I

Asiatic Herpetological Research

April 1990

Vol. 3, pp. 129-136

The Past and Present Situation of the Chinese Alligator
Bihui Chen1

^Department of Biology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China

Key Words:

Reptilia, Crocodilia, Alligatoridae, Alligator sinensis, China, endangered species, history,

conservation.

Introduction

The Chinese Alligator is one of 21
species of existing crocodilians in the world
today. Their numbers have dwindled andtheir distribution is so narrow that it has

arousedconcernamongexperts,

conservationists, and amateurs in wildlife athome and abroad. It is reported in foreigncountries that the Chinese Alligator is an
extinct animal in the wilderness. It has
been placed on the list of endangered
species by the International Union for theConservation of Nature and Natural

How did the Chinese Alligator
How does it live now? This is a

Resources.
live?

problem of worldwide attention.

Changes in the geographic
distribution of the Chinese alligator

Region to the border of Hainan Island in
the south, and to the Junggar Basin,
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in thenorth.

According to ancient records which canbe traced back to 3000 before present, thehabitat of the Chinese Alligator was limited
to the extensive lake and marshland of the
middle-lower Yangtse River, along thebanks of the Yangtse River from Shanghai
to Jiangling City in Hubei Province, aroundDongting Lake in southern Hubei andnorthern Hunan Provinces, including theextensive river network between the two
provinces, and the Shaoxing, south ofin Zhejiang Province,
32.5° N, 116.6° approximately 28.5°
121.9° E. This range probable continued
until the mid- 19th century. However, in

Hangzhou Bay

regions, the Chinese Alligatorbecame extinct. Reliable records show thatmany
The fossils of the Chinese Alligator havebeen found in Taian and Yanzhou in
Shandong Province, Maqian in Shanghai,
Yuyao in Zhejiang Province, and Hexian in
In addition, someAnhui Province.
unidentified fossil alligators have been
discovered on the south border of the

Basin

in

JunggarXinjiang Uygur
Autonomous Region; Jiulengshan, Douanin Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;

they became extinct in the south ofHangzhou Bay in 1201 AD. A great
number were killed around Nanjing in the1870's. The bank of the Yangtse Riverfrequently collapsed, and flooding
occurred. It was thought that the alligators
picked holes along the bank and caused thedisasters. Thus, people killed a great dealof alligators, and drove them to extinction

Nanjing in Jiangsu Province; and Danxian

there.

Hainan Province. These fossils revealthat the range of the Chinese Alligator
extended from Taian, Shandong Province,to Yuyao, Zhejing Province during the
Neolithic age of the Recent epoch. If the

The investigation in the 1950's revealed
that the range of the Chinese Alligator
stretched west from Pengze in Jiangxi

inextended from Shanghai and Yuyao,

Province, east to the west bank of Tai
Lake, the north border of the Yangtse
River, and south at the foot of Mt. Huang.
To the north of Mt. Dongtianmu, 30.0° 31.6° N, 118° - 120°E, the range has

Zhejiang Province in the east, as far west as

dwindled.

Douan, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous

investigations beginning in 1976 proved

unidentified alligator fossils are included,
the range during the late Eocene and the
beginning of the Oligocene would have1990 by Asiatic Herpetological Research

Further

supplementary

Asiatic Herpetological ResearchVol. 3, p. 130

range became smaller and waslimited to ponds of a hilly region to thenorth of Mt. Huang, below 200 meters inelevation. There were a few individuals
that extended northward along the riversideplain, and even as far as the Yangtse River,119.6°E.
approx. 30.6° 31.6° N, 118.0°
Within this range, they are sparse. The
present habitat of the species is mainlythat thesome villages in Xuancheng,
Nanling, Jingxian, Wuhu, Langqi, andGuangde Counties in Anhui Province, andlocated inalso situated around a few villages inAnji and Changxing counties in Zhejiang
Province, adjacent to the Anhui border. In
1983 the Chinese Alligator's Natural
Refuge organized the research workers ofseveral counties to make a survey andstatistically estimated that the number ofisalligators was about 500.
animals captured inAmong the 200
part

