Research and Development ofElectric Vehicle in China andLatest Trends on Diffusion
China Automotive Technology & Research Center (CATARC)
Ma JianYongmajianyong@catarc.ac.cn

1. Research and manufacture of EV in China

22

2012,15495 thousand passenger cars were sold in china.
Chinese government will attempt to double citizens' revenue before 2020. And thisplan will promote the passenger cars market continue increase.
中国乘用车市场发展 变化趋势
18000000

60%

Sales

Growth rate销量
16000000

同比

50.0%
14000000

15493669

52.9%
13757794

14472416

50%

45.7%

12000000

40%
10331315

10000000

30.8%

33.2%

8000000
6000000

5148546

4000000
2000000

2618922119799630%

29.6%6755609629753322.3%

20%

16.0%3973624
303684210%1745585

7.3%

5.2%

00%
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012E

33

Support Policies from Central
Government“Carry out energysaving and newenergy vehicle
demonstration pilot
work notice”

2001.1

2009.1.23863major projects
of Electric vehicle
R&D andindustrialization"Automobile industry
restructuring andrevitalization plan"

2009.2

Interim
Measures for theAdministration ofenergy-savingand new energy
financialassistance2009.32009.5“New energyvehicle production
companies andproduct accessrules "

2009.7"Notice on the private
purchase of newenergy vehicles
subsidy pilot”

2009.122010.6

10 billion CNY offunds of the StateCouncil to support
technical
innovation
New energy vehicle
demonstration pilot
cities to extend

2012.7"Energy-saving andnew energy
automotive industry
development plan(2010-2120)"4Bulletin number of models of EV(PHV) and HV（2006-2012）
500
400
300
200
100
0

EV(PHV)
HV20062008

200920102011

2012

Add up275826489363

12184192
163459416

55Layout: the major projects of the nationalenergy-saving and new energy vehicles
Various types of vehicles

Vehicledevelopment

Vehicle dynamic system
integration technology

Fuel cell vehicle powersystem platform

燃料电池汽车
动力平台

Hybrid vehicle powersystem platform

Pure electric vehicle
power system
platform

混合动力汽车
动力平台

Fuel cell engines, power battery, super capacitor

燃料电池和动力蓄电池Key components
technology

Drive motor, the motor drive train assembly, engine电机系统和驱动控制

New materials, new components,

Common basic
technology

控制器和电动辅助系统
commontechnology infrastructure technology

Public supportplatform
Testing

Technology
standards

Policies andregulations

Demonstration
operations

Industry financing

Intellectual property
rightsTechnical6Information

The level of battery technology
300

Energy density (wh/kg)
Cycle life more than 3000
times, cost 1.5 yuan / watt orless
Cycle life more than 2000 times,
the cost is reduced to 2 / W or less

150

110

Cycle life about 1500 times,
costs 3-4 yuan / watt Strengthen thepositive anodematerial, separator,
electrolyte,
production processes
and equipment R & D

Power density(w/kg)

 To carry out the next generation of new battery
materials, the mechanism of basic research. Focus
on the study of a new lithium-ion battery.

 To carry out multi-electron reaction cell, twophase electrolyte batteries, light metal-air batteries
and free radical polymer battery, the new battery
technology research.

 The power batteriesconsistency and groups
matching technology

2012

2015

72020

The level驱动电机技术水平
of moter technology
Industrial
energy-saving
motors180ZWS001

Domestic typicalpermanent
magnet motors
274YZ-XI 02

Typical domestic
asynchronousmotors
TYC-168-260

U.S. typicalmotor
EDM60/90

Toyota2010 Pruis

Peak power（kW）

30

92909060Peak torque（Nm）

200

210

240

239

207

Maximum speed（r/min）

1500

11500

6000

10000

13500

Efficiency /efficiency District

92%

94%/70%91.2%/70%

90%/50%94%/75%

Total weight of themotor / controller（kg）

90/18.5

65/28

99/30

65/35

37.7/17.9

Motor / controller
power density（kW/kg）

0.33/1.62

1.42/3.29

0.91/3.00

1.39/2.57

1.59/3.35

Key technicalindicators

8

Production of hybrid vehicles in China in2012
9000

8192

8000

6834

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000

10Special Purpose
VehicleBusPassenger cars

99

Pure electric vehicle
production in China in 2012
10000

8751

9000
8000
7000
6000
5000

3956
4000
3000

1881
2000
1000
0Trucks

andBuses

Passengercars

special-purpose
vehicles1010

Plug-in hybrid production in Chinain 2012
300

262

250
200
150
100
50

10

Buses

Passenger cars

1111

Electric passenger car production in the top five

2011

2012
奇瑞3467

江淮2493比亚迪1032

北汽742

江南

386
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

1212

"Pure electric passenger car technology" (GB / T28382-2012) standard specifies: the maximum
speed shall not be less than 80 km / h, mileage
must be greater than 80 km.
The low-speed electric vehicles is not officiallyrecognized, but the sales volume is more larger.

