作者簡介
蕭又寧，台北人，一九八二年出生。2001 年 6 月畢業於中國文化大學中國文學系學士班，之後於 2005 年 9 月考取中國文化大學中國文學系碩士班。在師長與家人的支持下，順利於 2009 年
1 月完成學位論文「董仲舒《春秋繁露》氣論思想研究」，並以此取得碩士班畢業。爾後在師長
與家人的鼓勵下，又於 2010 年 9 月考取中國文化大學中國文學系博士班。目前為台北海洋技術學院通識中心兼任講師。

提要《漢書‧卷二十七上‧五行志》曾云︰「董仲舒治《公羊春秋》，始推陰陽，為儒者宗。」（（漢）班固：《漢書》（臺北︰藝文印書館影印清乾隆武英殿刊本，1996 年 8 月），頁 600。），而
《春秋繁露》乃取繁多潤澤之義，故董仲舒雖以儒學為思想中心，卻也兼容並蓄各家說法，其中又以陰陽五行之說為要。董仲舒利用了陰陽與五行的概念，架構起複雜的宇宙觀，進而凸顯出「氣論」形上、形下是一，氣化整體的觀念。然為了能對董仲舒氣論有更深入的瞭解，故在此以「氣論」為主軸，分為八個章節加以討論之。
第一章「緒論」。除了對研究動機、目的、方法有所解說外，更對前人研究董仲舒「氣論」
的結果有所闡述，藉此說明以「氣論」重新詮釋董仲舒的思想意涵之可能。
第二章「董仲舒的生平與著作」。因史書上對董仲舒生平、著作的介紹甚少，又《春秋繁露》
一書仍有真偽的問題，故在此章中筆者以介紹各家學者的看法，並以己見加以判斷之。
第三章「時代背景與思想構成」。筆者先就其所處的大環境加以說明，並在學術的特色上，說明當時除陰陽五行盛行外，儒家經典也受到重視。至於思想構成上，筆者以為董仲舒除了受
到儒學的影響外，對墨家、法家、黃老道家之說也皆有吸收，而在氣化宇宙論的架構上更受到《呂氏春秋》、《淮南鴻烈》二書的影響，並融和各家之長對既有的《春秋公羊傳》有不同的詮釋方法。
第四章「氣化宇宙論的架構」。在此章中，筆者先對董仲舒「元」的概念加以闡述，再藉由陰陽二氣的循環與五行相生相勝，建構起筆者所以為董仲舒是近似圓柱體的螺旋式氣化流行，並以近似圓柱體的樣態來解釋氣化流行是立體的、是不斷循環前進，是一整體的。
第五章「氣論視野下的天人感應」。在討論董仲舒思想時，天人感應一直是討論的重點，筆者對此則是先對「天」的概念有所釐清，並討論董仲舒「人格天」的部份，此後以「氣貫通天人」為基礎，說明人除了在「副類」、「副數」上與天相合外，更因氣流行於天人之間，而使天與人能夠相感相應。而當天人感應成立後，無論是在官制上、改正朔、天君民的關係上，人皆必須處處效法天而行。
第六章「氣論視野下的人性論」。筆者以說明董仲舒與孟、荀之間的關係為先，並藉
由「氣論」的概念，重新詮釋董仲舒的人性論。並以為董仲舒的心是栣眾惡於內、必仁且智之心，更是必須養氣以養心的；而其性除了與善惡、性情有關外，董仲舒更將性分為聖人、中民、斗筲之性，而對後世「性三品」之說有很大的影響。
第七章「對後世的影響」。在此章中，筆者除了欲藉由說明董仲舒對漢代氣論發展的影響性，凸顯出董仲舒在漢代氣論中具有承先啟後的地位外，也說明董仲舒氣論對後世各家學者的影響。
第八章「結論」。筆者以歷來學者對董仲舒的評價來確立其歷史地位，並再次強調其思想特色，以凸顯其「氣論」觀。
筆者以為，透過上述八個部份的討論，不僅對董仲舒的學說有不同的認識，也提供了不同以往的詮釋方向。

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目
次第一章

緒

論 ···························································· 1

第一節 研究動機與目的 ·········································· 1
第二節 研究範圍與方法 ·········································· 6一、研究範圍 ····················································· 6（一）原典部份 ············································ 6（二）前人的研究成果································· 7
二、研究方法 ··················································· 10（一）對於原典的摘錄與歸納 ··················· 10（二）透過圖表重新歸納與分析 ··············· 10

第二章（三）以時代思潮為旁證 ··························· 10董仲舒的生平及著作··································· 11

第一節 董仲舒的生平 ············································ 11
一、生平紀要 ··················································· 11
二、重要事件的論述 ········································ 13（一）生卒年·············································· 14（二）對策之年 ·········································· 18（三）與罷黜百家，獨尊儒術的關係 ········ 21
第二節 《春秋繁露》的介紹 ································· 24－目 1－次董仲舒《春秋繁露》氣論思想研究

一、內容分類 ··················································· 25（一）三分說·············································· 25（二）四分說·············································· 26
二、版本流傳與注本介紹 ································ 26
三、真偽之考辨 ··············································· 29（一）全部皆為後人所偽 ··························· 29（二）除部份 譌 脫訛舛外，大部分為董仲舒所自作 ····································· 30

