Emotional Neglect and Complex PTSD
By Pete Walker
This article highlights the prodigious role that emotional neglect
plays in childhood trauma, and how it alone can create Complex
PTSD. It begins by extensively examining the processes of denial
and minimization that blunt our awareness about childhood
trauma. Denial is first explored in relationship to abuse, especiallyverbal and emotional abuse, which then sets the stage for a more
complete explication of the trauma of emotional neglect.
Denial about the deleterious effects of childhood abandonment
seriously delimits our ability to recover. Continuous emotional
neglect turns the child’s psyche into a quagmire of emptiness, fearand shame - a quagmire that she will, as an adult, frequently
flashback into until she understands and works through thewretchedness of her childhood. Without such understanding, hercrucial, unmet needs for safe and comforting, human connection
will continue to cause her an enormous amount of unnecessary
suffering.
Denial and minimization. Recovery from ptsd correlates with anindividual’s ability to understand on deep impactful levels how
derelict her parents’ were in their duty to nurture and protect her.
The individual needs to get that emotional flashbacks are direct
messages from her child-self about how seriously her parents hurt
and injured her. As denial is significantly deconstructed, therecoveree feels genuine compassion for the child she was. This inturn motivates her to engage the healing process of identifying andaddressing the specific wounds of her childhood. Over time she
becomes aware of her specific abandonment picture and the patternof physical, spiritual, verbal and emotional abuse and/or neglectthat she experienced. [Chapter 8 of my book, The Tao of Fully
Feeling, provides guidelines for assessing your particular pattern].
Confronting denial is no small task. Children so need to believethat their parents love and care for them, that they will deny andminimize away evidence of the most egregious neglect and abuse.

De-minimization is a crucial aspect of confronting denial. It is theprocess by which the individual deconstructs the defense of
making light of his childhood trauma. The lifelong process of deminimizing the impact of childhood trauma is like peeling a veryslippery and caustic onion. The outer layer for some is the stark
physical evidence of abuse, e.g., sexual abuse or excessive
corporal punishment. In a perversely ironic way, my parents’physical abuse of me as a child was a blessing for it was so blatantthat my attempts to suppress, rationalize, make light of and laugh it
off lost their power in adolescence, and I was able to see my father
for the bully that he was. [Seeing my defensively idealized
mother’s abusiveness came much later].
Identifying my father’s behavior as abusive eventually helped me
become aware of less dramatic aspects of my parents’ oppression,and I subsequently discovered the verbal and emotional abuselayer of the onion of my childhood abandonment.
Verbal and Emotional Abuse. The fact that verbal and emotional
abuse can be traumatic is lost on many childhood trauma victims.
Many never learn to validate its crippling effects. They neveraccurately assign current time suffering to it. Attempts toacknowledge it are typically blindsided with thoughts that it wasnothing compared to kids who were repeatedly beaten – who had it
worse. Yet for me, and many of my clients, verbal and emotional
abuse was much more injurious than our physical abuse.
Being ongoingly assaulted with critical words systematicallydestroys innate self-esteem and replaces it with a prevailingconsciousness of toxic self-criticism. Even worse, words that areemotionally poisoned with contempt [a deadly cocktail of
intimidation and disgust] infuse the child with fear and toxic shame
respectively. Fear and shame condition him to refrain from asking
for attention, from expressing himself in ways that draw attention,and before long from seeking any kind of help or connection at all.
Unrelenting criticism, especially when it is ground in with parental
rage and scorn, is so injurious that it changes the structure of thechild’s brain.

