Artificial Elections|2

Table of Content
Table of Content

2

Executive Summary

3

Introduction

4

Regulatory Framework

4

Research Questions

5

Data Collection

6

Methodology

7

Findings

8

Detecting Generative AI Imagery

8Strategic Use of Generative AI Imagery

10Conclusion & Outlook

15

Appendix

17

Published: 04.07.2024
Authors: Salvatore Romano, Miazia Schueler, Natalia Stanusch, Raziye Buse Çetin,
Sonia Tabti, Marc Faddoul, Ibis Lilley.
Graphic & Brand Design: Denis Constant / Ittai Studio / https://ittai.co/
Email: info@aiforensics.org
Social Media : Linkedin | X | Bluesky
All other content (c) AI Forensics 2024

Artificial Elections|3

Executive Summary
AI Forensics conducts a cross-party, cross-platform analysis of the use of
AI-generated images in French political campaigns during the 2024 European
Parliament and legislative elections. In May and June, we collected data across party
websites, as well as their official Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter), TikTok,
YouTube, and LinkedIn accounts. We identified a total of 51 instances of generative
AI imagery across Facebook, Instagram, and X. We found that the Rassemblement
National, Reconquête, and Les Patriotes use generative AI imagery as an integral
campaigning strategy, and found single-case usage for L’Alliance Rurale and theUnion des Démocrates et Indépendants.
The strategically incorporated generative AI imagery was used to dramatize
party-specific narratives and sensationalistic topics. Our findings show a distinct
leveraging of AI-generated visuals, in which they amplify anti-EU and anti-immigrantmessages, utilizing visually compelling and emotionally charged content to
influence public perception.
Crucially, none of the AI-generated images were flagged as such by the politicalparties or the platforms that host their content. Our findings reveal criticalnegligence on both sides of political parties and platforms to adhere to thecommitments of labeling AI-generated imagery in their political campaigns,
highlighting the urgent need for transparency, stricter content moderation
enforcements, and reinforcing EU-wide policies on generative AI to sustain electoral
integrity. Without robust measures, future elections risk greater misuse of GenAI,
threatening electoral integrity.

Artificial Elections|4

Introduction
Generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools have significantly reduced the cost andtime required to create synthetic content and pose significant risks to electoral
processes. These tools have been found to exhibit cultural biases anddiscrimination, and compromise users' privacy and security. In today's environment,characterized by the prevalence of fake news, deep fakes, and heightenedpolarization due to recommendation algorithms, it is crucial to pay extra attention tothese issues in the realm of political campaigning and communication.
Based on a previous so-called Verificathon collaboration with several organizations
and the Digital Methods Initiative at the University of Amsterdam, we found thatgenerative AI had been used by the Rassemblement National, a French far-rightparty, in their official political campaigning for the 2024 European Parliamentelections shared on their social media channels. This is part of a larger pattern. The
German right-wing party AFD has shown to have used synthetic imagery in theircampaigns too. In the Italian electoral context, for example, Alliance4Europe
recently uncovered that Salvini’s EU electoral campaign uses non-watermarked
AI-generated images. And more generally, the DRFlab has found generative AI
imagery to be a common deployment in the context of the 2024 European
Parliament elections across right-wing parties in Europe.
Considering the substantial evidence of generative AI imagery used during theEuropean elections, AI Forensics conducts a follow-up investigation in the context
of the French elections, covering both the parliamentary (07.-09. June 2024) andlegislative elections (first round 30. June 2024). This research aims to conduct acomprehensive review of all French political parties to evaluate their use ofgenerative AI and its various fields of application.

Regulatory Framework
In preparation for the 2024 elections, there have been voluntary commitments andregulatory requirements specifically on the use of AI-generated content. On the EU
level, this includes aiming to uphold values such as transparency, integrity, andprivacy for free and fair elections with the Code of Conduct for the 2024 European
Parliament Elections. The signatories of the Code commit in clause 3.3.b to not
produce, use, or disseminate deceptive content generated with or without artificial
intelligence that alters electoral stakeholders including candidates and officials. The

