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Study
unit

1
A

Learning vocabulary
Using this bookIt’s a good idea to have a routine when you use this book. [something you do oten and usually inthe same way] For example:• a weekly routine when you study a new unit for at least [not less than] 30–45 minutes;• a daily routine when you revise that unit. [study it again] You may only need to revise forfive or ten minutes each time.

1.1

Over to you
Write your answers.
1 How oten can you spend at least half an hour or forty-five minutes on a unit?
2 How oten can you revise? How much time can you spend when you revise? Where will you
do it?

B

Studying a new unit
When you are studying a unit for the first time, you need to be active when you are learning.
• With a new word or phrase, say it aloud [speak it so you can hear it], and repeat it to yourself
silently [in your head, not speaking]. If you have the eBook that goes with the book, use it to
•
•
•

•

1.2

check the pronunciation.
Use a highlighter pen to mark words you think are important or dificult.
Write down new words and phrases in your notebook. (See Unit 2 formore information.)
Always try to write an example sentence for new words. You can choose an example
from this book or a dictionary, but an example from your own life will oten help you toremember a word, e.g. I shared a flat with an Australian girl when I was in London last year.
Do exercises in pencil, then you can rub them out (using a rubber) and do them again later.
This is a good way to revise vocabulary.

Over to you
Write your answers.
1 Which of these things do you do now when you are learning vocabulary?
2 What will you do in the future?

C

Revising a unit
When you are revising a unit one or two days later, it is also important to be as active as possible.
• Test yourself, e.g. look at a word and cover the meaning. Can you remember what themeaning is? If you can’t, check the meaning, then come back to the word in five minutes’
time and test yourself again.
• Look at what you wrote in your notebook when you first studied the unit. Is there any new
information you want to add, e.g. something about the pronunciation, or a common word
partner? (See Unit 2.)• Diagrams may help you to organise some of the vocabulary diferently, and help you to remember it.
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Who took
my pen?

1.3

Let’s take abreak now.

1

Over to you

Study
unit

Write your answers.
1 Do you revise vocabulary that you study? If so,
how oten?

take
I took notes
during the lecture.

D

What size shoes
do you take?

2 Will you try to revise more oten in the future?
If so, will you use some of the ideas above?

Expanding* your vocabulary• When you learn a word, e.g. dirty, think of synonyms (syn) [words with a similar meaning] or

opposites (opp) in your language. Look them up in a bilingual dictionary to find the English
words, then look up the English words in an English dictionary to check the meaning. From
this, you will find that the opposite of dirty is clean, and you may also find filthy [very dirty].
*making something bigger

1.4

Using this method, find opposites for the words in bold.
1 My room is very clean. opp dirty
2 It’s a permanent job. opp
3 He was kind to all of his animals. opp
4 Babies have very sot, smooth skin. opp
5 Where’s the entrance? opp
6 Was the bird dead? opp
7 Did they accept the invitation? opp• Building word families (see Units 70–72) will also help to expand your vocabulary. From anoun, verb or adjective, you can oten find related words in the dictionary with a similar
meaning. So, you can oten learn two or three words, and not just one, e.g. argue v = havean angry discussion; n = argument.

1.5

Use a dictionary to find the related parts of speech for the words in bold.
1 She gave me some advice. verb advise
2 We mustn’t argue. noun
3 I will have to revise this unit. noun
4 Is there a choice? verb
5 I want to expand my vocabulary. noun
6 The two boys are very diferent. noun
7 They need to communicate more. noun

verb
adj

• Try to read and listen to English as much as possible. The more you read and listen, themore you will learn. When you read, try to:– Highlight or underline interesting new words.
– Highlight words if they are familiar but you can’t remember the meaning.
• There is a lot of spoken English on the Internet which you can play again and again.
Try to make a note of interesting words and look up the meaning.