by

the

investigation, and in part by the ResearchCenter of Chinese Alligator Reproduction,

only 4.6% were immature, and 95.4%
were older than 10 years of age. Thus, theage pyramid was inverted. Other recent
investigations on alligator eggs found thatthe number of eggs has gradually declined
in recent years. The Research Center ofChinese Alligator Reproduction obtained
270 eggs in 1982, 278 eggs in 1983, 154
eggs in 1984, and 85 eggs in 1985. The
eggs have not only declined in quantity.
They also rarely hatched normally. Thus, it
is clear that the wild Chinese Alligator

April 1990

the worldwide climate became cold during

in

the

Quaternary period.
information provided by
Jiacheng Zhang, the greater ice-age of the
Quaternary period in our country may be
divided into six sub-ice-ages and six interice-ages

Accordingto

ice-ages. The yearly average temperatureof the inter-ice-ages was 3° - 6°C higher
than that of the present, but the average
yearly temperature of the sub-ice-ages was
6° - 12°C lower than that of the present.
According to records in literature, in 903
BC and 897 BC, the Han River froze

twice.

In

366 AD, continuous freezing

prevailed for three years on the surface ofBohai Bay from Changli to Yingkou. Atthat time, vehicles, horses, and troops 3000
to 40000 strong could pass over the ice
surface. Carriages could pass over Taihu
Lake when it was frozen in 1111 AD. The
Chinese Alligator is an animal that is
adapted to warm weather and not to cold.
Late hibernation is an important period,At
low temperatures, reproduction cannot
proceed normally. The hatching stage isabout one month, and requires athen the reproductive organs develop.

temperature of about 30°C. If it is lower
than 28°C, the young can hardly hatch.

Thus it is certain that it is difficult for the
Chinese Alligator to proliferate in chilly
regions. They can only occupy the area
south of the Yangtse River because there isa cool climate to the north.

Habitat destruction, the most important

population is declining.

factorReasons for the dwindling of therange and number of the Chinese
Alligator
Climatic change
Fossil alligators were distributed in the

Junggar Basin,
Xinjiang
Uygur
Autonomous Region during the late Eocene
to the Oligocene.

In the Recent epoch, theirrange extended to the Yellow River.
However, in our country it is recorded withreliable authority that there is no trace ofthem in these regions. This fact indicatesthat in some regions, the Chinese Alligator

has long been extinct.

Climatic variations

are an important factor, and it is known that

The Chinese Alligator likes to live inwater habitats such as ditches, ponds,
reservoirs, etc. These habitats accumulate
water year-round. These provide a mildand damp climate. Grass and trees grow
luxuriantly, and numerous species ofanimals are common. This environment
enables the Chinese Alligator to not only
procure food, build holes, and mate in thewater, but also to build nests and produce
In the course ofoffspring on land.
washere that people
thousands of years, it
water
reclaimed wasteland and built
conservation projects.
Artificiallycultivated plants were grown instead ofnatural vegetation.

The alligator's holes

April 1990

Asiatic Herpetological Researchand nest-sites were destroyed extensively.
All of this resulted in reduction of range
and population size. We have investigatedthe habitat of the Chinese Alligator in thevillages of Wanchun and Yitai, and thetown of Qingshuihe on the outskirts of
Wuhu. At present, there is level and open
terrain with a vast extent of farmland,
numerous villages, and well-developed
roadways. The Shuiyang River lies to theeast, flowing westward where it meets the
Yangtse River. The Chinese Alligator isextinct in this region,

which was alteredradically about 80 years ago. Beach used
to stretch for tens of miles along both sidesof the Qingyi and Shuiyang Rivers. Whenthe tide ebbed, reeds and other plants were

exposed, providing habitat for

many
When the tide was atflood, alligators were common on remotevarieties of animals.

beaches in sparsely-inhabited areas. Fromthe late 16th to the early 20th centuries,
people from the north of the Yangtse River

moved into this area, and began to cultivate
an increasing amount of beach land.

