ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

Original Scientific Paper

Changes of Clinically Important
Neurotransmitters under the Influenceof Modulated RF Fields—A Long-term
Study under Real-life Conditions
Klaus Buchner and Horst Eger

This follow-up of 60 participants over one and a half years shows a significant effect on the adrenergic system after the installation of a new cell phone base station in the village of Rimbach (Bavaria).
After the activation of the GSM base station, the levels of the stress hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline increased significantly during the first six months; the levels of the precursor dopamine decreased
substantially. The initial levels were not restored even after one and a half years. As an indicator of thedysregulated chronic imbalance of the stress system, the phenylethylamine (PEA) levels dropped significantly until the end of the study period.
The effects showed a dose-response relationship and occurred well below current limits for technical RF
radiation exposures. Chronic dysregulation of the catecholamine system has great relevance for health andis well known to damage human health in the long run.
Keywords: cell phone base station, long-term study, stress hormones, radiofrequency radiation, GSM transmitter, far-fieldradiation--------------------------------------------- Introduction
Despite the distribution of numerous wireless transmitters, especial-

Prof. Hecht, which he conducted on behalf of the German Federal

ly those of cell phone networks, there are only very few real-life

Institute of Telecommunications (contract no. 4231/630402) (2, 3).

field studies about health effects available. In 2003, the Commission

As early as the 1980s, US research projects also demonstrated inon Radiation Protection was still noticing that there are no reliablelong-term studies that rats raised under sterile conditions and ex-

data available concerning the public’s exposure to UMTS radiationnear UMTS base stations (1).

posed to "low-level" RF radiation showed signs of stress by increased incidences of endocrine tumors (4, 5).

Since the 1960s, occupational studies on workers with continuousConcerned by this "scientific uncertainty" about how radiofrequency

microwave radiation exposures (radar, manufacturing, communica-"cell tower radiation" affects public health, 60 volunteers from Ri m-tions) in the Soviet Union have shown that RF radiation exposuresbach village in the Bavarian Forest decided to participate in a long-

below current limits represent a considerable risk potential. A com-term, controlled study extending about one and a half years, which wasprehensive overview is given in the review of 878 scientific studies bycarried out by INUS Medical Center GmbH and Lab4more GmbH in

Page 1 of 14

Original study in German: BUCHNER K, EGER H (2011) Umwelt -Medizin-Gesellschaft 24(1): 44-57.

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

Shortly after it had become known that the wireless transmitters

Zusammenfassung

were to be installed, all inhabitants of Rimbach had been asked to

Veränderung klinisch bedeutsamer Neurotransmitter unter dem
Einfluss modulierter hochfrequenter Felder - Eine Langzeiterhebung unter lebensnahen Bedingungen
Die vorliegende Langzeitstudie über einen Zeitraum von eineinhalb Jahren zeigt bei den 60 Teilnehmern eine signifikante Akti vierung des adrenergenen Systems nach Installation einer örtlichen
Mobilfunksendeanlage in Rimbach (Bayern).
Die Werte der Stresshormone Adrenalin und Noradrenalin steigen
in den ersten sechs Monaten nach dem Einschalten des GSM Senders signifikant; die Werte der Vorläufersubstanz Dopaminsinken nach Beginn der Bestrahlung erheblich ab. Der Au sgangszustand wird auch nach eineinhalb Jahren nicht wieder
hergestellt. Als Hinweis auf die nicht regulierbare chronische
Schieflage des Stresshaushalts sinken die Werte des Phenylethylamins (PEA) bis zum Ende des Untersuchungszeitraums signifikant
ab.

Die

EffekteZusammenhangundunterliegen

einem

zeigenweit

sich

Dosis-Wirkungsunterhalb

gültiger

Grenzwerte für technische Hochfrequenzbelastung. Chronische
Dysregulationen des Katecholaminsystems sind von erheblicher
gesundheitlicher Relevanz und führen erfahrungsgemäß langfri stig zu Gesundheitsschäden.
Schlüsselwörter: Mobilfunk-Basisstationen, Langzeituntersuchung,Stresshormone, Mobilfunkstrahlung, Fernfeld

participate in a mass screening. The municipality has approximately
2,000 inhabitants. In 60 volunteers (27 male, 33 female) age d between 2 and 68, the levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine,and PEA (phenylethylamine)—which cannot be consciously regulated—were determined in their urine at the end of January/beginningof February 2004 (shortly before the activation of the antennas andthe RF emissions beginning) as well as in July 2004, in January 2005,
and in July 2005.
Most of these study participants signed up immediately after an
informational gathering in late January 2004, at which the course ofaction by the cell phone service providers was criticized. Others
signed up following a call for participation in the local paper. Since
Rimbach is a small municipality, mouth-to-mouth propaganda also
played a role. Participation was made attractive to the volunteers
because a lab test that usually would be very expensive was offered
for a small fee. Since the study required to show the status of thebiological parameters over a given time period, only those study
subjects participating in all four tests are included.
The data presented below come primarily from volunteers who havea certain interest in the life of their community and their health.
Other persons joined the stress hormone investigation because of
the recommendation of, or request by, their fellow citizens. This
does not meet the requirements for a random sample. The result of
this study, however, is hardly affected because Rimbach is a verysmall municipality. Therefore, the social contacts that lead to parti cipation are very important. Most probably they do not affect the1

in cooperation with Dr. Kellermann from Neuroscience Inc. .
Common risk factors such as external toxic agents, parameters of
the catecholamine system (6) were determined prior to the activation of the GSM transmitter and followed up in three additional
tests for a period of more than 18 months. The informed consent
of all participants included the condition that the data were to be
published anonymously.