Here is a theoretical model of this. Repeated messages of disdain
are internalized and adopted by the child, who repeats them over
and over to himself. Incessant repetitions result in the constructionof thick neural pathways of self-hate and self-disgust. Over time aself-hate response attaches to more and more of the child’s
cognitions, feelings and behaviors. Eventually, any inclination
toward authentic or vulnerable self-expression activates internal
neural networks of self-loathing. The child is forced to exist in acrippling state of self-attack, which eventually becomes equivalent
to a state of full-fledged self-abandonment. The ability to support
or nurture himself or take his own side in anyway is decimated.
With ongoing parental reinforcement, these neural pathways
expand into a large complex network that becomes an Inner Critic
that dominates mental activity. This critic elaborates myriad
programs of self-rejecting perfectionism and paints the psyche withthe endangerment scenarios that I describe in my articles on“Shrinking The Critic”. Until these programs are effectively
deconstructed, the individual typically lives in varying degrees of
emotional flashback much of the time. 1
The verbal and emotional layer of the abuse onion has myriad sublayers of minimization which must be confronted in the longdifficult disengagement of one’s identity from the toxic critic. I
have heard clients jokingly repeat numerous versions of this over
and over: “I know I’m hard on myself, but if I don’t constantly
kick my own ass, I’ll be more of a loser than I already am.”
A childhood rife with verbal and emotional abuse often creates anidentification with the critic that is so pervasive, that it is as if thecritic is the whole identity. Disidentification from the critic is thefight of a lifetime, and for a long time there is a great pull tocollapse back into the old habit of self-blame. Ironically this selfhate can constellate around the self-judgment that one is especially
defective because she cannot simply banish the critic. [Typical
toxic, all-or-none thinking from the critic]. Sadly, many survivors
give up before recognizing the myriad subtle ways the critic
tortures them. Yet, there is no more noble recovery battle than thatwhich gradually frees the psyche from critic dominance. Until thishappens to a significant degree, there is minimal development of
the healthy, user-friendly ego.
Let us look now at how emotional neglect alone creates a psychedominating Critic.
Emotional Neglect: The Core Wound in Complex PTSD
Minimization about the debilitating consequences of a childhood
rife with emotional neglect is at the core of the PTSD denial onion.
Our recovery efforts are impeded until we understand how much of
our suffering constellates around early emotional abandonment –around the great emptiness that springs from the dearth of parental
loving interest and engagement, and around the harrowing
experience of being small and powerless while growing up in aworld where there is no-one who’s got your back. Many survivors
never get to discover and work through the wounds that correlatewith this level, because they over-assign their suffering to overt
abuse and never get to the core issue of emotional abandonment.
As stated above, this is especially true when they dismissively
compare their trauma to those who were abused more noticeably
and more dramatically. [This is particularly ironic in light of thefact that some individuals can suffer a modicum of active abuse
without developing PTSD, if there is one caretaker who does not
emotionally neglect them].
Traumatic emotional neglect occurs when a child does not have asingle parent or caretaker to whom she can turn in times of need or
danger, and when she does not have anyone for an extended periodof time who is a relatively consistent source of comfort andprotection. Growing up emotionally neglected is like nearly dyingof thirst just outside the fenced off fountain of a parent’s kindness
and interest. Emotional neglect makes children feel worthless,unlovable and excruciatingly empty, with a hunger that gnaws
deeply at the center of their being, leaving them starving for humanwarmth and comfort - a hunger that often morphs over time into an
insatiable appetite for substances and/or addictive processes. [Ifind it noteworthy that denial processes about early abandonmentoften morph later in life to the minimizing operations that somesurvivors use to rationalize their substance and process addictions.
While addictions are often understandable, misplaced attempts toregulate painful emotional flashbacks, they become increasingly
self-destructive when an individual is old enough to learn ahealthier flashback management regimen. Accordingly, excessive
eating, spending, drinking, drugging, sexing, working or
dissociating, are not only desperate attempts to distract from inner
pain, but also counterproductive efforts to attain an ersatz form of
human comfort and soothing. And while many recoverees
eventually come to see their substance or process addictions as
problematic, many also minimize their deleterious effects andjokingly dismiss their need to end or reduce their reliance onthem.]The Evolutionary Basis of Attachment Needs
The human brain evolved during the Hunter-Gatherer era that
represents 99.8% of our time on this planet. Children’svulnerability to predators caused them to evolve an intense,
instinctual fear response to being left alone without protection.
Fear hard-wired in the child as a healthy response to separationfrom a protective adult, and linked automatically to the fightresponse so that the infant and toddler would automatically cry
angrily for attention, help, cessation of abandonment - even at thebriefest loss of contact with parental figures. Beasts of prey only
needed seconds to snatch away the unprotected child.
In present time dysfunctional families, many parents disdain
children for needing their attention. Even the most well-intentioned
can seriously neglect the child by subscribing to the egregious 20th
century ‘wisdom’: “Kids need quality time …not quantity”.
When children experience long periods of being powerless to
obtain needed connection with a parent, they become increasingly
anxious, upset and depressed. Over time their dominant experienceof self is so replete with emotional pain and so unmanageable thatthat they have to dissociate, act out [aggression against others] oract in [aggression against the self] to distract from it. The situation