The Wanchun Embankment was built in
When a dam was being built,

1904.

alligators were common around the flooded
a dam was completed, theyplain.

When

inhabited ponds, pools, and ditcheswithin the dam. As the alligators dug holes
and built dens, they often destroyed thestilldam, flooding seedlings, and endangeringfish and ducks. Peasants made a point ofhunting Chinese Alligators whenever they
were discovered, and the number ofindividuals living in the embankment has
declined. However, on the plain that had

once been flooded, where the Shuiyang andthe western Qingyi rivers meet, a great
number of Chinese Alligators survived. In
1927, people began to build a dam at thisThe Yitai Embankment was
spot.
completed in 1931. Farmland and villages
replaced the beach. Within the memory of
the former generation, "Chinese Alligators
could be heard roaring everywhere insummer -as much as frogs are heard
whole
croakingechoing theneighborhood". It was here in 1935 that Z.
D. Xiao conducted a study and described
the state of the Chinese Alligator. There
were a number of the animals in this region

then.

C. G.

Vol. 3, p. 131

Zhu (1951-1956) made ansame region and only
discovered alligators in Wuhu. This region
was a desolate beach then. In 1954 I
captured one alligator and made it onto a
specimen. It has been preserved in the
Department of Biology, Anhui Normal
In 1959, the Wanchun
University.
was
built
to irrigate farmland. In
floodgate
the meantime, people built a complete set ofengineering equipment and an irrigation
canal. All Chinese Alligators were dug out
and killed. The area became farmland, andthe habitat of the Chinese Alligator wasdestroyed. A large-scale drive to eradicate
the blood fluke was launched in 1958. A
large amount of sodium pentachlorophenate
investigation in thewas applied to the river basin. The last
alligator at Yitai Village was poisoned.
During the twenty-odd years that followed,
Chinese Alligators and their sign were notfound. The Qingshuihe River is only an
example. Other locations met the same fatebut in various degrees.
People havemultiplied considerably in the present rangeof the Chinese Alligator. They weeded all
corners to get brushwood burnt. When
alligators began to build nests and hatch
eggs, sufficient weeds were needed. The

weeds grew less and less, and in 1984 only
one alligator deprived of a nest wascaptured by a peasant.

Due to the fact that vegetation wasdestroyed, the areas of water in reserve had
sharply dropped, and the area of wastelandThe
to reclaim had greatly increased.
inandditches
that
have
never
dried
ponds
history show frequent droughts at present.

because the forests havedisappeared, soil and water cannot be
conserved. There are rivers that flow into
the Yangtse River (e.g. the Qingyi,
Shuiyang, and Zhang rivers) whose beds
have risen 1-2 meters in height, and havefrequently flooded. Flood and drought
have rendered the alligator's livelihood
When habitats
exceedingly difficult.
incurred drought and flood, the alligator
had to move away from the dry land or thesubmerged holes and look for habitat
elsewhere. They were often captured or

Moreover,killed during the process of moving.

Asiatic Herpetological ResearchVol. 3, p. 132

Excessive, indiscriminate capture or

slaughter

April 1990

string bows set around the burrows. As
soon as the alligators emerged, they weretrapped.

Chinese Alligators are often killed
because they consume fish, ducklings, andsmall geese, and damage dams by digging
holes. Thus they damage things that are of
immediate benefit to people. Anothersignificant factor is that the alligator
supplies edible meat, useful skin, andmedicinal materials. So, excessive andindiscriminate capture and slaughter has notbeen rare in the past, and remains common
in the present day.
For example,abook
writtenGuoxianjiayou,
during the
in
of
the
reign
Ming Dynasty,
Jiajing

Application of large amounts of chemicalfertilizers and insecticides in the field

Alligators feed on snails, mother-ofpearl, shrimp, aquatic insects, fish, frogs,
turtles, birds, and small mammals. Amongthese, aquatic animals are their chief food.