-------------------------------- Materials and Methods
Study Setting and Selection of Study Subjects

blood parameters. Furthermore, numerous large families participated as a whole whereby the health status of the individual family
members did not play any role. For this reason, but especially because of the population structure, the study includes many children
but only a few adolescents and young adults: there are hardly any
opportunities for occupational training in Rimbach. In contrast, themunicipality is attractive to young families with many children.

Sample Collection
The second morning urine was collected at INUS Medical Center on
Mondays between 9:00 and 11:00 a.m. We made sure that eachparticipant's appointment was always scheduled for the same time

In spring 2004, a combined GSMD1 and GSMD2 cell transmitterand that the time of breakfast or the state of fasting was the same

(900 MHz band) was installed on Buchberg mountain in D-93485

for each participant at all tests. On the same day, the samples were

Rimbach (Lower Bavaria) with two sets of antenna groups each.

sent by express to Labor Dr. Bieger in Munich where they were pro-

The installation height of the antennas for both systems is 7.9 m;

cessed. In addition, samples were also sent to a laboratory in Sea ttle for control analyses (8-11).

the horizontal safety distance along the main beam direction is
6.3 or 4.3 m, respectively. At the same tower, there is also a dire ctional antenna at 7.2 m (7).

Medical History
Medical doctors of the INUS Medical Center took a thorough medi-

1) INUS Medical Center, Dr. Adam-Voll Str. 1, 93437 Furth im Wald, Tel.:
09973/500 5412, www.inus.de; Lab4more GmbH, Prof. Dr. W. Bieger, PaulHeyse-Straße 6, 80336 München, Tel.: 089/54321 730, info@lab4more.de; NeuroScience Inc., Dr. Kellermann, 373 280th Street - Osceola, WI 54020 - USA, Tel.:+1/715/294-2144, www.neuroscienceinc.com.

cal history of each participant. At the initial test, the following data
were also gathered: exact address, average time spent at home,indoor toxins, stress due to heavy-traffic roads, and the number ofamalgam fillings. The latter number also included fillings that had
already been removed. A nine-year-old child was noted to be electro-

Original study in German: BUCHNER K, EGER H (2011) Umwelt -Medizin-Gesellschaft 24(1): 44-57.

Page 2 of 14

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

sensitive to the effects of household wiring and connected appliances. All other study participants declared themselves to be notelectrosensitive.
When taking their medical history, participants were also que stioned about subjective symptoms and chronic diseases at the startof the study and during its course; if overweight, this was also no ted. In this study, overweight in adults is defined as a weight greaterthan the "body height in cm minus 100 plus 5 kg tolerance."
Consistency checks for the parameter "overweight," however, indicate that—especially with regard to children—different criteria
have been applied during the taking of the medical history. These
data, therefore, can only serve as a reference point. They are listed
here anyhow since they can provide suggestions for further studies.

Fig. 1: Classification of participants based on average or peak value of the
GSM power density level

All atopic disorders such as:

HF59B (±3 dB, ±5 decimal places) was used at several points. With

1. Hay fever, neurodermatitis, allergies, asthma, eczema are re-this RF meter, relevant frequencies can be analyzed with variable
filters, the ELF modulation frequencies via fast Fourier analysis.

ferred to as "chronic disorders;" as well as
2. All chronic inflammations such as interleukin- or COX-2-

mediated problems;
3. All autoimmune diseases such as rheumatism, multiple sclerosis(MS);
4. All chronic metabolic disorders such as diabetes, liver diseases,

intestinal diseases, kidney diseases.
Out of the 16 chronically affected participants 12 had allergies.

By using broadband RF meters, the testing effort and expense are
reduced compared to spectrum analyzers. Thus, it was possible totake measurements at a greater number of points, and as a result, it
was easier to determine the maxima and minima of the power density levels. Furthermore, the accuracy of high-quality broadband RF
meters is similar to that of spectrum analyzers.
In this study, only cell phone signals are considered: not DECT, Wi -It was also asked whether there were DECT, Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth de-Fi, or Bluetooth devices inside homes or emissions from broadcast

vices in the house or apartment during the study period from lateor TV stations at Hohenbogen, a mountain above Rimbach. For theJanuary 2004 until July 2005. Also included were those devices pre-most part, the emissions from the latter transmitters remained sta-sent only for part of the study period, but not those turned off atnight.

ble during the study period, whereas the focus of this study is onchanges in exposure levels. For almost all sample measurements,
the portion of the exposure due to the transmitter at Hohenbogen

Exposure Level Measurements
For the most part, Rimbach municipality is located at one side of anarrow V-shaped valley. The cell phone base station is situated a lmost right across from the village center on the other side. RF radiation levels were measured at the outside of the residences of all
study participants, wherever possible with direct line of sight of thetransmitter. Because the municipality is located on a slope, great
differences were noted inside homes—depending on whether or
not a line of sight to the transmitter existed. In three cases, it waspossible to measure the exposure levels at the head end of the bed.
In these cases, the peak value of the power density was lower by a2

was at maximum 35 µW/m (peak value). It was higher in the resi2

dences of only two study participants: 270 µW/m (average) or 320
2µW/m (peak), respectively. At these residences, the GSM exposure2
was approximately 10 µW/m .
For the assessment, the peak values of the signals are used because,in the case of GSM radiation, they are less dependent on the usage
level than average values. The peak value of the power density for
all study participants from Rimbach was on average 76.9 µW/m
(Tab. 1).

2

In Figure 1 the exposure of the participants is given as power densi2ty levels in increments of 30 µW/m .

factor of 3.5 to 14 compared to measurements in front of the housewith direct line of sight to the transmitter. The exact location of
DECT, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth base stations (if present) as well as possible occupational exposures, etc. were not determined by mostparticipants.