1.6

Over to you
Now choose a unit that interests you. Study the let-hand page, then do the exercises inpencil. Wait for at least 24 hours, revise the unit, then answer these questions.
1 How many answers did you get right the first time?
2 How many answers did you get right the second time?
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Study
unit

2
A

Keeping a vocabulary notebook
What do you do?
This is what some students do.

cup saucer mug

RAFAEL I write down new English words and phrases in my notebook, andnext to each one I write a Spanish translation. I usually write down if
a word is a noun, verb, adjective, and so on.

KAZUO

I sometimes write a word in phonemics because English pronunciationis very dificult for me. But my notebook is a mess [nothing is in a goodorder; syn untidy]. I like to draw pictures.

EUN

I sometimes make a note of new words in my notebook, but I oten
forget [don’t remember]. I usually write a translation, and sometimes I
write example sentences as well.

ANDREY I’ve got a notebook. I don’t use it much but when I do, I try and list words
by topic, so I put all the animals together, and all the clothes words
together, and so on. I find it’s easier to remember the words this way.

DONATA I note down new words and phrases. Sometimes I translate theminto Polish, and sometimes I write an explanation [a description of whatsomething means] in English if it is not dificult. For example:

kitten – a very young cat
B

Tips for your notebook
A tip is a piece of advice to help you. Here are some tips for your notebook.
• Put words from one topic in the same place, e.g. food in one place, clothes in another, etc. Don’t
mix them up [put them together with no order]. You can also have grammar topics, e.g. ‘uncountable

•

•
•

•

•
10

nouns’, or a page for words that all have a connection, e.g. words and phrases that were all in astory you read in English. Some words and phrases will go in more than one topic.
If you can’t find a topic for a new word or phrase, e.g. useful or in particular, put them in a diferent placein your notebook, e.g. a page for each day or each week, or perhaps one page for every English lesson
you have. Write the date clearly at the top, e.g. Monday 14th May.
When you write down new vocabulary, write a translation if it is necessary [you need it; opp
unnecessary], but also write the meaning in English if it is possible, or draw pictures.
If possible, add synonyms, opposites, other parts of speech, etc. (See Unit 1.)
awful adj = terrible (syn dreadful)enjoy v = like something and get pleasure from it n = enjoyment adj = enjoyable
Example sentences help you with the grammar of a word, or with word partners (collocations).
I enjoy living in a big city. (NOT I enjoy to live in a big city.) (See Units 87–8.)
I spent two weeks in Rome. (NOT I passed two weeks in Rome. You spend time in a place.)(See Unit 74.)
Remember, words oten have more than one meaning that you need to know, e.g. a tip is also
money that you give, for example, to a waiter for serving you in a restaurant.

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2

Exercises
2.1

Study
unit

Organise the words into the topics below. One word can go in two diferent topics.
Use a dictionary to help you.
diet
raw

branchlay the table count v dig v groundflour add up
leaf
minus
butcherthousandfrozen zero butterfly

foodgardennumbersdiet

2.2

Explain these words in English, or draw a picture, or if you think an explanation is too
dificult and a drawing is not possible, write a translation instead.
1 raw not cooked
2 dig
3 butcher
4 leaf
5 flour
6 lay the table
7 add up
8 minus

2.3

What information could you include with these words? The answers are all on the
opposite page.
1 forget opposite – remember
2 awful
3 necessary
4 translate
5 tip
6 enjoy

2.4

Over to you
Answer the questions. If possible, compare your answers with someone else.
1 Look again at what the students said on the opposite page. What are the good things thatthey do? Underline them.
2 Do you do all of these things?
3 Is there anything you don’t do now, but will do in the future?
4 At the moment, which person’s notebook is most like your notebook?
5 What are the most useful tips on the opposite page for you?

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Study
unit

3

Using a dictionary
What dictionaries do I need?

