Journal of Business, Economics and Finance -JBEF (2018), Vol.7(3). p.259-268

Sogancilar, Ors

UNDERSTANDING THE CHALLENGES OF MULTICULTURAL TEAM MANAGEMENT1
DOI: 10.17261/Pressacademia.2018.954
JBEF- V.7-ISS.3-2018(5)-p.259-268
Nusret Sogancilar1, Husniye Ors2
1

Gazi University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
nsrtsgnclr@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-9729-5372
2Gazi University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
ohusniye@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-8319-3340
Date Received: July 1, 2018

Date Accepted: September 5, 2018

To cite this document
Sogancilar, N., Ors, H. (2018). Understanding the challenges of multicultural team management. Journal of Business, Economics andFinance (JBEF), V.7(3), p.259-268.
Permemant link to this document: http://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2018.954
Copyright: Published by PressAcademia and limited licenced re-use rights only.

ABSTRACT
Purpose- This study aims to explore the challenges confronted by executive managers while managing multicultural teams, and thesolutions they deliver to cope with these matters. What is aimed to accomplish is to comprehend these challenges from the standpoint ofmanagers. While trying to understand the problems and exhortations related to multicultural team management, culture and core culturaldimensions were utilized in the study.
Methodology- Criterion sampling method, which is a kind of purposive sampling method, was employed in the study. The data for the
study was collected through 14 in-depth interviews directed to executive managers of MNCs operating in Turkey. The questions thatgenerate our data consist of open-ended questions. The statements of managers were analyzed by content analysis and sorted into
corresponding categories. These categories and solutions based upon manager’s experiences were presented accordingly.
Findings- Implications indicate that most frequently confronted challenges are ineffective communication and misunderstandings, different
working styles and expectations of group members, and intolerance and lack of knowledge related to diversity. On the other hand, in order
to cope with these challenges, managers state that it is significant to embrace diversity and encourage group members to acknowledge it
as well as become approachable and eager to learn more. Last but not least communicating in the simplest form has been accentuated.
Conclusion- To sum up briefly, successful managers are expected to possess the competency to adapt different management styles andthey are also expected to be flexible enough to switch from one to another.
Keywords: Multicultural teams, core cultural dimensions, cross-cultural management, international business, multinational companies.
JEL Classification: F23, M12, M16

1. INTRODUCTION
Having multicultural teams in today’s globalized business world is quite widespread for companies. The reason behind thisphenomenon is considered to be the increasing mobility of people and labor on a global scale. Within this context,
multicultural work groups have become prevalent and rapidly changing work environment has set novel challenges both for
managers and for employees. Therefore, the role of managers as to effectively leading multicultural teams as well as
understanding and handling the challenges arising for this reason is pretty significant (Matveev and Milter 2004).