Classification of Participant Group andExposure Levels
Sixty persons participated in the study; their age distribution is

At first, the measurements were taken with a broadband RF metershown in Figure 2 according to year groups. In order to capture the

HF38B of Gigahertz Solutions, for which the manufacturer guaran-effect of the cell phone base station, other environmental factors

tees an error margin of max. ±6 dB (+ 7 decimal places; but thismust be excluded as much as possible. It is vitally important to e n-error can be mostly eliminated by selecting the appropriate mea s-sure that no major differences between high-exposure and lowexposure persons influenced the results.

urement range). However, an inspection revealed that the error
margin was less than ±3 dB. In addition, the broadband RF meter

Page 3 of 14

Original study in German: BUCHNER K, EGER H (2011) Umwelt -Medizin-Gesellschaft 24(1): 44-57.

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDSAs shown in Table 1, the group with exposure levels greater than2

100 µW/m included fewer chronically ill persons and fewer residences at heavy-traffic roads, but considerably higher amalgam
exposures by dental fillings compared to the average of the parti cipants. These differences, however, cannot explain the observed
development of the blood parameters as will be shown fu rther
below. It should also be noted that the number of children in the2group of <= 60 µW/m is considerably lower than in the other twogroups.

Statistics
Fig. 2: Age distribution of study participants on 1 February 2004

Because of the large individual differences in blood values, their asymmetrical distribution, and because of the many "outliers," the assess-Participants<=60

60-100>100

ment presented here focuses on the following problem: "Did the level

All

µW/m2

µW/m2

µW/m2

of a given substance predominantly increase (or decrease, respectively)

60

24

20

16

in the test subjects?" For this problem, the so-called signed-rank paired
Wilcoxon test (12) is applied. How to determine the confidence inter-

Power density, avg(µW/m 2)

76.9

21.7

68.1

170.7

Healthy adults

20

9

5

6

Due to the rather large differences in individual values, we refrained

Sick adults

9

6

2

1

from carrying out additional statistical analyses, especially those with

Healthy children

24

9

7

8

Sick children

7

0

6

1

Overweight

14

7

3

4

Amalgam number

12

5

3

4

Evaluation of
amalgam/person

120

76.4

32.7

240

Street80

80Indoor toxins

17

7

6

4

DECT, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth

25

4

14

7

vals of medians is described in an easy-to-understand form in (13).

parametric methods.

--------------------------------------------------- Results
1 Clinical Findings
Adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine as well as phenylethyl amine (PEA) levels were determined at the time when the medical
history was taken at INUS Medical Center. Out of the 60 participants, eleven had sleep problems until the end of 2004. During thestudy period (until July 2005), eight additional cases with these
problems were reported. At the end of January 2004, only two par-Tab. 1: Data on the 60 study participants who are classified into exposuregroups 0 - 60 µW/m2, 60 - 100 W/m2, and above 100 µW/m2, based on relevant peak values of GSM exposure in front of their residence.

ticipants complained about headaches; eight additional cases werereported thereafter. For allergies, there were eleven cases in the
beginning and 16 later; for dizziness five and eight; and for concentration problems ten and fourteen. Due to the limited number

Additional information:of participants, no meaningful statements can be made about
2

Power density, avg (µW/m ) means: average peak value of GSM exposurelevel in the relevant category;Healthy adults: adults without chronic diseases. Participants who were bornafter 1 February 1994 are referred to as children, all others as adults;
Sick adults: adults with chronic diseases;
Healthy children: children without chronic diseases;
Sick children: children with chronic diseases;
Overweight: see text;
Amalgam number: number of participants who had at least one amalgam
filling (which may have been removed prior to the study period);
Evaluation of amalgam/person: For each tooth with an amalgam filling of aparticipant, the size of the filling (values from 1 to 3) is multiplied with thenumber of years this filling has been placed prior to the date of the initialtest of this study (rounded up to the nearest whole number). The value in thetable is the sum of these numbers for all amalgam fillings of a person in therespective category divided by the number of participants with amalgam
fillings (= "amalgam number");Street: number of participants who live at a busy street;
Indoor toxins: number of participants who have had contact with toxins,
varnishes, preservatives, etc. at home or at work;
DECT, Wi-Fi: number of persons who had DECT, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or the likeat home at the end of January 2004 or later.

changes during the study period regarding the conditions tinnitus,
depression, high blood pressure, autoimmune diseases, rheum atism, hyperkinetic syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), tachycardia, and malignant tumors. (Tab. 2)
Symptoms

Beforeactivation oftransmitter
11

After
activation oftransmitter

Headache2

10Allergy

11

16

Dizziness

58

Concentration problems

10

14

Sleep problems

19

Tab. 2: Clinical symptoms before and after activation of transmitter

Original study in German: BUCHNER K, EGER H (2011) Umwelt-Medizin-Gesellschaft 24(1): 44-57.

Page 4 of 14

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

2 Adrenaline
The adrenaline level trends are shown in Figure 3. After the activationof the transmitter from January until July 2004, a clear increase is fo llowed by a decrease. In participants in the exposure category above
100 µW/m 2, the decrease is delayed.
Since the distribution of the adrenaline levels is very asymmetrical as
shown in Figure 4, the median values are better suited for evaluation
than the average values. However, there is no significant difference
between the trend of the median and the trend of the average values(Tab. 3). But it stands out that, in the lowest exposure group with apower density below 60 µW/m 2, median values do not decrease between July 2004 and January 2005.
The statement "The adrenaline values of study subjects increased after
the activation of the transmitter, i.e. between January and July 2004" isstatistically confirmed (p<0.002), as well as the statement "The adrenaline level of the study participants decreased from July 2004 to JulyFig. 3: Median adrenaline levels for all participating citizens of Rimbach
whose cell phone base station exposure was above 100 µW/m 2,
between 60 and 100 µW/m2, or up to 60 µW/m2. The power density levels
refer to peak values of the GSM radiation exposure in front of a given residence.

