TWO TYPES OF ADVERBIALS IN MAYRINAX ATAYAL
Xin-Xian Rex Yu
National Tsing Hua University

1.

Introduction

Mainly focusing on the morphological representations and syntactic distributions,adverbials in Mayrinax Atayal (MA) would be classified, following Hsiao’s (2004)
predicate-like and adjunct-like adverbs distinction in Squliq Atayal, which is one of thedialects of Atayal spoken in Taiwan. Following previous studies (Chang 2004, 2005, Li 2007),
two more criteria are proposed in distinguishing the types of adverbs in MA: the existence of
linker ‘i’ and syntactic distributions of adverbials. The linker ‘i’, also manipulated in Serial
Verb Construction, would then be considered as one of historical remains, which further
justifying Tsai’s (to appear) assumptions on the grammaticalization among Formosan
languages.
2.

Background

MA is a dialect of C’uli’, which is one of the two major subgroups of Atayal, and theother is Squliq Atayal. MA, as one of Formosan languages, is spoken in Chinshui Village (錦水村), Taian Hsiang (泰安郷), Miaoli prefecture (苗栗縣), Taiwan. Mayrinax is well known
because of its distinctions on certain vocabulary manipulated by male and female native
speakers. Besides, MA is also regarded as a language in which lots of ancient markers arepreserved, used and still comprehensible nowadays.1
The linker ‘i’ between adverbs and verbs, for instance, is one of these ancient remnants.
Among the dialects of Atayal, MA is worth paying more attention on the event construction,i.e., the verb phrase modified by adverbs. By observing co-occurrence of the linker ‘i’ and thetypes of adverbs, we try to figure out the behaviors of adverbials as well as the role of thelinker ‘i’ in MA.
This paper is organized as following: In section 3, previous studies would be mentioned
as review on the discussion of adverbials in Formosan languages. In section 4, adverbs in MA
would then be further classified into two types, predicate-like and adjunct-like adverbs,
according to certain distinctive properties. Finally, the linker would be analyzed as a historicalremnant from the V-V conjunction construction, following Tsai’s (to appear) idea.
1

Lots of these ancient markers, such as the linker ‘i’, discussed in the following section, can be
precisely judged, and though these markers tend to be gradually omitted in daily conversations among
native speakers of MA.
Nanzan Linguistics: Special Issue 5, 125-137©2008 Xin-Xian Rex Yu

Nanzan Linguistics: Special Issue 5

3.
3.1.

Literature Review on Adverbials in Formosan Languages
Huang (1995, 2000)

With the similarity in syntactic behaviors, adverbs in MA are regarded as one kind of
predication, similar to normal verbs. Identical to the behaviors in serial verb constructions,shown in (1), two constituents in (2) are also linked by ‘i’, which also takes the same function
in serial verb constructions in (1) (Huang 1995: 191):(1)

M-a’usa’ ‘i’
AV-go
Link

k-um-aluap
‘i’
casan
‘i’
hunt-AV-hunt Particle tomorrow Nom

Yumin.
Yumin‘Yumin will go hunting tomorrow.’(2)

Lihka’ ‘i’
fast
Link

ma-ktaliyun
AV-runku’ ‘ulaqi’.
Nom child‘The child is running fast.’
Carrying the correspondent voice marker, two constituents composing serial verb
constructions in (1) could be plausibly treated as verbs. Without the voice markers, however,
adverb in (2) seems to be quite unlike, under the morphological affixation.
3.2.

