Characteristics of the Flora ofGeumsan Gingeng Field, a GIAHS SiteJinwon Kim¹, ChoongHyeon Oh²²
¹ Graduate School of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk Univ.
² Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk Univ.

Contents

1. Background and purpose
2. Method
3. Results
4. Conclusions

5. References

Ⅰ. Background and purpose▪ For a long time in history, Korea is a prime region forginseng cultivation and the country's natural conditions
such as climate, soil and topography are optimal for thecultivation of ginseng▪ Geumsan is the largest local ginseng distribution
ground with a history of over 1,500 years in ginseng
cultivation▪ The Geumsan ginseng field was designated as the 5thNIAHS site(’2015) and the GIAHS site(’2018) inrecognition of its historical, ecological, cultural andunique attributes

Ⅰ. Background and purpose▪ With a high cold tolerance and a weak heat

Foresttolerance, ginseng is grown mainly in coolclimates where summer temperatures arerelatively low as well

Ginseng field
Pre-planting field

Fallow ground
Village▪ It is grown using a unique agricultural systemthat includes a regular non-cultivation rest
period for soil fertility recovery▪ A canopy is set up to block out the sun,

Maintaining
Agro-biodiversity

Traditional
Knowledge systemforming a shaded microclimate which isdifferent from other typical farmland▪ The formation of this microclimate is
expected to give rise to unique flora which
can only survive in ginseng fields

SpecialAgriculture

System of Hill side
agriculture system

UniqueAgro-landscape
Systemic relation
With other crops

Ⅰ. Background and purpose▪ Most ginseng fields are located in hilly areas, but in modern times, ginseng is also grown on flat landsin rotation with rice crops▪ The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the flora of Geumsan ginseng field, arepresentative ginseng cultivation area in Korea, as well as to study the characteristics of biodiversity
in this area

<Flat land Ginseng field><Hilly area Ginseng field>

Ⅱ. Method
1. Research area
▪ The core of traditional ginseng farming techniques and knowledge systems is thereproduction of the natural environment of wild ginseng, which grew naturally deep inthe mountains, on hills and slopes by human wisdom▪ In 2015, the area of ginseng cultivation in Geumsan area was 1,319 ha, the largest inKorea, with 2,809 units

Classification

Cultivation area

Growing farm

haratio(%)

No. farm

ratio(%)

Korea

14,213100.0

21,087

100.0

Geumsan

1,319

9.3

2,809

13.3

Yeongju/Pungi

1,227

8.6

809

3.7

Jinan

850

6.0

950

4.5

Umseung

470

3.3495

2.3

Ⅱ. Method
1. Research area
▪ Traditional Geumsan ginseng field is located on hills and only recently started growing
ginseng on plains▪ The Geumsan ginseng field showed a linear land use type structure ranging fromforests, ginseng fields, farms, and villages▪ Recently rotation ginseng with rice is done in plains and called “rice paddy field ginseng”<Hilly area Ginseng field><Flat land Ginseng field>

Ⅱ. Method
2. Scope of the survey▪ Temporal range
May , 2015 and April ~ September, 2017

▪ Contents range
Flora of each land use:
Understand the own feature of ginseng filed and interaction between other land uses

Flora according to the type of ginseng field(hill side, flat land):Understand the relationship between ginseng field and adjacent land use▪ Spatial range
Classification

Site
Bigujigol Valley

Donggok-ri, Jewon-myeon, Geumsan-gun,Naejang Village

Sinchon-ri, Buri-myeon, Geumsan-gun,Bigujigol Valley

Donggok-ri, Jewon-myeon, Geumsan-gun,Naejang Village

Sinchon-ri, Buri-myeon, Geumsan-gun,

Seungjae Village

Yemi-ri, Buri-myeon, Geumsan-gun,Flora of each land use

Flora according to
the type of ginseng field

Bigujigol Valley

Chungcheongnam-do

Chungcheongnam-do

Chungcheongnam-do

Naejang village
Seungjae village

Chungcheongnam-do

Chungcheongnam-doSite

Ⅱ. Method
3. Method▪ The flora in the districts were studied by researchers walking the designated path, who investigatedaccessible areas from the path
▪ The investigation was conducted using Braun-Blanquet Method (Braun-Blanquet, 1913)▪ When possible, plants were identified on site, and those that could not be identified were collected
and later identified using literature by Lee Wu-cheol (1996), Lee Chang-bok (2003), and Lee
Yeong-no (2006)▪ The arrangement of the plants and the publishing of their academic names were done so inaccordance with Korea Plant Names Index by the Korea National Arboretum and the Korean Societyof Plant Taxonomists, as well as Engler System of Classification (Melchior, 1964)▪ Naturalized plants were identified 321 Classification by Lee Yu-mi et al (2011), and naturalization
rate (NR) was calculated by dividing the number of naturalized plant species by the number of total
plant species found in the studied area
▪ Life form was analyzed with Numata and Asano (1969), which is a detailed expression of Raunkiaer(1934)’s life form
▪ Similarity of flora among land use types was studied using the Sørensen similarity coefficient (1948)