2005" (p<0.005). In the lowest exposure group, the increase is thesmallest. Until the end of the study period, these values do not drop.
A certain dose-response relationship can be observed for the increasein adrenaline levels from January 2004 until July 2004. The increase inmedians was 2.3 µg/g creatinine for all subjects. At an RF radiation levelup to 60 µW/m 2, creatinine was 1.0 µg/g, and by contrast, for power
density levels between 60-100 µW/m 2 it was 2.6 µg/g.
For subjects in the exposure group above 100 µW/m 2, creatinine levels
were found to be 2.7 µg/g, i.e. this value did not incr ease. We refrainfrom any additional statistical analysis because, as shown further below,
the increase in adrenaline levels was mainly observed in children andchronically ill participants whose numbers were not sufficient to be

Fig. 4: Distribution of adrenaline levels in µg/g creatinine

broken down into further subgroups.

July
2004

January

2004

2005

July
2005

Average

8.56

10.79

8.84

9.14

Median

7.44

9.75

8.40

7.45

5.9 - 8.4

6.6 - 11.7

6.1 - 10.0

6.5 - 9.6

Average

8.9

10.3

7.7

9.0

Median

6.4

7.4

7.8

7.4

3.8 - 10.3

4.6 - 13.2

3.4 - 9.4

5.5 - 11.1

Average

7.9

10.4

8.4

9.0

Median

7.4

10.2

8.1

7.2

5.3 - 10.0

6.6 - 12.8

5.0 - 11.2

6.4 - 9.7

Average

8.9

12.0

11.1

9.6

Median

8.2

10.9

10.6

8.6

5.3 - 10.9

5.7 - 19.6

January
All

CI
0-60
µW/m2

CI
60-100
µW/m2

CI
>100
µW/m2

CI

5.8 - 15.2 4.9 - 13.4

Fig. 5: Median adrenaline levels for all participating citizens of Rimbach
who have a DECT phone, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or similar device, for those
who do not have such wireless devices, and for the lowest exposuregroup without indoor wireless transmitters and with a GSM power de nsity level up to 60 µW/m 2.

The impact of indoor wireless devices such as DECT, Wi-Fi, andBluetooth (the latter are not specifically mentioned in the graphs)
are shown in Fig. 5. Within the first year after the activation of the

Tab. 3: Results for adrenaline levels in µg/g creatinine
CI = 95% confidence interval of medianPage 5 of 14

GSM transmitter, i.e. until and including January 2005, the groupwith indoor wireless devices shows the strongest responses.

Original study in German: BUCHNER K, EGER H (2011) Umwelt -Medizin-Gesellschaft 24(1): 44-57.

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

It is possible that in the less exposed subjects seasonal fluctuations

60-100 µW/m 2 12.4 µg/g creatinine, and above 100 µW/m 2 12.3 µg/g

or other factors such as "overshooting" of the values could havecreatinine. As in the case of adrenaline, the increase for the last two

played a role.

groups is almost the same. Again, it is not possible to statistically verify

It should be noted here that both the average as well as the mediana dose-response relationship. In Figure 7, a dose-response relationshipadrenaline values increased after the activation of the transmitter

January
2004

July
2004

January
2005

July
2005

Average

55.8

64.9

57.7

55.7

Median

49.8

61.0

52.2

53.5

45.0-60.3

41.9 -60.5

56.5

53.5

and decreased again after one year. This, however, only applies to2

exposure levels >60 µW/m . Chronically ill subjects and children
showed especially strong responses; except for some "outliers," noeffect was observed in healthy adults.
The adrenaline level of overweight subjects and those with anamalgam burden hardly changed during the study period (Fig. 6). In
contrast, chronically ill subjects showed especially strong responses

All

CI
0-60

Average2µW/m

above average. In fact, the increase in the median values between
January and July 2004 for all study subjects was predominantly
caused by children and chronically ill subjects; adults without any
chronic disease show a flat curve. During this period, an increasedCI

adults clearly increased in contrast to the median values.

54.7

59.3

45.2

47.4

35.1-67.8 36.3-75.6

48.7

48.1

40.1-60.0

36.3-65.6

60-100

Average

51.4

63.6

49.1

55.9

2

Median

47.5

59.9

45.8

54.8

40.5-58.4

34.9-66.5

70.1

58.8

µW/m

adrenaline level between 5 and 10.3 was measured in three healthy
adults. Because of these "outliers," the average values for healthy

Median44.3-59.1 53.3-72.2

CI
>100

Average2µW/m

MedianCI

38.0-59.1 53.1-74.8
62.9

74.9

58.8

71.1

49.9-87.3 54.9-91.6

71.6

56.3

48.7-89.1

36.9-81.6

Tab. 4: Results for the noradrenaline levels in µg/g creatinine
CI = 95% confidence interval of the medianFig. 6: Median adrenaline levels for participating children, for chronically ill
subjects, for those with amalgam burden, and overweight subjects in Rimbach
in comparison to the median levels of all study subjects and adults without
chronic disease

The lower sensitivity of subjects with an amalgam burden can be

Fig. 7: Median noradrenaline levels in all participating citizens of Rimbach
as a function of GSM power density levels (peak values)

explained by the fact that the effect occurs more often in children
and that children according to our definition are younger than 10
years. They have hardly any fillings with amalgam.

3 Noradrenaline
The results for noradrenaline are similar to those for adrenaline(Tab. 4, Fig. 7). The statement that individual noradrenaline levels
from January to July 2004 increased is statistically well supportedwith p<0.001. The fact that the levels dropped between July 2004
and July 2005 is also well supported with p<0.0005. Like in the caseof adrenaline, the period under investigation is July 2004 to July
2005 to take the delayed decrease in the high exposure group into
consideration. According to Table 4, the median of all noradren aline levels increased from January to July 2004 for 11.2 µg/g cre atinine; for exposures up to 60 µW/m 2, there were 2.2 µg/g creatinine, atFig. 8: Median noradrenaline values for subjects who had a DECT phoneor other wireless devices at home, for those without indoor wireless devices,
as well as for subjects without indoor wireless devices and with a GSM radiation exposure up to 60 µW/m2 (peak value measured in front of residence)

Original study in German: BUCHNER K, EGER H (2011) Umwelt -Medizin-Gesellschaft 24(1): 44-57.

