浙江德清淡水珍珠传统养殖与利用系统
Traditional Cultivation and Application System of Freshwater
pearl in Deqing, Zhejiang
系统概况 Introduction
浙江德清淡水珍珠传统养殖与利用系统是南宋叶金扬（公元1200-1300年）发明珍珠人工养殖技术以来，德清人民依托良好的生态环境、丰
富的水域资源从事珍珠养殖延续至今形成的包括人工植珠技术、珍珠养殖管理技术、珍珠品质鉴定技术、加工及深加工技术、鱼蚌混养技
术、珍珠文化和地方民俗在内的农业文化遗产系统。
Since Ye Jinyang (1200-1300) invented the artificial pearl cultivation technique in theSouthern Song Dynasty, Deqing people have engaged in pearl cultivation thanks to theexcellent ecological environment and rich water resources, and developed anagriculture heritage system including artificial pearl implantation technology, pearl
cultivation management technology, pearl quality identification technology, processing
and deep-processing technology, fish-mussel mixed cultivation technology, pearl
culture and local folklore. The as-formed agriculture heritage system is known as thetraditional cultivation and application system of freshwater pearl in Deqing, Zhejiang.

附壳珍珠养殖技术 Ye Jinyang’s blister pearl cultivation technique
方法为：“将锡和其他金属的、木制的、骨质的浮雕放在蚌的贝壳和
外套膜之间，经2~3年的养殖，即成。”这种将自然界珍珠的偶然形成
转化成有意识的自觉培育过程，是古人的一大创举。该技术在当时德清的钟管和十字港一带推广，不仅解决了人们的生计问题，降低了采珠危险性，而且促进了珍珠贸易及加工业的发展。

丰富的物种资源 Rich species resources德清水域面积广阔，水质优良，适合淡水蚌生长繁殖，自古便是珍珠
养殖的重要地区，能用于育珠的蚌类有10余种。境内浮游植物有8门55属，浮游动物有75种。底栖动物约有26种，以螺、蚬为主要优势种。共有鱼类42种，隶属于7目13科36属，以鲤科鱼类最多，占总数64.29%；其次为鲈形目和鲇形目。此外，有国家一级保护动物朱鹮、白颈长尾稚；国家级保护植物南方红豆杉、银杏、榧树等。
Deqing has a vast water area and high water quality for the growth and cultivation of
freshwater mussels, and over 10 kinds of mussels can conceive pearls. Since ancienttimes it is an important area for pearl culture. There are 8 phyla-55 genera, 75 species,
26 species (snails and clams dominant) and 42 species (belong to 7 orders, 13families, 36 genera; the most, 64.29%, is Cyprinidae, and the second most is perchand Silhouette) for phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic fauna and fish, respectively.
Besides, there are also national level protection animals and plants like crested ibis,
elliot’s pheasant, taxus, gingko, torreya grandis, etc.

形式多样的珍珠文化 Diverse pearl culture德清人民在长期的劳动和生活中，形成了丰富多彩、种类繁多的农耕
文化，流传着众多的传说、民歌、谚语，保存了众多的农业工艺以及乡风民俗，它们深深地根植于民间，代代相传。以“放鱼秧”、“请财神”、“拜塘头五圣”、“吃鱼汤饭”等为特色的传统民风民俗以及纪念叶金扬的相关活动，形成了德清珍珠丰富的文化内涵和历史底蕴。传统节庆活动如蚕花庙会、乾元龙灯会等也独具特色。

The detailed procedure is “After embedding tin, other metal, wooden or osseous reliefs
between mussel’s shells and mantle and additional 2~3 year cultivation, blister pearls
will be formed.” Transforming the occasional pearl formation in nature to a conscious
artificial cultivation process is a pioneering work of ancient people. The technique waspromoted in Zhongguan and Cross Harbor, Deqing, not only solving people’s
livelihood and reducing the risk of pearl collection, but also promoting the industrial
development of pearl trade and processing .

During the long term labor and life, Deqing people created a wide variety of farming
culture, spread plenty of legends, folk songs, proverbs, and preserved a large numberof agriculture technologies and rural folk customs, which are deeply rooted and arehanded down from generation to generation. Traditional folk customs like “Fishstocking”, “greet God of wealth”, “Worship five kinds of holy fish in ponds”, “Eatfish-soup rice” and other commemorative activities of Ye Jinyang is the culturalconnotation and history background of Deqing pearl. Traditional festivals such as
Canhua Miaohui, Exhibit of Qianyuan Dragon Lanterns also has their own features.

和谐共生的生态系统 Harmonious ecosystem
鱼、蚌均生活在水中，利用它们共生原理，在池塘中进行混养，可实现优化生产结构，以鱼带蚌，以蚌补鱼，获得良好经济效益。同时，
千百年来，区域内劳动人民发明和发展“粮桑鱼畜”生态循环模式，形成了种桑、种稻（麦）、畜牧和养鱼相辅相成，桑地、稻田和池塘
相连相倚的江南水乡典型的“粮桑鱼畜”系统和生态农业景观。

一二三产深度融合的珍珠产业 Deeply integrated pearl industry
德清形成了从河蚌养殖到加工成珍珠终端产品的完整的产业链条。河蚌的蚌肉可以食用，味道鲜美，蚌壳可以加工成各种各样装饰品和首饰，珍珠饰品的加工制作，更是促进了整个珍珠产业的良性循环。
2016年德清珍珠深加工总量近100吨，占全国淡水珍珠总产量的10%左右，己成为全国最大的淡水珍珠深加工基地，珍珠养殖与深加工年产
值超50亿元，带动就业人员近万人。同时，优美的生态环境、浓郁的
珍珠文化和健康的生态产品促进了区域休闲农业的发展。
Deqing has its own complete industry chain from mussel farming to pearl
end products. The meat of mussel is edible and shells can be processed intoa variety of decorations and jewelry. The processing production of pearl
decorations further promotes the pearl industry a benign cycle. The total
amount of pearl deep processing in Deqing approached 100 tons in 2016,accounting for 10% of the national total output of freshwater pearls. Deqing
has become the national largest processing base of freshwater pearls,
creating an annual output value of over 5 billion RMB and driving theemployment of nearly 10,000 people. At the same time, the beautiful
ecological environment, strong pearl culture and healthy ecologicalproducts promote the development of regional leisure agriculture.

Taking advantages of a co-existence and complementation principle, fish and mussel is
mix-cultivated in water to optimize the production structure and enhance economic
benefits. At the same time, for thousands of years, the local people has invented anddeveloped the “Grain-mulberry-fish-livestock” ecological circulation mode, wheremulberry planting, rice (wheat) cultivation, animal husbandry and fish farming
complement each other. The mulberry farm, paddy and ponds connects to form thetypical ecological agriculture landscape of canal towns south of the Yangtze.

鱼蚌混养系统

“粮桑鱼畜”循环系统示意图
注：①稻草供蚕“上山”结茧
②“蚕砂肥田
③老桑叶、桑地杂草喂牲畜④牲畜粪便等肥地⑤牲畜粪便可肥田⑥稻草麦杆等可作饲料，也可垫畜舍⑦牲畜粪便可喂鱼⑧鱼塘底泥可返田作肥料⑨鱼塘底泥可返桑地作肥料⑩“蚕砂”喂鱼
虚线：稻田养鱼