Since a great quantity of chemical fertilizers
and insecticides have been applied tofarmland in recent years, the growth of thefish,shrimp, and mothers-of-pearl

isrecords:

affected when the polluted water flows into
ponds. So, the decrease of natural food

The bank of the upper Yangtse River near Nanjing

has greatly influenced the reproductive
success and survival capacity of alligators.

often collapsed during the early years of the Ming

It is

was due to this reason that the Chinese
hadherein drilled holes. It was reported
Alligatorsthat there was an old fisherman who had once said:'Roast dogs were used as bait, put a hook; byIt

Dynasty.

raising the bait, you trapped alligators'.

The above record was not mentioned in thehistory of the middle Ming Dynasty, which
excessivetheharvesting during
early years of theChineseMing Dynasty,
Alligators living in
the Nanjing area had become very scarce.
The Classical Chinese Materia Medica,
written by S. Z. Li, recorded the medicinal
value of Chinese Alligators, and their meat
was served as favorite dishes at wedding
All these serve to verify thatfeasts.
verified

the

fact

that

after

catching alligators was in great vogue atthat time. After going through the great
disaster of catching and killing during thecommon for young alligators to die

duringwintertheseasondue

toinsufficiency of food.

Protection and captive breeding of
the Chinese Alligator
In order to ensure the survival of theChinese Alligator, the Forestry Departmentof the China National Government, and theAnhui Provincial Government have taken
two measures.
1.

Conservation

The first measure (in 1980) was to set up
natural conservation effort for the species.

The main goal wasandChineseexisting
enlargement of
Alligator population and the protection of
the protection

theThus, a unit of leadership

Ming Dynasty, the alligator's population
was reduced, and its range dwindled

their habitat.

rapidly.

During the Qing Dynasty, thegovernment began to divide land into

five counties with their respective species-

regions to provide cattle ranches for theprotection work units. Reported here is theconservation effort:

was established in the project which covers

Mandarin. For example, Wanchun Dan in

Wuhu district was an area of land reserved
for cattle ranches.

People were forbidden

to plough or sow in such land so that wild

could

Such

In order to observe and investigate thelocation and population size of the species,
the conservation workers in each county

reservations gave alligators fine conditions
for prolific reproduction. But the custom

employ identical approaches. They inquirewith the local folks, explore caves, andcalculate statistics using headlamps. Everyof killing alligators continued.. Peasants
not only caught alligators by using fish
hooks, but developed a new device ofpossible water habitat is examined. Since
alligators have stationary territories,
observation in the field is convenient. A

grass

grow

densely.

April 1990

Asiatic Herpetological Researchstock of information resulted from the
project, and provided valuable data for thedevelopment of the species.

Through legislative measures, theNational Government has ruled that the
Chinese Alligator is a first-class rare animal
to be conserved and protected. Hunting is
not allowed. According to Item 1 30 of the
National Offense Law, those who breakhunting regulations by huntinginVol. 3, p. 133

alligator nests and eggs.

alligators in theConsequently, theconservation area enjoy

proper protection. In some areas, alligators
obtain the necessary conditions forreproduction, such as in Xuancheng,
Nanling, and Jingxian counties, where in
the past two years, alligators have been
seen nesting, laying eggs, and hatching

young. The alligator population in theseareas is recovering and increasing in size.

arestricted region, during a restricted period,by forbidden means, or harm rare animals,
will be sentenced to two years in prison, orbe subject to a heavy penalty. These
regulations are strictly enforced by thepolice, who exercise their mission to keep
the dignity of the law.
It is openly advocated that the Chinese
Alligator is one of China's rare andvaluable animals, and belongs to ournational resources.
Local folks are

enlightened and therefore change their viewof the Chinese Alligator as a harmful

Folks are also made to recognize
the great significance of the Chinese
Alligator in academic research and its
considerable economic benefits. Thus,
everyone begins to be concerned about the
species.

species, and protects it. The provincial andlocal governments also post notices toinform the public that protection of theChinese Alligator is rewarded, while thekilling of the species is punished.

