87,000 square mile service territory. AltaLink serves approximately 85% of Alberta’s population. BHE and its subsidiaries,
also own interests in independent power projects having approximately 6,000 net megawatts of generation capacity that are inservice in California, Texas, Illinois, Nebraska, Montana, Australia, New York, Arizona, Canada, Minnesota, Kansas, Iowa
and Hawaii. These independent power projects sell power generated primarily from wind, solar, geothermal and hydro sources
under long-term contracts. Additionally, $7.3 billion has been invested in wind projects sponsored by third parties, commonlyreferred to as tax equity investments.
Regulatory Matters
The U.S. utilities are subject to comprehensive regulation by various federal, state and local agencies. The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) is an independent agency with broad authority to implement provisions of the Federal
Power Act, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and other federal statutes. The FERC regulates rates for wholesale sales of electricity;transmission of electricity, including pricing and regional planning for the expansion of transmission systems; electric system
reliability; utility holding companies; accounting and records retention; securities issuances; construction and operation ofhydroelectric facilities; and other matters. The FERC also has the enforcement authority to assess civil penalties of up to $1.5
million per day per violation of rules, regulations and orders issued under the Federal Power Act. MEC is also subject toregulation by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission pursuant to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, with respect to its
25% ownership of the Quad Cities Nuclear Station.
With certain limited exceptions, the U.S. utilities have an exclusive right to serve retail customers within their service
territories and, in turn, have an obligation to provide service to those customers. In some jurisdictions, certain classes ofcustomers may choose to purchase all or a portion of their energy from alternative energy suppliers, and in some jurisdictions
retail customers can generate all or a portion of their own energy. Historically, state regulatory commissions have establishedretail electric and natural gas rates on a cost-of-service basis, which are designed to allow a utility the opportunity to recoverwhat each state regulatory commission deems to be the utility’s reasonable costs of providing services, including a fair
opportunity to earn a reasonable return on its investments based on its cost of debt and equity. The retail electric rates of U.S.
utilities are generally based on the cost of providing traditional bundled services, including generation, transmission anddistribution services; however, rates are available for transmission-only and distribution-only services.
Northern Powergrid (Northeast) plc and Northern Powergrid (Yorkshire) plc each charge fees for the use of theirdistribution systems that are controlled by a formula prescribed by the British electricity regulatory body, the Gas and Electricity
Markets Authority. The current eight-year price control period runs from April 1, 2015 through March 31, 2023 and the next
price control period is set for the five-year period ending March 31, 2028.
AltaLink is regulated by the Alberta Utilities Commission (“AUC”), pursuant to the Electric Utilities Act (Alberta), thePublic Utilities Act (Alberta), the Alberta Utilities Commission Act (Alberta) and the Hydro and Electric Energy Act (Alberta).
The AUC is an independent quasi-judicial agency, which regulates and oversees Alberta’s electricity transmission sector withbroad authority that may impact many of AltaLink’s activities, including its tariffs, rates, construction, operations andfinancing. Under the Electric Utilities Act, AltaLink prepares and files applications with the AUC for approval of tariffs to be
paid by the Alberta Electric System Operator (“AESO”) for the use of its transmission facilities, and the terms and conditions
governing the use of those facilities. The AESO is an independent system operator in Alberta, Canada that oversees Alberta’s
integrated electrical system (“AIES”) and wholesale electricity market. The AESO is responsible for directing the safe, reliable
and economic operation of the AIES, including long-term transmission system planning.
The natural gas pipelines are subject to regulation by various federal and state agencies. The natural gas pipeline andstorage operations of BHE GT&S, Northern Natural and Kern River are regulated by the FERC pursuant to the Natural Gas
Act and the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978. Under this authority, the FERC regulates, among other items, (a) rates, charges,
terms and conditions of service; (b) the construction and operation of interstate pipelines, storage and related facilities, including
the extension, expansion or abandonment of such facilities; and (c) the construction and operation of liquefied natural gas
export/import facilities. Interstate natural gas pipeline companies are also subject to regulations administered by the Office ofPipeline Safety within the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, an agency of the DOT. Federal pipeline
safety regulations are issued pursuant to the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968, as amended, which establishes safety
requirements in the design, construction, operation and maintenance of interstate natural gas pipeline facilities.

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Environmental Matters
BHE and its energy businesses are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations regarding air quality,
climate change, emissions performance standards, water quality, coal ash disposal and other environmental matters that havethe potential to impact current and future operations. In addition to imposing continuing compliance obligations, these laws
and regulations, such as the Federal Clean Air Act, provide regulators with the authority to levy substantial penalties fornoncompliance, including fines, injunctive relief and other sanctions.
The Federal Clean Air Act, as well as state laws and regulations impacting air emissions, provides a framework forprotecting and improving the nation’s air quality and controlling sources of air emissions. These laws and regulations continue
to be promulgated and implemented and will impact the operation of BHE’s generating facilities and require them to reduce
emissions at those facilities to comply with the requirements. In addition, the potential adoption of state or federal clean energy
standards, which include low-carbon, non-carbon and renewable electricity generating resources, may also impact electricity
generators and natural gas providers.
In December 2015, an international agreement was negotiated by 195 nations to create a universal framework forcoordinated action on climate change in what is referred to as the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement reaffirms the goal of
limiting global temperature increase well below 2 degrees Celsius, while urging efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees
Celsius and reaching a global peak of GHG emissions as soon as possible to achieve climate neutrality by mid-century;
establishes commitments by all parties to make nationally determined contributions and pursue domestic measures aimed atachieving the commitments; commits all countries to submit emissions inventories and report regularly on their emissions andprogress made in implementing and achieving their nationally determined commitments; and commits all countries to submit
new commitments every five years, with the expectation that the commitments will be more aggressive in reducing GHG
emissions. In the context of the Paris Agreement, the U.S. agreed to reduce GHG emissions by 26% to 28% from 2005 levels
by 2025. The Paris Agreement formally became effective on November 4, 2016; however, the U.S. completed its withdrawal
from the Paris Agreement on November 4, 2020. President Biden accepted the terms of the climate agreement on January 20,
2021, and the U.S. completed its reentry on February 19, 2021. New commitments to the Paris Agreement were announced in
April 2021, with the U.S. pledging to cut its overall GHG emissions by 50% to 52% from 2005 levels by 2030 and to reach
100% carbon pollution-free electricity by 2035. Increasingly, states are adopting legislation and regulations to reduce GHG
emissions, and local governments and consumers are seeking increasing amounts of clean and renewable energy.
On June 19, 2019, the EPA repealed the Clean Power Plan and issued the Affordable Clean Energy rule. In the Affordable
Clean Energy rule, the EPA determined that the best system of emissions reduction for existing coal fueled power plants is heatrate improvements and identified a set of candidate technologies and measures that could improve heat rates. Measures taken
to meet the standards of performance must be achieved at the source itself. On January 19, 2021, the D.C. Circuit Court ofAppeals vacated the Affordable Clean Energy rule in its entirety. In October 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear an
appeal of that decision. Arguments in the case were held in February 2022 and on June 30, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court
issued its decision regarding the scope of the EPA’s authority to regulate GHG emissions under the Clean Air Act. The U.S.
Supreme Court held that the “generation shifting” approach in the Clean Power Plan exceeded the powers granted to the EPA
by Congress, although the court did not address whether the EPA may only adopt measures applied at the individual source as
it did in the Affordable Clean Energy rule. The Biden administration plans to propose a replacement to the Clean Power Planand Affordable Clean Energy rule by April 2023.
In November 2021, the EPA proposed rules that would reduce methane emissions from both new and existing sourcesin the oil and natural gas industry. The proposals would expand and strengthen emission reduction requirements for new,modified and reconstructed oil and natural gas sources and would require states to reduce methane emissions from existingsources nationwide. The EPA issued a supplemental proposal in November 2022 to further strengthen emission requirements
and intends to finalize the rules by fall 2023.
BHE and its energy subsidiaries continue to focus on delivering reliable, affordable, safe and clean energy to its
customers and on actions to mitigate its GHG emissions. BHE’s primary source of GHG emissions is the generation ofelectricity from its power plants that are fueled by coal or natural gas. In managing its electricity generation, BHE works with
its regulators to protect the energy and economic needs of customers by considering costs, reliability and sources of electric
generation. Over the years, BHE has invested heavily in owned wind, solar and geothermal generation, with cumulative
investments of $31.6 billion through 2022 and has retired 16 coal generation units. As a result, as of December 31, 2022, BHE
reduced its annual GHG emissions by more than 27% as compared to 2005 levels. BHE plans to continue investing in wind,solar and other low-carbon generation in the future and to retire an additional 16 coal generation units between 2023 and 2030
in a reliable and cost-effective manner, thereby achieving a 50% reduction in GHG emissions from 2005 levels in 2030.

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Non-Energy Businesses
HomeServices of America, Inc. (“HomeServices”) is a residential real estate brokerage firm in the U.S. In addition toproviding traditional residential real estate brokerage services, HomeServices offers other integrated real estate services,
including mortgage originations and mortgage banking, title and closing services, insurance, home warranties, relocation
services and other home-related services. It operates under 55 brand names with approximately 45,000 real estate agents innearly 930 brokerage offices in 33 states and the District of Columbia.
HomeServices’ franchise network currently includes approximately 300 franchisees and over 1,500 brokerage offices
with nearly 51,000 real estate agents under two brand names, primarily in the U.S. In exchange for certain fees, HomeServices
provides the right to use the Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices or Real Living brand names and other related service marks,
as well as providing orientation programs, training and consultation services, advertising programs and other services.
HomeServices’ principal sources of revenue are dependent on residential real estate sales, which are generally higher inthe second and third quarters of each year. This business is highly competitive and subject to general real estate market
conditions.
Manufacturing Businesses
Berkshire’s numerous and diverse manufacturing subsidiaries are grouped into three categories: (1) industrial products,(2) building products and (3) consumer products. Berkshire’s industrial products businesses manufacture components foraerospace and power generation applications, specialty chemicals, metal cutting tools, and a variety of other products primarily
for industrial use. The building products group produces prefabricated and site-built residential homes, flooring products,
insulation, roofing and engineered products, building and engineered components, paint and coatings and bricks and masonry
products. The consumer products group manufactures and distributes recreational vehicles, batteries, and various apparel,
footwear and other products. Information concerning the major activities of these three groups follows. Berkshire’s
manufacturing businesses employed approximately 191,000 people at the end of 2022.
Industrial products
Precision Castparts
Precision Castparts Corp. (“PCC”), based in Lake Oswego, Oregon, manufactures complex metal components andproducts, provides high-quality investment castings, forgings, fasteners/fastener systems and aerostructures for criticalaerospace and power and energy applications. PCC also manufactures investment castings and forgings for general industrial,
armament, medical and other applications; nickel and titanium alloys in all standard mill forms from large ingots and billets toplate, foil, sheet, strip, tubing, bar, rod, extruded shapes, rod-in-coil, wire and welding consumables, as well as cobalt alloys,
for the aerospace, chemical processing, oil and gas, pollution control and other industries; fasteners for automotive and generalindustrial markets; specialty alloys for the investment casting and forging industries; heat treating and destructive testing
services for the investment cast products and forging industries; grinder pumps and affiliated components for low-pressure
sewer systems; critical auxiliary equipment and gas monitoring systems for the power generation industry; and metalworking
tools for the fastener market and other applications.
Investment casting technology involves a multi-step process that uses ceramic molds in the manufacture of metalcomponents with more complex shapes, closer tolerances and finer surface finishes than parts manufactured using othermethods. PCC uses this process to manufacture products for aircraft engines, industrial gas turbine and other aeroderivativeengines, airframes, medical implants, armament, unmanned aerial vehicles and other industrial applications. PCC also
manufactures high temperature carbon and ceramic composite components, including ceramic matrix composites, for use innext-generation aerospace engines.
PCC uses forging processes to manufacture components for the aerospace and power generation markets. PCC
manufactures high-performance, nickel-based alloys, as well as titanium alloys and products. PCC’s nickel-based alloys areused to produce forged components and investment castings for aerospace and non-aerospace applications in such markets as
oil and gas, chemical processing and pollution control. PCC’s titanium products are used to manufacture components for thecommercial and military aerospace, power generation, energy, medical, and industrial end markets.
PCC is also a leading developer and manufacturer of highly engineered fasteners, fastener systems, aerostructures andprecision components, primarily for critical aerospace applications. These products are produced for the aerospace and powerand energy markets, as well as for construction, automotive, heavy truck, farm machinery, mining and construction equipment,
shipbuilding, machine tools, medical equipment, appliances and recreation markets.

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PCC has several significant customers, including aerospace original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) (Boeing andAirbus) and aircraft engine manufacturer suppliers (General Electric, Rolls Royce and Pratt &Whitney). The majority of PCC’ssales are from customer orders or demand schedules pursuant to long-term agreements. Contractual terms may provide fortermination by the customer, subject to payment for work performed. PCC typically does not experience significant ordercancellations, although periodically it receives requests for delays in delivery schedules.
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic produced significant adverse effects on the PCC aerospace business in 2020 and
2021. The sudden and material reductions in air travel led to aircraft build rate reductions and customer destocking at
extraordinary rates. Further, production delays in Boeing’s 737 MAX and 787 programs during this time also adversely
impacted PCC over the past three years.
While commercial air travel increased in both the U.S. and international markets during 2022, traffic remains below preCOVID-19 pandemic levels, especially for international routes. Further recovery could be uneven, in the event of new COVID19 variant developments and related travel restrictions, as well as from the changes in supply chain conditions, including theavailability of workers. Commercial aircraft delivery rates by OEMs of narrow-body aircraft have rebounded since the onsetof the pandemic. However, deliveries of wide-body aircraft remain relatively low, in part attributable to the pause in the Boeing
787 program, which resumed deliveries in the third quarter of 2022. Long-term industry forecasts continue to show growth andstrong demand for air travel and aerospace products.
PCC is subject to substantial competition in all of its markets. Components and similar products may be produced bycompetitors, who use either the same types of manufacturing processes as PCC or other processes. Although PCC believes its
manufacturing processes, technology and experience provide its customers advantages, such as high quality, competitive prices
and physical properties that often meet more stringent demands, alternative forms of manufacturing can be used to produce
many of the same components and products. Nevertheless, PCC is a leading supplier in most of its principal markets. Several
factors, including long-standing customer relationships, technical expertise, state-of-the-art facilities and dedicated employees,
aid PCC in maintaining competitive advantages.
Several raw materials used in PCC products, including certain metals such as nickel, titanium, cobalt, tantalum andmolybdenum, are found in only a few parts of the world. These metals are required for the alloys used in manufactured products.
The availability and costs of these metals may be influenced by private or governmental cartels, changes in world politics, labor
relations between the metal producers and their workforces and inflation.
PCC is currently subject to various federal, state and foreign environmental laws concerning, among other things, water
discharges, air emissions, waste management, toxic materials use reduction and environmental cleanup. Laws and regulations
continue to evolve, and it is reasonably possible that environmental standards will become more stringent in the future,
particularly under air quality and water quality laws and standards related to climate change, including reporting of GHG
emissions. As a result, it is also reasonably likely that PCC will be regularly required to make additional expenditures, including
capital expenditures, which could be significant, relating to environmental matters.
Lubrizol
The Lubrizol Corporation (“Lubrizol”), headquartered in Wickliffe, Ohio, is a specialty chemical and performancematerials company that manufactures products and supplies technologies for the global transportation, industrial and consumer
markets. Lubrizol currently operates two business segments: Lubrizol Additives, which produces engine lubricant additives,
driveline lubricant additives and industrial specialties products; and Lubrizol Advanced Materials, which includes engineeredmaterials (engineered polymers and performance coatings) and life sciences (beauty and personal care, and health and homecare solutions).
Lubrizol Additives’ products are used in a broad range of applications including engine oils, transmission fluids, gearoils, specialty driveline lubricants, fuels, metalworking fluids and compressor lubricants for transportation and industrial
applications. Lubrizol Advanced Materials’ products are used in many different types of applications including beauty, personalcare, home care, over-the-counter pharmaceuticals, medical devices, performance coatings, sporting goods, plumbing and firesprinkler systems. Lubrizol is an industry leader in many of the markets in which it competes, and its principal lubricant
additives competitors are Infineum International Ltd., Chevron Oronite Company and Afton Chemical Corporation. Lubrizol
Advanced Materials’ businesses compete in many markets with a variety of competitors in each product line.
With its considerable patent portfolio, Lubrizol uses its technological leadership position and applies its sciencecapabilities, formulation know-how and market expertise in product development to improve the demand, quality and value of
its solutions. Lubrizol also leverages its scientific and applications knowledge to meet and exceed customer performance andsustainability requirements. While Lubrizol typically has patents that expire each year, it invests resources to protect its
intellectual property and to develop or acquire innovative products for the markets it serves. Lubrizol uses many specialty andcommodity chemical raw materials in its manufacturing processes. Raw materials are primarily feedstocks derived frompetroleum and petrochemicals and, generally, are obtainable from several sources. The materials that Lubrizol chooses topurchase from a single source typically are subject to long-term supply contracts to ensure supply reliability.
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Lubrizol operates its business on a global basis through more than 100 offices, laboratories, production facilities andwarehouses on six continents, the most significant of which are North America, Europe, Asia and South America. Lubrizol
markets its products worldwide through direct sales, sales agents and distributors. Lubrizol’s customers principally consist ofmajor global and regional oil companies and industrial and consumer products companies. Some of Lubrizol’s largest
customers also may be suppliers. During 2022, no single customer accounted for more than 10% of Lubrizol’s consolidated
revenues. In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic, supply chain disruptions, severe weather and fires at certain Lubrizol
facilities affected the availability of raw materials and fulfillment of customer orders and otherwise disrupted Lubrizol’s
operations.
Lubrizol expends significant capital to ensure the safety of its employees and the communities where it operates, as well
as delivering on its commitments to operational excellence and cybersecurity. Lubrizol also makes significant capital
investments to ensure reliable supply and compliance with regulations governing its operations, while reducing theirenvironmental footprint.
Lubrizol is subject to foreign, federal, state and local laws to protect the environment, limit manufacturing waste andemissions, ensure product and employee safety and regulate trade. While the company believes that its policies, practices andprocedures are designed to limit the associated risks and consequent financial liability, the operation of chemical manufacturing
plants entails inherent environmental, safety and other risks, and significant capital expenditures, costs or liabilities could beincurred in the future.
IMC International Metalworking Companies
IMC International Metalworking Companies (“IMC”) is one of the three largest multinational manufacturers ofconsumable precision carbide metal cutting tools for applications in a broad range of industrial end markets. IMC’s principal
brand names include ISCAR®, TaeguTec®, Ingersoll®, Tungaloy®, Unitac®, UOP®, It.te.di®, Qutiltec®, Tool—Flo®,
PCT®, IMCO® and BSW. IMC’s primary manufacturing facilities are located in Israel, the U.S., South Korea, Japan,
Germany, Italy, Switzerland, India and China.
IMC has five primary product lines: milling tools, gripping tools, turning/thread tools, drilling tools and tooling. The
main products are split within each product line between consumable cemented tungsten carbide inserts and steel tool holders.
Inserts comprise a major portion of IMC’s sales and earnings. Metal cutting inserts are used by industrial manufacturers to cut
metals and are consumed during their use in cutting applications. IMC manufactures hundreds of types of highly engineered
inserts within each product line that are tailored to maximize productivity and meet the technical requirements of customers.
IMC’s staff of scientists and engineers continuously develop and innovate products that address end user needs andrequirements.
IMC’s global sales and marketing network operates in nearly every major manufacturing center around the world, staffedwith highly skilled engineers and technical personnel. IMC’s customer base is very diverse, with its primary customers being
large, multinational businesses in the automotive, aerospace, engineering and machinery industries. IMC operates a regional
central warehouse system with locations in Israel, the U.S., Belgium, Korea, Japan and China. Additional small quantities of
products are maintained at local IMC sales offices to provide on-time customer support and inventory management.
IMC competes in the metal cutting tools segment of the global metalworking tools market. The segment includes
hundreds of participants who range from small, private manufacturers of specialized products for niche applications andmarkets to larger, global multinational businesses (such as Sandvik and Kennametal, Inc.) with a wide assortment of products
and extensive distribution networks. Other manufacturing companies such as Kyocera, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Ceratizit andKorloy also play a significant role in the cutting tool market.
Cemented tungsten carbide powder is the main raw material used in manufacturing cutting tools. Most of IMC’s insert
products are made from tungsten. While supplies are currently adequate, a significant disruption or constraints in production
processing facilities could cause reduced availability and increased prices.
IMC is committed to following and complying with all government and environmental rules, regulations andrequirements and applicable laws. IMC considers environmental preservation and pollution prevention as important factors inall operations and activities. IMC production facilities are built with the highest standards and follow all applicable regulations.

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MarmonMarmon Holdings, Inc. (“Marmon”), headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, is a global industrial organization comprisingeleven diverse business groups and more than 100 autonomous manufacturing and service businesses. Marmon’s
manufacturing and service operations are conducted at approximately 400 manufacturing, distribution and service facilities
located primarily in the U.S., as well as 18 other countries worldwide. Marmon’s business groups are as follows.
Foodservice Technologies manufactures beverage dispensing and cooling equipment, hot and cold food preparation andholding equipment and related products for restaurants, global brand owners and other foodservice providers. Operations are
based in the U.S. with manufacturing facilities in the U.S., Mexico, China, Czech Republic and Italy. Products are sold primarily
throughout the U.S., Europe and Asia.
Water Technologies manufactures water treatment equipment for residential, commercial and industrial applications
worldwide. Operations are based primarily in the U.S., Canada, China, Singapore, India and Poland with business centers
located in Belgium, France, Germany, the U.K. and Italy.
Transportation Products serves the automotive, heavy-duty highway transportation and aerospace industries with
precision-molded plastic components; fastener thread solutions; metal tubing; auto aftermarket transmission and chassis
products; platform and lowbed trailers; and truck and trailer components. Operations and business are conducted primarily in
the U.S., Mexico, Canada, Europe and Asia.
Retail Solutions provides retail environment design services; in-store digital merchandising, dispensing and display
fixtures; shopping, material handling and security carts. Operations and business are conducted in the U.S., the U.K. and Czech
Republic.
Metal Services provides specialty metal pipe, tubing and related value-added services to customers across a broad range
of industries. Operations are based in the U.S., Canada and Mexico and business is conducted primarily in those countries.
Electrical produces electrical wire for use in residential and commercial buildings, and specialty wire and cable for use
in energy, transit, aerospace, defense, communication and other industrial applications. Operations are based in the U.S.,
Canada, India and England. Business is conducted globally and primarily in the U.S., Canada, India, the U.K., U.A.E. andChina.
Plumbing & Refrigeration supplies copper tubing and copper, brass, aluminum and stainless-steel fittings andcomponents for the plumbing, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and refrigeration markets; custom coils,
ducting, air handling units and heat pipe for the HVAC market; HVAC systems and structures for military, nuclear and medical
markets and aluminum and brass forgings for many commercial and industrial applications. Business and operations are
conducted primarily in the U.S., Canada and the U.K.
Industrial Products supplies construction fasteners; masonry and stone anchoring systems used in commercial
construction; two component polymer products for anchoring, bonding and repair applications, gloves and other protective
wear; gear drives, gearboxes, fan and pump drives for various markets; wind machines for agricultural use; wheels, axles andgears for rail, mining and other applications; lighting products for industrial and mining; and equipment for the manufacture
and assembly of lead acid batteries. Operations are primarily based in the U.S., the U.K., Canada and China and business isconducted in those countries.
Rail & Leasing manufactures, leases and maintains railcars; leases intermodal tank containers; manufactures mobile
railcar movers; provides in-plant rail switching and loading services; performs track construction and maintenance; andmanufactures steel tank heads and cylinders.
Union Tank Car Company (“UTLX”) is the largest component of the Rail & Leasing group and is a leading designer,builder and full-service lessor of railroad tank cars and other specialized railcars. Together with its Canadian affiliate Procor,
UTLX owns a fleet of approximately 120,000 railcars for lease to customers in chemical, petrochemical, energy andagricultural/food industries. UTLX manufactures tank cars in the U.S. and performs railcar maintenance services at more than
100 locations across North America.
UTLX has a diversified customer base, both geographically and across industries. UTLX, while subject to cyclicality
and significant competition in most of its markets, competes by offering a broad range of high-quality products and services
targeted at its niche markets. Railcars are typically leased for multiple-year terms and most of the leases are renewed upon
expiration. Due to selective ongoing capital investment, utilization rates (the number of railcars on lease as a percentage of thetotal fleet) of the railcar fleet are generally high.
Intermodal tank containers are leased through EXSIF Worldwide. EXSIF is a leading international lessor of intermodaltank containers with a fleet of approximately 74,000 units, primarily serving chemical producers and logistics operators. In
May 2022, EXSIF exited its Russia business, which resulted in the sale of approximately 7,300 intermodal tank containers.
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Crane Services is a provider of mobile cranes and operators in North America and Australia with a combined fleet of
approximately 1,100 cranes, primarily serving the energy, mining, petrochemical and infrastructure markets. Cranes are leasedon either a fully operated and maintained service basis or on an equipment-only basis. The Crane Services group is subject tocustomer seasonality, with typical concentration of volume in the warmer months.
Medical develops, manufactures and distributes a wide range of innovative medical devices in the extremities fixation,
craniomaxillofacial surgery, neurosurgery, biologics, aesthetics and powered instruments markets. The group’s leading-edge
medical technology and products are used globally to help improve patient care and outcomes. Operations are based in the
U.S., Europe and China and business is conducted primarily in North and South America, Europe, Asia and Australia.
Certain Marmon businesses, including the Rail and Medical groups, are subject to government regulation and oversight.
Marmon has numerous known environmental matters which are subject to on-going monitoring and/or remediation efforts.
Marmon follows all federal, state and local environmental regulations.
Other industrial products
CTB International Corp. (“CTB”), headquartered in Milford, Indiana, is a leading global designer, manufacturer andmarketer of a wide range of agricultural systems and solutions for preserving grain, producing poultry, pigs and eggs, and forprocessing poultry, fish, vegetables and other foods. CTB operates from facilities located around the globe and supports
customers through a worldwide network of independent distributors and dealers.
CTB competes with a variety of manufacturers and suppliers, including many that offer only a limited number of the
products offered by CTB, as well as a few that offer products across several of CTB’s product lines. Competition is based on
the price, value, reputation, quality and design of the products offered and the customer service provided by distributors, dealers
and manufacturers of the products. CTB’s leading brand names, distribution network, diversified product line, product supportand high-quality products enable it to compete effectively. CTB manufactures its products primarily from galvanized steel,steel wire, stainless steel and polymer materials. The availability of these materials in recent years has been adequate.
LiquidPower Specialty Products Inc. (“LSPI”), headquartered in Houston, Texas, is a global leader in the science of dragreduction application (“DRA”) technology by maximizing the flow potential of pipelines, increasing operational flexibility andthroughput capacity, and efficiencies for customers. LSPI develops innovative flow improver solutions with customers in over
20 countries on five continents, treating over 50 million barrels of hydrocarbon liquids per day. LSPI’s DRA offering is part ofa comprehensive, full-service solution that encompasses industry-leading technology, quality manufacturing, technical support
and consulting, a reliable supply chain, injection equipment and field service. LSPI is subject to foreign, federal, state and local
laws to protect the environment and limit manufacturing waste and emissions.
The Scott Fetzer companies are a group of businesses that manufacture, distribute, service and finance a wide variety of
products for residential, industrial and institutional use. The industrial products group also includes certain manufacturingsubsidiaries of Alleghany acquired in October 2022. The Alleghany businesses include the structural steel fabrication products
business conducted through W&W|AFCO Steel. Additionally, the Alleghany businesses included certain other smaller
manufacturers that primarily became part of Marmon.
Building Products
ClaytonClayton Homes, Inc. (“Clayton”), headquartered near Knoxville, Tennessee, is a vertically integrated housing company
offering traditional site-built homes and off-site (factory) built housing, including modular, manufactured, CrossMod™ andtiny homes. In 2022, Clayton delivered approximately 53,000 off-site built and 11,750 site-built homes. Clayton also offers
home financing and insurance products and competes on price, service, location and delivery capabilities.
All Clayton Built® off-site built homes are designed, engineered and assembled in the U.S. As of December 2022, offsite backlog was $256 million, down 82% from the prior year end. Clayton sells off-site built homes through independent andcompany-owned home centers, realtors and subdivision channels. Clayton considers its ability to offer financing to retailpurchasers a factor affecting the marketplace acceptance of its off-site built homes. Clayton’s financing programs utilize
proprietary loan underwriting guidelines to evaluate loan applicants.
Since 2015, Clayton’s site-built division, Clayton Properties Group, has expanded through the acquisition of ninebuilders across 18 states with over 310 subdivisions, supplementing the portfolio of housing products offered to customers.
Clayton’s site-builders currently own and control approximately 70,000 homesites, with a home order backlog of approximately$1.4 billion as of December 2022.

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Historically, access to key housing inputs such as lumber, steel and resin products has been adequate. During 2021 andthe first half of 2022, the availability and pricing of these and other inputs was volatile. Input shortages coupled with reduced
labor and subcontractor availability increased the time needed to construct a home, increasing the levels of work-in-process
inventory. These constraints began to lessen in the latter half of 2022 due to improved availability and pricing of key inputs,
increased order cancellations and lower overall demand for new home construction.
Clayton’s building products business has benefited in recent years from the low interest rate environment. However,interest rates in the U.S. increased significantly during 2022, which contributed to slowing demand for new home construction.
Clayton’s home building business regularly makes capital and non-capital expenditures with respect to compliance withfederal, state and local environmental regulations, primarily related to erosion control, permitting and stormwater protection
for site-built home subdivisions. The financing business originates and services loans which are federally regulated by theConsumer Financial Protection Bureau, various state regulatory agencies and reviewed by the U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development, the Government National Mortgage Association and government-sponsored enterprises.
Shaw
Shaw Industries Group, Inc. (“Shaw”), headquartered in Dalton, Georgia, is a leading manufacturer and distributor of
carpet, carpet tile, and hard surface flooring products. Shaw designs and manufactures over 4,000 styles of tufted carpet, woodand resilient flooring for residential and commercial use under about 30 brand and trade names and under certain private labels.
Soft and hard surface products are available in a broad range of patterns, colors and textures. Shaw’s carpet manufacturing
operations are fully integrated from the processing of raw materials used to make fiber through to the finishing. Shaw’s flooringbusinesses are primarily in the U.S. and it also manufactures in China and the U.K. and distributes carpet tile throughout Europe
and Southeast Asia. Shaw manufactures or distributes a variety of hardwood, wood plastic composite (WPC), stone plastic
composite (SPC), vinyl and laminate floor products (“hard surfaces”). Shaw’s Integrated Solutions business also provides
project management and installation services.
Shaw operates Shaw Sports Turf , Sawgrass and Southwest Greens International, LLC, which provide synthetic sports
turf, golf greens and landscape turf products. Since 2021, Shaw’s businesses include Watershed Geosynthetics, LLC, whichsells innovative and patented environmental solutions for utility, waste management, erosion control and mining industries.
Shaw products are sold wholesale to over 46,000 retailers, distributors and commercial users throughout the U.S.,
Canada, Mexico and the U.K. Products are also exported to various overseas markets. Shaw’s wholesale products are marketed
domestically by over 2,000 salaried and commissioned sales personnel directly to retailers and distributors and to large national
accounts. Shaw’s seven carpet and nine hard surface facilities, one sample full-service distribution facility, three sample satellite
locations and 30 redistribution centers, along with centralized management information systems, enable it to provide promptand efficient delivery of its products to both its retail customers and wholesale distributors.
Substantially all carpet manufactured by Shaw is tufted carpet made from nylon, polypropylene and polyester, as well as
recycled materials. During 2022, Shaw processed approximately 89% of its requirements for carpet yarn in its own yarnprocessing facilities. The availability of raw materials is adequate, but costs are impacted by petro-chemical and natural gas
price changes. A significant portion of Shaw’s soft-flooring raw materials derive from recycled sources. Raw material costchanges are periodically factored into selling prices to customers.
The soft floor covering industry is highly competitive with only a handful of major competitors domestically. There are
numerous manufacturers, domestically and internationally, that are engaged in the hard surfaces flooring sector. According toindustry estimates, carpet accounts for approximately 41% of the total U.S. consumption of all flooring types. The principal
competitive measures within the floor covering industry are quality, style, price and service.
Johns ManvilleJohns Manville Corporation (“JM”), headquartered in Denver, Colorado, is a leading manufacturer and marketer ofpremium-quality products for building insulation, mechanical and industrial insulation, commercial roofing and roof insulation,
as well as reinforcement fiberglass and technical nonwovens. JM serves markets that include aerospace, automotive andtransportation, air handling, appliance, HVAC, pipe and equipment, air and liquid filtration, waterproofing, building, flooring,interiors and wind energy. Fiberglass is the basic material in many of JM’s products, although JM also manufactures asignificant portion of its products with other materials to satisfy the broader needs of its customers.
JM regards its patents and licenses as valuable; however it does not consider any of its businesses to be materiallydependent on any single patent or license. JM operates over 40 manufacturing facilities in North America and Europe andconducts research and development at its technical center in Littleton, Colorado and at other facilities in the U.S. and Europe.

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Fiberglass is made from earthen raw materials and recycled glass. JM’s products also contain materials other thanfiberglass, including chemical agents to bind many of its glass fibers and various chemical-based and petrochemical-basedmaterials used in roofing and other specialized products. JM uses recycled material when available and suitable to satisfy thebroader needs of its customers. The raw materials used in these various products are generally readily available in sufficientquantities from various sources to maintain and expand its current production levels.
JM’s operations are subject to a variety of federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations, which regulate or
impose liability for the discharge of materials into the air, land and water and govern the use and disposal of hazardous
substances and use of chemical substances. The most relevant of the federal laws are the Federal Clean Air Act, the Clean
Water Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, which are administered by the EPA. Canadian and European
regulatory authorities have also adopted their own environmental laws and regulations. JM continually monitors new andpending regulations and assesses their potential impact on the business. JM’s capital projects regularly address environmental
compliance and are generally incidental to other capital projects.
JM sells its products through a wide variety of channels including contractors, distributors, retailers, manufacturers andfabricators. JM operates in highly competitive markets, with competitors comprising primarily large global and national
manufacturers and smaller regional manufacturers. JM holds leadership positions in the key markets that it serves. JM’s
products compete primarily on value, differentiation and customization, breadth of product line, quality and service. Sales of
JM’s products are moderately seasonal due to increases in construction activity that typically occur in the second and third
quarters of the calendar year.
MiTek
MiTek Industries, Inc. (“MiTek”), based in Chesterfield, Missouri, operates in two separate building markets: residential
and commercial. MiTek operates worldwide with sales in over 100 countries and with manufacturing facilities and/or
sales/engineering offices located in 20 countries.
In the residential building market, MiTek is a leading supplier of engineered connector products, construction hardware,engineering software and services, and computer-driven manufacturing machinery to the truss component market of thebuilding components industry. MiTek’s primary customers are component manufacturers who manufacture prefabricated roof
and floor trusses and wall panels for the residential building market. MiTek also sells construction hardware to commercial
distributors and do-it-yourself retail stores.
A significant raw material used by MiTek is hot dipped galvanized sheet steel. While supplies are presently adequate,
variations in supply have historically occurred, producing significant variations in cost and availability.
Benjamin Moore
Benjamin Moore & Co. (“Benjamin Moore”), headquartered in Montvale, New Jersey, is one of North America’s leading
manufacturers of premium quality residential, commercial and industrial maintenance coatings. Benjamin Moore is committed
to innovation and sustainable manufacturing practices. The Benjamin Moore premium portfolio includes Aura®, Regal®
Select, Ultra Spec®, ben®, ADVANCE®, ARBORCOAT® and others. The Benjamin Moore diversified brands include
specialty and architectural paints from Coronado® and Insl-x®.
Benjamin Moore coatings are available through more than 8,000 independently owned and operated paint, decoratingand hardware retailers, including approximately 3,800 Ace Hardware (“Ace”) stores, throughout the U.S. and Canada as wellas 75 countries globally. Benjamin Moore became the preferred paint supplier for the aforementioned Ace Stores in 2019
through an agreement which affords these stores the opportunity to carry a full line of Benjamin Moore products or a
streamlined offering of certain branded products. As part of the agreement, Benjamin Moore assumed responsibility for
manufacturing Clark+Kensington® and Royal®, as well as the balance of Ace’s private label paint brands.
Benjamin Moore also allows customers to directly order coatings or color samples online or, for national accounts andgovernment agencies, via its customer information center, for delivery to the customer or a retailer near the customer.

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Benjamin Moore competes with numerous manufacturers, distributors and paint, coatings and related products retailers.
Product quality, product innovation, breadth of product line, technical expertise, service and price determine the competitive
advantage. Competitors include other premium paint and decorating stores, mass merchandisers, home centers, independent
hardware stores, hardware chains and manufacturer-operated direct outlets, such as Sherwin-Williams Company, PPG
Industries, Inc., The Home Depot, Inc. and Lowe’s Companies, Inc.
The most significant raw materials in Benjamin Moore products are titanium dioxide, monomers, polymers and pigments.
Historically, these materials have been generally available, with pricing and availability subject to fluctuation. However,
Benjamin Moore experienced raw material constraints concurrent with the COVID-19 pandemic. These constraints began toease in the second half of 2022, allowing for the return to normal production scheduling, replenishment of overall finishedgoods inventory levels and the reduction of customer order cancellations. Some limited constraints remain with alkyd raw
materials resulting in elevated cancellation quantities for orders with those products. Benjamin Moore continually evaluates
processes, including evaluating raw material substitutions and sourcing from alternative vendors, to optimize production
capacity to meet future demand.
Benjamin Moore undertakes to comply with applicable regulations relating to protection of the environment and workers’
safety and Benjamin Moore products meet or exceed environmental standards. Benjamin Moore has certain known pastenvironmental matters, which are subject to on-going monitoring and/or remediation efforts.
Acme
Acme Brick Company (“Acme”), headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, manufactures and distributes clay bricks (Acme
Brick®) and concrete block (Featherlite). In addition, Acme distributes numerous other building products of othermanufacturers, including floor and wall tile, wood flooring and other masonry products. Products are sold primarily in theSouth Central and Southeastern U.S. through company-operated sales offices. Acme distributes products primarily tohomebuilders and masonry and general contractors.
Acme currently operates 12 clay brick manufacturing sites located in four states and three concrete block facilities in
Texas. The demand for Acme’s products is seasonal, with higher sales in the warmer weather months, and is subject to thelevel of construction activity, which is cyclical. Acme also owns and leases properties and mineral rights that supply raw
materials used in many of its manufactured products. Acme’s raw materials supply is believed to be adequate.
The brick industry is subject to the EPA Maximum Achievable Control Technology Standards (“MACT”). As required
under the 1990 Clean Air Act, the EPA developed a list of source categories that require the development of National Emission
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, which are also referred to as MACT Standards (“Rule”). Key elements of the MACT
Rule include emission limits established for certain hazardous air pollutants and acidic gases. Acme’s brick plants are incompliance with the current Rule.
Consumer Products
Recreational vehicles
Forest River, Inc. (“Forest River”), headquartered in Elkhart, Indiana, is a manufacturer of recreational vehicles (“RV”),
utility cargo trailers, buses and pontoon boats with products sold in the U.S. and Canada through an independent dealer network.
Forest River has numerous manufacturing facilities located in six states and is a leading manufacturer of RVs with numerous
brand names, including Forest River, Coachmen RV and Prime Time. Utility cargo trailers are sold under a variety of brandnames. Buses are sold under several brand names, including Starcraft Bus. Pontoon boats are sold under the Berkshire, SouthBay and Trifecta brand names.
The RV industry is highly competitive. Competition is based primarily on price, design, quality and service. The industry
has consolidated over the past several years and is currently concentrated in a few companies, the largest of which had a market
share of approximately 42% based on industry data as of September 2022. Forest River held a market share of approximately
33% at that time. Forest River is subject to regulations of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, the safety
standards for recreational vehicles established by the U.S. Department of Transportation and similar laws and regulations issued
by the Canadian government. Forest River is a member of the Recreational Vehicle Industry Association, a voluntary
association of RV manufacturers which promotes safety standards for RVs. Forest River believes its products comply in allmaterial respects with the standards that govern its products.

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Apparel and footwear
Fruit of the Loom Inc. (“FOL”), headquartered in Bowling Green, Kentucky, is primarily a manufacturer and distributorof basic apparel, underwear, casualwear, athletic apparel and sports equipment. Products under the Fruit of the Loom® and
JERZEES® labels are primarily sold in the mass merchandise, mid-tier chains and wholesale markets. In the Vanity Fair Brands
product line, Vassarette®, Curvation® and Radiant® by Vanity Fair are sold in the mass merchandise market, while Vanity
Fair® and Lily of France® products are sold to mid-tier chains and department stores. FOL also markets and sells athletic
apparel and sports equipment to team dealers and to sporting goods retailers under the Russell Athletic® and Spalding® brands.
Additionally, Spalding® markets and sells sports equipment in the mass merchandise market and dollar store channels.
FOL generally performs its own knitting, cloth finishing, cutting, sewing and packaging for apparel. For the North
American market, which is FOL’s predominant sales region, cloth manufacturing is primarily performed in Honduras. Laborintensive cutting, sewing and packaging operations are in Central America, the Caribbean and Vietnam. For the European
market, products are either sourced from third-party contractors in Europe or Asia or sewn in Morocco from textiles internallyproduced in Morocco. Bras, athletic equipment, sporting goods and other athletic apparel lines are generally sourced fromthird-party contractors located primarily in Asia.
U.S.-grown cotton fiber and U.S.-manufactured polyester fiber are the main raw materials used in manufacturing FOL’s
products. Historically, fibers have been purchased from a limited number of third parties, including one key supplier thatprovided the majority of FOL’s yarn spinning/raw material conversion services. Supply chain disruptions in 2021 and 2022
caused FOL to utilize alternative sources for these raw materials/services. FOL has since engaged an additional supplier for a
portion of FOL’s yarn spinning/raw material conversion services. FOL’s markets are highly competitive, consisting of many
domestic and foreign manufacturers and distributors. Competition is generally based upon product features, quality, customer
service and price.
Garan Incorporated (“Garan”), headquartered in New York, New York designs, manufactures, imports and sells apparelprimarily for children, including boys, girls, toddlers and infants. Products are sold under its own trademarks Garanimals® and
365 Kids from Garanimals® and easy-peasy®, as well as customer private label brands. Garan conducts its business throughoperating subsidiaries located in the U.S., Central America and Asia. Garan’s products are sold through its distribution centersin the U.S. Fechheimer Brothers Company (“Fechheimers”) manufactures and distributes uniforms, principally for the public
service and safety markets, including police, fire, postal and military markets. Fechheimers is based in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The BH Shoe Holdings Group, headquartered in Greenwich, Connecticut, manufactures and distributes work, rugged
outdoor and casual shoes and western-style footwear under a number of brand names, including Justin, Tony Lama®,
Chippewa®, BØRN®, B•Ø•C®, Carolina®, EuroSofft, Söfft, Double-H Boots®, Nursemates® and Comfortiva®. Brooks
Sports, Inc., headquartered in Seattle, Washington, markets and sells performance running footwear and apparel to specialty
and national retailers and directly to consumers under the Brooks® brand. A significant volume of the shoes sold by Berkshire’s
shoe businesses are manufactured or purchased from sources located outside the U.S. Products are sold worldwide through avariety of channels including department stores, footwear chains, specialty stores, catalogs and the Internet, as well as throughcompany-owned retail stores.
Other consumer products
The Duracell Company (“Duracell”), headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, is a leading manufacturer of high-performance
alkaline and lithium coin batteries. Duracell manufactures batteries in the U.S., Europe and China and provides a network ofworldwide sales and distribution centers. Duracell sells its products to a diverse group of retailers and distributors across theglobe. There are several competitors in the battery manufacturing market with Duracell holding an approximately 29% market
share of the global alkaline battery market. Management believes there are currently sufficient sources of raw materials
available, which are primarily steel, zinc, manganese and nickel-based chemistries.
Albecca Inc. (“Albecca”), headquartered in Suwanee, Georgia, operates in the U.S., Canada and 11 other countries, withproducts primarily under the Larson-Juhl® name. Albecca designs, manufactures and distributes a complete line of high quality,
branded custom framing products, including wood and metal moulding, matboard, foamboard, glass and framing supplies.
Complementary to its framing products, Albecca offers art printing and fulfillment services.