Artificial Elections|5

same clause allows the use of AI-generated content only when it is clearly labeledand encourages provenance measures such as watermarking.
Leading AI companies and platforms including Google, Meta, and TikTok among
others have signed a voluntary AI Elections Accord with seven principle goals in
February 2024. The goals include researching and developing tools to prevent thegeneration of deceptive content, attach provenance signals, detect AI-generated
content on platforms and address it swiftly and effectively.
The Digital Services Act (DSA) that entered into force in 2024 in the European Union
mandates that Providers of Very Large Online Platforms (VLOPs) and Very Large
Online Search Engines (VLOSEs) implement risk mitigation measures to countersystemic risks. Specifically, the Guidelines for Providers of Very Large Online
Platforms (VLOPs) and Very Large Online Search Engines (VLOSEs) on the Mitigationof Systemic Risks for Electoral Processes address the risks of actual or foreseeable
negative effects on electoral processes stemming from the design, functioning, anduse of services offered by VLOPs and VLOSEs within the meaning of Article 34.1(c) of
the DSA. Additionally, the guidelines insist on clear labeling of AI-generated content
on platforms (3.3.40(b)).
Beyond European-level commitment and laws, the French data protection authority
CNIL recently published its observations following the European elections and in
preparation for the upcoming legislative elections. The CNIL’s AI department
observed the increased reliance on AI-generated content in political campaigning aswell as the dissemination of deep fakes and sent a letter to the heads of French
political parties urging them to conduct a political campaign respectful of thepersonal data of voters.

Research Questions
This study conducts a cross-party, cross-platform analysis to verify the extent towhich generative AI imagery has been used across all parties throughout theEuropean Parliament and local parliament elections in France. More specifically, we
examine the authenticity of image content posted on the official social media
channels of all French parties and coalitions that ran for the 2024 European
Parliament elections and that are now running for the upcoming legislativeelections. We ask the following research questions:
1. Which French political parties use AI-generated images in their official
political campaigns on their social media channels?

Artificial Elections|6

2. What topics are covered through AI-generated images in the various French
political campaigns, and what narratives do they convey?
3. What are user reactions to AI-generated images in French election
campaigns?
4. How do the platforms that co-host AI-generated campaigns moderate suchcontent? Do they flag it as such?
Considering 2024 is a globally relevant election year, scrutinizing AI-generated
content is essential to ensure an authentic and transparent information landscapein democratic settings. With this research, we uncover the online dissemination ofcompromised political messaging through AI-generated images, which we believe
can highly distort the political perception of voters. As we claim in our first report,“It is not only the voter’s right to be served reliable and authentic politicalinformation but also the voter’s right as a user of various social media platforms to
be made aware of the type of political content they are consuming online. Thus,
investigations into AI-generated content attempt to ensure that the disseminationof political information during electoral periods upholds ethical communication
standards for the sake of electoral integrity.”

Data Collection
To systematically analyze the use of generative AI content for political campaigning
in France, AI Forensics collected and examined official content shared between 1.
May and 28. June 2024 by all parties and coalitions in France (see Table 2 in the
appendix). The time frame studied encompassed both the 2024 European
Parliamentary Elections period and the early 2024 Legislative Election in France.
To comprehensively account for the whole political spectrum, we compiled a list of
38 parties and coalitions in France. Next, we identified the parties’ media channels
by collecting their official websites and social media accounts. Starting from theofficial websites, we then collected all social media accounts that were hyperlinked.
We focused on one account per party/coalition per each of the six platforms forfurther data collection and analysis: Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter),
TikTok, YouTube, and LinkedIn. In total, we analyzed 38 websites, 32 Facebook
accounts, 27 Instagram accounts, 33 X accounts, 11 TikTok accounts, 28 YouTube
channels, and 7 LinkedIn accounts. We then manually detected, collected, andanalyzed the generative AI content.

Artificial Elections|7

Methodology
In this investigation, we account for a spectrum of visual synthetic content.
Generative AI imagery, as we refer to it across this report, serves as an umbrella termfor visual content (such as images or stills) that has been manipulated or createdusing machine learning techniques to look hyperrealistic. In this understanding, little
to no human intervention preceded the generation of the image or footage. Instead,the desired output is synthetically constructed via algorithmic processes based on
the prompt (e.g. instructions given to a model) and input (e.g., a video where one
face is to be ‘swapped’ for another). Generative AI imagery thus refers to the
outputs of text-to-image generative AI models (such as Stable Diffusion or DALLE),
but also to the fabrications known as ‘deepfakes’ and ‘face swapping,’ as applied tostill and moving images.
To detect generative AI imagery, we turned to a twofold methodological approach:first manual detection followed by non-manual detection. To detect such content
manually, we developed a set of guidelines. These guidelines serve as acomprehensive detection manual that accounts for the recent developments inboth deepfakes and generative AI image production and its scrutiny. Once a piece ofcontent was suspected to be produced using generative AI, it was collectedalongside its metadata. To ensure the quality of detection, three AI Forensics
investigators evaluated the content independently and discussed the borderline
cases. For the non-manual generative AI imagery detection, we used three different
tools: the InVID verification toolkit (by AFP Medialab and vera.ai), TrueMedia.org(beta access), and Google Lens reverse image analysis. If each of these tools, inaddition to our manual detection, confirmed the image to be manipulated, we
flagged a post as generative AI imagery.
We acknowledge limitations intrinsic to the nature of the object of our study. Whileit has become practically impossible to automatically detect AI-generated text withfull certainty, image-based detection tools offer some level of scrutiny, yet are notalways accurate. For this reason, we used two different tools that offer generative AI
detection and manipulation analysis - InVID verification toolkit and TrueMedia.org and Google Lens, a feature of the Google search engine that allows for the detectionof whether an image was shared in the past (and if so, where and when) based on
the features of visual similarity. By combining manual and non-manual detection
approaches, we were able to find generative AI image content with high confidence.
Nonetheless, despite using both manual and non-manual methods of detecting