Page 6 of 14

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

is seen, whereby the dot-dashed line serves as reference for per-In subsequent laboratory tests, the dopamine levels do not return tosons with very low exposures. It stands out that the "recovery per i-the same level as in January 2004. From Figure 11 , it is obvious that

od," i.e. the decrease in values in 2005, drags on for lon ger in sub-the correlation with prior exposures to indoor wireless devices is small.

jects in the exposure group with GSM radiation levels above 100

January
2004

July
2004

January
2005

July
2005

Average

233

158

138

164

Median

199

115

131

156

168-273

86-160

217

183

2

µW/m . This also corresponds with the behavior of the adrenalinelevels.

All

In comparison with adrenaline, noradrenaline plays a somewhat
greater role in residences where wireless devices existed before thebeginning of this study (Fig. 8).
The trend in Figure 9 shows that children and chronically ill subjects in contrast to overweight subjects express strong responses

CI
0-60
µW/m2

Median60-100
µW/m2

µW/m2

148

189

108

116

147

80-25490-157129-167

Average

242

161

140

178

Median

223

150

131

175

137-335

94-16893-164126-207

Average

244

115

147

170

Median

244

91

151

156

139-316

48-202

CI
>100

130

142-273CI

to cell tower radiation. The ratios, however, are not as clearly vis ible as with adrenaline. Especially in overweight subjects, they ind icate a slow response to GSM radiation.

Average111-153 145-175

CI

117-169 138-209

Tab. 5: Results for dopamine levels in µg/g creatinine
CI = 95% confidence interval of median0Fig. 9: Median noradrenaline levels of children, chronically ill subjects, thosewith amalgam burden and overweight subjects in Rimbach in comparison to
the median values of all study subjects and healthy adults

Noradrenaline and adrenaline, however, responded very similarly.

Fig. 10: Median dopamine levels for different GSM power density levels

4 Dopamine
For dopamine, inverse effects to those for adrenaline and noradrenaline
were observed. The median dopamine levels decreased from 199 to 115µg/g creatinine between January and July 2004 (Tab. 5). The fact thatthe dopamine levels of the study subjects decreased during this period
is highly significant (p<0.0002). Thereafter, the median increased again:
In January 2005, it was at 131 µg/g creatinine, in July of this year 156.
This increase is also significant (for increase between July 2004 and July
2005 p<0.05).
This, too, is a dose-response relationship: from January to July 2004,
the median for all subjects decreased for 84 µg/g creatinine, in the
exposure group up to 60 µW/m 2 for 81, in the exposure group above
100 µW/m 2 even 153 µg/g (see Tab. 5 and Fig. 10). This dose-response
relationship is statistically significant based on the signed-rank Wilcoxon test (12) with p<0.025. The following statement applies: “The decrease in dopamine levels for exposure levels up to 100 µW/m
smaller than at exposure levels above 125 µW/m 2.”

Page 7 of 14

2

isFig. 11: Median dopamine levels for all participating citizens of Rimbach, forthose with and without DECT phone, Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth, and for those without indoor wireless devices who had a GSM exposure level below 60 µW/m2(peak value).

Original study in German: BUCHNER K, EGER H (2011) Umwelt -Medizin-Gesellschaft 24(1): 44-57.

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

It is to be emphasized that the lowest exposure group without such

January
2004

July
2004

January
2005

July
2005

Average

725

701

525

381

that the effect of the radiation on the dopamine levels can alreadyMedian

638

671

432

305

be observed at very low power density levels; however, it still can2increase at levels above 100 µW/m .

CI

indoor wireless devices and with a GSM power density level2< 60 µW/m responds almost as strongly as all other study su bjects. This is consistent with the data in Figure 10: the data suggest

Figure 12 shows that the radiation effect is somewhat more pronounced in children compared to the average, i.e. the gradient of

All

0-60
µW/m2

However, the difference is far too small to be statistically signif icant.

60-100
µW/m2

655

678

523

329

Median

604

653

484

243

µW/m2

477 - 835 445 - 835 279 - 675 184 - 380

Average

714

699

535

451

Median

641

678

426

330

CI
>100

569 - 745 348 - 603 244 - 349

AverageCIthe curves between the first two data points is somewhat greater.

535 -749

492 - 746 569 - 790 310 - 804 293 - 438

Average

843

739

514

371

Median

780

671

413

305

CI

451 - 1144 334 - 822 338 - 748 157 - 513

Tab. 6: Results for phenylethylamine (PEA) levels in ng/g creatinine
CI = 95% confidence interval of medianFig. 12: Median dopamine levels of children, the chronically ill, with amalgam
burden, overweight subjects, and healthy adults in Rimbach

In summary, dopamine levels decreased after the activation of the
GSM transmitter and were not restored to the initial level over thefollowing one and a half years. A significant dose-response relationship is observed. In children, the decrease is somewhat more
pronounced than in adults.

Fig. 13: Median phenylethylamine (PEA) levels for various GSM power
density levels

5 Phenylethylamine (PEA)
Phenylethylamine (PEA) levels respond more slowly to the radiationcompared to the substances investigated so far (Tab. 6, Fig. 13).
2

Only in the exposure group above 100 µW/m GSM radiation do the
PEA levels decrease within the first six months. Thereafter, hardly
any differences can be discerned between PEA values of the various
power density levels investigated here.
The decrease of PEA levels between July 2004 and July 2005 is highly significant (p<0.0001)
Similar to adrenaline and noradrenaline, a previous exposure toindoor wireless devices intensifies the effect of the GSM radiation(see Fig. 14). The subjects of the low-exposure groups without indoor wireless devices do respond in a time-delayed fashion, but
after six months they respond just as clearly as the subjects of thehighest exposure group. In this regard, the PEA levels behave likethose of dopamine in contrast to adrenaline and noradrenaline,
which only respond to stronger fields.