1313

Ordinary vehicle standards：
89 mandatory standards,
866recommended standards

EVAdmittance
EVIndustrialization

EVEV standards：
28 mandatory standards, 22
recommended standards

Demonstration

EVR&D
14

Dynamic
Driving range
Energyconsumption rate
Emission

Electrical performance
Environmental adaptability
Security
Charging port

Vehicleperformance

Charge-discharge
characteristics

Charging stations
and otherinfrastructure

Vehicle safety

China EVstandards system

Reliability and longevity
Environmental adaptability

Batteries andother energy
storage devices
Electrical performance
Environmental adaptability

Reliability
Protection performanceElectrical Safety
Crash Safety
Braking
performance
EMC
Motor system

Electroniccontrol system

Electrical performance
Environmental adaptability
Reliability
Protection performance

15

1CNY=14.3JPY荣威 E50 (240,000 CNY)
Rated power / maximum power（Kw）

28/52

nominal / maximum motor speed（rpm）

3000/8000

Peak torque of the motor（Nm）

155

0-50 km / h acceleration time（s）

5.3

0-100 km / h acceleration time （s）

14.6

Mileage(60km/h)（km）

180

Maximum speed（km/h）

130Slow charge

6h

Fast charge

30min（10%~80%）16

比亚迪E6 (370,000 CNY)
Length (mm)4560

Width (mm)1822

Height (mm)1630

Weight (Kg)2295

Maximum power (Kw)

75

Maximum torque (Nm)450

Maximum speed (km/h)

140Power consumption (KWh/100Km)

21.5

Mileage (Km)

300

17

奇瑞QQ3 EV (55,000 CNY)
Length (mm)3550

Width (mm)1495

Height (mm)1485

Weight (kg)1050

Maximum power (Kw)12

Maximum torque (Nm)72

Maximum speed (km/h)

60

Mileage (Km)100
18

2. EV demonstration in China19

25 cities involved in the EV demonstration plan of our government

20

Demonstration scale

By the end of 2012, the amount of China‘s total demonstrationand extension energy-saving and new energy vehicles (HV, EV& PHV) is 27,400.
Among those, 23,000 for public services; 4,400 for private use.
To the end of March 2013,that amount will reach 39,700.
At present, there are 174 charge power stations, 8107
charging piles in China.

21

EV Business Models of China（1）Whole EV Selling Model
Selling the whole EV at
the price of deduction
the subsidies,applicable for the small,mini-passenger cars,
with some specificconsumers22

EV Business Models of China（2）Whole EV leasing Model
Whole EV leasing model
are applied to passenger
car for public car leasingmarket.

23

EV Business Model of China（3）Battery Leasing Model

Power company construct and operate the swap station, lease the batteries totaxi company. Power company get the subsidies for private EV buying, and also
the subsidies for leasing batteries indirectly from taxi company.

24

EV Business Model of China（4）Financial Leasing Model I

Finance company buy the batteries and lease the batteries to public
transportation company, who get subsidies cover the money for leasing battery
and buying nude e-bus.
25

EV Business Model of China（5）Financial Leasing Model II

Professional operator borrow the money to buy batteries and nude e-buses, which will
be repaid by subsidies. Different from model I, finance company does not own thebatteries.
26

EV Business Models in Demo Cities
Hefei(JAC EV)

Hangzhou(ZOTYE EV)

Hangzhou(ZOTYE 5008EV)
Whole EV Selling Model

EV Business Model
Battery Leasing Model

Whole EV Leasing Model

Shenzhen( BYD K9 Bus)

Hefei( Ankai Bus)
Financial Leasing Model I

Financial Leasing Model II27

At the end of 2011, the total quantity and variety ofdemonstration electric vehicles was as follows pe ci alp ur po seve hi cl e,
1 93 , 2%

Pa ss en ge rc ar s(EV,inclu
ding fuelcell cars andplug-in),
20 25 , 18 %B us es(EV,including
fuel cell,supercapacitor ),99 0, 9 %Bu se s（HV,PEV）,
64 49 , 56 %Pa ss en ge rca rs (HV),
17 66 , 15 %Total：16023
28

• The number of vehicles distributed by city (2011)
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
029

Charging StationShenzhen,
By Potevio
Hangzhou,
By State GridHefei,
By State Grid

Charging station

EV Charging Station

Charging and Swap station

Charging station

Beijing,
By State Grid Charging and Swap station
30

Number of Infrastructures in total
By the end of 2011, thenumber of charging spots
is about 6800 in China

Charging Spot

Charging Station

By the end of 2011, thenumber of charging
stations is about 168.
31

In ShenZhen city, With a measure of exempting
five-year license fee, the first pure electric taxioperation company of China was established. 300
pure electric taxis were put into thedemonstration, whose daily average mileage wasup to 450 km, and of which the longest single
mileage reached 220,000 km (till 2012.07).