Artificial Elections|8

generative AI imagery, we acknowledge an unavoidable margin of error. We also
excluded some instances that we suspected could have been fully or partially
produced using generative AI, but we could not prove with our chosen methodology.
The following analysis is focused primarily on still images that we detected acrossthe dataset (rather than deepfake videos), which we considered to be fully (rather
than partially) AI-generated.
To account for the resonance of the content we detected, we included engagement
metrics to measure the reach of the post, including the number of shares and likes
to the date of collection (28. June 2024). Using close reading, we also analyzed thecomments under each post to detect whether users identified the post as being
made using generative AI.

Findings
Detecting Generative AI Imagery
While the global implementation and accessibility to generative AI tools are
increasing, we found that their usage is still limited within the context of electoral
campaigning based on the 2024 French elections. Most parties or coalition channels
showed little to no evidence of AI-generated imagery. However, beyond the evidenceof the systematic use of generative AI images, we found in the Rassemblement
National electoral campaign, this report also confirms to have found generative AI
imagery used by Reconquête, Les Patriotes, L’Alliance Rurale, and Union desDémocrates et Indépendants, as Table 1 depicts. Across all platforms and party
channels, our careful methodology has led us to a finding of 51 posts containing
generative AI imagery in total, 25 of which are unique non-duplicated images (seethe full list of findings of AI-generated Imagery in Table 3 in the appendix). The
deceptive use of generative AI imagery in political campaigns is at odds with thecommitments established in the Code of Conduct for the 2024 European
Parliamentary Elections, and the observed practices in these campaigns indicate adisregard for these regulatory expectations.
This study also finds that none of these AI-generated images were flagged as suchby the user account (the political parties) or the platform. It is crucial for platforms
to flag AI-generated content as such in political campaigning to upholdtransparency and integrity. This lack of transparency directly contravenes therequirements set forth by the Mitigation Measures linked to Generative AI of the DSA
Election Integrity Guidelines. It mandates that platforms whose services can be used

Artificial Elections|9

to create deceptive generative AI content make the latter detectable by using
robust techniques and methods. They must also clearly label synthetic ormanipulated images resembling real people, places, or entities, and depict them asreal or misrepresent them. The failure to label and detect AI-generated content
undermines the effort to prevent the spread of misinformation, protect democratic
processes from manipulation, and foster a more informed electorate by encouraging
critical engagement and media literacy.

Legend:Generative AI

WebsiteNon Generative AI

Facebook

Instagram

Not Available

Party Name

Party or Coalition

Ensemblecoalition

Twitter

TikTokNouveau Front Populaire

coalition

3RD LEVEL

party

Alliance Centriste

party

Debout la République

party

Ecologie au Centre

party

Ecologie Positive & Territoires

party

Ensemble!