A full consideration of spatial andtemporal factors strengthens theeffectiveness of the conservation effort.
Because the alligators presently have afragmented distribution, their conservationis negatively affectedby overcrowded
human habitats with their large stretches offarmland and weaving highways.
Considering these factors, many
conservations stations are set up in theconservation area. If alligators are spottedin their caves, a conservation station isimmediately set up with someone (usually a
local farmer) who is responsible for thestation and is paid from a special fund fromthe National Forestry Department. As theconservation station, no one is allowed touse chemicals, to cut grass, or to ravage the2.

In

Researchorder to achieve the rapid andeffective recovery of the Chinese Alligator

population, the second measure taken by
the Forestry Department and the Anhui
Provincial Government was to set up theAnhui Research Center of Chinese Alligator
Reproduction in close cooperation with the

Department of Biology, Anhui Normal
Here, a thorough study of theoftheecologyspecies has been made. This
has resulted in a systematic theory to be
University.

applied to captive breeding and artificial
reproduction.
Currently, the artificial
incubation of Chinese Alligator eggs, andthe raising of the young alligators has hadmuch success. Details are reported asfollows:

Pen construction.

A pen for alligators

should be located in quiet marshy areas
with appropriate temperatures and richsources of food. After the location in
decided, pens must be constructed withwalls of brick, stone and cement. The
height of the walls should be over two
meters. When the rainy season comes, thewalls may by surrounded by standing
water, so the foundation should by 1.5
below ground level, so as to keep themalligators from escaping by digging. The
pen pond should be planted with trees andbushes, making it possible for the alligators
to nest under the cover of vegetation. The

land should be scattered with wild seeds toprovide the necessary grass for nesting.
The depth of the pond water should be kept
at 0.5or more. Within the pond, small
islands are built, where the alligators canmenjoy sunshine.
Captive breeding. Captive breeding efforts

Asiatic Herpetological ResearchVol. 3, p. 134

must take into account such biologicalsexual maturity, courtship,At
copulation, nesting, and hatching.
different stages of growth, alligators havedifferent requirements as to the quality andAt sexual maturity,
quantity of food.
needmany kinds of substances,
alligators
so food should be prepared with variety.
factorsasDuring courtship and copulation, when
they are stimulated by sexual hormones,
both males and females are very active, andwill often fight for a sexual partner. Males
and females should be grouped on a ratio of
one male with three to five females. The
water depth should meet the requirementsof activity and copulation. For constructing
nests, large quantities of grass should be
provided in the reproduction areas, so as toprovide sufficient nesting materials for thegravid females, and to prevent fighting,harmful interactions, and decrease in egg
deposition. During the entire period ofreproduction, female alligators must be kept
in extreme quiet in order for them toperform.

As the alligator's appetite isslightly

decreased by the process ofreproduction, feeding should be monitored.
After egg deposition, alligators begin to eat
more, and the usual level of feeding is

be avoided,
Overfeeding
lest the alligators gain too much fat, which
affects their health and lowers reproductive

resumed.

isApril 1990

emphasis should be placed on temperatureand means of raising temperature. The
surface of the chamber walls should bewaterproof. The walls and floor should
allow for cleaning readily. The incubationchambers at he Chinese Alligator ResearchCenter have a double glass roof, and adouble glass wall that faces south.
Temperature is controlled by the

The incubation

temperature-controller.

chambers should not be too spacious, so as
to save energy and allow for easy control.
Equipment for incubation

Make a round egg collector and a square
incubator which can let water go through at
the bottom, to keep the eggs from being
suffocated by the standing water at the

Plants which can help stabilize
temperature and humidity, and allow forventilation, best serve as the filling of the
incubator. The research center finds thatbottom.

moss is a very good filling material. The
search is continuing for better fillings. The
chamber temperature is generally controlled
and monitored by means of electricity.
Techniques of incubation

toproductivity. During the winter, more careshould be given, and all alligators who
have not entered their caves before
hibernation should be captured and sent to
artificial hibernation chambers.

1)

Immediate collection of alligator eggs

required, as too many alligators in the
reproduction area can possibly get the eggs
iscrushed if not collected in time.
2) Egg collectors are used in collecting

eggs.