Chang (2004, 2005) in Kavalan

Chang (2004) takes another perspective on the behaviors of adverbs in Kavalan, one of
Formosan languages spoken in Taiwan. He claims that the adverbials should be considered as
the main verbs and the following lexical verb as the complements. He further divides
adverbials into four types, according to their syntactic distributions and morphologicalproperties:-126-

Two Types of Adverbials in Mayrinax Atayal (R. X.-X. Yu)(3)Type A—SVC-I
A sequence of verbs without intervening conjunctions
AV-only restriction
No aspectual/ modal/ pronominal marking
Inflected with imperative suffixes
As matrix verbs, taking the following VP phrase as the complements
Type B—SVC-II
A sequence of verbs without intervening conjunctions
No AV-only restriction
With aspectual/ modal/ pronominal marking
Inflected with imperative suffixes
Type C—becoming adverbs
Restricted to sentence-initial position not typical adverb
Unable to host bound pronouns not typical verb
Type D—AdjunctFree distribution
Not sentence-initially existence
In general, three kinds of adverbs is inducted under Chang’s observations: predicate-type,adjunct-type and the other one between them. All of these types are divided by means of
examining the syntactic distribution and morphological affixation, such as relative
distribution of the adverbs and imperative suffixation, respectively.
In addition to these criteria of discriminate the type of adverb, Mayrinax Atayal also
provides us another hint to distinguish. That is the linker ‘i’, which has been omitted in otherdialects of Atayal. The linker ‘i’ occurring between two components of a serial verb
construction, which is theoretically defined as a sequence ‘in which verbs sharing a common
actor or object are merely juxtaposed with no intervening conjunctions’(Foley and Olson
1985).
However, in some occasions, this linker sometimes becomes optional and sometimes
obligatory. This is another phenomenon relating to the historical evolution of MA.
3.3.

Li (2007) in Puyuma

Based on three restrictions, Li subclassifies adverbial expressions in Puyuma, aFormosan language spoken in the southeast of Taiwan (Li 2007: Table 4):-127-Nanzan Linguistics: Special Issue 5(4)
AV RESTRITION

Type I
Type A
II
B
Type III

Yes
No
Yes
No

ARGUMENTATTRACTIONRESTRICTION
Yes
No
Yes
No

ARGUMENT
OCCURRENCERESTRICTION
Yes
Yes
No

Under Li’s observations, adverbs in type I obey these three restrictions: AV restriction—voice
marker on the following lexical verb must be Agent Voice, Argument attraction
restriction—the argument selected by the lexical verb must be attached to the preceding
adverb, and Argument occurrence restriction—the arguments occur just once. Li’s
assumptions provide us a standard way to evaluate the types of adverbs.
3.4.

Hsiao (2004) in Squilq Atayal

From the observations of Hsiao (2004), we can also discover two types of adverbs inSquilq Atayal, which is another dialect of Atayal:
A. Predicate-like type(5) M-qnhway m-wah
AV-slowly AV-come

qu’
Nom

Tali.
Tali

‘Tali comes slowly.’
(6)

Wal
Perf

si
SI

pk’ia
violent(Hsiao 2004: 49)
m-ihiyAV-beat

Tali
Tali

qu’
Nom

Yumin.
Yumin‘Yumin beat Tali violently.’
B. Adjunct-like type(7) Ulung(sa)
fortunately Par
squ’ hera.
Obl yesterday(Hsiao 2004: 57)

qriq-un na
steal-PV Obl

Tali
Tali

s<m>i
put-AV-AV

t’tu
trap

qu’
Nom

rhyal
ground‘Fortunately, Tali put the trap on the ground stealthily.’ (Hsiao 2004: 72)
(8)

Ki’a
probablycyux
Aspm-’abiAV-sleep

slaq
farm

hozil
dog

‘Maybe the dog is sleeping in the farm.’

qasa.
that
(Hsiao 2004: 73)

Although some vocabulary shared between Squilq Atayal and Mayrinax Atayal, thesetwo dialects can be crucially distinguished on the existence of the linker ‘i’ between adverbs-128-

Two Types of Adverbials in Mayrinax Atayal (R. X.-X. Yu)

and verbs.
4.

Types of Adverbials in MA

Based on Hsiao’s categorization, we can divide adverbs in MA into two types:
predicate-like and adjunct-like adverbs. For each type, Li’s restrictions would be applied as
criteria in order to further confirm their syntactic properties.
4.1.