1 This paper is a revised and expanded version of a paper presented at the Global Business Research Congress in 2018.

Simply put, it is considered that multinational companies (MNCs) prefer directly investing in foreign markets for certain
reasons including market-seeking (desire to find new buyers), resource-seeking (desire to access to cheaper inputs),_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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strategic asset-seeking (desire to build distribution networks and acquire cutting-edge technologies) and efficiency-seeking(Dunning, 2002). Along with that, mergers and acquisitions performed between foreign and domestic companies are
considered to influence the number of foreign employees working for the company and consequently the number ofmulticultural teams in international organizations. Studies conducted to investigate MNCs exhibit that one of the serious
issues faced by these companies is the management of cross-cultural differences. This is because culture profoundly
influences the attitudes of managers, relations in the company, technology transfer, and many other activities (Helvacıoğlu
and Özutku, 2010). Within this context, it may be regarded that major problems arise in work environments where people
from diverse cultural backgrounds are working together. Previous studies conducted in this realm, mainly focuses on either
proper leadership styles that are required to adopt to manage culturally diverse teams or the issues confronted by teammembers and how they handle these problems including language differences, misunderstandings and miscommunication(Mäkilouko, 2004; Behfar et al., 2006; Ramthun and Matkin, 2012; Aritz and Walker, 2014; Lisak and Erez, 2015). Also, there
are studies conducted to comprehend the challenges of virtual teamwork (Heimer and Vince, 1998; Jarvenpaa and Leidner,
1999; Oertig and Buergi, 2006).
In this study, instead of concentrating on the differences of individual team members and their cultural backgrounds, it has
been aimed to address the challenges faced by executive managers while managing multicultural teams as well as thesolutions delivered by them. In other words, our goal is to develop an understanding of the challenges faced by managers
and the way they handle these challenges. This study is going to concentrate on managers who work for MNCs operating inTurkey since they are more likely to work with people from diverse cultures and confront challenges stemming from thesedifferences that are common in multicultural teams. Comprehending these challenges from the standpoint of managers iswhat we aim to accomplish. The outline of this study is charted as follows. Following section presents the literature review
focusing on the definition of culture, the dimensions of culture, multicultural teams and the advantages and disadvantagesof having multicultural teams in the organization. Section 3 will present the methodology, including sample selection, datacollection and data analysis method. In Section 4, the findings of the study will be given and discussed through core culturaldimensions lens. It will cover descriptive findings, the challenges faced by managers in managing multicultural teams andthe solutions proposed by them. Finally, Section 5 will provide concluding remarks. Limitations of the study and avenues for
future research will also be outlined in the last section.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Defining Culture
Since the concept of culture has been approached by myriad of researchers as well as disciplines including sociology,
psychology, anthropology, history and so on, it is difficult to come up with an exact definition of culture. Therefore, it canbe said that because looking for a definition that does not overlook the richness of culture and that encompasses all thedefinitions proposed related to culture is tricky and complicated, one may encounter various definitions and approaches
related to the concept of culture. Even though not-having-a-specific-definition-of-culture view is the position on which
there is a consensus, by Browaeys and Price (2008: 3), it is put forward that there is a concrete feature of culture which isthat “it is something all human learn in one way or another.’’ Despite the complexity and richness of the notion of culture,
Hofstede (1980: 25) defines culture as “the collective programming of the mind which distinguish the members of one
human group from another.” The definition proposed by Hofstede is frequently used in the cross-cultural studies.
In their study, Schneider and Barsoux (2003) give a visual picture of an ocean that contributes to the interpretation ofculture’s levels. At the top, behaviors (architecture, language, cuisine and so on) take place, which correspond to thesurface of the ocean and are visible and observable. Beliefs, norms and values (rules, what is right or wrong and so on) fallin the middle, which can be determined through surveys and interviews. And undermost, assumptions which are not easy
to explore and where inferences can be made through interpretations, take part.
In addition, Chao and Moon (2005) define culture as a “Cultural Mosaic” that encompasses the dimensions including
demography (age, gender, race), geography (climate, urban-rural) and association (family, religion). Following thesedefinitions, it can be said that culture is open to change and serves as a glue which is made of both observable andunobservable commonly shared ingredients, which holds people together and enables them to interpret the world
surrounding them as well as differentiates them from others with its distinctive characteristics.

2.2. Core Cultural Dimensions (CCDs)
In the literature, there are multiple models that attempt to explain national cultures and that also have been frequently
used and cited in cross-cultural studies. This divergence or lack of convergence deriving from the multiplicity refers to“culture theory jungle”. In their study, Nardon and Steers (2009) integrate the six most commonly utilized models that areproposed by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, Hofstede, Hall, Trompeenars, Schwartz and GLOBE study. Then, they suggest,_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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based on their assessment, five common themes referring to core culture dimensions (CCDs) that include HierarchyEquality, Individualism-Collectivism, Mastery-Harmony, Monochronism-Polychorism, Universalism-Particularism (see Table
1 for the summary). Therefore, in order to hold a comprehensive understanding and make more meaningful comparisons,
CCDs are employed in the study. In addition, it is highly recommended that readers get to the original paper for moredetailed information and comprehension related to CCDs.

Table 1: Core Cultural Dimensions (CCDs)
CCDs
Hierarchy-Equality

Individualism-Collectivism

Mastery-Harmony

Monochronism-Polychronism

Universalism-Particularism

Focus of Dimensions
Power distribution in organizations and society: Extent to which power and authority
in a society are distributed hierarchically or in a more egalitarian and participative
fashion.
Role of individuals and groups in social relationships: Extent to which social
relationships emphasize individual rights and responsibilities or group goals andcollective action; centrality of individuals or groups in society.
Relationship with the natural and social environment: Beliefs concerning how theworld works; extent to which people seek to change and control or live in harmony
with their natural and social surroundings.
Organization and utilization of time: Extent to which people organize their time
based on sequential attention to single tasks or simultaneous attention to multiple
tasks; time as fixed vs. time as flexible.
Relative importance of rules vs. relationships in behavioral control: Extent to whichrules, laws, and formal procedures are uniformly applied across societal members or
tempered by personal relationships, in-group values, or unique circumstances.