party

Equinoxe

party

Europe Ecologie - Les Verts

party

Europe Equitable

party

Génération Écologie

party

Génération·s

party

Générations NC

party

Horizons

party

L'Alliance Rurale

party

L'Europe Ensemble

party

La France Insoumise

party

Les Centristes

party

Les Écologistes

party

Les Patriotes

party

Les Républicains

party

Lutte Ouvrière

party

Mouvement Démocrate

party

Nouveau Parti Anticapitaliste

party

Parti Animaliste

party

Parti Communiste Français

party

Parti Ouvrier Indépendantparty

Parti Pirate

party

Parti Radical

party

Parti Socialiste

party

Rassemblement National

party

1

1

5

Reconquête

party

11

11

11

Renaissanceparty

Ruralitésparty

Territoires en Mouvement

party

Union des Démocrates et Indépendants

party

Union Populaire Républicaine

party

1

9

1

YouTubeLinkedInArtificial Elections| 10

Table 1: AI-generated imagery detection per platform per party/coalition

Strategic Use of Generative AI Imagery
In the context of the Verificathon collaboration, we had focused on the
Rassemblement National’s “L’Europe Sans Eux!” campaign and found that it
contained generative AI imagery as an integral part of their campaign acrossFacebook, Instagram, and X. Here we found that most imagery represent EmmanuelMacron and Ursula von der Leyen, depicting them as responsible for the energy
crisis, alleged ‘islamization’, and immigration crisis (see Figures 1a, 1b, and 1c). This
goes against the commitment to not deceptively alter candidates and officials withgenerative AI established in Code of Conduct for 2024 European Parliamentary
Elections.
While the Rassemblement National’s official social media channel has shared less of
the AI-generated images of L’Europe Sans Eux’s campaign, we underline that there
are certain cross-channel overlaps. Our extended research for this report has shownthat the Rassemblement National shared the image from Figure 1c (“La submersion
migratoire, c’est eux!”) on their official X and Instagram channels too. Furthermore,
Figure 2 shows a different selection of more AI-generated L’Europe Sans Eux
campaign images which Rassemblement National’s official X channel retweeted.
While this research exclusively focuses on synthetic imagery (as opposed to text orvideo for example), we did discover a video shared on the party’s official Facebook
account featuring an AI-generated thumbnail. While it does not necessarily appear
as such at first glance, it is a cropped version of L’Europe Sans Eux’s main homepage
image which we have found to be altered through AI as seen in Figures 3a and 3b.
The Rassemblement National’s incorporation of such synthetic imagery however
limits itself to the European Parliament elections and does not extend to the French
legislative elections.
As we found at the Verificathon, L’Europe Sans Eux, as one of the Rassemblement
National’s main campaigns, uses AI-generated imagery as an integral component of
their political campaigning across their social media channels. This points to a“[distinct politically-strategic] initiative carried out by the party itself”, which in thiscase specifically conveys anti-EU, anti-immigrant, and islamophobic messages anddepicts France in an alleged state of crisis due to Macron and von der Leyen.
Beyond the Rassemblement National, Reconquête shows similar behavioral patterns
in its campaigning strategies on social media for both the parliamentary andArtificial Elections| 11

legislative elections. For both elections, Reconquête systematically shared posts
across Facebook, Instagram, and X. As seen in the selection of posts in Figure 4, theFigures 1a, 1b, and 1c (left to right): A selection of AI-generated images posted by L’Europe
Sans Eux’s official channels

Figure 2: A selection of AI-generated images retweeted by Rassemblement National’s official
X channel

Figures 3a and 3b: AI-generated video thumbnail shared by Rassemblement National’sArtificial Elections| 12

Facebook account (3a), as an excerpt of the L’Europe Sans Eux’s website homepage main
image (3b).

Figure 4: Selection of AI-generated images posted on Reconquête’s official channels for theparliamentary elections

Artificial Elections| 13

Figures 5a, 5b, and 5c (left to right): Selection of AI-generated images posted on
Reconquête’s official channels for the legislative elections

AI-generated campaign images for the 2024 European Parliament elections convey
messages of anti-immigration, lack of safety in France, lack of freedom of
expression, a flawed justice system, and poor agricultural protections. Their
separate campaign for the legislative elections, as seen in Figure 5, messages
revolve around outvoting Macron and stricter enforcement of laws and policies,
especially regarding immigration. We note that Figures 5a and 5b use the same
linguistic strategy as Figures 1a and 1b from the L’Europe Sans Eux campaign, calling
voters to put an end to specific issues in France. More specifically, 1a and 5a use thesame phrasing of “Stop à l’immigration massive” which translates directly to “stopmass-immigration”.
Les Patriotes have shown a similar AI-generated campaign strategy across their X
channel. However, there is a core difference in their approach. The Rassemblement
National and Reconquête use generative AI imagery as a main tool to visually create
their own branded poster campaign for their social media channels. This becomes
evident through their consistent aesthetic style and the branding systematically
included in all AI-generated campaign images. The visual cohesion in their party
identity reinforces their issue-specific messaging and makes their campaigns
recognizable and memorable. Les Patriotes, however, systematically retweets
AI-generated imagery created by other users which support their politicaltrajectories, fostering community and enhancing engagement among like-minded
individuals. They retweeted synthetic imagery by X user FrexiToni as seen in Figure 6
or by unknown owners as seen in Figures 7, all underlining their anti-EU/Frexit stanceand calling to join the so-called “bloc souverainiste”, advocating for French
independence from the European Union.
On the other hand, our research has also shown that there are instances in which
parties share generative AI Images to their social media accounts as single cases.
For L’Alliance Rurale in Figure 8a shared on Facebook we observe that the image
refers to agricultural concerns in France, depicting farmers as angry. Figure 8b wasposted on the Union des Démocrates et Indépendants’ X channel in a shared video,
in which they explain their theories on how they think the next prime minister fromthe Front Populaire will be an administrator from the International Monetary Fund.
We confirm our Verificathon discussion points: every case of generative AI imagery
we have detected has been curated to show “dramatized narratives throughaesthetic choices as a means of exaggerated storytelling tactics,” and focuses on
issues through a politically biased lens. “This spectacularization of narratives depict
factually misleading imagery, intended to enforce radicalized ideologies,” and canArtificial Elections| 14

therefore be classified as deceitful. By integrating AI-generated imagery, theseparties create visually compelling content that reinforces their political narratives