Predicate-like Adverbs

Adverbs in this type with Voice inflection affix and bound pronominal clitics behave
similarly to the main predicate. Moreover, there is a linker occur between these adverbs andthe following lexical verb. In addition, the emergence of this linker ‘i’ seems to be arbitrary.
4.1.1.

Voice Markers and Bound Pronoun

Acting as a predicate, adverbs in MA are also observed to have Voice markers (9). In
addition, the bound pronouns are found to be attached on the adverbs in this type, instead ofon the lexical verb (10). Once negated, the adverbs carry only the Voice marker, while thebound pronoun then attach to the initial negation (11), just like a matrix predicate:(9)a.

M-ubagaq
AV-polite

‘i’
Link

k<um>alu‘i’
talk-AV-talk Nom

Watan.
Watan‘Watan talked politely.’b.

K<um>alu
talk-AV-talk

‘i’
Nom

Watan.
Watan‘Watan talked.’(10) a.

Si-punabak=mi’ la cokang ‘i’IV-carefully=1st Asp veryLinkk<um>awah
open-AV-open

ku’
Nom

kurol.
box‘I’ve already carefully opened the box.’b.

K<um>awah=mi’ ku’
open-AV-open=1st Nom

kurol.
box‘I opened the box.’(11) a.

Ini=mu’
Neg=1stubuga-ani ‘i’polite-BV Link

baiq
give

‘I impolitely gave him the candies.’

-129-

cu’
Acc

heing
candy

‘i’
Nom

hiya’.
heNanzan Linguistics: Special Issue 5b.

Ini=mu’
Neg=1stbaiq-icu’
give-LF Acc

pila’
money

ku’ ‘ulaqi’.
Nom child‘I didn’t give the child money.’
4.1.2.

(Huang 1995: 66)

AV-only Restriction

Just like the situation in Serial Verb Construction mentioned in previous studies, adverbs
act as the main predicate, assign the arguments with proper case markers, and bound thefollowing lexical verb with AV form only:(12) a.

Ma-na-mat’mati ‘i’AV-violently
Linkt<um>uting cu’
beat-AV-beat Acc‘ulaqi’childb.

A’-mat’mati-un‘i’
Red-violently-PV Linkt<um>uting ni Watan
beat-AV-beat Gen Watanc.

* Ma-na-matimati
AV-violently

‘i’
Link

tuting-un
beat-PVni’ Watan
Gen Watand. * A’-mat’mati-un‘i’
Red-violently-PV Link

tuting-un
beat-PV

ni’
Gen

‘i’
Nom

Watan.
Watan

ku’ ‘ulaqu’.
Nom child

Watan
Watan

ku’ ‘ulaqi’.
Nom childku’ ‘ulaqi’.
Nom child‘Watan beats the child violently.’
It is obvious that the adverbial can be formed as either Agent Voice or Patient Voice, withdifferent case markers on the arguments. But it is not the case for the following lexical verb in(12c). Agreement between adverbials and lexical verb in terms of Voice System could not
repair this failure (12d). AV-only restriction is absolutely required in this type of adverbs.
4.1.3.

Arbitrariness of Linker ‘i’

One of the distinctive properties in MA is the existence of linker ‘i’. This linker occurs
between the adverbials and the following lexical verbs (13), as well as between two adverbs(14):(13) a.

An-liliah-un
often-PV‘i’
Linkt<um>uting ‘i’beat <AV>
Nom

Watan.
Watan‘It is often for Watan to be beaten.’b.

Ma-na-matimati
AV- violently

‘i’
Link

t<um>uting cu’
beat-AV-beat Acc‘Watan violently beats the child.’-130-‘ulaqi
child

‘i’
Nom

Watan.
Watan

Two Types of Adverbials in Mayrinax Atayal (R. X.-X. Yu)(14) An-liliah-un
often-PV‘i’
Linkma-na-mat’mati
AV-violently

‘i’
Link

t<um>uting ‘i’beat <AV>
Nom

Watan.
Watan‘It is often for Watan to be beaten violently.’
Its appearance, however, is arbitrary: sometimes it’s optional (15), sometimes it’s
obligatory (16).
(15) Ma-nahaiyau (‘ i’)
AV-SlowlyLinkh<um>akay‘i’walk-AV-walk Nom