Ⅲ. Results
1. Flora of each land use type1) Bigujigol Valley▪ According this order Villages > Forests > Cemeteries > Fields > Flat land ginseng field > Hill side ginseng

field, many plants appeared
Land use

ResultsForests

17 Families 23 Genus 25 Species 1 Subspecies 4 Varieties 1 Forma 31 Taxa

Hill side ginseng field

8 Families 11 Genus 8 Species 1 Subspecies 2 Varieties 11 Taxa

Cemeteries

16 Families 25 Genus 19 Species 6 Varieties 1 Forma 26 Taxa

Villages

21 Families 33 Genus 27 Species 5 Varieties 1 Forma 33 Taxa

Fields15 Families 20 Genus 16 Species 5 Varieties 21 Taxa

Flat land ginseng field

9 Families 13 Genus 10 Species 3 Varieties 13 Taxa

▪ Both hill side and flat land ginseng fields had high frequency of Compositae(27.3%, 30.8%),
Caryophyllacea(18.2%, 15.4%)▪ In life forms results, all type of ginseng fields showed similar features with fields and villages▪ Both type of ginseng fields had high frequency of therophytes, erect type plants, and single grainedpalnts▪ NR(the rate of naturalization) by land use was the highest in villages(21.2%). Hill side ginseng field
was 18.2% and flat land field was 15.4%

Ⅲ. Results
1. Flora of each land use type1) Bigujigol Valley▪ Similarity among land uses showed that both type of ginseng fields are close with fields▪ Erigeron annuus, Alopecurus aequalis, Stellaria alsine var. undulate, Equisetum arvense, Artemisia

princeps, Cerastium holosteoides var. hallaisanense and so on were common appearance▪ Similarity among hill side and flat land ginseng fields was also highSimilarity

Dissimilarity

Classification

Forests

Hill sideginsengfields

Cemeteries

Villages

FieldsFlat land
ginsengfieldsForests

-0.10

0.11

0.06

0.08

0.05

Hill side ginseng fields

0.90

-

0.11

0.10

0.21

0.53

Cemeteries

0.89

0.89

-

0.19

0.19

0.05

Villages

0.94

0.90

0.81

-

0.25

0.19

Fields

0.92

0.79

0.81

0.75

-

0.34

Flat land ginseng fields

0.95

0.47

0.95

0.81

0.66

-

Ⅲ. Results
1. Flora of each land use type2) Naejang Village▪ According this order Forest > Flat land ginseng field > Villages = Fields > Hill side ginseng field >Cemeteries, many plants appeared
Land use

ResultsForests

17 Families 24 Genus 22 Species 3 Varieties 1 Forma 26 Taxa

Hill side ginseng field

12 Families 16 Genus 11 Species 4 Varieties 1 Forma 16 Taxa

Cemeteries

10 Families 11 Genus 9 Species 2 Varieties 11 Taxa

Villages

11 Families 18 Genus 18 Species 1 Varieties 19 Taxa

Fields15 Families 19 Genus 16 Species 3 Varieties 19 Taxa

Flat land ginseng field

13 Families 21Genus 20 Species 2 Varieties 1 Forma 22 Taxa

▪ Both hill side and flat land ginseng fields had high frequency of Compositae(18.8%, 18.2%),
Caryophyllacea(12.5%, 13.6%)▪ In life forms results, all type of ginseng fields showed similar features with fields and villages▪ Both type of ginseng fields had high frequency of therophytes, erect type plants, and single grainedpalnts▪ NR(the rate of naturalization) by land use was the highest in Hill side ginseng field(25.0%) and flat
land field was 22.7%

Ⅲ. Results
1. Flora of each land use type2) Naejang Village▪ Similarity among land uses showed that both type of ginseng fields are close with fields▪ Oxalis corniculata, Commelina communis, Alopecurus aequalis, Conyza Canadensis, Chenopodium

album var. centrorubrum, Poa annua, and so on were common appearance▪ Similarity among hill side and flat land ginseng fields was also highSimilarity
Classification