A

A bilingual dictionary [using two languages] is easy for you to understand, and quick andeasy to use. A dictionary in English will give you reading practice in English and many more
examples of how words are used. If possible, use both. These are good dictionaries in English
for your level, and most of them are available online:
Cambridge Learner’s Dictionary
Oxford Wordpower Dictionary
Longman Active Study Dictionary
Macmillan Essential Dictionary

Information in dictionaries

B

If you look up a word [find a word in a dictionary] using the Cambridge Learner’s Dictionary, theinformation is shown like this:part of speech(= noun)pronunciationusingphonemic
symbols (seepage 247)

fun1

1 enjoyment or pleasure, or somethingthat gives you enjoyment or pleasurea definition
explains themeaningbold italics
show common
word partners(see Unit 74)

3.1/fʌn/ noun [u]She’s great fun to be with.
Have fun! (= enjoy yourself)
It’s no fun having to work late every
night.

to make a joke about someone orsomething in an unkind way.

fixed phrases using
the word are shownin bold (see Units
75–6)

The other children at school used tomake fun of his hair.

examples are initalics

3 make fun of sb/sth

6 confortable
7 accomodation
8 beautifull
9 unbeleivable
10 neccesary

In the word island /ˈaɪlənd/, the letter ‘s’ is silent (not pronounced). Use your dictionary tofind the silent letters in these words.
1 kneeCfor pleasure and not for any other reason

Correct the spelling mistakes. Use a dictionary to check your answers.
1 allways always
2 realy
3 unfortunatly
4 expecially
5 cloths

3.2

2 for fun/for the fun of it[U] tells you that fun
is uncountable (seeUnit 86)

2 comb3 castle

4 salmon5 receipt

Defining words‘Defining words’ are words that dictionaries use when they define [explain] the words in the
dictionary. Some of these are quite common.
emphasise [give something more attention and importance], e.g. My teacher has always
emphasised the importance of writing down new words in a notebook.
relating to or connected to/with [having a relationship with someone or something],
e.g. musical is connected with / related to music
amount [how much there is of something], e.g. £5 million is a large amount of money.
oficial [done by the government or someone in authority], e.g. A passport is an oficial document.
behave [do or say things in a particular way], e.g. People can behave strangely when they’re nervous.

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3

Exercises
3.3

Study
unit

Complete the dictionary definitions using words from the box.
connected withemphasise relating tobehaveoficialamount1 industrial /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/ 1 adjective connected withindustry
2 sum /sʌm/ noun [C] anof money
3 pretend /prɪˈtend/ verb [I,T] to
as if something is true when it is not
4 certificate /səˈtɪfɪkət/ noun [C] an
document that gives details to show
something is true
5 not at all /nɒt ət ɔːl/ used instead of ‘no’ or ‘not’ towhat you are saying:
I’m not at all happy about it
6 legal /ˈliːgəl/ adjective
the law

D

Using a dictionary• When you use a dictionary to check the meaning of a word, put a tick (✓) next to it. Eachtime you return to a page with a tick, see [find out] if you remember the word.
• When you meet a new word or phrase in a text, first try to guess the meaning [try to think of
the meaning when you don’t know it]. Then, use a dictionary to see if your guess was correct.
• Don’t just read the dictionary definition. Example phrases and sentences show you how aword or phrase is used, and they help you to understand the meaning more clearly.
• If you look up a word in a bilingual dictionary and get two or three diferent translations,check these words in an English dictionary to see which translation is the best one forthe situation.
• Remember that many words have more than one meaning. The first meaning in the
dictionary is not always the one you want. You may need to read through the diferent
meanings.

3.4

Answer the questions, and use an English dictionary to check the answers.
1 What does puppy mean? It’s a very young dog.
2 Is the correct spelling organize or organise?
3 What part of speech is extremely?
4 What kind of noun is advice?
5 What preposition follows the verb rely?
6 Look up friend, and then the words in bold that are oten used with it. Can you complete thesephrases? She’s anfriend; he’s myfriend; youfriends with people.

3.5

Match the sentences on the right with the diferent meanings of post on the let.

post1

/pəʊst/ noun

1 System [no plural] UK (US mail)the system for sending letters,
parcels, etc

3 Job [c] formala jobYour letter is in the post.
I’m sending the documents by post.

2 Letters [u] UK (US mail)A part-time post.
A teaching post.

4 Pole [c]letters, parcels, etc that you sendor receive

a long, vertical piece of wood or
metal ixed into the ground at
one end.