Watan.
Watan(‘i’ is optional)

bauwaq.
pig(‘i' is obligatory)‘Watan walked slowly.’(16) Hailag cubalai *(‘i’)
quickly veryLink

ma-ktaliyun
AV-runku’
Nom‘Pig runs very fast.’
Overall, the emergence of the linker ‘i’ under this type of adverbs is definitely
grammatical, since sentence failure may result from the omission in the some obligatory
situations. And the optionality of that linker seems to be the outcome of ease of articulation
among the native speakers.
4.1.4.

Inability of Being Topicalized

All the arguments in MA could be topicalized at the initial position followed a topic
marker ga. Adverbs in this type, of course, are not allowed to be a topic:(17) a.

Ma-na-lialiah ‘i’AV-frequently Linkt<um>uting cu’
beat-AV-beat Acc‘ulaqi’
child

‘i’
Nom

Yumin.
Yumin

b. * Ma-na-lialiah ga
AV-frequently TOP

t<um>uting cu’
beat-AV-beat Acc‘ulaqi
child

‘i’
Nom

Yumin.
Yumin’‘Yumin often beat the child.’(18) a.

T-um-uting
beat-AV-beat

cu’
Acc

‘ulaqi’childb. * T-um-uting
beat-AV-beat

ga
TOP

cu’
Acc

‘i’
Nom
‘ulaqi’child

Yumin.
Yumin
‘i’
Nom

Yumin.
Yumin‘Yumin beats the child.’
Normally, it is not possible to topicalize an adverbial; however, adverbs in the other type,
Adjunct-like adverbs, are observed to be topicalized. We will discuss this part in section
4.2.4.

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Nanzan Linguistics: Special Issue 5

4.1.5.

Rigid Distribution

Similar to the main predicates in verb-initial languages, adverbials in MA are restrictedin the positioning. With Voice marker and bound pronoun, adverbials always initially occur.
Other alternative orderings are not allowed:(19) a.

Ma-nahaiyau
AV-Slowly

h<um>akay‘i’walk-AV-walk Nom

Watan.
Watan

b. * H<um>akay ma-nahaiyau
walk-AV-walk AV-Slowly

‘i’
Nom

c.

ma-nahaiyau.
AV-Slowly* H<um>akay ‘i’walk-AV-walk Nom

Watan
Watan

Watan.
Watan‘Watan walked slowly.’
4.2.

Adjunct-like Adverbs

Lacking of Voice markers, adverbs in this type are not required to initially occur insentence. Instead, their distributions would be relatively free. Distinctively, the linker ‘i’ is
not allowed for these adverbs. Moreover, Adverbs in this type can be topicalized with topic
marker ga. In addition, there is no AV-only restriction for this type of adverbials.
4.2.1.

No Voice Marker and Relevant Argument

Adverbs in this type are not allowed to have any Voice marker. Instead, the following
lexical verb acts as the matrix predicate (20). Moreover, this type of adverbs would attach
either no argument or the bound pronoun irrelevant to the verb (21):(20) Ki’i’probablyc<in>buna’shoot-PV-shoot Ins

ku’
Nom

bakarowap.
hunting/hunter‘It is probably that it was killed by the hunter.’(21) a.

Asi=mu-ga
seemingly=1s.

bak-un=mu hiya.
know-PV=1s. he‘It seems to me that I know him.’b.

Asi=nia’-ga
bak-un=nia hiya.
seemingly=3s. know-PV=3s. he‘It seems to himi that hei knows himj.’-132-

Two Types of Adverbials in Mayrinax Atayal (R. X.-X. Yu)

4.2.2.

No AV-only Restriction

The Voice system of the following lexical verb would no longer be restricted in Agent
Voice. In other words, the preceding adverb would not get involved in the event:(22) Asi-ga
probablytuting-un
beat-PVkalialia’h ‘i’
often
Link

Watan.
Watan‘It is probably that Watan is often beaten.’
4.2.3.