Forests

Hill sideginseng
fieldsCemeteries

Villages

FieldsFlat land
ginsengfieldsForests

-

0.15

0.00

0.05

0.14

0.09

Hill side ginseng fields

0.85

-

0.25

0.26

0.59

0.45

Cemeteries

1.00

0.75

-

0.14

0.22

0.20

Villages

0.95

0.740.86-

0.45

0.65

Fields

0.86

0.41

0.78

0.55

-0.34

Flat land ginseng fields

0.91

0.55

0.80

0.35

0.66

-Dissimilarity

Ⅲ. Results
1. Flora of each land use type3) Total▪ Flora according to both type of ginseng field revealed that the ginseng field is greatly affected bysurrounding land uses
▪ Not many species were observed due to continuous manmade management and installation ofcanopies, however, there were observations of the Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala and the Populus

tomentiglandulosa found in the nearby forests of hillside ginseng fields, as well as Stellaria alsine var.
undulata and Veronica arvensis that are mainly found in fields▪ On the other hand, unlike typical cultivation fields with a sunny environment, the continually shaded
environment of ginseng fields gave rise to increased bryophyte growth such as Funaria hygrometrica,

Marchantia polymorpha and Pogonatum neesii▪ Bryophytes are understory vegetation that constitutes an important part of the ecosystem<Furrow of ginseng field><Pogonatum neesii>< Marchantia polymorpha >< Funaria hygrometrica >Ⅲ. Results
2. Flora according to the type of ginseng field▪ Understand flora features according to the type of ginseng field(Hill side or flat land)▪ Hill side ginseng field is adjacent with forests while flat land field is with fields and villages<Hill side ginseng field><Flat land ginseng field>

Ⅲ. Results
2. Flora according to the type of ginseng field▪ Common species in both type of ginseng field<Cerastium holosteoides var. hallaisanense><Erigeron annuus>▪ Only in hill side ginseng field<Populus tomentiglandulosa><Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala><Cardamine flexuosa>▪ Only in flat land ginseng field<Stellaria aquatica><Equisetum arvense>

Ⅲ. Results
2. Flora according to the type of ginseng field▪ Bryophytes grow in all type of ginseng field▪ Only Biguji valley showed high dominance and sociability of bryophytes in hill side while others werehigh in flat land ginseng fields▪ However artificial features like covering furrow with vinyl or environmental features like microclimate by water way are more influential than the type of ginseng fields

Biguji valley

Classification

Pogonatumneesii

Naejang village

Hillside

Flatland

Hillside

Flatland

Hillside

Flatland

1,1

1,1

1,1

1,1

1,1

1,1

<Hill side(Naejang village)><Flat land(Naejang village)>

2,2

2,2

<Hill side(Biguji valley)><Flat land(Biguji valley)>

Funaria
hygrometrica
Marchantia
polymorpha

Seungjaevilage

1,1

2,2

2,2

2,2

2,2

Ⅳ. Conclusions▪ Hill side and flat land ginseng fields were similar to those found in villages and farmlands▪ There were no big differences between hill side and flat land ginseng fields. But both field types areaffected by surrounding land uses
▪ Unlike typical cultivation fields with a sunny environment, the continually shaded environment ofginseng fields gave rise to increased bryophyte▪ Bryophytes are understory vegetation that constitutes an important part of the ecosystem▪ It is known to play an important role as a pioneer species which promotes soil deposition.
▪ Geumsan ginseng field serves as a habitat for bryophytes and this is thought to have contributed tothe prevention of soil loss in hillside ginseng fields▪ In terms of biodiversity, such microclimate characteristics are considered to be greatly significant asthey provide the foundation for various species to coexist with each otherⅤ. References▪ Baek Seung-seok (2015). A Study on the Value-Assessment Criteria of Korea’s National
Agricultural and Rural Heritage. Sungkyunkwan University Ph.D. Dissertation. p.10
▪ Geumsan(2017). National Agricultural and Rural Heritage Application for Ginseng▪ Lee Chang-bok (2003). Coloured Flora of Korea (Vols. I & B). Hyangmunsa.

▪ Lee U-cheol (1996). Standard Illustration of Korean Plants▪ Lee Yeong-no (2006). New Flora of Korea (I & II). Kyohaksa.
▪ Melchior, H.(1964) A Engler’s syllabus de pflanzenfamilien band Ⅱ. Gebruder Borteaeger. Berlin▪ Numata, M. & S, Asano(1969) Biological Flora of Japan. Vol, Ⅰ, Tokyo(Jap./Eng.)▪ Raunkier, C.(1936) Life Forms of Plantsets and Statistical Plant Geography. Charendon of Illinoispress. Urbana USA. 117pp▪ The Korean Society of Plant Taxonomists (2007). Korean Plant Name Index (KPNI). Korea
National Arboretum.

▪ You Mi Lee, Soo Hyun Park, Su Young Jung, Seung Hwan Oh, and Jong Cheol Yang (2011). Studyon the Current Status of Naturalized Plants in South Korea. The Korean Society of Plant
Taxonomists. 41(1): 87-101▪ 沼田眞(1975) 歸化植物, 環境科學ライブラリ-13. 大日本圖書Thank You