of the abandoned child further deteriorates as an extended absenceof warmth and protection gives rise to the cancerous growth of theinner critic as described above. The child projects his hope forbeing accepted onto inner demands of self-perfection. By the time
the child is becoming self-reflective, cognitions start to arise thatsound like this: “I’m so despicable, worthless, unlovable, ugly;
maybe my parents would love me if I could make myself like those
perfect kids I see on TV.”
In this way, the child becomes hyperaware of imperfections andstrives to become flawless. Eventually she roots out the ultimate
flaw – the mortal sin of wanting or asking for her parents’ time orenergy. Intrinsic to this process is noticing – more and more
hypervigilantly - how parents turn their back or become angry or
disgusted whenever she needs anything, whether it be attention,
listening, interest, or affection.
Emotional neglect, alone, causes children to abandon themselves,
and to give up on the formation of a self. They do so to preserve an
illusion of connection with the parent and to protect themselvesfrom the danger of losing that tenuous connection. This typicallyrequires a great deal of self-abdication, i.e., the forfeiture of selfesteem, self-confidence, self-care, self-interest, self-protection.
Moreover, ever-developing endangerment programs proliferate in
the critic as the child learns that he cannot ask the dangerous parent
to protect him from outside world dangers and injustices. His only
recourse is to become hyperaware and on constant look out forthings that may go wrong, and the list of such possibilities
becomes endless, especially when they are graphically illustrated
and overemphasized on the television. Consciousness eventually
becomes overwhelmed with the processes of drasticizing andcatastrophizing– the processes by which the child constantly
rehearses dreaded and dreadful scenarios in a vain attempt toprepare himself for the worst. This is the process by which
Complex PTSD with its overdeveloped stress and toxic shame
programs sets in and becomes triggerable by a plethora ofnormally innocuous stimuli. Most notable of these stimuli are otherpeople, especially unknown people or people even vaguely
reminiscent of the parents. Over time, the critic comes to assume
that other people are dangerous and automatically triggers thefight/flight/freeze/fawn response [ See my article: “ The Four F’s:
A Trauma Typology”] whenever a stranger or unproven othercomes into view. This process becomes the social phobia that isfrequently a symptom of complex ptsd.
Abandonment Stultifies Emotional and Relational Intelligence
Emotional intelligence and its cohort, relational intelligence, never
get to develop, and children never learn that a relationship with ahealthy person can become an irreplaceable source of comfort andenrichment. Moreover, the appropriate management of the normal
emotions that recurrently arise in significant relationships is nevermodeled for them. Emotional intelligence about the healthy andfunctional aspects of anger, sadness, and fear lies fallow.
Moreover the receptor sites for receiving love and caring fromothers often lay dormant and undeveloped. Emotionally abandoned
children often devolve into experiencing all people as dangerous,
no matter how benign or generous they may in fact be. Anyone can
automatically trigger the grown-up child into the deeply grooved
patterns of perfectionism and endangerment engendered by theirparents. Love coming their way reverberates threateningly on asubliminal level. If, from their perspective, they momentarily“trick” someone into seeing them as loveable, they fear that thisforbidden prize will surely be taken away the minute their social
perfectionism fails and unmasks some normal flaw or foible.
As with physical abuse, effective work on the wounds of verbal
and emotional abuse can sometimes open the door to deminimizing the awful impact of emotional neglect. I sometimes
feel the most for my clients who were “only” neglected, because
without the hard core evidence – the remembering and deminimizing of the impact of abuse – they find it extremely difficult
to connect their non-existent self-esteem, their frequent flashbacks,

and their recurring reenactments of impoverished relationships, totheir childhood emotional abandonment. I repeatedly regret that I
did not know what I know now about this kind of neglect when I
wrote my book and over-focused on the role of abuse in childhood
trauma. It is so hard to convey this to a client whose critic
minimizes and shames them for their plight by comparing themunfavorably to me: “ I didn’t have it anywhere near as bad as you.
My mother never hit me!”
How ironic that this typically invokes a feeling-sense in me thatby far the worst thing that happened to me, by far, was growing up
so emotionally abandoned. In fact, it was not until I learned toassign the pain of numerous current time emotional flashbacks tothe abject loneliness of my childhood, that I was able to work
effectively on the repetition compulsion that kept me vacillating
between long periods of isolation and relationships that were neversafe enough to reveal my whole self. It is important to emphasize
here that real intimacy, and the healing comfort it alone canbestow, depends on showing up in times of vulnerability – andeventually, and most especially, in the flashbacked-times offeeling trapped in the fear, shame and depression of theabandonment melange.
In this vein, I had to painstakingly practice for years showing up in
my pain and abstaining from my childhood default positions ofrunning or hiding or camouflaging with substances whenever I wasin the grips of the fear, shame or depression of the abandonment
melange. How else would I ever have learned that I was loveable
and acceptable in all aspects of my experience, not just in thesocial perfectionism of my people-pleasing codependence?
And of course, like most survivors, I was ignorant at first that I
was experiencing the emotional pain of the abandonment melange;
how could I help but conceal it? Yet, even after considerable deminimization of my childhood abuse/neglect picture, I still
remained convinced for a long time that everyone but my therapist[who in deep flashbacks, I also recurrently distrusted] would findme abhorrent if I presented myself authentically in such condition.