No Linker Is Allowed

Different from predicate-like adverbs, the linker ‘i’ is absolutely forbidden under thistype of adverbs:2(23) Tuting-un (*‘i’)beat-PVLink

kalialia’h ‘i’
often
Nom

Watan
Watan

cu’
Acc

‘ulaqi’.
child‘Watan often beats the child.’(24) Asi-ga ( *‘i’)probably Link

tuting-un
beat-PVkalialia’h ‘i’
often
Nom

Watan.
Watan‘It is probably that Watan is often beaten.’(25) a.

Kalialia’h
often

ga
TOP

tu<mu>tingbeat-AV-beat

cu’
Acc

‘ulaqi’
child

‘i’
Nom

Yumin.
Yumin

b. * Kalialia’h
often

‘i’
Link

t<um>uting
beat-AV-beat

cu’
Acc

‘ulaqi’
child

‘i’
Nom

Yumin.
Yumin‘Yumin beats the child everyday.’
4.2.4.

Capability of Being Topicalized

As mentioned above, predicate-like adverbs are unable to be topicalized. Adjunct-likeadverb, however, can occur as the topic, followed by the topic marker ga:(26) a.

b.

T<um>uting
beat-AV-beatkalialia’h
often

cu’
Acc

‘ulaqi’
child

‘i’
Nom

Yumin.
Yumin

Kalialia’h ga
often
TOP

t<um>uting cu’
beat-AV-beat Acc‘ulaqi’
child

‘i’
Nom

Yumin.
Yumin‘Yumin beats the child everyday.’2

The expression kalialia’h in MA can be interpreted as either ‘often’ or ‘everyday’.

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Nanzan Linguistics: Special Issue 5(27) a.

b.

Ma-na-matimati
AV-violently

kalialia’heveryday‘i’
Linkt<um>uting cu’ ‘ulaqi ‘i’Yumin.
beat-AV-beat Acc child Nom Yumin

Kalialia’h ga ma-na-matimati ‘i’t-um-uting
cu’ ‘ulaqi ‘i’Yumin.
everyday TOP AV-violently
Link beat-AV-beat Acc child Nom Yumin‘Yumin violently beats the child everyday.’(28) a.

b.

T<um>uting kalialia’h
Beat-AV-beat everyday
Yumin ga
Yumin TOPcu’
Acc‘ulaqi’child

t<um>uting kalialia’hbeat-AV-beat everyday

‘i’
Nom
cu’
Acc

Yumin.
Yumin‘ulaqi’.
child‘Yumin beats the child everyday.’
4.2.5.

Relatively Free Distributions

Adverbs in this type can rather freely occur in different positions: following the firstpredicate (29a), following the second predicate (29b) or between the arguments (29c).
(29) a.

Ma-na-matimati
AV-violently

kalialia’h ‘i’
often
Link

t<um>uting cu’ ‘ulaqi ‘i’beat-AV-beat Acc child Nomb.

Ma-na-matimati ‘i’AV-violently
Linkt<um>uting kalialia’hbeat-AV-beat oftenc.

Ma-na-mat’mati ‘i’AV-violently
Linkt<um>uting cu’
beat-AV-beat Acc‘ulaqichild

cu’ ‘ulaqi ‘i’
Acc child Nom

Yumin.
Yumin
Yumin.
Yumin

kalialia’h ‘i’Yumin.
often
Nom Yumin‘Yumin violently beats the child everyday.’
4.3.

Summary

From the previous observations, predicate-like adverbs and adjunct-like adverbs can be
distinguished based on the following criteria:-134-

Two Types of Adverbials in Mayrinax Atayal (R. X.-X. Yu)(30)
Adverb type
Criteria
Voice marker
Relevant argument
attachment(bound pronoun)
AV-only restriction
Linker ‘i’Free distribution
Topicalization

Predicate-like adverbs

Adjunct-like adverbs

Yes
Yes

No
No

Yes
Yes
No
No

No
No
Yes
Yes

The previous three criteria are identical to those in Puyuma (Li 2007) and Kavalan (Chang
2004, 2005). And the restriction on the distribution of adverbs could be considered as theeffect caused by the attachment of Voice markers and relevant argument. AV-only restriction
further confines the distribution of these predicate-like adverbs.
Apparently, the existence of the linker ‘i’ seems to have nothing to do with thedistinctions between these two types of adverbs in MA. In fact, however, the discrimination
may unable to be departed from the linker ‘i’.
5.