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Richline Group, Inc., headquartered in New York, New York, operates five strategic business units: Richline Jewelry,
Richline Digital, LeachGarner, Rio Grande and Inverness. Each business unit is a manufacturer and/or distributor of precious
metal, non-precious metal, diamond and gem products to specific target markets including large jewelry chains, department
stores, shopping networks, mass merchandisers, e-commerce retailers and artisans as well as certain global manufacturers andwholesalers in the medical, electronics and aerospace industries.
The consumer products group also includes Jazwares, LLC and its subsidiaries and affiliates, (“Jazwares”), acquired in
October 2022 in connection with Alleghany. Jazwares is a global toy company headquartered in Sunrise, Florida.
Service and Retailing Businesses
Service Businesses
Berkshire’s service businesses provide grocery and foodservice distribution, professional aviation training programs,
shared aircraft ownership programs and distribution of electronic components. Other service businesses include franchisingand servicing of quick service restaurants, media businesses (television and information distribution), as well as logistics
businesses. Berkshire’s service businesses employed approximately 55,000 people at the end of 2022. Information concerningthese activities follows.
McLaneMcLane Company, Inc. (“McLane”) provides wholesale distribution services in all 50 states to customers that include
convenience stores, discount retailers, wholesale clubs, drug stores, military bases, quick service restaurants and casual dining
restaurants. McLane’s major customers during 2022 included Walmart (approximately 15.5% of revenues); 7-Eleven(approximately 14.2% of revenues); and Yum! Brands, (approximately 12.0% of revenues). McLane’s business model is basedon a high volume of sales, rapid inventory turnover and stringent expense controls. Operations are currently divided into threebusiness units: grocery distribution, foodservice distribution and beverage distribution.
McLane’s grocery distribution unit, based in Temple, Texas, maintains a dominant market share within the convenience
store industry and serves most of the national convenience store chains and major oil company retail outlets. Grocery operations
provide products to approximately 48,500 retail locations nationwide. McLane’s grocery distribution unit operates 25
distribution facilities in 20 states.
McLane’s foodservice distribution unit, based in Carrollton, Texas, focuses on serving the quick service and casual
dining restaurant industry with high quality, timely-delivered products. Operations are conducted through 47 facilities in 22
states. The foodservice distribution unit services approximately 33,600 restaurants nationwide.
Through its subsidiaries, McLane also operates wholesale distributors of distilled spirits, wine and beer. The beverage
unit operates as Empire Distributors and operations are conducted through 14 distribution centers in Georgia, North Carolina,
Tennessee and Colorado. Empire Distributors services approximately 27,600 retail locations in the southeastern U.S. andColorado.
FlightSafety
FlightSafety International Inc. (“FlightSafety”) is an industry leading provider of professional aviation training services
and flight simulation products. FlightSafety and FlightSafety Textron Aviation Training, a joint venture with Textron, provide
high technology training to pilots, aircraft maintenance technicians, flight attendants and dispatchers who operate and support
a wide variety of business, commercial and military aircraft. The training is provided using a large fleet of advanced full flight
simulators at learning centers and training locations in the U.S., Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Japan, Singapore, Norway,
South Africa and the U.K. Compliance with applicable environmental regulations is an inherent requirement to operate thefacilities. The vast majority of the instructors, training programs and flight simulators are qualified by the United States Federal
Aviation Administration (“FAA”) and other aviation regulatory agencies around the world.
FlightSafety is also a leader in the design and manufacture of full flight simulators, visual systems, displays and otheradvanced technology training devices. This equipment is used to support FlightSafety training programs and is offered for saleto airlines and government and military organizations around the world. Manufacturing facilities are located in Oklahoma,
Missouri and Illinois. FlightSafety strives to maintain and manufacture simulators and develop courseware using state-of-theart technology and invests in research and development as it builds new equipment and training programs.

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NetJets
NetJets Inc. (“NetJets”) is the leader in private aviation services and operates a large, diverse private aircraft fleet andoffers a full range of personalized private aviation solutions to meet and exceed the high standards of its customers. NetJets’
global headquarters is located in Columbus, Ohio. NetJets’ European operations are based in Lisbon, Portugal. The sharedownership concept is designed to meet the travel needs of customers who require the scale, flexibility and access of a large
fleet of aircraft as opposed to reliance on whole aircraft ownership. In addition, shared ownership programs are available forcorporate flight departments seeking to outsource their general aviation needs or add capacity for peak periods and for others
that previously chartered aircraft.
NetJets’ programs are focused on safety and service and are designed to offer customers guaranteed availability ofaircraft, predictable operating costs and increased liquidity. NetJets’ shared aircraft ownership programs permit customers toacquire a specific percentage of a certain aircraft type and allows customers to utilize the aircraft for a specified number offlight hours annually. In addition, NetJets offers prepaid flight cards and other aviation solutions and services for aircraft
management, customized aircraft sales and acquisition, ground support and flight operation services under several programs
including NetJets Shares™, NetJets Leases™ and the NetJets Card Program™.
NetJets is subject to the rules and regulations of the FAA, the Portuguese Civil Aviation Authority and the European
Union Aviation Safety Agency. Regulations address aircraft registration, maintenance requirements, pilot qualifications andairport operations, including flight planning and scheduling as well as security issues and other matters. NetJets maintains
comprehensive training and development programs in compliance with regulatory requirements for pilots, flight attendants,
maintenance mechanics, and other flight operations specialists, many of whom are represented by unions.
TTI
TTI, Inc. (“TTI”), headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, is a global specialty distributor of passive, interconnect,
electromechanical, discrete, and semiconductor components used by customers in the manufacturing and assembling ofelectronic products. TTI’s customer base includes OEMs, electronic manufacturing services, original design manufacturers andmilitary and commercial customers, as well as design and system engineers. TTI’s distribution agreements with the industry’s
leading suppliers allow it to uniquely leverage its product cost and to expand its business by providing new lines and products
to its customers. TTI operates sales offices and distribution centers from more than 100 locations throughout North America,
South America, Europe and Asia.
TTI services a variety of industries including telecommunications, medical devices, computers and office equipment,
military/aerospace, automotive and industrial electronics. TTI’s core customers include businesses in the design throughproduction stages in the electronic component supply chain, which supports its high-volume business, and its Mouser
subsidiary, which supports a broader base of customers with lower volume purchases through internet-based marketing.
Other services
XTRA Corporation (“XTRA”), headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri, is a leading transportation equipment lessor
operating under the XTRA Lease® brand name. XTRA manages a diverse fleet of approximately 89,000 units located at 47
facilities throughout the U.S. The fleet includes over-the-road and storage trailers, chassis, temperature-controlled vans andflatbed trailers. XTRA is one of the largest lessors (in terms of units available) of over-the-road trailers in North America.
Transportation equipment customers lease equipment to cover cyclical, seasonal and geographic needs and as a substitute forpurchasing equipment. Therefore, as a provider of marginal capacity to its customers, XTRA’s utilization rates and operating
results tend to be cyclical. In addition, transportation providers often use leasing to maximize their asset utilization and reduce
capital expenditures. By maintaining a large fleet, XTRA is able to provide customers with a broad selection of equipment andquick response times.
International Dairy Queen Inc. develops and services a worldwide system of over 7,000 franchised restaurants operating
primarily under the names DQ Grill and Chill®, Dairy Queen® and Orange Julius® that offer various dairy desserts, beverages,
prepared foods and blended fruit drinks. Business Wire Inc. (“Business Wire”) transmits full-text news releases, regulatory
filings, photos and other multimedia content to journalists, financial professionals, investor services, regulatory authorities andthe general public. Releases are distributed globally via Business Wire’s patented NX network. CORT Business Services
Corporation (“CORT”) is a leading national provider of rental furniture and related services in the “rent-to-rent” segment of
the furniture rental industry. CORT’s primary revenue streams include furniture rental to individuals, businesses, government
agencies, the trade show and events industry and retail sales of new and used furniture. WPLG, Inc. is an ABC affiliate
television broadcast station in Miami, Florida and Charter Brokerage Holdings Corp. is a leading non-asset based third party
logistics provider to the petroleum and chemical industries. In connection with the Alleghany acquisition, the services group
includes IPS-Integrated Project Services, LLC, a provider of a variety of services, including design and engineering, project
management, procurement, validation and consulting that are used in facilities construction projects.

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Retailing Businesses
Berkshire’s retailing businesses include automotive, home furnishings and several other operations that sell various
consumer products. Berkshire’s retailing businesses employed approximately 26,000 people at the end of 2022. Information
regarding each of these operations follows.
Berkshire Hathaway Automotive
Berkshire Hathaway Automotive, Inc. (“BHA”) is one of the largest automotive retailers in the U.S., currently operating
106 new vehicle franchises through 83 dealerships located primarily in major metropolitan markets in the U.S. The dealerships
sell new and used vehicles, vehicle maintenance and repair services, extended service contracts, vehicle protection products
and other aftermarket products. BHA also arranges financing for its customers through third-party lenders. BHA operates 28
collision centers directly connected to the dealerships’ operations and owns and operates two auto auctions and an automotive
fluid maintenance products distributor.
Dealership operations are highly concentrated in the Arizona and Texas markets, with approximately 75% of dealershiprelated revenues derived from sales in these markets. BHA currently maintains franchise agreements with 27 different vehicle
manufacturers, although it derives a significant portion of its revenue from the Toyota/Lexus, General Motors, Ford/Lincoln,
Nissan/Infiniti and Honda/Acura brands. Approximately 90% of BHA’s annual revenues are from dealerships representing
these manufacturers.
The retail automotive industry is highly competitive. BHA faces competition from other large public and private
dealership groups, as well as individual franchised dealerships and competition via the Internet. Given the pricing transparency
available via the Internet, and the fact that franchised dealers acquire vehicles from the manufacturers on the same terms
irrespective of volume, the location and quality of the dealership facility, customer service and transaction speed are key
differentiators in attracting customers.
BHA’s overall relationships with the automobile manufacturers are governed by framework agreements. The frameworkagreements contain provisions relating to the management, operation, acquisition and ownership structure of BHA’s
dealerships. Failure to meet the terms of these agreements could adversely impact BHA’s ability to acquire additional
dealerships representing those manufacturers. Additionally, these agreements contain limitations on the number of dealerships
from a specific manufacturer that may be owned by BHA.
Individual dealerships operate under franchise agreements with the manufacturer, which grants the dealership entity anon-exclusive right to sell the manufacturer’s brand of vehicles and offer related parts and service within a specified market
area, as well as the right to use the manufacturer’s trademarks. The agreements contain various requirements and restrictions
related to the management and operation of the franchised dealership and provide for termination of the agreement by the
manufacturer or non-renewal for a variety of causes. States generally have automotive dealership franchise laws that provide
substantial protection to the franchisee, and it is difficult for a manufacturer to terminate or not renew a franchise agreement
outside of bankruptcy or with “good cause” under the applicable state franchise law.
BHA also develops, underwrites and administers various vehicle protection plans as well as life and accident and healthinsurance plans sold to consumers through BHA’s dealerships and third-party dealerships. BHA also develops proprietarytraining programs and materials and provides ongoing monitoring and training of the dealership’s finance and insurance
personnel.
Home furnishings retailing
The home furnishings businesses consist of Nebraska Furniture Mart Inc. (“NFM”), R.C. Willey Home Furnishings(“R.C. Willey”), Star Furniture Company (“Star”) and Jordan’s Furniture, Inc. (“Jordan’s”). These businesses offer a wide
selection of furniture, bedding and accessories. In addition, NFM and R.C. Willey sell a full line of major household appliances,electronics, computers and other home furnishings and offer customer financing to complement their retail operations. An
important feature of each of these businesses is their ability to control costs and to produce high business volume by offeringsignificant value to their customers.

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NFM operates its business from four retail complexes with almost 4.5 million square feet of retail, warehouse andadministrative facilities located in Omaha, Nebraska, Clive, Iowa, Kansas City, Kansas and The Colony, Texas. NFM also
owns Homemakers Furniture located in Urbandale, Iowa, which has approximately 600,000 square feet of retail, warehouseand administrative space. NFM is the largest furniture retailer in each of these markets. R.C. Willey, based in Salt Lake City,
Utah, currently operates ten full-line retail home furnishings stores and three distribution centers. These facilities include
approximately 1.3 million square feet of retail space with four stores located in Utah, one store in Meridian, Idaho, three storesin Nevada (Las Vegas and Reno) and two stores in the Sacramento, California area.
Jordan’s operates a retail furniture business from seven locations with approximately 890,000 square feet of retail spacein stores located in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Maine and Connecticut. The retail stores are supported byan 800,000 square foot distribution center in Taunton, Massachusetts. Jordan’s is the largest furniture retailer, as measured bysales, in Massachusetts, Maine and New Hampshire. Jordan’s is well known in its markets for its unique store arrangements
and advertising campaigns. Star has operated home furnishings retail stores in Texas for many years. Star’s retail facilities
currently include about 700,000 square feet of retail space in 10 locations in Texas, including seven in Houston.
Other retailing
Borsheim Jewelry Company, Inc. (“Borsheims”) operates from a single store in Omaha, Nebraska. Borsheims is a highvolume retailer of fine jewelry, watches, crystal, china, stemware, flatware, gifts and collectibles. Helzberg’s Diamond Shops,
LLC. (“Helzberg”) is based in North Kansas City, Missouri, and operates a chain of 170 retail jewelry stores in 34 states, which
includes approximately 400,000 square feet of retail space. Helzberg’s stores are located in malls, lifestyle centers, power strip
centers and outlet malls, and all stores operate under the name Helzberg Diamonds® or Helzberg Diamonds Outlet®. The Ben
Bridge Corporation (“Ben Bridge Jeweler”), based in Seattle, Washington, operates 37 retail jewelry stores under two different
brand names, located primarily in major shopping malls in nine western states. Thirty-six of its retail locations are upscale
jewelry stores selling loose diamonds, finished jewelry and high-end timepieces. One store is a Breitling concept store, selling
only Breitling timepieces.
See’s Candy Shops, Incorporated (“See’s”) produces boxed chocolates and other confectionery products with anemphasis on quality and distinctiveness in two large kitchens in Los Angeles and South San Francisco and a facility in
Burlingame, California. See’s operates approximately 250 retail and volume saving stores located mainly in California andother Western states, as well as over 125 seasonal locations. See’s revenues are highly seasonal with approximately half of its
annual revenues earned in the fourth quarter.
The Pampered Chef, Ltd. (“Pampered Chef”) is a premier direct seller of distinctive high-quality kitchenware productswith sales and operations in the U.S., Canada, Germany, Austria and France and operations in China. Pampered Chef’s productportfolio consists of over 400 Pampered Chef® branded kitchenware items in categories ranging from stoneware and cutlery
to grilling and entertaining. Pampered Chef’s products are available through its sales force of independent cooking consultants
and online.
Oriental Trading Company (“OTC”) is a leading multi-channel and online retailer for fun-value-priced party supplies,
seasonal products, arts and crafts, toys and novelties, school supplies and educational games. OTC, headquartered in Omaha,
Nebraska, serves a broad base of nearly four million customers annually, including consumers, schools, churches, non-profit
organizations, medical and dental offices and other businesses. OTC offers a unique assortment of over 80,000 fun products
emphasizing proprietary designs. OTC operates both direct-to-consumer and business-to-business brands including Oriental
Trading®, Fun Express®, MindWare®, SmileMakers®, Morris Costumes® and HalloweenExpress.com® and utilizes digitaland print marketing along with dedicated sales teams to promote online sales.
Detlev Louis Motorrad (“Louis”), headquartered in Hamburg, Germany, is a leading retailer of motorcycle clothing andequipment in Europe. Louis carries over 50,000 different store and private label products, mainly covering the areas of clothing,technical equipment and leisure. Louis has over 80 stores in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands as well as an
online business with online shops in various languages in Europe.

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Pilot Travel Centers
Since October 2017, we have owned a 38.6% interest in Pilot Travel Centers, LLC (“Pilot”), headquartered in Knoxville,
Tennessee. Through December 31, 2022, we accounted for our investment in Pilot under the equity method. On January 31,
2023, we acquired an additional 41.4% interest in Pilot and we attained control of Pilot for financial reporting purposes as ofthat date. Consequently, we will discontinue the use of the equity method and include Pilot’s financial statements in our
Consolidated Financial Statements at that date.
Pilot is the largest operator of travel centers in North America (primarily under the names Pilot or Flying J) with morethan 650 travel center locations across 44 U.S. states and six Canadian provinces. Pilot also has over 150 retail locations in the
U.S. and Canada where it sells diesel fuel through various arrangements with third party travel centers. Pilot sold over 13 billion
gallons of fuel in 2022 (primarily diesel and gasoline). Pilot has approximately 25,500 employees.
Pilot’s travel centers are generally located close to an interstate highway and offer petroleum products, merchandise, fast
food, and a variety of services and amenities to consumers and professional truck drivers. While Pilot’s primary business is
operating fuel and inside store travel centers, it also enters into dealer agreements with existing travel centers where Pilot
procures and sells diesel fuel at these locations for a fee. Additionally, Pilot operates large wholesale fuel and fuel marketing
platforms in the U.S. and operates a water hauling and disposal business in the oil fields sector.
The travel center industry is concentrated among a few large operators (including Love’s Travel Stops and TravelCentersof America), although there are numerous independent operators that operate one to ten travel centers. Pilot’s top 10 customers
for diesel sales account for less than 15% of total diesel gallons sold by Pilot, while Pilot’s top 10 fuel suppliers account forless than 50% of gallons purchased by Pilot.
Pilot currently supplies approximately 1.5 billion gallons per year of low-carbon fuels (renewable diesel, biodiesel andethanol) and approximately 320 million gallons per year of diesel exhaust fluid. During 2022, Pilot entered a partnership with
General Motors Company to develop a nationwide electric vehicle fast charger network of 2,000 charging stations in 500 U.S.
locations by 2026. Pilot also signed a letter of intent with Volvo during 2022 in a partnership to develop a nationwide publiccharging network to support the expansion of battery-powered electric trucks.
Pilot is subject to federal, state, and local laws and regulations relating to the environment. These laws generally provide
for control of pollutants released into the environment and require responsible parties to undertake remediation of hazardous
waste disposal sites. Penalties may be imposed for non-compliance. Certain assets (such as petroleum tanks, dispensers, anddisposal wells) impose retirement obligations.
Additional information with respect to Berkshire’s businesses
Revenue, earnings before taxes and identifiable assets attributable to Berkshire’s reportable business segments areincluded in Note 25 to Berkshire’s Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8, Financial Statements andSupplementary Data. Additional information regarding Berkshire’s investments in fixed maturity and equity securities is
included in Notes 3 and 4, respectively, to Berkshire’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
Berkshire or a subsidiary owns 26.6% of the outstanding common stock of The Kraft Heinz Company (“Kraft Heinz”)
and 21.4% of the outstanding Occidental Petroleum Corporation (“Occidental”) common stock. Kraft Heinz manufactures andmarkets food and beverage products, including condiments and sauces, cheese and dairy, meals, meats, refreshment beverages,
coffee and other grocery products. Occidental is an international energy company, including oil and natural gas exploration,
development and production, and chemicals manufacturing businesses. Occidental’s midstream businesses purchase, market,
gather, process, transport and store various oil, natural gas, carbon dioxide and other products. Berkshire subsidiaries also own
a 50% joint venture interest in Berkadia Commercial Mortgage LLC. Information concerning these investments is included in
Note 5 to Berkshire’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
Berkshire maintains a website (http://www.berkshirehathaway.com) where its annual reports, certain corporate
governance documents, press releases, interim shareholder reports and links to its subsidiaries’ websites can be found.
Berkshire’s periodic reports filed with the SEC, which include Form 10-K, Form 10-Q, Form 8-K and amendments thereto,
may be accessed by the public free of charge from the SEC and through Berkshire. Electronic copies of these reports can beaccessed at the SEC’s website (http://www.sec.gov) and indirectly through Berkshire’s website(http://www.berkshirehathaway.com). Copies of these reports may also be obtained, free of charge, upon written request to:
Berkshire Hathaway Inc., 3555 Farnam Street, Omaha, NE 68131, Attn: Corporate Secretary.

K-24

Item 1A. Risk Factors
Berkshire and its subsidiaries (referred to herein as “we,” “us,” “our” or similar expressions) are subject to certain risks
and uncertainties in its business operations which are described below. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the
only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that are presently unknown or are currently deemed immaterial may also
impair our business operations.
General Business Risks
Terrorist acts could hurt our operating businesses.
A cyber, biological, nuclear or chemical terrorist attack could produce significant losses to our worldwide operations.
Our business operations could be adversely affected from such acts through the loss of human resources or destruction of
production facilities and information systems. We share the risk with all businesses.
Cyber security risks
We rely on technology in virtually all aspects of our business. Like those of many large businesses, certain of our
information systems have been subject to computer viruses, malicious codes, unauthorized access, phishing efforts, denial-ofservice attacks and other cyber-attacks. We expect to be subject to similar attacks in the future as such attacks become moresophisticated and frequent. A significant disruption or failure of our technology systems could result in service interruptions,safety failures, security events, regulatory compliance failures, an inability to protect information and assets against
unauthorized users and other operational difficulties. Attacks perpetrated against our systems could result in loss of assets andcritical information and expose us to remediation costs and reputational damage.
Although we have taken steps intended to mitigate these risks, including business continuity planning, disaster recovery
planning and business impact analysis, a significant disruption or cyber intrusion at one or more of our significant operations
could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Additionally, if we are unable to acquire,develop, implement, adopt or protect rights around new technology, we may suffer a competitive disadvantage, which could
also have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and/or liquidity.
Cyber-attacks could further adversely affect our ability to operate facilities, information technology and business systems
or compromise confidential customer and employee information. Political, economic, social or financial market instability or
damage to or interference with our operating assets, customers or suppliers from cyber-attacks may result in businessinterruptions, lost revenues, higher commodity prices, disruption in fuel supplies, lower energy consumption, unstable markets,
increased security, repair or other costs, or may materially adversely affect us in ways that cannot be predicted at this time.
Any of these risks could materially affect our consolidated financial results. Furthermore, instability in the financial markets
resulting from terrorism, sustained or significant cyber-attacks or war could also have a material adverse effect on our ability
to raise capital. We share these risks with all businesses.
We are dependent on a few key people for our major investment and capital allocation decisions.
Major investment decisions and all major capital allocation decisions are made by Warren E. Buffett, Chairman of theBoard of Directors and Chief Executive Officer, age 92, in consultation with Charles T. Munger, Vice Chairman of the Boardof Directors, age 99. In 2018, Berkshire’s Board of Directors appointed Mr. Gregory Abel as Vice Chairman of Berkshire’s
non-insurance operations and Mr. Ajit Jain as Vice Chairman of Berkshire’s insurance operations. Mr. Abel and Mr. Jain eachreport directly to Mr. Buffett. Mr. Buffett continues to be responsible for major capital allocation and investment decisions.
If for any reason the services of our key personnel, particularly Mr. Buffett, were to become unavailable, there could bea material adverse effect on our operations. Should a replacement for Mr. Buffett be needed currently, Berkshire’s Board of
Directors has agreed that Mr. Abel should replace Mr. Buffett. The Board continually monitors this risk and could alter its
current view regarding a replacement for Mr. Buffett in the future. We believe that the Board’s succession plan, together withthe outstanding managers running our numerous and highly diversified operating units helps to mitigate this risk.
We need qualified personnel to manage and operate our various businesses.
In our decentralized business model, we need qualified and competent management to direct day-to-day businessactivities of our operating subsidiaries and to manage changes in future business operations due to changing business orregulatory environments. Our operating subsidiaries also need qualified and competent personnel to execute business plans andserve their customers, suppliers and other stakeholders. Our inability to recruit, train and retain qualified and competentmanagers and personnel could negatively affect the operating results, financial condition and liquidity of our subsidiaries andBerkshire as a whole.

K-25

Investments are unusually concentrated in equity securities and fair values are subject to loss in value.
We concentrate a high percentage of the equity security investments of our insurance subsidiaries in a relatively small
number of issuers. A significant decline in the fair values of our larger investments in equity securities may produce a material
decline in our consolidated shareholders’ equity and our consolidated earnings.
Since a large percentage of our equity securities are held by our insurance subsidiaries, significant decreases in the fairvalues of these investments will produce significant declines in the statutory surplus of our insurance subsidiaries. Our large
statutory surplus is a competitive advantage, and a long-term material decline could have an adverse effect on our claimspaying ability ratings and our ability to write new insurance business thus potentially reducing our future underwriting profits.
Competition and technology may erode our business franchises and result in lower earnings.
Each of our operating businesses face intense competition within markets in which they operate. While we manage ourbusinesses with the objective of achieving long-term sustainable growth by developing and strengthening competitive
advantages, many factors, including technological changes, may erode or prevent the strengthening of competitive advantages.
Accordingly, our future operating results will depend to some degree on our operating units successfully protecting andenhancing their competitive advantages. If our operating businesses are unsuccessful in these efforts, our periodic operating
results in the future may decline.
Unfavorable general economic conditions may significantly reduce our operating earnings and impair our ability toaccess capital markets at a reasonable cost.
Our operating businesses are subject to normal economic cycles affecting the general economy or the specific industries
in which they operate. Significant deteriorations of economic conditions, including significant inflation over a prolonged period
could produce a material adverse effect on one or more of our significant operations. In addition, our utilities and energy
businesses and our railroad business regularly utilize debt as a component of their capital structures and depend on having
access to borrowed funds through the capital markets at reasonable rates. To the extent that access to the capital markets is
restricted or the cost of funding increases, these operations could be adversely affected.
Epidemics, pandemics or other similar outbreaks could hurt our operating businesses.
The outbreak of epidemics, pandemics or other similar outbreaks in the future may adversely affect our operations,
including the value of our equity securities portfolio. This may be due to closures or restrictions requested or mandated bygovernmental authorities, disruption to supply chains and workforce, reduction of demand for our products and services, credit
losses when customers and other counterparties fail to satisfy their obligations to us, and volatility in global equity securities
markets, among other factors. We share most of these risks with all businesses.
Regulatory changes may adversely impact our future operating results.
Over time, in response to financial markets crises, global economic recessions, and social and environmental issues,
regulatory initiatives were adopted in the United States and elsewhere. Such initiatives addressed, for example, the regulationof banks and other major financial institutions, the regulation of products and environmental and global-warming matters.
These initiatives impact all of our businesses, albeit in varying ways. Increased regulatory compliance costs could have asignificant negative impact on our operating businesses, as well as on the businesses in which we have a significant, but notcontrolling economic interests. We cannot predict whether such initiatives will have a material adverse impact on ourconsolidated financial position, results of operations and/or cash flows.
Data privacy regulations have recently been enacted in various jurisdictions in the U.S. and throughout the world. These
regulations address numerous aspects related to the security of personal information that is stored in our information systems,
networks and facilities. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in reputational damage and significant penalties.
Climate change and the regulation of greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions may impact our businesses.
The impacts of climate change and the regulation of GHG emissions could impact our businesses to varying degrees.
Climate change could cause or intensify hurricanes, floods, wildfires, and other extreme weather events that may increase
physical risks to and impacts on our operations. An increase in the frequency or intensity of extreme weather events and storms
could impact the physical assets of our non-insurance operations and could produce losses affecting our businesses. Similarly,
extreme weather events may produce losses affecting our insurance operations as their primary business is to monitor, assess
and price risk, including climate-related risk, at an expected economic profit to address the risk-transfer needs of their insurance
customers.
Additional GHG policies, including legislation, may emerge that accelerate the transition to a lower GHG emitting
economy and could, in turn, increase costs for our businesses to comply with those policies, including BNSF and BHE, which
combined represent more than 90% of Berkshire’s direct emissions. The failure to comply with new or existing regulations orreinterpretation of existing regulations relating to climate change could have a significant adverse effect on our financial results.
K-26

Risks unique to our regulated businesses
Our tolerance for risk in our insurance businesses may result in significant underwriting losses.
When properly paid for the risk assumed, we have been and will continue to be willing to assume more risk from a single
event than any other insurer has knowingly assumed. Accordingly, we could incur a significant loss from a single catastrophe
event resulting from a natural disaster or man-made catastrophes such as terrorism or cyber-attacks. We employ various
disciplined underwriting practices intended to mitigate potential losses and attempt to take into account all possible correlations
and avoid writing groups of policies from which pre-tax losses from a single catastrophe event might aggregate in excess of$15 billion. However, despite our efforts, it is possible that losses could manifest in ways that we do not anticipate and that ourrisk mitigation strategies are not designed to address. Various provisions of our policies, negotiated to limit our risk, such as
limitations or exclusions from coverage, may not be enforceable in the manner we intend, as it is possible that a court or
regulatory authority could nullify or void an exclusion or limitation, or legislation could be enacted modifying or barring theuse of these exclusions and limitations. Our tolerance for significant insurance losses may result in lower reported earnings in
a future period.
The principal cost associated with the property and casualty insurance business is claims. In writing property and casualty
insurance policies, we receive premiums today and promise to pay covered losses in the future. However, it will take decades
before all claims that have occurred as of any given balance sheet date will be reported and settled. Although we believe thatliabilities for unpaid losses are adequate, we will not know whether these liabilities or the premiums charged for the coverages
provided were sufficient until well after the balance sheet date. Estimating insurance claim costs is inherently imprecise. It is
possible that significant claims may emerge or develop in the future from the policies we have written in the past. As industry
practices and legal, social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims andcoverage may emerge, including new or expanded theories of liability. These or other changes could impose new financial
obligations on us by extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent. In some instances, these changes may not become
apparent until sometime after we have issued insurance or reinsurance contracts that are affected by the changes. As a result,the full extent of liability under our insurance or reinsurance contracts may not be known for many years after a contract isissued. Our estimated unpaid losses arising under contracts covering property and casualty insurance risks are large ($143billion at December 31, 2022), and a small percentage increase to those liabilities can result in materially lower reported
earnings.
Changes in regulations and regulatory actions can adversely affect our operating results and our ability to allocate
capital.
Our insurance businesses are subject to regulation in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Such regulations may relate
to among other things, the types of business that can be written, the rates that can be charged for coverage, the level of capitalthat must be maintained, and restrictions on the types and size of investments that can be made. Regulations may also restrict
the timing and amount of dividend payments to Berkshire by these businesses. U.S. state insurance regulators and international
insurance regulators are also actively developing various regulatory mechanisms to address the regulation of large
internationally active insurance groups, including regulations concerning group capital, liquidity, governance and risk
management. Accordingly, changes in regulations related to these or other matters or regulatory actions imposing restrictions
on our insurance businesses may adversely impact our results of operations and restrict our ability to allocate capital.
Our railroad business conducted through BNSF is also subject to a significant number of laws and regulations withrespect to rates and practices, taxes, railroad operations and a variety of health, safety, labor, environmental and other matters.
Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on BNSF’s business. Governments
may change the legislative and/or regulatory framework within which BNSF operates, without providing any recourse for any
adverse effects that the change may have on the business. Complying with legislative and regulatory changes may posesignificant operating and implementation risks and require significant capital expenditures.
BNSF derives significant amounts of revenue from the transportation of energy-related commodities, particularly coal.
To the extent that changes in government policies limit or restrict the usage of coal as a source of fuel in generating electricity
or alternate fuels, such as natural gas, or displace coal on a competitive basis, revenues and earnings could be adversely affected.
As a common carrier, BNSF is also required to transport toxic inhalation hazard chemicals and other hazardous materials. A
release of hazardous materials could expose BNSF to significant claims, losses, penalties and environmental remediation
obligations. Changes in the regulation of the rail industry could negatively impact BNSF’s ability to determine prices for rail
services and to make capital improvements to its rail network, resulting in an adverse effect on our results of operations,financial condition and/or liquidity.

K-27

Our utilities and energy businesses operated under BHE are highly regulated by numerous federal, state, local and foreign
governmental authorities in the jurisdictions in which they operate. These laws and regulations are complex, dynamic andsubject to new interpretations or change. Regulations affect almost every aspect of our utilities and energy businesses.
Regulations broadly apply and may limit management’s ability to independently make and implement decisions regarding
numerous matters including: acquiring businesses; constructing, acquiring, disposing or retiring of operating assets; operating
and maintaining generating facilities and transmission and distribution system assets; complying with pipeline safety andintegrity and environmental requirements; setting rates charged to customers; establishing capital structures and issuing debt;
managing and reporting transactions between our domestic utilities and our other subsidiaries and affiliates; and paying
dividends or similar distributions. Failure to comply with or reinterpretations of existing regulations and new legislation or
regulations, such as those relating to air quality, climate change, emissions performance standards, water quality, coal ash
disposal and other environmental matters, or changes in the nature of the regulatory process may have a significant adverse
impact on our financial results.
Our railroad business requires significant ongoing capital investment to improve and maintain its railroad network sothat transportation services can be safely and reliably provided to customers on a timely basis. Our utilities and energy
businesses also require significant amounts of capital to construct, operate and maintain generation, transmission anddistribution systems to meet their customers’ needs and reliability criteria. System assets may need to be operational for long
periods of time in order to justify the financial investment. The operational or financial failure of capital projects may not berecoverable through rates that are charged to customers. Further, a significant portion of costs of capital improvements may befunded through debt issued by BNSF and BHE and their subsidiaries. Disruptions in debt capital markets that restrict access tofunding when needed could adversely affect the results of operations, liquidity and/or capital resources of these businesses.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Description of Properties
The properties used by Berkshire’s business segments are summarized in this section. Berkshire’s railroad and utilities
and energy businesses, in particular, utilize considerable physical assets in their businesses.
Railroad Business—Burlington Northern Santa Fe
Through BNSF Railway, BNSF operates over 32,500 route miles of track (excluding multiple main tracks, yard tracks
and sidings) in 28 states, and also operates in three Canadian provinces. BNSF owns over 23,000 route miles, including
easements, and operates over 9,000 route miles of trackage rights that permit BNSF to operate its trains with its crews overother railroads’ tracks. As of December 31, 2022, the total BNSF Railway system, including single and multiple main tracks,yard tracks and sidings, consisted of over 50,000 operated miles of track.
BNSF operates various facilities and equipment to support its transportation system, including its infrastructure,
locomotives and freight cars. It also owns or leases other equipment to support rail operations, such as vehicles. Support
facilities for rail operations include yards and terminals throughout its rail network, system locomotive shops to perform
locomotive servicing and maintenance, a centralized network operations center for train dispatching and network operations
monitoring and management, computers, telecommunications equipment, signal systems and other support systems. Transfer
facilities are maintained for rail-to-rail as well as intermodal transfer of containers, trailers and other freight traffic and include
approximately 25 intermodal hubs located across the system. BNSF owns or holds under non-cancelable leases exceeding one
year approximately 7,500 locomotives and 68,000 freight cars, in addition to maintenance of way and other equipment.
In the ordinary course of business, BNSF incurs significant costs in repairing and maintaining its properties. In 2022,
BNSF recorded approximately $2 billion in repairs and maintenance expense.

K-28

Utilities and Energy Businesses—Berkshire Hathaway Energy
BHE’s energy properties consist of the physical assets necessary to support its electricity and natural gas businesses.
Properties of BHE’s electricity businesses include electric generation, transmission and distribution facilities, as well as coalmining assets that support certain of BHE’s electric generating facilities. Properties of BHE’s natural gas businesses include
natural gas distribution facilities, interstate pipelines, storage facilities, liquefied natural gas facilities, compressor stations andmeter stations. The transmission and distribution assets are primarily within each of BHE’s utility service territories. In addition
to these physical assets, BHE has rights-of-way, mineral rights and water rights that enable BHE to utilize its facilities. Pursuant
to separate financing agreements, the majority of these properties are pledged or encumbered to support or otherwise provide
the security for the related subsidiary debt. BHE or its affiliates own or have interests in the following types of operating electric
generating facilities at December 31, 2022:

Energy Source

Wind

Natural gas
Coal
Solar
Hydroelectric
NuclearGeothermal(1)

EntityPacifiCorp, MEC, BHE Canada,
BHE Montana and BHE
Renewables
PacifiCorp, MEC, NV Energy,
BHE Canada and BHE
Renewables
PacifiCorp, MEC and NV
Energy
MEC, NV Energy, Northern
Powergrid and BHE Renewables
PacifiCorp, MEC and BHE
Renewables

Location by SignificanceIowa, Wyoming, Texas, Montana,
Nebraska, Washington, California,
Illinois, Canada, Oregon and Kansas
Nevada, Utah, Iowa, Illinois, Washington,
Wyoming, Oregon, Texas, New York,Arizona and Canada
Wyoming, Iowa, Utah, Nevada, Colorado
and Montana
California, Australia, Texas, Arizona,Iowa, Minnesota and Nevada
Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah,
Hawaii, Montana, Illinois, California andWyoming
MEC
Illinois
PacifiCorp and BHE Renewables California and Utah
Total

FacilityNet
Capacity(MW) (1)Net
Owned
Capacity(MW) (1)12,282

12,282

11,284

11,005

13,210

8,178

2,120

1,972

985
1,822
377
42,080985
455
377
35,254

Facility Net Capacity in megawatts (MW) represents the lesser of nominal ratings or any limitations under applicableinterconnection, power purchase, or other agreements for intermittent resources and the total net dependable capability
available during summer conditions for all other units. An intermittent resource’s nominal rating is the manufacturer’s
contractually specified capability (in MW) under specified conditions. Net Owned Capacity indicates BHE’s ownershipof Facility Net Capacity.

As of December 31, 2022, BHE’s subsidiaries also have electric generating facilities that are under construction in
Nevada and Wyoming having total Facility Net Capacity and Net Owned Capacity of 243 MW.
PacifiCorp, MEC and NV Energy own electric transmission and distribution systems, including approximately 27,800
miles of transmission lines and approximately 1,670 substations, and gas distribution facilities, including approximately 28,200
miles of gas mains and service lines.
Northern Powergrid (Northeast) and Northern Powergrid (Yorkshire) operate an electricity distribution network that
includes approximately 17,040 miles of overhead lines, approximately 43,400 miles of underground cables and approximately
810 major substations. AltaLink’s electricity transmission system includes approximately 8,300 miles of transmission lines andapproximately 310 substations.
The BHE GT&S pipeline system consists of approximately 5,400 miles of natural gas transmission, gathering and storage
pipelines located in portions of Maryland, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, South Carolina andGeorgia. Storage services are provided through the operation of 17 underground natural gas storage fields located in
Pennsylvania, West Virginia and New York. BHE GT&S also operates, as the general partner, and owns a 25% limited
partnership interest in one liquefied natural gas export, import and storage facility in Maryland and operates and has ownershipinterests in three smaller liquefied natural gas facilities in Alabama, Florida and Pennsylvania.

K-29

Northern Natural’s pipeline system consists of approximately 14,400 miles of natural gas pipelines, including
approximately 5,900 miles of mainline transmission pipelines and approximately 8,500 miles of branch and lateral pipelines.
Northern Natural’s end-use and distribution market area includes points in Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota, Wisconsin, South
Dakota, Michigan and Illinois and its natural gas supply and delivery service area includes points in Kansas, Texas, Oklahoma
and New Mexico. Storage services are provided through the operation of one underground natural gas storage field in Iowa,
two underground natural gas storage facilities in Kansas and two liquefied natural gas storage peaking units, one in Iowa andone in Minnesota.
Kern River’s system consists of approximately 1,400 miles of natural gas pipelines, which extends from the system’s
point of origination in Wyoming through the Central Rocky Mountains into California.
Other Segments
Significant physical properties used by Berkshire’s other business segments are summarized below:
Business

Insurance:
GEICO
BHRG

BH Primary
Manufacturing

Country

U.S.
U.S.
Non-U.S.
U.S.
Non-U.S.

Property/Facility type

Locations in 26 countries
Locations in 7 countries

U.S.

Non-U.S.
Service

Locations

Locations in 63 countries

U.S.

Non-U.S.

Locations in 18 countries

Number of Properties
Owned
LeasedOffices and claims centers
Offices
Offices
Offices
Offices

10
1
1
5
—

107
34
51
52
15

Manufacturing facility
Offices/Warehouses
Retail/Showroom
Housing subdivisions
Manufacturing facility
Offices/Warehouses

513
225
230
322
176
109

114
472
205
—
107
465

Training facilities/Hangars
Offices/Distribution
Production facilities
Leasing/Showroom/Retail
Training facilities/Hangars
Offices/Distribution

11
16
4
34
1
—

88
136
4
40
16
39

McLaneU.S.

Distribution centers/Offices

63

28

Retailing

U.S.

Offices/Warehouses
Retail/Showroom
Retail/Offices/Warehouses

23
141
1

27
466
95

Non-U.S.

Locations in 6 countries

Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Berkshire and its subsidiaries are parties in a variety of legal actions that routinely arise out of the normal course ofbusiness, including legal actions seeking to establish liability directly through insurance contracts or indirectly throughreinsurance contracts issued by Berkshire subsidiaries. Plaintiffs occasionally seek punitive or exemplary damages. We do notbelieve that such normal and routine litigation will have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
Berkshire and certain of its subsidiaries are also involved in other kinds of legal actions, some of which assert or may assert
claims or seek to impose fines and penalties. We currently believe that any liability that may arise as a result of other pending
legal actions will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Information regarding the Company’s mine safety violations and other legal matters disclosed in accordance with Section
1503 (a) of the Dodd-Frank Reform Act is included in Exhibit 95 to this Form 10-K.

K-30

Executive Officers of the Registrant
Following is a list of the Registrant’s named executive officers:
Name

Warren E. Buffett
Charles T. Munger
Gregory E. Abel
Ajit Jain
Marc D. Hamburg

Age

92
99
60
71
73

Position with Registrant

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Vice Chairman
Vice Chairman – Non-Insurance Operations
Vice Chairman – Insurance Operations
Senior Vice-President – Chief Financial Officer

Since

1970
1978
2018
2018
1992

Each executive officer serves, in accordance with the by-laws of the Registrant, until the first meeting of the Board of
Directors following the next annual meeting of shareholders and until a successor is chosen and qualified or until such executive
officer sooner dies, resigns, is removed or becomes disqualified.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Investors are cautioned that certain statements contained in this document as well as some statements in periodic press
releases and some oral statements of Berkshire officials during presentations about Berkshire or its subsidiaries are “forwardlooking” statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”). Forward-looking
statements include statements which are predictive in nature, which depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, or
which include words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates” or similar expressions. In
addition, any statements concerning future financial performance (including future revenues, earnings or growth rates), ongoing
business strategies or prospects and possible future Berkshire actions, which may be provided by management, are also forwardlooking statements as defined by the Act. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and projections about
future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions about Berkshire and its subsidiaries, economic and market
factors and the industries in which we do business, among other things. These statements are not guarantees of future
performance and we have no specific intention to update these statements.
Actual events and results may differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in forward-looking statements due toa number of factors. The principal risk factors that could cause our actual performance and future events and actions to differ
materially from such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, changes in market prices of our investments
in fixed maturity and equity securities; losses realized from derivative contracts; the occurrence of one or more catastrophic
events, such as an earthquake, hurricane, act of terrorism or cyber-attack that causes losses insured by our insurance subsidiaries
and/or losses to our business operations; the frequency and severity of epidemics, pandemics or other outbreaks, that negatively
affect our operating results and restrict our access to borrowed funds through the capital markets at reasonable rates; changes
in laws or regulations affecting our insurance, railroad, utilities and energy and finance subsidiaries; changes in federal income
tax laws; and changes in general economic and market factors that affect the prices of securities or the industries in which we
do business.
Part II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Security Holder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity
Securities
Market Information
Berkshire’s Class A and Class B common stock are listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange, trading symbols:
BRK.A and BRK.B, respectively.
Shareholders
Berkshire had approximately 1,300 record holders of its Class A common stock and 18,700 record holders of its Class B
common stock at February 13, 2023. Record owners included nominees holding at least 334,000 shares of Class A common
stock and 1,297,000,000 shares of Class B common stock on behalf of beneficial-but-not-of-record owners.
Dividends
Berkshire has not declared a cash dividend since 1967.

K-31

Common Stock Repurchase Program
Berkshire’s common stock repurchase program permits Berkshire to repurchase its Class A and Class B shares at any
time that Warren Buffett, Berkshire’s Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, and Charles Munger, Vice Chairmanof the Board, believe that the repurchase price is below Berkshire’s intrinsic value, conservatively determined. Repurchases
may be in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. Information with respect to Berkshire’s Class A andClass B common stock repurchased during the fourth quarter of 2022 follows.
Total number ofshares purchased

PeriodOctoberClass A common stock
Class B common stock
NovemberClass A common stock
Class B common stock
DecemberClass A common stock
Class B common stock

Average price paid
per share

Total number ofshares purchased aspart of publicly
announced program

Maximum number orvalue of shares that yet
may be repurchased
under the program

1,550 $
— $426,592.77
—

1,550
—

*
*

2,146 $
— $463,584.86
—

2,146
—

*
*

584 $
3,046,794 $

468,113.93
303.83584
3,046,794*** The program does not specify a maximum number of shares to be repurchased or obligate Berkshire to repurchase any
specific dollar amount or number of Class A or Class B shares and there is no expiration date to the repurchase program.
Berkshire will not repurchase its common stock if the repurchases reduce the total value of Berkshire’s consolidated cash, cash
equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bills holdings to less than $30 billion.
Stock Performance Graph
The following chart compares the subsequent value of $100 invested in Berkshire common stock on December 31, 2017with a similar investment in the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index and in the Standard & Poor’s Property – Casualty Insurance
Index**.