Fig. 14: Median phenylethylamine (PEA) concentrations in µg/g creatinine ofsubjects with and without indoor wireless devices at home and subjects
without indoor wireless devices with a GSM power density level below
60 µW/m2

Original study in German: BUCHNER K, EGER H (2011) Umwelt-Medizin-Gesellschaft 24(1): 44-57.

Page 8 of 14

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

the human stress system represents the catecholamine system (6,15, 16). It can be activated by psychic or physical stressors. Impulses mediated by nerves are responsible for an induction of the catecholamine biosynthesis at the level of tyrosine hydroxylase as wellas dopamine beta-hydroxylase, whereby the effect is based on an
induction of both enzymes. Many biochemical regulatory mech anisms tightly control catecholamine synthesis (8, 15, 17). Chronic
dysregulation always leads to health problems in the long run. The
development of high blood pressure under continuous stressserves as a clinical example; so-called "beta blockers" directly block
the action of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the target receptors,
and it is impossible to imagine medication-based therapy without
them (15).
Fig. 15: Median phenylethylamine (PEA) concentrations in µg/g creatinine ofchildren, the chronically ill, with amalgam burden, and overweight subjects,
as well as health adults in Rimbach

In children, the effect of GSM radiation on their PEA levels is no
greater than in the average of the study subjects; health y adults
also do not respond substantially differently. In contrast to theother substances looked at so far, the group of overweight subjects

PEA can be synthesized from the essential amino acid phenyla lanine either via tyrosine, dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline
or via a direct biochemical path (15) (Fig. 16). The sympatheticmimetic effect of PEA was first described by Barger in 1910 (18).
PEA is also synthesized from phenylalanine and is considered asuperordinate neuromodulator for the regulation of catecholaminesynthesis (19-22).

does respond particularly rapidly to PEA.

------------------------------------- Summary of Results
Adrenaline and noradrenaline levels increase during the first six
months after the GSM transmitter had been activated; thereafter,
they decrease again. After an exposure period of one and a halfyears, the initial levels are almost restored. Only at power density
levels above 100 µW/m

2

is this decrease delayed for several

months. In contrast, dopamine levels decrease substantially after
the exposure begins. Even after one and a half years, the initial le vels are not restored. Six months after the activation of the transmi tter, PEA levels decrease continuously over the entire exposure peri2

od. Only in the exposure group above 100 µW/m is this effect observed immediately. All findings were observed well below cu rrent
exposure limits (14).
Wireless devices used at home such as DECT, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth
amplify the effect of the GSM radiation. In the case of adrenalin e
and noradrenaline, almost exclusively children and chronically ill
subjects (here mostly subjects with allergies) are affected. However,
the response of chronically ill subjects to dopamine and the response of children to PEA are very similar to those found in the
average of the study subjects. Except for PEA, overweight subjects
show only very weak responses to GSM radiation.

----------------------------------------------- Discussion
Catecholamine System and Phenylethylamine (PEA)
The survival of mammals depends on their ability to respond toexternal sources of stress. An established, well-researched axis ofPage 9 of 14

Fig. 16: Chemical structure of derivatives of the essential amino acid phenylalanine and the simplified synthesis pathways of catecholamines or phenylethylamine, respectively, simplified according to Löffler (15).
Abbreviations
AAAD: aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase,
DoH: dopamine beta-hydroxylase,
PhH: phenylalanine hydroxylase,
MT: n-methyltransferase,
TyH: tyrosine hydroxylase—(—)— ---- known feedback loop, - - (---) - - postulated feedback loop

Original study in German: BUCHNER K, EGER H (2011) Umwelt -Medizin-Gesellschaft 24(1): 44-57.

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDSIn 1976, Zeller described the physiological relationships (23) andsummer should have been reflected as undulating levels in the

points out that PEA is released by the brain via electrical stimul ation (24).

testing results. Only in the adrenaline levels of the lower exposure

The effect mechanism of PEA in the catecholamine system is thegroups (Fig. 5) can such a corresponding correlation be found. Allother data did not indicate any seasonal influences.

center of current pharmaceutical research efforts. In molecular bi o-In the study presented here, the selection of the participating cit i-logical terms, intracellular TAAR (trace amine-associated receptor)

zens of Rimbach was not based on random assignment, but on

G-protein-coupled receptors that mediate modulatory effects of
PEA are verified (20).

self-selection. We can assume that the subjects, especially the

For high nanomolar to low micromolar PEA concentrations, in vivo
studies have shown amphetamine-like effects. During an increaseof PEA, an increased amount of noradrenaline and dopamine isalso released and the reuptake of these substances is impaired (25,26).
According to Burchett, the following effects of PEA amplifying theadults, had informed themselves about the issue of cell tower radiation. However, because it is impossible to consciously regulatethese levels, this self-selection should not make any difference inthis study.
Especially in children below age ten, it is not thought possible tomaintain a chronic state of anxiety for one and a half years due toan abstract term such as cell tower radiation.

catecholamine effect are assumed to be known: Direct agonist a c-

This study limits itself to the following type of questions: "Did thetion via increased release of transmitters, reuptake inhibition, andlevel of a given substance predominantly increase or decrease dur-

stimulation of transmitter synthesis as well as inhibition of mon o-

ing the study period?" Independent of each mo del, this question

amine oxidase (MAO) (19). PEA's high lipophilia—a prerequisite forcan be clearly answered with the Wilcoxon test and the indication

the permeability of membrane barriers such as the blood-brainof the confidence interval. The corresponding results are statistica l-barrier—is of note here; PEA levels in the brain, serum, and urine
correlate quite well (10, 21, 25, 27).