Reduction from Coordinate Structure

By manipulating the identical form in Amis, Liu (2003) claims that VP modifications
should be originally generated from coordinate structure. According to Hsiao’s (2004),
Melody Chang’s (2004) and Tsai’s (to appear) assumptions, a coordinator in Formosan
languages may either turn into a modifier marker in modification relation, or into acomplementizer. This two-way grammaticalization is termed as “conjunctive reduction” (Tsaito appear: 17):(31) Adv + V  Adv-Modifier Marker + V  V Conj V  V[Comp V]  V + V
Considering the modifying situations in MA, we can find that there are two types ofadverbs, one with the linker ‘i’, the other without. Once this linker ‘i’ may be regarded as amodifier marker, two types of adverbs in MA illustrate two stages of the grammaticalizationof conjunctive reduction.
As mentioned earlier, the linker ‘i’ also occur between two verbs in the same event, i.e.,
the Serial Verb Construction:-135-

Nanzan Linguistics: Special Issue 5(32) a.

M-a’usa’ ‘i’
AF-go
Link

ma-panga’ cku’ ‘ulaqi’
AF-carry Acc child

‘i’
Nom

‘Mother is going to carry the child on her back.’b.

M- a’usa’ ‘i’
AF-go
Link

ma-sacka’
cu’
AF-welcome Acc(Huang 1995: 191)

tawqi’ ku’
chief Nom

‘The old man will go welcome a chief.’yaya’.
mothernabakis.
old-man(Huang 1995: 191)

Both the connection between two verbs in SVC and the modification of adverbs on verbs
can be paralleled, in terms of their semantic representations, based on Parson’s (1990)
assumptions on event structures:(33) a.

Ma-na-matimati ‘i’AV-violently
Linkt<um>uting cu’
beat-AV-beat Acc‘ulaqi’ ‘i’child Nom

Watan.
Watan‘Watan violently beat the child.’b.
(34) a.

∃e (BEAT (e)) & Agent (e, Watan) & Theme (e, child) & VIOLENT (e))
M- a’usa’ ‘i’
AF-go
Link

ma-sacka’
cu’
AF-welcome Acc

tawqi’ ku’
chief Nomnabakis.
old-man‘The old man will go welcome a chief.’b.

∃e (GO (e)) & Agent (e, old man) & Theme (e, chief)& ∃e’ (WELCOME (e)) & Agent (e, old man) & Theme (e, chief)

The representation of conjunction could be illustrated by the linker ‘i’ in both situations.
These collateral phenomena account for the plausibility of conjunction reduction in (31).
Another piece of evidence comes from the language usage in MA nowadays. As
mentioned in section 4.1.3, the linker ‘i’ between predicate-like adverb and the lexical verb
would be sometimes optional. This occasionally omission of the linker ‘i’ indicates the
dynamic process of conjunction reduction.
6.

Conclusion

In this article, two presumptions on adverbs in MA are concluded: (a) two types ofadverbs are sub classified due to some syntactic and morphological criteria, and (b) the
existence of the linker ‘i’ reveals the relation between V-V conjunction and Adv-V
modification, under Tsai’s postulation. That is, adverbs establish their own constructions
mainly in two distinctive ways. Predicate-like adverbs, originating from V-V conjunction,
modify the lexical verbs with a historical remain, the linker ‘i’, occurring in-between.
Adjunct-like adverbs, on the other hand, behave as real “adjuncts” juxtaposing in a sentence-136-

Two Types of Adverbials in Mayrinax Atayal (R. X.-X. Yu)

with rather freely distributions.

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