Source: Nardon and Steers (2009: 10).

Moreover, based on the countries’ central tendencies in cultural characteristics, Nardon and Steers (2009) determine
country clusters in their study. These include nine clusters which are Anglo, Arab, East European, East/Southeast Asian,Germanic, Latin American, Latin European, Nordic, and Sub-Saharan Africa (Nardon and Steers, 2009: 17-19). In our study,
CCDs and these country clusters will be utilized to make comparisons, interpretations and interference.

2.3. What is a Multicultural Team?
Human beings have been experiencing collaboration and cooperation to safeguard the continuity of their existence eversince they existed. Cooperation and collaboration, in this sense, may be regarded as worthwhile and helpful not only forsurvival but also for efficiency and satisfaction. Hence, emergence and creation of teams can be attributed to this notion(Halverson and Tirmizi, 2008).
Globalization and recent developments in technology have profoundly influenced societies, businesses and the work
environment. This is because increasing mobility of labor and entrepreneurs along with capital movements, spread of
information & technology and foreign trade activities peaked in recent years. Changes in the work environment stemmingfrom globalization have brought about some practical concerns regarding the management of multicultural teams (Thomas,
1999). According to Jarvenpaa and Leidner (1999), multicultural teams can be formed in three ways. Firstly, a team may
consist of members from diverse cultural backgrounds including expats or ethnic minorities working together in the same
country. Secondly, it may possess members who are dispersed across many countries but occasionally meet up in person.
And thirdly, virtual teams that possess members from various countries, working together via electronic devices and medias
and not meeting in person. It is important to mention right here that we are going to focus on the first type of teams in thisstudy.
Multicultural teams are defined as “task-oriented groups comprising people of different cultural backgrounds” byMarquardt and Horvath (2001). In addition, in their study, Halverson and Tirmizi (2008: 5) define multicultural teams as“a collection of individuals with different cultural backgrounds, who are interdependent in their tasks,
whoshare responsibility for outcomes, who see themselves and are seen by others as an intact social entity embedded in one ormore larger social systems, and who manage their relationships acrossorganizational boundaries and beyond”.

2.4. Pros and Cons of Having Multicultural Teams
In the literature, there are several studies accentuating the advantages and disadvantages of having multicultural teams.
Brannen and Salk (2000) suggest that cultural diversity doesn’t impact team performance in a negative way. In other words,
it is claimed that what creates a conflict in a team is not the differences of team members. A review completed by William
and O’Reilly (1998) conclude that diversity has no predictable effect on team performance. In addition, cultural diversity in_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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an organization is asserted to serve as an asset instead of liability (Williams and O’Reilly, 1998; Stahl et al., 2010). Somestudies show that heterogenous teams outperform homogenous teams. It is suggested that multiple perspectives, varied
experiences, different problem-solving and decision-making styles and smart ideas prevail in multicultural teams (Adler,
2002).
Due to diversity, multicultural teams are more prone to face difficulties including language barriers, ineffective
communication and differences in communication styles (Adler, 2002). When heterogeneity in groups increases, it isconsidered that cultural differences bring about miscommunication in the group and undermine the development of groupnorms (Bettenhausen and Murnighan, 1985; Jehn et al., 1999; Ely & Thomas, 2001; Behfar et al., 2006). Diversity is likely tocreate a propensity toward conflict and subconsciously-held cultural differences and sources of conflict are tough to detectand annihilate (Kirchmeyer and Cohen, 1992). According to De Dreu & Weingart (2003), conflicts in multicultural teams arenegatively related to team performance.
As it can be understood, there are certain advantages and disadvantages of having multicultural teams or diversity in theorganization. The attitude of an organization towards diversity may be considered to be influenced by the way a manager
handles them and perceives the pros and cons of these differences. While some managers underestimate cultural diversity,and try to remove it in the organization, some might deem these differences as an advantage enhancing company
performance and try to support and encourage this diversity in the organization. Therefore, view of the organization on thismatter is likely to be impressed by the managers working for the organization.