Figure 6: AI-generated images by X user FrexiToni, retweeted by Les Patriotes’s official X
account

Figure 7: A selection of AI-generated images by unknown owners, retweeted by Les
Patriotes’s official X accountArtificial Elections| 15

Figure 8a and 8b (left to right): The AI-generated image posted by L’Alliance Rurale’s official
Instagram account (8a), and an AI-generated images briefly depicted in a video shared on
the Union des Démocrates et Indépendants’ X channel (8b)and extends their reach across various social media platforms. Moreover, thecomment sections across posts show minimal critical questioning of the
AI-generated content, highlighting a distinct vulnerability to accepting extremist
messaging. The anti-EU and anti-immigrant themes illustrated by both Reconquête
and the Rassemblement National’s L’Europe Sans Eux campaign show how AI can beused to craft persuasive visual narratives that depict their political opponents as
responsible for national crises, as well as implement it as a fear-mongering
technique in regards to immigrants themselves, immigration control and alleged
national security. In contrast, Les Patriotes focuses on retweeting AI-generated
content created by supporters, underscoring their anti-EU stance. This consistency
these parties have shown in their incorporation of generative AI imagery into theircampaigns underlines its use as a distinct strategy for political communication,highlighting a significant shift in political campaigning itself.

Conclusion & Outlook
The use of generative AI imagery, as primarily seen by the Rassemblement National,
Reconquête, and Les Patriotes, but also by L’Alliance Rurale and Union desDémocrates et Indépendants, highlights a significant shift in political campaigning
strategies. Their approaches underscore a strategic use of generative AI in online
political campaigning, aiming to influence public opinion and voter behavior throughsystematic and emotionally charged visual storytelling. Our study on the Frenchelectoral context thus demonstrates how these parties leverage advanced
technology such as generative AI to amplify their political messages.
The 2024 French elections marked a significant milestone as the first election
prominently featuring generative AI content. While textual content is already widely
spread and almost impossible to recognize, images have made their first appearance
recently in the electoral context. Many generative AI images are still reasonably easy
to detect, and they still present some clues (see our set of guidelines for moredetails) that expert reviewers can spot consistently. Videos are not yet produced at
the same scale as text and images, but this is likely to increase in the near future.
Therefore, it is crucial to put effective measures now in place, with the perspectivethat this phenomenon will intensify in the next elections.
Our research highlights clear negligence by political parties and technology
companies in adhering to the commitments and regulations regarding the creation

Artificial Elections| 16

and labeling of synthetic imagery in the context of political campaigning inEuropean and French legislative elections. Despite the voluntary commitments andregulatory frameworks in place, such as the Digital Services Act (DSA) and AI
Elections Accord, our research underscores a troubling trend: none of the platforms
or the parties flagged the generative AI content, contradicting their guidelines andcommitments. This lapse highlights a critical vulnerability in the electoral process.
The implications of using generative AI in political campaigns are profound.
generative AI tools enable the creation of synthetic content quickly and cheaply,
amplifying the spread of misinformation and extremist ideologies. Their usage not
only distorts political narratives but also undermines the integrity of democratic
processes. The lack of critical engagement from the public and the failure to label
AI-generated content further exacerbate this issue, making it increasingly difficultfor voters to discern fact from fiction.
For the sake of transparency and ethical communication, stricter definitions andenforcement regarding generative AI are necessary. Platforms and political parties
must adhere to their agreements and regulatory requirements to disclose and label
AI-generated content. The current situation, where regulatory discussions have nottranslated into effective action, points to a significant gap that needs to beaddressed urgently.
This research calls for a more stringent application of safeguards. Without robust
measures, the next elections could see even greater misuse of generative AI, posing
an even more significant threat to electoral integrity. It is imperative that politicians,
platforms and regulators enforce the existing guidelines rigorously to prevent
further erosion of public trust in the electoral process.

Artificial Elections| 17

Appendix
Table 2: A list of all the parties and their online media channels. Links last accessed
01 July 2024.
Party Name

Party or Coalition

WebsiteFacebook

Instagram

X (Twitter)

TikTokYouTubeLinkedIn

Ensemblecoalition

https://ensemble https://www.faceb-2024.fr
ook.com/RENAISSA
NCE

Nouveau Front
populairecoalition

https://www.nou
veaufrontpopula
ire.fr

3RD LEVEL

party

https://e-d-e.fr

Alliance Centriste

party

https://alliancec
entriste.fr

https://www.faceb
ook.com/alliancec
entriste/

Debout laRépublique | Debout
la France

party

https://www.deb
out-la-france.fr/

https://www.faceb https://www.insta
ook.com/nicolasdu gram.com/dupont
pontaignan/
aignan/https://twitter.com https://www.tiktok/DLF_Officiel.com/@dlf54offici
elEcologie au Centre

party

https://ecologie
aucentre.com/

https://www.faceb
ook.com/CentreEc
ologie/https://x.com/JM_
Governatori

Ecologie Positive &Territoires

party

https://www.ecol
ogiepositiveetterritoires.eu

Ensemble!