Quick actionisrequired,andattention is to be given to the natural order

Egg deposition of captive alligators. Given
the above requirements, captive alligators

can lay eggs normally. The adult captive
alligators we bred laid 264 eggs in 1983,
503 eggs in 1984, 809 eggs in 1985, 801
eggs in 1986, 1045 eggs in 1987, and 1219

of the eggs. The alligator eggs are stacked
in baskets according to their natural order,
and are sent to the incubation chambers
immediately. Try to avoid shaking as muchas possible in carrying the eggs.
3) Incubators and incubation chambers

eggs in 1988.
Artificial incubation of alligator

eggs
Construction of incubation chambers

should be kept clean and be adequately
sterilized to avoid bacterial or viral
infections.

4) Alligator eggs are often in multilayer
when discovered in the wild.

order

The incubation of alligator eggs requiresIn
temperature and humidity.
incubationchambers,
constructing
enoughhighArtificial incubation requires

arrangement.

monolayer

Asiatic Herpetological Research

April 1990

5) Incubation temperature should bemaintained at about 31°C. Humidity for theUse 85-95%
first four weeks is 95%.
humidity for the rest of the incubation

period.

Raising young alligators

The mortality of young alligators is highin the first year, thus the key to breeding is
the successful raising these juveniles.

cool,Vol. 3, p. 135

which could reduce their appetite.

Now, the temperature should be raised.
in the cage must be
maintained at approximately 31°C. The
hatchlings will recover their appetite andwill gain weight rapidly. In fine weather
when the temperature rises to its normal
level, hatchlings should be given more of achance to enjoy sunshine.
Individual
differences in growth rate will be evident
by now, and the young alligators should begrouped accordingly. In the area around

The temperature

the cages it is desirable to keep quiet, cut

Construction of cages

down human
Cages

for

young

alligators

haverequirements identical to those of the
incubation chambers, as well as ventilation,
sunlight, and adequate water and drainage.

Methods of raising hatchlings

The time between pipping andbreakdown of the shell varies from a little
over an hour, to two to three days.
Hatchlings slow in liberating themselves
are often poor in health, so they should betaken good care of. The hatchling has acrack 1.3-1.5 cm long in the vent in whichsome unconsumed yolk remains. This
continues to provide sustenance for thehatchling, which needs no food during its
early infancy.

When to feed the hatchlings

being studied. The newly-hatchedalligators can be kept in the cage withenough area of water and dry sand andstone for the alligator to move about freely.

interference, reduce theofinfection
by pathogens, andpossibility
to reduce the possibility of" predation on the
When the young
alligators by mice.
alligators grow as weighty as 40 g, they
can be sent into hibernation. Two or threedays before hibernation, feeding is stopped
so as to avoid diseases and ailment causedby food left in the digestive canal whentemperature is lowered. It is desirable toreduce the temperature gradually until all
food is completely digested. Temperature
should be lowered by 2-3°C each time.
Below 20°C, a larger decrease is allowable.

10°C is the proper hibernation temperature.
Hibernation chambers can be set up
underground, at a temperature of 10-12°C,
and at 80% humidity. Late in hibernation,
bowls of fresh water are supplied for theis stillyoung alligators.

Water supply and sanitary conditions are agenerally agree with the natural growth ofyoung alligators in the wild.

significant factor in survival rate.
Consequently, daily cleaning is required toremove food remains and excrement.
When the hatchlings need to be fed, someOryzias latipes can be thrown into the cage
alive. Hatchlings in dry areas can be fed
with fish meat in a small saucer, or with

To conclude, our breeding techniques

Consequently, the population rises year by
year. The number of surviving captivebred Chinese Alligators is as follows: 66 in
1982, 77 in 1983, 117 in 1984, 300 in
1985, 450 in 1986, and 975 in 1987.

Acknowledgments

artificially-prepared food.

Hatchlings areespecially greedy; however, too much foodcan give rise to gout. If hatchlings arefound in low spirits, tired of eating, or
suffering from paralysis of the legs (asymptom of gout), feeding should be
stopped immediately.

I

thank Prof. Ermi Zhao for his kind

help in correcting this paper.

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