ly very well supported. Any statements beyond this—e.g. the de-

The clinical relevance of changed PEA levels is well documented formental illnesses. Endogenous depression is associated with lowered PEA levels, whereby the transition from depression to maniac
episodes is accompanied by an increase in PEA levels (28-32).
The therapeutic increase in the PEA level has a positive impact on
the course of the disease. Phenylalanine improves the effectivenessof antidepressants; PEA by itself is a good antidepressant—effective in 60% of the cases of depression.
In persons with ADD/ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity diso rder), PEA levels are substantially lower; the ADHD treatment with®

methylphenidate (Ritalin ) normalizes PEA excretion in the urine of
responders (33, 34).

pendence of levels on certain parameters—cannot be made because with 60 study subjects the number of cases is too small toestablish the same type of statistical significance.
The great advantage of the "Rimbach data" is that prior to January
2004 the exposure levels were very low because there was no cell
phone tower and because only a few citizens had installed DECT,
Wi-Fi and similar devices. In addition, due to the testing equipmentwith a measurement accuracy of less than ± 3 dB combined withrepeated control measurements, the classification of the exposuregroups can be considered to be verified.
For the stress hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline, the increase
occurred only after the installation and activation of the transmitter, and thereafter, levels continued to decrease but did not fully
normalize.
For dopamine, significant differences in the dose -response relationship according to exposure group could be shown after theContributing Factors

activation of the new cell tower antenna. Also, the consistently decreasing levels of the hypothetically superordinate regulatory PEA

Laboratory tests of catecholamine have been established for years.

do not support the hypothesis that the stress factor for the o b-

Increased values are found in disorders such as pheochromocyto-

served changes in the adrenergic system would exclusively befound in the realm of psychological factors.

ma, neuroblastoma, and arterial hypertension, whereby it is impo ssible for a subject to consciously regulate these values. Especiallyurine tests offer a sufficient level of sensitivity and specificity b ecause urine contains 100 to 1000 times higher levels than bloodplasma. The intraindividual variation coefficient ranges from 7% to
12% from one day to another; stored under appropriate conditions,

Mode of Action of Microwave Radiation
There is a wide range of evidence to interpret the newly emerging
microwave exposures as an invisible stressor.

the stability of the samples can be guaranteed without problems(8).

Microwaves are absorbed by living tissue. The frequencies used for

In Rimbach, urine samples were always collected at the same timeeral centimeters, whereby cell membranes constitute no obstacle(35).

of the day so that a circadian dependence could be ruled out. Ot her contributing factors such as increased physical activity as well aslarge meals were also ruled out by collecting the urine in the mor ning. Seasonal factors of the samples collected twice in winter andcell phone technologies have a half-life penetration depth of sev-

Microwaves cause enzymes to malfunction directly by, for example,
monomerization (36). Thus, it is conceivable that enzymes of thecatecholamine system could be affected directly.

Original study in German: BUCHNER K, EGER H (2011) Umwelt -Medizin-Gesellschaft 24(1): 44-57.

Page 10 of 14

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

Intracellular processes are changed, and cellular mitosis is di sturbed by forces acting on the cellular spindle apparatus (37,38). The human body is required to provide a higher level of repair
services that is comparable to a chronic state of stress. A decreasein adenosine triphosphate (ATP) due to microwave exposure could
be demonstrated by Sanders in intracerebral tissue already in 1980
(39).
Within current exposure limits, Friedman could show the stresscaused by microwaves in the cell membranes of a cell model (40).
The oxygen radicals formed by NADH have an activating effect on
subsequent intracellular cascades that amplify the membrane effect7

by a factor of 10 , which in turn substantially change intracellular
processes (17). Even reproductive impairments due to microwaves
are mediated by the formation of free radicals (41).
In industry, more and more microwave devices are being used forchemical peptoid syntheses, which allow for a 100 times faster andmore precise production even without any measurable heating(42). The toxic effects of free radicals formed by microwaves areused in such technical applications as water purification (43).
In several studies, the chronic symptoms of residents near cell tower antennas were described (44-48). Interestingly, the expansion of
wireless networks corresponds with the increase in prescription
expenses for methylphenidate, a drug whose chemical structure isrelated to PEA and which is indicated in cases of attention deficit
disorder (ADD) (49).
Long-term studies over five years suggested an increased cancer
incidence due to microwave exposure (50, 51). Since the catecholamine system is directly linked with the nervous system within thepsychoneuroimmunological framework beside its organ-specificeffects, the observed increase in cancer incidence can now also be
understood from a pathophysiological perspective (6, 15, 52, 53).

Fig. 17: Stage-like course of the stress response in Rimbach

Hypothesis of the Course of the Stress Response in Rimbachcrease in the dopamine level is the more pronounced, the higher

Significant research on the stress-response axis was carried out invidual participants.

the 1950s. Selye established the nowadays generally accepted theory of the general adaptation syndrome of the human body to a
stressor (16). He distinguished between three stages in the stressresponse, which can be found again in the description of the m icrowave syndrome according to Hecht (2, 3). Thus, after the stagesof alarm and resistance, the last stage of exhaustion sets in (Fig.
17). The parameters investigated in the Rimbach study follow thispattern.
STAGE I—Activation Stage

The results of the long-term study presented here show an immediate activation of the adrenergic system. After the activation of
the cell phone base station under investigation, the parameters
adrenaline and noradrenaline increase significantly within a periodof one and a half years. Because of the increased production of the
final hormones noradrenaline/adrenaline, the use of dopamine increases, and as a result, the dopamine level decreases. The d e-

Page 11 of 14

the GSM radiation exposure level is at the residence of the indi-

STAGE II—Adaptation Stage

After this sympathicotonic activation stage, the body tries to compensate the increase in adrenaline and noradrenaline. In order toinhibit the overshooting catecholamine production and to ensurea stable regulation, the phenylethylamine level (PEA level) decreases. Here the decrease in PEA starts in the highest exposuregroup first.
STAGE III—Premorbid Stage

According to our hypothesis, the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline are inhibited by feedback mechanisms at the expense ofa chronically, over six continuous months, lowered PEA level.
However, the attempt at counterregulation remains incomplete—even one and a half years after the installation of the cell phonebase station; the hormonal balance had not been restored completely. The PEA level remains at a low level, which is to be interpreted as evidence for the beginning of exhaustion.