party

https://ensemble-mouvement.comEquinoxeparty

https://parti-equ https://www.faceb
inoxe.fr
ook.com/PartiEqui
noxe

https://www.insta
gram.com/parti_equinoxe/

https://x.com/Parti
Equinoxe

https://www.youtu https://www.linked
be.com/channel/U in.com/company/p
C5kUxcR5oqS3UAr arti-equinoxe/
odBOaqsA

Europe Ecologie Les Verts

party

https://lesecolog https://www.faceb
istes.fr
ook.com/eelv.fr

https://www.insta
gram.com/eelvfr

https://x.com/EELV

https://www.youtu
be.com/user/euro
peecologie

Europe Equitableparty

https://www.eur
opeequitable.fr/
en

Génération Écologie

party

https://generatio https://www.faceb
necologie.fr
ook.com/Generatio
nEcologieOfficiel

Génération·s

party

https://www.gen
eration-s.fr

Générations NC

party

https://generatio https://www.faceb
ns.nc
ook.com/Generations.NouvelleCaledonie

Horizons

party

https://horizonsleparti.fr

https://www.faceb
ook.com/Horizons
LeParti/https://www.insta
gram.com/horizon
sleparti/

https://x.com/horizonsleparti

L'Alliance Rurale

party

https://allianceru https://www.faceb
rale.fr
ook.com/people/Al
liance-Rurale/6155
2409414850/

https://www.insta
gram.com/alliance.
rurale/https://x.com/allia
ncerurale

L'Europe Ensemble

party

https://www.ren
eweuropegroup.
eu

https://www.faceb
ook.com/RenewEu
rope

https://www.insta
gram.com/reneweurope

https://x.com/Ren
ewEurope

https://www.youtu https://www.linked
be.com/user/ALDE in.com/company/rGroup
eneweuropegroup/

La France Insoumise

party

https://lafrancei
nsoumise.fr/

https://www.faceb
ook.com/lafrancei
nsoumisehttps://www.insta
gram.com/francei
nsoumise/https://twitter.com https://www.tiktok/FranceInsoumise.com/@lesfrancais
insoumis

https://www.youtu
be.com/channel/U
CKHKSD-yanY2Zw
wU_4Tgf0w

Les Centristes

party

https://www.lescentristes.fr

https://www.faceb
ook.com/LeNouve

https://x.com/Nou
veau_Centre

https://www.youtu
be.com/@LesCent

https://www.insta https://x.com/renagram.com/renaissa issancence

https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=I
R43AX1qfXA
https://www.insta
gram.com/alliancecentriste/

https://x.com/allia
ncec

https://www.youtu
be.com/user/ndatv

https://www.youtu
be.com/@ecoloter
r2024

https://www.faceb https://www.insta https://x.com/e_eook.com/europeeq gram.com/europee quitableuitablequitable/https://www.tiktok.com/@europeequitablehttps://www.youtu
be.com/channel/U
CPCeTqn40gqvny
dZENoemuQ

https://www.linked
in.com/in/europeéquitable-953a97
294/

https://x.com/GEc
ologiehttps://www.faceb https://www.insta https://x.com/Gen
ook.com/Generatio gram.com/generati erationsMvt
nsLeMvt
onslemvt/?hl=fr

https://www.youtu
be.com/channel/U
C9CNQgPaUY1GlnX_nLPtM-g

https://x.com/NcG
enerations

https://www.youtu
be.com/channel/U
CT8K5-kVS3TxJcR
xbiihXJw
https://www.linked
in.com/company/horizonsleparti/
https://www.tiktok.com/@allianceruralehttps://www.youtu
be.com/@Alliance
RuraleArtificial Elections

auCentre
Les Écologistes

party

https://lesecolog https://www.faceb
istes.fr
ook.com/eelv.fr

Les Patriotes

party

Les Républicains

risteshttps://x.com/eelv/

https://www.youtu
be.com/user/Europ
eEcologie

https://les-patri
otes.fr/informati
ons/

https://www.faceb https://www.insta https://x.com/_Lesook.com/MvtLesPa gram.com/_patriot Patriotes
trioteses/