200

Berkshire Hathaway Inc.

192

S&P 500 Index

180

S&P 500 Property & Casualty Insurance Index
157

DOLLARS

160

149

153
151

140

126

157

128
120

120
103

100
95

80
60

182

2017

114

117

2019

2020

96

2018

2021

2022

* Cumulative return for the Standard & Poor’s indices based on reinvestment of dividends.
** It would be difficult to develop a peer group of companies similar to Berkshire. The Corporation owns subsidiaries engaged
in a number of diverse business activities of which an important component is the property and casualty insurance business.
Accordingly, management has used the Standard & Poor’s Property—Casualty Insurance Index for comparative purposes.
Item 6. [Reserved]

K-32

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Results of Operations
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders for each of the past three years are disaggregated in
the table that follows. Amounts are after deducting income taxes and exclude earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests(in millions).
Insurance – underwriting
Insurance – investment income
Railroad
Utilities and energy
Manufacturing, service and retailing
Investment and derivative contract gains (losses)
Other*Net earnings (loss) attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders

$

$

2022

(90) $
6,484
5,946
3,904
12,512(53,612)
2,037(22,819) $

2021

728
4,807
5,990
3,572
11,12062,3401,238
89,795

$

$

2020

657
5,039
5,161
3,141
8,300
31,591(11,368)
42,521* Includes goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges of $157 million in 2022, $259 million in 2021
and $11.0 billion in 2020, which includes our share of charges recorded by Kraft Heinz.
Through our subsidiaries, we engage in numerous diverse business activities. We manage our operating businesses onan unusually decentralized basis. There are few centralized or integrated business functions. Our senior corporate management
team participates in and is ultimately responsible for significant capital allocation decisions, investment activities and theselection of the Chief Executive to head each of the operating businesses. The business segment data (Note 25 to theaccompanying Consolidated Financial Statements) should be read in conjunction with this discussion.
The COVID-19 pandemic affected our operating businesses in varying ways and degrees, particularly in 2020 and 2021.
Significant disruptions of supply chains and higher costs emerged in 2021 and persisted in 2022. Further, geopolitical conflicts,
including the Russia-Ukraine conflict, developed in 2022 and are continuing in 2023. We cannot reliably predict future
economic effects of these events on our businesses. Nor can we reliably predict how these events will alter the future
consumption patterns of consumers and businesses we serve.
Insurance underwriting generated an after-tax loss of $90 million in 2022 and after-tax earnings of $728 million in 2021
and $657 million in 2020. Insurance underwriting results included after-tax losses from significant catastrophe events ofapproximately $2.4 billion in 2022, $2.3 billion in 2021 and $750 million in 2020. Underwriting results in 2022 were also
negatively impacted by increases in private passenger automobile claims frequencies and severities at GEICO, and favorably
impacted by higher earnings from reinsurance underwriting and foreign currency exchange rate gains arising from theremeasurement of non-U.S. Dollar denominated liabilities of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries.
Underwriting results in 2021 were favorably impacted by reductions in incurred losses for prior accident years underproperty and casualty insurance and reinsurance contracts. Underwriting results in 2021 were negatively impacted by higher
private passenger auto claims frequencies and severities and by the reduction in earned premium from the GEICO Giveback
program, as well as from high claims costs in the life reinsurance business. Underwriting results in 2020 included the effectsof the pandemic, arising from premium reductions from the GEICO Giveback program, significantly reduced claims
frequencies for private passenger automobile insurance and increased loss estimates for certain commercial insurance
coverages.
After-tax earnings from insurance investment income increased $1.7 billion in 2022 compared to 2021, attributable toincreased dividend income and higher interest rates. After-tax earnings from insurance investment income in 2021 and 2020
were negatively affected by low interest rates on our substantial holdings of cash and U.S. Treasury Bills.

K-33

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Results of Operations (Continued)
After-tax earnings of our railroad, BNSF were relatively unchanged in 2022 compared to 2021 and increased 16.1% in
2021 versus 2020. Results in 2022 reflected higher revenue per car/unit, substantially offset by lower overall freight volumes
and higher fuel and other operating costs. The earnings increase in 2021 reflected overall higher freight volumes, higher averagerevenue per car/unit and improved productivity, partly offset by higher average fuel prices and volume related costs. Earnings
in 2020 reflected relatively low railroad operating revenues from reduced shipping volumes, attributable to the COVID-19
pandemic, partly offset by lower operating costs and the effects of productivity improvements.
After-tax earnings of our utilities and energy business increased 9.3% in 2022 compared to 2021 and 13.7% in 2021
versus 2020. The increase in 2022 reflected higher earnings from other energy businesses, including tax equity investments
and the Northern Powergrid businesses, as well as from the natural gas pipeline businesses, partly offset by lower earnings
from the real estate brokerage business. The increase in 2021 reflected higher earnings from the U.S. utilities and natural gas
pipelines businesses.
Earnings from our manufacturing, service and retailing businesses increased 12.5% in 2022 compared to 2021 and 34.0%
in 2021 versus 2020. Operating results in 2022 were mixed among our various businesses. While customer demand for products
and services was relatively good in 2022, demand began to weaken in the second half of the year at certain of our businesses.
We experienced the negative effects of higher materials, freight, labor and other input costs through much of 2022. Many ofour businesses generated significantly higher earnings in 2021 compared to 2020, attributable to relatively strong customer
demand for products and higher selling prices, partially offset by higher materials, freight and other input costs attributable toongoing disruptions in global supply chains.
Investment and derivative contract gains (losses) in each of the three years presented predominantly derived from ourinvestments in equity securities and included significant net unrealized gains and losses from market price changes. We believethat investment gains and losses on investments in equity securities, whether realized from dispositions or unrealized fromchanges in market prices, are generally meaningless in understanding our reported quarterly or annual results or evaluating the
economic performance of our operating businesses. These gains and losses have caused and will continue to cause significant
volatility in our periodic earnings.
Other earnings included after-tax foreign exchange rate gains of approximately $1.3 billion in 2022 and $1.0 billion in
2021 and after-tax losses of $764 million in 2020 related to the non-U.S. Dollar denominated debt issued by Berkshire and its
U.S.-based finance subsidiary, Berkshire Hathaway Finance Corporation (“BHFC”). Other earnings also included after-tax
goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges of $157 million in 2022, $259 million in 2021 and $11.0
billion in 2020. Such amounts included our share of impairment charges recorded by Kraft Heinz. Approximately $9.8 billionof the charges in 2020 were attributable to impairments of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets recorded in connection
with Berkshire’s acquisition of Precision Castparts in 2016.
Insurance—Underwriting
Our management views our insurance businesses as possessing two distinct activities – underwriting and investing.
Underwriting decisions are the responsibility of the unit managers, while investing decisions are the responsibility ofBerkshire’s Chairman and CEO, Warren E. Buffett and Berkshire’s corporate investment managers. Accordingly, we evaluate
performance of underwriting operations without any allocation of investment income or investment gains and losses. We
consider investment income as an integral component of our aggregate insurance operating results. However, we consider
investment gains and losses, whether realized or unrealized, as non-operating. We believe that such gains and losses are notmeaningful in understanding the periodic operating results of our insurance businesses.
The timing and magnitude of catastrophe losses can produce significant volatility in our periodic underwriting results,
particularly with respect to our reinsurance businesses. We currently consider pre-tax incurred losses exceeding $150 million
from a current year catastrophic event to be significant. Significant catastrophe events in 2022 included Hurricane Ian andfloods in Australia, while significant events in 2021 included Hurricane Ida, floods in Europe and Winter Storm Uri.
Changes in estimates for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, including amounts established for occurrences inprior years, can also significantly affect our periodic underwriting results. Unpaid loss estimates, including estimates underretroactive reinsurance contracts, were approximately $143 billion as of December 31, 2022 and $125 billion as of December
31, 2021. Our periodic underwriting results may also include significant foreign currency transaction gains and losses arisingfrom the changes in the valuation of non-U.S. Dollar denominated liabilities of our U.S. based insurance subsidiaries due toforeign currency exchange rate fluctuations.

K-34

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Insurance—Underwriting (Continued)
We provide primary insurance and reinsurance products covering property and casualty risks, as well as life and healthrisks. Our insurance and reinsurance businesses are GEICO, Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group (“BH Primary”) and Berkshire
Hathaway Reinsurance Group (“BHRG”). On October 19, 2022, Berkshire acquired Alleghany Corporation (“Alleghany”),
which operates property and casualty insurance and reinsurance businesses. These businesses were included in the BH Primaryand BHRG underwriting results beginning as of that date.
We strive to produce pre-tax underwriting earnings (premiums earned less losses incurred and underwriting expenses)
over the long term in all business categories, except for BHRG’s retroactive reinsurance and periodic payment annuity
contracts. Time-value-of-money is an important element in establishing prices for these contracts. We normally receive all
premiums at the contract inception date, which are immediately available for investment. Ultimate claim payments can extend
for decades and are expected to exceed premiums, producing underwriting losses over the claim settlement periods, primarily
through deferred charge amortization and discount accretion charges.
Underwriting results of our insurance businesses are summarized below (dollars in millions).
2022

Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss):
GEICO
Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group
Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group
Pre-tax underwriting earnings
Income taxes and noncontrolling interests
Net underwriting earnings (loss)
Effective income tax rate

$

$

2021

(1,880) $
393
1,389
(98)
(8)
(90) $
8.5%

2020

1,259 $
607
(930)
936
208
728 $
22.2%

3,428
110
(2,700)
838
181
657
21.5%

GEICO
GEICO writes private passenger automobile insurance, offering coverages to insureds in all 50 states and the District ofColumbia. GEICO markets its policies mainly by direct response methods where most customers apply for coverage directly
to the company via the Internet or over the telephone. A summary of GEICO’s underwriting results follows (dollars in millions).

Premiums written
Premiums earned
Losses and loss adjustment expenses
Underwriting expenses
Total losses and expenses
Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss)

Amount2022$ 39,107$ 38,984
36,297
4,567
40,864$ (1,880)

%

100.0
93.1
11.7
104.8

Amount2021$ 38,395$ 37,706
30,9995,448
36,447$ 1,259

%

100.0
82.2
14.5
96.7

Amount$ 34,928$ 35,093
26,018
5,647
31,665$ 3,428

2020

%

100.0
74.1
16.1
90.2

GEICO’s pre-tax underwriting results in each of the past three years were significantly affected by changes in averageclaims frequencies and severities. Beginning in the first quarter of 2020 and continuing through the first quarter of 2021,
average claims frequencies were significantly below historical levels from the effects of less driving by policyholders during
the COVID-19 pandemic. These effects were partially offset by higher average claims severities and lower premiums earned
from the GEICO Giveback program, which provided a 15% premium reduction to all new or renewing voluntary auto andmotorcycle policies between April 8, 2020 and October 7, 2020. Starting in the second quarter of 2021, average claims
frequencies began to increase as driving by policyholders increased. GEICO’s pre-tax underwriting losses in 2022 reflectedsignificant increases in average claims severities, primarily due to significant cost inflation in property and physical damage
claims, which began to accelerate in the second half of 2021 and have continued through 2022. Increases in used car prices areproducing increased claims severities on total losses and shortages of car parts are contributing to elevated claims severities onpartial losses. In addition, injury claims severities continued to trend higher in 2022.

K-35

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Insurance—Underwriting (Continued)
GEICO (Continued)
2022 versus 2021
Premiums written increased $712 million (1.9%) in 2022 compared to 2021, reflecting increases in average premiums
per auto policy due to rate increases, which were substantially offset by a decrease in policies-in-force. Voluntary auto policiesin-force declined 8.9% in 2022 compared to 2021 while average premiums per voluntary auto policy increased 11.3%.
Premiums earned increased $1.3 billion (3.4%) in 2022 compared to 2021, partially attributable to a reduction in 2021 ofapproximately $475 million from the remaining impact of the GEICO Giveback program.
Losses and loss adjustment expenses increased $5.3 billion (17.1%) in 2022 compared to 2021. GEICO’s ratio of losses
and loss adjustment expenses to premiums earned (the “loss ratio”) was 93.1% in 2022, an increase of 10.9 percentage points
over 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to higher claims frequencies and severities, as well as lower reductions ofultimate loss estimates for prior years’ events.
Claims frequencies in 2022 were higher for all coverages, including property damage (one to two percent range), bodily
injury and collision (four to five percent range) and personal injury (three to four percent range). Average claims severities in
2022 were higher for all coverages, including property damage (twenty-one to twenty-two percent range), collision (fourteen
to sixteen percent range) and bodily injury (nine to eleven percent range). Losses and loss adjustment expenses reflected
reductions in the ultimate loss estimates for prior years’ loss events of $653 million in 2022 compared to $1.8 billion in 2021.
The reductions in 2022 reflected decreases in all major coverages except collision and property damage coverages, while thereductions in 2021 were across all major coverages. Losses and loss adjustment expenses were approximately $400 million
from Hurricane Ian in 2022 and $375 million from Hurricane Ida in 2021.
Underwriting expenses decreased $881 million (16.2%) in 2022 compared to 2021, primarily due to significant
reductions in advertising costs and lower employee-related costs. GEICO’s expense ratio (underwriting expense to premiums
earned) was 11.7% in 2022, a decrease of 2.8 percentage points compared to 2021, attributable to both the decrease in expenses
as well as the increase in earned premiums.
GEICO has successfully obtained premium rate increase approvals from certain states in response to the significant
claims costs increases it has experienced in recent years. As a result, we currently expect GEICO to generate an underwriting
profit in 2023.
2021 versus 2020
Premiums written in 2021 increased $3.5 billion (9.9%) compared to 2020, which included a reduction of approximately$2.9 billion attributable to the GEICO Giveback program. Premiums earned in 2021 increased $2.6 billion (7.4%) compared
to 2020. The GEICO Giveback Program reduced earned premiums by approximately $2.5 billion in 2020 with the remainderof the impact included in 2021. Voluntary auto policies-in-force in 2021 were slightly higher compared to 2020.
Losses and loss adjustment expenses increased $5.0 billion (19.1%) compared to 2020. GEICO’s loss ratio increased 8.1
percentage points compared to 2020. The increase in the loss ratio reflected an increase in average claims frequencies andseverities and higher losses from significant catastrophe events, partially offset by increased reductions of ultimate estimatedlosses for claims occurring in prior years.
Claims frequencies in 2021 were higher for all coverages, including property damage and bodily injury (thirteen to
fourteen percent range), personal injury (sixteen to seventeen percent range) and collision (twenty-one to twenty-two percent
range). Average claims severities in 2021 were also higher for property damage coverage (two to three percent range), collision
coverage (fifteen to sixteen percent range) and bodily injury coverage (eight to ten percent range). Ultimate claim loss estimatesfor claims occurring in prior years were reduced approximately $1.8 billion in 2021 and $253 million in 2020. Losses incurred
attributable to Hurricane Ida in 2021 were $375 million, while losses in 2020 were $81 million from significant catastrophe
events.
Underwriting expenses decreased $199 million (3.5%) compared to 2020, reflecting lower advertising expenses.
GEICO’s expense ratio decreased 1.6 percentage points in 2021, reflecting lower expenses and higher premiums earned.

K-36

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Insurance—Underwriting (Continued)
Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group
The Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group consists of several independently managed businesses that provide a variety ofprimarily commercial insurance solutions, including healthcare professional liability, workers’ compensation, automobile,
general liability, property and specialty coverages for small, medium and large clients. BH Primary’s larger insurers include
Berkshire Hathaway Specialty Insurance (“BH Specialty”), Berkshire Hathaway Homestate Companies (“BHHC”), MedPro
Group, Berkshire Hathaway GUARD Insurance Companies (“GUARD”), National Indemnity Company (“NICO Primary”)
and U.S. Liability Insurance Company (“USLI”). This group also includes Alleghany’s RSUI Group Inc. and CapSpecialty,
Inc. (“Alleghany Insurance”) beginning October 19, 2022. A summary of BH Primary underwriting results follows (dollars inmillions).

Premiums written
Premiums earned
Losses and loss adjustment expenses
Underwriting expenses
Total losses and expenses
Pre-tax underwriting earnings

Amount2022$ 14,619$ 13,746
9,889
3,464
13,353
$
393

%

100.0
71.9
25.2
97.1

Amount2021$ 12,595$ 11,575
8,107
2,861
10,968
$
607

%

100.0
70.0
24.8
94.8

Amount$ 10,212$ 9,615
7,129
2,376
9,505
$
110

2020

%

100.0
74.1
24.7
98.8

Premiums written increased $2.0 billion (16.1%) in 2022 compared to 2021, reflecting increases at BH Specialty (16%),USLI (16%), BHHC (15%) and MedPro Group (10%), and from the inclusion of Alleghany Insurance ($435 million).
Premiums written increased $2.4 billion (23.3%) in 2021 compared to 2020, primarily due to increases from BH Specialty(36%), MedPro Group (16%), NICO Primary (25%), GUARD (7%) and USLI (20%). The increases in each year were acrossa variety of coverages and in several markets.
BH Primary’s loss ratio increased 1.9 percentage points compared to 2021, which decreased 4.1 percentage points versus
2020. Incurred losses from significant catastrophe events were $641 million in 2022 ($554 from Hurricane Ian), $433 million
in 2021 ($239 million from Hurricane Ida) and $207 million in 2020 ($160 million from Hurricanes Laura and Sally). Incurred
losses in 2020 also included increased liabilities attributable to the pandemic of $167 million. Incurred losses and loss
adjustment expenses reflected net reductions in estimated ultimate liabilities for prior years’ loss events of $428 million in
2022, $631 million in 2021 and $265 million in 2020. BH Primary insurers continue to write significant levels of workers’
compensation, commercial and professional liability insurance and the related claim costs may be subject to high severity andlong claim-tails. Claims liabilities could be greater than anticipated due to a variety of factors.
Underwriting expenses increased $603 million (21.1%) in 2022 compared to 2021, while underwriting expenses
increased $485 million (20.4%) in 2021 compared to 2020. These increases reflected the increases in premiums earned andchanges in business mix.
Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group
The Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (“BHRG”) offers excess-of-loss and quota-share reinsurance coverages onproperty and casualty risks to insurers and reinsurers worldwide through several subsidiaries, led by National Indemnity
Company (“NICO”), General Reinsurance Corporation, General Reinsurance AG and, beginning October 19, 2022,
Alleghany’s Transatlantic Reinsurance Company and affiliates (“TransRe Group”). We also write life and health reinsurance
coverages through General Re Life Corporation, General Reinsurance AG and Berkshire Hathaway Life Insurance Company
of Nebraska (“BHLN”). We assume property and casualty risks under retroactive reinsurance contracts written through NICO
and we write periodic payment annuity contracts through BHLN.

K-37

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Insurance—Underwriting (Continued)
Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (Continued)
A summary of BHRG’s premiums and pre-tax underwriting earnings follows (dollars in millions).

Property/casualty
Life/health
Retroactive reinsurance
Periodic payment annuity
Variable annuity$$

Premiums earned
2021

2022

16,040 $
5,279
—
582
14
21,915 $13,740 $
5,648
136
658
15
20,197 $2020

12,214 $
5,861
38
566
14
18,693 $Pre-tax underwriting
earnings (loss)
2022
2021
2020

2,180 $
292
(668)
(532)
117
1,389 $

667 $
(421)
(782)
(508)
114
(930) $

(799)
(18)
(1,248)(617)(18)(2,700)Property/casualty
A summary of property/casualty reinsurance underwriting results follows (dollars in millions).

Premiums written
Premiums earned
Losses and loss adjustment expenses
Underwriting expenses
Total losses and expenses
Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss)

Amount2022$ 16,962$ 16,040
10,605
3,255
13,860$ 2,180

%

100.0
66.1
20.3
86.4

Amount2021$ 14,149$ 13,740
9,878
3,195
13,073
$
667

%

100.0
71.9
23.2
95.1

Amount2020$ 13,295$ 12,214
9,898
3,115
13,013
$
(799)

%

100.0
81.0
25.5
106.5

Premiums written increased $2.8 billion (19.9%) in 2022 compared to 2021, primarily due to net increases in newproperty business and higher rates, and the inclusion of the TransRe Group ($986 million), partially offset by unfavorable
foreign currency translation effects. Premiums written increased $854 million (6.4%) in 2021 compared to 2020, primarily
attributable to net new business, increased participations and improved prices on renewals and favorable currency translation
effects. The increase was primarily attributable to property coverages.
Losses and loss adjustment expenses increased $727 million (7.4%) in 2022 compared to 2021 and were relatively
unchanged in 2021 compared to 2020. Losses incurred from significant catastrophe events were $2.0 billion in 2022 ($1.6
billion from Hurricane Ian), $2.1 billion ($933 million from Hurricane Ida) in 2021 and $667 million in 2020 ($357 million in
the aggregate from Hurricanes Laura and Sally). Losses incurred in 2020 also included $964 million attributable to the COVID19 pandemic. Losses and loss adjustment expenses included reductions in estimated ultimate liabilities for prior years’ eventsof $1.6 billion in 2022 and $718 million in 2021 and increases of $162 million in 2020.
Underwriting expenses as percentages of premiums earned decreased 2.9 percentage points in 2022 compared to 2021,
primarily attributable to foreign currency exchange rate effects and changes in business mix. Underwriting expenses included
foreign currency exchange gains of $371 million in 2022 compared to $173 million in 2021, related to the remeasurement ofcertain non-U.S. Dollar denominated liabilities of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries. The expense ratio in 2021 decreased 2.3
percentage points compared to 2020, primarily attributable to changes in business mix and foreign currency effects.

K-38

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Insurance—Underwriting (Continued)
Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (Continued)
Life/health
A summary of our life/health reinsurance underwriting results follows (dollars in millions).

Premiums written
Premiums earned
Life and health insurance benefits
Underwriting expenses
Total benefits and expenses
Pre-tax underwriting earnings (loss)$$$

Amount

2022

5,185
5,279
4,004
983
4,987
292

%

100.0
75.8
18.7
94.5

$
$

$

Amount

2021

5,621
5,648
4,933
1,136
6,069
(421)

%

100.0
87.3
20.2
107.5

$
$

$

Amount

2020

5,848
5,861
4,883
996
5,879
(18)

%

100.0
83.3
17.0
100.3

Life/health premiums written decreased $436 million (7.8%) in 2022 compared to 2021 which decreased 3.9% from2020. The decrease in 2022 was primarily due to unfavorable foreign currency translation effects ($289 million) and decreased
volume in the Asia Pacific region. Premiums written in 2020 included $710 million from a contract that covered U.S. healthrisks that did not renew in 2021. Otherwise, premiums written in 2021 increased 9.4% versus 2020, primarily due to volume
growth in the Asia Pacific region and favorable foreign currency translation effects. Life and health benefits declined $929
million (18.8%) in 2022 compared to 2021, primarily due to relatively high pandemic-related mortality claims in the U.S.,
South Africa, India and Latin America in 2021. Underwriting earnings in 2020 were negatively affected by increased life
benefits from COVID-19-related claims and from increased liabilities from changes in assumptions used in estimating disability
benefit liabilities in Australia, which were mostly offset by lower other life claims and reduced losses from U.S. long-term carebusiness in run-off.
Retroactive reinsurance
Retroactive reinsurance underwriting results primarily derive from the runoff of contracts written several years ago. Pretax underwriting losses in each year derived from the amortization of deferred charges and changes in the estimated timing andamounts of future claim payments. Underwriting results also include foreign currency exchange gains and losses from theeffects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on non-U.S. Dollar denominated liabilities of our U.S. subsidiaries. Pretax foreign currency gains were $168 million in 2022 and $58 million in 2021 versus pre-tax losses of $171 million in 2020.
Pre-tax underwriting losses before foreign currency gains/losses were $836 million in 2022, $840 million in 2021 and$1.1 billion in 2020, primarily from deferred charge amortization. Underwriting results also reflected the effects of changes inthe estimates of the timing of future payments and amounts of ultimate claim liabilities. Estimated ultimate claim liabilities forprior years’ contracts were increased $86 million in 2022 and reduced $974 million in 2021, which net of related changes inunamortized deferred charges, produced relatively insignificant effects on underwriting earnings.
Gross unpaid losses assumed under retroactive reinsurance contracts were $35.4 billion at December 31, 2022, a declineof $2.4 billion since December 31, 2021, primarily attributable to paid claims. Unamortized deferred charges related toretroactive reinsurance contracts were $9.9 billion at December 31, 2022, a decline of $769 million since December 31, 2021.
Deferred charge amortization will be included in underwriting earnings over the expected remaining claims settlement periods.
Periodic payment annuity
Periodic payment annuity premiums earned decreased $76 million (11.6%) in 2022 compared to 2021, which increased$92 million (16.3%) compared to 2020. Periodic payment annuity business is both price and demand sensitive and the supply
of available business is affected by the timing of underlying legal claim settlements. Our volumes written may change rapidly
due to changes in prices, which are affected by prevailing interest rates, the perceived risks and durations associated with the
expected annuity payments, as well as the level of competition.

K-39

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Insurance—Underwriting (Continued)
Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (Continued)
Our periodic payment annuity contracts normally produce pre-tax underwriting losses from the recurring accretion oftime-value discounted annuity liabilities, which includes discount accruals on liabilities of contracts without life contingencies.
Underwriting results also include gains or losses from foreign currency exchange rate changes on non-U.S. Dollar denominatedliabilities of our U.S. subsidiaries. Pre-tax underwriting results included foreign currency gains of $164 million in 2022 and$18 million in 2021, and pre-tax losses of $67 million in 2020.
Pre-tax underwriting losses before foreign currency exchange effects were $696 million in 2022, $526 million in 2021
and $550 million in 2020. Pre-tax losses in 2022 included approximately $130 million attributable to the termination of areinsurance contract, in which the settlement paid exceeded the carrying value of the liabilities. Pre-tax losses in 2021 werepartially offset by the effects of higher mortality and by higher interest rates applicable to settlements under certain contracts.
Discounted liabilities were $15.4 billion at December 31, 2022, which included $3.9 billion for contracts without life
contingencies, and had a weighted average discount rate of approximately 3.9%. Upon the adoption of ASU 2018-12 in 2023,
the discount rates on contracts with life-contingent liabilities will be adjusted quarterly based upon prevailing interest rates
which could have a significant effect on our recorded liabilities. The periodic effect from discount rate changes will be reflected
in other comprehensive income.
Variable annuity
Variable annuity guarantee reinsurance contracts produced pre-tax gains of $117 million in 2022 and $114 million in
2021, and pre-tax losses of $18 million in 2020. The results from these contracts are affected by changes in securities markets,
interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, which can be volatile, and from the periodic amortization of expected profit
margins. Underwriting earnings in 2022 and 2021 were primarily attributable to the net effects of interest rate increases andchanges in securities markets.
Insurance—Investment Income
A summary of net investment income attributable to our insurance operations follows (dollars in millions).

Dividend income
Interest and other investment income
Pre-tax net investment income
Income taxes and noncontrolling interests
Net investment income
Effective income tax rate

$

$

2022

6,039
$
1,685
7,724
1,240
6,484
$
16.0%

2021

5,060
$
589
5,649
842
4,807
$
14.9%

2020

4,890
1,059
5,949
910
5,039
15.3%

Percentage change
2022 vs 2021
2021 vs 2020

19.3%
186.1
36.7

3.5%
(44.4)(5.0)

Dividend income increased $979 million (19.3%) in 2022 compared to 2021 and increased $170 million (3.5%) in 2021
versus 2020. The increase in 2022 reflected an overall increase in equity security investments during 2022. Dividend income
also varies from period to period due to changes in the investment portfolio and the frequency and timing of dividends fromcertain investees. Dividend income included $46 million in 2022, $121 million in 2021 and $26 million in 2020 frominvestments in preferred stock of Berkshire Hathaway Energy. Such amounts are deducted from earnings of the utilities andenergy segment.
Interest and other investment income increased $1.1 billion (186.1%) in 2022 compared to 2021, primarily due tosignificant increases in interest income due to interest rate increases during the year, as well as the inclusion of interest incomeon assets of Alleghany’s insurance subsidiaries. Interest and other investment income in 2021 declined 44.4% compared to2020, primarily due to lower income from short-term investments and fixed maturity securities. We continue to hold substantialbalances of cash, cash equivalents and short-term U.S. Treasury Bills. We continue to believe that maintaining ample liquidity
is paramount and we insist on safety over yield with respect to short-term investments.

K-40

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Insurance—Investment Income (Continued)
Invested assets of our insurance businesses derive from shareholder capital and from net liabilities under insurance andreinsurance contracts or “float.” The major components of float are unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, including
liabilities under retroactive reinsurance contracts, life, annuity and health insurance benefit liabilities, unearned premiums andother liabilities due to policyholders, reduced by insurance premiums and reinsurance receivables, deferred charges assumed
under retroactive reinsurance contracts and deferred policy acquisition costs. Float approximated $164 billion at December 31,
2022, $147 billion at December 31, 2021 and $138 billion at December 31, 2020. Float at December 31, 2022 included
approximately $14 billion attributable to Alleghany’s insurance and reinsurance businesses. Our combined insurance operations
generated pre-tax underwriting losses of $98 million in 2022, and the cost of float was nominal. In 2021 and 2020, our combined
insurance operations generated pre-tax underwriting gains, and consequently, the cost of float in each year was negative.
A summary of cash and investments held in our insurance businesses as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 follows (inmillions).

Cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bills
Equity securities
Fixed maturity securities
Other

$

2022

December 31,

86,816298,934
24,9983,417
414,165

$

$

$

2021

90,688334,907
16,386
4,296
446,277

Fixed maturity investments as of December 31, 2022 were as follows (in millions).
U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies
Foreign governments
Corporate bonds
Other

$

$

Amortized
cost

10,02910,375
1,938
2,701
25,043$$

Unrealized
gains/losses(237) $
(127)
251
68
(45) $

Carrying
value

9,792
10,2482,189
2,769
24,998

U.S. government obligations are rated AA+ or Aaa by the major rating agencies. Approximately 93% of all foreign
government obligations were rated AA or higher by at least one of the major rating agencies. Foreign government securities
include obligations issued or unconditionally guaranteed by national or provincial government entities.

K-41

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Railroad
Burlington Northern Santa Fe, LLC (“BNSF”) operates one of the largest railroad systems in North America, with over
32,500 route miles of track in 28 states. BNSF also operates in three Canadian provinces. BNSF classifies its major businessgroups by type of product shipped including consumer products, industrial products, agricultural products and coal. A summaryof BNSF’s earnings follows (dollars in millions).

Railroad operating revenues
Railroad operating expenses:
Compensation and benefits
Fuel
Purchased services
Depreciation and amortization
Equipment rents, materials and other
Total
Railroad operating earnings
Other revenues (expenses):
Other revenues
Other expenses, net
Interest expense
Pre-tax earnings
Income taxes
Net earnings
Effective income tax rate

$

$

2022

2021

2020

5,253
4,581
2,102
2,517
2,147
16,600
8,603

4,696
2,766
2,033
2,444
1,763
13,702
8,811

685
(555)
(1,025)
7,708
1,762
5,946 $
22.9%

769
(687)
(1,032)
7,861
1,871
5,990 $
23.8%

25,203 $22,513 $Percentage change
2022 vs 2021
2021 vs 2020

20,181

11.9%

11.6%

4,542
1,789
1,954
2,460
1,684
12,429
7,752

11.9
65.6
3.4
3.0
21.8
21.2
(2.4)

3.4
54.6
4.0
(0.7)
4.7
10.2
13.7

688
(611)
(1,037)
6,792
1,631
5,161
24.0%

(10.9)(19.2)
(0.7)
(1.9)
(5.8)
(0.7)

11.8
12.4
(0.5)
15.7
14.7
16.1

The following table summarizes BNSF’s railroad freight volumes by business group (cars/units in thousands).
Consumer products
Industrial products
Agricultural products
Coal

2022

5,202
1,618
1,200
1,529
9,549

Cars/Units
2021

5,673
1,709
1,224
1,529
10,135

2020

5,266
1,622
1,189
1,404
9,481

Percentage change
2022 vs 2021
2021 vs 2020

(8.3)%
(5.3)
(2.0)
—

(5.8)

7.7%
5.4
2.9
8.9
6.9

2022 versus 2021
Railroad operating revenues increased 11.9% in 2022 compared to 2021, reflecting an 18.9% increase in average revenue
per car/unit, including the impact from higher fuel surcharge revenue driven by higher fuel prices, partially offset by lower
volumes of 5.8%. BNSF’s pre-tax earnings decreased 1.9% in 2022 from 2021. Pre-tax earnings in 2022 were impacted bylower volumes and higher fuel and other operating costs, offset by higher yield and fuel surcharge revenue.
Operating revenues from consumer products increased 11.8% in 2022 to $9.2 billion compared to 2021, reflecting higher
average revenue per car/unit, partially offset by a volume decrease of 8.3%. The volume decrease was primarily due to lower
intermodal shipments, resulting from supply chain disruptions and lower west coast imports during the second half of the year.
Operating revenues from industrial products were $5.6 billion in 2022, an increase of 5.6% from 2021, reflecting higher
average revenue per car/unit, partially offset by a volume decrease of 5.3%. The volume decrease was primarily due to adecrease in petroleum products related to lower demand for shipments of crude by rail and lower building products, steel andtaconite shipments, partially offset by increased mineral shipments.
Operating revenues from agricultural products increased 12.6% to $5.7 billion in 2022 compared to 2021. The revenue
increase reflected higher revenue per car/unit partially offset by lower volumes of 2.0%. The decrease in volumes was primarily
due to lower grain exports and fertilizer shipments, partially offset by higher volumes of domestic grains, renewable diesel andfeedstocks.
Operating revenues from coal increased 21.7% to $3.9 billion in 2022 compared to 2021, attributable to higher averagerevenue per car/unit. Coal volumes were unchanged compared to 2021.

K-42

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Railroad (Continued)
Railroad operating expenses were $16.6 billion in 2022, an increase of $2.9 billion (21.2%) compared to 2021. Our ratioof railroad operating expenses to railroad operating revenues increased 5.0 percentage points to 65.9% in 2022 versus 2021.
The operating expense increase was primarily attributable to significant increases in the cost of fuel, as well as higher
compensation and benefits expense. Compensation and benefits expenses increased $557 million (11.9%) in 2022 compared
to 2021, primarily due to wage inflation, including the impact from the ratified union labor agreements, higher health andwelfare costs and lower productivity. Fuel expenses increased $1.8 billion (65.6%) in 2022 compared to 2021, primarily due
to higher average fuel prices, partially offset by lower volumes. Equipment rents, materials and other expenses increased $384
million (21.8%) in 2022 compared to 2021, due to general inflation, lower gains from land and easement sales and higher
casualty and litigation costs.
Approximately 31,000 of BNSF’s employees are members of a labor union. The U.S. Class I railroads and rail labor
unions were engaged in multi-party national negotiations from January 2020 through June 2022. Federal mediation was
included in that timeframe, followed by a release from the National Mediation Board and subsequent appointment of a
Presidential Emergency Board (PEB), in accordance with the Railway Labor Act. The PEB issued its report andrecommendations to settle the bargaining disputes on August 16, 2022. Tentative agreements based on these recommendations
were reached with all labor unions in September 2022. Thereafter, a majority of the unions ratified those agreements with theremainder being imposed by Congress in December 2022. This concluded the national round which is not subject to re-opening
until late 2024.
2021 versus 2020
Railroad operating revenues increased 11.6% in 2021 compared to 2020, reflecting higher volumes of 6.9%, as well as
a 3.5% increase in average revenue per car/unit resulting from business mix changes and higher fuel surcharge revenue
attributable to higher fuel prices. Pre-tax earnings were $7.9 billion in 2021, an increase of 15.7% from 2020. The COVID-19
pandemic caused a significant economic slowdown that adversely affected our volumes in 2020. Revenue changes in 2021
were driven by continued improvements from the 2020 effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by disruptions in
the global supply chain.
Operating revenues from consumer products increased 13.7% in 2021 to $8.3 billion compared to 2020, reflecting
increased volumes of 7.7% and higher average revenue per car/unit. The volume increase was primarily due to growth inintermodal in both international and domestic shipments driven by increased retail sales, inventory replenishments by retailers
and increased e-commerce activity. Operating revenues from industrial products were $5.3 billion in 2021, an increase of 5.0%
from 2020. Volumes increased 5.4% while average revenue per car/unit was nearly unchanged from 2020. The volume increase
was primarily due to improvement in the U.S. industrial economy, driving higher volumes in the construction and building
sectors, partially offset by lower petroleum volumes due to unfavorable market conditions in the energy sector.
Operating revenues from agricultural products increased 5.8% to $5.1 billion in 2021 compared to 2020. The revenuechange reflected a volume increase of 2.9% due to higher domestic grain shipments and higher volumes of ethanol and relatedcommodities, as well as higher revenue per car/unit. Operating revenues from coal increased 21.5% to $3.2 billion in 2021
compared to 2020 attributable to higher volumes of 8.9% in 2021, as well as higher average revenue per car/unit. The volume
increase in 2021 was attributable to increased electricity generation, higher natural gas prices and improved export demand.
Railroad operating expenses were $13.7 billion in 2021, an increase of $1.3 billion (10.2%) compared to 2020. The ratioof railroad operating expenses to railroad operating revenues decreased 0.7 percentage points to 60.9% in 2021 versus 2020.
The increase in railroad operating expenses reflected higher volumes and higher average fuel prices, partially offset by thefavorable impact of productivity improvements. Compensation and benefits expenses increased $154 million (3.4%) in 2021
compared to 2020, primarily due to increased volumes, wage inflation and health and welfare costs, partially offset byproductivity improvements. Fuel expenses increased $977 million (54.6%) compared to 2020, primarily due to higher average
fuel prices. Purchased service expenses increased $79 million (4.0%) compared to 2020, primarily due to higher volumes andthe effects of insurance recoveries in 2020 related to 2019 flooding, partially offset by improved productivity. Equipment rents,
materials and other expenses increased $79 million (4.7%) compared to 2020, due to higher volume-related costs.

K-43

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Utilities and Energy
We currently own 92% of Berkshire Hathaway Energy Company (“BHE”), which operates a global energy business.
BHE’s domestic regulated utility interests include PacifiCorp, MidAmerican Energy Company (“MEC”) and NV Energy.
BHE’s natural gas pipelines consist of five domestic regulated interstate natural gas pipeline systems and a 25% interest in aliquefied natural gas export, import and storage facility (“LNG interest”), which BHE operates and consolidates for financial
reporting purposes. Three of the natural gas pipeline systems and the LNG interest were acquired on November 1, 2020 from
Dominion Energy, Inc. (“BHE GT&S”). Other energy businesses include two regulated electricity distribution businesses
operated by BHE subsidiaries (referred to as Northern Powergrid) in Great Britain, a regulated electricity transmission-onlybusiness in Alberta, Canada (“AltaLink, L.P.”) and a diversified portfolio of mostly renewable independent power projects andinvestments. BHE also operates a residential real estate brokerage business and a large network of real estate brokerage
franchises in the United States.
The rates our regulated businesses charge customers for energy and services are based in large part on the costs ofbusiness operations, including income taxes and a return on capital, and are subject to regulatory approval. To the extent suchcosts are not allowed in the approved rates, operating results will be adversely affected. A summary of BHE’s net earnings
follows (dollars in millions).
Revenues:
Energy operating revenue
Real estate operating revenue
Other income (loss)
Total revenue
Costs and expense:
Energy cost of sales
Energy operating expense
Real estate operating costs and expense
Interest expense
Total costs and expense
Pre-tax earnings
Income tax expense (benefit)*
Net earnings after income taxes
Noncontrolling interests of BHE subsidiaries
Net earnings attributable to BHE
Noncontrolling interests and preferred stock dividends
Net earnings attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders
Effective income tax rate

2022

$

$

21,0695,268
56
26,393

$

6,757
9,233
5,117
2,140
23,2473,146(1,629)
4,775
423
4,352
448
3,904 $
(51.8)%* Includes significant production tax credits from wind-powered electricity generation.

K-44

2021

18,935
6,215(54)
25,096

2020

$

5,504
8,535
5,710
2,054
21,803
3,293(1,153)
4,446
399
4,047
475
3,572 $
(35.0)%

15,556
5,396
148
21,100
4,187
7,539
4,885
1,941
18,552
2,548
(996)
3,544
71
3,473
332
3,141
(39.1)%

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Utilities and Energy (Continued)
The discussion of BHE’s operating results that follows is based on after-tax earnings, reflecting how the energy
businesses are managed and evaluated. A summary of net earnings attributable to BHE follows (dollars in millions).

U.S. utilities
Natural gas pipelines
Other energy businesses
Real estate brokerage
Corporate interest and other

$

2022

$

2,295 $
1,040
1,338
100
(421)
4,352 $

2021

2,211 $
807
979
387
(337)
4,047 $

2020

1,969
528
953
375
(352)
3,473

Percentage change
2022 vs 2021
2021 vs 2020

3.8%
28.9
36.7
(74.2)
24.9
7.5

12.3%
52.8
2.7
3.2
(4.3)
16.5

2022 versus 2021
Our U.S. utilities operate in several states, including Utah, Oregon and Wyoming (PacifiCorp), Iowa and Illinois (MEC)
and Nevada (NV Energy). After-tax earnings increased $84 million in 2022 compared to 2021. The earnings increase reflected
higher electric utility margin (operating revenue less cost of sales) and a $157 million increase in production tax credits
recognized on new wind-powered generating facilities placed in-service at PacifiCorp and MEC, partially offset by higher
operating expenses and state income taxes. Operating expenses increased due to higher costs associated with certain regulatory
mechanisms at MEC and NV Energy, increases in general and plant maintenance costs, incremental depreciation expense fromadditional assets placed in-service and higher accruals at PacifiCorp associated with the 2020 wildfires.
The U.S. utilities’ electric utility margin was $7.7 billion in 2022, an increase of $586 million (8.3%) compared to 2021.
The increase reflected higher operating revenue from favorable retail and wholesale pricing and increases in retail customer
volumes, partially offset by increases in thermal generation and purchased power costs. Retail customer volumes increased
2.4% (1.6% at PacifiCorp, 4.3% at MEC and 2.2% at NV Energy) in 2022 compared to 2021, primarily due to higher customer
usage, an increase in the average number of customers and the favorable impact of weather.
Natural gas pipelines’ after-tax earnings increased $233 million in 2022 compared to 2021. Substantially all of theincrease was derived from BHE GT&S, primarily attributable to higher regulated storage and service revenues from a general
rate case settlement and higher revenues and margins from non-regulated activities, as well as income tax adjustments.
Other energy businesses’ after-tax earnings increased $359 million in 2022 compared to 2021. The increase was primarily
due to increased wind tax equity investment earnings of $200 million and the impact in 2021 on income tax expense of $109
million at Northern Powergrid related to the enactment in June 2021 of an increase in the United Kingdom corporate income
tax rate from 19% to 25%, effective April 1, 2023. The earnings increase also reflected higher operating revenue from owned
renewable energy projects and earnings from new gas exploration and solar projects, partially offset by lower earnings fromnatural gas generating facilities and unfavorable foreign currency translation effects in 2022. The increase in wind tax equity
investment earnings reflected the impact of losses in 2021 on pre-existing tax equity investments due to the February 2021
winter storms as well as increased income tax benefits from projects reaching commercial operation over the past twelve
months.
Real estate brokerage after-tax earnings decreased $287 million in 2022 compared to 2021. The decrease reflected lower
brokerage services revenues and margins, primarily due to an 11% reduction in closed brokerage transaction volumes, as well
as lower mortgage services revenues and margins from a 40% decrease in closed transaction volumes, attributable to lower
homeowner refinancing activity resulting from rising interest rates.
Corporate interest and other after-tax earnings decreased $84 million in 2022 compared to 2021. The decrease wasprimarily due to lower state income tax benefits and higher interest expense from corporate debt issued in 2022.