Gratefully, sufficient positive experiences with my therapist
eventually emboldened me to bring my authentic vulnerability toother select and gradually proven relationships, where I found theacceptance, safety and support that, previously, I would not haveeven known to wish for.
It is important to note the limitations of the analogy of the onion.
Effective recovery does typically involve working at various levels
at the same time. De-minimization is a lifetime process, andremembering a crucial instance of being abused or neglected may
occasionally impact us even more deeply on subsequent
remembering as we more fully apprehend the hurt of particularly
destructive parental betrayals. One such occasion left me reelingwith the certain knowledge that getting hit felt preferable to being
abandoned for long hours outside my depressed mother’s locked
bedroom door. I have known about the latter for quite some time
now, and yet writing about it brings up some new bitter-sweettears. For me, my ongoing work with the layers of the denial onion
still sometimes has a bitter-sweet quality to it – bitter because
abandonment was the worst thing that happened to me, especiallyas it happened over and over again at such a young and normallyneedy age - and sweet because these tears validate the truth of thisrecollection - and sweet, in gratitude, because I do now regularly
experience good enough love and safety in relationship – and now
bitter again because I can still emotionally flashback to that bereft
state of feeling stranded from the comfort of others, evenoccasionally from my wife and son and inner circle-friends – andthen sweet again because, ongoingly, the frequency, duration andintensity of these flashbacks decreases as I increasingly master theuse of the tools I describe in my article, “Emotional Flashback
Management.” I am also blessed to see this same progress invarious of my long term clients who work with this model.
The Neuroplasticity of the Brain

I am so heartened to know about all the new neuroscience researchthat proves the neuroplasticity of the brain, i.e., that the brain cangrow and change throughout our life: old self-destructive neuralpathways can be diminished and new healthier ones grown. [AGeneral Theory of Love by Thomas Lewis inspiringly explicatesthis fact]. The critic can indeed literally be shrunk via long-term,
frequent and dedicated use of the thought-stopping, thoughtsubstitution and thought-correction practices I describe in myarticles on the critic. This is especially true when these techniques
are empowered by the grieving processes I describe in my book,
The Tao of Fully Feeling, and in an article, “Grieving andComplex PTSD”, that I will post on my website around the end of
2010.
There is also growing evidence that recovery from Complex PTSD
is reflected in the narrative a person tells about her life. The degreeof recovery matches the degree to which a survivor’s story iscomplete, coherent , emotionally congruent and told from a selfsympathetic perspective. In my experience, deep level recovery isoften reflected in a narrative that places emotional neglect at thecore of the understanding of what one has suffered and what one
continues to deal with. It is a very empowering accomplishment toreally get the profound significance of childhood emotional neglect- to realize in the moment how a flashback into bewilderment,
panic, toxic shame, helplessness, and hopelessness is an emotionalreliving of the dominant emotional tone of one’s childhood reality.
Like nothing else, this can generate self-compassion for one’s
child-self and one’s present-time self, kick-starting the process ofresolving any given flashback. This also assuages emotional
neglect by providing the self with the essential missed childhood
experience of receiving empathy in painful emotional states insteadof contempt or abandonment. This, in turn, proves that there has
been significant deconstruction of the learned, unconscious habitof pervasive self-abandonment.

1[In viewing Richard Davidson’s research along side that of Susan
Vaughan’s, I have come to believe that the Critic forms in the rightprefrontal cortex of the brain. Davidson’s research {“What does theprefrontal cortex do in affect”, Biological Psychology 67, 2004, pp219-233}
shows that people with a predominant negative outlook have greater prefrontal right brain activation than those with a positive outlook whose left
prefrontal cortex activation dominates; moreover Vaughan’s MRIs withpeople in flashback [The Talking Cure] shows intense right hemispherestimulation during flashbacks with a dearth of left hemisphere activation.]