3. DATA AND METHODOLOGY
For this study, data was collected from primary and secondary sources. Secondary sources consisted of books, articles andmagazines which were used to constitute the theoretical parts of the study. Main data for the study was collected throughin-depth interviews directed to executive managers of MNCs operating in Turkey. The objective of the interviews was toexplore the problems of managing multicultural teams and identify the solutions, within this context, recommended byexecutive managers. The data was obtained from answers given to open-ended questions. The statements of managers
were analyzed by content analysis.
As mentioned, study focused on the executive managers working for MNCs operating in Turkey. However, it was not easy
to access to a list indicating the name of MNCs in Turkey. Therefore, it was made use of the list published by Fortune
Magazine that revealed the biggest 500 companies of 2017 in Turkey. Purposive sampling method, which is one of the mostcommonly used and the fittest sampling techniques in qualitative researches (Marshall, 1996; Palys, 2008: 697; Sekaran andBougie, 2016: 248), was employed in the study. Based upon the objective of the studies, purposive sampling method isclassified into certain kinds. Taken this into consideration, appropriate sampling method for this study was considered to be
criterion sampling (Palys, 2008: 697). In this sense, companies in the sample of the study were selected from the list based
upon their country-origins. It was aimed to get an appointment from the first 50 foreign corporations in the list andultimately 14 in-depth interviews were conducted by appointment.
First part of the questionnaire concerns about the personal background of the participators. Demographic or general
information that executive managers were requested to answer was determined as gender, age, nationality, educational
background and work experience (years). Lastly, main questions of the study consisted of “As compared to homogeneous
teams, what are the challenges confronted while managing multicultural teams?” and “How do you address or manage
these challenges?”.

4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. Sample Profile
The sample of the study consisted of 14 individuals with multicultural team management experience. While 64 percent of
the participants were male, the rest, namely 36 percent, were female participants. Ages of the participants ranged from 26
to 39, with an average of about 32 years. Almost three out of four (72 percent) of the participants were from two countries,
Turkey and Germany. In addition, 43 percent (six out of 14) of participants in the sample had a master’s degree while 57
percent (eight out of 14) participants had a bachelor’s degree. On the basis of work experience, while the maximum year
was 12, the minimum year was 3 with an average of about 7 years (see Table 2 and Table 3).

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Table 2: Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
Demographic Variables
GenderFemale
Male

Age

26-32
33-39

Education Level

Undergraduate
GraduateWork(year)

Experience

3-7
8-12

Frequency
5
9
14
8
6
14
8
6
14
10
4
14

Percentage
36
64
100
57
43
100
57
43
100
71
29
100

Besides, as can be seen in Table 3, participants were mainly from countries that value hierarchy (64 percent), collectivism(64 percent), harmony (57 percent), monocronism (57 percent) and particularism (64 percent), respectively.
Table 3: Distribution of Respondents Based on Nationality and CCDs

Country
TurkeyGermany
PolandS. Korea
China
The USA
Total
Percentage

Percentage
43
29
7
7
7
7
7
100

Hierarchy/
Equality
H
E
6
4
1
1
1
1
9
5
64
36
100

Individualism/
Collectivism
I
C
6
4
1
1
1
1
5
9
36
64
100

Mastery/
Harmony
M
H
6
4
1
1
1
1
6
8
43
57
100

Monochronism/
Polychronism
M
P
6
4
1
1
1
1
8
6
57
43
100

Universalism/
Particularism
U
P
6
4
1
1
1
1
5
9
36
64
100

4.2. Research Findings
As a result of content analysis obtained from primary data, the challenges that managers confront, and the solutions they
have come up with are identified as follows. The challenges grouped under three headings including ineffective
communication and misunderstandings, different working styles and expectations, and intolerance and lack of knowledge
related to diversity. On the other hand, the solutions that managers come up with are also categorized under threeheadings. They include embracing diversity and encouraging team members to acknowledge it, becoming approachable andeager to learn more, and communicating in a simple and straightforward way. In the following sections, both the problems
and advices related to multicultural team management will be detailed and discussed. Furthermore, taking into account thecultural characteristics of the participants presented in Table 1 and Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5 respectively indicate thechallenges that managers confront and the solutions they come up with as well as the managers’ cultural dimensions.