K-45

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Utilities and Energy (Continued)
2021 versus 2020
The U.S. utilities’ after-tax earnings increased $242 million in 2021 compared to 2020. The increase reflected higher
electric utility margin and an increase of $139 million in production tax credits recognized at PacifiCorp and MEC, partially
offset by higher operating expenses. Operating expenses increased due to higher costs associated with certain regulatory
mechanisms at MEC, increased depreciation expense from additional assets placed in-service and by the impacts of adepreciation study effective January 1, 2021 at PacifiCorp. The operating expense increase was partially offset by the impactof accruals at PacifiCorp in 2020 associated with wildfires and changes to a settlement agreement in 2021 related to ahydroelectric facility, as well as lower costs associated with certain regulatory mechanisms at NV Energy.
The U.S. utilities’ electric utility margin was $7.1 billion in 2021, an increase of $126 million (1.8%) compared to 2020.
The increase reflected higher operating revenue from increases in retail and wholesale customer volumes and favorable
wholesale pricing, partially offset by increases in thermal generation and purchased power costs as well as lower base tariff
general rates in 2021 and a favorable regulatory decision in 2020 at NV Energy. Retail customer volumes increased 3.8% in
2021 compared to 2020, primarily due to higher customer usage, an increase in the average number of customers and thefavorable impact of weather.
Natural gas pipelines’ after-tax earnings increased $279 million in 2021 compared to 2020. The earnings increase in
2021 was primarily due to incremental earnings of $211 million from the BHE GT&S acquisition completed in November
2020. In addition, earnings in 2021 reflected the effects of higher margins on natural gas sales and higher transportation revenue
at Northern Natural Gas due to increased demand from the February 2021 winter storms, partially offset by lower transportation
revenue primarily due to lower volumes for the remainder of the year.
Other energy businesses’ after-tax earnings increased $26 million in 2021 compared to 2020. The increase was primarily
due to higher earnings at Northern Powergrid ($46 million), partially offset by lower earnings from renewable energy. The
increase at Northern Powergrid was attributable to higher tariff rates and units distributed, lower write-offs of gas exploration
costs and favorable foreign currency exchange rate movements, partially offset by an increase in income tax expense of $74
million from increases in the United Kingdom corporate income tax rates in both 2021 and 2020. The decline in earnings fromrenewable energy reflected a reduction in wind tax equity investment earnings of $56 million, which included increased losses
from pre-existing tax equity investments of $165 million, largely attributable to the February 2021 winter storms, partially
offset by increased income tax benefits from projects reaching commercial operation over the past twelve months.
Real estate brokerage after-tax earnings increased $12 million in 2021 compared to 2020. The increase was due to anincrease in closed brokerage transaction volumes in 2021, partially offset by lower mortgage volume due to a decrease inrefinance activity.
Corporate interest and other after-tax earnings increased $15 million in 2021 compared to 2020. The increase wasprimarily due to an increase in state income tax benefits and higher earnings from non-regulated energy services, offset byhigher operating expenses and higher interest expense from corporate debt issued in 2020.

K-46

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Manufacturing, Service and Retailing
A summary of revenues and earnings of our manufacturing, service and retailing businesses follows (dollars in millions).
Beginning January 31, 2023, this group will include Pilot Travel Centers.

Revenues
Manufacturing
Service and retailing
Pre-tax earnings
Manufacturing
Service and retailing
Income taxes and noncontrolling interests
Net earnings*
Effective income tax rate
Pre-tax earnings as a percentage of revenues

2022

2021

2020

$ 75,781
91,512$ 167,293$ 68,730
84,282$ 153,012$ 59,079
75,018$ 134,097$ 11,177 $ 9,841 $ 8,010
5,042
4,711
2,879
16,21914,552
10,889
3,707
3,432
2,589
$ 12,512 $ 11,120 $ 8,300
22.2%
23.0%
23.3%
9.7%
9.5%
8.1%

Percentage change
2022 vs 2021
2021 vs 2020

10.3%
8.6
9.3

16.3%
12.3
14.1

13.6%
7.0
11.5

22.9%
63.6
33.6

* Excludes certain acquisition accounting expenses, which primarily related to the amortization of identified intangible assets
recorded in connection with our business acquisitions. The after-tax acquisition accounting expenses excluded from earnings
above were $681 million in 2022, $690 million in 2021 and $783 million in 2020. In 2020, net earnings also excluded aftertax goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges of $10.4 billion. These expenses are included in “Other”
in the summary of earnings on page K-33 and in the “Other” earnings table on page K-56.
Manufacturing
Our manufacturing group includes a variety of industrial, building and consumer products businesses. A summary ofrevenues and pre-tax earnings of our manufacturing operations follows (dollars in millions).

Revenues
Industrial products
Building products
Consumer products
Pre-tax earnings
Industrial products
Building products
Consumer products
Pre-tax earnings as a percentage of revenues
Industrial products
Building products
Consumer products

Percentage change
2022 vs 2021
2021 vs 2020

2022

2021

2020

$ 30,824
28,896
16,061$ 75,781$ 28,176
24,974
15,580$ 68,730$ 25,667
21,244
12,168$ 59,079

9.4%
15.7
3.1

9.8%
17.6
28.0

$

$

$

8.8%
41.3
(23.0)

19.0%
18.6
41.9

4,862
4,789
1,526
$ 11,177
15.8%
16.6%
9.5%

K-47

$

4,469
3,390
1,982
9,841
15.9%
13.6%
12.7%

$

3,755
2,858
1,397
8,010
14.6%
13.5%
11.5%

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Manufacturing, Service and Retailing (Continued)
Industrial products
The industrial products group includes metal products for aerospace, power and general industrial markets (Precision
Castparts Corp. (“PCC”)), specialty chemicals (The Lubrizol Corporation (“Lubrizol”)), metal cutting tools/systems (IMC
International Metalworking Companies (“IMC”)), and Marmon, which consists of more than 100 autonomous manufacturing
and service businesses, internally aggregated into eleven groups, and includes equipment leasing for the rail, intermodal tankcontainer and mobile crane industries. The industrial products group also includes equipment and systems for the livestock andagricultural industries (CTB International) and a variety of industrial products for diverse markets (Scott Fetzer andLiquidPower Specialty Products). Beginning October 19, 2022, this group includes the structural steel fabrication products
business conducted through W&W|AFCO Steel, acquired in connection with the Alleghany acquisition Additionally, theAlleghany businesses included certain other smaller manufacturers that primarily became part of Marmon.
2022 versus 2021
Revenues of the industrial products group in 2022 increased $2.6 billion (9.4%) and pre-tax earnings increased $393
million (8.8%) compared to 2021. Pre-tax earnings as a percentage of revenues in 2022 was 15.8%, a decrease of 0.1 percentage
points compared 2021.
PCC’s revenues were $7.5 billion in 2022, an increase of $1.1 billion (16.5%) compared to 2021. PCC derives significant
revenues and earnings from aerospace products. The revenue increase in 2022 was primarily attributable to higher demand foraerospace products. Commercial aircraft delivery rates by original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) of narrow-body aircraft
have rebounded since the onset of the pandemic. Deliveries of wide-body aircraft remain relatively low, in part, attributable tothe pause in the Boeing 787 program. However, Boeing resumed deliveries in the third quarter of 2022. Long-term industry
forecasts continue to show growth and strong demand for air travel and aerospace products.
PCC’s pre-tax earnings in 2022 were $1.2 billion, an increase of 1.6% compared to 2021. PCC’s results in 2022 were
negatively affected by increased costs for labor and training, materials and utilities and supply chain disruptions, as well as a
$59 million reduction in pension plan income. PCC management has taken and will continue to take actions to improve
operations, maintain safety and prepare for increased demand for its products. Growth in PCC’s revenues and earnings will be
predicated on the ability to successfully increase production levels to match the expected growth in aerospace demand,
including managing through the current supply chain and employment environments.
Lubrizol’s revenues were $6.7 billion in 2022, an increase of 3.2% compared to 2021. The revenue increase reflected
higher average selling prices, partially offset by lower volumes and adverse foreign currency translation effects from thestronger U.S. Dollar. Sales volumes throughout 2022 were restricted by effects of supply constraints for certain raw materials
and the effects of unplanned plant maintenance activities, both of which limited Lubrizol’s production capabilities. The increasein average selling prices was driven by escalating prices for raw materials, including oil feedstocks, as well as for utilities,
packaging, shipping and freight costs. We believe supply chain and required maintenance constraints are easing and that we
can increase production rates and sales volumes in 2023.
Lubrizol’s pre-tax earnings in 2022 increased 48.6% compared to 2021. Pre-tax earnings in 2022 included insurance
recoveries of $242 million related to a fire in 2019 at the Rouen, France facility and a fire in 2021 at the Rockton, Illinois,
facility compared to insurance recoveries of $55 million in 2021. Earnings in 2022 also included aggregate losses related to theRockton, Illinois fire of $36 million compared to aggregate losses and asset impairment charges in 2021 of $257 million related
to the Rockton facility fire and an underperforming business in the Advanced Materials product lines. Earnings in 2022 werealso negatively impacted by rising raw material costs, lower sales volumes, higher unplanned maintenance expenses, and by
unfavorable foreign currency translation effects, partially offset by higher selling prices. Earnings in 2021 were negatively
impacted by severe winter storms, which caused industry-wide temporary facilities closures, including at our Additives
facilities, which experienced lost sales and incremental manufacturing and other operating costs.
Marmon’s revenues were $10.7 billion in 2022, an increase of $934 million (9.6%) compared to 2021. Nearly all of
Marmon’s business groups generated higher revenues in 2022, led by significant increases in the Transportation, Retail
Solutions, Metal Services and Crane groups, which contributed 82% of the increase. These increases generally reflected higher
volumes and prices in our heavy-duty truck & trailer, shopping cart and store shelving businesses, stronger demand in Canada
for metal services and higher demand in the mining and infrastructure markets. Revenues of most of Marmon’s other groups,
particularly those serving the transit, oil & gas, utility and restaurant markets, also increased in 2022, reflecting higher volumes.
These increases were partially offset by lower lease revenues in the Rail & Leasing group, reflecting lower renewal rates andfewer third-party tank car sales.

K-48

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Manufacturing, Service and Retailing (Continued)
Industrial products (Continued)
Marmon’s pre-tax earnings in 2022 increased 11.3% compared to 2021. Earnings in 2022 reflected increases in theTransportation, Metal Services, Retail, Crane and several other business groups due to higher volumes and pricing, which werepartially offset by lower earnings from the Rail & Leasing group, reflecting lower renewal rates, higher repair costs and losses
of approximately $90 million related to the shutdown in the second quarter of its business in Russia.
IMC’s revenues increased 4.5% to $3.7 billion in 2022 compared to 2021, reflecting increased sales in most regions,partially offset by the foreign currency translation effects of a stronger U.S. Dollar, lower sales in China (attributable to thepandemic) and the effects the Russia-Ukraine conflict in Europe. IMC’s pre-tax earnings decreased 2.5% in 2022 compared to2021, primarily due to lower average gross sales margins, primarily attributable to changes in product sales mix and higher raw
material costs. Earnings were also negatively affected by unfavorable foreign currency translation effects and the RussianUkraine conflict.
2021 versus 2020
Revenues of the industrial products group in 2021 increased $2.5 billion (9.8%) from 2020. Pre-tax earnings increased$714 million (19.0%) compared to 2020 and pre-tax earnings as a percentage of revenues in 2021 was 15.9%, an increase of
1.3 percentage points compared to 2020.
PCC’s revenues were $6.5 billion in 2021, a decrease of $853 million (11.6%) compared to 2020. The COVID-19
pandemic contributed to material declines in commercial air travel and OEM aircraft production in 2021 and 2020. PCC’s
revenues were negatively impacted in both years by reduced aircraft production levels, which reflected order delays andcancellations by airlines and inventory reduction initiatives within the industry.
PCC’s pre-tax earnings in 2021 were $1.2 billion, an increase of 78.8% compared to 2020, which reflected significant
restructuring costs and inefficiencies associated with reduction in production. Asset impairment and restructuring costs in 2020
were $295 million. The 2021 earnings increase also reflected the actions taken by management in 2020 and 2021 to resize,
restructure and improve operations and to prepare for more normalized demand, as well as from a decline in restructuring costs.
Lubrizol’s revenues were $6.5 billion in 2021, an increase of 8.6% compared to 2020. The increase reflects higher
average selling prices, driven by significant increases in materials and other manufacturing costs, as well as slightly higher
volumes. Sales volumes in the Additives product lines in 2021 were negatively affected by the impacts of the severe winterweather events in the first quarter, raw materials supply constraints and unplanned maintenance in the second half of the year.
Lubrizol’s pre-tax earnings in 2021 decreased 50.8% compared to 2020. The earnings decline in 2021 included
previously mentioned losses of $257 million related to the Rockton, Illinois facility fire and asset impairment charges, as wellas the adverse effects of rising raw material costs and the winter storms in 2021.
Marmon’s revenues were $9.8 billion in 2021, an increase of $2.1 billion (27.9%) compared to 2020, which was
negatively impacted by the initial effects of the pandemic. Revenues in 2021 from the Electrical, Metal Services and Plumbing& Refrigeration groups increased 54% over 2020, accounting for over half of the aggregate increase in Marmon’s revenues.
These increases were attributable to higher volumes and prices, including the impact of significantly higher average copper andmetal prices. Revenues of most of Marmon’s other groups, particularly those serving the construction, automotive, heavy-duty
truck and restaurant markets, also increased in 2021, reflecting higher volumes. These increases were partially offset by the
impact of divestitures and business closures in the Water Technologies and Retail Solutions groups and lower lease revenues
in the Rail & Leasing group, reflecting fewer railcars on lease and changes in lease mix.

K-49

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Manufacturing, Service and Retailing (Continued)
Industrial products (Continued)
Marmon’s pre-tax earnings increased 40.3% in 2021 compared to 2020. The increase was primarily due to earnings
increases in the Electrical, Metal Services and Plumbing & Refrigeration groups due to higher volumes and average margins
and relatively low earnings in 2020 attributable to the pandemic. Earnings of several other business groups also increased
attributable to higher sales volumes, sales mix changes and lower restructuring charges, which were partially offset by lower
earnings from the Rail & Leasing and Water Technologies groups.
IMC’s revenues increased 19.5% in 2021 compared to 2020, reflecting improving business conditions in most geographic
regions and favorable foreign currency translation effects. IMC’s pre-tax earnings increased 47.7% in 2021 versus 2020,
primarily attributable to higher customer demand, improved manufacturing efficiencies, operating cost management saving
initiatives and favorable foreign currency translation effects.
Building products
The building products group includes manufactured and site-built home construction and related lending and financial
services (Clayton Homes), flooring (Shaw), insulation, roofing and engineered products (Johns Manville), bricks and masonry
products (Acme Building Brands), paint and coatings (Benjamin Moore) and residential and commercial construction andengineering products and systems (MiTek).
2022 versus 2021
Revenues of the building products group increased $3.9 billion (15.7%) in 2022 and pre-tax earnings increased $1.4
billion (41.3%) compared to 2021. Pre-tax earnings as percentages of revenues were 16.6% in 2022 and 13.6% in 2021. During2021 and much of 2022, our businesses experienced relatively strong customer demand and higher sales volumes. Our building
products businesses benefited in recent years from the low interest rate environment. However, interest rates in the U.S.
increased significantly during 2022, which contributed to slowing demand for new home construction in the fourth quarter. As
such, comparative revenues and earnings in the near term will likely decline from current levels.
Clayton Homes’ revenues were approximately $12.7 billion in 2022, an increase of $2.2 billion (21.1%) over 2021.
Revenues from home sales for the year increased $2.1 billion (25.1%) in 2022 to approximately $10.4 billion, primarily due tohigher average selling prices. New home unit sales increased 6.2% in 2022, reflecting a 6.0% increase in factory-built
manufactured home unit sales and a 7.1% increase in site-built home unit sales. However, unit sales in the fourth quarter of2022 declined 3.9% from 2021, and our net order backlog declined significantly during 2022. We expect the comparative
decline in unit sales to accelerate in the near term. Financial services revenues, which include mortgage, insurance and interest
income from lending activities, increased 4.7% in 2022 compared to 2021. Loan balances, net of allowances for credit losses,
were approximately $21.3 billion as of December 31, 2022, an increase of approximately $2.5 billion from December 31, 2021.
Actual and anticipated loan foreclosures rose during the fourth quarter of 2022.
Pre-tax earnings of Clayton Homes were approximately $2.4 billion in 2022, an increase of $685 million (40.7%)
compared to 2021. Earnings in 2022 reflected higher home sales, gross margin rates and net interest income. As previously
mentioned, we expect unit home sales to decline in the near term and we anticipate earnings will also decline in 2023 compared
to 2022.
Aggregate revenues of our other building products businesses were approximately $16.2 billion in 2022, an increase of
11.8% versus 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher average selling prices, and to a lesser extent, from higher unit
volumes in certain product lines and product mix changes. Significant cost inflation in 2021, that continued through 2022,
largely drove the higher selling prices.
Pre-tax earnings of the other building products businesses were approximately $2.4 billion in 2022, an increase of 41.9%
over 2021. Pre-tax earnings as a percentage of revenues was 15.0% in 2022, a 3.2 percentage point increase compared to 2021.
Earnings in 2022 benefitted from higher selling prices and strong demand in certain product categories, as well as an increasein gains from certain business divestitures and asset sales and reduced impairment and restructuring charges. The increase inearnings in 2022 also reflected the negative impact of severe winter storms in the first quarter of 2021, which reduced sales andincreased production and other operating costs in 2021.

K-50

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Manufacturing, Service and Retailing (Continued)
Building products (Continued)
2021 versus 2020
Revenues of the building products group increased $3.7 billion (17.6%) in 2021 and pre-tax earnings increased $532
million (18.6%) compared to 2020. Pre-tax earnings as percentages of revenues were 13.6% in 2021 and 13.5% in 2020. During2021, our businesses experienced strong customer demand and higher sales volumes. We also experienced various forms ofsupply chain disruptions that contributed to considerable raw material and logistics cost inflation and supply constraints.
Clayton Homes’ revenues were approximately $10.5 billion in 2021, an increase of $1.9 billion (22.2%) over 2020.
Revenues from home sales increased $1.8 billion (26.5%) in 2021 to approximately $8.3 billion, reflecting increased revenue
per home sold, changes in sales mix and a net increase in new units sold. Unit sales of site-built homes increased 15.8% in
2021, while factory-built manufactured home unit sales increased 1.5%. Site-built home unit sales were constrained by longer
construction periods arising from supply chain constraints and labor shortages. Financial services revenues increased 7.8% in
2021 compared to 2020. Loan balances, net of allowances for credit losses, were approximately $18.8 billion as of December
31, 2021, an increase of approximately $1.7 billion compared to December 31, 2020.
Pre-tax earnings of Clayton Homes were approximately $1.7 billion in 2021, an increase of $440 million (35.3%)
compared to 2020. Earnings in 2021 reflected higher earnings from home sales, mortgage originations, net interest income andlower provisions for expected credit losses, partially offset by the impact of rising manufacturing and supply chain costs. The
provision for expected credit losses in 2020 was unusually high and included provisions for the expected impact of the COVID19 pandemic.
Aggregate revenues of our other building products businesses were approximately $14.5 billion in 2021, an increase of
14.4% versus 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher average selling prices driven by significantly higher input andsupply chain costs, as well as higher unit volumes for paint and coatings, flooring, insulation, roofing and other engineered
products.
Pre-tax earnings of the other building products businesses were approximately $1.7 billion in 2021, an increase of 5.7%
over 2020. Pre-tax earnings as a percentage of revenues were 11.8% in 2021, a 1.0 percentage point decrease compared to2020. While customer demand in 2021 was generally strong, reduced availability of materials and other product inputs fromsupply chain disruptions negatively affected operating results. In addition, higher restructuring and impairment charges
contributed to the reduction in our pre-tax margin rates.
Consumer products
The consumer products group includes leisure vehicles (Forest River), several apparel and footwear operations (including
Fruit of the Loom, Garan, H.H. Brown Shoe Group and Brooks Sports) and a manufacturer of high-performance alkaline
batteries (Duracell). This group also includes custom picture framing products (Larson-Juhl), jewelry products (Richline) andbeginning October 19, 2022, Jazwares, LLC (“Jazwares”), a global toy company acquired in connection with the Alleghanyacquisition.
2022 versus 2021
Consumer products group revenues increased $481 million (3.1%) in 2022 versus 2021, reflecting an 8.0% increase from
Forest River and the impact of the Jazwares acquisition, substantially offset by lower apparel and footwear and Duracell
revenues (4.7% in the aggregate). In the fourth quarter of 2022, consumer products revenues before the impact of the Jazwares
acquisition declined 15.7%, driven by significant declines in recreational vehicle unit sales. Revenues of Forest River increased
8.0% in 2022 compared to 2021, while apparel and footwear and Duracell revenues decreased 4.5% and 5.2%, respectively.
The declines in apparel and footwear revenues were driven by lower volumes, as major retailers reduced orders in response torising inventories. Duracell’s revenue decline was primarily due to lower volumes and unfavorable foreign currency translation
effects of the stronger U.S. Dollar.

K-51

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Manufacturing, Service and Retailing (Continued)
Consumer products (Continued)
Consumer products group pre-tax earnings declined $456 million (23.0%) in 2022 compared to 2021 and as a percentageof revenues in 2022 decreased 3.2 percentage points to 9.5%. The earnings decline reflected lower aggregate earnings from theapparel and footwear businesses (68.0%) and Duracell (30.6%), partially offset by higher earnings from Forest River (7.6%).
Our apparel businesses were negatively affected in 2022 by low sales volumes, reduced manufacturing efficiencies andhigher input costs, including raw materials, freight, labor and other operating costs. The reductions in sales volumes and supply
chain issues in 2021 and 2022 have also elevated our current inventories. We currently believe retailers will continue toconstrain purchases in the near term and that our sales volumes and earnings will continue to be negatively affected. We aretaking measures to right-size our operations for the long-term and reduce product inventories to more appropriate levels.
Duracell’s earnings in 2022 declined, primarily due to lower sales, cost inflation and foreign currency translation effects.
Earnings from Forest River increased in 2022, primarily due to the increase in unit sales in the first half of the year andhigher average selling prices, partly offset by higher materials costs. However, sales volumes, revenues and earnings declined
over the second half of the year compared to the elevated levels in the first half of 2022 and in 2021. We currently expect
demand for recreational vehicles will continue to slow and Forest River’s comparative revenues and earnings to decline in
2023, particularly over the first half of the year.
2021 versus 2020
Consumer products group revenues increased $3.4 billion (28.0%) in 2021 versus 2020. Revenues from Forest River
increased 40.2% in 2021 compared to 2020, driven by a 27.6% increase in recreational vehicle unit sales and higher average
selling prices, primarily due to significant increases in manufacturing costs.
Revenues of several of our other consumer products businesses were significantly higher in 2021 as compared to 2020.
The initial impacts of the pandemic in the first half of 2020 from temporary retail store closures and reduced demand had asevere impact on most of these businesses. Apparel and footwear revenues increased 25.3% in 2021 compared to 2020,reflecting significant increases in unit sales, partly attributable to inventory restocking by certain customers, and from increased
consumer demand. Revenues from Richline increased 39.9%, while revenues from Duracell increased 2.4%.
Consumer products group pre-tax earnings increased $585 million (41.9%) in 2021 compared to 2020 and as a percentageof revenues in 2021 increased 1.2 percentage points to 12.7%. The increase reflected significant earnings increases at many ofour businesses. However, our consumer products businesses, particularly the apparel and footwear businesses, also experienced
significant cost increases and supply chain disruptions, causing pre-tax margins in the second half of 2021 to be 1.1 percentage
points lower than in the first half of the year.
Service and retailing
A summary of revenues and pre-tax earnings of our service and retailing businesses follows (dollars in millions).

Revenues
Service
Retailing
McLanePre-tax earnings
Service
Retailing
McLanePre-tax earnings as a percentage of revenues
Service
Retailing
McLanePercentage change
2022 vs 2021
2021 vs 2020

2022

2021

2020

$ 19,006
19,29753,209$ 91,512$ 15,872
18,96049,450$ 84,282$ 12,346
15,832
46,840$ 75,018

19.7%
1.8
7.6

28.6%
19.8
5.6

$

$

$

14.0%
(4.7)
17.8

67.0%
76.0
(8.4)

$

3,047
1,724
271
5,042
16.0%
8.9%
0.5%

K-52

$

2,672
1,809
230
4,711
16.8%
9.5%
0.5%

$

1,600
1,028
251
2,879
13.0%
6.5%
0.5%

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Manufacturing, Service and Retailing (Continued)
ServiceOur service group consists of several businesses. The largest of these businesses are NetJets and FlightSafety (aviation
services), which offer shared ownership programs for general aviation aircraft and high technology training products andservices to operators of aircraft, and TTI, a distributor of electronics components. Our other service businesses franchise andservice a network of quick service restaurants (Dairy Queen), lease transportation equipment (XTRA) and furniture (CORT),
provide third party logistics services that primarily serve the petroleum and chemical industries (Charter Brokerage), distributeelectronic news, multimedia and regulatory filings (Business Wire) and operate a television station in Miami, Florida (WPLG).
Beginning, October 19, 2022, this group includes IPS Integrated Project Services, LLC (IPS), a provider of various services infacilities construction management.
2022 versus 2021
Service group revenues increased $3.1 billion (19.7%) in 2022 compared to 2021, primarily attributable to revenue
increases from TTI and the aviation services businesses, as well as the impact of the IPS acquisition. Revenues from TTI
increased 17.4% in 2022 versus 2021. However, in the third quarter, new orders began to slow in certain regions and markets
and the slowing of new orders was observed across nearly all regions in the fourth quarter. The slowing of electronic
components demand is in part attributable to elevated inventory levels within the supply chain. Revenues from aviation services
increased 18.2% in 2022 compared to 2021. The revenue increase reflected year-to-date increases in training hours (11%),customer flight hours (9%), most of which occurred in the first half of the year, and fuel surcharges to customers due to theincrease in customer flight hours and significant increases in fuel prices. These increases were partially offset by changes insales mix.
Pre-tax earnings of our service business group increased $375 million (14.0%) in 2022 to $3.0 billion. Pre-tax earningsof the group as a percentage of revenues were 16.0% in 2022, a decrease of 0.8 percentage points compared to 2021. The
earnings increase in 2022 was attributable to TTI (19.4%) and aviation services (3.4%), as well as increased earnings fromseveral of our smaller services businesses. The increase from TTI was primarily attributable to the increase in sales and higher
average gross margin rates, partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency effects in 2022 and a favorable legal settlement in
2021. The earnings increase from aviation services in 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily attributable to improved productsales margins, increased training hours and lower restructuring costs at FlightSafety. Earnings at our smaller services companies
increased $106 million (19.3%) over 2021, reflecting a combination of higher revenues and operating cost leverage.
2021 versus 2020
Service group revenues increased $3.5 billion (28.6%) in 2021 compared to 2020, primarily attributable to higher
revenues from TTI and the aviation services businesses. Revenues from TTI increased 37.4% in 2021 versus 2020, primarily
attributable to significantly higher volumes across all significant markets and product categories, and to a lesser extent, higher
average prices and changes in sales mix. Customer demand accelerated throughout 2021, as customers attempted to maintainadequate inventories in response to high demand for components in end products and effects of supply chain disruptions.
Revenues from aviation services increased 27.5% in 2021 over low 2020 levels, primarily due to higher training hours (24%)
and customer flight hours (70%).
Pre-tax earnings of our service business group increased $1.1 billion (67.0%) to $2.7 billion. Pre-tax earnings of thegroup as a percentage of revenues was 16.8% in 2021, an increase of 3.8 percentage points compared to 2020. Earnings atnearly all service businesses increased in 2021 compared to 2020, with the largest increases from TTI, the aviation services
businesses and the XTRA leasing business. TTI’s earnings increase was primarily attributable to increases in sales volumes, aswell as from improved operating cost leverage, changes in sales mix and a gain from a legal settlement. The increase in earnings
from aviation services was attributable to the favorable effects of higher volume, changes in business mix, increased operating
efficiencies, lower impairment charges and the effects of past restructuring efforts, partly offset by higher subcontractor costs
attributable to the significant increase in flight demand.
Retailing
Our largest retailing business is Berkshire Hathaway Automotive, Inc. (“BHA”), which represented 65% of our combined
retailing revenue in 2022. BHA consists of over 80 auto dealerships that sell new and pre-owned automobiles and offer repair
services and related products. BHA also operates two insurance businesses, two auto auctions and an automotive fluid
maintenance products distributor. Our retailing businesses also include four home furnishings businesses (Nebraska Furniture
Mart, R.C. Willey, Star Furniture and Jordan’s), which sell furniture, appliances, flooring and electronics. The home furnishings
group represented 20% of the combined retailing revenues in 2022.

K-53

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Manufacturing, Service and Retailing (Continued)
Retailing (Continued)
Other retailing businesses include three jewelry businesses (Borsheims, Helzberg and Ben Bridge), See’s Candies(confectionary products), Pampered Chef (high quality kitchen tools), Oriental Trading Company (party supplies, schoolsupplies and toys and novelties) and Detlev Louis Motorrad (“Louis”), a retailer of motorcycle accessories based in Germany.
2022 versus 2021
Retailing group revenues in 2022 increased $337 million (1.8%) compared to 2021, reflecting an increase at BHA,
partially offset by combined lower revenues from our other retailers. BHA’s revenues in 2022 increased 6.1% compared to2021. Revenues from new and used retail vehicle sales increased 5.9% compared to 2021, attributable to higher average vehicletransaction prices, partly offset by a 4.5% decline in total retail units sold. New vehicle unit sales continue to be constrained byrelatively low new vehicle production, although production gradually trended higher during 2022. Revenues from BHA’s
service and repair business increased 11.1% versus 2021. Revenues of the home furnishings group declined 2.6%, while
revenues of all other retailers declined 8.9%, primarily due to lower sales at Pampered Chef.
Pre-tax earnings in 2022 of the retailing group decreased $85 million (4.7%) from 2021 and the pre-tax margin rate
decreased 0.6 percentage points to 8.9%. BHA’s pre-tax earnings increased 18.4%, primarily due to increases in vehicle grossprofit margins. BHA’s comparative vehicle gross profit margin rates began to accelerate during the second half of 2021,
attributable to low available inventory. BHA’s vehicle gross margin rates peaked in the first half of 2022 and have sincedeclined. Aggregate pre-tax earnings for the remainder of our retailing group decreased $233 million (23.2%) in 2022 compared
to 2021, primarily due to reduced earnings from the home furnishings group, See’s Candies and Pampered Chef.
2021 versus 2020
Retailing group revenues in 2021 increased $3.1 billion (19.8%) compared to 2020. BHA’s revenues increased 19.0%,
with vehicle sales, service and repair, and finance and service contract revenues each increasing versus 2020. Revenues fromvehicle sales increased $1.7 billion (20.7%), primarily due to higher average selling prices, as well as a 2.7% increase in units
sold. However, new vehicle unit sales in the second half of 2021 declined 18% compared to the second half of 2020, reflecting
significant new vehicle supply shortages at manufacturers attributable to the global computer chip shortages and other supply
chain disruptions. Home furnishings group revenues increased 22.0%, attributable to higher consumer demand and higher
average selling prices, driven by higher inventory and freight costs.
Pre-tax earnings of the retailing group increased $781 million (76.0%) in 2021 from 2020 and the pre-tax margin rateincreased 3.0 percentage points to 9.5%. BHA’s pre-tax earnings increased 47.5%, primarily due to increased vehicle sales
margins and higher earnings from finance and service contract activities. In addition, earnings in 2021 benefitted from lower
floorplan interest expense, attributable to significant declines in inventory levels, and from ongoing operating cost control
efforts.
Home furnishings group pre-tax earnings increased 67.6% in 2021 versus 2020, reflecting generally higher average grossmargin rates and sales mix changes and cost control efforts, partly offset by higher personnel costs. Aggregate pre-tax earnings
for the remainder of our retailing group increased $321 million in 2021 compared to 2020. The initial effects of the pandemic
in 2020 were severe for most of our other retailers due to the restricted operations at many of those businesses. Results in 2021
also benefitted from relatively strong consumer demand and the effects of restructuring efforts in 2020.

K-54

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Manufacturing, Service and Retailing (Continued)
Retailing (Continued)
McLaneMcLane Company, Inc. (“McLane”) operates a wholesale distribution business that provides grocery and non-foodconsumer products to retailers and convenience stores (“grocery”) and to restaurants (“foodservice”). McLane also operates
businesses that are wholesale distributors of distilled spirits, wine and beer (“beverage”). The grocery and foodservice
businesses generate high sales and very low profit margins. These businesses have several significant customers, including
Walmart, 7-Eleven, Yum! Brands and others. Grocery sales comprised about 62% of McLane’s consolidated sales in 2022 withfood service comprising most of the remainder. A curtailment of purchasing by any of its significant customers could have an
adverse impact on periodic revenues and earnings.
2022 versus 2021
Revenues of $53.2 billion in 2022 increased $3.8 billion (7.6%) compared to 2021. Revenues from the grocery businessincreased 4.4%, while revenues from the foodservice and beverage businesses increased 14.1% and 6.0%, respectively.
Pre-tax earnings increased $41 million (17.8%) in 2022 as compared to 2021. The increase reflected slightly higher grossmargin rates in the grocery and foodservice businesses, partly offset by higher personnel costs, fuel expense and insurance
costs. McLane’s grocery and food service operating results continue to be adversely affected by supply chain constraints,
including the effects of labor and truck driver shortages, high fuel costs and high inventory costs.
2021 versus 2020
Revenues increased $2.6 billion (5.6%) in 2021 compared to 2020. Revenues from the grocery business increased 1.5%,
while revenues from the foodservice and beverage businesses increased 13.1% and 17.8%, respectively. The foodservice
business was significantly impacted by pandemic-related restaurant closures in 2020.
Pre-tax earnings decreased $21 million (8.4%) in 2021 as compared to 2020. The decrease reflected significant increases
in personnel, contract transportation and fuel costs, which more than offset the favorable impact of higher sales and slightly
higher gross sales margins. McLane’s grocery and food service operations were significantly affected in 2021 by upstream
supply chain constraints, including the effects of labor and truck driver shortages, which contributed to higher inventory costs,
and disruptions in inventory availability. These upstream supply chain effects, together with the truck driver and warehousepersonnel shortages that we experienced, adversely affected our customer service levels and reduced our operating efficiencies.
In response, hiring and wage and benefits costs increased significantly in 2021. The increase in fuel costs was primarily
attributable to significant increases in petroleum prices.
Investment and Derivative Contract Gains (Losses)
A summary of investment and derivative contract gains (losses) follows (dollars in millions).
Investment gains (losses)
Derivative contract gains (losses)
Gains (losses) before income taxes and noncontrolling interests
Income taxes and noncontrolling interests
Net earnings (loss)
Effective income tax rate

K-55

$

$

2022

(67,623) $(276)(67,899)(14,287)(53,612) $
20.9%

2021

77,576 $966
78,542
16,202
62,340 $
20.4%

2020

40,905(159)
40,746
9,155
31,591
21.7%

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Investment and Derivative Contract Gains (Losses) (Continued)
Investment gains (losses)
Unrealized gains and losses arising from changes in market prices of our investments in equity securities are included inour reported earnings, which significantly increases the volatility of our periodic net earnings due to the magnitude of ourequity securities portfolio and the inherent volatility of equity securities prices. Unrealized gains and losses also include theeffects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on investments in non-U.S. issuers that are held by our U.S.-based
subsidiaries. Pre-tax investment gains and losses included net unrealized losses of approximately $63.1 billion in 2022 andgains of approximately $76.4 billion in 2021 and $55.0 billion in 2020 attributable to changes in market prices of equity
securities we held at the end of each year. In each year, we also recorded pre-tax gains and losses from market value changes
during each year on equity securities sold during such year, including losses of $3.9 billion in 2022, gains of $1.0 billion in
2021 and losses of $14.0 billion in 2020. Taxable investment gains on equity securities sold, which is generally the difference
between sales proceeds and the original cost basis of the securities sold, were $769 million in 2022, $3.6 billion in 2021 and$6.2 billion in 2020.
We believe that investment gains and losses, whether realized from sales or unrealized from changes in market prices,
are often meaningless in terms of understanding our reported consolidated earnings or evaluating our periodic economic
performance. We continue to believe the investment gains and losses recorded in earnings in any given period has little
analytical or predictive value.
Derivative contract gains (losses)
Derivative contract gains and losses include the changes in fair value of our few remaining equity index put option
contract liabilities. The periodic changes in the fair values of these liabilities are recorded in earnings. Substantially all of ourcontracts have expired and our exposure to loss in the future is insignificant.
Other
A summary of after-tax other earnings follows (in millions).
Equity method earnings
Acquisition accounting expenses
Goodwill and intangible asset impairments
Corporate interest expense, before foreign currency effects
Foreign currency exchange rate gains (losses) on Berkshire
and BHFC non-U.S. Dollar senior notes
Other earnings

$

$

2022

1,528 $
(681)
—
(269)
1,263
196
2,037

$

2021

804 $
(690)
—
(305)

955
474
1,238

$

2020

615
(783)
(10,381)
(334)
(764)
279
(11,368)

After-tax equity method earnings include our proportionate share of earnings attributable to our investments in Kraft
Heinz, Pilot, Occidental Petroleum and Berkadia. Equity method earnings increased $724 million in 2022 versus 2021,
primarily due to higher earnings from Kraft Heinz and Pilot and from the inclusion of Occidental Petroleum, beginning in the
fourth quarter of 2022. See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Our after-tax earnings from Kraft Heinz were $550 million in 2022, $317 million in 2021 and $170 million in 2020,
which included our after-tax share of goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges recorded by Kraft Heinz of $157
million in 2022, $259 million in 2021 and $611 million in 2020. Our after-tax earnings from Occidental in 2022 were $258
million and our after-tax earnings from Pilot increased $267 million in 2022 compared to 2021. As a result of the increase in
our ownership in Pilot to 80% on January 31, 2023, we discontinued the use of the equity method on that date. See Note 26 to
the Consolidated financial Statements.
After-tax acquisition accounting expenses include charges arising from the application of the acquisition method in
connection with certain of Berkshire’s past business acquisitions. Such charges arise primarily from the amortization or
impairment of intangible assets recorded in connection with those business acquisitions. Goodwill and intangible asset
impairments in 2020 included after-tax charges of $9.8 billion attributable to impairments of goodwill and certain identifiableintangible assets that were recorded in connection with our acquisition of PCC in 2016. See Other Critical Accounting Policies
on page K-62 for additional details.

K-56

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Other (Continued)
Foreign currency exchange rate gains and losses pertain to the Berkshire and BHFC Euro, Great Britain Pound andJapanese Yen denominated debt. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates produce unrealized gains and losses from theperiodic revaluation of these liabilities into U.S. Dollars. In 2022, we recorded foreign currency exchange rate gains on thesedebt issues, due to strengthening of the U.S. Dollar, which reduced the U.S Dollar carrying value of the debt. The gains andlosses recorded in any given period can be significant due to the magnitude of the borrowings and the inherent volatility inforeign currency exchange rates. Other earnings consist primarily of Berkshire parent company investment income andcorporate expenses, other intercompany interest income where the interest expense is included in earnings of the operating
businesses and other unallocated income and income taxes.
Financial Condition
Our consolidated balance sheet continues to reflect significant liquidity and a very strong capital base. Consolidated
shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2022 was $472.4 billion, a decrease of $33.8 billion since December 31, 2021. Net loss
attributable to Berkshire shareholders was $22.8 billion and included after-tax losses on our investments of approximately$53.4 billion. Over each of the last three years, investment gains and losses from changes in the market prices of our investmentsin equity securities produced significant volatility in our earnings.
Berkshire’s common stock repurchase program, as amended, permits Berkshire to repurchase its Class A and Class B
shares at prices below Berkshire’s intrinsic value, as conservatively determined by Warren Buffett, Berkshire’s Chairman of
the Board and Chief Executive Officer, and Charlie Munger, Vice Chairman of the Board. The program does not specify amaximum number of shares to be repurchased and does not require any specified repurchase amount. The program is expected
to continue indefinitely. We will not repurchase our stock if it reduces the total amount of Berkshire’s consolidated cash, cash
equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bill holdings below $30 billion. Financial strength and redundant liquidity will always be ofparamount importance at Berkshire. Berkshire paid $7.9 billion during 2022 to repurchase shares of its Class A and Class B
common stock.
At December 31, 2022, our insurance and other businesses held cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bills of $125.0
billion, which included $94.7 billion in U.S. Treasury Bills. Investments in equity and fixed maturity securities (excluding ourinvestments in Kraft Heinz and Occidental common stock) were $333.9 billion. During 2022, we paid cash of $67.9 billion toacquire equity securities and we received proceeds of $33.7 billion from sales of equity securities. On October 19, 2022, weacquired Alleghany Corporation for $11.5 billion, which held cash and investments of $19.7 billion as of the acquisition date.
On January 31, 2023, we acquired an additional 41.4% interest in Pilot for approximately $8.2 billion, which was based on
Pilot’s unaudited earnings in 2022 and its net debt as of December 31, 2022 and is subject to post-closing adjustments following
the completion of the audit of Pilot’s 2022 consolidated financial statements.
Our consolidated borrowings at December 31, 2022 were $122.7 billion, of which approximately 94% were by theBerkshire parent company, BHFC, BNSF and BHE and its subsidiaries. During 2022, Berkshire and certain of its subsidiaries
issued term debt of approximately $12.7 billion in the aggregate and paid approximately $3.9 billion of maturing senior debt.
Expected principal and interest payments related to our consolidated borrowings in each of the next five years are (in billions):$17.4 in 2023; $10.4 in 2024; $11.0 in 2025; $8.7 in 2026; and $8.1 in 2027.
Berkshire parent company debt outstanding at December 31, 2022 was $21.4 billion, substantially unchanged from
December 31, 2021. In 2022, Berkshire issued an aggregate ¥243.5 billion (approximately $1.94 billion) of senior notes withmaturity dates ranging from 2025 to 2052 and a weighted average interest rate of 0.8%. Berkshire’s borrowings decreased $1.4
billion during 2022 from changes in foreign currency exchange rates on its non-U.S. Dollar denominated debt.
Berkshire’s insurance and other subsidiary outstanding borrowings were approximately $25.1 billion at December 31,
2022, an increase of $7.3 billion since December 31, 2021. Senior note borrowings of BHFC, a wholly-owned financing
subsidiary, were approximately $17.9 billion at December 31, 2022, an increase of $4.8 billion since December 31, 2021,
reflecting the issuance of debt, repayments of maturing debt ($775 million) and reductions in the carrying value of non-U.S.
denominated debt due to foreign currency exchange rate changes ($300 million). In 2022, BHFC issued $4.5 billion of seniornotes maturing in 2027, 2032 and 2052 with a weighted average interest rate of 3.4% and €1.25 billion (approximately $1.4
billion) of senior notes maturing in 2030 and 2034 with a weighted average interest rate of 1.8%. BHFC’s borrowings are used
to fund a portion of loans originated and acquired by Clayton Homes and equipment held for lease by our railcar leasing
business. Berkshire guarantees BHFC’s senior notes for the full and timely payment of principal and interest. Subsidiaryborrowings as of December 31, 2022 included approximately $2.3 billion attributable to Alleghany and its subsidiaries.