https://www.youtu
be.com/channel/U
Cjb9thdXXl4wmeb
8ArPna9g

party

https://republica
ins.fr/https://www.faceb
ook.com/les.Repu
blicains.FR

https://www.youtu
be.com/channel/U
C3Ma4tRFxx85oZI_XKVTPwg

Lutte Ouvrière

party

https://www.lutt
e-ouvriere.org/

https://www.faceb
ook.com/LutteOuv
riere1

Mouvement
Démocrateparty

https://www.mouvementdemocr
ate.fr

https://www.faceb https://www.insta
ook.com/mouveme gram.com/mouventdemocratementdemocrate/

https://x.com/modem

https://www.youtu
be.com/channel/U
CfHWZNJQ7wZpG_
cL9ukYX1Q

Nouveau Parti
Anticapitaliste

party

https://npa-lanti
capitaliste.org

https://www.faceb
ook.com/npa2009

https://www.insta
gram.com/npa.offi
ciel/

https://x.com/NPA_officiel

https://www.youtu
be.com/channel/U
CAKzgWr5laB3Yf4
4hvqqZZQ

Parti Animaliste

party

https://parti-ani
maliste.fr

https://www.faceb
ook.com/parti.ani
maliste/https://www.insta
gram.com/partiani
maliste/https://x.com/Parti
Animaliste

https://www.youtu
be.com/c/PartiAni
malisteParti Communiste
Français

party

https://www.pcf.
fr/

https://www.faceb
ook.com/Particom
munistehttps://www.insta https://x.com/pcf
gram.com/pcfparti
communistefrancais/https://www.insta
gram.com/eelvfr/

Parti Ouvrier
Indépendantparty

http://partiouvri
erindependantpoi.fr

Parti Pirate

party

Parti Radical

https://x.com/lesre https://www.tiktok
publicains/.com/@lesrepublic
ains

https://www.insta https://twitter.com
gram.com/lutteouv /lutteouvriere
riere/

https://www.youtu
be.com/channel/U
CSwPcnzaMTuDcT
gjRiJvZnw

https://www.faceb https://www.insta
ook.com/InfosOuvr gram.com/infos_oieresuvrieres/https://x.com/InfosOuvrieres

https://partipirate.org

https://www.faceb
ook.com/partipirat
efr/

https://www.insta
gram.com/partipir
atefr/?hl=en

https://x.com/parti https://www.tiktok
pirate?lang=en.com/@partipiratefr

https://www.youtu
be.com/@PartiPira
teFR

party

https://parti-radi
cal.fr

https://www.faceb
ook.com/PartiRadi
cal

https://www.insta
gram.com/mouve
mentradical/

https://x.com/Parti
Radicalhttps://www.youtu
be.com/channel/U
C2wRhAuTNpVxDB
gcY2Kdjuw

Parti Socialiste

party

https://www.part https://www.faceb
i-socialiste.fr/
ook.com/partisocialiste/https://www.insta
gram.com/partiso
cialiste/?hl=fr

https://x.com/parti https://www.tiktok https://www.youtu
socialiste?lang=fr .com/@partisociali be.com/user/parti
stesocialiste

Rassemblement
National

party

https://rassembl
ementnational.fr/

https://www.insta
gram.com/rassem
blementnational_fr/

https://twitter.com https://www.tiktok/RNational_off.com/@rnational_
off

https://www.youtu
be.com/user/fnoffi
ciel

Reconquête

party

https://www.part https://www.faceb https://www.insta
i-reconquete.fr/ ook.com/reconque gram.com/reconq
te2022/
uete_officiel/

https://twitter.com https://www.tiktok/Reconquete_off.com/@reconquet
e2022

https://www.youtu
be.com/c/RECONQ
U%C3%8ATE

Renaissanceparty

https://parti-ren
aissance.fr/

Ruralités

party

https://www.rura
lites2024.fr

Territoires en
Mouvement

party

https://www.terri
toiresenmouvem
ent.com

Union desDémocrates etIndépendants

party

https://www.part https://www.faceb
i-udi.fr
ook.com/udi/

https://www.insta
gram.com/udi_off/

https://x.com/UDI_
off

https://www.youtu
be.com/channel/U
Cr_Oz6MFGScoqua
ZDKdjD-A

Union Populaire
Républicaine

party

https://www.upr.
fr

https://www.insta
gram.com/uprtv_off/

https://x.com/uprt
vfa

https://www.youtu
be.com/user/UPRdi
ffusionhttps://www.faceb
ook.com/RENAISSA
NCE

https://www.insta https://x.com/renagram.com/renaissa issancence

https://www.tiktok.com/@parti_renai
ssancehttps://www.linked
in.com/company/
mouvementradical/

https://www.youtu https://www.linked
be.com/@parti-re in.com/company/pnaissancearti-renaissance/?
originalSubdomain=fr

https://x.com/TerritoiresT

https://www.faceb
ook.com/uprfa

https://www.linked
in.com/company/lesrepublicains/?or
iginalSubdomain=fr

https://www.youtu
be.com/c/lutteouv
riere

https://www.tiktok.com/@particomm
unistehttps://www.faceb
ook.com/Rassembl
ementNational/| 18