4.2.1. The Challenges
Ineffective Communication and Misunderstandings: 71 percent (ten out of 14) of the participants state that the mostsignificant challenge they face in multicultural team management is ineffective communication and misunderstandings.
Since they come from diverse cultural settings, it is very likely for team members to have different communication styles.
Different communication styles of group members are likely to create controversy about certain issues including thedeadlines of the assignments and due dates of the projects. So, one of the problems that managers face within this context
is the controversy among group members about the deadline of a task or a project. For instance, when it is said that thetask must be submitted at the end of the day; some people are likely to regard it as the end of the shift whereas theinterpretation of ‘at the end of the day’ is likely for others to be the beginning of a new day or midnight. Therefore, it canbe said that communication is harder, and misunderstandings occur very easily. Besides, the way you talk and say isimportant because some group members expect to be addressed directly whereas others expect it to happen indirectly. In
other words, some nations value directness whereas others see this being rude. Also, it occupies more time to explain the_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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assignments and tasks in heterogeneous teams. In homogenous teams, members are more willing to share their ideas anddebates are less superficial. For instance, if more than two members of the team come from different countries, thelanguage they use is always English unless they have another common language they better express themselves. Therefore,
communication is harder and requires efforts to avoid misunderstandings due to language barriers. In this context, notsharing the same language is likely to create misunderstandings and disagreements among team members. Some reasons
including inadequate language skills are the obstacles to clearly and assertively express what they want or think eventhough team members exactly know what is required to do. Therefore, inadequate language skills of some team members
prevent them from expressing themselves clearly and assertively. This kind of challenge is likely to occur especially during
brainstorming sessions or meetings. And because of misunderstandings, multicultural teams face a lot more problems thanteams that are homogenous. These problems cause such issues including mistrust, lack of motivation, misunderstanding of
the tasks and schedules, and absenteeism.
Less than half of the participants addressing ineffective communication and misunderstandings as a problem come from
cultures that value equality. Failures of team members in assertively expressing themselves and avoidance fromparticipating in decision-making processes are some of the problems that managers confront. The reason that managers
consider it as a problem might be that they stress low power distance in the saddle. In other words, it can be attributed to
managers’ willingness to manage their teams in a participative style which implies the distribution of authority andresponsibility among team members. In addition, most of the managers value a collectivist structure due to their cultures.
They tend to communicate in a subtle and indirect way. This is more likely to create problems for team members who arefrom individualistic cultures in which both sending and receiving the message in a straightforward way are prevalent. On
the other hand, universalist cultures can be simply defined as rule-based cultures and managers from these cultures are
more prone to adopt management styles based on rules, strict deadlines and schedules in order to be able to control
unexpected events and minimize uncertainty (Nardon and Steers, 2009). Misunderstandings among team members related
to deadlines, schedules and due dates might be interpreted as both managers’ tolerance for rule-breakings and teammembers’ tendency to do things formally due to their cultural backgrounds (see Table 4).
Different working styles and expectations: Approximately 36 percent (five out of 14) of the participants accentuate thatthe second most important problem in the multicultural teams is different working styles and expectations of teammembers stemming from diverse cultural backgrounds. The way team members require directions to achieve tasks varies
based on cultures. For instance, while some of the members expect to have autonomy on their task, others are likely to
expect explicit directions from the team manager in order to set to work. Attitudes, values and the way of building
relationship differ from culture to culture. Working styles and ethics among multicultural team members are very likely todiffer as well. While some cultures more emphasize on private time and work-life balance, in some cultures it might bemore acceptable and will not be perceived as exploitation to ask employees to work more than eight hours a day. In
addition, perception of responsibility and authority will be different. Moreover, the way people are motivated is likely to bedifferent based upon their culture. Some people are likely to get motivated with a suitable compensation system in a stableenvironment. On the other hand, for some people, a reasonable salary and a working environment in which relationshipmatters would be more motivational. Nevertheless, Chinese, Korean and Indian people will be much happier to follow
instructions from their superiors compared to those who are accustomed to working independently and do not request
instructions or guidance.
All the managers, who regard work-life balance as a problem in the team, have the characteristics of polychronic cultures inwhich there is no significant lines between personal life and work. Therefore, for the team members who pay regard towork-life balance and appreciate the separation of these two, attitudes of the managers, in this respect, are likely to create
difficulties and unlikely to avert frictions. In ‘harmony’ and collectivist cultures, quality of life, relationship-based work
environment and loyalty to a group are comparatively prevalent characteristics. For the managers and team members whointernalize these characteristics, people from individualist and ‘mastery’ cultures, in which personal goals, achievement,
loyalty to oneself are highly acknowledged, will be the reason of disturbance and rage (see Table 4).
Intolerance and lack of knowledge related to diversity: About 28 percent (four out of 14) of the participants reckon that
intolerance and lack of knowledge related to diversity is a problem that must be addressed. In the words of a manager,
when you approach someone in your team, the very first thing you should keep in mind is that you must respect fordiversity. In your team, there might be people who come from different countries, speak different languages, believe in
different Gods or have different skin tones. Do not use these differences to banter or start a conversation. Also, the way
people do their jobs and behave under different circumstances will not be the same. Team members, if they are not trained
about diversity along with cultural tendencies, will be more irritated and less tolerant about the differences. Intolerance
and lack of awareness of team members and managers about these issues lead to frictions and conflicts in the team. Then,team members will underperform under these circumstances unless the manager knows how to tackle these issues.