K-57

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Financial Condition (Continued)
BNSF’s outstanding debt was $23.5 billion as of December 31, 2022, an increase of $233 million from December 31,
2021. In 2022, BNSF issued $1.0 billion of 4.45% debentures due in 2053 and repaid approximately $900 million of term debt.
Outstanding borrowings of BHE and its subsidiaries were $52.8 billion at December 31, 2022, an increase of $1.0 billion since
December 31, 2021. In 2022, BHE issued $1.0 billion of 4.6% senior notes due in 2053. During 2022, BHE subsidiaries issued
approximately $3.0 billion of term debt with a weighted average interest rate of 5.2% at December 31, 2022 and maturity dates
ranging from 2024 to 2053. Berkshire does not guarantee the repayment of debt issued by BNSF, BHE or any of theirsubsidiaries.
In each of the past three years, our diverse group of businesses generated net operating cash flows between $37 billion
and $40 billion. Our consolidated capital expenditures for property, plant and equipment and equipment held for lease were
$15.5 billion in 2022, which included capital expenditures by our railroad, utilities and energy businesses (BNSF and BHE) of$11.0 billion. BNSF and BHE maintain very large investments in capital assets (property, plant and equipment) and will
regularly make significant capital expenditures in the normal course of business. We forecast capital expenditures of these two
operations will approximate $13.7 billion in 2023.
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“the 2022 act”) was signed into law. The 2022 act contains
numerous provisions, including a 15% corporate alternative minimum income tax on “adjusted financial statement income”,
expanded tax credits for clean energy incentives and a 1% excise tax on corporate stock repurchases. The provisions of the2022 act become effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. On December 27, 2022, the IRS and Departmentof Treasury issued initial guidance for taxpayers subject to the corporate alternative minimum tax. The guidance addresses
several, but not all, issues that needed clarification. The IRS and Department of Treasury intend to release additional guidancein the future. We will continue to evaluate the impact of the Act as more guidance becomes available. We currently do not
expect a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Contractual Obligations
We are party to other contracts associated with ongoing business activities, which will result in cash payments tocounterparties in future periods. Certain obligations are included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, such as operating leaseliabilities and shared aircraft repurchase liabilities of NetJets. Estimated payments of these liabilities in each of the next five
years are (in billions): $1.8 in 2023; $1.6 in 2024; $1.4 in 2025; $1.3 in 2026; and $1.5 in 2027.
We are also obligated to pay claims arising from our property and casualty insurance companies. Such liabilities,
including amounts from retroactive reinsurance, were approximately $143 billion at December 31, 2022. We currently forecast
claim payments in 2023 of approximately $35 billion with respect to claims occurring prior to 2023. Additionally, we estimate
net payments of approximately $2 billion in 2023 for life, health and annuity benefits under contracts. However, the timing andamount of the payments under insurance and reinsurance contracts are contingent upon the outcome of future events. Actual
payments will likely vary, perhaps materially, from the forecasted payments, as well as from the liabilities currently recordedin our Consolidated Balance Sheet. We anticipate that these payments will be funded by operating cash flows.
Other obligations pertaining to the acquisition of goods or services in the future, such as certain purchase obligations,
are not currently reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements and will be recognized in future periods as the goods aredelivered or services are provided. As of December 31, 2022, the largest categories of our long-term contractual obligations
primarily related to fuel, capacity, transmission and maintenance contracts and capital expenditure commitments of BHE andBNSF, aircraft purchase commitments of NetJets and certain raw materials purchase commitments. We estimate future
payments associated with these contracts over the next five years of approximately $24 billion, including $12 billion in 2023.
Critical Accounting Policies
Certain accounting policies require us to make estimates and judgments in determining the amounts reflected in our
Consolidated Financial Statements. Such estimates and judgments necessarily involve varying and possibly significant degrees
of uncertainty. Accordingly, certain amounts currently recorded in our Consolidated Financial Statements will likely be
adjusted in the future based on new available information and changes in other facts and circumstances. A discussion of ourprincipal accounting policies that required the application of significant judgments as of December 31, 2022 follows.

K-58

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Property and casualty insurance unpaid losses
We record liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (also referred to as “gross unpaid losses” or “claim
liabilities”) based upon estimates of the ultimate amounts payable for loss events occurring on or before the balance sheet date.
The timing and amount of ultimate loss payments are contingent upon, among other things, the timing of claim reporting frominsureds and ceding companies and the final determination of the loss amount through the loss adjustment and settlement
process. We use a variety of techniques in establishing claim liabilities, which may require significant judgments andassumptions.
As of the balance sheet date, recorded claim liabilities include estimates for reported claims and for incurred-but-notreported (“IBNR”) claims. The period between the loss occurrence date and loss settlement date is the “claim-tail.” Property
claims usually have relatively short claim-tails, absent litigation. Casualty claims usually have longer claim-tails, occasionallyextending for decades. Casualty claims may be more susceptible to litigation and the impact of changing contract
interpretations. The legal environment and judicial process further contribute to extending claim-tails.
Our consolidated claim liabilities, including liabilities from retroactive reinsurance contracts, as of December 31, 2022
were approximately $143 billion, of which 78% related to GEICO and the Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group. Additional
information regarding significant uncertainties inherent in the processes and techniques for estimating unpaid losses of thesebusinesses follows.
GEICO
GEICO predominantly writes private passenger automobile insurance. As of December 31, 2022, GEICO’s gross unpaid
losses were $24.8 billion and claim liabilities, net of reinsurance recoverable, were $23.8 billion. GEICO’s claim reserving
methodologies produce liability estimates based upon the individual claims. The key assumptions affecting our liability
estimates include projections of ultimate claim counts (“frequency”) and average loss per claim (“severity”). We utilize a
combination of several actuarial estimation methods, including Bornhuetter-Ferguson and chain-ladder methodologies.
Claim liability estimates for automobile liability coverages (such as bodily injury (“BI”), uninsured motorists, andpersonal injury protection) are more uncertain due to the longer claim-tails, so we establish additional case development
estimates. As of December 31, 2022, case development liabilities averaged approximately 38% of the case reserves. We selectcase development factors through analysis of the overall adequacy of historical case liabilities.
IBNR claim liabilities are based on projections of the ultimate number of claims expected (reported and unreported) for
each significant coverage. We use historical claim count data to develop age-to-age projections of the ultimate counts byquarterly accident period, from which we deduct reported claims to produce the number of unreported claims. We estimate theaverage costs per unreported claim and apply such estimates to the unreported claim counts, producing an IBNR liability
estimate. We may record additional IBNR estimates when actuarial techniques are difficult to apply.
We test the adequacy of the aggregate claim liabilities using one or more actuarial projections based on claim closure
models and paid and incurred loss triangles. Each type of projection analyzes loss occurrence data for claims occurring in agiven period and projects the ultimate cost.
Our claim liability estimates recorded at the end of 2021 were reduced by $653 million during 2022, which produced acorresponding increase to pre-tax earnings. The assumptions used to estimate liabilities at December 31, 2022 reflect the mostrecent frequency and severity estimates. Future development of recorded liabilities will depend on whether actual frequency
and severity of claims are more or less than anticipated.
With respect to liabilities for BI claims, we believe it is reasonably possible that average claims severities will change
by at least one percentage point from the projected severities used in establishing the recorded liabilities at December 31, 2022.
We estimate that a one percentage point increase or decrease in BI severities would produce a $245 million increase or decrease
in recorded liabilities, with a corresponding decrease or increase in pre-tax earnings. Many of the economic forces that would
likely cause BI severity to differ from expectations would likely also cause severities for other injury coverages to differ in thesame direction.

K-59

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Property and casualty insurance unpaid losses (Continued)
Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group
BHRG’s liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses derive primarily from reinsurance contracts issued
through the NICO, General Re and TransRe Groups. A summary of BHRG’s property and casualty unpaid losses and loss
adjustment expenses, other than retroactive reinsurance losses and loss adjustment expenses, as of December 31, 2022 follows(in millions).
Reported case liabilities
IBNR liabilities
Gross unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
Reinsurance recoverable
Net unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses$$

Property

8,314
9,084
17,398787
16,611$$

Casualty

12,136
21,04133,177
1,439
31,738

$

$

Total

20,45030,12550,5752,226
48,349Gross unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses consist primarily of traditional property and casualty coverages written
primarily under excess-of-loss and quota-share treaties. Under certain contracts, coverage can apply to multiple lines ofbusiness written and the ceding company may not report loss data by such lines consistently, if at all. In those instances, we
judgmentally allocate losses to property and casualty coverages based on internal estimates.
In connection with reinsurance contracts, the nature, extent, timing and perceived reliability of loss information received
from ceding companies varies widely depending on the type of coverage and the contractual reporting terms. Reinsurance
contract terms, conditions and coverages also tend to lack standardization and may evolve more rapidly than primary insurance
policies.
The nature and extent of loss information provided under many facultative (individual risk) or per occurrence excess
contracts may be comparable to the information received under a primary insurance contract. However, loss information withrespect to aggregate excess-of-loss and quota-share contracts is often in a summary format rather than on an individual claim
basis. Loss data includes currently recoverable paid losses, as well as case loss estimates. Ceding companies infrequently
provide reliable IBNR loss estimates.
Loss reporting to reinsurers is typically slower than primary insurers. In the U.S., client reporting is generally required
at quarterly intervals ranging from 30 to 90 days after the end of the quarterly period, while outside of the U.S., reinsurance
reporting practices may vary further. In certain countries, clients report annually from 90 to 180 days after the end of the annual
period. To the extent that reinsurers assume and cede underlying risks from other reinsurers, further delays in claims reporting
may occur. The relative impact of reporting delays on the reinsurer may vary depending on the type of coverage, contractual
reporting terms, the magnitude of the claim relative to the attachment point of the reinsurance coverage and other reasons.
As reinsurers, the premium and loss data we receive is at least one level removed from the underlying claimant, so there
is a risk that the loss data reported is incomplete, inaccurate or the claim is outside the coverage terms. We maintain certain
internal procedures to determine that the information is complete and in compliance with the contract terms. Generally, ourreinsurance contracts permit us to access the ceding company’s records with respect to the subject business, thus providing theability to audit the reported information. In the normal course of business, disputes occasionally arise concerning whether
claims are covered by our reinsurance policies. We resolve most coverage disputes through negotiation with the client. If
disputes cannot be resolved, our contracts generally provide arbitration or alternative dispute resolution processes. We believe
there are no coverage disputes at this time for which an adverse resolution would likely have a material impact on ourconsolidated results of operations or financial condition.
Establishing claim liability estimates for reinsurance assumed requires evaluation of loss information received from ourclients. We generally rely on the ceding companies’ reported case loss estimates. We independently evaluate certain reported
case losses and if appropriate, we use our own case liability estimate. For instance, as of December 31, 2022, our case loss
estimates exceeded ceding company estimates by approximately $650 million for certain legacy workers’ compensation claims
occurring over 10 years ago. We also periodically conduct detailed reviews of individual client claims, which may cause us toadjust our case estimates.

K-60

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Property and casualty insurance unpaid losses (Continued)
Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (Continued)
Although liabilities for losses are initially determined based on pricing and underwriting analysis, we use a variety ofactuarial methodologies that place reliance on the extrapolation of historical data, loss development patterns, industry data andother benchmarks. The estimate of the IBNR liabilities also requires judgment by actuaries and management to reflect the
impact of additional factors like change in business mix, volume, claim reporting and handling practices, inflation, social andlegal environment and the terms and conditions of the contracts. The methodologies generally fall into or are hybrids of one ormore of the following categories:
Paid and incurred loss development methods – These methods consider expected case loss emergence and development
patterns, together with expected loss ratios by year. Factors affecting our loss development analysis include, but are not limited
to, changes in the following: client claims reporting and settlement practices, the frequency of client company claim reviews,
policy terms and coverage (such as loss retention levels and occurrence and aggregate policy limits), loss trends and legal trends
that result in unanticipated losses. Collectively, these factors influence our selections of expected case loss emergence patterns.
Incurred and paid loss Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods – These methods consider actual paid and incurred losses andexpected patterns of paid and incurred losses, taking the initial expected ultimate losses into account to determine an estimateof the expected unpaid or unreported losses.
Frequency and severity methods – These methods commonly focus on a review of the number of anticipated claims andthe anticipated claims severity and may also rely on development patterns to derive such estimates. However, our processes
and techniques for estimating liabilities in such analyses generally rely more on a per-policy assessment of the ultimate costassociated with the individual loss rather than with an analysis of historical development patterns of past losses.
Additional analysis – In some cases we have established reinsurance claim liabilities on a contract-by-contract basis,
determined from case loss estimates reported by the ceding company and IBNR liabilities that are primarily a function of an
anticipated loss ratio for the contract and the reported case loss estimate. Liabilities are adjusted upward or downward overtime to reflect case losses reported versus expected case losses, which we use to form revised judgment on the adequacy of the
expected loss ratio and the level of IBNR liabilities required for unreported claims. Anticipated loss ratios are also revised toinclude estimates of known major catastrophe events.
Our claim liability estimation process for short-tail lines, primarily property exposures, utilizes a combination of the paid
and incurred loss development methods and the incurred and paid loss Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods. Certain catastrophe,
individual risk and aviation excess-of-loss contracts tend to generate low frequency/high severity losses. Our processes andtechniques for estimating liabilities under such contracts generally rely more on a per contract assessment of the ultimate costassociated with the individual loss event rather than with an analysis of the historical development patterns of past losses.
For our long-tail lines, primarily casualty exposures, we may rely on different methods depending on the maturity of thebusiness, with estimates for the most recent years being based on priced loss expectations and more mature years reflecting thepaid or incurred development pattern indications.
In 2022, certain workers’ compensation claims reported losses were less than expected. As a result, we reduced estimatedultimate losses for prior years’ loss events by $114 million. We estimate that increases of ten percent in the tail of the expected
loss emergence pattern and in the expected loss ratios would produce a net increase of approximately $1.1 billion in IBNR
liabilities, producing a corresponding decrease in pre-tax earnings. We believe it is reasonably possible for these assumptions
to increase at these rates.
For other casualty losses, other than asbestos, environmental and other latent injury claims, we reduced estimatedultimate liabilities for prior years’ events by approximately $650 million in 2022. For certain significant casualty and generalliability portfolios, we estimate that increases of five percent in the claim-tails of the expected loss emergence patterns and in
the expected loss ratios would produce a net increase in our nominal IBNR liabilities and a corresponding reduction in pre-tax
earnings of approximately $980 million, although outcomes of greater than or less than $980 million are possible given thediversification in worldwide business.
The change in estimated ultimate liabilities for asbestos, environmental and other latent injury claims, excluding amounts
assumed under retroactive reinsurance contracts was not significant in 2022. Net liabilities for such claims were approximately$2.1 billion at December 31, 2022. Loss estimations for these exposures are difficult to determine due to the changing legal
environment and increases may be required in the future if new exposures or claimants are identified, new claims are reported
or new theories of liability emerge.

K-61

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Property and casualty insurance unpaid losses (Continued)
Retroactive reinsurance
Our retroactive reinsurance contracts cover loss events occurring before the contract inception dates. Claim liabilities
associated with our retroactive reinsurance contracts predominately pertain to casualty or liability exposures. We expect theclaim-tails to be very long. At December 31, 2022, gross unpaid losses were $35.4 billion and deferred charges were $9.9
billion.
Our contracts are generally subject to maximum limits of indemnifications and, as such, we currently expect thatmaximum remaining gross losses payable under our retroactive policies will not exceed $52 billion. Absent significant judicial
or legislative changes affecting asbestos, environmental or latent injury exposures, we also currently believe it unlikely thatlosses will develop upward to the maximum losses payable or downward by more than 15% of our estimated gross liability.
We establish liability estimates by individual contract, considering exposure and development trends. In establishing ourliability estimates, we often analyze historical aggregate loss payment patterns and project expected ultimate losses undervarious scenarios. We assign judgmental probability factors to these scenarios and an expected outcome is determined. Wethen monitor subsequent loss payment activity and review ceding company reports and other available information concerning
the underlying losses. We re-estimate the expected ultimate losses when significant events or significant deviations fromexpectations are revealed.
Certain of our retroactive reinsurance contracts include asbestos, environmental and other latent injury claims. Ourestimated liabilities for such claims were approximately $12.1 billion at December 31, 2022. We do not consistently receive
reliable detailed data regarding asbestos, environmental and latent injury claims from all ceding companies, particularly withrespect to multi-line or aggregate excess-of-loss policies. When possible, we conduct a detailed analysis of the underlying loss
data to make an estimate of ultimate reinsured losses. When detailed loss information is unavailable, we develop estimates byapplying recent industry trends and projections to aggregate client data. Judgments in these areas necessarily consider thestability of the legal and regulatory environment under which we expect claims will be adjudicated. Legal reform and legislation
could also have a significant impact on our ultimate liabilities.
We increased estimated ultimate liabilities for prior years’ retroactive reinsurance contracts by $86 million in 2022. In
2022, we paid losses and loss adjustment expenses of $2.4 billion with respect to our retroactive reinsurance contracts.
In connection with our retroactive reinsurance contracts, we also record deferred charges, which at contract inception
represents the excess, if any, of the estimated ultimate liability for unpaid losses over premiums received. We amortize deferredcharges, which produces charges to pre-tax earnings in future periods based on the expected timing and amount of loss
payments. We adjust deferred charge balances due to changes in the expected timing and ultimate amount of claim payments
and the effects of the adjustments are included in pre-tax earnings. Significant changes in such estimates may have a significant
effect on unamortized deferred charge balances. Based on the contracts in effect as of December 31, 2022, we estimate thatamortization expense in 2023 will approximate $860 million.
Other Critical Accounting Policies
Our Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2022 includes goodwill of acquired businesses of $78.1 billion andother indefinite-lived intangible assets of $18.3 billion. We evaluate these assets for impairment annually in the fourth quarterand on an interim basis if the facts and circumstances lead us to believe that more likely than not there has been an impairment.
Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment reviews include determining the estimated fair values of ourreporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets. The key assumptions and inputs used in such determinations may include
forecasting revenues and expenses, cash flows and capital expenditures, as well as an appropriate discount rate and other inputs.
Significant judgment by management is required in estimating the fair value of a reporting unit and in performing impairment
reviews. Due to the inherent subjectivity and uncertainty in forecasting future cash flows and earnings over long periods oftime, actual results may differ materially from the forecasts. If the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds
fair value, the excess is charged to earnings as an impairment loss. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds the estimatedfair value of the reporting unit, then the excess, limited to the carrying amount of goodwill, will be charged to earnings as an
impairment loss.

K-62

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Other Critical Accounting Policies (Continued)
As of December 31, 2022, we concluded it was more likely than not that goodwill recorded in our Consolidated Balance
Sheet was not impaired. The fair value estimates of reporting units are and will likely be significantly affected by assumptions
on the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the reporting units businesses, as well as other assumptions concerning
the long-term economic performance of the reporting units, which we cannot reliably predict. Consequently, any fair value
estimates can be subject to wide variations.
We primarily use discounted projected future earnings or cash flow methods in determining fair values. The key
assumptions and inputs used in such methods may include forecasting revenues and expenses, cash flows and capital
expenditures, as well as an appropriate discount rate and other inputs. A significant amount of judgment is required in estimating
the fair value of a reporting unit and in performing goodwill impairment tests.
In connection with the annual goodwill impairment review conducted in the fourth quarter of 2022, the estimated fairvalues of six reporting units did not exceed our carrying values by at least 20%. The most significant of these reporting units
was Precision Castparts Corp. (“PCC”). Our estimated fair value of PCC was approximately $31.5 billion, exceeding ourcarrying value of approximately $30.3 billion by 4.0%. Our carrying value of PCC included goodwill of approximately $7.5
billion. For the five other reporting units, our aggregate estimated fair value was approximately $4.5 billion, which exceeded
our aggregate carrying value of approximately $4.1 billion by 9.9%. Our carrying value of these units included goodwill of
approximately $1.4 billion.
In the second quarter of 2020, we quantitively reevaluated goodwill for impairment for certain reporting units, and mostsignificantly for PCC. As a result of our reviews, we recorded pre-tax goodwill impairment charges of $10 billion andindefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges of $638 million, of which approximately $10 billion related to PCC. Prior
to the reevaluation, the carrying value of PCC-related goodwill was approximately $17 billion. Additionally, the carrying valueof PCC-related indefinite-lived intangible assets was approximately $14 billion. Substantially all of these amounts wererecorded in connection with Berkshire’s acquisition of PCC in 2016. The initial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic oncommercial airlines and aircraft manufacturers were particularly severe. At that time, we considered several factors in ourreevaluation, including but not limited to the announcements by airlines concerning potential future demand, employment
levels and aircraft orders, announcements by manufacturers of reduced aircraft production and the actions we were taking to
restructure operations. Consequently, we deemed it prudent under the prevailing circumstances to increase discount rates andreduce prior long-term forecasts of future cash flows for purposes of reviewing for impairments.
Market Risk Disclosures
Our Consolidated Balance Sheets include substantial amounts of assets and liabilities whose fair values are subject tomarket risks. Our significant market risks are primarily associated with equity prices, interest rates, foreign currency exchange
rates and commodity prices. The fair values of our investment portfolios remain subject to considerable volatility. The following
sections address the significant market risks associated with our business activities.
Equity Price Risk
Equity securities represent the most significant portion of our consolidated investment portfolio. Strategically, we strive
to invest in businesses that possess excellent economics and able and honest management, and we prefer to invest a meaningfulamount in each company. Historically, equity investments have been concentrated in relatively few issuers. At December 31,
2022, approximately 75% of the total fair value of equity securities was concentrated in five companies.
We often hold our equity securities for long periods and short-term price volatility has occurred in the past and will occur
in the future. We also strive to maintain significant levels of shareholder capital and ample liquidity to provide a margin ofsafety against short-term price volatility.

K-63

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Equity Price Risk (Continued)
For the past several years, we were also subject to equity price risk with respect to our equity index put option contracts.
However, substantially all of the contracts written to date have expired.
The following table summarizes our significant assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and the estimatedeffects of a hypothetical 30% increase and a 30% decrease in market prices as of those dates. The selected 30% hypotheticalincrease and decrease does not reflect the best or worst case scenario. Indeed, results from declines could be far worse due bothto the nature of equity markets and the aforementioned concentrations existing in our equity investment portfolio. Dollar
amounts are in millions.

Fair Value

HypotheticalPrice Change

Estimated
Fair Value After
Estimated
Hypothetical
Increase (Decrease)
Change in Prices in Net Earnings (1)December 31, 2022
Investments in equity securities$

December 31, 2021
Investments in equity securities

308,793 30% increase $30% decrease

399,087 $
218,688

71,344(71,195)$

350,719 30% increase $30% decrease
99 30% increase
30% decrease

452,936 $
248,606
5
1,088

81,136(81,053)74(781)

Equity index put option contract liabilities(1)

The estimated increase (decrease) is after income taxes.
Interest Rate Risk

We may also invest in bonds, loans or other interest rate sensitive instruments. Our strategy is to acquire or originate
such instruments at prices considered appropriate relative to the perceived credit risk. We also issue debt in the ordinary courseof business to fund business operations, business acquisitions and for other general purposes. We attempt to maintain highcredit ratings in order to minimize the cost of our debt. We infrequently utilize derivative products, such as interest rate swaps,
to manage interest rate risks and we do not attempt to match maturities of assets and liabilities.
The fair values of our fixed maturity investments, loans and finance receivables and notes payable and other borrowings
will fluctuate in response to changes in market interest rates. Increases and decreases in interest rates generally translate into
decreases and increases in fair values of these instruments. Additionally, fair values of interest rate sensitive instruments may
be affected by the creditworthiness of the issuer, prepayment options, relative values of alternative investments, the liquidityof the instrument and other general market conditions.

K-64

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Interest Rate Risk (Continued)
The following table summarizes the estimated effects of hypothetical changes in interest rates on our significant assets
and liabilities that are subject to significant interest rate risk at December 31, 2022 and 2021. We assumed that the interest ratechanges occur immediately and uniformly to each category of instrument and that there were no significant changes to otherfactors used to determine the value of the instrument. The hypothetical changes in interest rates do not reflect the best or worst
case scenarios. Actual results may differ from those reflected in the table. Dollars are in millions.

December 31, 2022
Assets:Investments in fixed maturity securities
Investments in equity securities*
Loans and finance receivables
Liabilities:
Notes payable and other borrowings:
Insurance and otherRailroad, utilities and energy
December 31, 2021
Assets:Investments in fixed maturity securities
Investments in equity securities*
Loans and finance receivables
Liabilities:
Notes payable and other borrowings:
Insurance and otherRailroad, utilities and energy

Estimated Fair Value After Hypothetical Change inInterest Rates (bp=basis points)
100 bp100 bp200 bp300 bpdecreaseincreaseincreaseincrease

Fair
Value

$

25,1289,964
23,428$41,961
67,651$

16,434
10,864
22,17442,33987,06525,61910,43424,249$45,53574,698$

16,624
11,45722,982
46,55997,47424,6599,523
22,633$38,941
61,725$

16,231
10,313
21,41738,72478,472

24,215
9,109
21,907$36,36756,710$16,036
9,798
20,71435,68371,28923,794
8,719
21,22834,15752,430$15,847
9,319
20,054
33,10465,246* Includes Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stocks

Foreign Currency Risk
Certain of our subsidiaries operate in foreign jurisdictions and we transact business in foreign currencies. In addition, wehold investments in common stocks of major multinational companies, who have significant foreign business and foreign
currency risk of their own. We generally do not attempt to match assets and liabilities by currency and do not use derivative
contracts to manage foreign currency risks in a meaningful way.

K-65

Management’s Discussion and Analysis (Continued)
Foreign Currency Risk (Continued)
Our net assets subject to financial statement translation into U.S. Dollars are primarily in our insurance, utilities andenergy and certain manufacturing and service subsidiaries. A portion of our financial statement translation-related impact fromchanges in foreign currency rates is recorded in other comprehensive income. In addition, we include gains or losses fromchanges in foreign currency exchange rates in net earnings related to non-U.S. Dollar denominated assets and liabilities ofBerkshire and its U.S.-based subsidiaries. A summary of these gains (losses), after-tax, for each of the years ending December
31, 2022 and 2021 follows (in millions).
Non-U.S. denominated debt included in net earnings
Net liabilities under certain reinsurance contracts included in net earnings
Foreign currency translation included in other comprehensive income

$

2022

1,263 $
263
(2,045)

2021

955
58
(1,021)

Commodity Price Risk
Our subsidiaries use commodities in various ways in manufacturing and providing services. As such, we are subject toprice risks related to various commodities. In most instances, we attempt to manage these risks through the pricing of our
products and services to customers. To the extent that we are unable to sustain price increases in response to commodity priceincreases, our operating results will likely be adversely affected. We generally do not utilize derivative contracts to manage
commodity price risks to any significant degree.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
See “Market Risk Disclosures” contained in Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations.”
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control overfinancial reporting, as such term is defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision andwith the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we
conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31,
2022, as required by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rule 13a-15(c). In making this assessment, we used the criteria set
forth in the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring
Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control—Integrated
Framework (2013), our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December
31, 2022.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 has been audited by Deloitte& Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears on page K-67.
Berkshire Hathaway Inc.
February 25, 2023

K-66

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors ofBerkshire Hathaway Inc.
Omaha, Nebraska
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”)
as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, changes inshareholders’ equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes(collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial
reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by
the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of theCompany as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in
the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ofAmerica. Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial
reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by
COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control overfinancial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in theaccompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion
on these financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits.
We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB)
and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the US federal securities laws and theapplicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and performthe audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due
to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of thefinancial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures to respond to those risks. Such procedures
included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also
included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating theoverall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an
understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing andevaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included
performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a
reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding thereliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally
accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and proceduresthat (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions anddispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit
preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts andexpenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of thecompany; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or
disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

K-67

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM (Continued)
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also,
projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate
because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements thatwere communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures thatare material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The
communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, andwe are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on
the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses— Refer to Notes 1 and 16 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company’s unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (“claim liabilities”) under short duration property and casualty
insurance and reinsurance contracts are $107,472 million as of December 31, 2022. The key assumptions affecting certain
claim liabilities include expected loss and expense (“loss”) ratios, expected claim count emergence patterns, expected loss
payment emergence patterns, and expected loss reporting emergence patterns.
Given the subjectivity of estimating these key assumptions, performing audit procedures to evaluate whether claim liabilities
were appropriately recorded as of December 31, 2022, required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent ofeffort, including the need to involve our actuarial specialists.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the key assumptions affecting certain claim liabilities included the following, among others:• We tested the operating effectiveness of controls over claim liabilities, including those over the key assumptions.
• We evaluated the methods and assumptions used by management to estimate the claim liabilities by:• Testing the underlying data that served as the basis for the actuarial analysis, such as historical claims and earned
premium, to test that the inputs to the actuarial estimate were reasonable.
• Comparing management’s prior-year claim liabilities to actual development during the current year to identify
potential bias in the determination of the claim liabilities.
• With the assistance of our actuarial specialists:• We developed independent estimates of the claim liabilities, including loss data and industry claim development
factors as needed, and compared our estimates to management’s estimates.
• We compared management’s change in ultimate loss and loss adjustment expense to prior year estimates to test thereasonableness of the prior year estimates and assessed unexpected development.
Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Under Retroactive Reinsurance Contracts — Refer to Notes 1 and 17 to thefinancial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company’s unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (“claim liabilities”) for property and casualty retroactive
reinsurance contracts are $35,415 million as of December 31, 2022. The key assumptions affecting certain claim liabilities andrelated deferred charge reinsurance assumed assets (“related assets”) include expected loss and expense (“loss”) ratios, expected
loss payment emergence patterns, and expected loss reporting emergence.
Given the subjectivity of estimating these key assumptions, performing audit procedures to evaluate whether claim liabilities
were appropriately recorded as of December 31, 2022, required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent ofeffort, including the need to involve our actuarial specialists.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the key assumptions affecting claim liabilities and related assets included the following, among
others:• We tested the operating effectiveness of controls over claim liabilities and related assets, including those over the key
assumptions.

K-68

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM (Continued)••

We evaluated the methods and assumptions used by management to estimate the claim liabilities and related assets by:• Testing the underlying data that served as the basis for the actuarial analysis, including historical claims, to test thatthe inputs to the actuarial estimate were reasonable.
• Comparing management’s prior-year claim liabilities to actual development during the current year to identify
potential bias in the determination of the claim liabilities and related assets.
With the assistance of our actuarial specialists:• We developed independent claim liability estimates for certain retroactive reinsurance contracts and compared ourestimates to management’s estimates. For other retroactive reinsurance contracts and related assets, we evaluated theprocess used by management to develop the estimated claim liabilities and related assets.
• We compared management’s change in ultimate loss and loss adjustment expense to prior year estimates, assessed
unexpected development and assessed internal rates of return.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets — Refer to Notes 1 and 13 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company’s evaluation of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment involves the comparison of thefair value of each reporting unit or asset to its carrying value. The Company evaluates goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible
assets for impairment at least annually. When evaluating goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment, thefair value of each reporting unit or asset is estimated. Significant judgment is required in estimating fair values and performing
impairment tests. The Company primarily uses discounted projected future net earnings or net cash flows and multiples of
earnings to estimate fair value, which requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to forecastsof future revenue, earnings before interest and taxes (“EBIT”), and discount rates. Changes in these assumptions could have asignificant impact on the fair value of reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets.
The Precision Castparts Corp. (“PCC”) reporting unit reported approximately $8 billion of goodwill and approximately $13
billion of indefinite-lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2022. Given the significant judgments made by management toestimate the fair value of the PCC reporting unit and certain customer relationships with indefinite lives along with thedifference between their fair values and carrying values, performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness ofmanagement’s estimates and assumptions related to forecasts of future revenue and EBIT and the selection of the discount raterequired a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value
specialists.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to forecasts of future revenue and EBIT and the selection of the discount rate for the PCC reporting
unit and certain customer relationships included the following, among others:• We tested the effectiveness of controls over goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, including those over theforecasts of future revenue and EBIT and the selection of the discount rate.
• We evaluated management’s ability to accurately forecast future revenue and EBIT by comparing prior year forecasts
to actual results in the respective years.
• We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s current revenue and EBIT forecasts by comparing the forecasts tohistorical results, newly executed long-term contracts, customer demand and build schedules, forecasted information
included in analyst and industry reports and certain peer companies’ disclosures.
• With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the valuation methodologies, the terminal growth rates
and discount rate, including testing the underlying source information and the mathematical accuracy of thecalculations, and developed a range of independent estimates and compared those to the terminal growth rates anddiscount rate selected by management.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Omaha, Nebraska
February 25, 2023
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1985.

K-69

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS(dollars in millions)
2022

ASSETS
Insurance and Other:
Cash and cash equivalents*
Short-term investments in U.S. Treasury Bills
Investments in fixed maturity securities
Investments in equity securities
Equity method investments
Loans and finance receivables
Other receivables
Inventories
Property, plant and equipment
Equipment held for lease
Goodwill
Other intangible assets
Deferred charges - retroactive reinsurance
Other

$

Railroad, Utilities and Energy:
Cash and cash equivalents*
Receivables
Property, plant and equipment
Goodwill
Regulatory assets
Other$

December 31,

32,26092,77425,128308,793
28,05023,20843,50625,36621,113
15,584
51,522
29,187
9,870
19,628725,989
3,551
4,795
160,268
26,597
5,062
22,190222,463
948,452

$

$

2021

85,31958,535
16,434
350,719
16,04520,75135,388
20,954
20,834
14,91847,11728,486
10,63915,854
741,993
2,865
4,177
155,530
26,7583,963
23,498
216,791
958,784* Includes U.S. Treasury Bills with maturities of three months or less when purchased of $2.6 billion at December 31, 2022
and $61.7 billion at December 31, 2021.
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

K-70

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS(dollars in millions)

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Insurance and Other:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses under retroactive reinsurance contracts
Unearned premiums
Life, annuity and health insurance benefits
Other policyholder liabilities
Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities
Aircraft repurchase liabilities and unearned lease revenues
Notes payable and other borrowings

2022

$

Railroad, Utilities and Energy:
Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities
Regulatory liabilities
Notes payable and other borrowings
Income taxes, principally deferred
Total liabilities
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock
Capital in excess of par value
Accumulated other comprehensive income
Retained earnings
Treasury stock, at cost
Berkshire Hathaway shareholders’ equity
Noncontrolling interests
Total shareholders’ equity$

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

K-71

December 31,

107,472
35,41528,65722,421
10,101
33,201
6,820
46,538290,625$2021

86,66437,85523,512
22,282
9,901
30,376
5,849
39,272
255,711

16,615
7,369
76,206100,190
77,020467,835

15,696
7,214
74,99097,90090,243443,8548
35,167(6,591)
511,602(67,826)
472,360
8,257
480,617
948,452

8
35,592(4,027)534,421(59,795)
506,199
8,731
514,930
958,784$

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS(dollars in millions except per share amounts)
2022

Revenues:
Insurance and Other:
Insurance premiums earned
Sales and service revenues
Leasing revenues
Interest, dividend and other investment income$

Year Ended December 31,
2021

2020

74,645 $157,518
7,514
10,263249,940

69,478 $145,043
5,988
7,465
227,974

63,401
127,0445,209
8,092
203,746

Total revenues

25,802
21,023
5,324
52,149302,089

23,177
18,891
6,161
48,229276,203

20,75015,5405,543
41,833
245,579

Investment and derivative contract gains (losses)(67,899)

78,54240,746

57,646
5,152
11,942
124,319
5,550
19,506—
1,187
225,30249,964
6,007
12,569114,138
4,201
18,843—
1,086
206,808

43,951
5,812
12,798101,091
3,520
19,80910,671
1,105
198,757

17,282
15,896
4,984
3,165
41,327
266,629(32,439)
1,863(30,576)(8,518)(22,058)761

14,477
13,9595,615
3,086
37,137
243,945
110,800
886
111,686
20,87990,807
1,012

13,120
11,6384,796
2,978
32,532
231,289
55,036657
55,693
12,44043,253732

Railroad, Utilities and Energy:
Freight rail transportation revenues
Energy operating revenues
Service revenues and other income

Costs and expenses:
Insurance and Other:
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses
Life, annuity and health insurance benefits
Insurance underwriting expenses
Cost of sales and services
Cost of leasing
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Goodwill and intangible asset impairments
Interest expense
Railroad, Utilities and Energy:
Freight rail transportation expenses
Utilities and energy cost of sales and other expenses
Other expenses
Interest expense
Total costs and expenses
Earnings (loss) before income taxes and equity method earnings
Equity method earnings
Earnings (loss) before income taxes
Income tax expense (benefit)
Net earnings (loss)
Earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Berkshire Hathaway
shareholders
Net earnings (loss) per average equivalent Class A share
Net earnings (loss) per average equivalent Class B share*
Average equivalent Class A shares outstanding
Average equivalent Class B shares outstanding$$$(22,819) $89,795 $42,521(15,535) $59,460 $26,668(10.36) $39.64 $
17.78
1,468,876
1,510,180
1,594,469
2,203,313,642 2,265,269,867 2,391,703,454* Class B shares are economically equivalent to one-fifteen-hundredth of a Class A share. Accordingly, net earnings per
average equivalent Class B share outstanding is equal to one-fifteen-hundredth of the equivalent Class A amount. See Note 21.
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

K-72

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME(dollars in millions)
Net earnings (loss)
Other comprehensive income:Unrealized gains (losses) on investments
Applicable income taxes
Foreign currency translation
Applicable income taxes
Defined benefit pension plans
Applicable income taxes
Other, net
Other comprehensive income, net
Comprehensive income
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests
Comprehensive income attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders

$

$

2022

Year Ended December 31,
2021(22,058) $90,807

$

(713)
158
(2,136)
22
(253)
47
250
(2,625)(24,683)700(25,383) $

(217)
50
(1,011)
(6)
1,775
(457)
100
234
91,041
1,030
90,011 $2020

43,253
74
(19)
1,284
3
(355)
74
(42)
1,019
44,272751
43,521BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY(dollars in millions)

Balance December 31, 2019
Net earnings
Adoption of new accounting pronouncement
Other comprehensive income, net
Acquisition of common stock
Transactions with noncontrolling interests
Balance December 31, 2020
Net earnings
Other comprehensive income, net
Acquisition of common stock
Transactions with noncontrolling interests
Balance December 31, 2021
Net earnings (loss)
Other comprehensive income, net
Acquisition of common stock
Transactions with noncontrolling interests
Balance December 31, 2022

Berkshire Hathaway shareholders’ equity
Commonstock andAccumulated
capital inotherexcess of
Retained
Treasurycomprehensive
par valueearnings
stock
income$ 35,666 $
—
—
—
—
(32)
35,634———(34)
35,600———(425)$ 35,175 $(5,243) $ 402,493 $ (8,125) $—42,521
—
—
(388)
—
1,000
—
—
—
—
(24,728)———(4,243)444,626(32,853)—
89,795
—
216
—
—
—
—
(26,942)———(4,027)534,421(59,795)—(22,819)—(2,564)————(8,031)———(6,591) $ 511,602 $ (67,826) $See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

K-73

Noncontrollinginterests

Total

3,772 $ 428,563
732
43,253
—
(388)
19
1,019
—
(24,728)
3,649
3,617
8,172
451,336
1,012
90,80718234—(26,942)
(471)
(505)
8,731
514,930761(22,058)(61)(2,625)—(8,031)(1,174)(1,599)8,257 $ 480,617

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS(dollars in millions)

Cash flows from operating activities:
Net earnings (loss)
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings (loss) to operating cash flows:
Investment (gains) losses
Depreciation and amortization
Other
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
Deferred charges - retroactive reinsurance
Unearned premiums
Receivables and originated loans
Inventories
Other assets
Other liabilities
Income taxes
Net cash flows from operating activities
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of equity securities
Sales of equity securities
Purchases of U.S. Treasury Bills and fixed maturity securities
Sales of U.S. Treasury Bills and fixed maturity securities
Redemptions and maturities of U.S. Treasury Bills and fixed maturity securities
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired
Purchases of property, plant and equipment and equipment held for lease
Other
Net cash flows from investing activities
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from borrowings of insurance and other businesses
Repayments of borrowings of insurance and other businesses
Proceeds from borrowings of railroad, utilities and energy businesses
Repayments of borrowings of railroad, utilities and energy businesses
Changes in short term borrowings, net
Acquisition of treasury stock
Other, principally transactions with noncontrolling interests
Net cash flows from financing activities
Effects of foreign currency exchange rate changes
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year** Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year are comprised of:Insurance and Other
Railroad, Utilities and Energy
Restricted cash included in other assets

2022

$

$
$
$

Year Ended December 31,
2021
2020

(22,058) $90,807

67,623
10,899(4,324)(77,576)
10,718(3,397)(40,905)
10,596
11,263

4,057
769
1,861
(5,592)(4,779)(373)
2,033(12,892)
37,224

4,194
1,802
2,306
(5,834)(1,862)176
2,790
15,29739,421

4,476
1,307
1,587
(1,609)681(1,790)3,719
7,195
39,773(67,930)
33,664(183,922)
90,08866,318(10,594)(15,464)
239(87,601)(8,448)15,849(152,637)
27,188160,402(456)(13,276)770
29,392(30,161)
38,756(208,429)
31,873
149,709(2,532)(13,012)(3,961)(37,757)

7,822(1,502)
4,873(2,426)(596)(7,854)(1,979)(1,662)(268)(52,307)88,70636,399 $2,961(3,032)
3,959(4,016)(624)(27,061)(695)(28,508)5
40,31048,39688,706 $

5,925(2,700)8,445(3,761)(1,118)(24,706)(429)(18,344)92(16,236)
64,632
48,39632,2603,551
588
36,39985,3192,865
522
88,70644,714
3,276
406
48,396

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

K-74

$
$

$

$
$

43,253

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2022
(1)

Significant accounting policies and practices(a)Nature of operations and basis of consolidation

Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (“Berkshire”) is a holding company owning subsidiaries engaged in numerous diverse
business activities, including insurance and reinsurance, freight rail transportation, utilities and energy, manufacturing,
service and retailing. In these notes the terms “us,” “we,” or “our” refer to Berkshire and its consolidated subsidiaries.
Further information regarding our reportable business segments is contained in Note 25. Information concerning
significant business acquisitions completed over the past three years appears in Note 2. We believe that reporting theRailroad, Utilities and Energy subsidiaries separately is appropriate given the relative significance of their long-lived
assets, capital expenditures and debt, which is not guaranteed by Berkshire.
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Berkshire consolidated with theaccounts of all subsidiaries and affiliates in which we hold a controlling financial interest as of the financial statement
date. Normally a controlling financial interest reflects ownership of a majority of the voting interests. We consolidate
variable interest entities (“VIE”) when we possess both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly
affect its economic performance, and we (a) are obligated to absorb the losses that could be significant to the VIE or (b)hold the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. Intercompany accounts andtransactions have been eliminated. Certain immaterial balances in the Consolidated Financial Statements have been
reclassified in prior years to conform to current year presentations.
(b)

Use of estimates in preparation of financial statements

We prepare our Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in
the United States (“GAAP”) which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts ofassets and liabilities at the balance sheet date and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Ourestimates of unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are subject to considerable estimation error due to the inherent
uncertainty in projecting ultimate claim costs. In addition, estimates and assumptions associated with the amortizationof deferred charges on retroactive reinsurance contracts, determinations of fair values of certain financial instruments
and evaluations of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment require considerable judgment. Actual
results may differ from the estimates used in preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements.
To varying degrees the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences continues to affect our operating businesses.
Significant government and private sector actions have been taken since 2020 to control the spread and mitigate theeconomic effects of the virus and its variants. Such actions in 2022 included temporary business closures or restrictionsof business activities in various parts of the world. In addition, significant disruptions of supply chains and higher costs
emerged in 2021 and persisted in 2022. The development of geopolitical conflicts in 2022 contributed to disruptions ofsupply chains, resulting in cost increases for commodities, goods and services in many parts of the world. In the U.S.
and elsewhere, governments are implementing actions intended to slow price inflation. The economic effects from these
events over longer terms cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. Accordingly, significant estimates used in the
preparation of our financial statements, including those associated with evaluations of certain long-lived assets, goodwill
and other intangible assets for impairment, expected credit losses on amounts owed to us and the estimations of certain
losses assumed under insurance and reinsurance contracts, may be subject to significant adjustments in future periods.
(c)Cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments in U.S. Treasury Bills

Cash equivalents consist of demand deposit and money market accounts and investments with maturities of threemonths or less when purchased. Short-term investments in U.S. Treasury Bills have maturities exceeding three months
and less than one year at the time of purchase.
(d)Investments in fixed maturity securities

We classify investments in fixed maturity securities on the acquisition date and at each balance sheet date.
Securities classified as held-to-maturity are carried at amortized cost, reflecting the ability and intent to hold the securities
to maturity. Securities classified as trading are acquired with the intent to sell in the near term and are carried at fair value
with changes in fair value reported in earnings. All other securities are classified as available-for-sale and are carried atfair value. Substantially all of our investments in fixed maturity securities are classified as available-for-sale. We
amortize the difference between the original cost and maturity value of a fixed maturity security to earnings using theinterest method.
K-75

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(1)

Significant accounting policies and practices (Continued)(d)Investments in fixed maturity securities (Continued)

We record investment gains and losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities when the securities are sold,determined on a specific identification basis. For securities in an unrealized loss position, we recognize a loss in earnings
for the excess of amortized cost over fair value if we intend to sell before the price recovers. As of the balance sheet date,
we evaluate whether the other unrealized losses are attributable to credit losses or other factors. We consider the severityof the decline in value, creditworthiness of the issuer and other relevant factors. We record an allowance for credit losses,
limited to the excess of amortized cost over fair value, with a corresponding charge to earnings if the present value of
estimated cash flows is less than the present value of contractual cash flows. The allowance may be subsequently
increased or decreased based on the prevailing facts and circumstances. The portion of the unrealized loss that we believe
is not related to a credit loss is recognized in other comprehensive income.
(e)

Investments in equity securities

We carry substantially all investments in equity securities at fair value and record the subsequent changes in fairvalues in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings as a component of investment gains or losses.
(f)

Investments under the equity method

We utilize the equity method to account for investments when we possess the ability to exercise significant
influence, but not control, over the operating and financial policies of the investee. The ability to exercise significant
influence is presumed when the investor possesses more than 20% of the voting interests of the investee. This
presumption may be overcome based on specific facts and circumstances that demonstrate that the ability to exercise
significant influence is restricted. We apply the equity method to investments in common stock and other investments
when such investments possess substantially identical subordinated interests to common stock, and do not apply theequity method to investments that are not in-substance common stock as defined by GAAP.
In applying the equity method, we record the investment at cost and subsequently increase or decrease the carrying
amount of the investment by our proportionate share of the net earnings or losses and other comprehensive income of
the investee. We record dividends or other equity distributions as reductions in the carrying value of the investment. If
net losses reduce our carrying amount to zero, additional net losses may be recorded if other investments in the investee
are at-risk, even if we have not committed to provide financial support to the investee. Such additional equity method
losses, if any, are based upon the change in our claim on the investee’s book value.
(g)Loans and finance receivables

Loans and finance receivables are primarily manufactured home loans, and to a lesser extent, commercial loans
and site-built home loans. We carry substantially all loans and finance receivables at amortized cost, net of allowancesfor expected credit losses, based on our ability and intent to hold such loans to maturity. Acquisition costs and loan
origination and commitment costs paid and fees received, as well as acquisition premiums or discounts, are amortized asyield adjustments over the lives of the loans.
Measurements of expected credit losses include provisions for non-collection, whether the risk is probable orremote. Expected credit losses on manufactured home loans are based on the net present value of future principal
payments less estimated expenses related to the charge-off and foreclosure of expected uncollectible loans and include
provisions for loans that are not in foreclosure. Our principal credit quality indicator is whether the loans are performing.
Expected credit loss estimates consider historical default rates, collateral recovery rates, historical runoff rates, interest
rates, reductions of future cash flows for modified loans and the historical time elapsed from last payment until
foreclosure, among other factors. In addition, our estimates consider current conditions and reasonable and supportable
forecasts.