第三章（三）全部皆為董仲舒所自作 ··················· 31
時代背景與思想構成··································· 33

第一節 時代背景 ··················································· 33
一、大環境的轉變············································ 33（一）政治方面 ·········································· 34（二）經濟方面 ·········································· 35（三）社會方面 ·········································· 36
二、陰陽五行大盛············································ 37（一）陰陽演變 ·········································· 37（二）五行演變 ·········································· 41（三）陰陽五行合流 ·································· 43
三、儒家的重新定位 ········································ 45（一）由黃老道家轉變為儒家 ··················· 45（二）漢儒對經典的重視 ··························· 47
第二節 思想架構的淵源 ········································ 50
一、對他家思想的取捨 ···································· 51（一）墨子的天 ·········································· 51（二）法家 ················································· 54（三）黃老之學 ·········································· 55
二、《呂氏春秋》的延續 ·································· 58（一）陰陽五行 ·········································· 59（二）氣化宇宙論的架構 ··························· 62（三）天人感應 ·········································· 64（四）五德終始 ·········································· 65

－目 2－

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三、與《淮南鴻烈》的關係····························· 67（一）宇宙架構 ·········································· 67（二）陰陽五行 ·········································· 70（三）天人感應 ·········································· 72
四、對《春秋公羊傳》的繼承與創新·············· 74（一）對《公羊傳》的繼承 ······················· 76

第四章（二）對《公羊傳》的創新 ······················· 78
氣化宇宙論的架構······································· 81

第一節 元氣 ··························································· 81
一、各家對元的討論 ········································ 81（一）直指為元氣者 ·································· 82（二）將元視為道者 ·································· 83（三）元非等同元氣者······························· 84
二、元氣的解說 ··············································· 85（一）
「元」與「元氣」 ····························· 86（二）元與天的關係 ·································· 90
第二節 陰陽與五行 ················································ 91
一、陰陽··························································· 93（一）陰陽二氣的運行······························· 93（二）陰陽相生 ········································ 102（三）陽尊陰卑 ········································ 107
二、五行························································· 114（一）與陰陽、四時的關係 ····················· 114（二）相生與相勝 ···································· 121
三、螺旋式前進的氣化觀 ······························ 127（一）陰陽與五行的結合 ························· 127（二）災異譴告 ········································ 133

第五章（三）螺旋式宇宙觀 ································ 138
氣論視野下天人感應································· 143

第一節 元之具體表現──天 ······························· 143
一、天的分類 ················································· 144（一）至上神············································ 144－目 3－次董仲舒《春秋繁露》氣論思想研究（二）自然義············································ 146（三）萬物之本 ········································ 148（四）道德義············································ 150（五）天有十端 ········································ 152（六）人君為天的化身····························· 155
二、人格神的討論·········································· 156（一）人格神的內容 ································ 157（二）人格神的釐清 ································ 165
第二節 人以氣與天相貫通 ·································· 169
一、人副天數 ················································· 169
二、氣貫通天人 ············································· 173（一）貫通天人的「同類相動」 ············· 173（二）天人的四時與四情 ························· 174（三）宇宙論下的感應····························· 177
第三節 天人感應的延伸 ······································ 179
一、法天而治 ················································· 180（一）官制應天 ········································ 180（二）改正朔與易服色····························· 182
二、天、君、民的關係 ·································· 184（一）天與君············································ 185

第六章（二）君與民············································ 187
氣論視野下的人性論································· 191

第一節 與孟、荀心性的關係 ······························· 192
一、對孟子性善的辯駁 ·································· 193（一）正名 ··············································· 194（二）天道的權威 ···································· 195（三）聖人之言 ········································ 196
二、對荀子性惡的發展 ·································· 198（一）性由天生 ········································ 198（二）外在教化 ········································ 198
第二節 由氣化說心 ·············································· 200
一、栣眾惡的心 ············································· 200

－目 4－

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二、必仁且智之心·········································· 204
三、養氣以養心 ············································· 207
第三節 由氣化說性 ·············································· 210
一、性與善的關係·········································· 211（一）天人同類 ········································ 212（二）性禾與善米 ···································· 213二、性與情的關係·········································· 215
三、性有三品 ················································· 220（一）聖人之性與斗筲之性 ····················· 221（二）待教而後善的中民之性 ················· 222

第七章（三）對後世的影響 ································ 227
對後世的影響 ············································ 233

第一節 揚雄 ························································· 234
一、貫通天人之說·········································· 235（一）陰陽五行 ········································ 236（二）氣化整體觀 ···································· 237（三）氣類相通 ········································ 238
二、人性論 ····················································· 239
三、經學的革新 ············································· 241
第二節 《白虎通》 ·············································· 242
一、氣化宇宙觀 ············································· 242
二、官制象天 ················································· 244
三、三綱六紀 ················································· 246
第三節 王充 ························································· 247
一、元氣論 ····················································· 248
二、陰陽與五行 ············································· 249
三、天人感應 ················································· 250
第八章 結 論 ························································ 255
第一節 評價 ························································· 255
第二節 特色 ························································· 258
引用文獻 ···································································· 261

參考文獻 ···································································· 273－目 5－次