PneuExtensio: Designing Pneumatic-based Bodily Extensions to
Facilitate Embodiment across Everyday Life Experiences
Aryan Sainiaryan@exertiongameslab.org
Exertion Games Lab, Department of
Human-Centred Computing
Exertion Games Lab, Department of
Human-Centred Computing, Monash
University
Melbourne, Australia

Elise van den Hovenelise.vandenhoven@uts.edu.au
University of Technology Sydney
Sydney, Australia
Eindhoven University of Technology
Eindhoven, Netherlands

Florian ‘Floyd’ Mueller

floyd@exertiongameslab.org
Exertion Games Lab, Department of
Human-Centred Computing
Exertion Games Lab, Department of
Human-Centred Computing, Monash
University
Melbourne, Australia

A

A

B

C

Figure 1: Bodily extensions enabled by PneuExtensio: A) “Pardon” that moves the ear forward when the user says, "Beg yourpardon?"; B) Pneunocchio that extends the nose whenever the user lies, and C) "Take a break" that pushes the user’s hand awayfrom the keyboard to help facilitate taking a break from work.

ABSTRACT
Bodily augmentations have been increasingly investigated by HCI
researchers due to the associated benefits, such as accessibility,
offering novel input space, and sensing environment. Most of theseinvestigations have adopted a utilitarian perspective, providing
impairment, mobility, and rehabilitation support. However, more
recently a subset called bodily extensions has emerged that appears
to also embrace experiential aspects. These bodily extensions physically extend the human body, going beyond traditional sensing
and accessibility perspectives. Initial designs were mostly rigid,
leading to a focus on short-term use, missing out on the opportunities for these bodily extensions to be integrated into everyday
life. In our work, we build soft pneumatic-based bodily extensions
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ACM ISBN 979-8-4007-0632-5/24/07
https://doi.org/10.1145/3656156.3665136

that users can incorporate into their everyday lives. We detail thedesign and rationale behind these bodily extensions, along with thenovel scenarios they enable. We share our insights from creatingthese systems and the associated user experiences from our fieldstudy with 48 participants, resulting in a design framework that will
hopefully aid future designers in facilitating embodiment acrosseveryday life through bodily extensions.

CCS CONCEPTS• Human-centered computing → Human computer interaction(HCI); Interaction paradigms;

KEYWORDS
bodily extensions, pneumatics, embodied interactions, embodied
experiences
ACM Reference Format:
Aryan Saini, Elise van den Hoven, and Florian ‘Floyd’ Mueller. 2024. PneuExtensio: Designing Pneumatic-based Bodily Extensions to Facilitate Embodiment across Everyday Life Experiences. In Designing Interactive Systems

DIS Companion ’24, July 01–05, 2024, IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Conference (DIS Companion ’24), July 01–05, 2024, IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 5 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/
3656156.3665136

1

INTRODUCTION

Bodily augmentations have recently garnered interest in HCI for
example they can offer novel input spaces around the user’s body[4], support accessibility [48], and sense environmental cues [23].
While current bodily augmentations appear to take a utilitarian
approach [23, 24, 28–31], there have been advances around a subset
called "bodily extensions" that physically extend the wearer’s bodywhile also embracing experiential aspects [7, 20, 33, 40]. So far, thesebodily extensions generally feature a rigid design that limits theirpotential to support everyday life. We believe if bodily extensions
were designed such that they could support everyday life, they
could exploit their potential for both instrumental and experiential
aspects much more through facilitating embodiment. However,
unfortunately, there seems to be only minimal knowledge on how
to design these bodily extensions that are more body-conform suchthat a user can benefit from them in everyday life. In order to begin
addressing this gap, we answer the research question: how do wedesign body-conform bodily extensions to support embodimentacross everyday life?
Supporting embodiment in everyday life experiences is important as it can have numerous benefits, such as speech production,
memory recall, and temporal perception [10–12, 26, 27, 32]. Hence,
we aim to contribute to the knowledge of designing such systems
by analyzing the creation of a set of bodily extensions that users
can benefit from in their everyday lives and studying the associated user experiences. To support body conformity, we employeda pneumatic-based shape-changing design approach in order tosupport everyday wearability.
To answer the question above, we conducted two case studies(one focusing on leveraging contextual cues to trigger the bodily
extensions, and the other on physiological cues from the user) witha series of bodily extensions discussed in section 3.

2

RELATED WORKIn this section, we discuss relevant prior work on embodied interaction, bodily augmentations, and pneumatic interfaces.

2.1

Embodied Interaction

While previous research indicates that there are various lenses on
the application of embodied theory [14, 22, 44], in our work, we
aim to explore the role of technology in an attempt to facilitate
embodiment in everyday life scenarios. As a result, we talk about
creations primarily centred around leveraging or eliciting bodily
movement [2, 27, 45], similar to the tangible interfaces field that
also aims to leverage or elicit bodily movements, but does throughtangibles (whereas we do this through the body) [44].

2.2

Bodily Augmentations

Bodily augmentations have been explored mostly in the form of
prosthetics [8], interactive textiles [43], and shape-changing interfaces [18]. These have been centred around sensing [1, 25] andfeedback [3] mechanisms that often leverage the location of a body

Saini et al.

part to deliver contextual information. We focus on bodily extensions that are catered towards facilitating unusual experiences as apart of the user’s body and, hence, learned from prior work thatinvestigated the perception of one’s body under the influence of abodily extension [7].