K-76

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(1)

Significant accounting policies and practices (Continued)(g)Loans and finance receivables (Continued)

Loans are considered delinquent when payments are more than 30 days past due. We place loans over 90 days pastdue on nonaccrual status and accrued but uncollected interest is reversed. Subsequent collections on the loans are first
applied to the principal and interest owed for the most delinquent amount. We resume interest income accrual once aloan is less than 90 days delinquent.
Loans are considered non-performing when the foreclosure process has started. Once a loan is in the process offoreclosure, interest income is not recognized until the foreclosure is cured or the loan is modified. Once a modificationis complete, interest income is recognized based on the terms of the new loan. Foreclosed loans are charged off when thecollateral is sold. Loans not in foreclosure are evaluated for charge-off based on individual circumstances concerning thefuture collectability of the loan and the condition of the collateral securing the loan.
(h)Other receivables

Other receivables include balances due from customers, insurance premiums receivable and reinsurance losses
recoverable, as well as other receivables. Trade receivables, insurance premium receivables and other receivables areprimarily short-term in nature with stated collection terms of less than one year from the date of origination. Reinsurance
recoverables are comprised of amounts ceded under reinsurance contracts or pursuant to mandatory governmentsponsored insurance programs. Reinsurance recoverables relate to unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses arisingfrom property and casualty contracts and benefits under life and health contracts. Receivables are stated net of estimatedallowances for uncollectible balances.
We measure expected credit losses primarily utilizing credit loss history, with adjustments to reflect current or
expected future economic conditions when reasonable and supportable forecasts of losses deviate from historicalexperience. In evaluating expected credit losses of reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses, we review the credit qualityof the counterparty and consider right-of-offset provisions within reinsurance contracts and other forms of credit
enhancement including collateral, guarantees and other available information. We charge-off receivables against theallowances after all reasonable collection efforts are exhausted.
(i)

Derivatives

We carry assets and liabilities arising from derivative contracts at fair value in other assets and accounts payable,
accruals and other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Balances are net of reductions permitted under masternetting agreements with counterparties. We record the changes in fair value of derivative contracts that do not qualify as
hedging instruments for financial reporting purposes in earnings or, if such contracts involve our regulated utilities
subsidiaries, as regulatory assets or liabilities when inclusion in regulated rates is probable.
(j)Fair value measurements

As defined under GAAP, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability
between market participants in the principal market or in the most advantageous market when no principal market exists.
Adjustments to transaction prices or quoted market prices may be required in illiquid or disorderly markets in estimating
fair value. Alternative valuation techniques may be appropriate under the circumstances to determine the value thatwould be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction. Market participants are assumed
to be independent, knowledgeable, and able and willing to transact an exchange and not acting under duress. Our
nonperformance or credit risk is considered in determining the fair value of liabilities. Considerable judgment may berequired in interpreting market data used to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, estimates of fair value
presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current or future market
exchange.
(k)Inventories

Inventories consist of manufactured goods, goods or products acquired for resale and homes constructed for sale.
Manufactured inventory costs include materials, direct and indirect labor and factory overhead. At December 31, 2022,
we used the last-in-first-out (“LIFO”) method to value approximately 30% of consolidated inventories with the remainder
primarily determined under first-in-first-out and average cost methods. Non-LIFO inventories are stated at the lower ofcost or net realizable value. The excess of current or replacement costs over costs determined under LIFO wasapproximately $2.5 billion as of December 31, 2022 and $1.9 billion as of December 31, 2021.

K-77

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(1)

Significant accounting policies and practices (Continued)(l)Property, plant and equipment and equipment held for lease

We use property, plant and equipment in our operations. We also own equipment that we lease to others underlease contracts. We record additions to property, plant and equipment and equipment held for lease at cost, which includes
asset additions, improvements and betterments. With respect to constructed assets, all materials, direct labor and contract
services as well as certain indirect costs are capitalized. Indirect costs include interest over the construction period. With
respect to constructed assets of our utility and energy subsidiaries that are subject to authoritative guidance for regulated
operations, capitalized costs also include an allowance for funds used during construction, which represents the cost ofequity funds used to finance the construction of the regulated facilities. Normal repairs and maintenance and other costs
that do not improve the property, extend its useful life or otherwise do not meet capitalization criteria are charged to
expense as incurred.
Depreciation of assets of our regulated utilities and railroad is generally determined using group depreciation
methods where rates are based on periodic depreciation studies approved by the applicable regulator. Under groupdepreciation, a composite rate is applied to the gross investment in a particular class of property, despite differences inthe service life or salvage value of individual property units within the same class. When such assets are retired or sold,no gain or loss is recognized. Gains or losses on disposals of all other assets are recorded through earnings.
We depreciate property, plant and equipment used by our other businesses to the estimated salvage value primarily
using the straight-line method over estimated service lives. Ranges of estimated service lives of depreciable assets usedin our other businesses are as follows: buildings and improvements – 5 to 50 years, machinery and equipment – 3 to 25
years and furniture, fixtures and other – 3 to 15 years. Ranges of estimated useful lives of depreciable assets unique toour railroad business are as follows: track structure and other roadway – 10 to 100 years and locomotives, freight carsand other equipment – 6 to 43 years. Ranges of estimated useful lives of assets unique to our regulated utilities andenergy businesses are as follows: utility generation, transmission and distribution systems – 5 to 80 years, interstate
natural gas pipeline assets – 3 to 80 years and independent power plants and other assets – 2 to 50 years. We depreciate
the equipment held for lease to estimated salvage value primarily using the straight-line method over estimated useful
lives ranging from 3 to 35 years. We use declining balance depreciation methods for assets when the revenue-earning
power of the asset is greater during the earlier years of its life.
We evaluate property, plant and equipment and equipment held for lease for impairment when events or changes
in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable or when the assets are held forsale. Upon the occurrence of a triggering event, we assess whether the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected fromthe use of the asset and the residual value from the ultimate disposal of the asset exceeds the carrying value. If thecarrying value exceeds the estimated recoverable amounts, we reduce the carrying value to fair value and record an
impairment loss in earnings, except with respect to impairment of assets of our regulated utility and energy subsidiaries
where the impacts of regulation are considered in evaluating the carrying value.
(m)

LeasesWe are party to contracts where we lease property from others. When we lease assets from others, we record rightof-use assets and lease liabilities. Right-of-use assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term andlease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. In this regard, lease payments
include fixed payments and variable payments that depend on an index or rate. The lease term is generally considered
the non-cancellable lease period. Certain lease contracts contain renewal options or other terms that provide for variable
payments based on performance or usage. Options are not included in determining right-of-use assets or lease liabilities
unless it is reasonably certain that options will be exercised. Generally, incremental borrowing rates are used inmeasuring lease liabilities. Right-of-use assets are subject to review for impairment. As permitted under GAAP, for someleases we do not separate lease components from non-lease components by class of asset and we do not record assets or
liabilities for leases with terms of one year or less.
(n)

Goodwill and other intangible assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the acquisition price of a business over the fair value of identified net assets ofthat business. We evaluate goodwill for impairment at least annually. When evaluating goodwill for impairment, weestimate the fair value of the reporting unit. Several methods may be used to estimate a reporting unit’s fair value,
including market quotations, asset and liability fair values and other valuation techniques, including, but not limited to,
discounted projected future net earnings or net cash flows and multiples of earnings. When the carrying amount of areporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds the estimated fair value, the excess up to the balance of goodwill is charged
to earnings as an impairment loss.
K-78

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(1)

Significant accounting policies and practices (Continued)(n)Goodwill and other intangible assets (Continued)

Intangible assets with indefinite lives are also tested for impairment at least annually and when events or changes
in circumstances indicate that, more-likely-than-not, the asset is impaired. Significant judgment is required in estimating
fair values and performing goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment tests. We amortize intangible assets
with finite lives in a pattern that reflects the expected consumption of related economic benefits or on a straight-line basis
over the estimated economic useful lives. Intangible assets with finite lives are reviewed for impairment when events orchanges in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.
(o)

Revenue recognition

We earn insurance premiums on prospective property/casualty insurance and reinsurance contracts over the loss
exposure or coverage period in proportion to the level of protection provided. Premiums are generally earned inproportion to the coverage provided, which in most cases is ratably over the term of the contract with unearned premiums
computed on a monthly or daily pro-rata basis. Premiums on retroactive property/casualty reinsurance contracts are
generally received in full and are earned at the inception of the contracts, as all underlying loss events covered by thepolicies occurred prior to contract inception. Premiums for life reinsurance and periodic payment annuity contracts areearned when due. Premiums for periodic payment annuity contracts are received in full at the inception of the contracts.
Premiums earned are stated net of amounts ceded to reinsurers. Premiums earned on contracts with experience-rating
provisions reflect estimated loss experience under such contracts.
Sales and service revenues are recognized when goods or services are transferred to a customer. A good or service
is transferred when (or as) the customer obtains control of that good or service. Revenues are based on the consideration
we expect to receive in connection with our promises to deliver goods and services to our customers.
We manufacture and/or distribute a wide variety of industrial, building and consumer products. Our sales contracts
provide customers with these products directly or through wholesale and retail channels in exchange for consideration
specified under the contracts. Contracts generally represent customer orders for individual products at stated prices. Sales
contracts may contain either single or multiple performance obligations. In instances where contracts contain multiple
performance obligations, we allocate the revenue to each obligation based on the relative stand-alone selling prices ofeach product or service.
Sales revenue reflects reductions for returns, allowances, late delivery penalties, volume discounts and otherincentives, some of which may be contingent on future events. In certain customer contracts, sales revenue includes
certain state and local excise taxes billed to customers on specified products when those taxes are levied directly upon
us by the taxing authorities. Sales revenue excludes sales taxes and value-added taxes collected on behalf of taxing
authorities. Sales revenue includes consideration for shipping and other fulfillment activities performed prior to thecustomer obtaining control of the goods. We also elect to treat consideration for such services performed after control
has passed to the customer as sales revenue.
Our product sales revenues are generally recognized at a point in time when control of the product transfers to thecustomer, which coincides with customer pickup or product delivery or acceptance, depending on terms of thearrangement. We recognize sales revenues and related costs with respect to certain contracts over time, primarily fromcertain castings, forgings and aerostructures contracts. Control of the product units under these contracts transfers
continuously to the customer as the product is manufactured. These products generally have no alternative use and thecontract requires the customer to provide reasonable compensation if terminated for reasons other than breach of contract.
The primary performance obligation under our freight rail transportation service contracts is to move freight froma point of origin to a point of destination. The performance obligations are represented by bills of lading which create aseries of distinct services that have a similar pattern of transfer to the customer. The revenues for each performanceobligation are based on various factors including the product being shipped, the origin and destination pair and contract
incentives, which are outlined in various private rate agreements, common carrier public tariffs, interline foreign roadagreements and pricing quotes. The transaction price is generally a per car/unit amount to transport railcars from a
specified origin to a specified destination. Freight revenues are recognized over time as the service is performed because
the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the service. Revenues recognized represent the
portion of the service completed as of the balance sheet date. Invoices for freight transportation services are generally
issued to customers and paid within 30 days or less. Customer incentives, which are primarily provided for shipping a
specified cumulative volume or shipping to/from specific locations, are recorded as a reduction to revenue on a pro-ratabasis based on actual or projected future customer shipments.
K-79

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(1)

Significant accounting policies and practices (Continued)(o)Revenue recognition (Continued)

Our energy revenue derives primarily from tariff-based sales arrangements approved by various regulatorycommissions. These tariff-based revenues are mainly comprised of energy, transmission, distribution and natural gas andhave performance obligations to deliver energy products and services to customers which are satisfied over time asenergy is delivered or services are provided. Our nonregulated energy revenue primarily relates to our renewable energy
business. Energy revenues are equivalent to the amounts we have the right to invoice and correspond directly with thevalue to the customer of the performance to date and include billed and unbilled amounts. Payments from customers are
generally due within 30 days of billing. Rates charged for energy products and services are established by regulators orcontractual arrangements that establish the transaction price, as well as the allocation of price among the separate
performance obligations. When preliminary regulated rates are permitted to be billed prior to final approval by theapplicable regulator, certain revenue collected may be subject to refund and a liability for estimated refunds is accrued.
Other service revenues derive from contracts with customers in which performance obligations are satisfied over time,
where customers receive and consume benefits as we perform the services or at a point in time when the services areprovided. Other service revenues primarily derive from real estate brokerage, automotive repair, aircraft management,
aviation training, franchising and news distribution.
Leasing revenue is generally recognized ratably over the term of the lease or based on usage, if applicable under
the terms of the contract. A substantial portion of our lessor contracts are classified as operating leases.
(p)

Losses and loss adjustment expenses

We record liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses under property/casualty insurance andreinsurance contracts for loss events that have occurred on or before the balance sheet date. Such liabilities represent theestimated ultimate payment amounts without discounting for time value.
We base liability estimates on (1) loss reports from policyholders and cedents, (2) individual case estimates and(3) estimates of incurred but not reported losses. Losses and loss adjustment expenses in the Consolidated Statements ofEarnings include paid claims, claim settlement costs and changes in estimated claim liabilities. Losses and loss
adjustment expenses charged to earnings are net of amounts recovered and estimates of amounts recoverable under ceded
reinsurance contracts. Reinsurance contracts do not relieve the ceding company of its obligations to indemnify
policyholders with respect to the underlying insurance and reinsurance contracts.
(q)

Retroactive reinsurance contracts

We record liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses under short duration retroactive reinsurance
contracts consistent with property/casualty insurance and reinsurance contracts described in Note 1(p). With respect toretroactive reinsurance contracts, we also record deferred charge assets at the inception of the contracts, representing theexcess, if any, of the estimated ultimate claim liabilities over the premiums earned. We subsequently amortize thedeferred charge assets over the expected claim settlement periods using the interest method. Changes to the estimatedtiming or amount of future loss payments also produce changes in deferred charge balances. We apply changes in such
estimates retrospectively and the resulting changes in deferred charge balances, together with periodic amortization, areincluded in insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
(r)Insurance policy acquisition costs

We capitalize the direct incremental costs that relate to the successful sale of insurance contracts, subject toultimate recoverability. Direct incremental acquisition costs include commissions, premium taxes and certain other costs
associated with successful efforts. We expense all other underwriting costs as incurred. For short duration contracts, we
subsequently amortize deferred policy acquisition costs to underwriting expenses as the related premiums are earned.
Acquisition costs related to long duration life insurance contracts are amortized over the expected premium-paying period
in proportion to the anticipated premiums over the life of the policy. Such anticipated premiums are estimated using thesame assumptions used for computing liabilities for future policy benefits. The recoverability of deferred policy
acquisition costs generally considers anticipated investment income. The unamortized balances are included in otherassets and were approximately $3.8 billion and $3.4 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which included$3.2 billion and $2.9 billion, respectively, related to property and casualty insurance contracts.

K-80

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(1)

Significant accounting policies and practices (Continued)(s)Life, annuity and health insurance benefits

Liabilities for future life, annuity and health insurance benefits represent the present value of expected future
benefits and non-acquisition variable expenses, less the present value of expected future net premiums (the portion ofgross premium required to provide for all expected future benefits and variable expenses). In estimating future cash
flows, we consider the timing and amounts of future claims, premiums and expenses, which require estimates concerning
future investment yields, expected mortality, morbidity and lapse or withdrawal rates. These assumptions, as applicable,
also include a margin for adverse deviation and may vary with the characteristics of the contract’s date of issuance, policy
duration and country of risk. The interest rate assumptions used for discounting may vary by contract or underlying
currency denomination of our reinsurance contracts. Generally, assumptions regarding cash flow and discount rate are
fixed at the inception of the contract and changed only under certain adverse circumstances. The effects of changes in
estimated cash flows and discount rate assumptions on benefit liabilities are recorded in earnings in the period of thechange. Periodic payment and annuity reinsurance contracts are regarded as limited payment contracts under GAAP. We
discount annuity liabilities based on the implicit rate as of the inception of the contracts such that the present value ofthe liabilities equals the premiums received less brokerage expense at the inception date. Discount rates for most contracts
range between 3% to 7%.
(t)Regulated utilities and energy businesses

Certain energy subsidiaries prepare their financial statements in accordance with authoritative guidance forregulated operations, reflecting the economic effects of regulation from the ability to recover certain costs from customers
and the requirement to return revenues to customers in the future through the regulated rate-setting process. Accordingly,
certain costs are deferred as regulatory assets and certain income is accrued as regulatory liabilities. Regulatory assets
and liabilities will be amortized into operating expenses and revenues over various future periods.
Regulatory assets and liabilities are continually assessed for probable future inclusion in regulatory rates byconsidering factors such as applicable regulatory or legislative changes and recent rate orders received by other regulated
entities. If future inclusion in regulatory rates ceases to be probable, the amount no longer probable of inclusion in
regulatory rates is charged or credited to earnings (or other comprehensive income, if applicable) or returned tocustomers.
(u)Foreign currency

The accounts of our non-U.S.-based subsidiaries are measured, in most instances, using functional currencies otherthan the U.S. Dollar. Revenues and expenses in the financial statements of these subsidiaries are translated into U.S.
Dollars at the average exchange rate for the period and assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate as of theend of the reporting period. The net effects of translating the financial statements of these subsidiaries are included inshareholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Gains and losses arising fromtransactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the subsidiary, including gains and losses
from the remeasurement of assets and liabilities due to changes in currency exchange rates, are included in earnings.
(v)

Income taxes

Berkshire files a consolidated federal income tax return in the U.S., which includes eligible subsidiaries. In
addition, we file income tax returns in state, local and foreign jurisdictions. Provisions for current income tax liabilities
are calculated and accrued on income and expense amounts expected to be included in the income tax returns for thecurrent year. Income taxes reported in earnings also include deferred income tax provisions.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are computed on differences between the financial statement bases andtax bases of assets and liabilities at the enacted tax rates. Changes in deferred income tax assets and liabilities associatedwith components of other comprehensive income are charged or credited directly to other comprehensive income.
Otherwise, changes in deferred income tax assets and liabilities are included as a component of income tax expense. The
effect on deferred income tax assets and liabilities attributable to changes in enacted tax rates are charged or credited toincome tax expense in the period of enactment. Valuation allowances are established for certain deferred income tax
assets when realization is not likely.
Liabilities are established for uncertain tax positions taken or positions expected to be taken in income tax returns
when such positions, in our judgment, do not meet a more-likely-than-not threshold based on the technical merits of thepositions. Estimated interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are included as a component of income tax
expense.
K-81

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(1)

Significant accounting policies and practices (Continued)(w)

New accounting pronouncements adopted in 2020

We adopted Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 326 “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses” on January
1, 2020, which provides for the measurement of expected credit losses on financial assets that are carried at amortizedcost based on the net amounts expected to be collected. Measurements of expected credit losses therefore include
provisions for non-collection, whether the risk is probable or remote. Upon adoption of ASC 326, we recorded a charge
to retained earnings of $388 million representing the cumulative after-tax increase in our allowances for credit losses.
(x)

New accounting pronouncements to be adopted subsequent to December 31, 2022

In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update 2018-12“Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts” (“ASU 2018-12”). ASU 2018-12 requires
reassessment of cash flow assumptions at least annually and revision of discount rate assumptions each reporting period
in valuing policyholder liabilities of long-duration insurance and reinsurance contracts. Discount rate assumptions are
established based upon upper-medium grade corporate bond yields that reflect the duration characteristics of theliabilities. ASU 2018-12 also provides for new disclosures. Under ASU 2018-12, the effects from changes in cash flow
assumptions are reflected in earnings and the effects from changes in discount rate assumptions are reflected in othercomprehensive income. Prior to ASU 2018-12, the cash flow and discount rate assumptions were set at the contract
inception date and not subsequently changed, except under certain adverse circumstances. ASU 2018-12 is to be applied
retrospectively to the earliest period presented in the financial statements.
We adopted ASU 2018-12 as of January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective method. Revised cash flow anddiscount rate assumptions were applied to contracts in-force between January 1, 2021 (the transition date) and December
31, 2022 with liabilities remeasured, with the cumulative effect from discount rate changes (based on prevailing interest
rates) recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and the cumulative effect from cash flow assumptionchanges in retained earnings.
The adoption of ASU 2018-12 produced a cumulative after-tax reduction in our originally reported consolidated
shareholders’ equity at the end of 2020 of approximately $6.4 billion (or 1.4%), consisting of reductions to accumulated
other comprehensive income of $5.7 billion and retained earnings of $700 million. The cumulative decline inshareholders’ equity decreased to approximately $4.6 billion (or 0.9% of the shareholders’ equity originally reported) at
December 31, 2021. The cumulative effect of adopting ASU 2018-12 will increase our shareholders’ equity at December
31, 2022 by approximately $1.0 billion. These effects reflect the after-tax increases or decreases to our life, health andannuity benefits liabilities and reinsurance recoverables, primarily derived from changes in discount rate assumptions.
The effects of adopting ASU 2018-12 will be reflected primarily in other comprehensive income and the impact on ourconsolidated net earnings for each of the years ending December 31, 2022 and 2021 is not material.
(2)

Significant business acquisitions

Our long-held acquisition strategy is to acquire businesses that have consistent earning power, good returns on equity
and able and honest management. Financial results attributable to business acquisitions are included in our Consolidated
Financial Statements beginning on their respective acquisition dates. Information concerning significant business acquisitions
completed in each of the three years ending December 31, 2022 follows.
On October 19, 2022, Berkshire acquired all of the outstanding common stock of Alleghany Corporation (“Alleghany”)
for approximately $11.5 billion, which includes the value of certain Alleghany equity awards, pursuant to a definitive agreement
and plan of merger dated as of March 20, 2022. Alleghany operates a group of property and casualty reinsurance and insurance
businesses. It also owns a portfolio of non-financial businesses.

K-82

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(2)

Significant business acquisitions (Continued)

The preliminary values of the Alleghany identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed are summarized as follows (inmillions). Valuations of certain assets, such as intangible assets and goodwill, and certain liabilities as of the acquisition datehave not been finalized at this time and are provisional.
Cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bills
Investments in fixed maturity and equity securities
Loans and other receivables
Goodwill and other intangible assets
Other
Assets acquired$

Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
Unearned premiums
Notes payable
Other
Liabilities assumed
Net assets

$

$

$

3,762
15,982
5,650
6,362
3,834
35,59015,080
3,536
2,169
3,300
24,085
11,505

Alleghany’s consolidated revenues and net earnings included in Berkshire’s Consolidated Financial Statements in 2022
were approximately $2.4 billion and $216 million, respectively. The following table sets forth certain unaudited pro forma
consolidated earnings data for the years ending December 31, 2022 and 2021, as if the Alleghany acquisition was consummatedon the same terms at the beginning of 2021 (in millions, except per share amounts).
Revenues
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders
Net earnings (loss) per equivalent Class A common share

2022

$

311,184 $(24,107)(16,412)2021

287,450
90,72860,077

Berkshire Hathaway Energy (“BHE”) acquired certain businesses of Dominion Energy, Inc. (“Dominion”) on November
1, 2020 for cash of approximately $2.5 billion. The acquired businesses included natural gas transmission, gathering and storage
pipelines, natural gas storage capacity and partial ownership of a liquefied natural gas export, import and storage facility (“Cove
Point”). As part of the Dominion acquisition, BHE acquired an indirect 25% economic interest in Cove Point, consisting of
100% of the general partnership interest and 25% of the limited partnership interests. We concluded that Cove Point is a VIE
and that we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact its economic performance as well as theobligation to absorb losses and receive benefits which could be significant to Cove Point. Therefore, we treat Cove Point as aconsolidated subsidiary.
(3)

Investments in fixed maturity securities
Investments in fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized by type below (in millions).

December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies $Foreign governments
Corporate bonds
Other$
December 31, 2021
U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies $Foreign governments
Corporate bonds
Other$

Amortized
Cost

K-83

Unrealized
Gains

10,03910,454
1,945
2,735
25,173$

3,286
10,9981,363
317
15,964$$$

Unrealized
Losses

12
50
256
77
395

$

22
29
412
47
510

$

$

$

Fair
Value

(249) $
(177)
(6)
(8)
(440) $

9,802
10,327
2,195
2,804
25,128

(5) $
(33)
(1)
(1)
(40) $

3,303
10,994
1,774
363
16,434

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(3)

Investments in fixed maturity securities (Continued)

The fair value of investments in U.S. Treasury securities as of December 31, 2022 included approximately $9.1 billionof securities that mature in 2023 and 2024. Investments in foreign governments include securities issued by national andprovincial government entities as well as instruments that are unconditionally guaranteed by such entities. As of December 31,
2022, approximately 93% of our foreign government holdings were rated AA or higher by at least one of the major rating
agencies. The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2022 are summarized below
by contractual maturity dates. Amounts are in millions. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities due toprepayment rights held by issuers.

Amortized cost
Fair value(4)

Due in one
year or less

$

7,720
7,660

Due after one
year throughfive years$

13,413
13,122

Due after five
years throughten years

$

1,393
1,627

$

Due after
ten years

842
864

$

Mortgagebacked
securities

1,805
1,855

Total

$ 25,173
25,128Investments in equity securities

Investments in equity securities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized based on the primary industry of theinvestee in the table below (in millions).
Net
Unrealized
Gains

Cost
Basis

December 31, 2022 *Banks, insurance and financeConsumer products
Commercial, industrial and other$$

25,89340,50865,209131,610$$

43,663112,384
21,136
177,183

Fair
Value

$
$

69,556
152,892
86,345
308,793* Approximately 75% of the aggregate fair value was concentrated in five companies (American Express Company – $22.4
billion; Apple Inc. – $119.0 billion; Bank of America Corporation – $34.2 billion; The Coca-Cola Company – $25.4 billion
and Chevron Corporation – $30.0 billion).
Net
Unrealized
Gains

Cost
Basis

December 31, 2021 *Banks, insurance and financeConsumer products
Commercial, industrial and other$$

26,822
36,076
41,707
104,605$$

62,236
154,945
28,933
246,114

Fair
Value

$
$

89,058191,02170,640350,719* Approximately 73% of the aggregate fair value was concentrated in four companies (American Express Company – $24.8
billion; Apple Inc. – $161.2 billion; Bank of America Corporation – $46.0 billion and The Coca-Cola Company – $23.7 billion).
During 2022, we began acquiring common stock of Occidental Petroleum Corporation (“Occidental”) and our aggregate
voting interest exceeded 20% on August 4, 2022. We adopted the equity method with respect to our investment in Occidental
common stock as of that date and included this investment in equity method investments at December 31, 2022. See Note 5.
We continue to report our investments in Occidental Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock and Occidental common stock
warrants at fair value as equity securities, as such interests are not in-substance common stock under GAAP and are not eligible
for the equity method.

K-84

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(4)

Investments in equity securities (Continued)

Our investment in Occidental preferred stock has an aggregate liquidation value of $10 billion and our investment in
Occidental warrants allows us to purchase up to 83.86 million shares of Occidental common stock at an exercise price of $59.62
per share. The preferred stock accrues dividends at 8% per annum and is redeemable at the option of Occidental commencing
in 2029 at a redemption price equal to 105% of the liquidation preference plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends and is
mandatorily redeemable at 110% of the liquidation preference plus accrued dividends under specified events. The warrants are
exercisable in whole or in part until one year after the redemption of the preferred stock.
As of December 31, 2022, we owned 20.4% of the outstanding common stock of the American Express Company(“American Express”). Since 1995, we have been party to an agreement with American Express whereby we agreed to vote a
significant portion of our shares in accordance with the recommendations of the American Express Board of Directors. We
have also agreed to passivity commitments as requested by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, whichcollectively, in our judgment, restrict our ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies ofAmerican Express. Accordingly, we do not use the equity method with respect to our investment in American Express common
stock and we continue to record our investment at fair value.
(5)

Equity method investments

Berkshire and its subsidiaries hold investments in certain businesses that are accounted for pursuant to the equity method.
Currently, the most significant of these are our investments in the common stock of The Kraft Heinz Company (“Kraft Heinz”)
and, as of August 4, 2022, Occidental. We own 26.6% of Kraft Heinz common stock and 21.4% of Occidental common stock,which excludes the potential effect of the exercise of Occidental common stock warrants. See Note 4.
Kraft Heinz manufactures and markets food and beverage products, including condiments and sauces, cheese and dairy,
meals, meats, refreshment beverages, coffee and other grocery products. Occidental is an international energy company, whose
activities include oil and natural gas exploration, development and production, and chemical manufacturing businesses.
Occidental’s midstream businesses purchase, market, gather, process, transport and store various oil, natural gas, carbon
dioxide and other products. Occidental’s financial information is not available in time for concurrent reporting in ourconsolidated financial statements. Therefore, we report the equity method effects for Occidental on a one-quarter lag. Ourearnings in the fourth quarter of 2022 included our equity method share of Occidental’s third quarter earnings.
The common stock of Kraft Heinz and Occidental are publicly traded. The fair values and carrying values of these two
investments in addition to the carrying values of our other significant equity method investments are summarized as follows(in millions).

Kraft Heinz
Occidental
Other

$
$

Carrying Value
December 31,
2022
2021

12,937
11,484
3,629
28,050$Fair Value
December 31,

13,112—
2,933
16,045$$2022

13,24912,242$2021

11,683—

Our earnings and distributions received from significant equity method investments are summarized in the table below(in millions). As previously indicated, we are reporting the equity method effects for Occidental on a one-quarter lag, thus theearnings we recorded in 2022 below do not reflect Occidental’s results for its fourth quarter.

Kraft Heinz
Occidental
Other

$

Equity in Earnings
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020

628
323
912
$ 1,863

K-85

$
$

269
—
617
886

$
$

95
—
562
657

$
$

Distributions Received
Year ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020

521
24
284
829

$

521
—
1,057
$ 1,578

$
$

521
—
383
904

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(5)

Equity method investments (Continued)
Summarized consolidated financial information of Kraft Heinz follows (in millions).

AssetsLiabilities

$

Sales
Net earnings attributable to Kraft Heinz common shareholders$

December 31,
2022

90,51341,643

December 31,
2022

26,4852,363$

December 25,
2021$

93,39443,942

Year ending
December 25,
2021

26,042
1,012$

December 26,
2020

26,185356

Summarized consolidated financial information of Occidental, reported on a one quarter lag follows (in millions).
AssetsLiabilities$

Total revenues and other income
Net earnings attributable to Occidental common shareholders$

Third Quarter
2022

9,501
2,546

September 30,
2022

72,14443,424First Nine Months
2022$

28,76910,777

Other significant investments accounted for pursuant to the equity method as of December 31, 2022 included ourinvestments in Pilot Travel Centers, LLC (“Pilot”) and Berkadia Commercial Mortgage LLC (“Berkadia”). Since 2017, wehave owned a 38.6% interest in Pilot. We acquired an additional 41.4% interest on January 31, 2023 and became the majority
owner of Pilot at that date. As a result, we discontinued the use of the equity method during the first quarter of 2023. See Note
26. We own a 50% interest in Berkadia, with Jefferies Financial Group Inc. (“Jefferies”) owning the other 50% interest.
Berkadia provides capital solutions, investment sales advisory and mortgage servicing for multifamily and commercial realestate. Berkadia’s commercial paper borrowing capacity (currently limited to $1.5 billion) is supported by a surety policy issued
by a Berkshire insurance subsidiary. Jefferies is obligated to indemnify us for one-half of any losses incurred under the policy.
(6)

Investment and derivative contract gains (losses)

Investment and derivative contract gains (losses) for each of the three years ending December 31, 2022 are summarized
as follows (in millions).
Investment gains (losses):
Equity securities:
Change in unrealized investment gains (losses) during the year on
securities held at the end of the year
Investment gains (losses) during the year on securities sold
Fixed maturity securities:
Gross realized gains
Gross realized losses
Other
Investment gains (losses)
Derivative contract gains (losses)

2022

$

$

K-86

2021

2020

(63,120) $(3,927)(67,047)

76,375997
77,372$

54,951(14,036)
40,915

134
(684)
(26)
(67,623)(276)(67,899) $

85
(29)
148
77,576966
78,542 $

56
(27)
(39)
40,905(159)
40,746

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(6)

Investment and derivative contract gains (losses) (Continued)

Equity securities gains and losses include unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair values during the year on
equity securities we still own, as well as gains and losses on securities we sold during the year. As reflected in the Consolidated
Statements of Cash Flows, we received proceeds of approximately $33.7 billion in 2022, $15.8 billion in 2021 and $38.8 billion
in 2020 from sales of equity securities. In the preceding table, investment gains and losses on equity securities sold during theyear represent the difference between the sales proceeds and the fair value of the equity securities sold at the beginning of theapplicable year or, if later, the purchase date. Our taxable gains and losses on equity securities sold are generally the difference
between the proceeds from sales and original cost. Equity securities sold produced taxable gains of $769 million in 2022, $3.6
billion in 2021 and $6.2 billion in 2020.
Our derivative contract gains and losses derived from equity index put option contracts. As of December 31, 2022, we
had three open contracts, one of which has since expired. Our exposure to losses in the future is insignificant.
(7)

Loans and finance receivables
Loans and finance receivables are summarized as follows (in millions).

Loans and finance receivables before allowances and discounts
Allowances for credit losses
Unamortized acquisition discounts and points

2022

$
$

December 31,

24,664(856)(600)
23,208$2021$

22,065(765)(549)
20,751Loans and finance receivables are principally manufactured home loans, and to a lesser extent, commercial loans andsite-built home loans. Reconciliations of the allowance for credit losses on loans and finance receivables for the three years
ending December 31, 2022 follow (in millions).
Balance at beginning of year
Adoption of ASC 326
Provision for credit losses
Charge-offs, net of recoveries
Balance at December 31

$

2022

$

765 $
—
124
(33)
856 $

2021

2020

712 $
—
88
(35)
765 $

167
486
177
(118)
712

At December 31, 2022, substantially all manufactured and site-built home loan balances were evaluated collectively for
impairment. At December 31, 2022, we considered approximately 96% of the loan balances to be current as to payment status.
A summary of performing and non-performing home loans before discounts and allowances by year of loan origination as ofDecember 31, 2022 follows (in millions).

Performing
Non-performing

$
$

2022

5,743
4
5,747

$
$

2021

3,630
9
3,639

$
$

Origination Year
2020
2019

2,830
9
2,839

$
$

1,992
8
2,000

$
$

2018

1,509
6
1,515

$
$

Prior

6,959
46
7,005

$
$

Total

22,66382
22,745We are the lender under several commercial loan agreements which had a principal value of approximately $1.9 billion
at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The balance at December 31, 2022 included $450 million acquired in connection
with the Alleghany acquisition. Our largest commercial loan is with Seritage Growth Properties (“Seritage”) with an unpaid
principal balance of $1.0 billion as of December 31, 2022 and $1.4 billion as of December 31, 2021. Our commercial loans are
generally secured by mortgages on real estate properties or by other assets and substantially all of these loans are current as topayment status.

K-87

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(8)

Other receivables
Other receivables are comprised of the following (in millions).
December 31,

2022

Insurance and other:
Insurance premiums receivable
Reinsurance recoverables
Trade receivables
Other
Allowances for credit losses$$

Railroad, utilities and energy:
Trade receivables
Other
Allowances for credit losses

18,398
7,119
14,5104,154(675)
43,506

$

4,182
754
(141)
4,795

$

$
$

$

2021

15,0504,900
12,971
3,146(679)
35,388
3,678
650
(151)
4,177

$

Provisions for credit losses with respect to receivables summarized above were $409 million in 2022, $441 million in
2021 and $564 million in 2020. Charge-offs, net of recoveries, were $432 million in 2022, $420 million in 2021 and $401
million in 2020.
(9)Inventories
Inventories are comprised of the following (in millions).

Raw materials
Work in process and otherFinished manufactured goods
Goods acquired for resale

$

$

2022

December 31,

6,381
3,464
5,739
9,782
25,366

$

$

2021

5,743
3,192
4,530
7,489
20,954(10) Property, plant and equipment
A summary of property, plant and equipment of our insurance and other businesses follows (in millions).

Land, buildings and improvements
Machinery and equipment
Furniture, fixtures and other$Accumulated depreciation

$

K-88

2022

December 31,

14,761 $26,6904,847
46,298(25,185)
21,113 $2021

14,07026,0634,640
44,773(23,939)
20,834

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(10) Property, plant and equipment (Continued)
A summary of property, plant and equipment of railroad and utilities and energy businesses follows (in millions). The
utility generation, transmission and distribution systems and interstate natural gas pipeline assets are owned by regulated public
utility and natural gas pipeline subsidiaries.
2022

Railroad:
Land, track structure and other roadway
Locomotives, freight cars and other equipment
Construction in progress$

Accumulated depreciation
Utilities and energy:
Utility generation, transmission and distribution systems
Interstate natural gas pipeline assets
Independent power plants and other assets
Construction in progress
Accumulated depreciation$

December 31,

2021

67,350 $16,031
1,743
85,124(17,899)
67,22565,843
13,822
1,027
80,692(14,978)
65,71492,75918,32814,6505,357
131,094(38,051)
93,043
160,268 $

90,223
17,423
13,695
4,196
125,537(35,721)89,816
155,530

Depreciation expense for each of the three years ending December 31, 2022 is summarized below (in millions).
Insurance and otherRailroad, utilities and energy

$
$

2022

2,276
6,181
8,457

2021

$

2,318
5,990
8,308

$

$

2020

2,320
5,799
8,119

$

(11) Equipment held for lease
Equipment held for lease includes railcars, aircraft, and other equipment, including over-the-road trailers, intermodaltank containers, cranes, storage units and furniture. Equipment held for lease is summarized below (in millions).

Railcars
Aircraft
Other$

Accumulated depreciation

$

K-89

2022

December 31,

9,612 $
10,667
5,212
25,491(9,907)
15,584 $

2021

9,448
9,234
5,053
23,735(8,817)
14,918

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(11) Equipment held for lease (Continued)
Depreciation expense for equipment held for lease was $1,209 million in 2022, $1,158 million in 2021 and $1,200 million
in 2020. Fixed and variable operating lease revenues for each of the three years ending December 31, 2022 are summarized
below (in millions).
Fixed lease revenue
Variable lease revenue

2022

$

5,184
2,330
7,514

$

2021

$

4,482
1,506
5,988

$

$

2020

4,262
947
5,209

$

A summary of future operating lease receipts as of December 31, 2022 follows (in millions).
$

2023

3,365

$

2024

2,687

2025

$

1,992

2026

$

1,373

2027

$

673

$

Thereafter

299

$

Total

10,389(12) Leases
We are party to contracts where we lease property from others under contracts classified as operating leases. We primarily
lease buildings, offices and operating facilities. Operating lease right-of-use assets are included in other assets and operatinglease liabilities are included in accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities. Information related to our operating leases
follows (dollars in millions).

December 31, 2022
December 31, 2021$

Right-of-use assets

4,975
5,091

Weighted averageremaining term inyears

Lease liabilities

$

4,939
4,991

Weighted average
discount rate used tomeasure liabilities

7.0
7.2

3.7%
3.5%

A summary of our remaining future operating lease payments reconciled to lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022 andDecember 31, 2021 follows (in millions).

December 31:
2022
2021

Year 1

Year 2$ 1,283
1,238$ 1,073
1,038

Year 3$822
835

Year 4$

Year 5

560
631

$

449
418

Thereafter

$

1,464
1,571

Total
lease
payments

Amountrepresenting
interest$ 5,651
5,731

$

Lease
liabilities(712) $
(740)

4,939
4,991

Components of operating lease costs for the three years ending December 31, 2022, by type, are summarized in thefollowing table (in millions).
Operating lease cost
Short-term lease cost
Variable lease cost
Sublease income
Total lease cost

$

$

K-90

2022

1,361 $
233
217
(12)
1,799 $

2021

1,426 $
154
223
(10)
1,793 $

2020

1,413
145
228
(10)
1,776

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(13) Goodwill and other intangible assets
Reconciliations of the changes in the carrying value of goodwill during 2022 and 2021 follow (in millions).

Balance at beginning of year
Business acquisitions
Other, including foreign currency translation
Balance at end of year*

2022

$

December 31,

73,875 $
4,657
(413)
78,119 $$2021

73,734353(212)
73,875* Net of accumulated goodwill impairments of $11.0 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021
The gross carrying amounts and related accumulated amortization of other intangible assets are summarized as follows(in millions).