32

Till to June 2012, the total amount of NEV in Shenzhen
had been up to 3,147, including 2,050 buses (1,771
hybrids, 253 pure EVs, 26 pure electric midibuses), 300
pure electric taxis, 62 fuel cell vehicles, 20 official cars,
over 715 private cars. 2,600 charging poles and 62
charging stations (57 for public, 5 for private) hadbeen built up.

33

According to the characteristics of moderatemileage and fix route, public buses were selected
as a breakthrough to expand NEV promotion scale.
Up to now, the number of applications of newenergy bus has been up to 2,050, accounting for12.8% of the population of the city bus in Shenzhen.

34

Multinational auto companies cooperated withCATARC, to carry out test run of EV in ChinaBMW

MINI E

Active E

User

Amount

50

100

TOYOT

PRIUS

IQ-EV

Government,
research institutions,and the generalpublicUser

Amount40

5Government,
research institutions
3535

The demonstration features: government-led,combined with the large-scale events.

36

3. Chinese EV development plan37

2012, The Chinese State Council issued
the "energy-saving and new energy automotive
industry development plan (2012-2020)" :2015, strive to cumulatively produce and sale
EV and PHV 500,000；
2020, EV and PHV production capacity reach 2million, the cumulative production and sales over
5 million.
38

Automotive energy-saving control

No control

StageⅠ

stage ⅡStage ⅢStage Ⅳ

2006 －2008

2009～20122012～2015

2015～2020

Passenger car fuel consumption L/100Km2002,Average fuelconsumption:9.11L/100km

2008,Average fuelconsumption :8.06L/100km

2015 , Average fuelconsumption : 6.9L/100Km
2020 , Average fuelconsumption : 5L/100KM

2006

2009

2012

2015

2020
39

4. Measures to promote the application of EV in China

40

新能源汽车政策框架体系
Fiscal andtaxation policies

Technology
Policies

Management
policies

Other policies

 The central government has

appropriated special funds tosupport technologicalinnovation, demonstration pilot andpromote the application ； Create a new energy automotive industry

alliance, and concentrate ourefforts to overcome technical difficulties;

 Combined with the adjustment of

 Promote financial institutions to Establishment and improvement of new Support for new energy vehicles and key

industrial structure, improveadmittance management system for
new energy auto companies andproducts ;increase support for the new energy
automotive industry development efforts;

 Local arrangements for special

matching funds to support theconstruction of infrastructure, set
up battery recycling and echelon
use system； To develop and perfect the new energy

vehicle technology and regulations; For enterprises, tax system basedon average fuel consumption ofpassenger cars. Tax relief on newenergy vehicles；

energy vehicle demonstration operation
management system, establish asupervision and evaluation andelimination mechanism, give full play tothe leading role of the pilot anddemonstration projects;

parts companies listed and refinancing; Create a convenient EV use environment,

 Support the development andeliminating the limitation for licence plate
number, purchase indicators restrictions.

industrialization of energy-saving andnew energy vehicle technology.
 Established the management system

for recovering the key components andpower batteries.

 Engaged in the research anddevelopment of new energy vehicles
and key
parts production enterprises and instit
utions shall be exemptedfrom business tax.

Support fortechnologicalinnovation

Support thedemonstration
and application

Support infrastructure
construction

Supportrecycling system
41

CityCarownership

Restriction measures

Beijing

5,200,000

20,000 indicators per month,
Production enterprises per
ballotvehicle subsidies 60,000 most
10,000 indicators per month (central financial);
Private purchase of each,Bid（75,000 ）vehicle subsidies 60 000 most
10,000 indicators per month(local government);,Ratio of EV/PHV: ballot: bidFree license fee or without
is 1:5:4
balloting.

Shanghai 2,600,000
Canton2,500,000

Promotional measures for EV

4242

How to achieve the goals of the plan……
Bus
Taxi
PostalLease Official business Logistics
Sanitation

Private cars
43
43

5. Some views about Chinese EV market

44Under the pressure on energy and environmental protection, in
Chinese cities, electric vehicles will rapidly increase.
In the field of private vehicles, EV should use fast charging
model (less than 10 to 15 minutes is perfect. On the other hand,to improve mileage, increasing the battery is necessary, thatcause charging time grow).
PHV is a good transition (the financial subsidies less than EV).
In many Chinese residential area, parking spaces are leased tovehicle owner, and charging pile construction will take up someof the land, so parking charging piles is not easy to achieve.
As EV charging stations increased, in order to reduce theimpact on the grid, to stabilize the electricity peak-tovalley, more new distributed energy storage (Distributed EnergyStorage, DES) device will be needed.

4545

EV Technology Innovation Forum2013-7-8 Beijing

2013-11 Beijing

huizhan@catarc.ac.cn

chinaev@catarc.ac.cn

Thanks for Your attention！