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As seen in Table 4, managers considering intolerance and lacking in diversity understanding as a problem come from
cultures in which harmony and collectivism are valued. In these cultures, welfare of the in-group members and coherence
are strictly accentuated. Also, suppressing, ostracizing and assimilating the differences are considered to be quite
widespread in these cultures. A Japanese proverb ‘The nail that sticks out gets banged down’ emphasizes that theindividualistic tendencies of people is not a good thing and will not be welcomed in a collectivist society (Markus andKitayama, 1991).
Table 4: Challenges That Managers Confront and the Managers’ CCDs

Ineffective Communication and
Misunderstandings
Different working styles andexpectations
Intolerance
and
lack
of
knowledge related to diversity

Hierarchy/
Equality

Individualism/
Collectivism

Mastery/HarmonyMonochronism/
Polychronism

Universalism/
Particularism

Both

Both

Both

Both

Both

Hierarchy

Collectivism

Harmony

Polychronism

Particularism

Hierarchy

Collectivism

Harmony

Polychronism

Particularism

4.2.2. Solution Offers
Embrace diversity and encourage group members to acknowledge it: About 86 percent (12 out of 14) of the participantssuggest embracing diversity and encouraging group members to acknowledge it. A work environment in which managers
embrace diversity while encouraging group members to acknowledge it is quite significant. Group members need to be
trained about cultural diversity and working in a multicultural team. They should know that they must embrace thisdiversity and respect the differences. So, the manager should be aware of and alert to conflicts among team members andprovide knowledge and encourage members to learn about cultural differences. Openness to new things and unfamiliar
cultures as well as high level of tolerance is important. Therefore, it is stated the importance of always reminding oneselfthat attitudes coming from another culture might mean different than in your own culture and ethnocentrism will not serve
the purpose in this context. Also, learning the way of building relationships regardless of the differences is important if one
wants to succeed in a multicultural team. Change in a team starts with the manager. Listening to and respecting theopinions of other members, accepting differences and reacting appropriately toward tricky situations are good points for
managers as role models and leaders. Being aware of cultural differences in the team, listening and understanding the
problems of team members and providing support and encouragement mean a lot.
Regardless of their cultural tendencies or in which cultural dimension they take place, appreciating the differences andtaking the right steps for the acknowledgement of it by the team members is one of the solutions that is highly
recommended by the managers in the sample. Education level and work experience may be the reasons behind this notion.
First, it may be regarded that education is a must for personal developments of individuals. Individuals will be exposed todiverse ways of thinking and values through their education which is likely to influence the way they view and interpret theworld around them. Hence, it is possible that they differently approach the problems when they are compared to people inthe same culture. On the other hand, people confront certain problems in different settings during the business life.
Working long years may be the indicative of getting some more experience and adopting new patterns to amend themistakes made earlier (see Table 5).
Become approachable and eager to learn more: Almost 36 percent (five out of 14) of the participants highlight theimportance of being approachable and eager to learn as to resolving the problems in multicultural teams. A manager mustbe accessible and assure that team members can talk about their problems whenever they need even after team meetings.
It is important because some team members think that they should not bring some issues up in group meetings and they
prefer privately talking about these issues or maybe even not talking at all. Being proactive is important at this point thatletting members feel free to mention their concerns privately. Managers must be approachable, considerate, consultative
and tolerant in this respect. Sense of humor is also an important skill for managers to have. It is vital to be able to build a
relationship and better grasp the problems in the team.
This solution offer was made by managers classified in hierarchical cultures (see Table 5). It is likely that they frequently
deal with the issues arising from their high propensity toward power distance and authority. Instead of keeping teammembers at arm’s length or exerting control and authority over them, importance of being consultative, approachable oreven paternalistic was emphasized by participants.
Communicate in a simple and straightforward way: Nearly 29 percent (four out of 14) of the participants state that
communicating in a simple and straightforward way mostly hinders the debates and conflicts in the team. Managers need_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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to be simple when it comes to communication. When it is simple and straightforward, it enables parties to build a soundrelation and understanding. This is important because team members are likely to interpret the transmitted message in awrong way if the message is not delivered straightforwardly. Therefore, communicating in a way that makes the
expectations and problems clear and obvious is a milestone for an effective communication to avoid misapprehensions.
Compared to individualist cultures, it is avowable that collectivist cultures harbor high context in communication. In
collectivist cultures the message is delivered in a subtle and indirect way and the way the message is transmitted is as
significant as the words or, in some cases, more important than the words itself. The importance of establishing an open
communication is stressed by managers coming from both collectivist and individualist cultures. The reason for this might
be that collectivist managers face communication problems with ‘low-context culture’ team members or that individualist
managers observe the source of conflicts related to communication in their teams and regard this as a problem that needs
to be addressed. Either way, they are likely to think that the best way of handling this problem is straightforward
communication (see Table 5).
Table 5: Solutions That Managers Come Up With and the Managers’ CCDs