Insurance and other:
Customer relationships
Trademarks and trade names
Patents and technology
Other

Gross
carrying
amountDecember 31, 2022
Accumulated
amortization$ 27,765 $
5,603
4,943
4,150
$ 42,461 $Railroad, utilities and energy:
Customer relationships and contracts and other $Netcarrying
value

Gross
carrying
amountDecember 31, 2021
Accumulated
amortization

7,174 $ 20,591 $ 27,335 $
822
4,781
5,176
3,748
1,195
4,763
1,530
2,620
3,390
13,274 $ 29,187 $ 40,664 $

1,914 $

622 $

1,292 $Net
carrying
value

6,450 $ 20,885
802
4,374
3,484
1,279
1,442
1,948
12,178 $ 28,486

1,693 $

542 $

1,151

Intangible asset amortization expense was $1,233 million in 2022, $1,252 million in 2021 and $1,277 million in 2020.
Estimated amortization expense over the next five years is as follows (in millions): 2023 – $1,253; 2024 – $1,128; 2025 –$1,081; 2026 – $1,000 and 2027 – $877. Intangible assets with indefinite lives were $18.3 billion as of December 31, 2022 and$18.5 billion as of December 31, 2021 and primarily related to certain customer relationships and trademarks and trade names.
(14) Supplemental cash flow information
A summary of supplemental cash flow information for each of the three years ending December 31, 2022 is presented in
the following table (in millions).
Cash paid during the year for:
Income taxes
Interest:
Insurance and otherRailroad, utilities and energy
Other adjustments to reconcile net earnings to operating cash flows:
Foreign currency exchange (gains) losses
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges
Other
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Liabilities assumed in connection with business acquisitions
Operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets

K-91

2022

$

4,236

2021

$

5,412

2020

$

5,001

1,150
3,195

1,227
3,162

1,001
3,006

(2,148)—(2,176)(1,433)—(1,964)

1,074
10,671(482)

24,186
1,118

102
687

6,981
729

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(15) Dividend restrictions – Insurance subsidiaries
Payments of dividends by our insurance subsidiaries are restricted by insurance statutes and regulations. Without priorregulatory approval, our principal insurance subsidiaries may declare up to approximately $35 billion as ordinary dividends
during 2023. Investments in fixed maturity and equity securities and short-term investments on deposit with U.S. state insurance
authorities in accordance with state insurance regulations were approximately $4.9 billion at December 31, 2022 and $6.4
billion at December 31, 2021.
Combined shareholders’ equity of U.S.-based insurance subsidiaries determined pursuant to statutory accounting rules(Surplus as Regards Policyholders) was approximately $272 billion at December 31, 2022 and $301 billion at December 31,
2021. Statutory surplus differs from the corresponding amount based on GAAP due to differences in accounting for certain
assets and liabilities. For instance, deferred charges reinsurance assumed, deferred policy acquisition costs, unrealized gains
on certain investments and related deferred income taxes are recognized for GAAP but not for statutory reporting purposes. In
addition, the carrying values of certain assets, such as goodwill and non-insurance entities owned by our insurance subsidiaries,
are not fully recognized for statutory reporting purposes.
(16) Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
Our liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (also referred to as “claim liabilities”) under property andcasualty insurance and reinsurance contracts are based upon estimates of the ultimate claim costs associated with claim
occurrences as of the balance sheet date and include estimates for incurred-but-not-reported (“IBNR”) claims. A reconciliationof the changes in claim liabilities, excluding liabilities under retroactive reinsurance contracts (see Note 17), for each of thethree years ending December 31, 2022 follows (in millions). The changes in claim liabilities in 2022 within this table include
Alleghany’s property and casualty claim liabilities beginning as of the October 19, 2022 acquisition date.
2022

Balances at beginning of year:
Gross liabilities
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses
Net liabilities
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Current accident year
Prior accident years
Total
Paid losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Current accident year
Prior accident years
Total
Foreign currency effect
Net liabilities of acquired businesses (see Note 2)
Balances at December 31:
Net liabilities
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses
Gross liabilities

$

$

2021

2020

86,664 $(2,960)83,70479,854 $(2,912)
76,94273,019(2,855)70,164

59,463(2,672)
56,79152,099(3,116)48,98343,400(356)
43,044(27,236)(23,083)(50,319)(508)
12,779(22,897)(18,904)(41,801)(420)—(17,884)(18,862)(36,746)480—

102,447
5,025
107,472

83,7042,960
86,66476,942
2,912
79,854$$

Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses shown in the preceding table were recorded in earnings and related toinsured events occurring in the current year (“current accident year”) and events occurring in all prior years (“prior accident
years”). Incurred and paid losses and loss adjustment expenses are net of reinsurance recoveries. Current accident year incurred
losses from significant catastrophe events (losses in excess of $150 million per event) were approximately $3.1 billion in 2022($2.5 billion from Hurricane Ian), $2.9 billion in 2021 and $950 million in 2020. Significant catastrophe events in 2021 included
Hurricane Ida ($1.5 billion), Winter Storm Uri and floods in Europe, while significant catastrophe events in 2020 included
losses from Hurricanes Laura and Sally (about $600 million in the aggregate) and U.S. wildfires. Current accident year incurred
losses for private passenger auto insurance increased significantly in 2022 and 2021, attributable to increases in claims
frequencies and severities.

K-92

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(16) Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (Continued)
We recorded net reductions of estimated ultimate liabilities for prior accident years of $2.7 billion in 2022, $3.1 billion
in 2021 and $356 million in 2020, which produced corresponding reductions in incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses
in those periods. These reductions, as percentages of the net liabilities at the beginning of each year, were 3.2% in 2022, 4.0%
in 2021 and 0.5% in 2020.
We reduced estimated ultimate liabilities for prior accident years of primary insurance businesses by $1.1 billion in 2022,$2.4 billion in 2021 and $518 million in 2020. The reductions in each year derived primarily from private passenger auto,
medical professional liability and workers’ compensation claims, partly offset by increases with respect to other casualty
claims. Estimated ultimate liabilities for prior accident years of property and casualty reinsurance businesses were reduced $1.6
billion in 2022 and $718 million in 2021 and increased $162 million in 2020. The reductions in 2022 and 2021 reflected reduced
estimates for both property and casualty claims. In 2020, increases in casualty claims estimates were partly offset by reductionsin property estimates.
Estimated net claim liabilities for environmental, asbestos and other latent injury exposures were approximately $2.1
billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021. These liabilities are subject to change due to changes in the legal and regulatoryenvironment. We are unable to reliably estimate additional losses or a range of losses that are reasonably possible for theseclaims.
Disaggregated information concerning our claims liabilities is provided below and in the pages that follow. The accident
year data for Alleghany’s primary insurance business is included in Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group (“BH Primary”) andfor its reinsurance business is included in Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (“BHRG”) on a retrospective basis. A
reconciliation of the disaggregated net unpaid losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses (the latter referred to as “ALAE”)
of GEICO, BH Primary and BHRG to our consolidated unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2022
follows (in millions).
GEICO

Unpaid losses and ALAE, net
Reinsurance recoverable
Unallocated loss adjustment
expenses
Other losses and loss adjustment
expenses
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment
expenses$

PhysicalDamageAuto
Liability

BH Primary
Workers’
MedicalCompensation/
Professional
Other
Liability
Casualty

884 $ 20,930 $
5867

8,980 $28

BHRG

Property

Casualty

Total

18,491 $ 16,552 $ 31,366 $ 97,203
1,543
787
1,439
4,669
2,232
3,368
$ 107,472

GEICO
GEICO’s claim liabilities predominantly relate to various types of private passenger auto liability and physical damage
claims. For such claims, we establish and evaluate unpaid claim liabilities using standard actuarial loss development methods
and techniques. The actuarial methods utilize historical claims data, adjusted when deemed appropriate to reflect perceived
changes in loss patterns. Claim liabilities include average, case, case development and IBNR estimates.
We establish average liabilities based on expected severities for newly reported physical damage and liability claims
prior to establishing individual case reserves when insufficient time or information is available for specific claim estimates andfor large volumes of minor physical damage claims that once reported are quickly settled. We establish case loss estimates forliability claims, including estimates for loss adjustment expenses, as the facts and merits of the claim are evaluated.
Claim estimates for liability coverages normally reflect greater uncertainty than physical damage coverages, primarily
due to the longer claim-tails, the greater chance of litigation and the time needed to evaluate facts at the time the case estimate
is first established. The “claim-tail” is the period between the claim occurrence date and claim settlement or payment date.
Consequently, we establish additional case development liabilities, which are usually percentages of the case liabilities. For
unreported claims, IBNR liabilities are estimated by projecting the ultimate number of claims expected (reported andunreported) for each significant coverage and deducting reported claims to produce estimated unreported claims. The productof the average cost per unreported claim and the number of unreported claims produces the IBNR liability estimate. We may
record supplemental IBNR liabilities in certain situations when actuarial techniques are difficult to apply.
K-93

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(16) Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (Continued)
GEICO’s net incurred and paid auto physical damage and liability losses and ALAE are summarized by accident year
below. IBNR and case development liabilities are as of December 31, 2022. Claim counts are established when accidents that
may result in a liability are reported and are based on policy coverage. Each claim event may generate claims under multiple
coverages, and thus may result in multiple counts. The “Cumulative Number of Reported Claims” includes the combined
number of reported claims for all auto policy coverages. Dollars are in millions.
Physical Damage
Incurred Losses and ALAE through December 31,
Accident
Year

2021
2022

2021*

$

12,135$

Incurred losses and ALAE

$

2022

11,96814,138
26,106IBNR and Case
Development
Liabilities

Cumulative
Number ofReported
Claims(in thousands)

IBNR and Case
Development
Liabilities

Cumulative
Number ofReported
Claims(in thousands)

$

70
610

9,141
8,986

Cumulative Paid Losses and ALAE through December 31,

Accident
Year

2021
2022

2021*

$

11,427$

Paid losses and ALAE
Net unpaid losses and ALAE for 2021 – 2022 accident years
Net unpaid losses and ALAE for accident years before 2021
Net unpaid losses and ALAE

$

2022

11,97813,251
25,229877
7884

Auto Liability
Incurred Losses and ALAE through December 31,
Accident
Year

2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Accident
Year

2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

$

2018*

15,383$2019*15,226
16,901$

2020*

14,985
16,678
14,637$2021*

14,83816,191
14,024
17,481$

Incurred losses and ALAE

$

2022

14,854
16,151
13,697
17,457
19,64581,804

Cumulative Paid Losses and ALAE through December 31,
$

2018*

6,218

$

2019*

10,772
6,742

$

2020*

12,658
11,671
5,395

$

2021*

13,757
13,8519,839
6,450

Paid losses and ALAE
Net unpaid losses and ALAE for 2018 – 2022 accident years
Net unpaid losses and ALAE for accident years before 2018
Net unpaid losses and ALAE

* Unaudited required supplemental information

K-94

$

$

2022

14,33715,084
11,794
12,681
7,614
61,51020,294636
20,930

$

259
566
1,182
2,994
6,275

2,720
2,790
2,111
2,413
2,166

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(16) Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (Continued)
BH Primary
BH Primary’s liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses primarily derive from medical professional
liability and workers’ compensation and other casualty insurance, which includes commercial auto and general liability
insurance. Net incurred and paid losses and ALAE are summarized by accident year in the following tables, disaggregated by
medical professional liability coverages and workers’ compensation and other casualty coverages. IBNR and case development
liabilities are as of December 31, 2022. The cumulative number of reported claims reflects the number of individual claimants
and includes claims that ultimately resulted in no liability or payment. Dollars are in millions.
Medical Professional Liability
We estimate the ultimate expected incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses for medical professional claim liabilities
using a variety of commonly accepted actuarial methodologies, such as the paid and incurred development method andBornhuetter-Ferguson based methods, as well as other techniques that consider insured loss exposures and historical andexpected loss trends, among other factors. These methodologies produce loss estimates from which we determine our best
estimate. In addition, we study developments in older accident years and adjust initial loss estimates to reflect recent
developments based upon claim age, coverage and litigation experience.
Incurred Losses and ALAE through December 31,
Accident
Year

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

Accident
Year

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

2013*

2014*

2015*

2016*

2017*

2018*

2019*

2020*

2021*

2022

IBNR and Case
Development
Liabilities$ 1,328 $ 1,296 $ 1,261 $ 1,195 $ 1,127 $ 1,086 $ 1,019 $ 985 $ 978 $ 979 $
1,370
1,375
1,305
1,246
1,218
1,127
1,061
1,033
1,029
1,374
1,342
1,269
1,290
1,218
1,157
1,093
1,033
1,392
1,416
1,414
1,394
1,341
1,288
1,216
1,466
1,499
1,495
1,474
1,382
1,349
1,602
1,650
1,659
1,580
1,616
1,670
1,691
1,663
1,614
1,704
1,751
1,698
1,852
1,855
1,927
Incurred losses and ALAE $14,316

Cumulative Paid Losses and ALAE through December 31,
2013*

$

2014*

15 $

2015*

90 $
21

2016*

219 $
106
23

2017*

368 $
238
108
22

2018*

518 $
396
218
115
27

2019*

635 $
540
382
274
128
35

2020*

743 $
671
543
461
300
166
39

2021*

793 $
752
663
620
457
367
160
34

821 $
788
719
712
582
543
314
148
36

Paid losses and ALAE
Net unpaid losses and ALAE for 2013 – 2022 accident years
Net unpaid losses and ALAE for accident years before 2013
Net unpaid losses and ALAE

* Unaudited required supplemental information

K-95

2022

853
840
799
822
739
728
536
321
136
38
5,812
8,504
476
$ 8,980

37
74
84
141
228
289
584
959
1,444
1,749

Cumulative
Number ofReported
Claims(in thousands)

11
11
12
15
21
24
21
30
20
12

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(16) Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (Continued)
Workers’ Compensation and Other Casualty
We periodically evaluate ultimate loss and loss adjustment expense estimates for the workers’ compensation and othercasualty claims using a combination of commonly accepted actuarial methodologies such as the Bornhuetter-Ferguson andchain-ladder approaches using paid and incurred loss data. Paid and incurred loss data is segregated and analyzed by state dueto the different state regulatory frameworks that may impact certain factors, including the duration and amount of loss
payments. We also separately study the various components of liabilities, such as employee lost wages, medical expenses andthe costs of claims investigations and administration. We establish case liabilities for reported claims based upon the facts andcircumstances of the claim. The excess of the ultimate projected losses, including the expected development of case estimates,
and the case-basis liabilities is included in IBNR liabilities. As previously noted, Alleghany was acquired on October 19, 2022.
Alleghany’s incurred and paid losses and ALAE are included for all years presented retrospectively.
Incurred Losses and ALAE through December 31,
Accident
Year
2013*

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

2015*

2016*

2017*

2018*

2019*

2020*

2021*

2022

$ 1,602 $ 1,574 $ 1,541 $ 1,491 $ 1,462 $ 1,435 $ 1,407 $ 1,376 $ 1,360 $ 1,340 $
2,138
2,064
2,036
1,970
1,901
1,906
1,875
1,861
1,829
2,580
2,539
2,455
2,426
2,428
2,402
2,408
2,393
2,931
2,848
2,793
2,772
2,815
2,825
2,864
3,473
3,337
3,299
3,310
3,322
3,320
3,998
3,886
3,967
4,030
4,091
4,584
4,623
4,692
4,763
5,030
4,881
4,775
5,899
5,856
6,796
Incurred losses and ALAE $38,027

Accident
2013*
Year

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

2014*

Cumulative
Number of
IBNR and Case
Reported
Development
ClaimsLiabilities(in thousands)

$

101
153
249
409
477
841
1,057
1,858
3,105
4,889

78
103
121
125
144
164
185
155
311
285

Cumulative Paid Losses and ALAE through December 31,
2014*

210 $

2015*

520 $
286

2016*

2017*

2018*

2019*

2020*

2021*

2022

774 $ 941 $ 1,049 $ 1,111 $ 1,147 $ 1,173 $ 1,194 $ 1,209
683
1,002
1,269
1,407
1,504
1,557
1,600
1,617
329
804
1,187
1,507
1,766
1,873
1,966
2,041
373
908
1,359
1,765
1,998
2,140
2,303
480
1,133
1,645
2,050
2,279
2,492
583
1,340
1,902
2,324
2,746
725
1,598
2,214
2,898
736
1,498
2,066
869
1,751
962
Paid losses and ALAE 20,085
Net unpaid losses and ALAE for 2013 – 2022 accident years 17,942
Net unpaid losses and ALAE for accident years before 2013549
Net unpaid losses and ALAE $18,491* Unaudited required supplemental information
BHRG
We use a variety of methodologies to establish BHRG’s estimates for property and casualty claims liabilities. Thesemethodologies include paid and incurred loss development techniques, incurred and paid loss Bornhuetter-Ferguson techniques
and frequency and severity techniques, as well as ground-up techniques when appropriate.
Our claims liabilities are principally a function of reported losses from ceding companies, case development and IBNR
liability estimates. Case loss estimates are reported under our contracts either individually or in bulk as provided under theterms of the contracts. We may independently evaluate case losses reported by the ceding company, and if deemed appropriate,
we may establish case liabilities based on our estimates.

K-96

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(16) Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (Continued)
Estimated IBNR liabilities are affected by expected case loss emergence patterns and expected loss ratios, which areevaluated as groups of contracts with similar exposures or on a contract-by-contract basis. Estimated case and IBNR liabilities
for major catastrophe events are generally based on a per-contract assessment of the ultimate cost associated with the individualloss event. Claim count data is not provided consistently by ceding companies under our contracts or is otherwise consideredunreliable.
Net incurred and paid losses and ALAE of BHRG are disaggregated based on losses that are expected to have shorter
claim-tails (property) and losses expected to have longer claim-tails (casualty). Under certain contracts, the coverage can apply
to multiple lines of business written by the ceding company, whether property, casualty or combined, and the ceding company
may not report loss data by such lines consistently, if at all. In those instances, we allocated losses to property and casualty
coverages based on internal estimates. BHRG’s disaggregated incurred and paid losses and ALAE are summarized by accident
year. IBNR and case development liabilities are as of December 31, 2022. As previously noted, Alleghany was acquired on
October 19, 2022. Alleghany’s incurred and paid losses and ALAE are included for all years presented retrospectively in thetables that follow. Dollars are in millions.
Property
Incurred Losses and ALAE through December 31,
Accident
Year

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

2013*

$ 3,6542015*$ 3,092
2,847
3,595

2016*

$ 2,980
2,724
3,405
3,917

2017*

$ 2,946
2,566
2,838
4,508
6,390

2018*

$ 2,885
2,509
3,229
4,186
6,093
5,478

2019*

$ 2,828
2,433
3,225
4,149
5,916
5,574
4,991

2020*

$ 2,811
2,399
3,244
4,144
5,790
5,433
5,116
6,937

2021*

$ 2,808
2,393
3,246
4,133
5,711
5,289
4,907
7,217
8,080

Incurred losses and ALAE

2022

$ 2,796
2,373
3,240
4,111
5,630
5,296
4,592
6,857
7,951
8,870
$ 51,716

Cumulative Paid Losses and ALAE through December 31,

Accident
Year

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

2014*

$ 3,460
3,088

2013*

$

621

2014*

2015*

2016*

2017*

2018*

2019*

2020*

2021*

2022

$ 1,674571$ 2,190
1,518
669$ 2,414
1,899
1,799
914

$ 2,540
2,059
2,204
2,211
1,347

$ 2,623
2,135
2,422
2,673
3,508
1,208

$ 2,663
2,187
2,531
3,162
4,583
3,089
1,010

$ 2,694
2,218
2,713
3,431
4,936
3,733
2,852
1,253

$ 2,718
2,242
2,799
3,626
5,171
4,019
3,578
3,583
1,622

$ 2,710
2,272
2,852
3,736
5,364
4,265
3,905
4,632
4,083
1,815
35,63416,082470$ 16,552

Paid losses and ALAE
Net unpaid losses and ALAE for 2013 – 2022 accident years
Net unpaid losses and ALAE for accident years before 2013
Net unpaid losses and ALAE

* Unaudited required supplemental information

K-97

IBNR and Case
Development
Liabilities

$

31
31
116
47
100
372
245
1,025
1,757
4,663

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(16) Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (Continued)
Casualty
Incurred Losses and ALAE through December 31,
Accident
Year

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

2013*

$ 3,7522015*$ 3,894
3,653
3,408

2016*

$ 3,703
3,596
3,607
3,775

2017*

$ 3,634
3,535
3,647
3,980
4,026

2018*

$ 3,571
3,436
3,561
3,884
4,453
4,871

2019*

$ 3,453
3,451
3,420
3,854
4,332
5,515
5,555

2020*

2021*

$ 3,345
3,427
3,383
3,803
4,226
5,457
6,019
6,216

$ 3,301
3,315
3,346
3,760
4,158
5,328
5,890
6,228
6,287

Incurred losses and ALAE

2022

$ 3,235
3,280
3,291
3,731
4,147
5,257
5,727
6,045
6,256
6,063
$ 47,032

$

337
480
426
491
639
942
1,548
2,294
3,139
4,726

Cumulative Paid Losses and ALAE through December 31,

Accident
Year

2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

2014*

$ 3,897
3,492

IBNR and Case
Development
Liabilities

2013*

$

576

2014*

2015*

2016*

2017*

2018*

2019*

2020*

2021*

2022

$ 1,120428$ 1,585997
445$ 1,881
1,385
991
653

$ 2,088
1,657
1,426
1,356
606

$ 2,284
1,911
1,725
1,796
1,307
693

$ 2,396
2,096
1,997
2,144
1,824
1,736
840

$ 2,492
2,303
2,190
2,414
2,472
2,785
1,865
867

$ 2,563
2,396
2,338
2,607
2,720
3,251
2,415
1,901
765

$ 2,598
2,484
2,473
2,782
2,937
3,629
3,182
2,710
1,780
621
25,196
21,8369,530$ 31,366

Paid losses and ALAE
Net unpaid losses and ALAE for 2013 – 2022 accident years
Net unpaid losses and ALAE for accident years before 2013
Net unpaid losses and ALAE

* Unaudited required supplemental information
Required supplemental unaudited average historical claims duration information based on the net losses and ALAE
incurred and paid accident year data in the preceding tables follows. The percentages show the average portions of net losses
and ALAE paid by each succeeding year, with year 1 representing the current accident year.
In YearAverage Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance

GEICO Physical Damage
GEICO Auto Liability
BH Primary Medical Professional Liability
BH Primary Workers’ Compensation and Other Casualty
BHRG Property
BHRG Casualty

1

97%
41%
2%
15%
22%
14%

K-98

2

3%
31%
7%
19%
36%
18%

3

4

5

6

13% 8% 4%
12% 14% 13% 11%
15% 13% 9% 5%
15% 8% 4% 4%
13% 11% 7% 6%

7

8

9

10

8%
4%
2%
5%

6%
3%
1%
3%

4%
1%
1%
2%

3%
1%
0%
1%

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(17) Retroactive reinsurance contracts
Retroactive reinsurance policies provide indemnification of losses and loss adjustment expenses of short-duration
insurance contracts with respect to underlying loss events that occurred prior to the contract inception date. Claims payments
may commence immediately after the contract date or, when applicable, after a contractual retention amount has been reached.
Reconciliations of the changes in estimated liabilities for retroactive reinsurance unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses(“claim liabilities”) and reconciliations of incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses to the amounts recorded in theConsolidated Statements of Earnings for each of the three years ended December 31, 2022 follow (in millions).
Balances at beginning of year
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Current year contracts
Prior years’ contracts
Total
Paid losses and loss adjustment expenses
Foreign currency effectBalances at December 31
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses above
Deferred charge amortization and adjustments
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses included in the Consolidated
Statements of Earnings

$

$
$
$

2022

37,855$2021

40,623$2020

41,927—86
86(2,358)(168)
35,415 $
86 $
769

153
(974)
(821)
(1,889)(58)
37,855 $(821) $
1,802

—
(399)
(399)
(1,076)
171
40,623
(399)
1,306

855

981

907

$

$

In the preceding table, classifications of incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses are based on the inception dates of
the contracts, which reflect when our exposures to losses began. We believe that analysis of losses incurred and paid by accident
year of the underlying event is irrelevant given that our exposure to losses incepts when the contract incepts and that theclassification of reported claims and case development liabilities has little or no practical analytical value. Incurred losses andloss adjustment expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings include changes in estimated liabilities and related
deferred charge asset amortization and adjustments arising from the changes in estimated timing and amount of future loss
payments. Unamortized deferred charges related to retroactive reinsurance contracts were $9.9 billion at December 31, 2022
and $10.6 billion at December 31, 2021.
Paid losses and loss adjustment expenses include claim payments attributable to a contract between our subsidiary,
National Indemnity Company, and certain subsidiaries of American International Group, Inc. (collectively, “AIG”). Claim
payments under the AIG contract commenced in 2021 and were $1.5 billion in 2022 and $1.2 billion in 2021. Our estimatedunpaid claim liabilities with regard to the AIG contract were approximately $13.9 billion at December 31, 2022 and $15.8
billion at December 31, 2021.
In establishing retroactive reinsurance claim liabilities, we analyze historical aggregate loss payment patterns and project
losses into the future under various probability-weighted scenarios. We expect the claim-tail to be very long for many contracts,with some lasting several decades. We monitor claim payment activity and review ceding company reports and otherinformation concerning the underlying losses. We reassess and revise the expected timing and amounts of ultimate losses
periodically or when significant events are revealed through our monitoring and review processes.
Estimated claim liabilities for retroactive reinsurance included estimates for environmental, asbestos and other latent
injury exposures of approximately $12.1 billion at December 31, 2022 and $12.3 billion at December 31, 2021. Retroactive
reinsurance contracts are generally subject to aggregate policy limits and thus, our exposure to such claims under these contracts
is likewise limited. We monitor evolving case law and its effect on environmental and other latent injury claims. Changing
laws or government regulations, newly identified toxins, newly reported claims, new theories of liability, new contract
interpretations and other factors could result in increases in these liabilities, which could be material to our results of operations.
We are unable to reliably estimate the amount of additional net loss or the range of net loss that is reasonably possible.

K-99

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(18) Notes payable and other borrowings
The carrying value of notes payable and other borrowings is summarized below (in millions). The weighted averageinterest rates and maturity date ranges shown in the following tables are based on borrowings as of December 31, 2022.
Weighted
Average
Interest Rate

Insurance and other:Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (“Berkshire”):
U.S. Dollar denominated due 2023-2047
Euro denominated due 2023-2041
Japanese Yen denominated due 2023-2060
Berkshire Hathaway Finance Corporation (“BHFC”):
U.S. Dollar denominated due 2027-2052
Great Britain Pound denominated due 2039-2059
Euro denominated due 2030-2034
Other subsidiary borrowings due 2023-2051
Short-term subsidiary borrowings

2022

December 31,

3.2% $
1.0%
0.7%

6,231
7,344
7,818

3.6%
2.5%
1.8%
4.3%
5.8%

14,458
2,078
1,332
5,967
1,310
46,538

$

2021

$

$

6,820
7,792
6,797
10,758
2,325
—
4,438
342
39,272

In January 2022, Berkshire issued ¥128.5 billion (approximately $1.1 billion) of senior notes with maturity dates ranging
from 2027 to 2052 and a weighted average interest rate of 0.5%. In December 2022, Berkshire issued ¥115.0 billion(approximately $840 million) of senior notes with maturity dates ranging from 2025 to 2052 and a weighted average interest
rate of 1.1%. In the first two months of 2023, Berkshire repaid $1.1 billion of maturing senior notes. An additional $3.2 billionof Berkshire senior notes mature in March and April of 2023.
Borrowings of BHFC, a wholly owned finance subsidiary of Berkshire, consist of senior unsecured notes used to fundmanufactured housing loans originated or acquired and equipment held for lease of certain subsidiaries. BHFC borrowings are
fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Berkshire. In March 2022, BHFC issued $4.5 billion of senior notes with maturity
dates ranging from 2027 to 2052 with a weighted average interest rate of 3.4% and €1.25 billion (approximately $1.4 billion)of senior notes maturing in 2030 and 2034 with a weighted average interest rate of 1.8%. Berkshire also guarantees certain debt
of other subsidiaries, aggregating approximately $3.7 billion at December 31, 2022, of which $1.0 billion matured in January
2023. Generally, Berkshire’s guarantee of a subsidiary’s debt obligation is an absolute, unconditional and irrevocable guarantee
for the full and prompt payment when due of all payment obligations. Other subsidiary and short-term subsidiary borrowings
as of December 31, 2022 includes approximately $2.3 billion attributable to Alleghany Corporation and its subsidiaries.
The carrying values of Berkshire and BHFC non-U.S. Dollar denominated senior notes (€8.15 billion, £1.75 billion and¥1,029 billion par at December 31, 2022) reflect the applicable exchange rates as of each balance sheet date. The effects ofchanges in foreign currency exchange rates during the period are recorded in earnings as a component of selling, general andadministrative expenses. Changes in the exchange rates resulted in pre-tax gains of $1.7 billion in 2022, $1.3 billion in 2021
and pre-tax losses of $1.0 billion in 2020.

Railroad, utilities and energy:
Berkshire Hathaway Energy Company (“BHE”) and subsidiaries:
BHE senior unsecured debt due 2023-2053
Subsidiary and other debt due 2023-2064
Short-term borrowings
Burlington Northern Santa Fe (“BNSF”) and subsidiaries due 2023-2097

K-100

Weighted
Average
Interest Rate

4.3% $
4.3%
5.2%
4.5%
$

2022

December 31,

13,996 $37,6391,119
23,452
76,206 $2021

13,00336,7592,009
23,21974,990Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(18) Notes payable and other borrowings (Continued)
BHE subsidiary debt represents amounts issued pursuant to separate financing agreements. Substantially all of the assetsof certain BHE subsidiaries are, or may be, pledged or encumbered to support or otherwise secure debt. These borrowing
arrangements generally contain various covenants, including covenants which pertain to leverage ratios, interest coverage ratios
and/or debt service coverage ratios. In 2022, BHE issued $1.0 billion of 4.6% senior notes due in 2053. During 2022, BHE
subsidiaries issued approximately $3.0 billion of term debt with a weighted average interest rate of 5.2% as of December 31
and maturity dates ranging from 2024 to 2053.
BNSF’s borrowings are primarily senior unsecured debentures. In June 2022, BNSF issued $1.0 billion of 4.45%
debentures due in 2053. As of December 31, 2022, BNSF, BHE and their subsidiaries were in compliance with all applicabledebt covenants. Berkshire does not guarantee any debt, borrowings or lines of credit of BNSF, BHE or their subsidiaries.
Our subsidiaries had unused lines of credit and commercial paper capacity to support short-term borrowing programs
and provide additional liquidity. Unused lines of credit were approximately $11.1 billion at December 31, 2022, which included
approximately $9.1 billion related to BHE and its subsidiaries.
Debt principal repayments expected during each of the next five years are as follows (in millions). Amounts in 2023
include short-term borrowings.
Insurance and otherRailroad, utilities and energy

$
$

2023

7,080
5,882
12,962

$
$

2024

1,975
4,281
6,256

$
$

2025

3,122
3,919
7,041

2026

$

3,454
1,498
4,952

$

$

2027

2,870
1,686
4,556

$

(19) Income taxes
Liabilities for income taxes reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows (in millions).

Currently payable (receivable)
Deferred
Other

$
$

2022

December 31,

511
76,069440
77,020

$
$

2021

(482)
89,6791,046
90,243

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of deferred income tax assets and liabilities
are shown below (in millions).
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Investments – unrealized appreciation
Deferred charges reinsurance assumed
Property, plant and equipment and equipment held for lease
Goodwill and other intangible assets
Other

2022

$

Deferred income tax assets:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
Unearned premiums
Accrued liabilities
Regulatory liabilities
Other
Net deferred income tax liability

$

K-101

December 31,

41,1502,073
32,0807,010
4,695
87,0082021$

55,4372,234
31,323
6,748
4,094
99,836(1,290)(1,196)(1,790)(1,323)(5,340)(10,939)
76,069 $(1,091)(990)(1,868)(1,349)(4,859)(10,157)
89,679

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(19) Income taxes (Continued)
We have not established deferred income taxes on accumulated undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries,
which are expected to be reinvested indefinitely. Repatriation of all accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries would be
impracticable to the extent that such earnings represent capital to support ongoing business operations. Generally, no U.S.
federal income taxes will be imposed on future distributions of foreign earnings under current law. However, distributions to
the U.S. or other foreign jurisdictions could be subject to withholding and other local taxes.
Income tax expense (benefit) reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings for each of the three years ending
December 31, 2022 was as follows (in millions).
FederalState
Foreign$

Current
Deferred

$

2022

$

$

(10,360) $
762
1,080
(8,518) $

2021

2020

20,345 $
(527)
1,061
20,879 $4,815 $
(13,333)(8,518) $5,326
15,553
20,87910,596
1,086
758
12,440

$

5,052
7,388
12,440$

Income tax expense (benefit) is reconciled to hypothetical amounts computed at the U.S. federal statutory rate for eachof the three years ending December 31, 2022 in the table below (in millions).
Earnings (loss) before income taxes$

Hypothetical income tax expense (benefit) at the U.S. federal statutory rate
Dividends received deduction and tax-exempt interest
State income taxes, less U.S. federal income tax effect
U.S. income tax credits*
Goodwill impairments
Other differences, net$

Effective income tax rate

$

2022

(30,576)$(6,421) $(512)
602(2,187)——(8,518) $
27.9%

2021

111,686$

23,454 $
(457)
(417)
(1,860)—159
20,879 $
18.7%

2020

55,693
11,696(448)
858(1,519)1,977(124)
12,44022.3%* U.S. income tax credits derive primarily from production tax credits associated with wind-energy generation of BHE and tax
credits arising from affordable housing investments.
We file income tax returns in the United States and in state, local and foreign jurisdictions. We have settled income tax
liabilities with the U.S. federal taxing authority (“IRS”) for tax years through 2011. The 2012 and 2013 tax years are underreview by the IRS’s Independent Office of Appeals, and the IRS is currently auditing tax years 2014 through 2019. We are also
under audit or subject to audit with respect to income taxes in state and foreign jurisdictions. It is reasonably possible thatcertain of these income tax examinations will be settled in 2023. We currently do not believe that the outcome of unresolved
issues or claims will be material to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
At December 31, 2022 and 2021, net unrecognized tax benefits were $440 million and $1,046 million, respectively.
Included in the balance at December 31, 2022, were $383 million of tax positions that, if recognized, would impact the effective
tax rate. The remaining balance in net unrecognized tax benefits principally relates to tax positions where the ultimate
recognition is highly certain but there is uncertainty about the timing of recognition. Because of the impact of deferred income
tax accounting, these positions, when recognized, would not affect the annual effective income tax rate. We do not expect
material increases to the estimated amount of unrecognized tax benefits during 2023.

K-102

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(20) Fair value measurements
Our financial assets and liabilities are summarized below as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, with fairvalues shown according to the fair value hierarchy (in millions). The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, U.S. Treasury
Bills, other receivables and accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities are considered to be reasonable estimates of orotherwise approximate the fair values.

December 31, 2022
Investments in fixed maturity securities:
U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations andagencies
Foreign governments
Corporate bonds
Other
Investments in equity securities
Investments in Kraft Heinz & Occidental common
stockLoans and finance receivables
Derivative contract assets (1)Derivative contract liabilities (1)Notes payable and other borrowings:
Insurance and otherRailroad, utilities and energy
December 31, 2021
Investments in fixed maturity securities:
U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations andagencies
Foreign governments
Corporate bonds
Other
Investments in equity securities
Investment in Kraft Heinz common stock
Loans and finance receivables
Derivative contract assets (1)Derivative contract liabilities (1)Notes payable and other borrowings:
Insurance and otherRailroad, utilities and energy(1)

Carrying
Value

$

$

9,802
10,3272,195
2,804
308,793

QuotedPrices(Level 1)

Fair Value

$

9,802
10,3272,195
2,804
308,793

$

9,733
9,854
—
—
296,610Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs(Level 2)

Significant
Unobservable
Inputs(Level 3)

$

$

69
473
1,546
2,804
9

—
—
649
—
12,174

24,421
23,208589
242

25,491
23,428589
242

25,491
—
56
8

—
1,513
474
122

—
21,91559
112

46,53876,206

41,961
67,651——

41,061
67,651

900
—

3,303
10,994
1,774
363
350,719
13,112
20,751329
376
39,272
74,990$3,303
10,994
1,774
363
350,719
11,683
22,174329
376
42,33987,065$

3,261
10,286——339,225
11,683
—
6
2
—
—

$

42
708
1,774
363
8
—
2,178
230
150

$

—
—
—
—
11,486—19,99693
224

42,29287,065

Assets are included in other assets, and liabilities are included in accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities.

K-103

47
—

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(20) Fair value measurements (Continued)
The fair values of substantially all of our financial instruments were measured using market or income approaches. The
hierarchy for measuring fair value consists of Levels 1 through 3, which are described below.
Level 1 – Inputs represent unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities exchanged in active markets.
Level 2 – Inputs include directly or indirectly observable inputs (other than Level 1 inputs) such as quoted prices
for similar assets or liabilities exchanged in active or inactive markets; quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities
exchanged in inactive markets; other inputs that may be considered in fair value determinations of the assets or liabilities,
such as interest rates and yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates; andinputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. Pricing
evaluations generally reflect discounted expected future cash flows, which incorporate yield curves for instruments withsimilar characteristics, such as credit ratings, estimated durations and yields for other instruments of the issuer or entities
in the same industry sector.
Level 3 – Inputs include unobservable inputs used in the measurement of assets and liabilities. Management isrequired to use its own assumptions regarding unobservable inputs because there is little, if any, market activity in theassets or liabilities and it may be unable to corroborate the related observable inputs. Unobservable inputs require
management to make certain projections and assumptions about the information that would be used by market
participants in valuing assets or liabilities.
Reconciliations of significant assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value on a recurring basis with the use ofsignificant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for each of the three years ending December 31, 2022 follow (in millions).
Balance at
beginningof yearInvestments in equity securities:
2022
2021
2020

$

Equity index put option contract liabilities:
2021
2020

Gains (losses)
included inearnings

11,4808,97810,405$Acquisitions,dispositions
andsettlements

689 $
1,902
(1,426)

—
1,100
—

966
(159)

—
62

(1,065)(968)

Transfers outof Level 3$

Balance at
December 31,

— $
(500)
(1)

12,16911,480
8,978

99
—

—
(1,065)

Quantitative information as of December 31, 2022 for the significant assets measured and carried at fair value on arecurring basis with the use of significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) follows (in millions).

Investments in equity securities:
Preferred stock

Common stock warrants

Fair
Value

$

9,964

2,205

Principal
Valuation
Techniques

Discounted cash flow

Warrant pricing model

K-104

Unobservable
Inputs

Weighted
Average

Expected duration
Discount for transferability
restrictions and subordination

6 years

Expected duration
Volatility

6 years
39%

372 bps

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(20) Fair value measurements (Continued)
Investments in equity securities in the preceding table include our investments in certain preferred and common stock
warrants that do not have readily determinable market values as defined under GAAP. These investments are subject tocontractual restrictions on transferability and contain provisions that currently prevent us from economically hedging ourinvestments. We applied discounted cash flow techniques in valuing the preferred stock and we made assumptions regarding
the expected duration of the investment and the effects of subordination in liquidation. In valuing the common stock warrants,
we used a warrant valuation model. While most of the inputs to the model are observable, we made assumptions regarding the
expected duration and volatility of the warrants.
(21) Common stock
Changes in Berkshire’s issued, treasury and outstanding common stock during the three years ending December 31, 2022
are shown in the table below. In addition to our common stock, 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock are authorized, but none
are issued.

Balance December 31, 2019
Conversions of Class A to
Class B common stock
Treasury stock acquired
Balance December 31, 2020
Conversions of Class A to
Class B common stock
Treasury stock acquired
Balance December 31, 2021
Conversions of Class A to
Class B common stock
Treasury stock acquired
Balance December 31, 2022

Class A, $5 Par Value(1,650,000 shares authorized)
IssuedTreasury Outstanding

Class B, $0.0033 Par Value(3,225,000,000 shares authorized)
IssuedTreasury
Outstanding

719,307(17,337)

701,970 1,408,183,852(23,702,319) 1,384,481,533(40,784)—
678,523—(17,255)(34,592)(40,784)
61,176,000—
61,176,000(17,255)— (95,614,062) (95,614,062)
643,931 1,469,359,852 (119,316,381) 1,350,043,471(12,622)—665,901—(14,196)(48,788)(12,622)
18,933,000—
18,933,000(14,196)— (78,501,968) (78,501,968)
617,113 1,488,292,852 (197,818,349) 1,290,474,503(14,451)—
651,450—(11,098)(59,886)(14,451)
21,676,500—
21,676,500(11,098)—(9,896,927)(9,896,927)
591,564 1,509,969,352 (207,715,276) 1,302,254,076

Each Class A common share is entitled to one vote per share. Class B common stock possesses dividend and distribution
rights equal to one-fifteen-hundredth (1/1,500) of such rights of Class A common stock. Each Class B common share possesses
voting rights equal to one-ten-thousandth (1/10,000) of the voting rights of a Class A share. Unless otherwise required under
Delaware General Corporation Law, Class A and Class B common shares vote as a single class. Each share of Class A common
stock is convertible, at the option of the holder, into 1,500 shares of Class B common stock. Class B common stock is notconvertible into Class A common stock. On an equivalent Class A common stock basis, there were 1,459,733 shares outstanding
as of December 31, 2022 and 1,477,429 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2021.
Since we have two classes of common stock, we provide earnings per share data on the Consolidated Statements ofEarnings for average equivalent Class A shares outstanding and average equivalent Class B shares outstanding. Class B sharesare economically equivalent to one-fifteen-hundredth (1/1,500) of a Class A share. Average equivalent Class A shares
outstanding represents average Class A shares outstanding plus one-fifteen-hundredth (1/1,500) of the average Class B shares
outstanding. Average equivalent Class B shares outstanding represents average Class B shares outstanding plus 1,500 times
average Class A shares outstanding.
Berkshire’s common stock repurchase program, as amended, permits Berkshire to repurchase shares any time that
Warren Buffett, Berkshire’s Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, and Charlie Munger, Vice Chairman of theBoard, believe that the repurchase price is below Berkshire’s intrinsic value, conservatively determined. The program continues
to allow share repurchases in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions and does not specify a maximum
number of shares to be repurchased. However, repurchases will not be made if they would reduce the total value of Berkshire’s
consolidated cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury Bill holdings below $30 billion. The repurchase program does not
obligate Berkshire to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of Class A or Class B shares and there is no expiration
date to the program.

K-105

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(22) Revenues from contracts with customers
We recognize revenue when a good or service is transferred to a customer. A good or service is transferred when or as
the customer obtains control of that good or service. Revenues are based on the consideration we expect to receive in connection
with our promises to deliver goods and services to our customers. The following tables summarize customer contract revenues
disaggregated by reportable segment and the source of the revenue for each of the three years ended December 31, 2022 (inmillions). Other revenues, which are not considered to be revenues from contracts with customers under GAAP, are primarily
insurance premiums earned, interest, dividend and other investment income and leasing revenues.
2022

Manufactured products:
Industrial and commercial products
Building products
Consumer products
Grocery and convenience store distribution
Food and beverage distribution
Auto sales
Other retail and wholesale distribution
ServiceElectricity and natural gas
Total
Other revenues

Manufacturing$$

McLaneService andRetailing

BNSFBerkshire Insurance,
Hathaway Corporate
Energyand other

Total

24,566 $— $22,762—
19,912——
32,599—19,388
—
—
3,195
—
1,199
1,103
—
—
71,63453,0904,016
11975,650 $ 53,209 $

199 $
— $
— $
— $ 24,765————
22,762————
19,912————
32,599————19,388
10,486———
10,486
16,931———
20,126
4,439
25,742
4,933—
37,416——
20,317—
20,31732,05525,742
25,250— 207,771
6,154
60
1,097
82,872
94,31838,209 $ 25,802 $ 26,347 $ 82,872 $302,089

22,184 $— $19,604—
18,540——31,245—
17,332
—
—
2,997
—
1,486
751
—
—
64,811
49,3283,766
122
68,577 $ 49,450 $

159 $
— $
— $
— $ 22,343————
19,604————
18,540————31,245————
17,332
9,966
—
—
—
9,966
15,898———18,895
4,123
23,1205,583—
35,063——
18,264—
18,26430,14623,12023,847— 191,252
4,601
57
1,205
75,20084,951
34,747 $ 23,177 $ 25,052 $ 75,200 $276,203

20,772 $— $15,943—
14,757——30,795—
15,368
—
—
2,452
—
1,456
584
—
—
55,38046,747
3,598
93
58,978 $ 46,840 $

192 $
— $
— $
— $ 20,964————
15,943————
14,757————30,795————
15,368
8,258
—
—
—
8,258
12,470———14,922
3,332
20,693
4,595—
30,660——15,066—
15,06624,252
20,693
19,661— 166,733
3,859
57
1,422
69,817
78,846
28,111 $ 20,750 $ 21,083 $ 69,817 $245,579

2021

Manufactured products:
Industrial and commercial products
Building products
Consumer products
Grocery and convenience store distribution
Food and beverage distribution
Auto sales
Other retail and wholesale distribution
ServiceElectricity and natural gas
Total
Other revenues

$

$

2020

Manufactured products:
Industrial and commercial products
Building products
Consumer products
Grocery and convenience store distribution
Food and beverage distribution
Auto sales
Other retail and wholesale distribution
ServiceElectricity and natural gas
Total
Other revenues

$

$

K-106

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(22) Revenues from contracts with customers (Continued)
A summary of the transaction price allocated to the significant unsatisfied remaining performance obligations relating tocontracts with expected durations in excess of one year as of December 31, 2022 and the timing of when the performanceobligations are expected to be satisfied follows (in millions).
Electricity and natural gas
Other sales and service contracts$

Less than
12 months

3,514
1,856

$

Greater than
12 months

20,619
3,176

$

Total

24,133
5,032(23) Pension plans
Certain of our subsidiaries sponsor defined benefit pension plans. Benefits under the plans are generally based on yearsof service and compensation or fixed benefit rates. Plan sponsors may make contributions to the plans to meet regulatory
requirements and may also make discretionary contributions. The components of our net periodic pension expense for each of
the three years ending December 31, 2022 follow (in millions).
Service cost
Interest cost
Expected return on plan assets
Amortization of actuarial losses and other
Net periodic pension expense

$

2022

$

181 $
482
(975)
156
(156) $

2021

257 $
410
(1,008)203(138) $

2020

235
510
(955)
171
(39)

The projected benefit obligation (“PBO”) is the actuarial present value of benefits earned based upon service andcompensation prior to the valuation date and, if applicable, includes assumptions regarding future compensation levels. Benefit
obligations under qualified U.S. defined benefit pension plans are funded through assets held in trusts. Pension obligations
under certain non-U.S. plans and non-qualified U.S. plans are unfunded and the aggregate PBOs of such plans were $1.1 billion
and $1.4 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The cost of certain BHE pension plans are expected to be
recoverable through the regulated rate making process.
The funded status reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at year end 2022 and 2021 and reconciliations of thechanges in PBOs and plan assets related to BHE’s pension plans and all other pension plans for each of the two years ending
December 31, 2022 follow (in millions).