Original study in German: BUCHNER K, EGER H (2011) Umwelt -Medizin-Gesellschaft 24(1): 44-57.

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS---------------------------------------------- Conclusion
Thus, the following hypothesis is proposed: Although participants
maintained their usual lifestyle, they developed chronic stress witha primary increase in adrenaline/noradrenaline and a subsequent
decrease in dopamine in response to the microwave exposure fromthe newly installed cell phone base station. During the stage ofexperiments in 1985 (5). The increase of this disease in the US
population is highly significant. Concurrent with the increase inlocal microwave exposures due to an increased number of basestations and use of wireless communication technologies, thenumber of cases have increased from 1,927 to 3,344 between 1997
and 2006 (58, 59).

counterregulation, the "trace amine" PEA decreases and remains

It is a physician's responsibility—not bound by directives—to work

decreased.

toward the preservation of the natural basis of life regarding h u-

This is of considerable clinical relevance because psychiatric sym p-

man health (60). Now it is the duty of the responsible agencies

toms also exhibit altered PEA levels. In Rimbach, the increase in(public health department, Bavarian State Ministry of the Enviro n-sleep problems, cephalgia, vertigo, concentration problems, andment and Public Health as well as other federal ministries) to investigate the current situation.

allergies could be clinically documented after the cell phone basestation had been activated. The newly developed symptoms can be
explained clinically with the help of disturbances in the humoral
stress axis (53).

Note

After having exhausted the biological feedback mechanisms, majorGmbH and Neuroscience Inc.

health problems are to be expected. The possible long-term con-

The above-listed institutions were so kind to provide clinical exami-

sequences of remaining caught in the exhaustion stage have a lready been described by Hecht and Selye (3, 16).

nations as well as the laboratory tests for the evaluation without
external funding.

Thus, the significant results presented here not only provide clear

Acknowledgement

evidence for health-relevant effects in the study subjects of Rim-

Many thanks to the Rimbach participants as well as the staff of thebach after a new GSM base station had been installed there, but

supportive clinics and laboratories, without whose efforts this study

they also offer the opportunity to carry out a causal analysis.

would not have been carried out. For the deciphering of cryptic

This has already been successfully done in the "shut-down study"

handwriting, we owe Christina Panchyrz our gratitude.

For the data collection, financial and personnel support was provided by INUS Medical Center and the two laboratories Lab4moreof Schwarzenburg, Switzerland (54). In Rimbach, the documented
levels should return to normal once the relevant base station isshut down.

Contact:_____________________________________________________________________________________

Epidemiological Evidence

Professor Dr. rer. nat. Dr. habil. Klaus Buchner
Straßbergerstraße 16
80809 München

There is current epidemiological evidence for the considerable clinical relevance of the dysfunction of the humoral stress axis with its
endpoints of PEA decrease and adrenaline increase, as documented
by us.

Dr. med. Horst Eger (Korrespondenz)Ärztlicher Qualitätszirkel „Elektromagnetische Felder in derMedizin - Diagnostik, Therapie, Umwelt'; (Code-Nr. 65143 KV Bayern)
Marktplatz 16
95119 Naila
E-mail: horst.eger@arcormail.de

1. Decreased PEA levels can be found in a large portion of

Editor's Note

ADD/ADHD patients. As therapy methylphenidate is used, a su b-

The above paper is identified as an original scientific paper
and it was subject to a special peer-review process in cooperation with the Scientific Advisory Board.
The EditorialTeamstance that is structurally related to PEA. Between 1990 and 2004,
the boom time of cell phones, prescription costs for this medication
had increased by a factor of 86 (49, 55).
2.

As part of the German Mobile Telecommunication Researchstudied in Bavaria for their individual cell phone radiation exposure

Translation
By Katharina Gustavs and authorized by the authors and publisher
Original publication: BUCHNER K, EGER H. (2011): Veränderung kl inischlevels in relation to health problems. Among the various data sets,

bedeutsamer Neurotransmitter unter dem Einfluss modulierter hochfr e-

the data set regarding behavioral problems showed a significant

quenter Felder - Eine Langzeiterhebung unter lebensnahen Bedingungenincreased risk for both adolescents (OR: 3.7, 95%-CI: 1.6-8.4) and(Wissenschaftlicher Originalbeitrag). Umwelt-Medizin-Gesellschaft 24(1):Programme, approximately 3000 children and adolescents werealso children (OR: 2.9, 95%-CI: 1.4-5.9) in the highest exposure

44-57.

group (56). For the first time, the "Rimbach Study" provides a modelof explanation in biochemical terms.

(Submitted: 9 July 2010)

3. Pheochromocytomata

Literatureareadrenaline-

andnoradrenaline-(Revised version accepted: 13 December 2010)

secreting tumors of the adrenal gland (57). This type of tumor due(1)

to microwave exposure has already been demonstrated in animal

forschungsprogramm Mobilfunk, 3./04.07.2003.

STRAHLENSCHUTZKOMMISSION (2003): Forschungsbedarf im Sonder-

Original study in German: BUCHNER K, EGER H (2011) Umwelt-Medizin-Gesellschaft 24(1): 44-57.

Page 12 of 14

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