Embracediversity
andencourage group members to
acknowledge it
Become approachable andeager to learn more
Communicate in a simple andstraightforward way

Hierarchy/
Equality

Individualism/
Collectivism

Mastery/HarmonyMonochronism/
Polychronism

Universalism/
Particularism

Both

Both

Both

Both

Both

Hierarchy

Collectivism

Harmony

Polychronism

Particularism

Both

Both

Both

Both

Both

5. CONCLUSION
Results of the study is expected to provide managers with a guideline about how to effectively manage multicultural teams
and solve the conflicts arising within this context. Effective communication in multicultural teams is a big issue because
misunderstandings may happen easily. Besides, working style and expectations slightly differ among the cultures. Managers
must be aware of these differences to better understand, motivate team members and intervene when it is required. In
addition, intolerance and lack of awareness of team members and managers about diversity is likely to lead to frictions andconflicts in the team. Therefore, team members are likely to underperform under these circumstances unless the manager
knows how to handle them. It is because the manager is the only one who is in charge of setting the things right.
A work environment in which managers embrace diversity and encourage group members to acknowledge this diversity isquite significant. Multicultural teams are more prone to confront difficulties than homogenous teams. A manager must be
approachable, considerate, consultative and tolerant and reassure that members can talk any problem whenever theyneed. Last but not least, in order to avoid any conflict and misunderstandings, a manager is expected to be simple andstraightforward while communicating. There is no absolute accuracy when it comes to managing multicultural teams.
However, when the manager embraces diversity and creates an environment that enables team members to appreciateeach other’s views while increasing the awareness of differences, the performance of team will be enhanced. A manager
will be what his or her team is. If the team is a poor performer, the manager of the team will be viewed as a poor performer
or vice versa. Successful managers are expected to possess the competency to adapt different management styles. They arealso expected to be eager to learn more, and flexible enough to switch from one management style to another. This issignificant to benefit multiple perspectives, different experiences, different problem-solving and decision-making styles andinnovative ideas which prevail in multicultural teams.
This study, like any study, has some limitations. First of all, the study was conducted with a relatively small sample.
Therefore, enlarging the size of the sample and reaching more participants will provide a more comprehensive
understanding as to identifying the challenges and remedies in multicultural team management. In addition, it may becreated scales to test the relationship between cultural dimensions and the challenges confronted in multicultural teams.
Hence, in order to improve accuracy, surveys along with interviews may be used to complement the data.

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