Artificial Elections

Table 3: A list of all generative AI imagery findings. Links last accessed 01 July 2024.
Party

Channel

Link to Post

L'Alliance Rurale

Instagram

https://www.instagram.com/p/C5WYSlSL7JS/

Les Patriotes

X

https://x.com/complotisto/status/1803006780051435894/photo/1

Les Patriotes

X

https://x.com/vetopatriote/status/1806352271409615292

Les Patriotes

X

https://x.com/FrancoisDESCAM7/status/1805986094057423294

Les Patriotes

X

https://x.com/ErmacoraHelene/status/1805608214400049248

Les Patriotes

X

https://x.com/FrancoisDESCAM7/status/1805609706100076681

Les Patriotes

X

https://x.com/DENTDOURS1/status/1805666359453331657

Les Patriotes

X

https://x.com/f_philippot/status/1805607787835076994

Les Patriotes

X

https://x.com/FrancoisDESCAM7/status/1805584113069375985

Les Patriotes

X

https://x.com/FrancoisDESCAM7/status/1803695971412386250

Rassemblement National

Facebook

https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=7569466066476385

Rassemblement National

Instagram

https://www.instagram.com/p/C6eHPBNMMJv/

Rassemblement National

Xhttps://x.com/LEuropeSansEux/status/1796259880728137804

Rassemblement National

Xhttps://x.com/LEuropeSansEux/status/1795196849881514280

Rassemblement National

Xhttps://x.com/LEuropeSansEux/status/1798064139845410820

Rassemblement National

Xhttps://x.com/LEuropeSansEux/status/1796279193099231463

Rassemblement National

Xhttps://x.com/LEuropeSansEux/status/1796274366302581154

Reconquête

Facebook

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=502956712080559&set=a.159398483103052

Reconquête

Facebook

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=503581735351390&set=a.159398483103052

Reconquête

Facebook

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=503031288739768&set=a.159398483103052

Reconquête

Facebook

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=503015815407982&set=a.159398483103052

Reconquête

Facebook

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=502977218745175&set=a.159398483103052

Reconquête

Facebook

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=503541502022080&set=a.159398483103052

Reconquête

Facebook

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=503440828698814&set=a.159398483103052

Reconquête

Facebook

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=502956712080559&set=a.159398483103052

Reconquête

Facebook

https://www.facebook.com/share/p/BLWzUXbYQgEbZiR7/

Reconquête

Facebook

https://www.facebook.com/share/p/fPCPLSbdm4q6WKVN/

Reconquête

Facebook

https://www.facebook.com/share/p/Wv7dcWnG8JDRhgUk/

Reconquête

Instagram

https://www.instagram.com/p/C77MpQ2Myl5/

Reconquête

Instagram

https://www.instagram.com/p/C71plK5IaBd/

Reconquête

Instagram

https://www.instagram.com/p/C71fzKFo7ZD/

Reconquête

Instagram

https://www.instagram.com/p/C71Frh1s5u_/

Reconquête

Instagram

https://www.instagram.com/p/C7zKzORIRtm/

Reconquête

Instagram

https://www.instagram.com/p/C7zGxtNommV/

Reconquête

Instagram

https://www.instagram.com/p/C7y9Tu_oqXT/

Reconquête

Instagram

https://www.instagram.com/p/C7y430PoKMN/

Reconquête

Instagram

https://www.instagram.com/p/C8j5aqNoA4_/

Reconquête

Instagram

https://www.instagram.com/p/C8j1iyKIZlH/

Reconquête

Instagram

https://www.instagram.com/p/C8jvPHqMJ_s/| 19

Artificial Elections

Reconquête

X

https://x.com/Reconquete_off/status/1799150065593749883

Reconquête

X

https://x.com/Reconquete_off/status/1798368956581032358

Reconquête

X

https://x.com/Reconquete_off/status/1798347080915951767

Reconquête

X

https://x.com/Reconquete_off/status/1798289620100362719

Reconquête

X

https://x.com/Reconquete_off/status/1798018474067071310

Reconquête

X

https://x.com/Reconquete_off/status/1798010221887135862

Reconquête

X

https://x.com/Reconquete_off/status/1797989748323365194

Reconquête

X

https://x.com/Reconquete_off/status/1797979669180174756

Reconquête

X

https://x.com/Reconquete_off/status/1804877800379146305

Reconquête

X

https://x.com/Reconquete_off/status/1804868885109170584

Reconquête

X

https://x.com/Reconquete_off/status/1804854247135047836

Union des Démocrates Indépendants

X

https://x.com/jp_luce/status/1805932491531792457| 20