Has the post arrived/come yet?

I found the dog tied to a post.

1 He’s applied for apost overseas.
2 Did you send thecheque by post?
3 I tied the flag
to a post.
4 We haven’t
had any post yet.

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Study
unit

4
A

English language words
Parts of speech
I have a brown leather chair by the window, and I oten sit there
in the morning to listen to music.
In the sentence above, I is a pronoun; chair, window, morningand music are all nouns; have, sit and listen are verbs; brown
and leather are adjectives; oten is an adverb; by and to are
prepositions; the is a definite article; a is an indefinite article;
and is a conjunction or link word.
Here are two more examples:
We saw an elephant at the zoo yesterday.
Elephant and zoo are nouns; saw is a verb; at is a preposition;
an is an indefinite article; the is a definite article.
It was a cold night, so I walked quickly.
Was and walked are verbs; cold is an adjective; night is a noun; quickly is an adverb; so is a link
word.

B

Grammar
When you are learning vocabulary, you need to know certain things about diferent words; forexample, if nouns are countable, e.g. books, apples, chairs; or uncountable, e.g. information(NOT informations), advice (NOT advices). (See Unit 86.)
With verbs, you need to know if they are regular, e.g. work, live, etc; or irregular, e.g. go/went,take/took. You will also need to learn the grammar of phrasal verbs, e.g. take something of,wake up. (See Units 79–80.)
You also need to learn certain groups of words as phrases, e.g. at the moment, never mind, see
you later. (See Units 75–6.)

C

Word building
In the word uncomfortable, un- is a prefix, and -able is a sufix. Other common prefixes
include in- and dis-, e.g. incorrect and dislike. Common sufixes include -ment and -ive, e.g.
improvement and attractive. (See Units 70–72.)

D

Pronunciation
Dictionaries show the pronunciation of a word using phonemic symbols, e.g. book /bʊk/, before/bɪˈfɔː/, cinema /ˈsɪnəmə/.
Every word has one or more syllables, e.g. book has one syllable, before has two syllables,
cinema has three syllables.
It is important to know which syllable to stress, e.g. on before it is the second syllable(beˈfore), on cinema it is the first syllable (ˈcinema). The vertical mark ˈ shows where thestressed syllable begins.

E

Punctuation
Every sentence must begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop. Some sentences
have a comma, which oten shows a pause [when you stop reading or speaking for a short time] ina long sentence. Did you also know that a question must end with a question mark?

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4

Exercises
4.1

Study
unit

Put the words into the correct columns.
noun comma
phonemic symbol
adverbstressquestion marksyllable preposition
full stop adjective
parts of speech

punctuation

pronunciation

noun

4.2

There is one word missing in each line of the text. Where does the missing word go?
What could it be? What part of speech is it?
Last year I went to for my holiday. I spent the firstweek Seville staying with a couple of friends, andthen I a train to Barcelona, where I spent anotherten days. It is beautiful city and I had a marvellous
time. I stayed in a very hotel right in the centre, but
I didn’t mind spending a lot money because it was awonderful and it was very convenient. My brother was
the person who recommended it; he goes Spain a lot
and he stays anywhere else. I may go back next year
if have enough time.

4.3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Spain (noun)

Answer the questions.
1 What type of verb is break? an irregular verb
2 What does a sentence begin with?
3 What do you put at the end of every sentence?
4 What’s missing here.
5 What shows you there is a pause in the middle of a long sentence?
6 What type of noun is butter?
7 What type of verbs are pick somebody up and grow up?
8 What are full stop and comma examples of?
9 How do dictionaries show the pronunciation of a word?
10 Is the ‘a’ in phrase pronounced the same as can, can’t or late?