2.3

Pneumatic Interfaces

Pneumatic interfaces have been increasingly explored due to theirsoft nature, occupying less space, and being lightweight in comparison to their traditional counterparts in applications such as VR [42],accessibility [48] and haptic feedback [19], however, not in regards
to bodily extensions (with a few exceptions [18, 41]). Fortunately,
there have been several advances in lowering the threshold for thedesign of pneumatic interfaces in the form of rapid prototyping
techniques [17], toolkits [47] and frameworks [15]. We leveraged
this knowledge to create pneumatic-based bodily extensions tofacilitate embodiment across everyday life.

3

RESEARCH METHODS

We outline our research methods, starting with iterative design,user elicitation study, field study and semi-structured interviews,
and thematic analysis.
Iterative Design. Design researchers have long adopted theiterative approach for prototyping systems [21]. This method allows
the designer to reflect on each iteration and improve upon the next
one. We employed iterative design as it complemented our rapid
prototyping skills.
User Elicitation Study. A user elicitation study offers uniqueinsights into the design of the bodily extensions as well as helps toreaffirm the design methods adopted [13, 16, 46]. This method was
employed in the form of a 40-minute session with users to gauge
their understanding and perception of the system and offered key
insights about how the bodily extensions would be perceived byonlookers lacking the context.
Field Study and Semi-Structured Interviews. Since we wanted
to create bodily extensions that can be worn by users across everyday life, we deemed it to be important to evaluate the experiencein an unsupervised setting [9, 34]. We conducted four field studies
with 12 participants each for a duration of seven days followed bya semi-structured interview [5]. We employed a semi-structured
technique to allow users to express their thoughts and gather information about novel situations that have arisen during the fieldstudy.
Thematic Analysis. After conducting the semi-structured interviews, we used inductive thematic analysis for analysing thequalitative data [6, 39]. This method enabled us to form themesthat assisted in creating a framework and guidelines for designers aiming to facilitate embodiment across everyday life throughpneumatic-based bodily extensions.

PneuExtensio: Designing Pneumatic-based Bodily Extensions to
Facilitate Embodiment across Everyday Life Experiences

4 DESIGNING BODILY EXTENSIONS
4.1 Case Study 1: Leveraging contextual cues tosupport movement across everyday life
through bodily extensions
We implemented three unique bodily extensions aiming to support
movement as a form of embodiment across the following everyday
life scenarios: 1) "Pardon?": Moving a user’s ear forward and enlarging it whenever the system senses the words “Beg your pardon?”(through a smartphone’s microphone) (Fig 1A); 2) Greetings: Promoting a good-bye gesture by moving the user’s hand towards sucha gesture if the system senses the words “good-bye”; 3) Take a break:Moving the user’s hands away from the keyboard to encourage abreak from typing (Fig 1C). We demonstrated two different inputs,
speech and an automated timer (user configurable) to leverage thecontext around a user [35–37].

4.2

Case Study 2: Leveraging physiological cues
from the user’s body to facilitate bodily
awareness across everyday life throughbodily extensions

In our first case study, we found that the bodily extensions, while
promoting movement, also helped participants become more awareof their bodies. However, this awareness primarily extended outwards, aiding them in understanding their body’s response to environmental contexts. In our second case study, we shifted our
focus to explore how these bodily extensions affect users when the
input transitions from contextual (related to the environment) tophysiological cues (related to their own bodies). This shift aims
to gain insights into the users’ perception of self and the physicalconstruction of their bodies.
Pneunocchio. Pneunocchio’s design is inspired by the story of
Pinocchio, where the character’s nose elongates whenever he lies.
In our adaptation, we created a pneumatic nose-based bodily extension that responds to the user’s physiological activities indicativeof lying using Electrodermal Activity (EDA) and Photoplethysmography (PPG) (Fig 1B). Our design’s playfulness is intended to spark
discussions about the nature of lying and its physiological indicators, as well as to challenge and transform the user’s perception of
their body when the nose-based extension inflates [38].
PneuMusculus. PneuMusculus is designed to reflect the activity of specific muscle groups as a result of physical exercise, suchas when working out, which is represented through a pneumaticbased bodily extension that resembles (much accelerated) muscle
growth. The system measures a muscle’s electrical activity andinflates the bodily extension accordingly. PneuMusculus can sense
the duration and intensity of electrical activity in the user’s biceps
and calves. It then inflates the corresponding bodily extension proportionally to this activity in terms of time and size. This bodily
extension aims to inform users about their muscular activity andoffer a tangible representation of the exertion performed.
PneuBelly. PneuBelly is a bodily extension designed to capture
the sound activity in the abdomen, known as stomach rumbling or

DIS Companion ’24, July 01–05, 2024, IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark

borborygmus, to promote awareness of the user’s abdominal activities throughout the day. It is a pneumatic-based device that users
can wear around their stomach. The device inflates in responseto the intensity and frequency of sounds emanating from the abdomen. Calibrated to detect sounds as low as 10 dB, PneuBelly aims
to provide a tangible representation of the auditory signals, helping
users learn about the functioning of their gut.

5

CONTRIBUTION AND BENEFIT

The goal of this PhD is to advance the design of bodily extensions
that facilitate embodiment across everyday life. By experimenting
with various materials and synthesizing the findings from our twocase studies, we plan to develop a set of design strategies for researchers designing similar augmentations. Following these casestudies, our aim is to establish a user experience framework informed by field studies involving 48 participants, based on thedesign of our bodily extensions that respond to contextual andphysiological input.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Aryan Saini, Elise van den Hoven and Florian ‘Floyd’ Mueller
thank the Australian Research Council (DP190102068). Florian‘Floyd’ Mueller also thanks the Australian Research Council for
DP200102612 and LP210200656.

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