Benefit obligations
PBO beginning of year
Service cost
Interest cost
Benefits paid
Settlements paid
Business acquisition
Actuarial gains and other
PBO end of year
Plan assets
Plan assets beginning of year
Employer contributions
Benefits paid
Settlements paid
Business acquisition
Actual return on plan assets
Foreign currency translation and other
Plan assets end of year
Funded status – net (asset) liability

$

$
$

$
$

BHE

2022
Other

Total

4,780 $
36
118
(250)
(164)
—
(1,305)3,215 $

14,012 $
145
364
(585)
(678)
58
(3,793)
9,523 $

18,792 $
181
482
(835)
(842)
58
(5,098)12,738 $

5,158 $
29
(250)
(164)
—
(1,162)(235)
3,376 $
(161) $

13,462 $
133
(585)
(678)
51
(2,971)(196)
9,216 $
307 $

18,620 $
162
(835)
(842)
51
(4,133)(431)
12,592 $
146 $

K-107

2021
Other

Total

5,282 $
46
109
(214)
(185)
—
(258)
4,780 $

15,147 $
211
301
(795)
(22)
—
(830)
14,012 $20,429257
410(1,009)(207)—(1,088)18,792

5,158 $
41
(214)
(185)
—
382
(24)
5,158 $
(378) $

12,780 $
124
(795)
(22)
—
1,401
(26)
13,462 $550 $17,938165(1,009)
(207)
—
1,783
(50)
18,620172

BHE

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(23) Pension plans (Continued)
The funded status reflected in assets was $1,510 million and in liabilities was $1,656 million at December 31, 2022. The
funded status included in assets was $1,954 million and in liabilities was $2,126 million at December 31, 2021.
The accumulated benefit obligation (“ABO”) is the actuarial present value of benefits earned based on service andcompensation prior to the valuation date. The ABO was $12.2 billion at December 31, 2022 and $17.9 billion at December 31,
2021. Information for plans with PBOs and ABOs in excess of plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 follows (inmillions).
PBOs
Plan assets

$

2022

ABOs
Plan assets

2021

6,422 $
4,766
5,594
4,234

9,643
7,518
9,111
7,429

Weighted average assumptions used in determining PBOs and net periodic pension expense follow.
2022

Discount rate applicable to PBOs
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets
Rate of compensation increase
Discount rate applicable to net periodic pension expense

2021

5.2%
5.9
2.5
2.9

2020

2.7%
6.1
2.6
2.4

2.3%
6.2
2.6
3.1

Pension benefit payments expected over the next ten years are as follows (in millions): in 2023 – $1,259; in 2024 – $902;
in 2025 – $896; in 2026 – $894; in 2027 – $900; and in 2028 to 2032 – $4,438. Sponsoring subsidiaries expect to contribute$176 million to the plans in 2023.
Fair value measurements of plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 follow (in millions).

December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents
Equity securities
Fixed maturity securities
Investment funds and otherDecember 31, 2021
Cash and cash equivalents
Equity securities
Fixed maturity securities
Investment funds and other

Total

$

$
$

$

Level 1

602
7,673
2,152
2,165
12,592$992
11,3433,422
2,863
18,620$$$Fair Value

523
7,112
1,328
198
9,161

$

901
10,3582,226
180
13,665$$$

Level 2

Level 3

79
321
824
394
1,618

$

91
660
1,168
361
2,280

$

$

$

Investments
carried at net
asset value

—
240
—
42
282

$

—
325
28
57
410

$

$

$

—
—
—
1,531
1,531
—
—
—
2,265
2,265

See Note 20 for a discussion of the three levels of fair value measurements. Plan assets are generally invested with thelong-term objective of producing earnings to adequately cover expected benefit obligations, while assuming a prudent level ofrisk. Allocations may change due to changing market conditions and investment opportunities. The expected rates of return onplan assets reflect subjective assessments of expected long-term investment returns. Generally, past investment returns are notgiven significant consideration when establishing assumptions for expected long-term rates of return on plan assets. Actual
experience will differ from the assumed rates of return.

K-108

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(23) Pension plans (Continued)
A reconciliation of the pre-tax accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to defined benefit pension plansfor each of the two years ending December 31, 2022 follows (in millions).
Balance beginning of year
Amount included in net periodic pension expense
Actuarial gains (losses) and other
Balance end of year

$
$

2022

(485)
123
(376)
(738)

$
$

2021

(2,251)
170
1,596
(485)

Several of our subsidiaries also sponsor defined contribution retirement plans, such as 401(k) or profit-sharing plans.
Employee contributions are subject to regulatory limitations and the specific plan provisions. Several plans provide for
employer matching contributions up to levels specified in the plans and provide for additional discretionary contributions as
determined by management. Our defined contribution plan expense was approximately $0.8 billion in 2022, $1.0 billion in
2021 and $1.4 billion in 2020.
(24) Accumulated other comprehensive income
A summary of the net changes in after-tax accumulated other comprehensive income attributable to Berkshire Hathaway
shareholders for each of the three years ending December 31, 2022 follows (in millions).

Balance December 31, 2019
Other comprehensive income
Reclassifications into net earnings
Balance December 31, 2020
Other comprehensive income
Reclassifications into net earnings
Balance December 31, 2021
Other comprehensive income
Reclassifications into net earnings
Balance December 31, 2022

Unrealized
gains (losses)
on investments

$

$

481 $
78
(23)
536
(123)
(44)
369
(991)
435
(187) $

Foreigncurrencytranslation

K-109

Defined benefit
pension plans(4,346) $1,264—(3,082)(1,021)
11(4,092)(2,045)(3)(6,140) $(1,369) $(385)
109(1,645)
1,163
135
(347)
(298)
93
(552) $

Other

(9) $
(52)
9
(52)
80
15
43
283
(38)
288 $

Total

(5,243)905
95(4,243)99
117(4,027)(3,051)487(6,591)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(25) Business segment data
Our operating businesses include a large and diverse group of insurance, manufacturing, service and retailing businesses.
We organize our reportable business segments in a manner that reflects how management views those business activities.
Certain businesses are grouped together for segment reporting based upon similar products or product lines, marketing, sellingand distribution characteristics, even though those business units are operated under separate local management.
The tabular information that follows shows data of reportable segments reconciled to amounts reflected in our
Consolidated Financial Statements. Intersegment transactions are not eliminated from segment results when management
considers those transactions in assessing the results of the respective segments. Furthermore, our management does not consider
investment and derivative gains/losses, impairments or amortization of certain business acquisition accounting adjustments
related to Berkshire’s business acquisitions or certain other corporate income and expense items in assessing the financial
performance of operating units. Collectively, these items are included in reconciliations of segment amounts to consolidated
amounts.
Berkshire’s operating segments are as follows.
Business Identity

Insurance:

Business Activity

GEICO

Underwriting private passenger automobile insurance mainly by direct
response methods

Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group

Underwriting multiple lines of property and casualty insurance policies
for primarily commercial accounts

Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group

Underwriting excess-of-loss, quota-share and facultative reinsurance
worldwide

Railroad (“BNSF”)

Operation of one of the largest railroad systems in North America
through Burlington Northern Santa Fe LLC

Utilities and energy (“BHE”)

Regulated electric and gas utility, including power generation anddistribution activities and real estate brokerage activities throughBerkshire Hathaway Energy Company and affiliates

Manufacturing

Manufacturers of numerous products including industrial, consumer andbuilding products, including home building and related financial
services

McLane Company (“McLane”)

Wholesale distribution of groceries and non-food items

Service and retailing

Providers of numerous services including shared aircraft ownershipprograms, aviation pilot training, electronic components distribution,
various retailing businesses, including automobile dealerships and trailer
and furniture leasing

K-110

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(25) Business segment data (Continued)
A disaggregation of our consolidated data for each of the three most recent years is presented as follows (in millions).

Operating Businesses
Insurance:
Underwriting:
GEICO
Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group
Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group
Insurance underwriting
Investment income
Total insurance

$

BNSF
BHE
Manufacturing
McLaneService and retailing
Reconciliation to consolidated amount
Investment and derivative gains (losses)
Interest expense, not allocated to segments
Equity method investments
Goodwill and intangible asset impairments
Corporate, eliminations and other

Operating Businesses
Insurance
BNSF
BHE
Manufacturing
McLaneService and retailing
Reconciliation to consolidated amount
Investment and derivative gains (losses)
Interest expense, not allocated to segments
Equity method investments
Corporate, eliminations and other

Revenues
2021

2022

38,984
13,746
21,91574,645
7,734
82,379$25,88826,39375,78153,20938,303301,953————136$ 302,089
2022

$

$

—
1,025
2,140
739
—
42
3,946

37,706
11,57520,197
69,478
5,662
75,140$23,28225,096
68,73049,45034,832
276,530

35,093
9,615
18,693
63,401
5,960
69,361

Interest expense
2021

—
420
—
(14)
4,352 $

—
1,032
2,054
704
—
38
3,828

$

—
1,037
1,941
737
—
61
3,776

(1,880) $
393
1,389
(98)
7,724
7,626

1,259 $
607
(930)
936
5,649
6,585

3,428
110
(2,700)
838
5,949
6,787

7,708
3,146
11,177271
4,771
34,699

7,861
3,293
9,841
230
4,481
32,291

6,792
2,548
8,010
251
2,628
27,016(67,899)
78,54240,746
(420)
(455)
(483)
1,863
886
657
—
—
(10,671)
1,181
422(1,572)$ (30,576) $ 111,686 $ 55,693
Income tax expense (benefit)
2022
2021
2020

2020

—
455
—
(111)
4,172 $

K-111$

20,86921,10059,07946,84028,178245,427

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(327)
152
$ 276,203 $ 245,579$

Earnings (loss) before income taxes
2022
2021
2020

2020

$

1,231 $
1,763
(1,629)
2,403
66
1,131
4,965

1,050 $
1,871
(1,153)
2,193
61
1,086
5,108

1,089
1,631
(996)
1,795
71
669
4,259

—
(14,166)
483
(88)
—
334
(176)
437
4,083 $ (8,518) $16,025
(96)
82
(240)
20,879 $

8,855
(102)
43
(615)
12,440Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(25) Business segment data (Continued)
Capital expenditures
2021
2020

2022

Operating Businesses
Insurance
BNSF
BHE
Manufacturing
McLaneService and retailing

$

82
3,532
7,505
2,477
93
1,775
$ 15,464
2022

Operating Businesses
Insurance
BNSF
BHE
Manufacturing
McLaneService and retailing

$

62
2,910
6,611
2,100
106
1,487
$ 13,276

Depreciation of tangible assets
2022
2021
2020

$

50
3,063
6,765
2,133
98
903
$ 13,012$$

Goodwill at year-end
2021
2020

$ 16,548 $ 15,181
14,852
14,852
11,745
11,90628,46025,463
232
232
6,282
6,241
$ 78,119 $ 73,875

69
2,479
3,702
2,021
176
1,219
9,666

$

$

72
2,406
3,584
2,037
189
1,177
9,465

$

$

74
2,423
3,376
2,026
204
1,216
9,319

Identifiable assets at year-end
2022
2021
2020

$ 15,224
14,851
11,76325,512232
6,152$ 73,734

Reconciliation to consolidated amountCorporate and other
Goodwill$ 459,904
77,752
118,114
113,578
7,049
31,291
807,688$ 482,813
76,586
113,447
107,231
6,841
28,221
815,139$ 399,169
73,809109,880
104,318
6,771
26,173
720,120

62,645
78,119$ 948,452

69,77073,875$ 958,784

79,87573,734$ 873,729

Property/casualty and life/health insurance premiums written and earned are summarized below (in millions).
Property/Casualty
2021

2022

Premiums Written:
DirectAssumed
Ceded
Premiums Earned:
DirectAssumed
Ceded

2020

Life/Health
2021

2022

2020

$ 56,700 $
15,143(1,155)$ 70,688 $

53,829 $ 47,838 $
12,461
11,533(1,015)(898)
65,275 $ 58,473 $

582 $
5,235
(37)
5,780 $

649 $
5,685
(40)
6,294 $

510
5,960
(42)
6,428

$ 55,879 $
14,184(1,293)$ 68,770 $52,139 $ 46,418 $
12,072
11,449(1,054)(907)
63,157 $ 56,960 $

582 $
5,332
(39)
5,875 $

649 $
5,713
(41)
6,321 $

510
5,973
(42)
6,441

Insurance premiums written by geographic region (based upon the domicile of the insured or reinsured) are summarized
below (in millions).

United States
Western Europe
Asia Pacific
All other

$

$

2022

Property/Casualty
2021

59,648 $
4,901
4,699
1,440
70,688 $55,451 $
4,613
3,822
1,389
65,275 $

K-112

2020

50,250
3,751
3,410
1,062
58,473$$2022

Life/Health2021

2,120 $
1,235
1,704
721
5,780 $

2,161 $
1,298
2,030
805
6,294 $

2020

2,820
1,120
1,652
836
6,428

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)(25) Business segment data (Continued)
Consolidated sales, service and leasing revenues were $165.0 billion in 2022, $151.0 billion in 2021 and $132.3 billion
in 2020. Sales, service and leasing revenues attributable to the United States were 86% in 2022, 85% in 2021 and 86% in 2020of such amounts. The remainder of sales, service and leasing revenues were primarily in Europe, Canada and the Asia Pacificregion. Railroad, utilities and energy revenues were $52.1 billion in 2022, $48.2 billion in 2021 and $41.8 billion in 2020. In
each of the three years, approximately 96% of such revenues were attributable to the United States. At December 31, 2022,
approximately 90% of our consolidated net property, plant and equipment and equipment held for lease was located in the
United States with the remainder primarily in Canada and the United Kingdom.
(26) Contingencies and Commitments
We are parties in a variety of legal actions that routinely arise out of the normal course of business, including legal actions
seeking to establish liability directly through insurance contracts or indirectly through reinsurance contracts issued by Berkshire
subsidiaries. Plaintiffs occasionally seek punitive or exemplary damages. We do not believe that such normal and routine
litigation will have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Berkshire and certain of its subsidiaries
are also involved in other kinds of legal actions, some of which assert or may assert claims or seek to impose fines and penalties.
We currently believe that any liability that may arise as a result of other pending legal actions will not have a material effecton our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
Our subsidiaries regularly make commitments in the ordinary course of business for the future purchase of goods andservices used in their businesses, which are not yet reflected in our Consolidated Financial Statements. The most significant of
our long-term commitments relate to our railroad, utilities and energy businesses, our shared aircraft ownership and leasing
business and certain raw materials purchase commitments. As of December 31, 2022, estimated future payments under thosearrangements were as follows: $12 billion in 2023, $5 billion in 2024, $3 billion in 2025, $2 billion in 2026, $2 billion in 2027
and $18 billion after 2027.
Since October 2017, we have owned a 38.6% interest in Pilot, headquartered in Knoxville, Tennessee. Pilot is the largest
operator of travel centers in North America (primarily under the names Pilot or Flying J) with more than 650 travel center
locations across 44 U.S. states and six Canadian provinces. Pilot also has over 150 retail locations in the U.S. and Canada where
it sells diesel fuel through various arrangements with third party travel centers. Through December 31, 2022, we accounted for
our investment in Pilot under the equity method and the carrying value of our investment was $3.2 billion as of December 31,
2022. On January 31, 2023, we acquired an additional 41.4% interest for approximately $8.2 billion. This amount is based ona contractual agreement that is dependent on Pilot’s earnings for 2022 and its net debt at the end of 2022, and is subject to postclosing adjustments following the completion of Pilot’s independent public accountant’s audit of its 2022 financial statements.
We obtained control of Pilot for financial reporting purposes on January 31, 2023 and, consequently, we will discontinue theuse of the equity method and include Pilot’s financial statements in our Consolidated Financial Statements at that date.
In applying the acquisition method of accounting, we are required to remeasure our previously held 38.6% interest in
Pilot to fair value as of January 31, 2023. The excess of the fair value of that interest over the carrying value under the equity
method will be recorded as a remeasurement gain.
Given the proximity of the acquisition date of the additional Pilot interest to the date these Consolidated Financial
Statements are issued, it was impracticable to provide an initial estimate of the fair values of identifiable assets acquired,liabilities assumed and residual goodwill or proforma information. We expect to provide such disclosures in our Consolidated
Financial Statements beginning with our interim report for the quarterly period ending March 31, 2023.
We may be obligated to acquire certain noncontrolling interests in less-than-wholly-owned subsidiaries in the future,
pursuant to the terms of agreements with the noncontrolling shareholders for cash or other assets. The timing and the amountof any future payments that might be required to such noncontrolling shareholders are contingent on future actions of thenoncontrolling owners and the value of the interest being acquired.
In June 2022, BHE acquired the BHE common stock held by Gregory Abel, Berkshire’s Vice Chairman - non-insurance
operations, for $870 million. The purchase was pursuant to the terms of a shareholder agreement between Berkshire, BHE and
BHE’s noncontrolling shareholders. Berkshire recorded a charge of $362 million to capital in excess of par value for the excessof the consideration paid over the carrying value of the acquired noncontrolling interest.

K-113

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
At the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Corporation carried out an evaluation, under
the supervision and with the participation of the Corporation’s management, including the Chairman (Chief Executive Officer)
and the Senior Vice President (Chief Financial Officer), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Corporation’s
disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15. Based upon that evaluation, the Chairman (Chief
Executive Officer) and the Senior Vice President (Chief Financial Officer) concluded that the Corporation’s disclosure controls
and procedures are effective in timely alerting them to material information relating to the Corporation (including its
consolidated subsidiaries) required to be included in the Corporation’s periodic SEC filings. The report called for by Item308(a) of Regulation S-K is incorporated herein by reference to Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial
Reporting, included on page K-66 of this report. The attestation report called for by Item 308(b) of Regulation S-K isincorporated herein by reference to the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, included on page K-67 of
this report. There has been no change in the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended
December 31, 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation’s internal control
over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information
None
Part III
Except for the information set forth under the caption “Executive Officers of the Registrant” in Part I hereof, information
required by this Part (Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14) is incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement,
filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders of the Registrant to be held on May 6, 2023, which
will involve the election of directors.
Part IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules(a)1. Financial Statements
The following Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting
Firm, are included in Part II Item 8 of this report:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consolidated Balance Sheets—
December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consolidated Statements of Earnings—
Years Ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income—Years Ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity—
Years Ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—
Years Ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Financial Statement Schedule
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Schedule I—Parent Company Condensed Financial Information
Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income andCash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 and Note
to Condensed Financial Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other schedules are omitted because they are not required, information therein is not applicable, or is reflected in
the Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto.
(b) Exhibits
See the “Exhibit Index” at page K-118.
K-114

PAGE

K-67
K-70
K-72
K-73
K-73
K-74
K-75

K-115

K-116

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors ofBerkshire Hathaway Inc.
Omaha, Nebraska
Opinion on the Financial Statement Schedule
We have audited the consolidated financial statements of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as ofDecember 31, 2022 and 2021, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the Company’s
internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, and have issued our report thereon dated February 25, 2023;
such consolidated financial statements and reports are included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Our audits also included thefinancial statement schedule of the Company listed in the Index at Item 15. This financial statement schedule is the
responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statement
schedule based on our audits. In our opinion, such financial statement schedules, when considered in relation to the financial
statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Omaha, Nebraska
February 25, 2023

K-115

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. (Parent Company)
Condensed Financial Information(Dollars in millions)
Schedule I
Balance Sheets
2022

Assets:Cash and cash equivalents
Short-term investments in U.S. Treasury Bills
Investments in and advances to consolidated subsidiaries
Investment in The Kraft Heinz Company
Other assets$$

Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity:
Accounts payable, accrued interest and other liabilities
Income taxes, principally deferred
Notes payable and other borrowings$

Berkshire Hathaway shareholders’ equity$

December 31,

2,777
17,628462,030
12,937
12495,384

$

355
1,276
21,39323,024472,360
495,384$

2021

18,797
9,681
486,862
13,112
140
528,592$

237
747
21,40922,393506,199
528,592$

Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income
2022

Income items:
From consolidated subsidiaries:
Dividends and distributions
Undistributed earnings (losses)$

Investment gains (losses)
Equity in earnings of The Kraft Heinz Company
Other income
Cost and expense items:
General and administrative
Interest expense
Foreign exchange (gains) losses on non-U.S. Dollar denominated debt
Income tax expense (benefit)
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders
Other comprehensive income attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders
Comprehensive income attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders$

See Note to Condensed Financial Information

K-116

Year ended December 31,
2021

2020

15,724 $(39,639)(23,915)
(34)
628
413
(22,908)

13,46274,81988,28135
269
73
88,658$

26,11017,40243,512(24)
95
328
43,911131
513(1,401)668(89)(22,819)(2,564)(25,383) $136
444(1,281)(436)(1,137)
89,795216
90,011 $

194
489
970
(263)
1,390
42,521
1,000
43,521BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. (Parent Company)
Condensed Financial Information(Dollars in millions)
Schedule I (continued)
Statements of Cash Flows
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net earnings (loss) attributable to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings (loss) to operating cash flows:
Investment (gains) losses
Undistributed (earnings) losses of consolidated subsidiaries
Non-cash dividends from subsidiaries
Income taxes payable
Other
Net cash flows from operating activities
Cash flows from investing activities:
Investments in and advances to consolidated subsidiaries, net
Purchases of U.S. Treasury Bills
Sales and maturities of U.S. Treasury Bills
Other
Net cash flows from investing activities
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from borrowings
Repayments of borrowings
Acquisition of treasury stock
Net cash flows from financing activities
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year
Other cash flow information:
Income taxes paid
Interest paid

2022

$

$
$

Year ended December 31,
2021
2020

(22,819) $89,79534
39,639(7,220)661(1,833)8,462(35)(74,819)(2,126)(389)(1,038)
11,38824(17,402)(8,296)(72)
1,100
17,875(11,852)(44,187)
37,915
128(17,996)(174)(34,988)
57,296—
22,134(1,947)(54,715)
59,035
11
2,384

1,970
(602)
(7,854)(6,486)(16,020)
18,7972,777 $

2,174
(2,167)(27,061)(27,054)
6,468
12,32918,797 $2,923(1,151)(24,706)(22,934)(2,675)15,004
12,329

2,259
332

3,403
377

3,391
359

$

$

$

42,521

Note to Condensed Financial Information
Berkshire currently owns 26.6% of the outstanding shares of The Kraft Heinz Company (“Kraft Heinz”) common stock,which is accounted for pursuant to the equity method. See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. On October 19,
2022, Berkshire acquired all of the outstanding common stock of Alleghany Corporation for $11.5 billion. See Note 2 to theConsolidated Financial Statements.
In January 2022, the Parent Company issued ¥128.5 billion (approximately $1.1 billion) of senior notes with maturity
dates ranging from 2027 to 2052 and a weighted average interest rate of 0.5%. In December 2022, the Parent Company also
issued ¥115.0 billion (approximately $840 million) of senior notes with maturity dates ranging from 2025 to 2052 and aweighted average interest rate of 1.1%. As of December 31, 2022, the Parent Company’s non-U.S. Dollar denominatedborrowings included €6.9 billion and ¥1,029 billion par value senior notes. The gains and losses from the periodic
remeasurement of these non-U.S. Dollar denominated notes due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates are included inearnings. In the first two months of 2023, Berkshire repaid $1.1 billion of maturing senior notes. An additional $3.2 billion ofBerkshire senior notes mature in March and April of 2023.
Parent Company debt maturities over the next five years are as follows: 2023—$4.3 billion; 2024—$1.9 billion; 2025—$2.0 billion; 2026—$3.2 billion and 2027—$2.1 billion. The Parent Company guarantees certain debt of subsidiaries, which
aggregated approximately $21.7 billion at December 31, 2022 and was primarily debt issued by Berkshire Hathaway FinanceCorporation. Such guarantees are an absolute, unconditional and irrevocable guarantee for the full and prompt payment when
due of all present and future payment obligations. The Parent Company has also provided guarantees in connection with certain
retroactive reinsurance contracts issued by subsidiaries. The amounts of subsidiary payments under these contracts, if any, iscontingent upon the outcome of future events.

K-117

EXHIBIT INDEXExhibit No.

2(i)Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of June 19, 1998 between Berkshire and General Re Corporation.
Incorporated by reference to Annex I to Registration Statement No. 333-61129 filed on Form S-4.

2(ii)Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of November 2, 2009 by and among Berkshire, R Acquisition
Company, LLC and BNSF. Incorporated by reference to Annex A to Registration Statement No. 333-163343
on Form S-4.

2(iii)

Agreement and Plan of Merger dated August 8, 2015, by and among Berkshire, NW Merger Sub Inc. andPrecision Castparts Corporation (“PCC”) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to PCC’s Current Report on
Form 8-K filed on August 10, 2015 (SEC File No. 001-10348)

3(i)Restated Certificate of Incorporation Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i) to Form 10-K filed on March 2,
2015.

3(ii)

By-Laws Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(ii) to Form 8-K filed on May 4, 2022.

4.1

Indenture, dated as of December 22, 2003, between Berkshire Hathaway Finance Corporation, Berkshire
Hathaway Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. (as successor to J.P. Morgan Trust
Company, National Association), as trustee. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 on Form S-4 of Berkshire
Hathaway Finance Corporation and Berkshire Hathaway Inc. filed on February 4, 2004. SEC File No. 333112486

4.2

Indenture, dated as of February 1, 2010, among Berkshire Hathaway Inc., Berkshire Hathaway FinanceCorporation and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee. Incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 4.1 to Berkshire’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on February 1, 2010. SEC File No. 333164611

4.3

Indenture, dated as of January 26, 2016, by and among Berkshire Hathaway Inc., Berkshire Hathaway FinanceCorporation and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee. Incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 4.1 to Berkshire’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on January 26, 2016. SEC File No. 333209122

4.4

Indenture, dated as of December 1, 1995, between BNSF and The First National Bank of Chicago, as trustee.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4 on Form S-3 of BNSF filed on February 8, 1999.

4.5

Indenture, dated as of October 4, 2002, by and between MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company and The
Bank of New York, Trustee. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Berkshire Hathaway Energy
Company Registration Statement No. 333-101699 dated December 6, 2002.

4.6

Indenture, dated as of January 28, 2022, by and among Berkshire Hathaway Inc., as an issuer and a guarantor ofthe debt securities issued by Berkshire Hathaway Finance Corporation, Berkshire Hathaway FinanceCorporation, as an issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee. Incorporated byreference to Exhibit 4.1 to Berkshire’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on January 28, 2022. SEC FileNo 333-262384.
Other instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of Registrant and its subsidiaries are
not being filed since the total amount of securities authorized by all other such instruments does notexceed 10% of the total assets of the Registrant and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis as ofDecember 31, 2022. The Registrant hereby agrees to furnish to the Commission upon request a copy of
any such debt instrument to which it is a party.

10.1

Equity Commitment Letter of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. with Hawk Acquisition Holding Corporation dated
February 13, 2013. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 on Form 8-K of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. filed on
February 14, 2013.

14

Code of Ethics
Berkshire’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is posted on its Internet website atwww.berkshirehathaway.com

21

Subsidiaries of Registrant

23

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
K-118

Exhibit No.

31.1

Rule 13a—14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification

31.2

Rule 13a—14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification

32.1

Section 1350 Certification

32.2

Section 1350 Certification

95

Mine Safety Disclosures

101

The following financial information from Berkshire Hathaway Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year
ended December 31, 2022, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language) includes: (i)the Cover Page (ii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Earnings, (iv) the
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Changes inShareholders’ Equity, (vi) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vii) the Notes to Consolidated
Financial Statements and Schedule I, tagged in summary and detail.

104

Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as iXBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

K-119

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly
caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
Date: February 25, 2023

/S/

MARC D. HAMBURG

Marc D. Hamburg
Senior Vice President andPrincipal Financial Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following
persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
/S/ WARREN E. BUFFETT
Warren E. Buffett/S/ GREGORY E. ABEL

Chairman of the Board of
Directors—Chief Executive Officer

February 25, 2023
Date

Director—Vice Chairman—Non-Insurance Operations

February 25, 2023
Date

Director

February 25, 2023
Date

Director

February 25, 2023
Date

Director

February 25, 2023
Date

Director

February 25, 2023
Date

Director

February 25, 2023
Date

Director

February 25, 2023
Date

Director

February 25, 2023
Date

Director—Vice Chairman—Insurance Operations

February 25, 2023
Date

Director—Vice Chairman

February 25, 2023
Date

Director

February 25, 2023
Date

Director

February 25, 2023
Date

Director

February 25, 2023
Date

Director

February 25, 2023
Date

Senior Vice President—Principal Financial Officer

February 25, 2023
Date

Vice President—Principal Accounting Officer

February 25, 2023
Date

Gregory E. Abel

/S/ HOWARD G. BUFFETT
Howard G. Buffett/S/ SUSAN A. BUFFETT
Susan A. Buffett/S/ STEPHEN B. BURKE
Stephen B. Burke/S/ KENNETH I. CHENAULT
Kenneth I. Chenault/S/ CHRISTOPHER C. DAVIS
Christopher C. Davis/S/ SUSAN L. DECKER
Susan L. Decker/S/ CHARLOTTE GUYMAN
Charlotte Guyman/S/ AJIT JAIN
Ajit Jain/S/ CHARLES T. MUNGERCharles T. Munger/S/ THOMAS S. MURPHY, JR.
Thomas S. Murphy, Jr.

/S/ RONALD L. OLSON
Ronald L. Olson/S/ WALLACE R. WEITZ
Wallace R. Weitz/S/ MERYL B. WITMER
Meryl B. Witmer/S/ MARC D. HAMBURG
Marc D. Hamburg/S/ DANIEL J. JAKSICH
Daniel J. Jaksich

K-120

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
SHAREHOLDER EVENT INFORMATIONSHAREHOLDER MEETING SCHEDULE – SATURDAY, MAY 6
CHI Health Center
7:00am
8:30am
9:15amNoon
1:00pm
3:30pm
4:30pmDoors OpenMovie
Q & A Session
Lunch Break
Shareholder Q & A Session
RecessAnnual Shareholders Meeting

Details: Becky Quick, of CNBC will review questions that shareholders have submitted by e-mail and select those she believes will
have the widest interest. Questions can be submitted to Becky at berkshirequestions@cnbc.com. We will have a drawing at 8:15 am ateach of the 11 microphone locations for those shareholders wishing to ask questions themselves. At the meeting, Warren will alternate
the questions asked by Becky and the shareholders in attendance.
At the morning session, Warren as well as Charlie, Greg and Ajit will be available to answer questions. At the afternoon session, Warren
and Charlie will be available to answer questions.
The Berkshire Q & A Session will be broadcast on CNBC and webcast in English and Mandarin on CNBC.com beginning at 8:45 am
central time. Visit www.cnbc.com/brklive.
OTHER SHAREHOLDER EVENTS INFORMATION
Friday, May 5
Berkshire Bazaar of Bargains (Shareholder Shopping Day)-CHI Health Center Noon – 5pm
Details: An extended afternoon of shopping for our shareholders.
Borsheims Shareholder-Only Shopping Night 6:00pm – 8:00pm
Saturday, May 6
NFM’s Berkshire Picnic 5:30pm – 8:00pm
Details: NFM will be hosting a Berkshire Picnic at the Omaha store with food and live entertainment.
Sunday, May 7
Berkshire Hathaway “Invest in Yourself” 5K presented by Brooks 8:00am – 11:00am
Details: Brooks and Berkshire Hathaway are bringing the Run Happy spirit to the Annual Shareholders Meeting by again hosting the“Invest in Yourself” 5K fun run and walk. The event will be held in downtown Omaha. Run, jog, or walk to the starting line by registering
at www.investinyourself5k.com.
Borsheims Shareholder-Only Shopping Day 11:00am – 4:00pm
NFM Shareholder Discount Period
Wednesday, April 26 through Tuesday, May 9(Discounts also available in Dallas/Fort Worth, Kansas City and Des Moines Stores.)Store Hours:
Sunday – Friday: 11am – 8pm | Saturday: 10am – 8pm
Borsheims Shareholder Discount Period
Saturday, April 29 through Sunday, May 14
Store Hours:
Monday – Friday*: 10am – 6pm
Saturday**: 10am – 5:00pm | Sunday***Closed* Shareholder-Only Shopping Night, Friday, May 5 / 6 – 8pm** Shareholder Shopping Day, Saturday, May 6 / 10am – 5:00pm*** Shareholder-Only Shopping Day Sunday, May 7 / 11am – 4pm
Books for Shareholders
The Bookworm will be back with a selection of books. Shareholders receive a 20% discount. The books selected for sale at the Berkshire
annual meeting are available year round at www.bookwormomaha.com. Shareholders with credentials also receive the 20% shareholder
discount Friday, May 5 through Monday, May 8, at The Bookworm, 90th and Center Street.

A-1

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
PROPERTY/CASUALTY INSURANCE*
Our property/casualty (“P/C”) insurance business has been the engine propelling Berkshire’s growth since 1967, the year we
acquired National Indemnity and its sister company, National Fire & Marine, for $8.6 million. Today, National Indemnity is the largest
P/C company in the world as measured by net worth. Insurance is a business of promises, and Berkshire’s ability to honor its commitments
is unmatched.
One reason we were attracted to the P/C business was the industry’s business model: P/C insurers receive premiums upfront andpay claims later. In extreme cases, such as claims arising from exposure to asbestos, or severe workplace accidents, payments can stretch
over many decades.
This collect-now, pay-later model leaves P/C companies holding large sums – money we call “float” – that will eventually go toothers. Meanwhile, insurers get to invest this float for their own benefit. Though individual policies and claims come and go, the amountof float an insurer holds usually remains fairly stable in relation to premium volume. Consequently, as our business grows, so does our
float. And how it has grown, as the following table shows:Year
Float (in millions)
1970
$
39
1980
237
1990
1,632
2000
27,871
2010
65,832
2020
138,5032021
146,701
2022
164,109
We may in time experience a decline in float. If so, the decline will be very gradual – at the outside no more than 3% in any year.
The nature of our insurance contracts is such that we can never be subject to immediate or near-term demands for sums that are ofsignificance to our cash resources. That structure is by design and is a key component in the unequaled financial strength of our
insurance companies. That strength will never be compromised.
If our premiums exceed the total of our expenses and eventual losses, our insurance operation registers an underwriting profit that
adds to the investment income the float produces. When such a profit is earned, we enjoy the use of free money – and, better yet, get paid
for holding it.
For the P/C industry as a whole, the financial value of float is now far less than it was for many years. That’s because the standard
investment strategy for almost all P/C companies is heavily – and properly – skewed toward high-grade bonds. Changes in interest rates
therefore matter enormously to these companies, and during the last decade the bond market has offered pathetically low rates.
Consequently, insurers suffered, as year by year they were forced – by maturities or issuer-call provisions – to recycle their “old”
investment portfolios into new holdings providing much lower yields. Where once these insurers could safely earn 5 cents or 6 cents oneach dollar of float, they now take in only 2 cents or 3 cents.
Some insurers may try to mitigate their loss of revenue by buying lower-quality bonds or non-liquid “alternative” investments
promising higher yields. But those are dangerous games and activities that most institutions are ill-equipped to play.
Berkshire’s situation is more favorable than that of insurers in general. Most important, our unrivaled mountain of capital,
abundance of cash and a huge and diverse stream of non-insurance earnings allow us far more investment flexibility than is generally
available to other companies in the industry. The many choices open to us are always advantageous – and sometimes have presented us
with major opportunities.
Our P/C companies have meanwhile had an excellent underwriting record. Berkshire has now operated at an underwriting profit
for 18 of the last 20 years, the exceptions being 2017 and 2022. In 2017 our pre-tax loss was a whopping $3.2 billion. In 2022 the loss
was minimal. For the entire 20-year span, our pre-tax gain totaled $29.2 billion.
That record is no accident: Disciplined risk evaluation is the daily focus of our insurance managers, who know that the rewardsof float can be drowned by poor underwriting results. All insurers give that message lip service. At Berkshire it is a religion, Old Testament
style.
As I have repeatedly done in the past, I will emphasize now that happy outcomes in insurance are far from a sure thing: Danger
always lurks.
Mistakes in assessing insurance risks can be huge and can take many years – even decades – to surface and ripen. (Think asbestos.)
A major catastrophe that will dwarf hurricanes Katrina and Ian will occur – perhaps tomorrow, perhaps many decades from now. “TheBig One” may come from a traditional source, such as wind or earthquake, or it may be a total surprise involving, say, a cyber attack
having disastrous consequences beyond anything insurers now contemplate. When such a mega-catastrophe strikes, Berkshire will get its
share of the losses and they will be big – very big. Unlike many other insurers, however, handling the loss will not come close to straining
our resources, and we will be eager to add to our business the next day.
* Reproduced from Berkshire Hathaway Inc. 2019 Annual Report and updated through 2022

A-2

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
OPERATING COMPANIESINSURANCE:GEICO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Berkshire Hathaway Homestate Companies . . . . . . . . . . .
Berkshire Hathaway Specialty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Berkshire Hathaway GUARD Insurance Companies . . . .
MedPro Group Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MLMIC Insurance Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
National Indemnity Primary Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
United States Liability Insurance Companies . . . . . . . . . .
Alleghany(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Central States Indemnity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Employees

RAILROAD, UTILITIES AND ENERGY:

38,285
658
2,101
1,157
1,427
1,082
1,201
247
1,263
1,089
1,399
21

BNSF: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BNSF Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BNSF Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Berkshire Hathaway Energy Company: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Corporate Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PacifiCorp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MidAmerican Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NV Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Northern Powergrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BHE Pipeline Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BHE Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BHE Renewables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MidAmerican Energy Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HomeServices of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49,930

Employees
36,250
575
32
4,815
3,411
2,427
2,604
2,723
748
379
61
6,757
60,782

MANUFACTURING:
Acme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alleghany(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Benjamin Moore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brooks Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clayton Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CTB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Duracell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fechheimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Forest River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fruit of the Loom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Garan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H. H. Brown Shoe Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IMC International Metalworking Companies . . . . . . . . . .
Johns Manville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Larson-Juhl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LiquidPower Specialty Products, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lubrizol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marmon(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MiTek Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Precision Castparts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Richline Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scott Fetzer Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shaw Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SERVICE AND RETAILING:
1,890
6,417
2,026
1,253
20,229
2,637
3,082
395
12,99427,0952,654
1,189
13,286
8,044
837
447
8,292
24,175
5,974
23,164
2,247
1,765
20,784

Affordable Housing Partners, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alleghany(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ben Bridge Jeweler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Berkshire Hathaway Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Borsheims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Charter Brokerage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dairy Queen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Detlev Louis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FlightSafety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Helzberg Diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jordan’s Furniture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
McLane Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nebraska Furniture Mart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NetJets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oriental Trading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pampered Chef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R.C. Willey Home Furnishings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See’s Candies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Star Furniture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TTI, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WPLG, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
XTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

190,876

28
3,052
425
9,802
142
417
165
2,198
507
1,438
4,442
1,575
1,047
27,554
4,446
7,402
1,296
320
2,308
2,660
337
8,896
212
368
81,037

Berkshire Hathaway Corporate Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26
382,651(1)

Alleghany Corporation (“Alleghany”) is a holding company with insurance, manufacturing and service businesses.

(2)

Marmon Holding, Inc. (“Marmon”) is a holding company that conducts operations through more than 100 manufacturing and service
businesses organized into 11 business groups.

A-3

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
STOCK TRANSFER AGENT
EQ Shareowner Services (“EQ”), a division of Equiniti Trust Company., P. O. Box 64854, St. Paul, MN 55164-0854 serves
as Transfer Agent and Registrar for the Company’s common stock. Correspondence may be directed to EQ at the address indicatedor at www.shareowneronline.com. Telephone inquiries should be directed to the Shareowner Relations Department at 1-877-6027411 between 7:00 A.M. and 7:00 P.M. Central Time. Certificates for re-issue or transfer should be directed to the Transfer
Department at the address indicated.
Berkshire has two classes of common stock designated Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Each share ofClass A common stock is convertible, at the option of the holder, into 1,500 shares of Class B common stock. Shares of Class B
common stock are not convertible into shares of Class A common stock.
Registered owner’s holding Berkshire stock in certificate form or through EQ’s direct registration system, may contact EQ
directly for instructions regarding changes in registration, including shareowner’s mailing address or conversion of Class A sharesto Class B shares. Correspondence may be directed to EQ at the address indicated above or at www.shareowneronline.com.
Telephone inquiries should be directed to the Shareowner Relations Department at 1-877-602-7411 between 7:00 A.M. and 7:00
P.M. Central Time. Certificates for re-issue or transfer should be directed to the Transfer Department at the address indicated above.
Shareowners can also view account information at the EQ website www.shareowneronline.com.
If a shareowner has lost or misplaced stock certificates, he or she should contact EQ to arrange for replacements. Transfer
agent’s, including EQ, will require the shareowner to provide an indemnification bond based on the value of the share certificate
being replaced. Shareholders are encouraged to contact EQ periodically to verify the mailing address of record to assure that
Company communications are delivered. We encourage you to vote on shareholder proposals contained in our annual proxysolicitation. Contact with EQ is established automatically through the voting process.
Shareholders of record wishing to convert Class A common stock into Class B common stock may contact EQ in writing.
Along with the underlying stock certificate, shareholders should provide EQ with specific written instructions regarding the numberof shares to be converted and the manner in which the Class B shares are to be registered. We recommend that you use certified orregistered mail addressed to EQ Shareowner Services, 1110 Centre Pointe Curve, Suite 101, Mendota Heights, MN 55120 when
delivering the stock certificates and written instructions.
Owners holding Berkshire common stock in street name (in a bank, broker or other nominee account) should contact thebank, broker or nominee for changes in registration. If Class A shares are held in “street name,” shareholders wishing to convert all
or a portion of their holding to Class B should contact their broker or bank nominee. It will be necessary for the nominee to makethe request for conversion.

A-4

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
DIRECTORSOFFICERSWARREN E. BUFFETT,
Chairman and CEO of Berkshire

WARREN E. BUFFETT, Chairman and CEO

CHARLES T. MUNGER,
Vice Chairman of Berkshire
GREGORY E. ABEL,
Vice Chairman of Berkshire - Non-Insurance Operations
AJIT JAIN,
Vice Chairman of Berkshire - Insurance Operations

CHARLES T. MUNGER, Vice Chairman
GREGORY E. ABEL, Vice Chairman - Non-Insurance Operations
AJIT JAIN, Vice Chairman - Insurance Operations
MARC D. HAMBURG, Senior Vice President and CFO
DANIEL J. JAKSICH, Vice President, Controller

HOWARD G. BUFFETT,
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Howard G.
Buffett Foundation, a charitable foundation that directs
funding for humanitarian and conservation related issues.

MARK D. MILLARD, Vice President

SUSAN A. BUFFETT,
Chairman of The Susan Thompson Buffett Foundation andof The Sherwood Foundation, each of which is a grantmaking foundation.

REBECCA K. AMICK, Director of Internal Auditing

JO ELLEN RIECK, Vice President
KERBY S. HAM, Treasurer

STEPHEN B. BURKE,
Former Chairman and CEO of NBCUniversal, a media andentertainment company.
KENNETH I. CHENAULT,
Chairman and Managing Director of General Catalyst, aventure capital firm and Former Chairman and CEO of
American Express Company.
CHRISTOPHER C. DAVIS,
Chairman of Davis Advisors, an investment management
firm.
SUSAN L. DECKER,
Founder and CEO of Raftr, a community-building andinsights platform.
CHARLOTTE GUYMAN,
Independent Director of two start-up entities, Landings
Holdings and Evercase.
THOMAS S. MURPHY, JR.,Partner, Crestview Partners, a private equity firm.
RONALD L. OLSON,
Partner of the law firm of Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP.
WALLACE R. WEITZ,
Co-Chair of Board of Weitz Investment Management, aninvestment management firm.
MERYL B. WITMER,Managing member of the General Partner of Eagle CapitalPartners L.P., an investment partnership.
Letters from Annual Reports (1977 through 2022), quarterly reports, press releases and other information about Berkshire
may be obtained on the Internet at www.berkshirehathaway.com.

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
Executive Offices — 3555 Farnam Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68131