4.4Mark the stress on each word. How many syllables are there?
ˈEnglish 2

decide

4.5

informal
adjective

oppositeeducationsyllablepronunciation

Look at these words and answer the questions.
cheap

dangerous

kind

lucky

1 What part of speech are these words? adjectives
2 Can you change the first two words into adverbs?
3 Is the pronunciation of kind like wind (noun) or find (verb)?
4 What prefix do you need to form the opposite of the last two words?
5 What sufix makes a noun from kind?

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5
A

Country, nationality and language
Who speaks what where?
countrynationality

language

Australia

AustralianEnglishBrazilBrazilianPortuguese

China

ChineseMandarin (and Cantonese)

Egypt

Egyptian

ArabicFranceFrenchFrenchGermany

GermanGermanGreece

Greek

Greek

IsraelIsraeli

Hebrew

Italy

ItalianItalian

Japan

JapaneseJapanese(South) Korea

KoreanKoreanPolandPolishPolishRussiaRussianRussian

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabian

ArabicSpain

SpanishSpanishSwitzerland

Swiss

Swiss-German, French, ItalianThailand

Thai

Thai

TurkeyTurkishTurkishthe UK (United Kingdom)*

BritishEnglishthe USA (United States of America)

AmericanEnglish*the UK (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland)

I come from Argentina, so I’m Argentinian and my first language is Spanish. The capital is
Buenos Aires, which has a population of more than 10 million people.

Common mistakes
He’s English. (NOT He’s english.); We ate French food. (NOT We ate France food.)
I went to the USA. (NOT I went to USA.) I also visited the UK. (NOT I also visited UK.)

B

Parts of the world
The continents in the world are Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, South America,
Australia [Australia and New Zealand] and Antarctica.
We also use these terms for diferent parts of the world:the Middle East (e.g. United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia), the Far East (e.g. Thailand, Japan), theCaribbean (e.g. Jamaica, Barbados), Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland).

C

The people
When we are talking about people from a particular country, we add ‘s’ to nationalities endingin ‘-i’ or ‘-(i)an’, but we need the definite article (the) for most others.
Brazilians/Russians
Thais/Israelis

are …

The British / The French
The Swiss / The Japaneseare …

With both groups we can also use the word ‘people’, e.g. Brazilian people, British people, etc.
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Exercises
5.1

Answer the questions.
1 What nationality are people from Poland? Polish
2 What nationality are people from Thailand?
3 What language is spoken in Spain?
4 Where do people speak Hebrew?
5 Where do people speak Mandarin?
6 What language is spoken in Brazil?
7 What language is spoken in Egypt?
8 What nationality are people from Germany?
9 Write down three countries whose first language is English.
10 Write down three languages spoken in Switzerland.

5.2

What parts of the world are these countries in? Write the continent, e.g. Europe, or thearea, e.g. the Far East.
1 Germany Europe
2 Japan
3 Saudi Arabia

5.3

Underline the main stress in the words in the box, and practise saying them. Use thepronunciation in the index to help you.
Brazilian
Chinese5.4

4 Italy
5 Jamaica
6 Argentina

Japan
Portuguese

EgyptianAustralia.
.
.

4 Moscow is the capital of
5 Buenos Aires is the capital of
6 Athens is the capital of.
.
.

Complete the sentences with the name of the people from the country on the right.
.
1 I’ve worked a lot with the French
2 I know lots of.
3 We do a lot of business with.
4 I used to know a lot of.
5 I have always foundvery friendly.
6 People oten say thatare very reserved.
7
are very organised.
8 I met a lot ofon my trip to Moscow.

5.6

Scandinavia

Write the answers.
1 Bangkok is the capital of Thailand
2 Ankara is the capital of
3 Seoul is the capital of

5.5

ArabicSaudi Arabia

francegermany
japan
israelbrazilbritainswitzerland
russiaOver to you
Answer the questions for you, then ask a friend – if possible, someone from a diferent
country – and write their answers.
1 What’s your nationality?
2 What’s the capital city and population of your country?
3 What’s your first language?
4 What other languages do you speak?
5 Which countries have you visited?
6 Which countries would you like to visit?

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